Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station In Cooperation with The Michigan Potato Industry Commission 2001 Michigan Potato Research Report Volume 33 THE MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION February 1, 2002 To All Michigan Potato Growers & Shippers: The Michigan Potato Industry Commission, Michigan State University’s Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service are pleased to provide you with a copy of the results from the 2001 potato research projects. This report includes research projects funded by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission, the USDA Special Grant and special allocations by the Commission. Additionally, the Commission expresses appreciation to suppliers of products for research purposes and special grants to the Commission and researchers. Providing research funding and direction to principal investigators at MSU is a function of the Michigan Potato Industry Commission’s Research Committee. The Commission is pleased to provide you with a copy of this report. Best wishes for a prosperous 2001 season. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission 13109 SCHAVEY RD., STE.7 • DEWITT, Ml 48820 • (517)669-8377 • WWW.MIPOTATO.COM TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................ 1 2001 POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, K. Felcher, D. Bisognin, L. Frank, J. Driscoll and E. Estelle.................................................................... 5 2001 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS David S. Douches, R.W. Chase, J. Coombs, K. Felcher, L. Frank, J. Driscoll and E. Estelle, R. Hammerschmidt, and W. Kirk........................ 27 2001 ON-FARM POTATO VARIETY TRIALS Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Dr. Dick Chase, Don Smucker (Montcalm), Paul Marks (Monroe), Dave Glenn (Presque Isle) and Dr. Doo-Hong Min....................................................................................... 66 SEED TREATMENT, IN-FURROW AND SEED PLUS FOLIAR TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF POTATO STEM CANKER AND BLACK SCURF, 2001 W.W. Kirk and R.L. Schafer............................................................................ 79 EVALUATION OF AT-PLANTING IN-FURROW SOIL APPLICATIONS OF RIDOMIL 4EC, ULTRA FLOURISH 2EC AND PHOSPHONIC ACID AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF RIDOMIL GOLD, BRAVO AND FLUORINIL FOR POTATO PINK ROT AND PYTHIUM LEAK CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and C. Vandervoort.............................................. 81 EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum ptycanthum) AND HAIRY NIGHTSHADE (Solanum sarrachoides) BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT IN POTATOES Chad D. Lee and Karen A. Renner................................................................. 84 INTEGRATED CONTROL OF COMMON SCAB (Streptomyces scabies) IN POTATO. I. CULTIVAR RESISTANCE AND SOIL MOISTURE TREATMENTS IN GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT. II. INDUCING RESISTANCE IN POTATO TO COMMON SCAB IN FIELD EXPERIMENT. 2001 REPORT TO MPIC C.E. Poole, D.S. Douches, R. Hammerschmidt, and W.W. Kirk.............. 87 2001 NEMATODE RESEARCH ANNUAL REPORT George W. Bird................................................................................................ 93 PAGE INSECT MANAGEMENT IN POTATOES, 2001 RESEARCH REPORT B. Bishop, A. Byrne, N. Cottrell, E. Grafius, J. Zablotny, H. Melakeberhan and W. Pett........................................................................ 103 EFFECT OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AND REDUCED RATES AND FREQUENCIES OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION TO CONTROL POTATO LATE BLIGHT W.W. Kirk, D.S. Douches, J.M. Stein, K.M. Baker and R. Hammerschmidt......................................................................................... 112 EVALUATION OF KQ667 AND KP481 MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and J.M. Stein..................................................................129 EVALUATION OF MIXED FUNGICIDE PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and J.M. Stein...................................................... 131 EVALUATION OF HEADLINE PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and J.M. Stein..................................................... 135 EVALUATION OF FLUAZINAM, RANMAN AND CHLOROTHALONIL MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and J.M. Stein...................................................... 137 EVALUATION OF PREVICUR, REASON AND SCALA MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and J.M. Stein..................................................... 139 2001 REPORT ON RESEARCH PROJECT: Calcium Nutrition - The Key to Improving Quality and Storage of Potato Tubers Sieglinde Snapp and Chris Long................................................................... 141 2000-2001 DR. B.F. (BURT) CARGILL POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE REPORT B. Sackett, C. Long, D. Crawford, T. Forbush, S. Crooks, G. Perkins T. Young, G. Walther and D. Smucker.................. 144 2001 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2001 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by MSU potato researchers at several locations. The 2001 report is the 33rd report, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principal source of funding for each project has been noted at the beginning of each report. We wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude in several research areas. Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed, supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on-farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism of the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this Committee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research. Special thanks goes to Dick Crawford for the management of the MSU Montcalm Research Farm and the many details, which are a part of its operation. Thanks also to Don Smucker, Montcalm CED for maintaining the weather records from the MRF computerized weather station. Also, we want to recognize Barb Smith at MPIC for helping with the details of this final draft. WEATHER On average, the weather during the 2001 growing season was warmer than 2000, but very close to the 15-year average (Table 1). There were 14 days that the temperature reached 90°F or above and 7 days in April that the temperature was below 32°F. The average minimum temperature in August, 2001 was 70 F. This would indicate that nighttime temperatures remained higher then desired during this period of tuber bulking possible resulting in a lower specific gravity at harvest. Rainfall for April through September was 25.55 inches which is over 4.5 inches above the 15 year average (Table 2). Rainfall recorded during the month of May was the highest in 15 years. Irrigation at MRF was applied 12 times from June 19th to August 14th averaging 0.53 inches for each application. The total amount of irrigation water applied during this time period was 6.35 inches. Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. empty table cell April Max. 61 52 56 NA 60 51 54 57 51 50 54 60 59 56 61 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 15 Year Average April Min. 36 31 32 NA 40 34 33 34 31 31 31 37 37 34 37 May Max. 77 74 72 64 71 70 68 66 66 64 59 75 71 70 70 May Min. 46 46 34 43 47 42 45 43 45 44 39 51 48 49 49 Max. 80 82 81 77 June June Min. 56 53 53 55 59 50 55 55 57 57 56 56 55 57 57 82 76 74 78 81 75 79 77 77 75 78 July July Min. 63 60 59 58 60 54 61 60 60 55 57 58 62 56 58 Max. 86 88 83 79 81 76 81 79 82 76 80 82 84 77 83 August August Min. 58 61 55 57 57 51 60 55 65 59 55 60 56 57 70 Max. 77 84 79 78 80 75 79 75 82 80 73 81 76 79 72 September September Min. Max. 52 72 71 49 71 44 72 47 69 47 69 46 64 46 73 51 70 45 70 51 50 69 76 52 48 73 70 49 69 48 6-Month 6-Month Average Average Max. 76 75 74 NA 74 70 70 71 72 69 69 75 73 71 72 Min. 52 50 46 NA 52 46 50 50 51 50 48 52 51 50 53 56 34 69 45 78 55 81 59 78 58 71 48 72 50 Table 2. The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. Year 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 15 Year Average April 1.82 1.82 2.43 1.87 4.76 3.07 3.47 3.84 3.65 2.46 2.02 2.40 5.49 3.18 3.28 3.04 May 1.94 0.52 2.68 4.65 3.68 0.47 3.27 2.63 1.87 3.99 3.13 2.21 5.07 6.46 6.74 3.29 June 0.84 0.56 4.85 3.53 4.03 1.18 4.32 6.04 2.30 6.28 3.54 1.82 5.82 4.50 2.90 3.50 July 1.85 2.44 0.82 3.76 5.73 3.51 2.58 5.16 5.25 3.39 2.80 0.40 4.29 3.79 2.49 3.22 August September 9.78 3.44 5.52 4.06 1.75 3.20 6.40 8.05 4.59 3.69 2.71 2.22 5.46 5.28 5.71 3.32 5.36 1.33 3.64 1.50 3.90 3.56 1.18 1.38 2.96 1.46 3.05 4.03 5.25 4.43 Total 19.55 14.14 17.63 21.51 21.45 15.33 23.60 26.90 19.04 22.77 15.66 12.10 30.16 28.46 25.55 4.79 3.09 20.92 GROWING DEGREE DAYS Table 3 summarizes the cumulative, base 50°F growing degree days (GDD) for May through September. The total GDD for 2001 were 2,379, approximately 145 GDD higher than 2000, and slightly higher then the 10-year average. Table 3. Growing Degree Days* - Base 50°F. Cumulative Monthly Totals Cumulative Monthly Totals Cumulative Monthly Totals Cumulative Monthly Totals May June July August Cumulative Monthly Totals September Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 10 Year Average 282 261 231 202 201 110 427 317 313 317 266 718 698 730 779 681 635 932 865 780 808 763 1210 1348 1318 1421 1177 1211 1545 1573 1301 1441 1633 1950 1780 2136 1776 1637 2180 2070 1851 2079 1355 1909 1956 2153 2148 2348 2116 1956 2616 2401 2256 2379 2233 *1992 data calculated from Vestaburg weather station in Montcalm County (Dr. Jeff Andresen, Geography). 1993-2001 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Farm (Don Smucker, Montcalm County Extension Director). PREVIOUS CROPS, SOIL TESTS AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area was planted to rye in the fall of 1999 which was disked down in the spring 2000. Soybeans were grown during the summer. The area was fumigated in the fall. Rye was over seeded with a poor stand resulting in part to the fumigation. The rye was disked and the field fitted for potato planting spring 2001. Potato early die was not a problem in 2001 due in part to fumigation. The soil test analysis for the general crop area was as follows: pH 6.1 lbs/A P2O5 480 lbs/A K2O 290 lbs/A Ca 947 lbs/A Mg 250 The fertilizers used in the general plot area are as follows. Variances in fertilizers used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports. Application Analysis Rate Nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O) Broadcast at plow down At planting At emergence 1st Early side dress 2nd Late side dress (late varieties) 0-0-60 16-22-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 200 lbs/A 18 gpa 135 lbs/A 200 lbs/A 200 lbs/A 0-0-120 32-44-0 62-0-0 92-0-0 92-0-0 HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL Hilling was done in late May, followed by a pre-emergence application of Turbo 8EC at 2.5 pints/A. Admire was applied at planting at a rate of 13.6 oz/A. Cygon was applied once in July at 1 pint/A. Fungicides used were Bravo ZN, Previcur and Polyram 80DF over 14 applications. 2001 POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, K. Felcher, D. Bisognin, L. Frank, J. Driscoll, and E. Estelle Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Cooperators: R.W. Chase, Ray Hammerschmidt, Ed Grafius Willie Kirk, George Bird, and Chris Long INTRODUCTION At MSU, we conduct a multi-disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety development that integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches. We conduct variety trials of advanced selections at MSU research locations and on grower fields. Through conventional crosses, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties. In addition, our program utilizes genetic engineering as a tool to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm. We feel that these in­ house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. The breeding goals at MSU are based upon current and future needs of the Michigan potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, disease resistance (scab, late blight and early die), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out-of-the-field, storage, and extended cold storage) and cooking quality, bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality and appearance. If these goals can be met, we will be able to reduce the grower’s reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance with new potato varieties. PROCEDURE I. Varietal Development Each year, during the winter months, over 500 crosses are made using the most promising cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The parents are chosen on the basis of yield potential, tuber shape and appearance, chip quality, specific gravity, disease resistance, adaptation, lack of internal and external defects, etc. These seeds are then used as the breeding base for the program. Approximately 35,000 seedlings are grown annually for visual evaluation at the Montcalm and Lake City Research Farms as part of the first year selection process of this germplasm each fall. Each selection is then evaluated for specific gravity and chip processing. These selections each represent a potential variety. This system of generating new seedlings is the initial step towards the development of new varieties and is an on-going process in the MSU potato breeding program. This step is followed by evaluation and selection at the 8-hill and 20-hill stages. The best selections out of the four-year process are then advanced for testing in replicated trials (Preliminary, Adaptation, Dates-of-Harvest, Grower-cooperator trials, North Central Regional Trials, Snack Food Association Trials, and other out-of-state trials) over time and locations. II. Evaluation of Advanced Selections for Extended Storage In 1999, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission constructed a demonstration storage facility, representing the latest in industry storage technology, to evaluate management systems to achieve extended storage of potatoes for chip-processing. We chose our advanced selections to be stored in this facility to evaluate chip-processing under commercial-type storage conditions. Tuber samples of our elite chip-processing selections were placed in the demonstration storage facility in October and were sampled monthly to determine their ability to chip-process from 42’F or 50’F storage. III. Germplasm Enhancement In supplement to the varietal breeding program, we have a "diploid" (2x chromosomes) breeding program in an effort to simplify the genetic system in potato (which normally has 4x chromosomes) and exploit more efficient selection of desirable traits. In general, diploid breeding utilizes haploids (half the chromosomes) from potato varieties, and diploid wild and cultivated tuber-bearing relatives of the potato. These represent a large source of valuable germplasm, which can broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato and also provide specific desirable traits such as tuber dry matter content, cold chipping and dormancy, along with resistance to disease, insects, and virus. Even though these potatoes have only half the chromosomes of the varieties in the U.S., we can cross these potatoes to transfer the desirable genes by conventional crossing methods via 2n pollen. The diploid breeding program germplasm base at MSU is a synthesis of six species: S. tuberosum (adaptation, tuber appearance), S. phureja (cold-chipping, specific gravity), S. tarijense and S. berthaultii (tuber appearance, insect resistance), S. microdontum (late blight resistance) and S. chacoense (specific gravity, low sugars, dormancy and leptine-based insect resistance). IV. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding Genetic engineering offers the opportunity to introduce new genes into our cultivated germplasm that otherwise would not be exploited. It has been used in potato as a tool to improve commercially acceptable cultivars for specific traits. Our laboratory is set up to use Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce genes into important potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines. We presently have genes in vector constructs that confer resistance to PVY, Colorado potato beetle, potato tuber moth, broad-spectrum disease resistance via the glucose oxidase (GO) gene, late blight resistance with the resveratrol synthase (RS) and divinyl ether synthase (DES) genes, and cold/frost resistance (CORI 5). We also have the glgC16 gene (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) or starch gene) from Monsanto to modify starch and sugar levels in potato tubers. Furthermore, we are investing our efforts in developing new vector constructs that use alternative selectable markers and give us the freedom to operate from an intellectual property rights perspective. V. Variety Release The MSU breeding program, under the direction of David Douches, has now named and released its first varieties and is in the process of licensing the new varieties to the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. Three potato varieties were released in 2001: Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3), Liberator (MSA091-1), and Michigan Purple. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Varietal Development Breeding The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for cold chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2001 field season, progeny from over 600 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for yellow flesh, long/russet types, red-skin, and novelty market classes. In addition to crosses from the MSU breeding program, crosses were planted and evaluated from collaborative germplasm exchange from other breeding programs including North Dakota State University, University of Minnesota, and the USDA/ARS program at the University of Wisconsin. During the 2001 harvest, over 1500 selections were made from the 30,000 seedlings grown at the Montcalm Research Farm. Following harvest, specific gravity was measured and potential chip-processing selections were chipped out of the field. All potential chip­ processing selections will be tested in January 2002 directly out of 42°F and 50°F storage. This storage period allows enough time for reducing sugars to accumulate in these selections. Atlantic (50°F chipper) and Snowden (45°F chipper) are chipped as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection process that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chipping potential. Table 2 lists some of the potential lines for grower trials in year 2001. Chip-Processing Excellent chip-processing selections have been identified in the breeding program, despite switching to a more stringent screening temperature (42 vs. 45°F storage) a few years ago. Based upon the pedigrees of the parents we have identified for breeding cold­ chipping potato varieties, we have a diverse genetic base. We believe that we have at least eight cultivated sources of cold-chipping. We have made various hybrid combinations with these parents from which to pyramid cold-chipping traits, and the hybrid populations have been grown out, selected and evaluated. We now have advanced into the crossing block these new MSU selections that have chip quality directly out of 42°F storage. Examination of pedigrees shows up to three different cold-chipping germplasm sources have been combined in these selections. Promising chip-processing lines are MSF099-3 (42°F chipper), MSG227-2 (scab resistant 45°F chipper), MSH095-4, MSH094-8 and MSH067-3. Attachment 1 summarizes the most promising, advanced chip-processing selections in the MSU potato breeding program for which seed is available. Tablestock One of our objectives is also to develop improved cultivars for the tablestock industry. Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance, low internal defects, high marketable yield and resistance to scab. From our efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of yellow-fleshed and red-skinned lines, as well as long, russet type selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also looking for a dual-purpose russet, round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on- farm trials in 2001, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Farm. Promising tablestock lines include MSF373-8, a high yielding line with large tubers that also chip out of the field. MSE221-1 is a scab resistant tablestock, while MSE018-1 is a high yielding tablestock with a large oval shape. MSE192-8RUS and MSE202-3RUS are two russet table selections that have excellent type and scab resistance. MSE149-5Y, MSI005-20Y and MSJ033-6Y are yellow-fleshed lines with smooth round appearance and high yield potential. Attachment 2 summarizes the most promising tablestock selections in the MSU potato breeding program. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet lines. Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Significant advancement has also been made in development of individuals with disease (scab and late blight) and insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance. Results from the MSU scab nursery indicate that 13 of the 225 lines evaluated demonstrated strong resistance (no evidence of infection) to common scab in 2001. In addition, 11 other MSU breeding lines showed moderate scab resistance. A laboratory-based screening process is currently under development that would use thaxtomin in tissue culture to expedite selection of material with potential scab resistance. Since the re-emergence of late blight in the mid-1990’s the US breeding programs have directed efforts to identify sources of late blight resistance and use this resistance to develop late blight resistant varieties. At MSU, we have participated in the national late blight trial and we have conducted our own efforts to use field and greenhouse screening to identify additional sources of resistance that can be used by the breeding community. In the past five years the MSU breeding program has intensely evaluated over 500 crosses between late blight resistant x late blight susceptible parents and have identified parents that transmit strong late blight resistance to the highest percentage of the offspring. As of 2001, based upon five years of inoculated field experiments, we have at least eight sources of foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) that have different pedigrees from which their resistance is derived. In addition, these sources can be used via conventional crossing. If we rely on a single source of resistance, the varieties developed from this strategy may be overcome by P. infestans at some future date that we cannot predict. Therefore, the most effective breeding strategy is to combine resistance from different pedigrees to build a more durable resistance. We have been able to identify numerous selections that have resistance derived from different late blight resistance sources, potential chip-processing quality, and genetic variation for vine maturity. In 2001, the percentage of individuals with late blight resistance has increased from previous years. Strong late blight disease pressure from inoculated trials at the Muck Soils Research Farm yielded 21 early generation and up-and- coming MSU breeding lines (from over 200 lines tested in the trial) that demonstrated strong resistance to foliar infection. Table 1 summarizes the preliminary agronomic performance of a group of selections that show late blight resistance based upon the early generation late blight trial at the Muck Soils Research Farm. We have identified 13 advanced selections with foliar late blight resistance and good agronomic performance. Seven of these late blight resistance lines have chip-processing potential. Five of the 13 lines have tuber resistance to late blight In each of these lines, the resistance is based on a single resistance source. Our efforts are now focusing on pyramiding the different resistance sources. Single-hill selections in 2001 also had an exciting number of individuals with pedigrees for potential late blight and Colorado potato beetle resistance and both. During January and February of 2002, we will be testing 357 lines for late blight resistance in the greenhouse chamber and 88 lines for resistance to feeding by Colorado potato beetle in detached-leaf bioassays. We also selected lines with potential resistance to both late blight and Colorado potato beetle. II. Evaluation of Advanced Selections for Extended Storage MSU Potato Breeding Chip-processing Results From the MPIC Demonstration Commercial Storage (November - June 2001) The MSU Potato Breeding Program has been conducting chip-processing evaluations each year on potato lines from the MSU breeding program and from other states. This past fall we initiated a storage study to evaluate advanced breeding lines with chip-processing potential in the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage facility directly adjacent to the MSU Montcalm Research Farm. In October 2000, tuber samples from eight lines in the Montcalm Research Farm trials were placed in the bin to be cooled to 42°F. Tubers from another 10 lines were placed in the Pike bin that was to be cooled then held at 52°F. The first samples were chip-processed at MSU in November and then, each month until June 2001. Samples were evaluated for chip-processing color and quality. Table 3 summarizes the chip-processing color of select lines over the 8-month storage season. In the 42°F bin, Snowden was the check variety. In April the chip color of the Snowden chips went off-color. In contrast, MSF099-3, MSG227-2, MSH094-8, MSI111-A and NY112 maintained acceptable chip color until the June 2001 sampling. Of these lines, MSF099-3 and MSH094-8 maintained the lightest chip color throughout the storage season. Chip-processing ability of MSF099-3, MSG227-2 and NY112 was also observed during the previous year’s storage study in the inaugural year in the Demonstration Storage Facility. MSF099-3 and MSG227-2 are two MSU lines that are being considered for commercial release in 2002. In the 52°F bin Atlantic and Pike were used as check varieties and both varieties chip-processed acceptably during the storage season. Of the eight advanced breeding lines evaluated, MSA091-1 (Liberator), MSE018-1, P83-11-5 and MSF373-8 chip- processed acceptably throughout the storage season. Pike and MSA091-1 had the most consistent and lightest chip color throughout the storage season. We are excited by the results obtained from the Demonstration Storage bins. The results of this storage season concur with the previous year’s data. MSF099-3 shows great promise because of its excellent chip color and low defects over extended cold storage. MSG227-2 combines strong scab tolerance with acceptable chip quality and low defects. MSA091-1 is being released as scab resistant chipper and is being named Liberator. MSH094-8 and MSI111-A are some recent selections that will continue to be evaluated. III. Germplasm Enhancement In 2001, about 10% of the populations evaluated as single hills were diploid. From this breeding cycle, we plan to screen the selections through the three-tier storage temperature evaluation for chip-processing. Selections were made from over 2,000 progeny that was obtained from the USDA/ARS at the University of Wisconsin. These families represent material from South American potato species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to late blight, potato early die, cold-chipping, and Colorado potato beetle. Through GREEEN funding, we were able to initiate a breeding effort to introgress leptine-based insect resistance. From previous research we determined that the leptine-based resistance is effective against Colorado potato beetle. In the fall of 2000, we made selections from 3,000 progeny that were segregating for leptine synthesis and day length adaptation and then evaluated processing quality of the selections and the leptine levels in the foliage (via HPLC analysis) during the winter. These selections were then cycled into the crossing block for the winter 2001. Also added to the germplasm pool for crossing was a Verticillium resistant selection from S. berthaultii. This fall we were able to identify 10 selections that have chip-processing quality, late blight resistance and high tuber yields. These lines are also being added to the crossing block. This overall germplasm enhancement effort is the base from which long-term genetic improvement of the potato varieties in the MSU breeding program is generated. Late Blight Breeding and Genetics: A high priority objective of the breeding program is to identify sources of late blight resistance and use these sources for breeding varieties with late blight resistance. In 1999 we initiated a set of studies (via GREEEN) to identify the genes in potato associated with late blight resistance. If we can identify the genes that contribute to late blight resistance we feel that we could more effectively breed varieties with durable late blight resistance. Mapping Late Blight Resistance and other Agronomic Traits in a {[(Solanum tuberosum x S. chacoense) x S. phureja] x S. microdontum} Population A diploid potato population was developed with the objectives to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and other agronomic traits using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and isozymes and to examine associations between late blight resistance and other agronomic traits. The mapping population was a cross between a late blight resistant selection of Solanum microdontum Bitter and a susceptible diploid advanced breeding clone. The progeny of 110 clones and the parents were tested at the Muck Soils Research Farm, Bath, MI in 1999 and 2000 for foliar late blight reaction using a mixture of complex races of US8/A2 mating type of P. infestans. Disease severity was quantified as the relative area under the disease progress curve based upon the percentage of foliar infection over time. The same population was also evaluated at Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI for maturity, tuber number and size, yield, tuber appearance, specific gravity, and chip color. This clone of S. microdontum transmitted high levels of resistance to late blight to a high percentage of the offspring. High phenotypic correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001) was found for late blight reaction between years and no correlation was found between late blight with any other evaluated trait. A major QTL associated with foliar late blight resistance was located at the same position in linkage group 21 in both years of field testing. A QTL associated with vine maturity was mapped to linkage group 3. A QTL associated with tuber appearance was mapped to linkage group 1, one QTL associated with specific gravity was mapped to chromosome III and two QTLs associated with chip color were mapped to chromosomes VII and X. The major QTL associated with late blight resistance is suitable for marker-assisted selection to introgress a new source of resistance to P. infestans to the cultivated tetraploid germplasm of potato. In addition, we are collaborating with the Scottish Crops Research Institute on this gene mapping project so that we can draw their expertise and experience in this area of research. During the summer of 2001, a trip to Scotland led to further AFLP marker analysis in the 4x late blight mapping population (MSG274-3 X MSG227-2). We are also continuing to use SSR markers. The advantage of the specific SSRs we are using is that they were previously identified to be linked to late blight resistance genes in other potato lines. IV. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding The program has been conducting transformations of potato to introduce a variety of transgenes. Currently we have genetically engineered plants that express the Bt-cry3A gene to control the Colorado potato beetle, the glucose oxidase and resveratrol synthase genes for disease resistance, and the AGPase gene for low sugars and high solids. Assessment of Natural (Glandular Trichomes and Glycoalkaloid-Based) and Engineered (Bt-cry3A) Potato Host Plant Resistance Mechanisms for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the leading insect pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in northern latitudes. Host plant resistance is an important tool in an integrated pest management program for controlling insect pests. Field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to compare natural (glandular trichomes and glycoalkaloid-based), engineered (Bt-cry3A), and combined (glandular trichomes + Bt-cry3A and glycoalkaloids + Bt-cry3A transgenic potato lines) host plant resistance mechanisms of potato for control of Colorado potato beetle. Twelve different potato lines representing five different host plant resistance mechanisms were evaluated in a choice situation under natural Colorado potato beetle pressure at the Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, Michigan and the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, New York. Treatment plots were planted in rows alternating between susceptible guard rows in a randomized complete block design consisting of four replications of ten plants each. Observations were recorded weekly for a visual estimation of percent defoliation by Colorado potato beetles, and the number of egg masses, larvae, and adults. The high glycoalkaloid line, all Bt-cry3A transgenic, and the combined resistance lines were effective in controlling feeding by Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae. Effectively no feeding was observed in the glycoalkaloid + Bt-cry3A transgenic line. The glandular trichome line suffered less feeding than the susceptible control. Based on these results, the Bt-cry3A transgenic, glandular trichome, and glycoalkaloid-based host plant resistance mechanisms are effective tools that could be used to develop potato varieties for use in a resistance management program for control of Colorado potato beetle. Figure 1 shows the results of this trial for Michigan and New York in 2001. In 2000 and 2001, we had extensive field testing for agronomic performance in replicated trials of our most advanced Bt-cry3A transgenic lines. Table 4 summarizes the results from the Advanced Bt-cry3A Breeding Line Preliminary Trial at the Montcalm Research Farm. In general, the Bt-cry3A transgenic lines had similar agronomic and tuber characteristics compared to the non-transgenic parental line. We have made selections among the lines and will continue to conduct further field trials in 2002. Evaluation of Pyramiding Host Plant Resistance (Leptine Glycoalkaloids and Bt- cry3A) in Potato to Control Colorado Potato Beetle The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the most destructive insect pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.) in eastern North America. The insect has adapted to every insecticide it has encountered. Host plant resistance offers an additional control tactic in an overall integrated pest management strategy, to decrease reliance on insecticides alone. Combing multiple host plant resistance factors into a single cultivar has been suggested as a means to extend the effective life of each individual resistance factor. The objective of this study was to evaluate if pyramiding of host plant resistance factors provides a better, more durable control. Four different potato lines with natural (leptine glycoalkaloids), engineered (Bacillus thuringiensis-cry3A), combined and no host plant resistance factors were evaluated in a no-choice detached leaf bioassay. The assays were performed on two Colorado potato beetle strains (susceptible or insecticide resistant) at each of the four instars to determine critical instar stage for resistance development. The defoliation, larval instar, weight and mortality were measured after five days. The combined host plant resistant (Bt-cry3A and leptine) line was the most effective control to deter feeding of Colorado potato beetle larvae at third and fourth instar stages. Field Evaluation of Potato Tuber Moth Resistance of Bt-cry5-Spunta Potato Lines The primary insect pest in Egyptian potato production, like many other countries in the Middle East, is the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). In the field, the moths lay their eggs on the potato foliage and the hatched larvae mine the foliage and the stems. This feeding damage leads to irregular transparent tunnels in the leaves and weakening of the stem. The larvae attack the tubers through infected stems or directly from eggs, which are oviposited on exposed tubers or where soil cracks allow moths to reach the tubers. Larvae mine the tuber in the field and in storage reducing potato quality and increasing the potential for pathogen infection. We have been conducting on-going field trials in Egypt to evaluate our Bt-cry5-transgenic lines for resistance to Potato tuber moth damage. Our Bt-cry5-Spunta lines are strongly resistant to the potato tuber moth larvae in both field and ambient storage experiments. The incorporation of our Bt-cry5-transgenic potatoes into the Egyptian potato production system will reduce the need for insecticides in Egypt in the field and the storage, thus allowing for the production of a safer product for human consumption. In addition, we expect to see less storage losses due to tuber moth control. Also, potato production with less insecticide use will improve farm worker safety and have positive environmental benefits. These field evaluations have now been expanded to South Africa and we are looking to establish field trials in Mexico in 2002. Transformation and Evaluation of Potato Cultivars with the glgC16 (AGPase) Gene The processing parameters are strictly defined for potato. For chip processing, a specific gravity of 1.080 is the threshold for processing cultivars. In addition, a low reducing sugar level must occur in the potato tuber at harvest and also during storage prior to processing. Potato breeding of improved cultivars for chip processing has had a low probability of success because of the need to combine numerous economic characteristics into one genotype. In some cases, the genotype may be suitable for chip­ processing, but the tuber specific gravity falls below the 1.080 threshold. ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase is an enzyme, which uses the glucose 1-phosphate molecule as a substrate for the biosynthesis of starch. An ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene (glgC- 16) has been isolated from E. coli and placed in a plant transformation vector under the control of the patatin promoter. One goal of this study is to examine the value of glgC-16 to raise the dry matter content for potato tubers. We have targeted transformation of with the AGPase gene towards lines that have below average solids content. In 2000, tissue culture transplants were grown of Atlantic (high solids control), Onaway, MSE149-5Y and their AGPase transgenic lines. The tuber appearance of the various AGPase lines was similar to non-transgenic Onaway and the MSE149-5Y lines. The two Atlantic-AGPase lines suffered from severe growth cracks. For this reason, tubers from only the MSE149-5Y and Onaway lines were planted this year in replicated trials to further evaluate agronomic performance, specific gravity, chip­ processing, and bruise susceptibility (Table 5A and B). Most of the MSE149-5Y and Onaway AGPase transgenic lines had similar yields, although slightly lower in some lines compared to the non-transgenic parents. In general, the tuber size distribution was quite comparable, although there was a reduction in the number of oversize (>3.25”) tubers. The specific gravity for the Onaway and MSE149-5Y AGPase lines was higher than the non-transgenic parents in almost all cases. We also observed a higher incidence of internal defects, specifically hollow-heart, in these AGPase lines. Unfortunately, the results from the blackspot bruise susceptibility tests indicate that the transgenic lines that had higher specific gravities were also had higher blackspot bruise potential (ONAGP3, 0NAGP1, ONAGP2, EAGP24, EAGP4, EAGP9, and EAGP3). V. Variety Release The MSU breeding program, under the direction of David Douches, has now named and released its first varieties and is in the process of licensing the new varieties to the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. Three potato varieties were released in 2001: Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3), Liberator (MSA091-1), and Michigan Purple. MSU is currently licensing these three varieties to MPIC. Seed Availability The MSU Potato Breeding program is entering a new stage of development as we have released the first three potato varieties under the direction of Dave Douches. Design and implementation of a new system of seed increase and availability between the breeding program and the Michigan Certified Seed Foundation is a necessity to make seed from recently-released and advanced breeding lines available to interested growers. The first stages of this process have begun to take form, and Table 6 lists the current seed availability for the recently-released and advanced breeding line introductions. Jacqueline Lee: A Tablestock Late Blight Resistant Variety with Marketable Maturity Jacqueline Lee is a new potato variety (Solanum tuberosum L.) that has been developed at Michigan State University that is resistant to the US8 genotype of late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary). Jacqueline Lee was evaluated as seedling number MSG274-3. It is a selection from a cross made in 1994 between the late maturing, late blight resistant variety Tollocan and the early maturing variety Chaleur for the purpose of breeding late blight resistant cultivars with marketable maturity. Jacqueline Lee is named for the daughter of the breeder. Jacqueline Lee is an oval/oblong tablestock selection with a high tuber set. The tubers have a bright skin, and a smooth, attractive appearance with a yellow flesh that is typical of many European cultivars. The primary strength of this selection is its strong foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight (as determined by four years of field testing) combined with a vine maturity that is similar to Snowden. Other strengths of Jacqueline Lee are that the tubers have very low incidence of internal defects, excellent culinary quality and a long dormancy. The seedling generation was grown in 1994, followed by two years of selection and seed multiplication at Lake City Experiment Station, Lake City, MI. Since 1997, it has been tested in replicated agronomic trials at the Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI and in inoculated late blight trials at the Muck Soils Research Farm, Bath, ML In 1999 it was entered into farm trials in Michigan as well as commercial seed production. Liberator: A Round White Chip-processing Variety with Resistance to Scab Liberator is a new round white chip-processing potato variety (Solanum tuberosum L.) that has been developed at Michigan State University that is resistant to scab (Streptomyces scabies Thaxter). Liberator was evaluated as seedling number MSA091-1. It is a selection from a cross made in 1988 between the moderately scab resistant breeding line MS702-80 and chip-processing variety Norchip for the purpose of breeding scab resistant chip-processing varieties. The name Liberator was chosen to acknowledge the resistance to scab in this round white chip-processing variety. Liberator is a round white chip-processing variety with a medium set of bright­ skinned tubers similar in appearance to Norchip. The tubers have a low level of internal defects. The primary strength of this variety is its strong resistance to scab combined with chip-processing quality. Another strength of Liberator is that the tubers have a level tolerance to fusarium dry rot similar to Snowden. Liberator was tested in the North Central Regional Trials and the National Snack Food Trials. Under irrigated conditions the yield and specific gravity are similar to Snowden and Atlantic with vine maturity similar to Snowden. The seedling generation was grown in 1988, followed by two years of selection and seed multiplication at the Clarksville Horticultural Experiment Station, Clarksville, MI. Since 1992, seed increase was relocated to the Lake City Experiment Station. Since 1993, it has been tested in replicated agronomic trials at the Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI and in the scab nursery at the Michigan State University Soils Farm, East Lansing, MI. In 1997 it was entered into farm trials in Michigan and then in 1999 was placed into commercial seed production. Michigan Purple: A Purple-Skinned Tablestock Variety Michigan Purple is a new round-ovoid shaped, purple-skinned tablestock potato variety (Solatium tuberosum L.) developed at Michigan State University. It has a medium set of bright, purple-skinned tubers similar in shape to Norland. The tubers have a white flesh with a low level of internal defects. Because of its unique appearance it was tested as the name Michigan Purple during variety trials. Under irrigated conditions the yield is high and specific gravity intermediate. The vine maturity of Michigan Purple is slightly later than Norland. The cross was made in the greenhouse in 1993. The seedling generation was grown in field in 1994, followed by two years of selection and seed multiplication at the Lake City Experiment Station. It was placed into tissue culture and, since 1997, it was used as a plot marker in the breeding program. Because of interest by the local community in Michigan Purple, this line was advanced to variety testing status. Since 1999, it has been tested in replicated agronomic trials at the Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI and in the scab nursery at the Michigan State University Soils Farm, East Lansing, MI. In 1999 Michigan Purple was placed into commercial seed production. Attachment 1 Chip-processors: MSU Processing Advanced Breeding Lines Liberator (MSA091-1): A round-white with strong resistance to scab combined with chip-processing quality. Under irrigated conditions, the yield and specific gravity are similar to Snowden and Atlantic with vine maturity similar to Snowden. We regard this as a potential Atlantic replacement. MSF099-3: A high yielding, high solids selection with excellent chip color from 42-46°F storage. It produces oval to oblong, slightly flattened tubers that have low internal defects. One bin in the Commercial Demonstration Storage is filled with this line. MSG227-2: A selection with strong resistance to scab and excellent chip-processing quality from 48°F storage. Tubers have a slightly flattened shape with shallow eyes and low incidence of internal defects. This line is being considered for release after the 2002 season. MSH094-8: A new chip-processing selection with cold-chipping potential from 42°F storage. This line also has a low incidence of internal defects and mid-season maturity. MSH095-4: A mid-season maturing line with excellent chip quality and bruise susceptibility equal to Snowden. It was comparable to Atlantic for yield and solids in 2001 at the Montcalm Research Farm. It was in the on-farm trials for the first time in 2001. MSF373-8: A very high yielding selection with acceptable specific gravity for chip-processing. It will chip out-of-the-field and from 50°F storage. Produces large tubers with a low incidence of internal defects. Scab tolerance is intermediate. It showed promise as an out-of-the-field chipper in Florida and Wisconsin in 2001. This selection also has tablestock potential. MSH067-3: A new chip-processing selection with cold-chipping potential. It has mid-season maturity and intermediate scab tolerance. The tubers are flattened and round. Attachment 2 MSU Tablestock Advanced Breeding Lines Round-whites: MSF313-3: A high yielding selection with acceptable specific gravity for chip-processing. It has cold­ chipping (45°F) potential. The tubers have a bright, attractive appearance and have excellent internal quality. Scab resistance is above average. We regard this as a potential Onaway replacement. MSF373-8: A very high yielding selection with acceptable specific gravity for chip-processing. It will chip out-of-the-field and from 50°F storage. Produces large tubers with a low incidence of internal defects. Scab tolerance is intermediate. This selection also has tablestock potential. We regard this as a potential Onaway/Ontario replacement. MSF060-6: A high yielding selection with scab resistance that produces large tubers that have excellent internal characteristics, and a smooth round shape. MSE018-1: A very high yield potential, high specific gravity, and moderate tolerance to scab. It has a late maturity, large vine and some reduced susceptibility to late blight. Tuber appearance is bright and smooth with a round-oval shape. We regard this as a potential Katahdin replacement (baker). MSE221-1: A high yielding selection with scab resistance and a moderately early vine maturity. Tubers are netted with an attractive appearance. The internal qualities of the tubers are excellent. We regard this as a potential Superior replacement. MSG004-3 - a MSU tablestock selection. It has average yield potential and produces bright attractive tubers with good internal quality. Yellow-flesh: Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3): An oval/oblong table stock selection with a high tuber set. The tubers have the bright skinned, smooth and attractive appearance that is typical of many European cultivars. The tubers have very low incidence of internal defects and good baking quality. The strength of this selection is its strong foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight. Vine maturity is similar to Snowden. MSE149-5Y: A light yellow-fleshed selection with smooth, round tubers that have a bright appearance. Specific gravity is low but the selection has high yield potential. Internal qualities are excellent and the vine maturity is medium-early. We regard this as a potential Norwis replacement. Long, Russet-types: MSE192-8RUS: A russet tablestock selection. The tubers are long with an attractive russet appearance like Russet Norkotah. In comparison to Russet Norkotah it has a bright white flesh, a good taste and expresses PVY symptoms. Its strengths are scab resistance, low incidence of internal defects, and bruise resistance. The vines have early-mid season maturity. We view this as a potential Russet Norkotah replacement. MSE202-3RUS: A russet tablestock selection. The tubers are long with a lighter russet appearance. The tubers are smooth shaped and attractive with high yield potential. It has a full season maturity. MSB106-7: A high yielding, long white type. Internal quality is excellent with a bright white flesh, however, specific gravity in only 1.070. It has performed well in Louisiana and Nebraska. We regard this as a niche variety. Red-Skin/Specialty: Michigan Purple: A tablestock selection with an attractive purple skin. This selection has high yield potential and the tubers have a low incidence of internal defects. The vine maturity is mid-season to mid- early. We regard this as a variety that can compete in the red market. Table 1. ADVANCED MSU SELECTIONS WITH LATE BLIGHT RESISTANCE LINE MSJ317-1 * MSK034-1 * MSI152-A MSJ453-4Y MSJ456-4 MSK128-1 MSJ319-1* MSJ456-2Y MSJ461-1 MSK136-2 * MSJ334-1Y * MSJ319-7 MSK101-2Y CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT 5 LB 6 FEMALE PEDIGREE PEDIGREE MALE 486 446 416 416 397 367 356 342 300 299 293 286 247 521 505 482 541 490 396 458 470 451 376 370 330 304 93 88 86 77 81 93 78 73 66 79 79 87 81 5 8 11 19 18 6 22 17 33 20 15 12 14 87 79 67 74 79 71 73 70 66 78 64 74 80 6 9 19 3 2 21 4 3 0 2 15 13 2 2 4 3 4 1 2 1 10 1 1 6 2 5 1.074 1.072 1.062 1.084 1.077 1.075 1.084 1.076 1.067 1.078 1.075 1.068 1.072 1.5 1.0 - 2.0 - 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 - - - 1.5 0 1 1 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 20 20 20 40 40 20 20 40 20 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.0 3.0 0.5 2.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 5.0 3.3 1.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.6 1.5 LBR PRESTILE LBR B0718-3 LBR MAINESTAY LBR TOLLOCAN LBR TOLLOCAN LBR G274-3 LBR B0718-3 LBR TOLLOCAN LBR NY88 LBR GRETA MR D040-4 LBR B0718-3 LBR F059-1 B0718-3 H133-2 B0718 A091-1 CONESTOGA H094-3 W870 CONESTOGA TOLLOCAN B0718-3 BRADOR W870 G274-3 1 SIZE: B: <2”; A: 2-3.25”; OV: >3.25”; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken September 4, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6 LATE BLIGHT RATING: Reaction to foliar Phytopthora infestans; LBR: Resistant; MR: Moderately Resistant; RS: Reduced Susceptibility; S: Susceptible. *These lines have also demonstrated tuber resistance to Late Blight in the laboratory. Table 2. Potential Lines for 2002 On-Farm Grower Trials Line Pedigree Female Tablestock Pedigree Male Tablestock Tollocan Tablestock JACQUELINE LEE MICHIGAN PURPLE W870 MSE018-1 MSE221-1 MSF060-6 MSF313-3 MSF373-8 MSG004-3 MSH031-5 MSE192-8RUS MSE202-3RUS MSB106-7 MSI005-20Y Chaleur Maris Piper W877 MS700-83 MS702-80 NY88 NY88 MS702-80 MSC108-2 Russet Norkotah Gemchip Superior Stueben Spartan Pearl MS702-80 AF 1060-2 MSB110-3 A8163-8 Frontier Russet A8469-5 LA01-38 MSA097-1Y Processing LIBERATOR MSG227-2 MSH095-4 MSH094-8 MSF099-3 MSF373-8 MSE018-1 MSI002-4 MSI083-5 Processing MS702-80 Prestile MSE266-2 MSE251-1 Snowden MS702-80 Gemchip MSA091-1 MSC135-5 Lemhi Russet Penta Processing Norchip MSC127-3 OP W877 Chaleur NY88 W877 MSF134-1 B0718-3 Comments Tablestock Late blight resistant empty table cell Also storage chipper Scab resistant Scab resistant Bright skin Chips out of the field Bright skin Bright skin Scab resistant Scab resistant empty table cell Yukon appearance Processing Scab resistant Scab resistant empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell Chips out of the field Storage chipper empty table cell Limited seed availability Table 3. 2000-2001 DEMONSTRATION STORAGE CHIP RESULTS Chip Scores represented using SFA Scale† POTATO LINE[42F] BIN US#1 2000 2000 DOH* DOH* CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL 11/3/00Bin Temperature ( Sample Dates: Sample Dates: 12/6/00Bin Temperature (°F) °F) Sample Dates: 1/15/01Bin Temperature (°F) Sample Dates: 3/1/01 Bin Temperature (°F) Sample Dates: 2/9/01Bin Temperature (°F) 58F 51F 46F 42F 42F Sample Dates: 4/2/01Bin Temperature (°F) 42F Sample Dates: 5/4/01Bin Temperature (°F) Sample Dates: 6/1/01Bin Temperature (°F) Sample Dates: 6/15/01Bin Temperature (°F) 42F 53F 55F 2000 DOH* SP GR 2000 SCAB†† RATING 1.083 1.080 1.080 - 2.0 0.8 2.0 - 385 439 429 - 520 371 435 484 472 - 550 417 empty table cell 2.2 1.075 3.0 1.085 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 58F 51F 53F 53F 54F 50F 51F 53F 55F 405 418 533 517 428 335 78 471 481 600 550 521 370 72 1.081 1.086 1.086 1.076 1.083 1.087 0.5 3.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.003 empty table cellempty table cell empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSH094-8 MSI111-A NY112 SNOWDEN [52F] BIN MSA091-1 ATLANTIC MSE018-1 MSF373-8 P83-11-5 PIKE LSD 0.05 † CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. ††SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. *Agronomic data from Date of Harvest, Round-White Late Harvest (DOH) Trial; Montcalm Research Farm, September 25, 2000. Chip scores were from two-slice samples from five tubers of each line collected at each sample date. Table 4. 2001 MSU ADVANCED Bt-cry3A SELECTIONS PRELIMINARY TRIAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 LINE MSE018-1 E08.08 E08.02 E08.10 MSG274-3 G38.04 G38.03 Lemhi Russet LR8.3 ND8.01 ND8.04 ND5873-15 NO8.02 NO8.03 Norwis NO8.28 NO8.08 NY123 NY8.02 NY8.05 NY8.10 Onaway ON8.06 ON8.22 NYL235-4 L28.3 L28.5 L28.2 SP8.12 SP8.3 Spunta YG8.26 Yukon Gold YG8.12 YG8.8 YG8.3 ATLNewLeaf RBNewLeaf CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL US#1 524 505 498 491 287 244 231 481 353 306 303 274 410 381 379 372 328 424 404 349 328 526 376 304 436 316 308 294 377 332 292 345 315 265 251 247 468 51 634 593 576 547 591 568 530 559 479 335 347 311 429 428 402 415 354 508 508 419 424 587 455 364 533 432 455 385 434 423 334 406 350 307 305 271 501 258 83 85 86 90 49 43 44 86 74 91 87 88 96 89 94 90 93 83 79 83 77 90 83 83 82 73 68 77 87 79 87 85 90 86 82 91 93 20 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV TUBER QUALITY 2 PO SP GR PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC 75 78 76 81 49 43 44 71 72 69 80 67 62 81 82 81 80 83 78 81 77 71 76 81 80 73 67 77 67 61 61 82 75 86 82 88 79 20 7 7 11 8 0 0 0 15 1 22 8 22 34 8 12 9 13 0 2 3 1 19 7 3 2 1 1 0 19 18 26 3 15 0 0 4 14 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 4 3 3 3 5 1 0 0 0 1 5 9 5 7 5 2 7 7 3 0 3 6 4 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1.080 1.082 1.079 1.081 1.075 1.072 1.073 1.077 1.076 1.079 1.080 1.077 1.060 1.060 1.059 1.062 1.063 1.080 1.074 1.074 1.074 1.060 1.056 1.056 ND* ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.084 1.075 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 1 1 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL CUT 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Bs 17 15 13 10 51 55 56 10 23 6 10 7 4 11 6 10 7 12 11 12 15 5 15 10 11 24 32 21 7 17 7 15 8 14 18 8 7 79 1 SIZE: B: <2”; A: 2-3.25”; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. *ND: No Data Table 5A. 2001 AGPase AGRONOMIC TRIAL, Moncalm Research Farm. LINE ONAWAY CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As US#1 ONAWAYONAWAYONAWAYONAWAY PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 TUBER QUALITY 2 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH BC PO SP GR TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TOTAL CUT ONAWAYONAWAYONAWAYONAWAYONAWAYONAWAY ONAWAYONAWAYONAWAY 62 72 80 68 23 12 3 15 8 6 3 8 6 10 14 8 85 84 84 84 1.059 1.069 1.071 1.068 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 40 40 40 40 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.067 empty table cell 0.002 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell MSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5Y empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell ONAWAY ONAGP2 ONAGP3 ONAGP1 MEAN LSD 0.05 423 349 311 301 346 33 496 414 373 360 411 51 MSE149-5Y MSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5Y MSE149-5Y MSE149-5Y MSE149-5Y E149-5Y EAGP20 EAGP15 EAGP4 EAGP8 EAGP9 EAGP3 EAGP24 MEAN LSD 0.05 457 431 419 376 360 331 331 295 375 59 509 502 481 425 452 369 372 347 432 53 90 86 87 89 80 90 89 85 10 14 13 11 20 10 11 15 74 78 83 85 76 81 83 84 15 8 4 4 4 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.063 1.062 1.063 1.069 1.064 1.070 1.065 1.070 0 1 0 13 0 29 38 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.066 empty table cell 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Planted May 1, 2001 Harvested September 27, 2001 (150 DAYS) Table 5B. 2001 AGPase BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 LINE ONAWAY 4 ONAWAYONAWAYONAWAYONAWAY 2 3 1 PERCENT (%) NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ TOTAL TUBERS BRUISE AVERAGE FREE ONAWAY SPOTS/TUBER ONAWAY ONAWAYONAWAYONAWAY empty table cell empty table cell ONAWAY ONAGP2 * 3 2 ONAGP1 * ONAGP3 * 1 MSE149-5Y MSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5Y 17 5 5 2 1 5 9 4 7 8 2 1 3 5 2 empty table cell25 25 25 25 1 2 15 EAGP15 EAGP8 E149-5Y EAGP20 EAGP3 EAGP9 * EAGP4 * EAGP24 * 16 15 16 11 6 4 2 4 8 9 6 8 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 6 6 3 MSE149-5YMSE149-5YMSE149-5Y empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 25 25 25 7 7 10 10 1 1 1 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 68 20 20 8 MSE149-5Y 0.36 1.76 2.12 3.76 MSE149-5Y 64 60 64 44 24 16 8 16 0.40 0.44 0.56 0.88 2.44 2.56 3.24 3.28 Simulated bruise samples were prepared as follows: A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, placed in a six-sided plywood drum, and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored on October 29, 2001. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. *These transgenic lines had higher solids than their non-transgenic parental line. Table 6. MSU ADVANCED BREEDING LINE SEED INVENTORY 2001 Availability of Certified Seed for MSU Breeding Program Introductions LINE JACQUELINE LEE (MSG274-3) LIBERATOR (MSA091-1) MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE192-8RUS MSE202-3RUS MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSJ461-1 TISSUE CULTURE 1 MINI­ TUBERS2 Yl 3 Y2 3 Y3 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 196 9804 567 1140 566 1688 5790 250 8 - 11 3 8 - 8 - 64 - - - - 128 32 - - 60 - - - - - - 1 = Is the line presently in tissue culture (Yes or No) 2 = Number of units available 3 = Number of CWT available Information listed above is a cumulative count from Golden Seed Farms, lott Seed Farms Inc., Krueger Seed Farm, and Sklarczyk Seed Farm. Table courtesy of Chris Long Figure 1. 2001 CPB Field Trial of Natural and Engineered HPR in Potato 2001 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS Funding: Fed. Grant/MPIC D.S. Douches, R.W. Chase, J. Coombs, K. Felcher, L. Frank, J. Driscoll, E. Estelle, R. Hammerschmidt, and W. Kirk Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences and Botany and Plant Pathology East Lansing, MI 48824 Michigan State University INTRODUCTION Each year we conduct a series of variety trials to assess advanced potato selections from the Michigan State University and other potato breeding programs. The objectives of the evaluations are to identify superior varieties for fresh market or for processing and to develop recommendations for the growing of those varieties. The varieties were compared in groups according to the tuber type and skin color and to the advancement in selection. Each season, total and marketable yields, specific gravity, tuber appearance, incidence of external and internal defects, chip color (from field, 42°F and 50°F storage), as well as susceptibilities to late blight (foliar and tuber), common scab, Fusarium dry rot, Erwinia soft rot and blackspot bruising are determined. PROCEDURE Ten field experiments were conducted at the Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. They were planted as randomized complete block designs with four replications. The plots were 23 feet long and spacing between plants was 12 inches. Inter-row spacing was 34 inches. Supplemental irrigation was applied as needed. This year the fields were fumigated in the fall prior to the field season. The round white tuber types were divided into chip-processors and tablestock and were harvested at two dates (Date-of-Harvest trial: Early and Late). The other field experiments were the Long White and Russet, North Central Regional, Yellow Flesh and European, Heritage, Adaptation, and Preliminary trials. In each of these trials, the yield was graded into four size classes, incidence of external and internal defects in > 3.25 in. diameter or 10 oz. potatoes were recorded, and samples for specific gravity, chipping, disease tests, bruising, and cooking tests were taken. Chip quality was assessed on 25-tuber samples, taking two slices from each tuber. Chips were fried at 365°F. The color was measured visually with the SFA 1-5 color chart. Tuber samples were also stored at 42°F and 50°F for chip-processing out of storage in January and March. RESULTS A. Round White Varieties: Chip-processors (Tables 1 and 2) There were 14 entries that were compared at two harvest dates. Atlantic, Snowden and Pike were used as checks. The plot yields were average in the early harvest (98 days), and most lines increased approximately 100 cwt/a in yield for the second harvest date (144 days). Tuber specific gravity readings were significantly below average for 2001; for example, Atlantic and Snowden had specific gravity readings of 1.081 and 1.076, respectively, in the late harvest. The results are presented in Tables 1 and 2. In the early harvest trial, Atlantic, MSH095-4, NY120, MSH067-3, and MSH098-2 had the highest yields of the 14 entries. At the later harvest, the same lines were again among the top yielding lines along with MSG227-2 and Liberator (MSA091-1). However, MSF099-3, W1386, and NY120 were the top yielding lines in the on-farm processing trials. MSA091-1 and MSG227-2 continue to be very promising selections that have scab resistance along with chip-processing ability. Liberator (MSA091-1) was released in 2001 and MSG227-2 is being considered for release after the 2002 season. Chip-processing quality was high among all the entries in the out-of-the-field samples. In 2001 incidence of internal defects were similar; Atlantic had a higher frequency of hollow heart at the late harvest, and we also saw a high frequency of Pike necrosis (noted as IBS). Variety Characteristics LIBERATOR (MSA091-1) - a MSU selection for chip-processing with strong scab resistance. Yield and specific gravity over the past five years were comparable to Snowden. It has performed well in other states (Nebraska, Pennsylvania and California). It was in the national SFA and the North Central regional trials. It is also in the CHIPS2001 program. It was named Liberator and released in 2001. MSF099-3 - a MSU chip-processing selection. It has high specific gravity, smooth attractive tubers, and excellent chip quality and will chip-process from 45°F cold storage. In 2000 it was one of the best chip-processors in the 42°F MPIC demonstration storage. It yielded well on the on-farm trials, but the large tubers tended to elongate. It is also scab susceptible. This line is in the CHIPS2001 program. MSG227-2 - a MSU chip-processing selection with strong scab resistance. It has a specific gravity acceptable for chip-processing, excellent chip quality and cold-chipping potential. The tubers are smooth-shaped with a flattened round appearance that is attractive. This line is in CHIPS2002. In 2000 it was one of the best chip-processors in the 42°F MPIC demonstration storage. This line will be considered for release in 2002. MSH067-3 - a new chip-processing selection with cold-chipping potential. It has mid-season maturity and intermediate scab tolerance. The tubers are flattened and round. MSH094-8 - a new chip-processing selection with cold-chipping potential from 42°F storage. This line also has a low incidence of internal defects and mid-season maturity. MSH095-4 - a mid-season maturing line with excellent chip quality and bruise susceptibility equal to Snowden. It was comparable to Atlantic for yield and solids in 2001 at the Montcalm Research Farm. It was in the on-farm trials for the first time in 2001. MSJ461-1 - an exciting, new MSU chip-processing selection with strong foliar resistance to late blight, moderate scab resistance, and marketable maturity. It has excellent chip-processing quality and average yield, but an intermediate specific gravity. NY120 - a Cornell University chip-processing selection with resistance to common scab. The specific gravity is in the range of 1.080 or lower. The chip-processing quality is high from out-of- the-field and from storage samples. B. Round White Varieties: Tablestock (Tables 3 and 4) There were 12 entries that were compared at two harvest dates. Onaway and Superior were used as checks. The plot yields were high in the early harvest (98 days), and little yield increase was observed for the second harvest date (141 days). Tuber specific gravity readings were above average. The results are presented in Tables 3 and 4. In the early harvest trial, Onaway, Michigan Purple, MSE221-1, MSH031-5, and MSF373-8 were the top yielding lines. There was very little incidence of internal defects in the early harvest. In the later harvest, MSF373-8, Onaway, MSE018-1, MSB107-1, and Michigan Purple were the top yielding lines. Overall, incidence of internal defects was typical in comparison to previous years, with slightly higher frequency of vascular discoloration, hollow heart, and some internal brown spots. MSF373-8 continues to be a high yielding line with a significantly higher percentage of large tubers, and it chip-processes well out of the field. Another strong performing line was Michigan Purple, which was released in 2001, that has a bright purple skin and excellent internal quality. Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3), a smooth, bright-skinned, yellow-flesh variety with strong resistance to foliar late blight and marketable maturity, was also released in 2001. Variety Characteristics JACQUELINE LEE (MSG274-3) - an oval/oblong table stock selection with a high tuber set. The tubers have the bright skinned, smooth and attractive appearance that is typical of many European cultivars. The tubers have very low incidence of internal defects and good baking quality. The strength of this selection is its strong foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight. Vine maturity is similar to Snowden. MICHIGAN PURPLE - a tablestock selection with an attractive purple skin. This selection has high yield potential and the tubers have a low incidence of internal defects. The vine maturity is mid-season to mid-early. We regard this as a variety that can compete in the red market. MSE018-1 - a very high yield potential, high specific gravity, and moderate tolerance to scab. It has a late maturity, large vine and some reduced susceptibility to late blight. Tuber appearance is bright and smooth with a round-oval shape. We regard this as a potential Katahdin replacement (baker). MSE149-5Y - a MSU tablestock selection. It has high yield potential and produces attractive round tubers with a bright skin and light yellow flesh. It has been a top yielder in the on-farm trials. It chips out of 45°F cold storage, but has a low specific gravity. In the lab we have used this line for transformation with the starch gene to raise the specific gravity. These AGPase-transgenic lines were field-tested in 2000-1. MSE221-1 - a MSU tablestock selection. It has high yield potential as seen in the MSU and on- farm trials. General appearance is good, but it has a netted appearance similar to Superior. It has strong resistance to scab. It is being considered for release in 2002. MSF060-6 - a high yielding selection with scab resistance that produces large tubers that have excellent internal characteristics, and a smooth round shape. MSF373-8 - a very high yielding selection with acceptable specific gravity for chip­ processing. It will chip out-of-the-field and from 50°F storage. Produces large tubers with a low incidence of internal defects. Scab tolerance is intermediate. MSG004-3 - a MSU tablestock selection. It has average yield potential and produces bright attractive tubers with good internal quality. C. Long Whites and Russet Varieties (Table 5) Five varieties and nineteen breeding lines were tested in 2001. Five of the lines evaluated were line selections of Russet Norkotah (Russet Norkotah 3, Russet Norkotah 8, TXNS112, TXNS223, and TXNS278). Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah were grown as check varieties. The trial was dug at 133 days from planting and results are shown in Table 5. The yield of the lines ranged widely with A8893-1, Bannock Russet, AC87079-3, and MSE202-3RUS having high yields; and Russet Norkotah and MSE192-8RUS with slightly below average yields. Internal defects were low, with the exception of A8893-1, AC97079-3, AC87138-4, and Russet Norkotah 3 (line selection), which had greater amounts of hollow heart in the oversize tubers. Of the Russet Norkotah line selections, only Russet Norkotah 3 performed significantly different from Russet Norkotah; however, the higher yield was also accompanied by an increase in internal defects (especially hollow heart). Russet Burbank was the only line to generate an undesirable amount of cull potatoes. Variety Characteristics MSB106-7 - a MSU tablestock selection. It has high yield potential as seen in the on-farm trials, but performed poorly at MSU. Tubers are oblong-long with a light netting. Internal quality is excellent and it has a very white flesh. MSE192-8RUS - a MSU tablestock selection. The tubers have an attractive russeting and shape. The vine is small which may make this line uncompetitive in small plot trials. The tuber type suggests that it be considered a replacement for Russet Norkotah. The tubers have a white flesh that does not darken after cooking. It has performed well in taste tests. MSE202-3RUS - a MSU dual-purpose russet selection. It has a medium-late maturity and high yield potential. Its specific gravity is equivalent to Russet Burbank and the tubers are long with an attractive russet skin. Scab resistance is also high. D. North Central Regional Trial (Table 6) The North Central Trial is conducted in a wide range of environments (11 locations) to provide adaptability data for the release of new varieties from North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Canada. Twenty-two breeding lines and seven varieties were tested in Michigan. The results are presented in Table 6. The yield was high and specific gravities of the lines were significantly low in 2001. The range of yields was wide. Michigan Purple, MSF099-3, and MSE192-8RUS were all included in the North Central Trial for the first time in 2001. Similar to previous years, the MSU selection MSF373-8 performed well. Michigan Purple compared quite favorably to the other red-skinned entries in the trial. Other promising lines include the red-skinned selection ND3574-5R and the chip-processors NY112, W1386, and B0766-3. In general, the russet varieties and lines performed below average. E. Yellow Flesh and European Trial (Table7) Thirteen varieties and advanced selections were tested in 2001. Yukon Gold and Saginaw Gold were used as checks. The results are summarized in Table 7. The trial was harvested after 137 days, and yields were above average and varied considerably. The best yielding lines in 2001 were MSJ033-10Y, MSI005-20Y, MSG147-3P, MSJ453-4Y, and Torridon. However, internal defects and late vine maturity make most of these lines undesirable at the commercial level. MSI005-20Y was a strong overall performing line with high yield, excellent internal quality, and medium-early maturity. Although all entries were evaluated for chip-processing quality out-of-the-field, few had acceptable chip color. An increase in incidence of internal defects was observed in 2001, most notably in Torridon and MSJ033-10Y. MSJ453-4Y, MSJ456-2Y and Torridon have foliar resistance to late blight. F. Heritage Variety Trial (Table 8) A new trial was added to the variety trials in 2001 to evaluate novelty and fingerling varieties that are often available as heritage variety material for the specialty market. Fifteen yellow flesh and novelty varieties, and 10 fingerling varieties were tested. The results are summarized in Table 8. Yields were remarkably low due to poor seed quality and high incidence of virus in this material. A wide range of values was observed for maturity and scab resistance, and none demonstrates foliar resistance to late blight in inoculated disease trials. Some of the varieties in the trial did have unique attributes for marketing and we hope to revisit this trial in 2002 with better quality seed. G. Adaptation Trial (Table 9) Four varieties and 37 advanced breeding lines were evaluated in the Adaptation trial (Table 9). The trial was harvested after 144 days. The highest yielding lines were CACP10, Onaway, MSI037-4, A91790-13, MSI537-3, and MSH333-3. The best performing scab resistant lines are MSH228-6, MSI111-A, MSG301-9, MSNT-1, and MSH356-A, as well as others. The best lines with chip-processing quality are MSI111-A, MSE080-4, MSJ126-9, MSH015-2, AC91790-13, AC87340-3, BC0894-2, MSH370-3, MSI083-5, MSJ042-3, and MSI083-10. The following lines also had early maturity: MSE080-4, MSH370-3, MSI004-3, MSJ042-3, MSJ126-9, and MSG301- 9. The lines with the best overall tablestock performance were MSI037-4, MSI537-3, and AF1763- 2. The best overall chip-processing lines are CACP10, A91790-13, MSH333-3, A90490-1, MSH228-1, and MSH041-1. H. Preliminary Trial (Tables 10A and B) The Preliminary trial is the first replicated trial for evaluating new advanced selections from the MSU potato breeding program. Forty-two advanced selections and three check varieties were tested in two separate Preliminary trials. Due to the increase in the number of breeding lines with resistance to late blight, the overall Preliminary Trial was separated into the standard preliminary trial (Table 10A), and a preliminary trial of late blight pedigree material (Table 10B). The highest yielding lines were MSK068-2, MSJ167-1, MSJ080-1, and MSK217-3P. Lines with the best chip­ processing quality are MSJ167-1, MSJ080-1, MSJ080-8, MSK476-1, MSJ147-1, MSJ197-1, MSJ047-5, MSJ170-4, and MSK236-5. Lines with the best potential for the round white tablestock market are MSK068-2, MSI152-A, MSK409-1, and MSJ204-3. MSJ472-4P is a blue-skinned line with white and blue flesh the chip-processes. Two yellow-flesh lines with average yield also had scab resistance (MSK247-9Y and MSK004-2Y). MSI152-A had above average yield, excellent internal quality, marketable maturity, and has demonstrated resistance to foliar late blight. Table 10B lists the results for the lines with late blight pedigrees. Of these lines, six have strong foliar resistance to late blight, and five of those lines have good to excellent processing qualities (MSJ317-1, MSK034-1, MSK128-1, MSJ319-1, and MSK101-2Y). Most of these lines also have marketable maturity. MSJ319-1 has strong resistance to both foliar and tuber late blight, scab resistance, high solids, marketable maturity, and excellent chip-processing quality. I. Potato Scab Evaluation (Table 11) Each year a replicated field trial at the MSU Soils Farm is conducted to assess resistance to common and pitted scab. For the second year, we are using a modified scale of a 0-5 ranking based upon a combined score for scab coverage and lesion severity. Usually examining one year's data does not indicate which varieties are resistant but it should begin to identify ones that can be classified as susceptible to scab. Our goal is to evaluate important advanced selections and varieties in the study at least three years to obtain a valid estimate of the level of resistance in each line. Table 11 categorizes many of the varieties and advanced selections tested in 2001 at the MSU Soils Farm Scab Nursery. This disease trial is a severe test. The varieties and lines are placed into six arbitrary categories based upon scab infection level and lesion severity. A rating of 0 indicates zero infection. A score of 1.0 indicates a trace amount of infection. A moderate resistance (1.2 -1.8) correlates with <10% infection. These three categories are good levels of scab tolerance. Susceptible lines have greater than 25% infection with pitted lesions. Scores of 4.0 or greater are found on lines with >50% infection and severe pitted lesions. The check varieties Russet Burbank, Superior, Onaway, Red Pontiac, Yukon Gold, Atlantic and Snowden can be used as references (bolded in Table 11). Table 11 indicates that we have been able to breed numerous lines for the chip-processing and tablestock markets with resistance to scab. Although scab disease pressure in 2001 was notably lower compared to other years, the data were separated into three categories (Resistant = 0.0-0.9; Moderately Resistant = 1.0; and Susceptible >1.0 for this year). Most notable scab resistant lines are Liberator (MSA091-1), MSG227-2, MSE192-8RUS, MSE202-3RUS, MSE221-1, MSG301-9, MSH228-6, MSI111-A, and MSJ036-A. Scab results from the disease nursery are also found in the Trial Summaries (Tables 2, 4-10). J. Late Blight Trial (Table 12) In 2001, a late blight trial was conducted at the Muck Soils Research Farm. Over 200 entries were evaluated in replicated plots. The field was planted on 14 June and inoculated 28 July with isolates 94-3,95-7,98-2, and 00-1, and ratings were taken during August. Most lines were highly susceptible to the US-8 genotype of late blight. Included in this trial are the varieties and lines from the MSU trials at the Montcalm Research Farm and lines from the National Late Bight Variety Trial. The results are summarized in Table 12. Lines with the least infection from multi­ year testing were LBR8, LBR9, A90586-1, Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3), B0767-2, B0692-4, B0718-3, and Torridon (a Scottish variety). Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3) has demonstrated strong late blight resistance over the past five years. Due to its excellent agronomic performance and foliar late blight resistance, Jacqueline Lee was released in 2001. In addition, many new MSU selections were in this top tier. Included in this group are MSJ461-1, MSJ459-4, MSJ457-2 and MSJ456-2Y, MSJ459-3 and MSJ453-4 which all are progeny of Tollocan; MSJ307-2, MSJ319-1, MSI152-A and MSJ319-7 which are progeny of B0718-3; and MSJ343-1 and MSI058-4 which are progeny of Brodick. We find these late blight resistant lines valuable because many of them also have marketable maturity. Many of these lines also have other desirable traits including scab resistance and chip-processing quality (see Table 10B). Tuber late blight resistance is being evaluated on all the selections with foliar late blight resistance. K. Blackspot Susceptibility (Table 13A and B) Increased evaluations of advanced seedlings and new varieties for their susceptibility to blackspot bruising have been implemented in the variety evaluation program. Check samples of 25 tubers were collected (a composite of 4 reps) from each cultivar at the time of grading. A second 25 tuber sample was similarly collected, placed in 50°F storage overnight and then was placed in a hexagon plywood drum and tumbled 10 times to provide a simulated bruise. Both samples were peeled in an abrasive peeler in October and individual tubers were assessed for the number of blackspot bruises on each potato. These data are shown in Tables 13A and 12B. Table 13A summarizes the data for the samples receiving the simulated bruise and Table 13B, the check samples. The bruise data are represented in two ways: percentage of bruise free potatoes and average number of bruises per tuber. A high percentage of bruise-free potatoes is the desired goal; however, the numbers of blackspot bruises per potato is also important. Cultivars which show blackspot incidence greater than Atlantic are approaching the bruise-susceptible rating. In addition, the data is grouped by trial, since the bruise levels can vary between trials. Conducting the simulated bruise on 50°F tubers is helping to standardize the bruise testing. However, these results become more meaningful when evaluated over 3 years that reflects different growing seasons and harvest conditions. The data indicates that bruise levels were average compared to other years. The most bruise resistant lines this year were MSH098-2, MSH067-3, MSI032-6, MSH031-5, Eva, W1876-1, MSE202-3RUS, MSH026-3RUS, Dark Red Norland, W1431, MSF099-3, MSJ042-3, AF1758-7, BC0894-2, and MSJ126-9. L. Post-harvest Disease Evaluation: Fusarium Dry Rot As part of the post harvest evaluation, resistance to Fusarium sambucinum (fusarium dry rot) was assessed by inoculating 3 whole tubers post-harvest from selected lines and varieties in the 2001 MRF variety trials. The tubers were held at 20°C (room temperature) for approximately three weeks post inoculation with Fusarium mycelial plugs and then scored for dry rot infection depth and width. A total of 105 breeding lines and varieties were tested. Overall the mean infection depth of the lesion ranged from 4-29 mm. We classified 35 of the lines to have a lesser degree of infection from fusarium dry rot. In this group the infection ranged from 4-9 mm. Superior, GoldRush, NorValley, Eva and Michigan Purple were in this group. Liberator, MSE192-8Rus, MSH356-A and MSJ168-2Y were in this group with less infection group for 2001 as well as for the 2000 evaluation. Other lines that had low infection levels include MSJ163-7R, MSJ147-1, MSJ047-5, MSE080-4, NY112, MSJ080-8, MSE018-1 and MSH067-3. The varieties classified as susceptible in this 2001 evaluation were Atlantic, Russet Burbank and Dakota Pearl. Table 1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ROUND WHITE CHIP POTATOES: EARLY HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM AUGUST 6, 2001 (98 DAYS) CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL LINE US#1 ATLANTIC MSH095-4 NY120 MSH067-3 MSH098-2 P83-11-5 W1386 MSH094-8 DAKOTA PEARL MSA091-1 PIKE MSG227-2 SNOWDEN MSI032-6 MSG015-C MSF099-3 MSJ461-1 MEAN LSD 0.05 348 342 324 308 306 289 286 277 266 261 249 247 247 238 238 205 204 273 50 PERCENT OF TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 1 PO PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 1 As US#1 CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT MAT 4 SP GR 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 390 389 364 347 333 379 366 337 367 331 280 313 310 287 315 282 320 336 52 89 88 89 89 92 76 78 82 73 79 89 79 80 83 76 73 64 9 11 9 9 6 11 17 16 26 12 10 19 20 17 23 25 36 84 79 86 80 70 71 74 81 72 72 84 75 78 79 67 70 63 5 9 3 8 22 6 4 2 1 7 5 4 1 4 8 3 0 2 1 2 2 2 13 5 2 1 9 1 2 1 0 2 3 1 1.085 1.083 1.078 1.082 1.077 1.079 1.074 1.076 1.073 1.078 1.078 1.076 1.079 1.074 1.070 1.080 1.067 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.5 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.1 342 - - - - 279 - 340* - 260 264* 287 247 - 294* 245 - empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.077 empty table cell 0.004 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell * Two-Year Average * Two-Year Average 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 6, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 1, 2001 CWT/A US #1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS Table 2 LINE NY120 ATLANTIC MSH095-4 MSG227-2 SNOWDEN MSA091-1 MSH067-3 MSH094-8 PIKE W1386 MSH098-2 P83-11-5 DAKOTA PEARL MSG015-C MSI032-6 MSJ461-1 MSF099-3 MEAN LSD 0.05 451 448 444 403 396 395 370 370 355 345 344 332 320 304 301 300 280 362 63 488 491 496 449 458 460 420 420 388 436 381 455 407 384 352 451 363 429 57 ROUND WHITE CHIP POTATOES: LATE HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 21, 2001 (144 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 92 91 89 90 86 86 88 88 92 79 90 73 79 79 86 66 77 4 7 8 8 13 8 9 10 8 11 6 9 19 18 12 33 20 86 81 74 76 83 75 77 76 86 69 62 68 74 71 79 66 70 6 10 15 14 4 10 12 12 6 11 29 5 4 8 7 0 7 3 2 3 2 1 6 3 2 1 10 3 18 2 3 2 1 3 1.074 1.081 1.080 1.073 1.076 1.075 1.078 1.073 1.080 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.069 1.067 1.070 1.067 1.075 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 4 1 0 0 0 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT NURSERY SCAB 4 TRIAL SCAB 4 MAT 5 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A - 0 14 1 6 0 8 0 10 22 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 0 4 7 2 0 1 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 0.3 1.8 0.7 0.3 - 0.3 2.0 1.3 - 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 2.0 0.8 0.3 1.8 0.0 2.5 0.8 0.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 2.3 1.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.5 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.6 3.1 2.8 397 - 359 338 332 - 399* 345* - - 320 - 352* - - 298 VD 15 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 7 1 2 4 5 2 0 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.074 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cell empty table cell * Two-Year Average* Two-Year Average 1 SIZE: B: <2”; A: 2-3.25”; OV: >3.25”; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 6, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 1, 2001 Table 4 LINE MSF373-8 ONAWAY MSE018-1 MSB107-1 MICHIGAN PURPLE EVA MSE221-1 MSH031-5 MSE149-5Y MSF313-3 MSF060-6 SUPERIOR MSG004-3 JACQUELINE LEE MEAN LSD 0.05 ROUND WHITE TABLESTOCK POTATOES: LATE HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 18, 2001 (141 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH BC TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TOTAL CUT NURSERY SCAB 3 TRIAL SCAB 3 MAT4 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 462 383 359 321 320 318 312 310 303 287 267 248 229 189 308 54 492 423 421 416 358 351 363 366 358 354 297 314 254 415 370 53 94 91 85 77 89 90 86 85 85 81 90 79 90 46 3 7 13 5 7 7 5 11 9 17 8 17 10 47 59 86 76 62 78 77 67 80 73 79 82 79 80 46 34 5 10 15 12 14 19 4 11 2 8 0 10 0 4 3 2 18 3 2 9 5 6 2 2 4 0 7 1.072 1.063 1.075 1.067 1.065 1.061 1.066 1.071 1.059 1.069 1.073 1.067 1.058 1.072 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 16 0 0 2 4 2 1 2 5 4 1 1 0 0 4 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.3 0.8 2.3 1.0 2.0 1.7 0.7 2.7 1.3 1.7 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.3 2.0 0.5 3.0 2.5 3.3 2.5 1.5 2.8 1.5 2.8 0.3 0.5 1.0 3.8 3.0 1.9 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.4 2.0 3.0 490* 396 426 - - - 360 378* 329 305 - 304 300* 262 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.067 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell* Two-Year Average* Two-Year Average empty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 6, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 1, 2001 Table 3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ROUND WHITE TABLESTOCK POTATOES: EARLY HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM AUGUST 6, 2001 (98 DAYS) PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT MAT 3 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR 6 7 6 12 5 13 6 15 10 22 23 11 13 65 89 87 68 85 73 77 78 81 84 74 74 81 84 33 4 6 20 2 19 6 9 3 3 3 3 6 2 0 1 0 7 1 3 3 7 2 3 1 1 2 0 2 1.071 1.073 1.068 1.070 1.074 1.065 1.071 1.071 1.066 1.079 1.077 1.062 1.075 1.079 0 2 6 2 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.8 1.4 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 377 - 353 375* 395* 300 - 312 - 343 253 266* - 157 LINE ONAWAY MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE221-1 MSH031-5 MSF373-8 MSE149-5Y MSB107-1 SUPERIOR EVA MSE018-1 MSF313-3 MSG004-3 MSF060-6 JACQUELINE LEE MEAN LSD 0.05 CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL 448 399 359 348 324 316 313 307 307 268 227 221 216 131 299 62 483 428 412 398 351 378 357 367 354 349 298 254 249 402 363 59 US#1 93 93 87 88 92 83 88 84 87 77 76 87 87 33 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.072 empty table cell 0.007 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell* Two-Year Average ear Average *Two-Y empty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 6, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 1, 2001 Table 5 LINE A8893-1 BANNOCK RUSSET AC87079-3 MSE202-3RUS A90586-11 SILVERTON RUSSET MSH026-3RUS AC87138-4 MSB106-7 RUSSET NORKOTAH 3 W1876-1 AC89536-5 MSE192-8RUS GOLDRUSH TXNS278 TXNS223 RUSSET NORKOTAH C085026-4 RUSSET NORKOTAH 8 W1879-1 RUSSET BURBANK TXNS112 continued on following page: LONG WHITE and RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 10, 2001 (133 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB3 MAT4 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 390 370 361 348 348 342 335 323 320 310 301 274 268 255 253 245 242 234 231 185 177 176 508 443 437 425 472 423 432 426 428 383 381 415 393 335 384 350 368 311 331 321 335 327 77 84 83 82 74 81 78 76 75 81 79 66 68 76 66 70 66 75 70 57 53 54 19 15 15 13 24 17 17 18 14 17 20 26 29 22 32 28 34 24 26 42 26 45 62 65 59 58 66 70 70 57 55 60 75 54 60 61 57 56 61 71 57 56 49 50 14 18 24 24 7 11 8 19 19 21 4 12 9 15 9 14 5 4 13 1 4 3 4 1 3 5 2 2 5 6 11 2 1 8 3 2 2 2 0 1 4 1 21 2 1.068 1.074 1.071 1.067 1.076 1.065 1.069 1.071 1.063 1.066 1.070 1.075 1.065 1.063 1.064 1.063 1.065 1.074 1.064 1.070 1.067 1.064 11 0 20 5 2 1 9 12 4 14 0 5 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 0.0 0.0 - 0.3 2.5 0.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.3 0.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 2.6 4.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.3 2.9 4.0 1.6 2.6 2.0 3.6 1.5 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.5 3.8 1.9 1.8 2.8 1.3 379* 463* - 351 - - - - 288 - - - 215 - - - 211 - - - 210 - CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL LINE continued: ATX85404-8W NDTX4930-5W MEAN LSD 0.05 US#1 471 409 299 69 528 475 401 76 LONG WHITE and RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 10,2001 (133 DAYS) PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS ITY 2 TUBER QUAL TOTAL CUT BC SCAB 3 MAT4 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 89 86 10 13 71 83 18 3 0 1 1.067 1.070 9 3 0 4 2 1 0 0 40 40 0.7 2.7 3.5 2.4 - - empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.068 empty table cell 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell * Two-Year Average ear Average 1 SIZE: B: < 4oz.; A:4-10oz.; OV: > 10oz.; PO:Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 17, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 1, 2001 Table 6 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 5, 2001 (128 DAYS) ENTRY CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL ND5084-3R RED PONTIAC * NY112 D.R. NORLAND W1386 W1201 B0766-3 NORVALLEY MSF373-8 A90586-11 V0299-4 MICHIGAN PURPLE W1836-1RUS DAKOTA ROSE MN19525R CV89023-2 * ATLANTIC W1431 ND3196-1R MN18747 MN19157 continued on following page: 516 468 459 454 446 429 419 396 394 376 374 366 361 352 350 335 335 327 327 307 298 570 553 503 491 496 483 457 499 424 472 520 415 447 415 434 436 384 384 369 405 454 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO SP GR PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As US#1 CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT 5 MERIT 6 empty table cell 91 84 91 93 90 89 92 79 93 80 72 88 81 85 81 77 87 85 88 76 66 8 9 8 7 8 10 8 20 4 16 27 8 19 11 19 23 11 14 11 22 33 74 76 81 92 78 83 84 76 54 70 72 70 77 81 78 74 73 84 85 74 65 16 9 10 1 12 5 8 4 39 10 0 18 4 4 3 3 14 1 3 2 0 1 7 0 1 2 1 0 1 3 5 1 3 1 4 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 1.053 1.056 1.072 1.058 1.075 1.083 1.075 1.069 1.072 1.074 1.063 1.066 1.073 1.053 1.062 1.065 1.080 1.074 1.063 1.062 1.075 0.7 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 3.5 1.5 2.0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 2 1 0 1 7 1 4 0 0 1 2 3 1 11 7 1 4 0 2 0 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 1 9 1 4 1 1 3 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 6 3 8 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 6 0 14 0 0 40 30 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 30 40 40 40 40 0.7 2.0 0.7 - 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.3 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.0 - 0.0 1.0 1.8 0.7 - 1.0 - 3 3 2 1 empty table cell 3.8 2.8 empty table cell 3.3 1.1 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.4 empty table cell empty table cell 3.3 empty table cell 3.3 empty table cell 1.3 1.8 3.1 1.3 1.9 1.4 2.7 2.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 1 1 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 5, 2001 (128 DAYS) CWT/A CWT/A US#1 TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 ’ PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT5 6 MERIT 278 277 256 237 223 217 189 146 361 370 432 294 405 344 307 338 77 75 59 81 55 62 61 43 20 24 36 12 42 39 37 56 71 71 58 68 54 61 57 43 6 4 2 12 1 1 4 0 3 1 5 8 3 0 2 0 1.062 1.073 1.070 1.078 1.071 1.064 1.065 1.070 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 1 3 4 0 1 0 0 2 0 4 0 2 3 1 0 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 40 40 30 40 40 30 40 40 2.3 - 0.7 2.7 3.7 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 empty table cell 2.3 empty table cell 2.2 empty table cell 2.4 empty table cell empty table cell 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 empty table cell 2 3 ENTRY continued: V0168-3 SNOWDEN RUSSET BURBANK * MSF099-3 V0123-25 RUSSET NORKOTAH MSE192-8RUS MN19315 * empty table cell MEAN empty table cell LSD 0.05 *These entries had 3 replications, as compared to the 4 replications for all other entries. empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 342 81 430 75 1.068 empty table cell 0.002 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 17, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6 MERIT: A Merit rating was given for the best 3 entries in each market class (rank order, 1 = best). Planted May 1, 2001 Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 14, 2001 (137 DAYS) CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL LINE US#1 MSJ033-10Y MSI005-20Y MSG147-3P MSJ453-4Y TORRIDON SAGINAW GOLD MSH380-3Y MSJ033-6Y MSJ456-2Y MSJ049-1Y YUKON GOLD MSJ472-4P MSI092-3RY MEAN LSD 0.05 472 455 431 416 414 409 403 344 342 328 297 232 225 367 69 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 86 81 86 77 69 82 81 80 73 82 89 66 63 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 11 16 8 19 22 15 15 13 17 11 5 33 34 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBE QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT 5 72 76 70 74 67 80 78 59 70 71 68 65 50 14 6 15 3 2 2 3 22 3 11 21 1 12 3 3 6 4 9 3 4 6 10 7 6 1 4 1.063 1.068 1.058 1.084 1.078 1.072 1.082 1.066 1.076 1.068 1.072 1.082 1.066 4.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 3.0 1 0 0 5 5 0 0 5 1 1 7 0 1 10 1 0 6 0 2 4 1 1 0 1 0 1 19 0 0 5 14 2 4 1 0 1 2 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.7 1.7 2.0 1.0 2.7 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.7 3.5 2.5 3.8 5.0 4.4 1.8 3.0 3.4 3.1 2.3 1.4 4.1 2.1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.072 empty table cell 0.004 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 552 560 503 541 597 500 496 429 470 400 335 351 359 469 68 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 17, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Planted May 1, 2001 Table 8 YELLOW FLESH and NOVELTY LINES CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL Gold Nugget Viking Purple Augsburg Gold Kerrs Pink Arran’s Pilot * Purple Chief Carola All Blue German Butterball Anoka Catriona Caribe * Rhine Gold Caribe Sport Blue Mac MEAN * 267 243 239 234 229 221 188 174 153 152 148 132 115 78 43 175 353 277 301 308 295 264 303 292 260 208 233 149 191 103 96 242 continued on following page: HERITAGE POTATO VARIETY TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 (134 DAYS) PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs As US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH BC TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 VD MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT 5 RAUDPC 6 x100 INCIDENCE OF VIRUS 76 88 80 76 78 84 62 60 59 73 63 89 60 76 44 1 17 9 10 17 3 4 24 7 9 4 10 4 29 0 39 0 39 4 12 26 0 11 8 38 0 24 3 35 0 empty table cell empty table cell 8 75 2 79 3 76 0 72 71 14 6 80 58 9 1 60 2 59 69 15 63 11 80 0 2 60 0 73 44 20 empty table cell empty table cell 1.066 1.063 1.067 1.061 1.063 1.062 1.064 1.067 1.064 1.058 1.062 1.069 1.069 1.063 1.059 1.064 empty table cell 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 empty table cell 3 1 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 0 empty table cell 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 empty table cell 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 2 1 6 0 0 5 2 1 0 0 1 7 empty table cell 1.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 0.3 1.5 3.0 3.3 1.7 1.7 3.0 0.5 2.0 0.3 2.5 3.8 1.3 3.0 2.3 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.3 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 3.0 18.0 34.4 17.7 23.8 30.0 28.7 26.8 25.0 25.8 28.0 30.2 PLRV PVY PLRV empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell PLRV empty table cell empty table cell PLRV empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell VIRUS? PVY empty table cell empty table cell - - empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 32.5 33.3 empty table cell HERITAGE POTATO VARIETY TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 (134 DAYS) CWT/A US#1 CWT/ A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As US#1 PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC 2 HH TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT 5 RAUDPC 6 x100 INCIDENCE OF VIRUS FINGERLINGSFINGERLINGSFINGERLINGS FINGERLINGS FINGERLINGS FINGERLINGS FINGERLINGS FINGERLINGSFINGERLINGS FINGERLINGSFINGERLINGS - - - - - - - - - - 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 FINGERLINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FINGERLINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FINGERLINGS 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 FINGERLINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 FINGERLINGS 0 3 0 2 0 1 3 12 0 0 FINGERLINGS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.075 1.061 1.072 1.066 1.062 1.069 1.060 1.069 1.083 1.059 3 1 2 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1.0 1.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 2.0 - 0.5 1.5 0.0 FINGERLINGS 27.8 31.3 29.1 33.0 33.0 30.6 29.2 26.3 25.8 38.2 4.5 1.5 2.3 1.0 1.5 2.3 1.3 2.3 5.0 1.0 empty table cell PVY PVY PLRV PVY PVY PVY PVY empty table cell PLRV YELLOW FLESH and NOVELTY LINES continued: FINGERLINGS Ozette French Fingerling Rose Fin Apple Red Thumb Russian Banana * Butterfinger Indian Pit Cowhorn* Purple Peruvian Huckleberry MEAN *Poor stand 173 110 98 87 86 80 76 60 52 32 85 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.068 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25”; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 17, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) 6 RAUDPC: Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (from MSU Late Blight Trial). A RAUDPC (x 100) value > 15 is classified as susceptible to Late Blight. Planted May 1, 2001 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ADAPTATION TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 21, 2001 (144 DAYS) LINE CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT NURSERY SCAB4 MAT5 CACP10 ONAWAY MSI037-4 A91790-13 MSI537-3 MSH333-3 CACP15 ATLANTIC A90490-1 AF1763-2 MSH228-6 MSH041-1 CACP20 MSI077-5 MSI085-10 AC87340-2 MSI582-A SNOWDEN AF1615-1 SUPERIOR CACP25 MSJ438-2 MSJ307-2 MSE080-4 BC0894-2 continued on following page: 501 477 458 450 433 432 427 426 424 419 403 398 397 381 379 379 371 371 358 356 350 348 329 328 317 547 507 528 519 481 475 458 453 457 509 445 429 438 423 435 469 421 425 412 404 417 451 390 360 391 92 94 87 87 90 91 93 94 93 82 91 93 91 90 87 81 88 87 87 88 84 77 84 91 81 7 5 12 13 9 8 7 5 6 15 7 7 8 9 12 19 8 12 12 11 16 21 10 8 17 82 90 79 82 81 85 84 76 65 79 77 68 76 73 75 77 77 84 78 86 83 76 65 62 79 9 5 8 5 9 6 9 18 28 4 13 25 14 17 12 4 12 4 10 2 1 2 20 29 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 0 2 5 1 1 1.075 1.066 1.076 1.078 1.063 1.068 1.068 1.084 1.069 1.058 1.071 1.068 1.072 1.068 1.077 1.070 1.066 1.075 1.067 1.067 1.071 1.098 1.056 1.070 1.062 1.5 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 2.0 - 1.5 2.0 - 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 5 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4 0 5 12 4 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 3 4 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.3 0.8 3.0 2.0 1.7 3.7 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.3 3.0 3.3 2.0 2.3 - 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.7 1.7 0.7 2.0 3.0 1.5 4.5 4.0 2.3 2.4 2.1 3.0 4.8 1.5 3.4 2.3 3.1 3.0 3.9 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.9 1.1 2.0 4.6 3.5 1.9 1.4 ADAPTATION TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 21, 2001 (144 DAYS) CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 TOTAL CUT TUBER QUALITY 2 BC IBS LINE continued: MSI083-5 MSH017-C MSH360-1 AF1758-7 MSH120-1 MSJ319-7 MSH015-2 MSH356-A MSH370-3 MSI004-3 MSI111-A A92584-3BB MSJ042-3 MSJ126-9 MSG301-9 MSNT-1 MEAN LSD 0.05 312 306 303 298 294 286 284 280 270 262 254 246 241 241 231 217 347 53 361 335 363 395 398 330 342 332 385 353 291 471 379 306 282 297 411 51 86 91 83 75 74 87 83 84 70 74 87 52 64 79 82 73 12 6 13 12 25 12 13 13 29 20 11 46 36 21 16 26 76 67 72 60 71 74 80 77 69 68 73 52 63 75 75 71 11 24 12 16 3 13 3 7 1 7 14 0 0 4 7 2 2 3 4 13 1 2 4 2 1 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 1.072 1.081 1.077 1.052 1.071 1.068 1.081 1.077 1.075 1.072 1.082 1.063 1.076 1.072 1.069 1.074 1.0 1.5 2.0 - 2.5 - 1.0 1.5 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 1.0 2.0 - 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 5 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 1 21 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 NURSERY SCAB 4 MAT5 2.3 1.7 2.0 0.7 0.7 1.7 1.3 0.3 2.0 0.7 0.0 3.3 2.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 2.6 2.4 3.3 2.8 3.6 2.3 2.6 1.4 1.4 3.9 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.071 empty table cell 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cellempty table cell 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken August 17, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Planted May 1, 2001 Table 10A LINE MSK068-2 MSJ167-1 MSJ080-1 MSK217-3P MSI152-A * MSJ080-8 MSK409-1 MSJ204-3 ONAWAY MSK476-1 MSK125-3 MSJ147-1 MSK061-4 MSJ197-1 MSK247-9Y MSJ163-7R MSJ143-4 MSK469-1 MSK004-2Y MSI061-B MSJ047-5 MSJ168-2Y MSJ157-B PRELIMINARY TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 27, 2001 (149 DAYS) CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OV OF TOTAL 1PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH BC TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS TOTAL CUT SCAB4 MAT5 PEDIGREE FEMALE PEDIGREE MALE 480 470 436 427 416 412 412 406 402 402 402 386 373 369 350 335 326 292 287 287 282 266 265 580 83 85 551 89 488 90 476 86 482 89 461 464 89 458 89 430 94 452 89 83 483 473 82 441 85 94 393 401 87 387 86 78 420 379 77 76 375 87 331 74 379 296 90 342 78 16 12 10 6 11 9 10 6 5 9 15 14 15 5 10 14 21 22 17 12 24 8 13 77 78 74 59 67 80 74 75 82 81 75 78 85 56 77 74 75 71 65 73 74 79 54 6 7 15 31 19 10 15 14 12 7 8 3 0 37 11 12 3 6 11 13 0 11 24 2 3 1 4 3 1 1 5 2 3 2 4 0 1 3 0 1 1 7 1 1 2 9 1.070 1.083 1.062 1.066 1.062 1.071 1.073 1.058 1.063 1.087 1.068 1.072 1.080 1.066 1.069 1.090 1.079 1.081 1.062 1.069 1.076 1.065 1.078 - 1.5 1.0 - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - 1.0 1.5 1.0 - 1.5 1.5 - - - 1.0 - - 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 - 2.0 0.3 2.7 0.7 2.3 2.0 2.0 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 P84-13-12 SUPERIOR empty table cell 3.8 E041-1 4.5 1.8 C148-A 2.0 RUSSIAN BLUE 2.5 MAINESTAY 1.8 C148-A 2.8 C148-A 2.8 1.0 2.3 H361-1 1.3 G214-1 1.8 ND2417-6 1.5 C148-A 2.8 1.5 YUKON GOLD 1.3 1.8 ND01496-1 2.0 H216-1 1.0 A097-1 1.0 BRODICK 1.3 B076-2 1.3 2.0 P84-13-12 PIKE SNOWDEN PIKE H142-2 E250-2 S440 PICASSO B0718 S440 A091-1 OP empty table cell H228-6 G274-3 S440 ND2676-10 A7961-1 PICASSO ZAREVO S440 H228-6 PICASSO ND01496-1 S438 ND860-2 C127-3 continued on following page: PRELIMINARY TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 27,2001 (149 DAYS) CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PERCENT OF TOTAL 1PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT SCAB4 MAT5 PEDIGREE FEMALE 249 245 216 189 348 96 349 358 327 266 416 107 71 68 66 71 27 30 31 24 70 68 66 69 2 1 0 2 2 1 3 5 1.087 1.078 1.092 1.077 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 20 20 20 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0 PIKE P84-13-12 1.8 1.5 ZAREVO 1.5 SNOWDEN empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.073 empty table cell 0.005 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell MALE PEDIGREE ZAREVO S440 C127-3 H094-3 empty table cell empty table cell LINE continued: MSJ494-1 MSJ170-4 MSJ482-2 MSK236-5 MEAN LSD 0.05 1 SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken September 4, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Planted May 2, 2001 * MSI152-A has demonstrated resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans) in inoculated field trials. PRELIMINARY TRIAL (LATE BLIGHT PEGRIGREE MATERIAL) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A US#1 CWT/A TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 27, 2001 (142 DAYS) TUBER QUALITY 2 BC CHIP 3 SCORE TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2HH TUBER QUALITY 2 IBS SP GR TOTAL CUT SCAB 4 MAT5 LB6 PEDIGREE FEMALE Table 10B LINE MSJ316-AY ATLANTIC MSJ031-6 MSK498-1Y MSJ317-1 * MSK214-1R MSJ036-A MSI049-A MSK034-1 * MSK410-2Y MSJ456-4Y MSK128-1 SNOWDEN MSJ319-1 * MSJ482-1 MSK136-2 * MSJ334-1Y * MSK101-2Y 417 99 474 106 1.075 0.003 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell MEAN LSD 0.05 1 SIZE:B: <2”; A: 2-3.25”; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2 QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3 CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5 MATURITY RATING: Taken September 4, 2001; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6 LATE BLIGHT RATING: Reaction to foliar Phytopthora infestans; LBR: Resistant; MR: Moderately Resistant; RS: Reduced Susceptibility; S: Susceptible. Planted May 9, 2001 * These lines have also demonstrated tuber resistance to Late Blight in the laboratory. empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 555 534 520 489 486 484 467 459 446 424 397 367 364 356 315 299 293 247 603 551 577 540 521 534 523 524 505 500 490 396 411 458 355 376 370 304 92 97 90 91 93 91 89 88 88 85 81 93 89 78 89 79 79 81 7 3 8 8 5 8 11 10 8 13 18 6 11 22 8 20 15 14 74 63 82 84 87 77 84 65 79 81 79 71 83 73 80 78 64 80 18 34 8 6 6 14 5 23 9 4 2 21 5 4 9 2 15 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 0 3 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 1 6 5 1.074 1.083 1.068 1.072 1.074 1.062 1.074 1.060 1.072 1.082 1.077 1.075 1.076 1.084 1.100 1.078 1.075 1.072 - 1.0 1.0 - 1.5 - - - 1.0 1.5 - 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 - - 1.5 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 - 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 4.3 1.8 1.3 3.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 3.0 3.3 1.5 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.0 3.5 1.5 PIKE empty table cell S S RS ATLANTIC S LBR PRESTILE PRESTILE A7961-1 BRODICK S S S LBR B0718-3 C148-A S LBR CONESTOGA LBR G274-3 S empty table cell LBR B0718-3 RS ZAREVO LBR GRETA MR D040-4 LBR F059-1 SAGINAW GOLD BRODICK PEDIGREE MALE B0718-3 empty table cell TOLLOCAN B0718-3 PICASSO ZAREVO C121-7 H133-2 G274-3 TOLLOCAN H094-3 empty table cell W870 C127-3 B0718-3 BRADOR G274-3 empty table cell empty table cell Table 11 Potato Line RESISTANT CATEGORY A8893-1 AC87079-3RUS AC89536-5RD BANNOCK RUSSET GOLDRUSH HUCKLEBERRY MN19525 MSE192-8RUS MSG301-9 MSH228-6 MSI111-A MSJ036-A MSNT-1 RN-3 RN-8 RUSSET NORKOTAH SILVERTON RUSSET TXNS 112 W1836-1 ARRON’S PILOT CARIBE SPORT LIBERATOR (MSA091-1 MSE202-3RUS MSF060-6 MSG227-2 MSH356-A MSJ465-6Y MSK061-4 NY120 OZETTE TXNS 223 W1876-1RUS empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2001 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Mean Rating * (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps Potato Line Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps Potato Line Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 RESISTANT CATEGORY 0.5 CARIBE COWHORN 0.5 0.5 MSJ319-1 0.5 MSK214-1R 0.5 VIKING PURPLE SUPERIOR 0.6 0.7 AC87138-4RUS AF1758-7 0.7 ATX85404-8W 0.7 0.7 DAKOTA PEARL MSE080-4 0.7 MSE221-1 0.7 MSH095-4 0.7 0.7 MSH120-1 MSI004-3 0.7 0.7 MSJ438-2 0.7 MSJ458-2 0.7 MSK004-2Y 0.7 MSK247-9Y 0.7 ND5084-3R 0.7 NY112 0.7 ROSE FINN APPLE RUSSET BURBANK 0.7 RUSSIAN BANANA 0.7 ONAWAY 0.9 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 MODERATELY RESISTANT CATEGORY B0766-3 MSB107-1 CHERRY RED CV89023-2 MSG004-3 MSG015-C MSG153-2Y GOLD NUGGET MN18747 MSH098-2 MSI061-B MSJ031-6 MSJ033-10Y MSJ080-1 MSJ080-8 MSJ126-9 MSJ167-1 MSJ204-3 MSJ316-AY MSJ456-4Y MSJ461-1 MSJ462-A MSJ482-1 MSJ494-1 MSK070-2Y empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellMSK136-2 empty table cellMSK217-3P empty table cellMSK476-1 empty table cellMSK498-1Y empty table cellP83-11-5 empty table cellMSR4-2 empty table cellRED THUMB empty table cellW1201 empty table cellW1431 empty table cellW1879-1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 6 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 5 3 *SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. Planted: May 3, 2001 Harvested: Aug. 31, 2001 Table 11 continued Potato Line SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY W1386 AF1615-1 CAPC10 CAPC25 MSB106-7 MSE149-5Y MSF373-8 MSH015-2 MSH026-3RUS MSH094-8 MSJ047-5 W1355-1 MSI049-A MSJ153-2Y MSJ334-1Y MSJ464-5 MSJ482-2 MSK101-2 MSK193-1 MSK223-5 MSK409-1 PURPLE CHIEF PURPLE PERUVIAN A90490-1 ANOKA EVA FRENCH FINGERLING GERMAN BUTTERBALL MSF313-3 MSH017-C MSH063-1 MSI026-A MSI152-A MSI537-3 MSJ168-2Y MSJ170-4 MSJ307-2 MSJ319-7 MSJ457-2 MSK219-8RY MSK236-5 MSK418-1 SAGINAW GOLD ATLANTIC 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY A91790-13 AC87340-2W AF1763-2 AUSBURG GOLD BC0894-2W BUTTERFINGER CAPC15 KERR’S PINK MICHIGAN PURPLE MSG147-3P MSH041-1 MSH067-3 MSH360-1 MSH370-3 MSH380-3Y MSI005-20Y MSJ049-1Y MSJ143-4 MSJ147-1 MSJ157-B MSJ317-1 MSJ472-4P MSK034-1 MSK244-6 MSK410-2Y MSK438-4 MSK469-1 RED PONTIAC RHINE GOLD V0299-4 CAPC20 JACQUELINE LEE (MSG274-3) MSE018-1 MSI083-5 MSI582-A MSJ163-7R MSJ430-6Y MSJ453-4Y MSK039-3 MSK068-2 MSR6-2 V0168-3 YUKON GOLD 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Potato Line SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY A90586-11 AF1424-7 AF1775-2 BLUE MAC MN19315 MSJ042-3 MSJ308-BY MSK003-1Y NDTX4930-5W MSE228-1 MSF099-3 MSH018-5 MSH031-5 MSI092-3RY MSI201-2PY MSJ132-1Y MSJ197-1 MSJ343-1 MSJ456-2Y MSR3-110 TORRIDON C085026-4RD CAROLA CATRIONA MSF099-3 MSH217-1 MSI032-6 MSI037-4 MSI077-5 MSJ142-3 MSJ459-4 MSK128-1 PURPLE #5 A92584-3BB ALL BLUE MS1085-10 MSR3-105 MSH308-2Y MSH333-3 V0123-25 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.7 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2001 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps Potato Line Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Reps empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell * SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2001 LATE BLIGHT VARIETY TRIAL MUCK SOILS RESEARCH FARM LINE RAUDPC 1 MEAN N LINE RAUDPC 1 MEAN N Foliar Resistance Category: 3 LBR9 2 LBR8 WTS1212-1 3 B0767-2 3 WTS1212-6 3 3 MSJ461-1 MSJ457-2 2 MSJ459-4 3 3 WTS1217-7 3 MSJ453-4Y 3 AWN86514-2 3 MSJ456-4Y 3 TORRIDON 3 MSJ464-5 WTS1217-4 3 JACQUELINE LEE 3 A90586-11 6 B0718-3 3 WTS1216-4 3 B0692-4 3 MSK136-2 3 MSJ317-1 2 MSJ319-1 3 MSJ343-1 3 2 MSK128-1 WTS1217-3 3 MSJ307-2 2 MSJ319-7 3 MSI152-A 3 MSJ458-2 2 MSK101-2 2 MSJ456-2Y 3 MSJ031-6 3 MSK034-1 3 MSJ334-1Y 2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.7 5.1 6.2 6.2 Foliar Susceptibility Category (select lines): WTS1221-1 YUKON GOLD SNOWDEN BANNOCK RUSSET EVA (NY103) WTS1212-7 KEUKA GOLD (NY101) KEYSTONE RUSSET SILVERTON RUSSET WTS1212-2 RUSSET BURBANK RUSSET GEM RUSSET NORKOTAH WWW297 ATLANTIC SUPERIOR SHEPODY CACP10 CACP20 RANGER RUSSET CACP15 CACP25 RED LASODA DARK RED NORLAND ONAWAY MICHIGAN PURPLE 13.3 13.6 16.0 16.3 16.8 17.6 18.0 18.9 19.8 23.7 24.4 24.4 24.6 24.9 24.9 25.2 25.3 26.4 27.6 27.7 27.9 28.3 30.0 30.1 31.0 36.0 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 5 2 6 3 6 6 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 Ratings indicate the RAUDPC (Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve) over the entire plot. 2 Over 200 varieties and breeding lines were tested in all. For brevity purposes, only selected varieties and breeding lines are listed. Varieties and breeding lines with a mean RAUDPC value of 7.0 and less are considered resistant in 2001. Phytopthora infestans isolates 94-3, 95-7, 98-2, 00-1 inoculated 28 July 2001. Planted as a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 replications of 4 hill plots on 14 June 2001. Table 13A MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2001 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES * PERCENT (%) NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 1 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ ROUND WHITES: CHIP BRUISE NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 4 FREE TOTAL TUBERS ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP 3 2 ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP SPOTS/TUBER ROUND WHITES: CHIP AVERAGE 25 23 20 20 18 16 15 17 13 15 13 13 9 9 5 7 4 2 5 4 6 7 9 5 9 6 9 8 10 10 14 3 6 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 empty table cell25 25 25 ROUND WHITES: TABLE 100 92 80 80 72 64 60 68 52 60 52 52 36 36 20 28 16 ROUND WHITES: TABLE 0.00 0.08 0.20 0.24 0.32 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.68 1.04 1.04 1.12 2.04 2.28 ROUND WHITES: TABLE empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 2 1 2 7 4 4 4 1 3 1 1 1 ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE 23 21 19 18 16 18 16 16 13 15 2 4 5 6 8 5 4 5 9 4 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell empty table cell 2 1 1 92 84 76 72 64 72 64 64 52 60 0.08 0.16 0.28 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.64 VARIETY ROUND WHITES: CHIP MSH098-2 MSH067-3 MSI032-6 P83-11-5 DAKOTA PEARL MSG227-2 MSH094-8 PIKE MSA091-1 MSF099-3 MSJ461-1 NY120 SNOWDEN W1386 ATLANTIC MSG015-C MSH095-4 ROUND WHITES: TABLE MSH031-5 EVA SUPERIOR MSE149-5Y MICHIGAN PURPLE ONAWAY MSF373-8 MSF313-3 MSE221-1 MSG004-3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 6 * A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored on October 29, 2001. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 2 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 3 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 4 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ TOTAL TUBERS empty table cell PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 1 1 4 4 1 empty table cell 4 25 empty table cell25 5 25 10 empty table cell25 8 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS 44 24 20 12 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS 1 5 1 0.92 1.28 1.80 1.88 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS VARIETY MSB107-1 MSE018-1 JACQUELINE LEE MSF060-6 11 6 5 3 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS 23 W1876-1 22 MSE202-3RUS 22 MSH026-3RUS ATX85404-8W 22 BANNOCK RUSSET 21 AC87079-3 19 21 AC89536-5 GOLDRUSH 20 20 TXNS112 18 MSE192-8RUS C085026-4 17 RUSSET NORKOTAH 3 18 TXNS278 19 RUSSET NORKOTAH 19 W1879-1 17 AC87138-4 17 TXNS223 18 RUSSET NORKOTAH 8 14 SILVERTON RUSSET 16 A8893-1 15 A90586-11 16 NDTX4930-5W 13 RUSSET BURBANK 12 10 MSB106-7 1 8 10 4 8 2 3 3 2 3 6 2 4 4 7 8 6 5 3 6 5 4 10 6 7 5 9 6 7 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 empty table cell 4 92 88 88 88 84 76 84 80 80 72 68 72 76 76 68 68 72 56 64 60 64 52 48 40 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.88 1.16 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIALNORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL D.R. NORLAND W1431 MSF099-3 ND5084-3R DAKOTA ROSE MN19315 MSE192-8RUS CV89023-2 MN19525R MSF373-8 25 23 21 22 21 19 20 18 17 17 2 4 2 3 6 4 7 7 7 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell empty table cell 100 92 84 88 84 76 80 72 68 68 0.00 0.08 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.36 VARIETY V0168-3 RED PONTIAC A90586-11 ATLANTIC RUSSET NORKOTAH V0123-25 MN18747 MN19157 V0299-4 MICHIGAN PURPLE W1201 SNOWDEN W1386 B0766-3 NY112 W1836-1RUS NORVALLEY RUSSET BURBANK NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ TOTAL TUBERS BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER PERCENT (%) 19 17 15 17 15 16 13 14 14 12 17 10 9 9 10 6 9 4 1 3 6 9 6 9 7 10 8 9 11 3 8 11 8 8 14 6 7 empty table cell 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 6 3 8 5 3 8 9 3 4 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 0.36 25 empty table cell25 0.40 empty table cell25 0.44 empty table cell25 0.44 empty table cell25 0.44 empty table cell25 0.48 empty table cell25 0.56 empty table cell25 0.56 empty table cell25 0.60 empty table cell25 0.64 empty table cell25 0.64 empty table cell25 0.92 empty table cell25 0.92 empty table cell25 0.96 empty table cell25 0.96 empty table cell25 1.08 empty table cell25 1.12 empty table cell25 1.64 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL 76 68 60 68 60 64 52 56 56 48 68 40 36 36 40 24 36 16 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL empty table cell 1 1 empty table cell 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 1 3 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL 1 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIALYELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIALYELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL MSG147-3P MSJ472-4P YUKON GOLD MSJ033-6Y MSJ033-10Y TORRIDON MSH380-3Y MSI092-3RY SAGINAW GOLD MSJ456-2Y MSJ453-4Y 22 20 19 19 16 12 13 10 11 8 4 3 5 5 5 6 9 6 10 8 6 12 3 4 5 3 4 10 6 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL 88 80 76 76 64 48 52 40 44 32 16 0.12 0.20 0.28 0.32 0.48 0.68 0.76 0.88 0.88 1.16 1.32 ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL MSJ042-3 AF1758-7 BC0894-2 MSJ126-9 A91790-13 AC87340-2 AF1763-2 MSH120-1 MSH370-3 1 empty table cell 2 empty table cell 25 empty table cell 23 24 empty table cell 23 22 22 22 22 21 2 empty table cell empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 4 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 100 92 96 92 88 88 88 88 84 0.00 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.16 VARIETY A92584-3BB MSG301-9 MSI077-5 MSJ319-7 MSE080-4 SUPERIOR MSH228-6 CACP15 MSH041-1 MSH360-1 ONAWAY A90490-1 MSH015-2 MSI083-5 CACP25 MSH333-3 MSI582-A CACP10 AF1615-1 MSH356-A MSI004-3 MSJ438-2 MSI037-4 MSI111-A MSI085-10 CACP20 MSH017-C SNOWDEN ATLANTIC PRELIMINARY TRIAL MSJ080-1 MSI049-A MSJ204-3 MSJ319-1 MSI061-B MSJ031-6 MSK061-4 MSK125-3 MSJ047-5 MSJ080-8 MSJ163-7R NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 3 empty table cell NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ 4 TOTAL TUBERS PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 1 1 1 empty table cell 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell empty table cell25 1 empty table cell25 2 empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell 1 empty table cell25 1 2 empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell 1 empty table cell25 3 PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL 3 3 5 empty table cell 3 4 4 3 6 7 5 5 7 empty table cell 10 empty table cell 7 empty table cell 6 4 4 7 7 4 5 7 8 6 6 12 10 7 3 21 21 20 21 20 20 20 18 17 18 18 17 15 17 17 18 18 15 15 16 16 14 14 14 13 9 10 9 9 1 PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL 1 2 2 3 2 5 3 4 1 3 5 2 2 8 9 84 84 80 84 80 80 80 72 68 72 72 68 60 68 68 72 72 60 60 64 64 56 56 56 52 36 40 36 36 1 1 1 1 AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.52 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.92 1.00 1.04 1.36 PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL 19 17 16 15 17 15 15 13 14 11 11 5 7 6 8 4 7 7 9 7 12 12 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 76 68 64 60 68 60 60 52 56 44 44 0.28 0.36 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.64 0.64 VARIETY MSJ482-2 MSJ170-4 MSJ334-1Y * MSK217-3P MSJ197-1 MSJ147-1 ONAWAY MSK034-1 * MSK498-1Y MSJ494-1 MSK136-2 MSJ157-B MSK236-5 MSK476-1 MSK068-2 MSK214-1R MSK409-1 MSI152-A * MSJ482-1 MSK247-9Y MSJ316-AY MSI026-A MSK469-1 MSJ317-1 MSK128-1 MSK410-2Y MSJ456-4 SNOWDEN ATLANTIC MSJ167-1 MSK101-2Y MSK004-2Y 14 13 12 13 10 11 10 11 11 8 8 7 8 8 9 7 5 7 6 10 5 6 3 6 4 5 5 2 3 7 8 10 7 12 11 10 7 7 11 9 13 9 10 7 10 11 9 9 5 9 9 9 7 8 8 5 8 4 empty table cell6 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 4 2 2 empty table cell 5 empty table cell 6 6 6 empty table cell 7 3 6 4 5 5 7 4 7 4 7 4 9 6 8 6 8 7 6 10 7 2 empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 2 25 empty table cell25 1 4 empty table cell25 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 2 empty table cell empty table cell 3 3 2 2 empty table cell 4 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 empty table cell2 4 6 7 5 5 6 56 52 48 52 40 44 40 44 44 32 32 28 32 32 36 28 20 28 24 40 20 24 12 24 16 20 20 8 12 0 4 4 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 4 2 5 4 2 1 1 2 4 7 1 1 3 1 1 1 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 2 3 1 4 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ empty table cell TOTAL TUBERS PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.88 0.88 0.92 1.04 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.20 1.20 1.24 1.32 1.32 1.36 1.48 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.68 1.68 1.88 1.96 2.32 2.36 2.88 3.12 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIALSNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIALSNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL B0766-3 NDTX4930-SW NY120 AF1775-2 Liberator ATLANTIC SNOWDEN 19 14 14 13 11 10 7 6 empty table cell 8 8 7 6 5 7 2 2 4 6 4 6 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 5 4 empty table cell SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 1 empty table cell25 1 empty table cell25 25 76 56 56 52 44 40 28 1 0.24 0.60 0.60 0.72 1.00 1.28 1.44 VARIETY AGPase TRIAL EAGP15 AGPase TRIAL EAGP8 AGPase TRIAL E149-5Y AGPase TRIAL EAGP20 AGPase TRIAL EAGP3 AGPase TRIAL EAGP9 AGPase TRIAL EAGP4 AGPase TRIAL EAGP24 AGPase TRIAL ONAWAY AGPase TRIAL ONAGP2 AGPase TRIAL ONAGP1 AGPase TRIAL ONAGP3 3 2 4 3 3 3 1 8 9 6 8 4 4 2 1 7 8 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 6 6 3 1 5 9 4 16 15 16 11 6 4 2 4 17 5 5 2 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 PERCENT (%) BRUISE 4 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER FREE TOTAL TUBERS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 1 2 4 7 7 10 10 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 25 25 25 25 empty table cell 25 25 25 25 1 2 15 empty table cell empty table cell 3 5 2 3 2 1 64 60 64 44 24 16 8 16 68 20 20 8 0.40 0.44 0.56 0.88 2.44 2.56 3.24 3.28 0.36 1.76 2.12 3.76 Table 13B MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2001 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST CHECK BRUISE SAMPLES ** PERCENT (%) VARIETY ROUND WHITES: CHIP MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSH067-3 MSH094-8 MSH095-4 MSH098-2 MSI032-6 MSJ461-1 NY120 DAKOTA PEARL SNOWDEN W1386 PIKE ATLANTIC MSG015-C ROUND WHITES: TABLE EVA MSE018-1 MSF313-3 MSH031-5 ONAWAY MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE149-5Y MSB107-1 MSE221-1 MSF373-8 MSG004-3 SUPERIOR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP BRUISE NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 4 FREE ROUND WHITES: CHIP TOTAL TUBERS ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 3 AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER ROUND WHITES: CHIP ROUND WHITES: CHIP NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 2 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 23 23 22 20 17 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 3 empty table cell ROUND WHITES: TABLE 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ROUND WHITES: TABLE empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 92 92 88 80 68 ROUND WHITES: TABLE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.44 ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE 1 2 2 3 5 5 ROUND WHITES: TABLE ROUND WHITES: TABLE 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 23 23 23 22 22 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 92 92 92 88 88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 **Tuber samples were collected at harvest, graded, and held until evaluation. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored on October 30, 2001. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. VARIETY JACQUELINE LEE MSF060-6 21 13 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 1 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 2 4 3 TOTAL TUBERS PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 4 12 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS empty table cell LONG WHITES and RUSSETS empty table cell LONG WHITES and RUSSETS empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS empty table cell LONG WHITES and RUSSETS 84 52 AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 0.16 0.48 LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS LONG WHITES and RUSSETS empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell LONG WHITES and RUSSETSLONG WHITES and RUSSETS AC87138-4 25 ATX85404-8W 25 MSE192-8RUS 25 MSE202-3RUS 25 RUSSET NORKOTAH 25 RUSSET NORKOTAH 3 25 TXNS223 25 TXNS278 25 W1876-1 25 W1879-1 25 24 A90586-11 AC87079-3 24 BANNOCK RUSSET 24 24 C085026-4 GOLDRUSH 24 RUSSET NORKOTAH 8 24 TXNS112 24 SILVERTON RUSSET 23 A8893-1 23 AC89536-5 23 NDTX4930-5W 22 RUSSET BURBANK 21 MSB106-7 15 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 92 92 92 88 84 60 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 4 empty table cell 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.76 1 1 3 3 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL D.R. NORLAND DAKOTA ROSE MSE192-8RUS MSF099-3 ND3196-1R RED PONTIAC RUSSET NORKOTAH W1386 W1431 A90586-11 CV89023-2 MICHIGAN PURPLE ND5084-3R RUSSET BURBANK 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 1 1 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL VARIETY MN19315 MN19525R NORVALLEY V0168-3 W1201 ATLANTIC SNOWDEN W1836-1RUS V0299-4 B0766-3 NY112 MN19157 MSF373-8 V0123-25 MN18747 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 1 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER empty table cell empty table cell 2 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER4 3 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER5+ TOTAL TUBERS PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 23 23 23 23 24 22 22 22 21 20 22 19 21 17 18 empty table cell 1 2 2 2 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL 92 92 92 92 96 88 88 88 84 80 88 76 84 68 72 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.36 0.40 1 empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 4 empty table cell empty table cell 5 2 empty table cell 6 empty table cell 2 7 5 2 1 1 1 YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell YELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIALYELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIALYELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIALYELLOW FLESH and EUROPEAN TRIAL MSG147-3P MSI005-20Y MSI092-3RY MSJ033-6Y YUKON GOLD MSJ033-10Y MSJ453-4Y MSJ472-4P MSH380-3Y TORRIDON MSJ456-2Y SAGINAW GOLD empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 empty table cell 1 2 empty table cell 3 empty table cell 3 5 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 23 22 21 19 1 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 92 88 84 76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.28 ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL ADAPTATION TRIAL A90490-1 A91790-13 A92584-3BB AC87340-2 AF1763-2 BC0894-2 CACP15 CACP20 CACP25 MSG301-9 MSH015-2 MSH120-1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 1 2 empty table cell NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 3 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ empty table cell 4 TOTAL TUBERS PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 PRELIMINARY TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 92 92 92 96 92 88 88 88 88 88 88 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 empty table cell 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 24 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 VARIETY MSH228-6 MSH370-3 MSI004-3 MSI077-5 MSI111-A MSJ307-2 MSJ319-7 ATLANTIC CACP10 MSE080-4 MSH041-1 MSH360-1 MSI537-3 SNOWDEN SUPERIOR AF1615-1 AF1758-7 MSH333-3 MSI083-5 MSJ126-9 MSH017-C MSI037-4 MSI085-10 MSI582-A MSJ438-2 ONAWAY PRELIMINARY TRIAL MSJ080-1 MSJ080-8 MSJ170-4 MSJ204-3 MSJ316-AY MSJ319-1 MSK125-3 MSI152-A MSJ163-7R MSJ168-2Y MSJ482-1 MSJ494-1 AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.20 PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL PRELIMINARY TRIAL 25 empty table cell empty table cell 25 empty table cell 25 25 empty table cell 25 empty table cell 25 empty table cell 25 empty table cell 24 24 24 24 24 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 empty table cell25 1 1 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 VARIETY MSK247-9Y MSK409-1 MSK476-1 MSI026-A MSJ047-5 MSJ317-1 MSK034-1 MSK068-2 MSK214-1R MSK236-5 MSK469-1 MSI049-A MSI061-B MSJ157-B MSJ197-1 MSJ334-1Y MSJ456-4Y MSJ482-2 MSK061-4 MSK128-1 MSK136-2 MSJ167-1 MSK217-3P ONAWAY SNOWDEN MSK101-2Y MSJ143-4 MSJ147-1 MSK498-1Y MSK410-2Y MSJ036-A MSK004-2Y ATLANTIC NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER empty table cell empty table cell NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER TOTAL NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ TUBERS empty table cell empty table cell 2 4 3 1 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 22 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 19 19 18 18 13 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 empty table cell 3 4 empty table cell 4 empty table cell 4 empty table cell 4 empty table cell empty table cell 5 2 2 6 empty table cell 5 5 5 empty table cell 9 96 96 96 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 92 88 84 84 84 84 80 84 84 76 76 72 72 52 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.48 0.64 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL empty table cell 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL AF1775-2 B0766-3 SNOWDEN ATLANTIC NDTX4930-SW NY120 Liberator 25 22 22 22 21 19 15 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 3 3 2 4 empty table cell 3 7 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 3 3 1 100 88 88 88 84 76 60 0.00 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.36 0.52 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL VARIETY AGPase TRIAL E149-5Y AGPas e TRIAL EAGP15 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP20 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP8 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP3 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP24 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP4 AGPas e TRIAL EAGP9 AGPas e TRIAL ONAWAY AGPas e TRIAL ONAGP1 AGPas e TRIAL ONAGP3 AGPas e TRIAL ONAGP2 1 1 4 4 4 8 8 10 5 4 7 5 6 24 21 20 20 14 12 8 11 18 12 9 5 1 1 1 5 7 6 3 6 6 5 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 3 empty table cell NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 5+ TOTAL TUBERS empty table cell 4 empty table cell empty table cell 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 empty table cell empty table cell 2 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 2 9 1 empty table cell empty table cell 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 96 84 80 80 56 48 32 44 72 48 36 20 0.04 0.16 0.24 0.24 0.64 0.72 0.96 1.08 0.40 0.76 1.48 1.72 Funding: Federal Grant, MPIC and SFA 2001 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Dr. Dick Chase, Don Smucker (Montcalm), Paul Marks (Monroe), Dave Glenn (Presque Isle) and Dr. Doo-Hong Min Introduction On-farm potato variety trials were conducted with 12 farms in 2001 at a total of 17 locations. Thirteen of the locations evaluated processing entries and four evaluating fresh market entries. The processing cooperators were Crooks Farms Inc.(St. Joseph / Montcalm), Hansen Farms Inc. (Montcalm), L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (St. Joseph), W.J. Lennard & Sons Inc. (Monroe), Fertile Valley Farms (Allegan), Sackett Potatoes (Mecosta) and Townview Farms (Montcalm). The SFA chip trial was at V & G Farms (Gratiot). Fresh market trial cooperators were Horkey Bros. (Monroe), Tom Fedak (Bay), R & E Farms (Presque Isle) and T.J.J. Van Damme Farms (Delta). Procedure There were two types of processing trials conducted this year. The first type contained nine entries which were compared with check varieties Atlantic, Snowden and Pike. This trial type was conducted at Hansen Farms, W. J. Lennard & Sons, Fertile Valley Farms, and L. Walthers & Sons. The Walther trial was planted in three replicated plots and harvested at two harvest days of 98 and 119 days after planting. Varieties in these trials were planted in 100’ strip plots. The second type of processing trial, referred to as a “Select” trial, contained from three to ten lines which were not compared to any check variety. In these trials each variety was planted in a 15’ row plot. Within the fresh market trials, there were 24 entries evaluated. There were 12 lines planted at each of the following location Monroe, Bay and Delta. The varieties ranged from mostly round white varieties to mostly russet varieties. The Presque Isle location contained 16 lines ranging from round white to predominately russet types. These varieties were planted in 100’ strip plots. Results A. Processing Trial and “Select” Processing Trial Results A description of the processing varieties, their pedigree and scab rating are listed in table 1. The overall averages of the three locations of Allegan, Monroe and Montcalm Counties are shown in table 2. The data from L. Walther & Sons in St. Joseph County is shown separately in table 3 (first harvest, 98 days) and table 4 (second harvest, 119 days). The overall averages of the “Select” processing trial, which is averaged across three growers and three counties, are in table 5. B. SFA Chip Trial The Michigan location of the SFA chip trial was at the V & G Farm in Riverdale, MI. Table 6 shows the yields, size distribution and specific gravity of the entries when compared with Atlantic and Snowden. Table 7 shows the chip quality evaluations from samples processed and scored by Jays Foods, LLC, Chicago. C. Fresh Pack Variety Trials A description of the fresh pack varieties, their pedigree and scab rating are listed in table 8. Table 9 shows the overall average of three locations Delta, Monroe and Presque Isle Counties. The Fedak location was not included in the overall average because irrigation was not available and the yields were greatly effected because of this. Fedak Farm results are printed separately in table 10. Table 1. 2001 MSU Processing Potato Variety Trials Pedigree Scab Rating * Characteristics Entry Atlantic B0766-3 - B0243-18 X B9792- 157 (Coastal Chip) - Dakota Pearl Pike Snowden Liberator (MSA091-1) ND1118-1X ND944-6 - - MS702-80 X Norchip MSF099-3 Snowden X Chaleur 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 Early check variety. Early maturing, high yield, cold chip potential, resistant to golden nematode, some heat sprouts have been noted. Early maturing, low internal defects, average yield, cold chipping potential at 42 F. Early/storage check variety. Late/storage check variety Mid season maturity, average yield, tubers round with some tendency to Norchip type off- types, chips best from 50 °F. Oval to oblong and slightly flattened, above average yield: low internal defects and excellent chip color from MSG227-2 Prestile X MSC127-3 0.8 MSH094-8 MSE251-1 X W877 MSH095-4 MSE266-2 OP NY120 Kanona X AF186-2 P83-11-5 W1386 MSU selection from Purdue Seedlings - 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 42-46 °F. Average yield potential: flattened round shape, shallow eyes, low internal defects and excellent chip color from 48 °F. Mid season maturity, cold chipping potential 42°F, low internal defects, Mid season maturity, bruise susceptibility equal to Snowden Late Maturity, round, high yield potential, resistant to race Ro1 of golden nematode, dormancy Mid to early season maturity, like Atlantic. 50°F chipper Late maturing, high yield, cold chipper 45 °F, like Snowden *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Table 2. LINE B0766-3 MSF099-3 W1386 Snowden NY120 Atlantic MSH095-4 MSH094-8 P83-11-5 MSG227-2 Dakota Pearl Pike MEAN CWT/A CWT/A US#1 367 361 355 315 312 308 283 270 270 250 231 224 295 TOTAL 406 398 400 362 335 353 325 311 338 316 289 266 342 1 size Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8"-3.25" OV: >3.25" PO: Pickouts 2001 Potato Processing Variety Trial Overall Average - Three Locations (Allegan, Monroe, Montcalm) PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As US#1 74 90 90 82 79 89 87 87 93 82 87 74 80 87 81 87 77 80 75 77 78 78 84 84 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 7 9 9 12 6 8 10 13 13 8 21 15 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 TOTAL SP GR PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV 16 8 10 0 11 13 6 5 2 2 0 0 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PO 3 1 3 1 1 5 3 1 8 15 1 1 1.071 1.077 1.070 1.072 1.072 1.075 1.074 1.073 1.076 1.070 1.070 1.076 1.073 empty table cellempty table cell 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 VD 4 4 5 3 6 4 3 4 5 2 1 3 empty table cellempty table cell TUBER QUALITY 2 HH 4 3 9 1 2 8 2 1 1 3 0 2 CUT 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell TUBER QUALITY 2 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 IBS 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 empty table cell 2 TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3 CHIP SCORE Snack Food Assoc. Scale (Out of the field) Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor Table 3. 2001 Potato Processing Variety Trial L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (Three Rivers, MI) First Harvest August 20, 2001 (98 Days) SCAB Small PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 As As 94 41 92 39 97 33 92 35 91 48 52 90 48 92 64 87 42 89 94 42 95 27 50 88 empty table cell empty table cell PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Large Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As 6 53 7 53 2 64 8 57 43 9 38 10 44 8 23 13 47 11 52 6 68 5 38 12 SP GR 1.095 1.083 1.092 1.090 1.090 1.080 1.092 1.090 1.083 1.089 1.080 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 LINE Atlantic W1386 NY120 MSH095-4 P83-11-5 Dakota Pearl Snowden MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSH094-8 B0766-3 Pike MEAN US#1 CWT/A 394 369 357 344 340 336 335 301 292 287 259 243 321 TOTAL CWT/A 418 399 366 373 373 372 364 345 326 304 273 278 349 empty table cellempty table cell1.088 empty table cell - 1 Percent of Total (Size) US#1:1.8-4 in. Large As: 2.5 - 4 in. Small As: 1.8-2.5 in. Bs: < 1.8 in. Planted May 19, 2001 2 Scab Rating 1 = occasional surf scab 2 = numerous surface lesions 3 = a few pits 4 = frequent or large pits 5 = severe pitted scab Table 4. 2001 Potato Processing Variety Trial L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (Three Rivers, MI) Second Harvest September 10, 2001 (119 Days) CWT/A CWT/A US#1 461 455 453 423 411 408 403 397 395 352 296 216 389 TOTAL 500 486 474 447 438 446 447 407 427 396 341 248 421 LINE P83-11-5 W1386 MSH095-4 Atlantic Snowden Dakota Pearl MSG227-2 NY120 MSH094-8 Pike MSF099-3 B0766-3 MEAN PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 As 92 93 95 94 94 91 90 98 92 89 88 81 Small As 47 38 26 31 52 48 35 27 37 39 72 34 empty table cell empty table cell Bs 8 6 4 6 6 9 10 3 8 11 13 18 SCAB SP GR 1.090 1.083 1.090 1.095 1.092 1.080 1.083 1.092 1.089 Large PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As 45 55 69 63 42 43 55 71 55 50 16 47 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 - 1.090 1.080 empty table cellempty table cell1.088 empty table cell 1 Percent of Total (Size) US#1: 1.8-4 in. Large As: 2.5 - 4 in. Small As: 1.8 - 2.5 in. Bs: < 1.8 in. Planted May 19, 2001 2 Scab Rating 1 = occasional surf scab 2 = numerous surface lesions 3 = a few pits 4 = frequent or large pits 5 = severe pitted scab Table 5. 2001 "Select" Potato Processing Variety Trial Overall Average - Three Growers, Three Counties Mecosta, Montcalm & St. Joseph Counties NUMBER OF LOCATIONS empty table cell MEAN LINE W1201 B0766-3 NY120 MSG227-2 MSF099-3 W1386 WI431 MSA091-1 W1355-1 5 3 3 8 8 6 4 8 4 CWT/A CWT/A US#1 545 500 494 474 468 466 420 403 245 446 TOTAL 619 546 523 540 515 551 462 452 379 510 1 size Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8"-3.25" OV: >3.25" PO: Pickouts PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 TUBER QUALITY2 TUBER QUALITY2 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV 11 27 10 6 6 6 3 12 0 empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As 76 88 64 91 94 85 82 88 91 85 83 78 90 88 90 77 61 62 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 6 4 5 10 7 10 10 6 38 CHIP SCORE3 PO PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 6 1.0 5 1.0 1 1.0 3 1.0 2 1.0 7 1.0 1.0 0 4 1.0 0 1.0 empty table cell VD 2 0 2 4 2 2 0 4 0 empty table cell1.079 empty table cellempty table cell TUBER QUALITY2 HH 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 SP GR 1.083 1.077 1.076 1.077 1.083 1.076 1.081 1.079 1.078 empty table cell TOTAL CUT 40 10 10 60 60 50 40 60 40 empty table cellempty table cell TUBER QUALITY2 BC 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 IBS 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 4 4 empty table cell 2 TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3 chip score Snack Food Assoc. Scale (Out of the field) Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL GRATIOT COUNTY, MICHIGAN OCTOBER 22, 2001 ( 146 DAYS ) V & G FARMS CWT/A CWT/A TOTAL US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV PO SP GR CHIP SCORE 3 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH TUBER QUALITY 2 VD TUBER QUALITY 2 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 As 75 79 80 84 79 80 - - 88 87 86 93 86 92 - - 7 12 14 7 10 7 - - 14 8 7 9 7 12 - - 4 1 0 0 4 2 - - 1.086 1.085 1.084 1.081 1.078 1.077 1.064 1.071 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 3 15 4 2 0 6 - - 1 1 0 4 0 1 - - TUBER QUALITY 2 BC TOTAL CUT 4 SCAB 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 30 30 30 30 30 30 - - 0.3 - 1.8 0.3 2.5 1.0 2.5 2.5 IBS 3 0 1 0 0 0 - - Table 6. LINE LIBERATOR (MSA091-1) SNOWDEN ATLANTIC NY120 NDTX4930-5W B0766-3 AF1424-7 AF1775-2 MEAN LSD 0.05 1 size B: <2" A: 2-3.25" OV: >3.25" PO: Pickouts Planted May 30, 2001 Vine killed: September 25, 2001 331 315 291 290 267 266 - - 375 362 337 312 310 291 - - 293 331 empty table cellempty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1.078 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cellempty table cell empty table cellempty table cell 2 OUALITY HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3 CHIP SCORE Snack Food Assoc. Scale (Out of the field) Ratings: 1-5 1: Excellent 5: Poor 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING (From MSU Scab Nursery) 0: No Infection 1: Low Infection <5% 3: Intermediate 5: Highly Susceptible Table 7. 2001 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION TRIAL - V & G FARMS Chip Quality Evaluation* October 22, 2001 (153 DAYS AFTER PLANTING) LINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY CHIP COLOR PERCENT CHIP DEFECTS INTERNAL PERCENT CHIP DEFECTS EXTERNAL PERCENT CHIP DEFECTS TOTAL LIBERATOR (MSA091-1) SNOWDEN ATLANTIC NY120 NDTX4930-5W B0766-3 AF1424-7 AF1775-2 1.095 1.092 1.088 1.085 1.082 1.085 1.072 1.082 63.0 60.9 59.9 64.9 60.0 60.9 64.9 61.9 10.4 4.3 6.2 3.4 2.8 1.5 1.0 13.1 41.2 11.5 24.1 20.4 15.0 24.3 6.2 31.0 51.6 15.8 30.2 23.8 17.8 25.8 7.2 44.1 % CHIP MOIST. 1.18 1.07 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.09 *Samples processed and scored by Jays Foods, LLC. Chicago October 29, 2001 Table 8. 2001 MSU Freshpack Potato Variety Trials Entry Pedigree Scab Rating * Characteristics Bannock Russet (A81473-2) Eva Goldrush Michigan Purple A75175-1 X A75788-3 NY103-SteubenX Neotbr - tbr. - MSU OP Selection Onaway Reba - Monona X Allegany Russet Burbank Russet Norkotah Russet Norkotah S8 Silverton Russet (A083064-6) Superior Yukon Gold - - Colorado selection of R. Norkotah CalWhite X A7875-5 - - A8893-1 A7816-14X NorKing Russet MSB106-7 MSE018-1 LaBelle X Lemhi Russet Gemchip X W877 MSE 149-5Y Saginaw Gold X ND860-2 0.3 2.5 - 3.0 1.2 2.5 1.0 2.5 - - 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.6 2.9 1.9 Long tubers, medium russeting, high yield, low incidence of internal defects High yield, bright appearance, shallow eyes, low incidence of internal defects. Long to oval tubers, heavy russet, check variety Mid season, attractive purple skin, white flesh, high yield potential, low incidence of internal defects Early maturing check variety. High yield, bright tubers, low incidence of internal defects, mid to late season. Long tubers, russet check variety Long to oval tubers, heavy russet, check variety Reduced need for nitrogen, resistant to early dye complex, strong vine. Oblong to long, medium russet skin, medium to high yield. Average yielding check variety Low yield, yellow flesh, check variety Early maturing, dual purpose, medium yield, short dormancy, Good sizing. Long white skin tubers, high yield and low internal defects. High yield, high gravity, smooth oval shape and flattened, tall upright vine, sparse eye distribution. High yield, bright skin, light yellow flesh, low internal Entry MSE192-8 Rus MSE202-3 Rus MSE 221-1 Pedigree A81163 X Russet Norkotah Frontier Russet X A8469-5 Superior X Spartan Pearl MSF060-6 Stueben X MS702-80 MSF373-8 MS702-80 X NY88 MSG004-3 Jaqueline Lee (MSG274-3) Mainestay X MS702-80 Tollocan X Chaleur Scab Rating* 1.2 0.5 1.2 1.5 2.8 3.0 3.5 defects. Characteristics Long russet tubers, low internal defects, bright white flesh, good cooking quality, SG similar to Long russet, lighter russet like R. Norkotah. R. Burbank. Average yield, moderately early, low internal defects. Mid season maturity, average yield, eyes. High yield, large tubers, low internal defects, medium deep Average yield, bright skin, low internal defects. Oval shape, light yellow flesh, low internal defects, heavy tuber set (15-18/hill), strong foliar resistance to US8 late blight. MSH026-3 Rus MSB076-2 OP 1.0 Low yield, oval medium russet, mid season maturity. *Scab rating based on a 0-5 rating; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Table 9. 2001 Potato Variety Freshpack Trial Overall Averages - Three Locations (Delta, Monroe, Presque Isle) NUMBER OF LOCATIONS 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 LINE MSF373-8 Onaway MI Purple MSB106-7 MSG004-3 MSG274-3 Russet Norkotah S8 Silverton Russet Bannock Russet A8893-1 Goldrush Russet Burbank MSE192-8 Russet Norkotah MSE202-3 CWT/A US#1 528 473 445 331 288 277 276 276 247 240 217 212 212 196 134 290 CWT/A TOTAL 552 521 480 435 320 510 347 361 356 360 319 348 305 324 239 385 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 2 7 7 18 10 43 17 21 31 28 25 22 24 32 44 As PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 49 96 91 75 92 59 76 52 72 90 54 54 80 49 47 75 53 68 60 68 58 68 42 60 46 70 53 61 43 49 empty table cell PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV 46 16 33 24 18 0 31 28 14 7 10 19 24 8 5 TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 SP GR 1.075 1.068 1.074 1.071 1.063 1.078 1.068 1.065 1.069 1.072 1.068 1.076 1.072 1.064 1.076 empty table cell1.070 PO PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 TUBER QUALITY 2 HH 3 3 2 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 4 0 3 8 4 9 4 2 6 5 0 7 17 2 7 5 8 6 4 7 VD 0 5 2 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 empty table cell empty table cell TOTAL CUT 20 20 30 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 empty table cellempty table cell BC TUBER QUALITY 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IBS 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 empty table cell empty table cellMEAN empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 1 size Bs: < 1 7/8" or < 4 oz. As: 1 7/8"-3.25" or 4-10 oz. OV: > 3.25" or > 10 oz. PO: Pickouts 2 TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot Table 10. LINE MSH031-5 MSF060-6 MSF313-3 Eva MI Purple Reba MSG004-3 Onaway MSG274-3 Superior MSE149-5Y MEAN CWT/A US#1 185 165 156 125 121 111 96 90 67 52 48 111 CWT/A TOTAL 243 175 184 167 165 131 155 128 152 114 89 155 1 SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8"-3.25" OV: >3.25" PO: Pickouts Planted May 5, 2001 2001 Potato Variety Freshpack Trial Fedak Farms - Bay County September 7, 2001 (125 Days ) TUBER QUALITY 2 TUBER QUALITY 2 TOTAL PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 100 94 87 91 51 75 76 67 70 71 28 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 Bs 24 6 15 25 16 16 28 30 45 54 46 PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 OV 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 empty table cell As 76 87 83 75 73 84 62 70 44 46 54 PO TUBER QUALITY 2 HH PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 empty table cell SP GR 1.083 1.076 1.061 1.075 1.070 1.070 1.056 1.072 1.073 1.079 1.074 empty table cell1.072 VD 0 0 2 0 3 1 0 6 0 8 2 empty table cell CUT 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 empty table cellempty table cellempty table cell TUBER QUALITY 2 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IBS 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 2 TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. 'Snowden’) Black scurf and stem canker; Rhizoctonia solani W. W. Kirk and R. L Schafer Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Seed treatments, in-furrow and seed plus foliar treatments for control of potato stem canker and black scurf, 2001. Potatoes infected with Rhizoctonia solani (black scurf), 2- 5% tuber surface area infected, were selected for the trials. Potato seed w prepared for planting by cutting and treating with fungicidal seed treatments seven days prior to planting.. Seed were plant! at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 29 Jun into two-row by 20-ft plots (ca. 10- between plants to give a target population of 50 plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized comple block design. The two-row beds were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Dust formulations were measured and add< to cut seed pieces in a Gustafson revolving drum seed treater and mixed for two minutes to ensure even spread of t fungicide. Fungicides applied as pre-planting potato seed liquid treatments were applied at a rate of 0.02pt/cwt onto th exposed seed tuber surfaces, with the entire seed surface being coated in the Gustafson seed treater. In furrow applicati were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and usin one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of sc tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting Bravo WS 6SC was applied at 1.5 pt/A on a seven day interval, total of 8 applications, starting after the canopy was abo 50% closed. A permanent irrigation system was established prior to the commencement of fungicide sprays and the field were maintained at soil moisture capacity throughout the season by frequent (minimum 5 day) irrigations. Weeds we controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DA Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Emergence was rated as the number of plants breaking t soil surface or fully emerged after planting. The rate of emergence was estimated as the area under the plant emergen curve (max=100) from the day of planting until 29 days after planting. The rate of canopy development was measured as t RAUCPC, relative area under the canopy development curve, calculated from day of planting to a key reference point taken as 49 DA (about 100% canopy closure), (max = 100). Severity of stem canker was estimated as the percentage of stems per plant wi greater than 5% girdling caused by R. solani, measured 70 days after planting (5 plants per sample were destructive harvested and total stem number and number affected was counted). Vines were killed with Diquat 2EC (1 pt/A on 20 Sep Plots (25-ft row) were harvested on 29 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Samples of 50 tubers p plot were harvested 14 days after dessication (approximately 135 DAP). The tubers were evaluated 14 days after harve Tubers were washed and assessed for black scurf (R. solani) incidence (number of tubers with infection, percent incidenc and disease severity (average percent surface area infected of individual tubers from entire sample). The final number of emerged plants was low for all treatments and considerable tuber rot had occurred. Fusariu sambucinum (dry rot) and Erwinia spp. (soft rot) were recovered from non-emerged plants. Moncut 50 WP 0.07 pt/1000 [at planting in-furrow application (IF)] treatment emerged at a significantly faster rate [relative rate of emergen (RAUEPC)] than the untreated control. The seed treatment (ST) 6% Mancozeb l lb+ Auxigro WP 0.31 lb A [foli application (F)] emerged at a significantly slower rate than treatments with RAUDPC values < 11.5 including the Maxim M 0.5 lb (ST) commercial standard treatment However, no other 6% Mancozeb 11b (ST) base treatments significantly lower the rate of emergence in comparison with other treatments. No other treatments emerged at a rate significantly different fro the untreated control or from the Maxim MZ 0.5 lb (ST) commercial standard treatment No seed treatment, fungici applied in-furrow (IF) or any other treatment (ST + F) was significantly different from the untreated control or from t Maxim MZ 0.5 lb (ST) commercial standard treatment in terms of the final plant stand. The rate of canopy formati (RAUCDC) was not affected by any seed treatment or in-furrow application of any fungicide. Seed treatments and in-furro applications of fungicides were not phytotoxic. All treatments, including the foliar treatments of Auxigro WP 0.31 lb/A both application timings, except Planthelper 0.03 pt [Trichoderma atroviride (IF)] and Messenger 0.1 lb (ST), significan reduced the percentage of stolons with greater than 5% girdling due to R. solani in comparison with the untreated contr All treatments with less than about 30% stolon girdling were not significantly different from the commercial standard [Maxim M 0.5 lb (ST) % stolon girdling = 16.4%]. No treatments significantly reduced the percent incidence of black scurf on tubers comparison with the untreated control or the commercial seed treatment standard. Severity of black scurf on tubers w significantly reduced in comparison with the untreated control by PCC 553 0.75 lb (ST) and PCC 553 1 0.75 lb (ST) and t foliar treatments of Auxigro WP 0.31 lb/A at both application timings. No treatments, including the untreated control, we significantly different from the commercial standard seed treatment in terms of severity of black scurf on the tubers. Yie was moderate to high despite late planting and no treatments were significantly different from the untreated control or 1 commercial seed treatment standard in terms of marketable or total yield. Application timing 1 Emergence (RAUEPC) 2 Plant number (%) emerged 29 days after planting Canopy development (RAUCPC) 3 Percent stolons with greater than 5% girdling due Incidence of black scurf on tubers (%) 5 Severity of black scurf on tubers (%) 6 Marketable (USl)7 Yield cwt/A Yield cwt/A Total 8 Treatment and rate/cwt (seed treatment) rate/A (in furrow) rate/1000 row ft (in furrow) Maxim MZ 0.5 lb Moncut 50 WP 0.07 pt/1000 ft Moncut 50WP 0.1 pt/1000 ft 22.9 a 22.9 a 22.8 a 23.8 a 23.4 a 24.5 a 27.9 a 24.1 a 21.6 a 17.9 a 19.7 a 21.3 a to R. solani 4 16.4 abc 15.1 ab 11.4 a 12.8 ab 16.6 abc 16.5 abc 24.6 abcd 36.4 cde 29.5 abcd 33.5 bcde 28.2 abcd 33.9 bcde 47.5 ab 55.0 ab 35.0 ab 27.5 ab 11.3 b 26.3 b 38.8 ab 38.8 ab 43.8 ab 33.8 ab 27.5 ab 38.8 ab 80 a 80 a 77.2 a 80 a 82 a 82 a 78 a 82 a 80 a 78 a 76 a 71.2 a 78 a 20.6 abc 28.4 ab 15.3 abc 9.1 bc 3.1 c 12.5 abc 16.3 abc 16.9 abc 17.2 abc 14.4 abc 10.3 abc 13.8 abc 313 ab 332 ab 313 ab 351 ab 337 ab 410 ab 433 a 297 ab 306 ab 311 ab 280 ab 302 ab 11.88 abc 12.09 ab ST............ IF............. IF.............. 11.17 abcd ST............ 9.85 abcd 11.69 abc ST............ ST............ 11.63 abc 11.34 abcd ST............ 10.98 abcd ST............ 9.16 abcd ST............ 8.94 abcd ST............ 9.67 abcd ST............ 8.05 d ST............ F............... ST............ F.............. ST............ F............... F.............. 10.15 bcd 9.17 bcd 8.73 bcd PCC 553 0.75 lb PCC 553 1 0.75 lb PCC 553 2 0.375 lb PCC 553 3 0.75 lb 6% Mancozeb 1 lb TADS 14749 0.75 lb TADS 14750 0.75 lb TADS 14751 0.375 lb 6% Mancozeb 1 lb + Auxigro WP 0.31 lb A10 6% Mancozeb 1 lb + Auxigro WP 0.31 lb B 6% Mancozeb 1 lb + Auxigro WP 0.31 lb A,B Auxigro WP 0.31 lb A Auxigro WP 0.31 lb B Planthelper 0.03 pt/A Messenger 0.1 lb Untreated 1 Application type, seed treatment (ST), in-furrow at planting (IF), foliar (F), untreated (NA). 2 RAUEPC, relative area under the plant emergence progress curve calculated from the day of planting to full emergence at 29 days after planting (max = 100). 3 RAUCPC, relative area under the canopy development curve calculated from day of planting to key reference point taken as 50 days after planting (about 100% canopy closure) 4 Percentage of stems with greater than 5% girdling caused by R. solani, average of 5 plants taken 70 days after planting (10 days after all foliar treatments applied). 5 Percent incidence of tubers with sclerotia of R. solani from sample of 20 tubers per replicate. 6 Average percent surface area covered by sclerotia of R. solani on tubers from sample of 20 tubers per replicate as a measure of disease severity. 7 Marketable yield, tubers greater than 2.5" in any plane (US1 grade). 8 Total yield, combined total of US1 grade and tubers less than 2.5" in any plane. 9 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). 10 Foliar application dates: A= 7 Jul; B= 28 Jul. 39.1 de 36.7 cde 53.9 ef 75.2 g 74.4 fg 5.9 bc 7.2 bc 20.9 abc 25.0 abc 32.5 a 22.5 b 20.0 b 41.3 ab 46.3 ab 58.8 ab 335 ab 257 b 289 ab 331 ab 291 ab 19.3 a 19.7 a 21.6 a 20.5 a 19.1 a 9.68 abcd 8.69 bcd 9.64 abcd 8.69 cd F.............. IF.............. ST............ NA........... 58 a 70 a 75.2 a 85.2 a 74 a 10.3 abc 295 ab 10.0 abc 331 ab 32.9 bcde 33.8 ab 19.2 a 36.6 cde 27.5 b 73.2 a 19.6 a 342 ab 359 ab 345 ab 374 ab 366 ab 440 ab 461 a 324 ab 333 ab 332 ab 302 ab 325 ab 357 ab 318 ab 363 ab 284 b 312 ab 355 ab 311 ab POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. 'Snowden’) W. W. Kirk a, R. L Schafer a and C. van der Voort b Pink rot; Phytophthora erythrospetica Pythium leak; Pythium ultimum Late blight; Phytophthora infestans a Department of Plant Pathology b Center for Integrated Plant Systems Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF AT-PLANTING IN-FURROW SOIL APPLICATIONS OF RIDOMIL 4EC, ULTRA FLOURIS 2EC AND PHOSPHONIC ACID AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF RIDOMIL GOLD BRAVO AND FLUORINIL FO POTATO PINK ROT AND PYTHIUM LEAK CONTROL, 2001: Soil was inoculated with mefenoxam-sensitive Pythiu ultimum and Phytophthora erythrospetica at the Michigan State University Botany Farm, East Lansing, MI on 9 May, s days prior to planting. Inoculum was prepared for this experiment by soaking 1 lb of sweet com in 2 pint water in 2 1 flas and adding mefenoxam-sensitive isolates of P. ultimum and P. erythrospetica to the sterile growing medium. Three coloni of each pathogen were prepared. The colonies were grown for 28 days and formed lush mycelia and were rich in oospore The corn/mycelial/sporangium was homogenized and mixed in 12.25 lb sand and broadcast over the trial plot (0.5 A) at rate of 25 Ib/A. Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Botany Farm, East Lansing, MI on 15 Ma into four-row by 50-ft plots (34-in. row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two-ro beds were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated at planting and soil moisture was monitored wi tensiometers. Water was applied as needed with seep-hose to maintain soil moisture at a minimum of 80% field capacit After desiccation, plots were continuously watered to encourage tuber disease development caused by the inoculat pathogens. Plots were hilled immediately before foliar sprays began. Fungicides were applied in-furrow at planting at a of 5 gal/A (40 p.s.i.) applied at a rate using the conversion factor. Band rate per acre = [Band width (inches)/Row spacin (inches)] * Broadcast Rate per Acre. Thereafter fungicides treatments (as scheduled) and late blight prevention maintenan treatments of Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt/A were applied weekly from 5 Jun to 15 Aug (10 applications) with an ATV rear-mount R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 28May) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 17 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 oz/A at planting on 15 May) and Sevin 80S (1.25 lb on 1 and 17 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percent emergence percent canopy closure from planting to full emergence and full canopy closure respectively and a relative rate development was calculated for both emergence and canopy formation. Prior to application of foliar treatments for tub disease control, one 25 foot row from each replicate was harvested and the number of tubers greater than 0.25" (any plan per plant was counted. Four plants were selected at random from each treatment plot on 17 Jul and 15 Aug and tuber numb and percent of tubers with symptoms of pink rot and/or Pythium leak were assessed. Tuber number per plant and percenta of tubers per four plant sample were compared using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. At harvest, tuber samples about 20 lb/plot (ca. 80 tubers) were weighed and tubers cut into 2 pieces and exposed to air at 60 - 70 F. The cut surfac of the pieces were then assessed for symptoms indicative of Pink rot or Pythium leak (tuber discoloration). At each harve symptomatic tubers were tested with Phytophthora and Pythium specific ELISA assays. Tubers with symptoms th correlated with symptoms that tested positive by immuno-diagnosis were rated as positive and infected with either Pink rot Pythium or both. The weight of infected cut tubers was expressed as a percentage of the total sample weight and as percentage of the untreated control. The pathogens causing the tuber infections were re-isolated from the infected tubers a sensitivity to mefenoxam established using the amended plate assay of Deahl et al., (1995).Vines were killed with Diqt 2EC (1 pt/A on 15 Aug). Plots (50-ft row) were harvested on 29 Aug and individual treatments were weighed and grad (tubers less than 2.5 in width in any plane were discarded and only total marketable yield was reported). A further subsamp of 20 tubers per plot were challenge inoculated with Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Phytophtho infestans(all mefenoxam-sensitive isolates) or a sterile rye agar core by placing an 1/8" diameter core, taken from an axe culture of each pathogen grown on rye agar, on the surface of the tuber at its apical end. The core was covered with a b diameter Eppindorf tube, the lid of which was cut off and dipped in petroleum jelly to adhere the tube to the tuber surface; ensure a humid micro environment Tubers were cut open 28 days after inoculation and the percentage of tubers symptoms of the diseases were calculated. Mefenoxam content of a sample of 20 tubers per mefenoxam-treated treatm was determined by standard analytical techniques at the Center for Integrated Plant Systems at MSU. Taking 35 days after planting (dap) as a key reference point no fungicide applied in-furrow delayed emergence comparison with treatments that were not applied in-furrow in terms of the RAUEPC or plant stand. However, the fi number of emerged plants for all treatments was low and considerable mother tuber rot had occurred . Fusari sambucinum (dry rot pathogen) and Erwinia caratovora var caratovora (soft rot pathogen) were recovered from no emerged plants. Canopy formation (RAUCDC) was not affected by any in-furrow application of any fungicide. The furrow applications of fungicides were not phytotoxic. The number of tubers greater than 0.25" (any plane) prior application of foliar treatments was not significantly different between replicate blocks and was 10.3 ± 1.87 tubers per pl and the average percentage of tubers with symptoms of rot was 7.6 ± 6.37 % per plant [average of all treatments ± stand deviation (n = 240 plants)] at 42 days after planting (DAP). After the first harvest the number of tubers per plant was reduc in comparison with the tuber count during early tuber development 5.5+ 1.44 [average of all treatments ± standard deviation (n = 240 plants)] at 70 DAP) and after the second harvest 4.0 ± 1.56 [average of all treatments ± standard deviation (n = 240 plants)] at desiccation 99 DAP. Isolation of pathogens from samples of the infected tubers at all three harvests confirmed the presence of both Pythium ultimum and Phytophthora erythroseptica as well as the soft rot bacterium (Erwinia caratovora var caratovora). None of the programs had significantly different tuber number per plant 70 DAP or 99 DAP either in comparison with the untreated control or other programs. However, the Ridomil Gold Bravo mid-season application program had significantly less infected tubers in comparison with the untreated control 70 DAP but not from other programs. In terms of tuber loss, the Quadris 2SC 0.2 pt/A (IF), Acrobat 50WP 0.08 lb/A (IF) and the Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt/A + Phostrol 4SC 1.44 pt (IF)/Phostrol 4SC 4 pt/A (foliar application) programs had significantly fewer tubers per plant 99 DAP than at 70 DAP. About 60% tuber loss was experienced by all treatments up to 99 DAP. Yields were low due to a combination of tuber loss and early vine senescence. There was no significant difference between treatments or the untreated control in terms of marketable yield however Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt/A (IF) had a significantly greater total yield in comparison with the untreated control but was not significantly different from other treatments. At harvest, there was no significant difference in the percentage of tubers with tuber rots between any treatments. Extremely high soil moisture levels throughout the season encouraged the development of both Pythium leak and Pink rot in tubers. Under conditions conducive to development of pink rot and Pythium leak about 30 - 50% of the tubers survived to the end of the season however 20 - 30% of those were under 2" diameter (any plane). Re-isolation from infected tubers confirmed the presence of mefenoxam-sensitive P. erythroseptica and P. ultimum as the disease-causing agent. No mefenoxam was detected in tubers treated with any of the mefenoxam-based treatments. A low proportion of tubers that were challenge-inoculated with P. erythroseptica, P. ultimum or P. infestans became infected and there was no significant difference among treatments. The majority of tubers survived the inoculations and suggesting that surviving tubers are less predisposed to infection than others. This may be a result of position in hill, maturity of tuber in relation to those that appear to be predisposed. The apparent lack of efficacy may be due to several reasons including high disease pressure as a result of soil inoculum load and environment, canopy structure and initial tuber number. Potato canopies of currently grown varieties may be more indeterminate than in varieties used when initial studies were done. In addition it is possible that initial studies were done in canopies that may have been N-deficient in comparison with current practices where N is applied prescriptively. In conclusion, there may not be sufficient mefenoxam for even and effective distribution throughout the plant as mefenoxam is still distributed to the vines as well as the tubers. Treatment and rate/acre Emergence and Emergence and Canopy development Canopy development Emergence and Canopy development % final 1 RAUEPC 2 RAUCDC 3 Tuber number per plant and percent Tuber number per plant and percent Tuber number per plant and percent tubers with Pythium and/or Pink Rot 4 tubers with Pythium and/or Pink Rot 4 tubers with Pythium and/or Pink Rot harvest 1 4harvest 2 harvest 1 Tuber number per plant and percent tubers with Pythium and/or Pink Rot 4harvest 2 Tuber number % diseased Pythium Tuber and/or number 5.5 a 30.8 ab 4.6 a 36.3 a 93 a 124 ab 14.0 a 133 ab 14.8 a 5.3 a 12.5 ab 4.6 a 47.0 a 103 a diseased Market­ Total able % Yield Yield cwt/A 5 cwt/A 5 Percent tubers with 0.38 a 0.20 a 0.36 a 0.20 a 0.36 a 0.19 a 0.36 a 0.20 a 71.3 a 0.34 a 0.21 a 0.35 a 0.20 a 78.8 a 0.34 a 0.21 a 77.7 a 0.32 a 0.20 a 76.0 a 0.35 a 0.19 a 76.0 a 3.6 b 5.5 a 5.1 a 29.3 ab 5.6 a 5.8 ab 6.0 a* 35.5 ab 6.6 a* 35.3 ab 4.9 a 11.7 ab 6.6 a 17.4 a 100 a 125 ab 14.8 a 4.1 a 152 ab 14.0 a 3.5 a 38.4 a 116 a 132 ab 18.2 a 4.8 a 28.8 a 101 a 3.8 a 34.6 a 103 a 129 ab 16.7 a 114 ab 10.5 a 18.8 a 88 a 4.5 a 3.4 a 12.5 a 128 a 159 a 12.9 a 7.5 ab 4.0 a 28.8 a 88 a 113 ab 16.1 a 0.37 a 0.20 a 5.6 a 19.6 ab 5.3 a 43.6 a 103 a 124 ab 14.1 a 0 a Percent of tubers with symptoms of disease after challenge noculation 6 Percent of tubers with symptoms of disease after challenge noculation 6 Percent of tubers with symptoms of disease after challenge noculation 6 Percent of tubers with symptoms of disease after challenge noculation 6 Pythium Pink Rot Late Blight 0 a 10 a 0 a 5 a 0 a 5 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a Control 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 10 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 10 a 20 a 5 a 0 a 5 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 10 a 5 a 77.3 a 82.9 a Ridomil Gold 4EC 0.1 pt (A) Ridomil Gold 4EC 0.1 pt (A) Ridomil Gold Bravo 6WP 2.0 lb (E) Ridomil Gold Bravo 6WP 2.0 lb (E,G) 77.1 a Ridomil Gold Bravo 6WP 2.0 lb (G,I) 78.5 a Bravo WS 6SC 0.36 pt (A) Acrobat 50WP 0.08 lb (A) Quadris 2SC 0.2 pt (A) Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt (A) Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + (A) Phostrol 4SC 1.44 pt Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + (A) Phostrol 4SC 1.44 pt Fluorinil 76.4WP 2.0 lb (E) Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + (A) Phostrol 4SC 1.44 pt Fluorinil 76.4WP 2.0 lb (E,G) Ultra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + (A) Phostrol 4SC 1.44 pt Phostrol 4SC 4 pt (B,D,F,H,J) Phostrol 4SC 6.0 pt (C,E,G,I,K) Planthelper 4SC 0.8 pt (A) Messenger 3WDG 0.1 lb (A) Messenger 3WDG 0.28 lb (E,G,I) Untreated 74.8 a 79.4 a 78.5 a 64.6 a 75.1 a 75.4 a 0.34 a 0.19 a 6.3 a 30.9 ab 4.2 a 19.0 a 115 a 141 ab 11.0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0.36 a 0.19 a 6.3 a* 23.5 ab 3.3 a 31.3 a 98 a 130 ab 10.1 a 5 a 15 a 15 a 0 a 0.36 a 0.20 a 0.35 a 0.20 a 5.5 a 24.2 ab 5.5 a 149 ab 16.5 a 8.0 ab 4.9 a 57.9 a112 a 146 ab 9.3 a 4.1 a 36.8 a111 a 0 a 5 a 0.34 a 0.20 a 5.5 a 41.3 a 3.8 a 45.3 a 78 a 100 b 14.9 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 10 a 0 a 0 a 5 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 1 Percent emergence calculated as percent of maximum possible emergence in 2 x 50’ rows. 2 Relative Area Under the Emergence Progress Curve from planting until 95% emergence [35 days after planting (dap)] in untreated control (max =1). 3 Relative Area Under the Canopy development Curve from planting until 100% canopy cover (53 dap) in untreated control (max = 1). 4 Intermediate tuber harvests: four plants were selected at random from each treatment plot on 17 Jul (Harvest l)and l5 Aug (Harvest 2), tuber number and percent of tubers with symptoms of pink rot and/or Pythium leak were assessed. Tuber number per plant and percentage of tubers per four plant sample were compared using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. 5 Total marketable yield (cwt/A) estimated from 2 x 50ft row, tubers >2.5" width in any plane. 6 A sample of about 20 Ib/plot (ca. 80 tubers) was weighed and cut into 2 pieces and exposed to air at 60 - 70ºF, the cut surfaces of the pieces were then assessed for symptoms indicative of Pink rot or Pythium leak (tuber discoloration). Symptomatic tubers were tested with Phytophthora and Pythium specific ELISA assays. Tubers with symptoms that correlated with symptoms that tested positive by immuno-diagnosis were rated as positive and infected with either Pink rot or Pythium or both. The weight of infected cut tubers was expressed as a percentage of the total sample weight and as a percentage of the untreated control. 7 Application dates: A= 9 May (in-furrow at planting); (foliar applications B - K), B= 5 Jun; C= 12 Jun; D= 19 Jun; E= 26 Jun; F= 3 Jul; G= 10 Jul; H= 17 Jul; I= 24 Jul; J= 4 Aug; I= 15 Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) biology and management in potatoes. Chad D. Lee and Karen A. Renner, Academic Specialist and Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824 Eastern black nightshade has been a predominant weed problem in the Com Belt of the United States for many years (Stoller and Myers 1989). In recent years hairy nightshade has increased in prevalence in potato production areas of Michigan. Dual + Lorox preemergence would be recommended for eastern black and hairy nightshade control in Michigan. However, these herbicides provide only fair control. If nightshades emerge in the potato crop, Matrix may provide fair control. In research by Eberlein et al. (1994), Matrix postemergence controlled hairy nightshade (> 90%) but did not control cutleaf nightshade (Solanum triflorum). Preemergence control of hairy nightshade with Matrix + Sencor was highly variable (Guttieri and Eberlein 1997). Nightshade species have not been present in our field research with Matrix (Renner and Powell 1998). Two objectives were addressed in this research. Thos objectives were: 1) Determine the optimum temperature for eastern black nightshade and hairy nightshade germination. 2) Determine the effect of three levels of shading on the germination and early season growth of eastern black nightshade and hairy nightshade. Eastern black nightshade and hairy nightshade seeds were investigated at four temperature regimes. Those temperature regimes were day: night temperatures of 95:77, 86:68, 77:77, 86:68 and 68:50° F. Eastern black nightshade seeds germinated at slightly warmer temperature regimes than hairy nightshade seeds (Figure 1). Maximum Figure 1. Temperature Affects Nightshade Germination emergence of eastern black nightshade occurred at the three warmest temperature regimes investigated (77:77, 86:68, 95:77). The highest percentage of hairy nightshade germination occurred at temperature regimes of 77:68 and 77:77, while germination declined at temperature regimes warmer than 77:77. Eastern black nightshade germinated at each temperature regime, while hairy nightshade did not germinate at the regime of 68:50 (Figure 1). Samples of hairy nightshade seed at the higher temperature regimes became infected with a fungus, which may have reduced germination. Germination studies of hairy nightshade at the higher temperatures are currently being conducted again. Based on these observations, eastern black nightshade appeared to be less dependent on temperature for germination than hairy nightshade. Figure 2. Shade Influence on Nightshade Emergence (Growth Figure 3. Shade Influence on Nightshade Leaf Area (Greenhouse). Figure 4. Plant Height (Greenhouse) To determine the effect of shade on nightshade growth, dark cloths rated for solar radiation interception of approximately 30%, 60%, and 90% were be placed over pots of each nightshade at planting. Emergence of both nightshade species declined at shade levels above 30%, but the reduction was more dramatic with hairy nightshade (Figure 2). These observations indicated that eastern black nightshade emergence was less dependent on shade than emergence of hairy nightshade. Eastern black nightshade compensated for shade by increasing total leaf area as shade increased (Figure 3), while hairy nightshade leaf area did not increase as shade increased (Figure 3). These observations indicated that eastern black nightshade is better at compensating under shaded conditions than hairy nightshade. Higher shade levels reduced hairy nightshade plant height but had little effect on eastern black nightshade plant height (Figure 4.) Higher shade levels caused changes in both species in total reproductive growth and total plant growth. Higher shade levels decreased flower and berry dry weight of both eastern black and hairy nightshade (Figure 5). Total plant growth, based on a measurement of final dry weights, of both nightshade species were decreased as shade levels increased (Figure 6). Eastern black nightshade appeared to be more tolerant to shade levels than hairy nightshade. These observations indicated that dense crop canopies would cause greater reduction of plant growth for hairy nightshade than for eastern black nightshade. Studies are being conducted in the greenhouse to better determine chemical control of the nightshade species. Results from those findings will be distributed upon completion of the research. Figure 5. Shade Influence on Nightshade Berries and Flowers Dry Weight (Greenhouse). Figure 6. Effect of Shade on Final Dry Weight (Greenhouse). Integrated Control of Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) in Potato I. Cultivar Resistance and Soil Moisture Treatments in Greenhouse Experiment II. Inducing Resistance in Potato to Common Scab in Field Experiment 2001 Report to MPIC E. C. Poole Dr. D. Douches2, Dr. R. Hammerschmidt , 1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University and Dr. W. Kirk , 1 1 2 Department of Crop and Soil Science, Michigan State University Introduction The incidence and severity of common scab in North America is increasing due to the use of susceptible cultivars, and conducive cultural and environmental factors, such as rotation and soil moisture. Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) is a soil-borne bacterium which incites a range of symptoms on the surface of potato tubers including superficial russet lesions, pitted lesions, or most commonly corky erumpent lesions raised above the surface of the tuber skin. Potato scab is the fourth most problematical disease in potatoes3, and although it has a relatively small yield impact, it significantly reduces marketability. The bacterium is introduced into fields on infected seed potatoes, but is persistent and survives indefinitely in soil, and can be distributed by soil water, wind and farm equipment. S. scabies can infect root crops such as carrot, beets, turnip etc. and survives best in soils at pH 5.5 - 7.5, which is the optimal pH for growing underground vegetable crops. Short rotations between susceptible crops increase the pathogen population and severity of the disease. Potato tubers are most susceptible to infection during early tuber development Tubers are infected through stomata and immature lenticels yet to form a protective barrier. Mature tubers with well-developed skin are not susceptible to infection. However, infections established when the tubers are immature, expand as the tubers enlarge and lesions increase in severity over the season. S. scabies is favored by warm, dry soil at the time of tuber infection. The environmental influences on cultivar susceptibility to different strains are unknown. The most important management strategy in controlling potato scab is maintenance of adequate soil moisture. Irrigation impacts control of plant pathogens through effects on the physical environment of the soil and the plant surface1. Water applied early in the season to soil was shown to reduce common scab on susceptible cultivars4. Maintaining adequate soil moisture at -40 kPA or wetter during tuber initiation and early tuber development may aid in control. The interaction between irrigation practices and cultivar resistance on scab incidence and severity of tubers, and their affects on the population dynamics of the strains of the Streptomyces sp. in the soil is not well understood. Although there are no current chemicals available for controlling common scab, there are biological agents used on other plant-pathogen systems that have been effective in providing immunity against infection by a broad range of pathogens. This phenomenon is known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR occurs when a plant is treated with a chemical, an elicitor, or an incompatible pathogen, and the plant is subsequently able to send signals to biochemical pathways that are related to plant defense. These defensive symptoms can be effective in suppressing pathogens, changing the chemistry of the cell wall and cuticle, and producing antimicrobial compounds for additional protection against pathogens. It has been well documented in cucumbers with protection against a wide range of pathogens and as well in the Solanaceous plant family, with protection of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus5. It has not yet been determined if there are any biological agents that may reduce the occurrence and severity of common scab of potato. I. Objectives 1. Investigate the effect of varying soil moisture levels on scab incidence and 2. Investigate the effect of cultivar resistance on scab incidence and severity of severity of tubers. tubers. severity. II. Objectives 1. Investigate the effect of two biological agents on common scab incidence and 2. Investigate the effect of four different application methods of the biological agents on common scab incidence and severity. Methods I. Objectives 1. Investigate the effect of varying soil moisture levels on scab incidence 2. Investigate the effect of cultivar resistance on scab incidence and and severity of tubers. severity of tubers In greenhouse experiments, soil boxes compartmentalized into sections (1’x2’x3') were filled with sand. The boxes were subjected to one of four soil moisture regimes varying from very low soil moisture to very high soil moisture in a completely randomized design. Soil was sterilized and subsequently inoculated with virulent S. scabies strains or treated with sterile water as a control prior to the experiment Soil moisture probes, CS 615 Water Content Reflectometers (Campbell Scientific® Instruments), were used to measure soil moisture and the data was recorded with CR10X data loggers. The boxes will also be subjected to three varieties, two of which have been developed by the MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, differing in susceptibility to common scab were initially screened: susceptible, cv Atlantic; moderately resistant, cv MSF373- 8; and most resistant, cv MSA091-1. Tubers were sampled after the skin had been fully developed for assessment of scab incidence and severity. II. Objectives 1. Investigate the effect of two biological agents on common scab incidence and severity. 2. Investigate the effect of four different application methods of the biological agents on common scab incidence and severity. Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 11 July into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two- row beds were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. All rows were irrigated until emergence and were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a spore suspension of Streptomyces strains at 106 spores/fl oz on 13 August. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Fungicides were applied weekly from 24 July to 19 September with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Applications of Messenger® (Eden® Bioscience) and Elexa®4 (Safe Science, Inc.®) were applied according to specified labeled rate as four different treatment methods: seed pieces, in furrow, pre-emergence, and early emergence. Messenger seed treatments (0.lpt/l00wt) were coated in the Gustafson seed treater with tide entire tuber surface being exposed. In furrow applications of Messenger (0.421bs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. These applications were repeated again before emergence and early after emergence. Elexa (1:40 in 25 gal of water) was coated in the Gustafson seed treater with the entire tuber surface being exposed. In furrow applications of Elexa (1:40 in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. These applications were repeated again before emergence and early after emergence. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 30 September). Plots (25-ft row) were harvested on 19 October and individual treatments were evaluated based on scab incidence and severity. Results I. The soil moisture treatments measured by Campbell Scientific, Inc.® were 22.4%, 40.6%, 60.4%, and 77.1% soil moisture, respectively (as shown in Figure 1). The most susceptible cultivar showed an average scab coverage at about 9.8% at the lowest amount of soil moisture percentage treatment. When the soil moisture treatment was increased to 40.6%, the average amount of scab cover was reduced to about 7%. A further increase of soil moisture decreased average scab severity to about 2.5% and at the highest soil moisture treatment the scab infection was not observed. Similar results were demonstrated with the intermediately susceptible cultivar (Figure 2). As soil moisture increased, the scab infections of the intermediately susceptible cultivar decreased. Figure 1. Average soil moisture per treatment measured by CS 615 water content reflectometers. Figure 2. Percent scab coverage averaged from total potatoes per treatment. The least susceptible cultivar had no scab infection at all soil moistures. In the most susceptible cultivar, the treatments at the two lowest soil moistures had significantly more common scab than all other treatments at a = 0.05. II. The application of Messenger in the field trial as a seed, furrow, pre­ emergence, and early-emergence offered no protection against infection by S. scabies (as shown in Figure 3). The treatments were not significantly different among groups at a = 0.05. Figure 3. Effectiveness of Messenger in reducing average scab cover by four different treatment methods; seed, furrow, pre- emergence, early emergence. Figure 4. Effectiveness of Elexa in reducin the average scat cover by four different treatme methods: seed, furrow, pre­ emergence, and early emergence Likewise, all of the Elexa treatments (Figure 4) provided no infection coverage against S. scabies. In fact more of the tubers from the control plots had no scab then most of the other treatments. The treatments were not significantly different among treatment groups at a = 0.05. Conclusion The greenhouse experiment validates what other research reports have shown, which is irrigation provides a means to control common scab4. It is evident that applying soil moisture will reduce the infection by the pathogen (Figure 2). Although the maximum common scab infection was about 10% in the greenhouse experiment, increasing the percentage of soil moisture reduced the infection. Additionally, the importance of cultivar selection has been demonstrated. The resistant cultivar showed no signs of infection by S. scabies at all soil moistures. This may infer that the least susceptible cultivars may need less irrigation than the more susceptible cultivars to avoid infection. At this time the interaction of genotype x environment has not yet been determined at what soil moisture the least susceptible cultivar would become susceptible to scab infection. More experiments must be conducted to further understand this phenomenon between the host, pathogen, and the environment. These must be continued in the controlled environment and also in the field to assure applicability to the industry. The biological agents used in the field to induce resistance against the pathogen provided no protection. All treatments of Messenger and Elexa did not prove to be efficacious and in fact, some control treatments had less scab infection than the biological treatments. Although these were not effective, there should be more tests of other products that may induce resistant to common scab. Additionally, the effects of experiments using more frequent applications and in conjunction with irrigation to suppress the pathogen may provide effective have not been demonstrated. References 1. Cook,R.J. and Baker, R. J. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, 416-421. 2. Elesawy, A. A., and Szabo, I. M. 1979. Isolation and Characterization of Streptomyces scabies Strains From Scab Lesions of Potato Tubers: Designation of the Neotype Strain of Streptomyces scabies. Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae. 26,311-320. 3. Hooker, W. J. 1981. Compendium of Potato Diseases. American Phytopathological Society: St Paul, 33-34. 4. Lapwood, D. H., Wellings, L. W., and Hawkins, J. H. 1973. Irrigation as a Practical Means to Control Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies): Final Experiment and Conclusions. Plant Pathology. 22: 35-41. 5. Lucas, J. A. 1998. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Blackwell Science. United Kingdom, 160-164. 2001 Nematode Research Annual Report Michigan Potato Industry Commission George W. Bird Department of Entomology Michigan State University Potato Early-Die Resistance/Tolerance Research.- Twenty-seven potato lines/varieties were evaluated in 2001 for tolerance or resistance to potato early-die. F 349-Y (Rose Gold x WI 877) exhibited resistance characteristics in 1998, 2000 and 2001. E 228-1 exhibited characteristics of tolerance in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001. Five additional lines appeared to be tolerant (Table 1). Five lines designated as potentially tolerant in previous years were not evaluated in 20021. Six varieties (Atlantic, Snowden, Onaway and Superior) and E 149-5Y were designated as susceptible. The category of probable susceptibility was given to dleven lines. An additional three lines in this category were not evaluated in 2001. Based on multiple-year performance, data for four f the varieties/lines evaluated were inconclusive. Four lines not evaluated in 2001 have previously been placed in the inconclusive category. The t-Test statistic was used in 2001 for assessment of the difference in potato tuber yields between the potato-early die and fumigated soil environments. The analysis for the 27 lines/varieties ranged from 1.00 (highly tolerant or resistant) to 0.000 (highly susceptible. General observations about the lines/varieties are presented in Table 2. Tillage System/Soil Quality Research.- The 10-Year-Term Potato Crop rotation trial funded by MPIC from 1991 through 2000 has resulted in a new classification system for soil quality (Table 3). The system consists of six categories. The research also had a major impact on the development of Michigan Field Crop Ecology and Michigan Field Crop Pest Ecology and Management. As a result of this work it was determined that much of the land at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm would be classified in Category IV (degraded soil that responds to management) and some sites as Category V (degraded soil that does not respond to management. Without potato early-die management, these sites yield 200 cwt or less. Based on these findings, a potato, wheat/clover, corn/clover system was initiated in 2001 to enhance the soil quality over a period of six-years. Alternative tillage systems (mold board plow vs chisel plow) was used as the major variable for the research project. In 2001, total tuber yields were 247 cwt with the chisel plow and 196 under the mold board plow system (Table 4). Mid-season root-lesion nematode population densities were significantly greater with the corn/alfalfa than with potato (Table 5) Although the northern root-knot nematode is present in the site, non were recovered from root tissue at mid-season. Nematicide Evaluation.- Three nematicides (metham, Messanger and Micro-CN) were evaluated in 2001 for potato early-die control. Tuber yields under the metham system were significantly greater than without the soil fumigant (Table 6). Neither Messenger or Micro-CN had any impact on tuber yield or quality. Metham provided season-long control of root-lesion nematodes (Table 7). Messenger and Micro-CN had no long-term impact on the population development of this nematode. The northern root-knot nematode was present in the research site; however, its distribution was highly variable. Messenger and Micro-CN did not appear to have an impact on this nematode. Soil Quality Research.- A long-term soil quality research project was started in 2001 in cooperation with Dr. Snapp. The project uses two ranges at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm and consists of site consists of 72 plots. The 2001 objectives were to establish base-line information about the quality of the soil using a system of nematode community structure analysis. Research conducted by the MSU Nematology Program throughout Michigan, Iowa, Pennsylvania and Canada has shown this procedure to be highly sensitive in detection of soil quality differences among farming practices and locations. Because nematodes are involved in many different aspects of the below­ ground food webs, their reproduction amplifies what is going on in the system and can be used for assessment of soil quality. The current hypothesis is that most Michigan soils should have a total nematode population density of between 500 and 3,000 per 1000 cm3 soil. The population, however, must be composed of a mixture of the different types of feeding groups, including significant number of bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes. After the initial baseline analysis of the research site, the entire area was fumigated with 75 gpa of metham. This was done so the research could be initiated under uniform soil conditions. Nematode community structure analysis currently costs $50 per sample or $10,800 for early, mid and late-season analyses of the site, or $43,200 if each plot is divided into four sections. A sampling protocol was developed that should provide excellent resolution and reduce the annual cost of to $2,800. The protocol is designed to test variance both between and within the experimental units. It was tested in 2001 in 2001. It appears to work in a statistically acceptable manner. The before fumigation nematode community structure analysis revealed that the two ranges selected for this research are Category IV soils that are degraded potato-early die sites that are degraded, but respond to management. Twenty-eight of the 56 sites evaluated had less than 500 nematodes per 100 cm3 soil and another 13 were of marginal quality ( 500-1,000 nematodes per 100 cm3 soil). only 14 of the 56 areas within the field appeared to have soil of a quality that should produce satisfactory potato tuber yields without specific potato early-die management practices. A new classification of soil quality has been developed and is presented as Table 8. Precision Agriculture Research.- A precision agriculture research project was initiated on Field 26 (62.1 acres) of the Andersen Brothers Farm in 2000 in cooperation with Agri- Business Consultants Inc. (Figure 2). The results appears to have good potential for producer decision-making and provided an excellent new technique for field research. The plan was to repeat the research in Field 23 (55.3 acres) in 2001 (Figure 3). Unfortunately, the entire site was fumigated, making it impossible to use as a site for repeating the research. Two alternate sites were evaluated as substitutes: Field 12(141 acres) and Field 21(151 acres). Neither were entirely satisfactory, so a decision was made to incorporate 40 acres of Field 12 and 64 acres of Field 21 into the 2001 project in addition to Field 21. Field 12 was used by Dr. Snapp for calcium research and Field 21 by Agri-Business Consultants for evaluation of Messenger. The hand digging data from the Messenger research indicated a 15-20 cwt/acre tuber yield increase: however, the results from the yield monitoring showed no differences (314 and 316 cwt/acre respectively for Messenger and the control). Prior to 2001, the MSU Nematology Program relied on Agri-Business Consultants Inc. and the MSU Department of Agricultural Engineering for precision agriculture technology. The nematology program now has its own precision agriculture hardware and software and two staff have been trained in its use. Analysis of the 2001 project data is currently in progress had will be completed within the next 60 days. The soil fumigation associated with Field 23 provided season-long control of root-lesion nematodes, with none being detected on September 17 in any of the 18 sampling points. Table 1. Summary of 2001 Michigan State University Potato Early-Die Nematode Tolerance-Resistance Research. Probable Resistance High yield in presence of potato early-die conditions and very limited root-lesion nematode reproduction. F349-1RY (98,00,01) Needs one more year of data. Rose Gold x WI 877 Will be working with Dave Douches in detail on these lines. Tolerant High yield in presence of potato early-die conditions with normal root-lesion nematode reproduction E228-1 (98,99,00,01) Four years of consistent data. Russet Nugget x Spartan Pearl. Need to work with Dave Douches in detail on the parents. Probable Tolerance NY 120 (01) NY 112(01) H 094-8 (01) G 227-2 (01) H 333-3 (01) WI 1431 (01) Not evaluated in 2001 E 028-1 (00) E 273-8 (00) F 018-1 (99,00) F 060-6 (00) F 373-3 (98,00) Susceptible Low yields in presence of potato early-die conditions, normal or high root-lesion nematode reproduction, and good response to soil fumigation. Atlantic (97,99,00,01) E 149-5Y (98,99,00,01) Superior (01) Snowden (97,99,00,01) Onaway (01) Table 1. continued Probable Susceptibility G 274-3 (99,00,01) E 202-3 Rus (00,01) F 099-3 (99,00,01) E 221-1 (00,01) G 015-C (01) H 095-4 (01) B 076G-3 WI 1368 (01) WI 1386 (01) H 026-3 Rus (01) A 091-1 (01) Not tested in 2001 B 106-7 (00) G 124-85 (00) P 81-11-5 (00) Inconclusive G 004-3 (00 susceptible, 01 tolerant) G 227-2 (00 susceptible, 01 tolerant) H 031-5 (00 tolerant, 01 susceptible) MI Purple (00 tolerant, 01 susceptible) Not evaluated in 2001 B 107-1 (98 inconclusive, 99 susceptible, 00 tolerant) F 313-3 (98 susceptible, 00 tolerant) G 050-2 (99 possible resistance, 00 susceptible) E 048-2Y (98 possible tolerant., 99 susceptible, 00 susceptible) Table 2. Potato early-die line/variety observations. Possible Resistance - F349-1RY (98,00) Lowest root-lesion nematode reproduction in trial. Extremely high scab susceptibility. Tolerant - E228-1 (98,99,00) Second lowest root-lesion nematode reproduction in trial. Probable Tolerance - Bl07-1 (98 inconclusive, 99 susceptible, 00 tolerant) - E028-1 (00) Scab tolerant. - E273-8 (00) Root-knot nematode host. - F018-1 (99,00) - F060-6(00) Scab tolerant. - F313-3 (98 susceptible, 00 tolerant) Scab susceptible. - F373-3 (98,00) Root knot nematode host. - H031-5 (00) Scab susceptible. - MI Purple (00) Scab susceptible Susceptible - Atlantic (97,99,00) Very good root-lesion nematode host - Snowden (97,99,00) Very good root-lesion nematode host Probable Susceptibility - B106-7 (00) Root knot nematode host. Scab tolerant. - E202-E Rus (00) Root knot nematode host. Scab tolerant. - E221-1 (00) Excellent root knot nematode host. - F099-3 (99,00) Scab susceptible. - G050-2 (99 possible resistance, 00) Excellent root-lesion nema host, RK host. - G124-85 (00) - G274-3 (99,00) Scab susceptible. Highly Susceptible - E-149-5Y (98,99,00) Scab tolerant Probable High Susceptibility - E048-2Y (98 possible tol., 99,00) - G004-3 (00) Excellent root-lesion nematode host. RK host. Scab tolerant. - G227-2(00) Scab tolerant. - P81-11-5 (00) Excellent root knot nematode host. Scab susceptible. Table 3. Influence of soil tillage on potato tuber yields. Tuber yield (cwt) Tuber yield (cwt) Tillage Mold board plow Chisel plow T-test statistics A B J Tuber yield (cwt) Tuber yield (cwt) Total 106.5 142.5 0.307 20.4 17.5 0.233 0.4 0.4 1.000 196.0 247.0 0.333 Table 4. Influence of soil tillage and three agronomic crops on root-lesion and northern root-knot nematode population development. Tillage/Crop Moldboard plow Potato Wheat/clover Moldboard plow Corn/clover Moldboard plow Chisel plow Potato Chisel plow Wheat/clover Corn/clover Chisel plow Nematodes per 1.0 gram of root tissue Nematodes per 1.0 gram of root tissue (7/19/01) (7/19/01) Root-lesion nematode Northern root-knot nematode 130 a 270 ab 316b 169 a 278 ab 529 b 0a 0 a 0a 0 a 0 a 0 a Table 5. Influence of metham and two candidate nematicides on potato tuber yield. Tuber yield (cwt) Tuber yield (cwt) Treatment A B J Tuber yield (cwt) Total Tuber yield (cwt) Non-fumigated soil Check Non-fumigated soil Messenger Non-fumigated soil Micro-CN Metham-fumigated soil Check Metham-fumigated soil Messenger Micro-CN Metham-fumigated soil AOVA Statistic Non-Fumigated Metham-fumigated t-Test Statistic 236 a 192 a 239 a 324 b 349 b 335 b 0.000 222 x 336 y 0.000 17 a 15 a 17 a 14 a 18 a 17 a 0.193 16 x 15 y 0.795 2a 0a 1 a 13 b 3 a 12 b 0.011 lx 9y 0.003 255 a 207 a 256 a 352 b 370 b 363 b 0.000 239 x 362 y 0.000 Table 6. Influence of metham and two candidate nematicides on root-lesion nematode population dynamics. Treatment Root-lesion nematodes Root-lesion nematodes No./100 Root-lesion nematodes No./100 cm3 soil No./100 cm3 soil No./1.0g root Root-lesion nematodes 5/30/01 7/19/01 cm3 soil 10/3/01 7/19/01 Non-fumigated soil Check Messenger Non-fumigated soil Micro-CN Non-fumigated soil Metham-fumigated soil Check Metham-fumigated soil Messenger Metham-fumigated soil Micro-CN 101 a 77 a 73 a 6b 7b 2b 23 a 21a 33 a lb lb 0b 95 a 85 a 71 a 4b 3b 3b 105 c 40 ab 65 ac lb 2b lb Table 7. Influence of metham and two candidate nematicides on root-lesion nematode population dynamics. Treatment Northern Northern Root-Knot Nematodes Northern Root-Knot Nematodes No./100 cm3 soil Root-Knot Nematodes No./100 cm3 soil No./100 cm3 soil Northern Root-Knot Nematodes No./1.0g root 5/30/01 7/19/01 10/3/01 7/19/01 Non-fumigated soil Check Non-fumigated soil Messenger Micro-CN Non-fumigated soil 6 a 16 a 11a 1a Metham-fumigated soil Check Metham-fumigated soil Messenger Micro-CN Metham-fumigated soil 0a 0 a 0 a 0 a 2 a l a 1 a 1 a 44a 370 a 885 a 11 a 6 a 0a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0a 0 a 0 a Table 8. Six categories of soil quality. CATEGORY I. New Land.- Forest or grassland soil that has not been used for agricultural purposes for many years. With proper preparation this type of soil will produce high yields of superior quality crops with no external inputs. Both yields and crop quality will decrease every year after the first crop. Category I situations have been observed five times in potato production by the author of this classification system: three times following 75 years of maple tree forestation and two times following 10 years of old-field succession. CATEGORY II. High Quality Soil.- Soil with microbiologically mediated nutrient cycles that produce excellent yields of high quality crops using only limited supplemental organic inputs designed to replace the matter removed with the previous crop. Growing the supplemental organic matter in place through the use of various covercrops is common. The author of this classification systems has observed Category II soil in association with a limited number of highly successful farms where a major objective of the enterprise was focused on the maintenance of humus. Table 8 (continued) Six categories of soil quality. CATEGORY III. Non-Degraded Soil.- Good quality soil where conventional soil nutrient and management practices are used to successfully produce excellent yields of high quality crops with no soil nutrient or soil-borne pathogen problems. Category III soil is not uncommon, but often requires a sound system of crop rotation. There is currently a significant increase in Michigan in the use of cover-crops to assist in the maintenance of the quality of Category III soil. Category III soils do not include cyst nematode, potato early-die or other sites with major soil-borne pathogen problems. CATEGORY IV. Degraded/Responsive Soil.- Soil with significant nutritional or soil- borne pathogen problems that produces good yields of high quality crops through of use of conventional soil nutrient, irrigation and soil-borne pathogen management inputs. There currently appears to be an increasing interest in technologies designed to improve the quality of Category IV soil. Category IV soils are frequently cyst nematode, potato early-die or sites with other nematode and soil-borne pathogen problems. CATEGORY V. Degraded/Non Responsive Soil.- Soils with significant nutritional or soil-borne pathogen problems that will not produce good yields of high quality crops through the use of conventional soil nutrient, irrigation and soil-borne pathogen management inputs. Category V soil situations often result in “survival characteristics” that threaten the existence of both specific farming enterprises and the local community. The author of this classification system has observed Category V. situations on numerous occasions during the last 25 years, including potato early-die. CATEGORY VI. Dead Soil.- Soil that will not grow agricultural crop plants regardless of short-term management tactics. Category VI. soils have been observed in a limited number of situations by the author of this classification system. Insect Management in Potatoes 2001 Research Report Beth Bishop, Adam Byrne, Nathan Cottrell, Edward Grafius, Jim Zablotny, Haddish Melakeberhan, and Walter Pett Department of Entomology, Michigan State University Introduction: Colorado potato beetle pressure was light in most of Michigan during the 2001 growing season. Imidacloprid (Admire®, Provado®, Bayer) continued to give good control. In May 2001, thiamethoxam (Platinum®, Actara®, Syngenta) was registered for control of Colorado potato beetles, aphids and leafhoppers on potatoes. Aphid pressure was very light, despite hot, dry periods throughout the summer. Leafhopper pressure was moderate. During 2001, we continued to survey Colorado potato beetle populations for resistance to the neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. We also investigated the length of control obtained by different formulations and rates of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. The effect of biocontrol agents (nematodes and carabids) on Colorado potato beetle control was also investigated. Admire (imidacloprid) resistance in the Colorado potato beetle Colorado potato beetle has demonstrated its ability to evolve resistance to virtually any insecticide used to control it In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, no registered insecticide adequately controlled Colorado potato beetle in most of Michigan. In 1995, the neonicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid (Admire®, Provado®, Bayer) was registered and became the primary means to control insecticide-resistant Colorado potato beetles in Michigan and other areas of the U.S. In early 2001, thiamethoxam, another neonicotinyl insecticide, (Platinum®, Actara®, Syngenta) was registered for control of Colorado potato beetle on potatoes. Because these compounds are so widely used, concerns have arisen over potential resistance development Survey of Admire (imidacloprid) and Platinum (thiamethoxam) resistance in field populations of Colorado potato beetle. Since 1995, we have tested populations of Colorado potato beetle collected from fields throughout the United States to detect changes in susceptibility to imidacloprid. In 1998, we began testing these same populations also for resistance to thiamethoxam (Syngenta). We were especially interested in detecting any cross-resistance between the two neonicitinoids: imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Insecticides used included imidacloprid (97.7%, technical grade) provided by Bayer (Kansas City, MO) and thiamethoxam (98.9%, technical grade) provided by Syngenta (Greensboro, NC). Colorado potato beetle populations were collected by cooperators from Maine, New York (two populations, one from Long Island), Wisconsin, Minnesota (two populations) and Montana. Adults were either stored at room temperature (25±1° C) and fed foliage daily or were, for long term storage, kept in a controlled environment chamber (11±1° C) and fed weekly. Before each bioassay potato beetles were combined and randomly assigned to treatments. Beetles were treated with 1 μl of acetone/insecticide solution of known concentration applied to the abdomen using a 50 μl Hamilton® microsyringe. Following treatment, beetles were placed in 100 mm polystyrene petri dishes lined with Whatman® No. 1 filter paper and provided with fresh potato foliage. The petri dishes were stored at 25±1° C and the foliage and filter paper were checked daily and changed as needed. Each population was first screened to determine relative susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam by testing 10 beetles each with three concentrations of insecticide/acetone solution plus an acetone-only control. Based on the results of these screens, a range of five concentrations of each insecticide was selected for each population to be assayed. The responses of the beetles were assessed 7 days after treatment. A beetle was classified as dead if its abdomen was shrunken, it did not move when the legs or tarsi were pinched, and its elytra were darkened. Dead beetles were removed from dishes. A beetle was classified as walking if it was able to grasp a pencil and walk forward normally. A beetle was classified as poisoned if its legs were extended and shaking, it was unable to right itself or grasp a pencil, and it was unable to walk forward normally at least one body length Data were analyzed by probit analyses using SAS® System v6.12. LD50 values for imidacloprid, 7 days after treatment, ranged from 0.019 pg/beetle (Montana) to 0.701 pg/beetle (Long Island) (Table 1). These values are consistent with the general levels of insecticide resistance typically found in these regions and are similar to the values found previously. The LD50 values for thiamethoxam, 7 days after treatment, ranged from 0.039 pg/beetle (Minnesota-1) to 0.146 pg/beetle (Long Island). The general resistance level, as measured by LD50 values, was not significantly different than those measured previously. Table 1. LD50 values ( μg/beetle) and 95% fiducial limits for Colorado potato beetle populations treated with imidacloprid or thiamethoxam 7 days post treatment strain Maine Minnesota-1 Minnesota-2 New York Long Island Montana Wisconsin LD50 0.067 0.063 0.047 0.056 0.701 0.019 0.144 Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 95% fiducial limits 0.054-0.091 0.027-0.091 0.034-0.057 0.028-0.075 0.001-2.364 * 0.062-0.204 LD50 0.050 0.039 0.040 0.071 0.146 0.086 0.070 Thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam 95% fiducial limits * 0.020-0.062 0.012-0.072 0.002-0.107 0.080-0.240 0.001-0.141 0.029-0.102 Length of control for different formulations of neonicitinoids Field-collected populations of Colorado potato beetle vary in their susceptibility to imidacloprid or thiamethoxam (as measured by LD50’s). When either of these insecticides are applied at planting, the concentration of insecticide in the plant is initially high enough to control even resistant beetles. As the plant grows, this concentration imidacloprid applied at planting on Colorado potato beetle control over time. Potatoes were planted at the MSU Potato Research Farm (Entrican, MI) on 5 May 2001 (three rows, 40 feet each per treatment) and at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm on 14 June 2001 (two rows, 50 ft each per treatment). All treatments were applied at planting. Treatments included: Admire 2F(16 fl oz/A), Admire 2F (8 fl oz/A), Platinum 2SC (0.1 lb AI/A), Platinum 2SC 0.051b AI/A), Adage 5FS (0.8 fl oz/cwt) and Gaucho.(12 oz/cwt). Colorado potato beetles collected from the MSU Potato Research Farm in July 2001 were used for this study. Foliage was collected from the insecticide-treated plots, placed in petri dishes and five adult Colorado potato beetles were added. Each treatment was replicated five times by placing foliage in five separate dishes (25 beetles total per treatment). Foliage was collected from the MSU Potato Research Farm and feeding tests were set up on 26 June (52 days after planting), 16 July (72 days after planting), and 24 July (80 days after planting). Foliage was collected from the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm on 18 July (35 days after planting) and 25 July (42 days after planting). Dishes were checked daily and appropriate foliage was added if necessary. All foliage was changed and replaced with fresh foliage of the appropriate treatment 3 to 4 days after tests were set up. Beetle mortality was assessed 7 days after tests were set up. Data were analyzed drops. Eventually the insecticide concentration drops low enough so that the more resistant potato beetles are able to survive, even though susceptible potato beetles may still be killed. This earlier survival of the more resistant Colorado potato beetles may be important during cooler than normal seasons where emergence from overwintering is attenuated. There are currently different formulations of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam that can be applied at planting. Imidacloprid can be applied as a liquid in furrow (Admire) or as a dust applied to the seed piece (Gaucho). Thiamethoxam can be applied as a liquid in furrow (Platinum). Another thiamethoxam application—a liquid applied to seed pieces (Adage) is pending registration. Our objective was to test different commercial formulations of thiamethoxam and using two-way ANOVA and significance was found at the 0.05 level with Fisher’s Protected LSD. Colorado potato beetle mortality was significantly higher between treatments for foliage consumed 52 days after planting at the MSU Potato Research Farm (Table 2). Significantly more beetles died after consuming foliage treated with Adage and Platinum at 0.1 lb AI/A than those consuming untreated foliage, foliage treated with Admire or Platinum at half field rate or Gaucho. By 16 July (72 days after planting) the efficacy of the at plant treatments had dropped so that all treatments resulted in minimal mortality and there were no differences between treatments. Colorado potato beetle mortality after consuming foliage treated at planting at the MSU Muck Soils Research farm was low on 18 July (35 days after planting) and 25 July (42 days after planting) (Table 3). There were no significant differences between treatments. 26 June Rate 0.8 fl oz/cwt 16 oz/A 8 oz/A Table 2. Mean Colorado potato beetle mortality 7 days after consuming foliaged treated at the MSU Potato Research Farm at planting (5 May). Treatment 18 July Adage 2FS Admire 2F Admire 2F Platinum 2SC 0.1 lbAI/A Platinum 2SC 0.05 lb AI/A Gaucho Untreated 44% 28% 12% 52% 12% 16% 0% 12 oz/cwt empty table cell 5% 0% 0% 9% 8% 0% 0% cd bc ab d ab ab a Table 3. Mean Colorado potato beetle mortality 7 days after consuming foliaged treated at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm at planting (14 June). 18 July 25 July Rate 0.8 fl oz/cwt 16 oz/A 8 oz/A Treatment Adage 2FS Admire 2F Admire 2F Platinum 2SC 0.1 lb AI/A Platinum 2SC 0.05 lb AI/A Gaucho Untreated 12 oz/cwt empty table cell 8% 0% 4% 0% 12% 12% 4% 8% 8% 16% 8% 12% 4% 8% Biological Control of Colorado potato beetle Biological control of Colorado potato beetle by entomopathogenic nematodes During spring of 2000, laboratory tests were performed on the survival and pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis marelatus (Liu and Berry), on four soil types (clay loam, muck, sandy loam, and sand) and four moisture levels (4.7, 40.5, 60.2, and 100.9%). Nematode survival was significantly higher in sandy loam compared to clay loam, higher in sand compared to clay loam, and highest in the moisture levels 60%-100%. Host (Galleria mellonella) mortality due to H. marelatus was significantly higher in sandy soils and 60-100% moisture. Results of the study indicate that moisture levels above 60% and sandy soils are best for nematode survival and pathogenicity. These conditions are compatible with typical potato production in Michigan. A field study testing the pathogenicity of H. marelatus on Colorado potato beetle at different doses was conducted at the MSU Potato Research Farm during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Small potato plots were treated with known numbers of nematodes (0, 333 million, 667 million or 1 billion nematodes/hectare). Results from 2000 show significantly higher Colorado potato beetle numbers and greater potato defoliation in untreated plots compared with nematode treated plots (Figures 1 and 2, respectively). However, in 2001 there was no correlation between nematode dose and Colorado potato beetle numbers (Figure 2). This difference may be due to higher Fig. 1. Average CPB numbers vs. nematode Dose. CPB was counted beginning 1 week after nematode application and continued for 5 weeks. Results shown in the graph are average CPB numbers for each treatment. Fig. 2. Percent potato defoliation by Colorado potato beetle vs. Heterorhabditis marelatus rate. temperatures, lower rainfall and high Colorado potato beetle numbers in 2001 compared to 2000. A study to examine the best time for nematode application for optimal Colorado potato beetle control was conducted at the MSU Horticulture Farm (East Lansing, MI) in 2000 and 2001. Twelve field cages each containing nine potato plants were established and 45 newly hatched Colorado potato beetles were placed on plants in each cage. Nematodes were applied to the soil when 4th instars were first present, at peak 4th instars, or at peak pupation; three cages were left untreated. The number of emerged adults was recorded. Significantly fewer numbers of Colorado potato beetle adults occurred in nematode treated cages than in untreated cages in both years (Figure 3). For optimal control of Colorado potato beetle, H. marelatus should be used with other forms of control such as pesticides, rotation and resistant lines of potatoes. Fig. 3. The effect of nematode application timing on adult CPB emergence. All nematode treatments effectively controlled CPB. Effects of Admire-poisoning in Colorado potato beetles on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) In 1998, ground beetles that fed on poisoned Colorado potato beetles exhibited symptoms of Admire poisoning. Expanded trials in 1999 and 2000 were inconclusive, mostly due to the erratic feeding behavior of the ground beetles. In 2001, we used pitfall traps to collect ground beetles from the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm and MSU campus, East Lansing, MI. Traps were checked regularly from 1-20 August, and any Pterostichus melanurus or Sclerites spp. ground beetles that were found were transported to the lab. Beetles were placed in large plastic containers (up to 20 beetles/container) with some soil and pieces of ham and/or crushed dog food. Containers were checked and fed daily. On 21 August, 26 ground beetles were placed in small petri dishes lined with moist filter paper and randomly given either an untreated Colorado potato beetle or a Colorado potato beetle that had been poisoned by a topical application of imidacloprid. Two different strains of Colorado potato beetle were used, a resistant strain and a susceptible strain. Imidacloprid doses for the susceptible and resistant strains were 0.5 μl and 1.5 μl, respectively. Colorado potato beetles were treated 2 h prior to placement with the ground beetles; this allowed us to use visibly poisoned beetles. Petri dishes were inspected daily for 4 days, and any poisoning or mortality of either Colorado potato beetles or ground beetles was recorded, as was evidence of depredation. Five ground beetles attacked and consumed their Colorado potato beetle, two were untreated and three were treated susceptible Colorado potato beetles. No poisoning symptoms or mortality was recorded for the ground beetles. Insecticide tests for Colorado potato beetle control Nineteen insecticide treatments (Table 4) were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm for control of Colorado potato beetle. ‘Snowden’ potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34-inch row spacing on 8 May. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Plots were 40 ft long and three rows wide. Seven treatments were applied at planting. A12425, Admire, Admire + Ridomil Gold, Platinum, and Platinum + Ridomil Gold were applied to seed pieces as infurrow-sprays using a single nozzle hand held boom (30 gpa, 35 psi). Gaucho was applied as a dust to seed pieces (in a plastic tub) and Adage was applied with 200 ml of water using a spray bottle, both prior to planting. Foliar treatments were first applied at approximately 80% Colorado potato beelte hatch on 20 June. Subsequent first-generation sprays were applied on 26 June, 3 July, and 10 July. Three treatments were applied on three spray dates: Avaunt+PBO on 20 June, 26 June, and 10 July; Calypso (low rate) on 20 June, 26 June, and 10 July; and Warrior on 20 June, 3 July, and 10 July. The remaining treatments were applied on two spray dates: Leverage, SpinTor, and both rates of YRC 2894 on 20 June and 26 June, Actara, Confidor, and both rates of Provado on 20 June and 3 July, and Calypso (high rate) on 20 June and 10 July. Post-spray counts were made 2 days after each application and consisted of complete counts of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae (small and large) on five plants from the middle row of each plot. Defoliation ratings were taken on 5 July and 16 July by assessing five randomly-chosen plants from the middle row of each plot A maintenance spray of Agrimek was applied to all treatments on 25 July to control second generation Colorado potato beetles. On 18 September, the middle row of each plot was harvested mechanically, and the tubers were separated by size and weighed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and significance was found at the 0.05 level with Fisher’s Protected LSD. There were significant differences among treatments and check plots in the seasonal means of small larvae, large larvae, and adults (Table 4). All treatments resulted in significantly fewer large larvae than the check on all sampling dates. There were also significant differences among treatments in overall yield (Table 6). Compared with the check, defoliation ratings were significantly lower for all treatments on 16 July. Table 4. Seasonal mean number of Colorado potato beetle egg masses, small larvae, large larvae, and adults per plant. Rate Egg Masses Small Larvae Seasonal mean of 1st-generation CPB/plant Seasonal mean of 1st-generation CPB/plant Seasonal mean of 1st-generation CPB/plant Large Larvae Seasonal mean of 1st-generation CPB/plant 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.4 gh 0.0a 5.2 0.0a 0.6abc 0.7abcd 0.0a 0.2abc 0.0a 0.4abc 0.6 bc Adults 0.labcd 0.0a 0.0ab 0.1 bcd 0.2 cde 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 4.6 h 1.5 cdefg 2.8 efgh h 5.7 1.5 cdef 1.9 cdefg 0.5abc 0.lab 0.7 c 0.0a 0.2abc 0.8 c 0.6abc 0.lab 0.0a 0.0a 0.labc 0.0ab 0.0ab 0.0ab 0.2 e 0.0ab 0.1abc 0.2 de Treatment/formulation A12425 a Actara 25WG Adage 5FS c Admire 2F a Admire 2SC + Ridomil Gold 4EC a Avaunt 30DG+ PBO Calypso 480SC Calypso 480SC Confidor 200SL Gaucho b Leverage 2.7SC Platinum 2SC a Platinum 2SC + Ridomil Gold 4EC a 0.3 lb Al/acre 0.02 lb Al/acre 0.8 fl oz/cwt 16 fl oz/acre 0.25 lb Al/acre 0.2 lb Al/acre 0.065 lb Al/acre 0.25 lb Al/acre 0.75 fl oz/acre 1.15 fl oz/acre 1.8 fl oz/acre 12 oz/cwt 3.75 fl oz/acre 0.1 lb Al/acre 0.1 lb Al/acre 0.2 lb Al/acre 1.84 fl oz/acre 3.75 fl oz/acre 4.5 fl oz/acre 0.02 lb Al/acre 1.5 fl oz/acre 2.3 fl oz/acre Provado 1.6F Provado 1.6F SpinTor 2SC Warrior T 1CS YRC 2894 240OS YRC 2894 240OS f Untreated check Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD). Data transformed for analysis with log (x+1), means presented in non-transformed units. a treatment applied in furrow at planting b treatment applied to seed pieces as dust before planting c treatment sprayed onto seed pieces with a spray bottle and 200 ml water before planting 3.4 efgh 2.5 cdefgh 2.3 defgh 5.6 h 1.3 bcde 3.1 4.2 0.1abc 0.1abc 0.0ab 0.1abcd 0.0ab 0.0ab 0.5 0.3abc 0.lab 0.0a 0.3abc 0.0a 0.0ab 3.5 d 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 empty table cell fgh i Table 5. Mean yield (weight/40 row ft) harvested and defoliation ratings taken on two sampling dates. Treatment/formulation A12425 a Actara 25WG Adage 5FS c Admire 2F a Admire 2SC +Ridomil Gold 4EC a Avaunt 30DG+PBO Calypso 480SC Calypso 480SC Confidor 200SL Gaucho b Leverage 2.7SC Platinum 2SC a Platinum 2SC +Ridomil Gold 4EC a Rate 0.3 lb AI/acre 0.02 lb AI/acre 0.8 fl oz/cwt 16 fl oz/acre 0.25 lb AI/acre0.2 lb AI/acre Size B 5 Jul Defoliation rating c Yield (lb/40 row ft) Yield (lb/40 row ft) Total Size A 16 Jul Defoliation rating c Yield (lb/40 row ft) 1.3abcd 77.5 cd 80.6 de 1.5abcde 76.9 bcde 73.6 bcd 1.9 fgh 1.9 de 80.3 d 83.3 e 1.0a 1.3a 62.6 b 1.3abcde 65.9 bc 1.5abcd 64.9 bc 68.6 bcd 1.2abc 1.8 bcde 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.8 0.065 lb AI/acre0.25 lb AI/acre 69.0 bcd 67.0 bcd 0.75 fl oz/acre 64.5 bc 1.15 fl oz/acre 70.1 bcd 1.8 fl oz/acre 12 oz/cwt 76.5 cd 3.75 fl oz/acre 72.3 bcd 0.1 lb AI/acre 76.5 cd 0.1 lb AI/acre0.2 lb AI/acre76.4 cd 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.6 2.9 3.0 3.3 71.9 bcde 1.9 fgh 1.9 de 70.5 bcde 68.1 bcd 73.3 bcde 80.1 de 75.1 bcde 79.5 de 79.6 de 1.6 bcdefg fgh 1.8 1.8 efgh 1.4abcdef 1.4abcdef 1.2ab 1.0a 1.8abcde 1.9 cde 1.8 bcde 2.0 e 1.4abc 1.5abcd 1.3ab 1.84 fl oz/acre 3.75 fl oz/acre 4.5 fl oz/acre 0.02 lb AI/acre 1.5 fl oz/acre 2.3 fl oz/acre Provado 1.6F Provado 1.6F SpinTor 2SC Warrior T 1CS YRC 2894 240OS YRC 2894 240OS Untreated check Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD). a treatment applied in-furrow at planting b treatment applied to seed pieces as dust before planting c Defoliation rating: 1, no defoliation; 2, 1-25% defoliation; 3, 26-50% defoliation; 4, 51-75% defoliation; 5, 76-100% defoliation. 1.9 1.9 cde 1.4abcdef 1.7abcde 1.7 defgh 1.8 bcde 1.7 cdefgh 2.0 e 1.7abcde 1.8 efgh 1.5 bcdefg 1.9 def 2.1 h 2.8 f 69.9 bcd 74.1 bcde 69.1 bcd 73.5 bcde 78.5 cde 64.4 b 46.3a 67.5 bcd 70.9 bcd 67.0 bcd 70.9 bcd 74.6 bcd 61.5 b 41.9a 2.4 3.3 2.1 3.4 3.9 2.9 4.4 empty table cell gh Effect of Host Plant Resistance and Reduced Rates and Frequencies of Fungicide Application to Control Potato Late Blight W.W. Kirk, Plant Pathology, D.S. Douches, Crop and Soil Sciences, J.M. Stein, Plant Pathology, K.M. Baker, Geography, and R. Hammerschmidt, Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 INTRODUCTION Late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont de Bary), is a major worldwide threat to the production of high quality potatoes (12). Unchecked, P. infestans can rapidly defoliate plants in the field and can infect potato tubers when spores are washed into the soil (15). Since the early 1990s, the population of P. infestans throughout much of the world was clonal, mefenoxam/metalaxyl-sensitive, and US1/A1 [genotype/mating type (13)]. Potato late blight control strategies changed following the migration of mefenoxam/metalaxyl- resistant populations of P. infestans from Mexico to North America (12) and necessitate cultural control methods and crop protection strategies that rely primarily on protectant foliar fungicide applications (12, 18). Although fungicides have been used to manage late blight, both the efficacy and availability of commonly used fungicides have been threatened. This problem is compounded by the demand to reduce chemical input in agricultural systems (9) and the potential loss of commonly used protectant fungicides such as chlorothalonil (14) and metalaxyl/mefenoxam (17). In addition, the cost of protecting potato crops in the United States against late blight is estimated at $155 million annually (19). Therefore, crop production economics would suggest that more economical, yet still effective methods of disease control need to be developed. There are several potential methods for reducing fungicide inputs in potato crop management These include the use of fungicides with less active ingredient, reduced application rates, longer application intervals and a combination of any of these strategies. In addition, Fry (10, 11) observed that a combination of cultivar resistance and regular applications of protective fungicides reduced foliar late blight infection in potato. There are currently no late blight resistant potato cultivars that meet commercial standards in the United States. However, controlled environment and field trials at Michigan State University have identified certain foreign cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL) that are less susceptible to foliar late blight in the absence of fungicides than important cultivars grown and developed in the United States (e.g. Snowden, Atlantic, Russet Burbank) (4, 5, 6, 7). Typical fungicide application programs use a 5-7 day spray interval depending on environmental conditions and grower preference. The frequent fungicide spray intervals and rates currently used by growers to control late blight are expensive and more economical control measures are needed. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine if acceptable control of foliar late blight can be achieved by using increased fungicide spray intervals and reduced application rates of residual contact fungicides on potato germplasm with a range of susceptibility to late blight. Five field experiments were performed during 1998 - 2000 to satisfy the objectives of this study. These are referred to in the Materials and Methods and Results Sections as the MATERIALS AND METHODS “Cultivar/ABL by Fungicide Active Ingredient Trials” (three trials, 1998 - 2000) and the “Fungicide Application Interval And Reduced Dose Rate Trials” (two trials, 1998 and 2000 and 2001). Potato Germplasm Previous experiments (5,6,7,8) at Michigan State University have identified potato cultivars and ABL with different responses to foliar late blight. MSG274-3 has consistently been one of the most late blight resistant ABL in four years of testing whereas, Snowden has consistently been one of the most susceptible (5,6,7,8). In the present study, any cultivar/ABL with foliar late blight severity measured as the Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve [RAUDPC (1)] value that was not significantly higher than that of MSG274-3 was classified as late blight resistant (R). Any cultivar/ABL with a RAUDPC value significantly higher than that of Snowden or with a RAUDPC value that was not statistically different from that of Snowden was classified as late blight susceptible (S). Cultivars/ABL were classified as moderately resistant (M) if the RAUDPC value was significantly higher than that of MSG274-3 but significantly lower than that of Snowden. The potato cultivars/ABL used to assess the efficacy of reduced fungicide application rate varied among years but always included late blight susceptible controls (e.g. Snowden and Atlantic) and cultivars/ABL classified as moderately resistant or resistant to late blight (5,6,7,8). The susceptible cultivar Snowden and the resistant ABL MSG274-3 were used in both 1999 and 2000 to assess the efficacy of increased fungicide application intervals in combination with reduced application rates of chlorothalonil against potato late blight. The cultivars/ABL included in the trials from 1998 - 2000 are listed in Table 1. Residual Contact Fungicides Field experiments to evaluate the efficacy of various fungicide protection strategies against late blight were conducted during 1998-2000. The fungicides chlorothalonil 6SC (Bravo WS 6SC, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Regional Headquarters, P.O. Box 18300, Greensboro, NC 27409) and fluazinam 5SC (non-commercial formulation, ISK Biosciences Corporation, 5966 Heisley Road, PO Box 8000, Mentor, OH 44061-8000) were used. The manufacturer’s recommended applications rates (MRAR) for chlorothalonil are 0.87 kg ai/ha/application and 9.2 kg ai/ha/season (20) and 0.15 ai/ha/application and 1.5 kg ai/ha/season for fluazinam (23). Fungicides were applied with an ATV rear-mounted spray boom (R&D Sprayers, Opelousas, LA, U.S.A.) that traveled at 1 m/s, delivered 230 1 H2O/ha (3.5 kg/cm2 pressure) with three XR11003VS nozzles per row positioned 30 cm apart and 45 cm above the canopy. In the cultivar by fungicide active ingredient trials, chlorothalonil 6SC (chl) and fluazinam 5SC (flm) were applied at 0, 33 [0.29 (chl) and 0.05 (flm) kg ai/ha], 66 [0.57(chl) and 0.1 kg ai/ha], and 100%[0.87 (chl) and 0.15 (flm) kg ai/ha] MRAR (20,23) resulting in 7 different fungicide treatments that were applied to all cultivars/ABL on a 7 day spray interval. The trials received nine, eight and eight fungicide applications in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively. In the fungicide application interval and reduced dose rates trials, chlorothalonil 6SC was applied at 5,10 and 15 day intervals at 0,33,66 and 100% MRAR (16) to both Snowden and MSG274-3. The first fungicide application occurred at 27 days after planting (DAP) (June 21, 1998), 30 DAP (June 29, 1999) and 22 DAP (July 2, 2000) when potato plants were approximately 15 cm tall. Fungicides were applied until non-treated plots of susceptible controls reached about 100% diseased foliar area. The 5, 10 and 15-day interval treatments received twelve, eight and six applications in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Experimental Design and Agronomic Practices All experiments were conducted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Research Station, Bath, MI (90% organic muck soil). Soils were plowed to 20 cm depth during October following harvest of preceding crops. Soils were prepared for planting with a mechanical cultivator in early May and fertilizer applied during final bed preparation on the day of planting. Cultivars/ABL were planted on May 25, 1998, May 30, 1999 and June 9, 2000 in two-row by 8 m plots (0.9 m row spacing). Fertilizers were applied in accordance with results from soil testing carried out in the spring of each year and about 250 kg N/ha (total N) was applied in two equal doses at planting and hilling. Additional micronutrients were applied according to petiole sampling recommendations and in all years. Approximately 0.2, 0.3 and 0.2 kg/ha boron, manganese and magnesium, respectively were applied as chelated formulations. Cut and whole seed pieces (75-150g) of selected cultivars and ABL were used in all experiments. The experimental designs for the cultivar by fungicide active ingredient trials were split­ block with the four replications as blocks and the seven fungicide treatments as sub­ blocks. Cultivars/ABL were randomized within blocks. Data were analyzed using the proc mixed function in SAS and Least Significant Differences at P = 0.05 (LSD) were calculated using the appropriate error terms. LSD was used to determine if there were significant differences among treatments on the same cultivar/ABL and to compare different treatments on different cultivars/ABL. The experimental design for the fungicide application interval and reduced dose rate trials were randomized complete block designs with four replications. In both trials, if a fungicide treatment on a cultivar/ABL resulted in an RAUDPC that was not significantly higher than non-treated MSG274-3, then it was classified as effective late blight control (E). Any fungicide treatment and cultivar/ABL combination in which the RAUDPC was significantly higher than, or was not significantly different from that of non-treated Snowden was classified as a non-effective (NE) treatment Furthermore, if a fungicide treatment on a cultivar/ABL resulted in an RAUDPC significantly higher than that of non-treated MSG274-3 but significantly less than that of non-treated Snowden, then the treatment was classified as providing intermediate late blight control (I). When relative humidity (RH) dipped below 80% (measured with RH sensors mounted within the canopy, described below), a mist irrigation system (described below) was turned on to maintain RH at >95% within the plant canopy. Plots were irrigated as necessary to maintain canopy and soil moisture conditions conducive for development of foliar late blight (16) with turbine rotary garden sprinklers (Gilmour Group, Somerset, PA, U.S.A.) at 1055 1 H2O ha/hr and managed under standard potato agronomic practices. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with metolachlor at 2.3 1/ha 10 days after planting (DAP), bentazon salt at 2.3 1/ha, 20 and 40 DAP and sethoxydim at 1.8 1/ha, 58 - 60 DAP. Insects were controlled with imidacloprid at 1.4 kg/ha at planting, carbaryl at 1.4 kg/ha, 31 and 55 DAP, endosulfan at 2.7 1/ha, 65 and 87 DAP and permethrin at 0.56 kg/ha, 48 DAP. The dates of application were similar for all years. Pathogen Preparation and Inoculation. Zoospore suspensions were made from P. infestans cultures of a single isolate, [MI 95-7, US8 genotype, insensitive to mefenoxam/metalaxyl, A2 mating type (13)], the predominant biotype present in the major potato growing regions of North America (12), grown on rye agar plates (3) for 14 days in the dark at 15°C. Sporangia were harvested from the rye agar plates by rinsing the mycelial/sporangial mat in cold (4°C) sterile, distilled water and scraping the mycelial/sporangial mat from the agar surface with a rubber policeman. The mycelial/sporangial suspension was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour. The suspension was strained through four layers of cheesecloth and the concentration of sporangia was adjusted to about 1 x 10 3 sporangia/ml using a hemacytometer. Sporangial cultures were incubated for 2-3 hours at 4°C to stimulate zoospore release. All plots were inoculated simultaneously through an overhead sprinkler irrigation system, on July 25, 1998; July 23, 1999; and Jul 26, 2000; by injecting the zoospore suspension of P. infestans into the irrigation water feed pipeline under 0.5 kg/cm2 CO2 pressure and applied at a rate of about 150 ml of inoculum solution/m2 trial area. The amount and rate of inoculum applied was estimated from prior calibration of the irrigation system (described above) and was intended to expose all potato foliage to inoculum of P. infestans. Disease Evaluation and Data Analysis As soon as late blight symptoms were detected (about 7 days after inoculation, DAI), each plant within each plot was visually rated at 3 to 5 day intervals for percent leaf and stem (foliar) area with late blight lesions. The mean percent blighted foliar area per treatment was calculated. Evaluations continued until untreated plots of susceptible cultivars reached 100% foliar area diseased (33, 36 and 39 DAI in 1998-2000, respectively). These days after inoculation were used as key reference points for calculation of Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve [RAUDPC (1)]. For each plot and assessment date, the area under the disease progress curve [AUDPC (2,16)] was estimated using the formula: where T was the time in days since inoculation and D was the estimated percentage of area with blighted foliage. As foliar late blight was assessed at various time intervals, the AUDPC was estimated with the area of a right triangle whose side lengths were based on the time interval and amount of late blight in the canopy. To accumulate AUDPC for the entire season and convert it to a rate over time, the formula was: Estimated AUDPC for each interval were summed, divided by the total number of days to the 100% diseased foliar area reference point in the non-treated susceptible controls, and multiplied by 100, resulting in an accumulated assessment of seasonal disease estimated as a fraction of one (RAUDPC). Microclimate Measurement Climatic variables were measured with a Davis Weather Station equipped with air temperature and humidity sensors located within the potato canopy on site (Spectrum Groweather ET Station, Spectrum Technologies, Inc., 23839 W. Andrew Road, Plainfield, IL 60544). Microclimate within the potato canopy was monitored beginning when 50% of the potato plants had emerged and ending when canopies of healthy plants reached 100% senescence. The Wallin Late Blight Prediction Model (22) was developed in the Eastern United States under conditions similar to those in Michigan and was adapted to local conditions (1). Late blight disease severity values (DSV) were estimated from the Wallin Late Blight Prediction Model and accumulated from inoculation to final evaluation to estimate the conduciveness of the environment for late blight development. RESULTS Microclimate conditions Late blight developed rapidly during August 1998-2000; non-treated susceptible controls reached about 100% diseased foliar area 33, 36 and 39 DAI in 1998-2000, respectively. Accumulated DSV from inoculation to 100% senescence of healthy plants were 55, 78 and 109 in 1998-2000, respectively. This indicated that in all years, environmental conditions were conducive to late blight development (DSV >18) (22). Cultivar/ABL by Fungicide Active Ingredient Trials 1998 Cultivars and ABL were significantly different in response to late blight and were classified and ranked based on mean RAUDPC of untreated plots (Table 2). Of the 17 non-treated cultivars/ABL, three were classified resistant (MSG274-3, Zarevo and Lily), six were classified as susceptible (Atlantic, Snowden, MSE230-6, MSG007-1, MSG297- 4 and MSG141-3) and eight were moderately resistant (FL1625, MSE246-5, Matilda, Picasso, MSC103-2, MSA091-1, FL1533 and MSE018-1). For each cultivar/ABL, all fungicide treatments significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the corresponding non-treated control with the exception of MSG274-3. There were no significant differences among application rates of either fungicide on the cultivars/ABL that were classified as late blight resistant or moderately resistant but there were significant differences among some of the fungicide treatments on the late blight susceptible cultivars/ABL. In all susceptible cultivars with the exception of Atlantic, one or both of the fungicides applied at 33% MRAR resulted in a significantly higher RAUDPC value than the 100% MRAR treatment. However, all application rates of both fungicides provided effective late blight control on all cultivars and ABL with the exception of 33 and 66% MRAR of chlorothalonil and 33% MRAR of fluazinam on MSG141-3. 1999 Cultivars and ABL were significantly different in response to late blight and were classified and ranked based on mean RAUDPC of non-treated plots (Table 3). Of the nine non-treated cultivars/ABL tested, one was classified as resistant (MSG274-3), three were classified as susceptible (MSE246-5, Atlantic and Snowden) and five were classified as moderately resistant (MSA091-1, FL1625, FL1533, FL1833 and MSE018- 1). RAUDPC values in 1999 were higher than in 1998 and fungicide treatments were less effective with most providing only intermediate late blight protection. At 33 and 66% MRAR, chlorothalonil only provided effective control in MSG274-3. However, even at 100% MRAR, chlorothalonil provided effective control for MSG274-3, FL1833, MSE246-5 and Atlantic but only intermediate control on all other cultivars/ABL. Fluazinam at 33% MRAR gave intermediate late blight control in all cultivars/ABL except MSG274-3 in which it provided effective control. At 66%, MRAR fluazinam gave effective control in four cultivars/ABL (MSG274-3, FL1625, FL1533 and MSE246- 5) and intermediate control in all other cultivars/ABL. At 100% MRAR of fluazinam, late blight was effectively controlled in all cultivars/ABL except Atlantic. There were no significant differences between application rates of either fungicide on MSG274-3, which was classified as resistant. For all cultivars/ABL, all fungicide treatments significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the corresponding non­ treated control with the exception of 33% MRAR of chlorothalonil on MSA091-1, FL1533 and Atlantic. In all cultivars/ABL classified as moderately resistant or susceptible, 33% MRAR of either chemical resulted in RAUDPC values that were significantly higher than the 100% MRAR treatments. For both fungicides, 66% of MRAR was not significantly different from 100% of MRAR in some cultivars/ABL but was significantly different in others. 2000 Cultivars and ABL were significantly different in response to late blight and were classified and ranked based on RAUDPC of non-treated plots (Table 4). Of the eight non-treated cultivars/ABL, one was classified as resistant (R), five were classified as susceptible (S) and two were classified as intermediate (I). For each cultivar/ABL, all fungicide treatments significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the corresponding non-treated control. Thirty-three percent MRAR of both fungicides provided intermediate late blight control on most cultivars with the exception of MSG274-3, in which both fungicides gave effective control. Chlorothalonil applied at 33% of MRAR provided effective control for FL1625 and Snowden, but at 66 and 100% of MRAR, provided effective control on all cultivars/ABL. Fluazinam effectively controlled late blight on FL1625 at 66% of MRAR and on FL1625, MSG124-8P and MSF373-8 at 100% of MRAR. There were no significant differences among application rates of either fungicide on MSG274-3, which was classified as resistant or on FL1625, which was classified as moderately resistant. For the remaining cultivars/ABL which were classified as moderately resistant or susceptible, 33% of MRAR of either fungicide resulted in RAUDPC values that were significantly higher than at 100% of MRAR with the exception of 33% MRAR of chlorothalonil on MSF373-8 and Snowden. At 66% of MRAR, both fungicides resulted in RAUDPC values that were not significantly different from those at 100% of MRAR with the exception of MSG124-8P. Fungicide Application Interval and Reduced Dose Rate Trials 1999 The mean RAUDPC for non-treated Snowden was 42.04 (susceptible) and the mean for non-treated MSG274-3 was 3.87 (resistant); (Table 5). In Snowden, all fungicide application rates at all spray intervals significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the non-treated control. However, only 66 and 100% MRAR of chlorothalonil applied at a 5-day spray interval gave effective late blight control. In MSG274-3, all fUngicide treatments significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All application rates at all spray intervals gave effective late blight control but there were no significant differences among the treatments. 2000 Snowden was again susceptible to late blight, but due to slower disease progression the RAUDPC value in the non-treated control (16.67) was less than the RAUDPC value reported for 1999 (42.04); (Table 6). All fungicide application rates at all spray intervals significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the non-treated control with the exception of 33 and 66% MRAR of chlorothalonil applied at a 10-day spray interval for Snowden. The lowest RAUDPC values occurred with 66 and 100% MRAR of chlorothalonil applied at a 5 day spray interval and were classified as providing effective late blight control. In addition, 33% MRAR of chlorothalonil applied at a 15 day interval also resulted in effective late blight control which was anomalous with the results from 1999. The mean RAUDPC for non-treated MSG274-3 was 0.03, which was classified as resistant. In MSG274-3, none of the fungicide treatments significantly reduced the RAUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All treatments gave effective late blight control and there were no significant differences among the treatments. 2001 Varieties were included from the Quad State potato breeding programs. The RAUDPC values are shown in Table 7. Application of fluazinam at full rate of application at a 5 or 7 day interval resulted in effective control in most varieties except those from the North Dakota and Minnesota programs. The mean RAUDPC for non­ treated MSG274-3 and Torridon was about 0.03, which were classified as resistant. DISCUSSION The results of this study were consistent with previous studies and indicate that a combination of cultivar/ABL resistance and managed application of protective fungicides will reduce foliar late blight to acceptable levels in most situations (10,11,21). However, when environmental conditions were extremely favorable for the development of late blight (e.g. 1999), lower application rates (33 and 66% MRAR) provided unsatisfactory control for moderately resistant and susceptible cultivars/ABL. When conditions were moderately conducive to late blight development (e.g. 1998), reduced amounts of both chlorothalonil and fluazinam were effective at all application rates tested on most cultivars/ABL compared to the non-treated controls. Exceptions occurred, where 33% MRAR of either fungicide gave only intermediate late blight control. In some cultivars/ABL, 33% of the MRAR of either fungicide was sufficient to achieve acceptable control, whereas other cultivars/ABL required 66% MRAR of either fungicide to control late blight. However, there was rarely a further reduction in disease in any cultivar/ABL when either fungicide was applied at the 100% MRAR of either fungicide. In addition, the most resistant cultivars/ABL (e.g. MSG274-3, Zarevo and Lily) did not respond to either fungicide applied at greater than 33% of the MRAR of either fungicide. On late blight susceptible cultivars, applications of chlorothalonil at 10 and 15- day intervals were not effective for controlling late blight at any dose tested. However, in the resistant line MSG274-3 there was no significant reduction in foliar late blight after applications of chlorothalonil at any application rate or interval. In the cultivar Snowden, all fungicide treatments were significantly different (less foliar late blight) from the non­ treated (Snowden) control. The opportunity to manage late blight by applying reduced rates of fungicides at increased spray intervals to cultivars less susceptible to late blight was demonstrated in this study. However, more critical dose response studies will be required before effective rates of application can be established for new fungicides. In addition, the efficacy of reduced rates and increased application intervals of fungicides against other potato pathogens such as early blight has not been established and may prove to be a major constraint in the adoption of managed fungicide applications. The application rates and application frequencies of fungicides used in this study were selected to cover the range of responses likely to be exhibited by the range of cultivars/ABL used over the period of the study. In addition, as microclimatic conditions at the experimental site were likely to differ over the study period it was important to have high and low level fungicide input treatments. The study largely supported the dose rates recommended by the manufacturer but also showed that less susceptible potato cultivars required lower levels of input for effective late blight control. As new cultivars with enhanced late blight resistance are developed and released it will be important to provide growers with recommendations for the most effective and economical chemical control of late blight in these new cultivars. In the future, the type of information gathered in this study will be used to develop models, based on cultivar resistance and response to fungicide application, to advise and guide growers as to which fungicide, rate and frequency of application is required to provide protection against late blight. Climatic conditions within the canopy will also impact choice of fungicide and rate and frequency of application (1). Therefore, new cultivars will need to be carefully screened in the manner described in this study, over several seasons in order to develop accurate models for fungicide application. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded in part by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station GREEEN (Generating Research and Extension to meet Economic and Environmental Needs) Project GR 99/111, Michigan Potato Industry Commission and Frito-Lay. Special thanks to Rob Schafer for technical expertise. Mention of a brand or trade name does not constitute an endorsement. LITERATURE CITED 1. Baker, K.M, J.A. Andresen, W.W. Kirk and J.M. Stein. 2000. Crop disease mitigation: Daily risk modeling for Michigan potato growers. 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4). Banff, Alberta, Canada, 2-8 Sept., 2000. http://lithophyte.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/subview3.cgi/. Paper 522. 2. Campbell, C.L. 1990. Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 3. Deahl, K.L. and S.P. Demuth. 1995. Identification of mating types and metalaxyl resistance in North-American populations of Phytophthora infestans. American Pot. J. 74(2): 35-49. 4. Douches, D.S., W.W. Kirk, K. Jastrzebski, C. Long and R. Hammerschmidt. 1997. Susceptibility of potato varieties and advanced breeding lines (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in greenhouse screenings. American Pot. J 74:75-86. 5. Douches, D.S., R.W. Chase, K. Jastrzebski, R. Hammerschmidt. W.W. Kirk, C. Long, K. Walters and J. Coombs. 1997. Potato Variety Evaluations. Michigan Potato Research Report: 29:5-32. 6. Douches, D.S. R.W. Chase, K. Jastrzebski, R. Hammerschmidt, W.W. Kirk, C. Long, K. Walters, J. Coombs and J. Greyerbiehl. 1998. Potato Variety Evaluations. Michigan Potato Research Report: 30:11-35. 7. Douches, D.S. R.W. Chase, K. Jastrzebski, R. Hammerschmidt, W.W. Kirk, C. Long, K. Walters, J. Coombs and J. Greyerbiehl. 1999. Potato Variety Evaluations. Michigan Potato Research Report: 31:1-45. 8. Douches, J. Coombs, C. Long, K. Zarka, K. Walters and D. Bisognin. 2000. Potato Variety Evaluations. Michigan Potato Research Report: 32:5-54. 9. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. The food quality protection act of 1996. http://www.epa.gov/opppsps1/fqpa/. 10. Fry, W.E. 1977a. Integrated effects of polygenic resistance and protective fungicide on development of potato late blight. Phytopathology 65:908-911. 11. Fry, W.E. 1977b. Integrated control of potato late blight- effects of polygenic resistance and techniques of timing fungicide applications. Phytopathology 67:415-420. 12. Fry, W.E. and S.B. Goodwin. 1997. Re-emergence of potato and tomato late blight in the United States. Plant Dis. 81:1349-1357. 13. Goodwin, S.B., R.E. Schneider and W.E. Fry. 1995. Use of cellulose-acetate electrophoresis for rapid identification of allozyme genotypes of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Dis. 79:1181-1185. 14. Gray, J.I. and M.E. Whalon. 1996. The assessment of pesticides at risk in the future of Michigan food and feed plant agriculture: A process. East Lansing, Michigan, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station: Special Report: 15. 15. Lambert, D.H. and A.I. Currier. 1997. Differences in tuber rot development for North American clones of Phytophthora infestans. American Pot. J. 74:39-43. 16. Madden, L.V. and G. Hughes. 1995. Plant disease incidence: distributions, heterogeneity, and temporal analysis. Annual Review of Phytopathology 33:529-564. 17.Schwinn FJ and Margot P, Control with chemicals, In Advances in plant pathology. Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato late blight, 7, ed. Ingram DS & PH Williams. Academic Press Limited, San Diego, CA USA,, pp. 225-265 (1991). 18.Secor, G.A. and N.C. Gudmestad. 1999. Managing fungal diseases of potato. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 21:212-221. 19.Sender, A.J. 2000. TIGR develops "potato chip" microarray to aid hunt for disease resistance genes. Agricultural Genomics 3:4-6. 20.Syngenta US Website. 2001. http://www.syngenta.com/. 21. Van der Plank, J.E. 1968. Disease resistance in plants. New York, Academic Press. 22. Wallin, J.R. 1953. The production and survival of sporangia of Phytophthora infestans on tomato and potato plants in the field. Phytopathology 43:505-508. 23. Zeneca UK Website. 2001. . http://www.zeneca-crop.co.uk/ Table 1. Potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines from Michigan State University potato breeding program included in cultivar by fungicide interaction trials from 1998-2000. Trial Cultivar Trial Cultivar by Fungicide by Fungicide Trial Fungicide Timing Trial Fungicide Timing Potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines Trial Cultivar by Fungicide 1998 1999 2000 1999 2000 Atlantic Snowden FL1533 FL1625 FL1833 empty table cell Snowden FL1625 FL1930 empty table cell Snowden Snowden empty table cellempty table cell MSG274-3 MSG274-3 MSA091-1 MSE018-1 MSE246-5 MSG274-3 MSE018-1 MSF373-8 MSG050-2 MSG124-8P MSG274-3 North American commercial potato cultivars______________ Foreign commercial potato cultivars____________________ Advanced breeding lines (MSU breeding program) Atlantic Snowden FL1533 FL1625 Lily Matilda Zarevo Picasso MSA091-1 MSC103-2 MS018-1 MSE230-6 MSE246-5 MSG007-1 MSG141-3 MSG274-3 MSG297-4 Table 2. Mean RAUDPC (max = 100) in potato cultivars and ABL inoculated with P. infestans (US8, A2) and protected with reduced rates of chlorothalonil or fluazinam applied at a 7-day interval, sorted by order of susceptibility in non-treated control (1998). Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Mean RAUDPC 0 are significantly different from the non-treated control of the same cultivar/ABL, P = 0.05 Non-Treated a Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef 3.05 (R) 4.37 (R) 5.20 (R) 9.30 (M) 10.20 (M) 10.34 (M) 11.64 (M) 12.12(M) 13.32 (M) 17.70 (M) 18.72(M) 19.76 (S) 20.48 (S) 21.01 (S) 21.78 (S) 22.16(S) 23.63 (S) Cultivar/ABL MSG274-3 Zarevo Lily FL1625 MSE246-5 Matilda Picasso MSC103-2 MSA091-1 FL1533 MSE018-1 MSG141-3 MSG297-4 MSG007-1 Snowden Atlantic MSE230-6 a Values followed by (R) = late blight resistant, (M) = moderately resistant, (S) = susceptible b Values followed by (E) = effective late blight control, (I) = intermediate late blight control c Values followed by (*) d For comparing different treatments for the same cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 2.913 e For comparing different cultivars/ABLs with the same treatment, LSD 0.05 = 2.789 f For comparing different treatments and different cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 2.757 Chlorothalonil bcdef 100 1.16(E) 1.52* (E) 1.42* (E) 1.26* (E) (E) 1.06* 0.96* (E) 1.24* (E) 1.67* (E) 0.81*(E) 1.75* (E) (E) 2.37* 4.69* (E) 2.21 *(E) (E) 1.46* (E) 2.39* (E) 2.36* 1.28* (E) 66 1.21(E) (E) 1.28* (E) 1.69* (E) 1.28* (E) 0.81* (E) 1.01* 0.91*(E) 1.30* 2.63* 1.21* 2.38* 7.29* 3.67* 4.66* 2.90* 3.14* 1.82* (E) (E) (E) (E) (I) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) 33 1.60(E) 1.68* (E) (E) 1.79* (E) 1.40* (E) 1.53* (E) 1.60* (E) 3.32* (E) 1.54* 2.51*(E) 3.15*(E) 3.99* 7.57* 3.59* 5.79* 5.72* 2.49* 4.98* (E) (I) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef (E) (E) (E) 33 2.44(E) (E) 1.23* 1.37* (E) (E) 1.06* (E) 2.17* 2.31*(E) 1.86* 1.38* 1.85* 2.91*(E) 3.57* 8.46* 5.57* 5.12* 2.75* 2.00* 2.49* (E) (I) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) 66 2.84(E) 1.16*(E) 2.06* 1.33* 1.40* 1.91* 1.77* 1.79* 2.44* 2.67* 3.08* 4.22* 1.40* 3.60* 1.85* 2.35* 1.84* (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) 100 (E) (E) (E) (E) 2.45(E) (E) 1.18* 1.10*(E) 0.98* 1.26* 1.20* 1.30* 1.53*(E) 1.47* 1.41*(E) 1.11*(E) 4.33* 1.82* 1.59* 1.85* 1.91*(E) 2.02* (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) Table 3. Mean RAUDPC (max = 100) in potato cultivars and ABL inoculated with P. infestans (US8, A2) and protected with reduced rates of chlorothalonil or fluazinam applied at a 7-day interval, sorted by order of susceptibility in non-treated control (1999). Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Mean RAUDPC Non-Treated a Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam Chlorothalonil bcdef 100 3 66 33 0 6.38 (R) 22.52 (M) 27.80 (M) 31.90(M) 33.33 (M) 37.09 (M) 39.87 (S) 42.03 (S) 43.38 (S) 5.68 (E) 24.32 (I) * (I) 22.26 28.49 (I) (I) 18.02 * * (I) 26.37 * (I) 31.74 40.54 (NE) * 31.03 Cultivar/ABL 5.84 (E) MSG274-3 (I) * 29.36 MSA091-1 18.43 (I) * FL1625 14.37 (I) * FL1533 (I) FL1833 * 25.93 MSE018-1 (I) * 27.78 MSE246-5 (I) * 23.42 Atlantic (I) * 26.22 (I) * 31.23 Snowden a Values followed by (R) = late blight resistant, (M) = moderately resistant, (S) = susceptible b Values followed by (E) = effective late blight control, (I) = intermediate late blight control c Values followed by (*) are significantly different from the non-treated control of the same cultivar/ABL, P = 0.05 d For comparing different treatments for the same cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 4.560 e For comparing different cultivars/ABLs with the same treatment, LSD 0.05 = 4.294 f For comparing different treatments and different cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 4.447 3.14 (E) (I) 14.59 * 18.99 (I) * 14.54 (I) * (I) 15.27 * * 26.63 (I) * (I) 20.24 19.15 (I) * 21.08 (I) * 2.37 (E) (I) 14.10 * (I) 14.42 * (I) 13.04 * (E) 9.99* (I) * 20.70 10.19 * (E) (E) 8.79* 17.93 (I) * 66 2.72 (E) 14.03 (I) * * 10.39 (E) * 10.10 (E) (I) 11.88 * (I) 18.39 * 9.75* (E) (I) 18.35 * (I) 13.97 * (I) bcdef 100 1.80* (E) 8.40* (E) 5.97* (E) 5.61* (E) 7.13* (E) 6.38* (E) 7.15* (E) (I) * 11.91 10.22 (E) * Table 4. Mean RAUDPC (max = 100) in potato cultivars and ABL inoculated with P. infestans (US8, A2) and protected with reduced rates of chlorothalonil or fluazinam applied at a 7-day interval, sorted by order of susceptibility in non-treated control (2000). Non-Treated a Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Chlorothalonil bcdef _ Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam bcdef Mean RAUDPC Percent MRAR Fluazinam 0 0.04 (R) 7.69 (M) 17.17(M) 19.13 (S) 19.73(S) 21.39 (S) 21.40(S) 22.77 (S) 33 0.03(E) (E) 1.77* (I) 5.41* (I) 3.20* 4.36* (I) (E) 2.64* 6.18* (I) 4.29* (I) Cultivar/ABL MSG274-3 FL1625 MSG124-3P MSF373-8 MSG050-2 Snowden FL1930 MSE018-1 a Values followed by (R) = late blight resistant, (M) = moderately resistant, (S) = susceptible b Values followed by (E) = effective late blight control, (I) = intermediate late blight control c Values followed by (*) d For comparing different treatments for the same cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 3.298 e For comparing different cultivars/ABLs with the same treatment, LSD 0.05 = 3.025 f For comparing different treatments and different cultivar/ABL, LSD 0.05 = 3.029 100 0.02(E) 0.64* (E) 1.30* (E) (E) 0.47* 0.98* (E) (E) 1.16* (E) 0.79* 0.94* (E) 66 0.03(E) 0.86* (E) 2.18*(E) 3.00* 2.30* 2.52* 1.46* 1.59* (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) 33 0.02(E) (I) 4.16* (I) 5.07* (I) 7.88* (I) 10.45 * (I) * 11.03 8.42* (I) (I) * 14.54 66 0.03(E) (E) 1.25* (I) 3.57* (I) 3.17* (I) 4.09* (I) 4.06* (I) 4.91* (I) 5.27* bcdef 100 0.04(E) (E) 1.50* (E) 3.02* (E) 2.43* (I) 3.24* (I) 3.26* (I) 4.56* (I) 4.98* are significantly different from the non-treated control of the same cultivar/ABL, P = 0.05 Table 5. Mean RAUDPC (max = 100) in potato cultivars and ABL inoculated with P. infestans (US8, A2) and protected with reduced rates of chlorothalonil applied at 5, 10 or 15 day application intervals (1999). MSG274- MSG274-3 3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Application Interval (days) MSG274-3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 0 33 66 MSG274-3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 100 5 10 15 3.87+(R) 3.87+(R) 3.87+(R) 0.84* (E) 0.84* (E) 1.45* (E) 0.52* (E) 0.61* (E) 1.18* (E) 0.15*(E) 0.54* (E) 0.58* (E) a Values followed by (*) are significantly different from the non-treated control of the same cultivar/ABL at P = 0.05 b Values followed by (+) are significantly different from the same cultivar/ABL treated with 100% MRAR at a 5 day application interval (LSD 0.05 = 2.38) c Values followed by (R) = late blight resistant, (M) = moderately late blight resistant, (S) = late blight susceptible d Values followed by (E) = effective late blight control, (I) = intermediate late blight control Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 0 33 42.04+(S) 42.04+(S) 42.04+(S) 8.83*+(I) 30.16*+(I) 33.65*+(I) 66 5.75* (E) 23.3*+(I) 32.23*+(I) Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 100 5.08* (E) 17.07*+(I) 25.99*+(I) Table 6. Mean RAUDPC (max = 100) in potato cultivars and ABL inoculated with P. infestans (US8, A2) and protected with reduced rates of chlorothalonil applied at 5, 10 or 15 day application intervals (2000). MSG274- 3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd MSG274- 3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd Application Interval (days) MSG274-3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 0 33 66 MSG274-3 % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd100 a Values followed by (*) are significantly different from the non-treated control of the same cultivar/ABL at P = 0.05 b Values followed by (+) are significantly different from the same cultivar/ABL treated with 100% MRAR at a 5 day application interval (LSD 0.05= 2.38) c Values followed by (R) = late blight resistant, (M) = moderately late blight resistant, (S) = late blight susceptible d Values followed by (E) = effective late blight control, (I) = intermediate late blight control, (NE) = non-effective late blight control 5 10 15 0.03 (R) 0.03 (R) 0.03 (R) 0.00(E) 0.01 (E) 0.02(E) 0.01(E) 0.01 (E) 0.01(E) 0.00(E) 0.01 (E) 0.02(E) Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 0 16.67 * * 16.67 16.67 * +(S) +(S) +(S) 33 +(I) 7.72* 12.91+(NE) 6.01*(E) (E) 66 2.84* 13.32+(NE) +(NE) 10.36 * Snowden % MRAR Chlorothalonil abcd 100 1.49* 10.46 * 9.78* (E) +(NE) +(I) Table 7. Efficacy of fluazinam applied at reduced rates and frequencies on potato cultivars and Advanced breeding lines from North Central US potato breeding programs, MSU 2001. Cultivar/ABL Rate of Application frequency (days) Application frequency (days) Application frequency (days) 7 Application frequency (days) 10 fluazinam 1 Application frequency (days)14 empty table cell 0.0 ME a 0.0 ME a 0.0 ME a empty table cell 0.1 ME a 0.1 ME a 0.0 ME a empty table cell 33.2 NE abc 34.7 NE a 24.0 PE bc empty table cell 20.3 PE bc 16.6 E bcde 20.7 PE bc empty table cell 31.7 NE abc 20.1 PE cd 15.9 PE fef empty table cell 36.7 NE abc 36.8 NE ab 30.0 NE bcd empty table cell 31.1 NE bcde 23.9 PE defg 22.8 PE defg empty table cell 11.8 E bc 9.3 E bcd 4.3 E cde empty table cell 0.0 ME a 0.1 ME a 0.0 ME a empty table cell 0.3 ME a 0.2 ME a 0.3 ME a empty table cell 36.4 NE a 34.3 NE a 33.1 NE abc empty table cell 21.3 PE bc 18.5 PE bcd 19.3 PE bcd empty table cell 31.1 NE abc 29.0 NE bc 30.4 NE abc empty table cell 35.4 NE abcd 38.6 NE a 33.2 NE abcd empty table cell 32.2 NE bcd 24.4 PE cdefg 34.6 NE bc empty table cell 24.0 PE b 14.8 E bc 4.2 E cde Jacqueline Lee Jacqueline Lee Jacqueline Lee Jacqueline Lee Torridon Torridon Torridon Torridon MN19350 MN19350 MN19350 MN19350 Snowden Snowden Snowden Snowden Dakota Rose Dakota Rose Dakota Rose Dakota Rose Dakota Pearl Dakota Pearl Dakota Pearl Dakota Pearl MNA157-4 MNA157-4 MNA157-4 MNA157-4 W1355-1 W1355-1 W1355-1 W1355-1 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 0 33 66 100 5 empty table cell 0.1 ME a 0.2 ME a 0.1 ME a empty table cell 0.1 ME a 0.2 ME a 0.1 ME a empty table cell 27.1 NE abc 31.9 NE abc 25.0 PE be 27.3 NE abc 10.4 E cd 4.6 E d empty table cell empty table cell 21.6 PE bc 24.7 NE b 8.9 E def 13.4 E cdef 2.7 E f empty table cell 0 RAUDPC2 0.1 a3 R4 empty table cell 0.3 ME5 a empty table cell empty table cell 0.2 ME a empty table cell 0.0 ME a 0.2 a R empty table cell 0.2 ME a empty table cell empty table cell 0.2 ME a empty table cell 0.2 ME a empty table cell 33.5 ab S empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 37.2 a S empty table cell empty table cell 6.0 E ef empty table cell empty table cell 38.6 a S 15.9 PE def 30.3 NE abc empty table cell 15.3 PE def 23.7 PE cd empty table cell empty table cell 6.6 E f 40.5 a S empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 41.4 a S empty table cell empty table cell 21.6 PE efg 28.2 NE cdef empty table cell empty table cell 9.4 E h empty table cell 6.8 E h 43.9 a S empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell empty table cell 10.1 E ef empty table cell 29.4 NE bcd 35.7 NE abcd 25.7 PE cd 10.7 E e 11.9 E de 18.2 PE de 1.4 E de 11.3 E bc 2.5 E de 1.3 E e 5.7 E cde 0.6 E e 18.0 PE fg 11.7 E gh empty table cell 1 Application rate of fluazinam as percent of manufacturer’s recommended rate (full rate = 0.6 pt/A) 2 Relative area under the disease progress curve from inoculation to 100% late blight in susceptible control (Snowden); max = 100. 3 Means followed by the same letter were not significantly different at p = 0.05; comparison within cultivars only. 4 Suceptibility of nontreated control to late blight; R = Resistant, not significantly different from Jacqueline Lee (nontreated); S = Susceptible, not significantly different from Snowden (nontreated); I = Intermediate, significantly different from both Jacqueline Lee and Snowden (nontreated). 5 Effectiveness of fungicide treatment in comparison to Snowden treated with a full application rate of fluazinam at a 7-day interval or with nontreated Snowden control; ME (More effective) = significantly lower RAUDPC; E = nsd from treated Snowden control; PE significantly differnent diff from treated Snowden control and nontreated control; NE = f nsd from Snowden nontreated control at p = 0.05. POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.‘Snowden’) W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and J. M. Stein Late blight; Phytophthora infestans Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF KQ667 AND KP481 MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 200 Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 15 Jun in two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two-row be were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediate before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infesta US8 biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type) at 104 spores/fl oz on 23 Jul. Fungicides were applied week (unless otherwise stated) from 25 Jun to 13 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 2 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/ on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2 (20 fl oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) at Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 2 23, 29 Aug and 7 [17 days after final application (DAFA)] and 12 Sep (22 DAFA) when there was 100% foliar infection the untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from date inoculation, 27 Jul to 12 Sep, a period of 47 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 16 Sep). Plots (2 x 25- row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug, and untreated controls reached 85 - 95% foli infection by 12 Sep. Over the period from 50% emergence to harvest, 109 late blight disease severity values we accumulated. The bulk of these DSV were accumulated between inoculation and desiccation. Taking 42 days aft inoculation (DAI) as a key reference point, all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals reduced the level late blight foliar infection significantly compared to the untreated control. The application program Manzate 200DF 1.5 [applications (apps) 1,2] followed by (fb) Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (app 3) fb Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb + Supertin 80WP 0.16 (apps 4-9) had the least foliar late blight and significantly less than the application program KQ667 68.75WDG 0.69 (apps 1 - 5) fb KQ667 68.75WDG 1.03 lb + Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb (apps 6-9) but did not have significantly less foliar la blight than any other program. All other programs were not significantly different from each other. Taking 47 DAI as a k reference point, there was almost complete defoliation of the untreated control due to late blight and all fungicide prograr had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control. The application program Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (apps 1, fb Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (app 3) fb Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb + Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb (apps 4 - 9) and KP481 50WDG 0.5 had the least foliar late blight (<11%) and significantly less than the application program KQ667 68.75WDG 0.51 lb (apps - 5) fb KQ667 68.75WDG 0.69 lb + Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb (apps 6 - 9) and KQ667 68.75WDG 0.69 lb (apps 1 - 5) KQ667 68.75WDG 1.03 lb + Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb (apps 6 - 9) and the KQ667 68.75WDG 1.38 lb programs but did n have significantly less foliar late blight than any other programs with less than about 32% foliar late blight Average amou of foliar late blight over the season (RAUDPC)from 0 to 47 DAI was significantly reduced by all fungicide programs w seven-day application intervals compared to the untreated control. The lowest RAUDPC values (< 3 and NSD from ea other) were recorded in the programs Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (apps 1,2) fb Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (app 3) fb Curzate 60W 0.21 lb + Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb (apps 4 - 9); Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (apps 1,2) fb Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (app 3) fb Curza 60WP 0.21 lb + Equus 1.5 pt (apps 4-9) and KQ667 68.75WDG 1.38 lb however these programs did not ha significantly lower RAUDPC values than any other application program. Yields were moderately high despite late plantir Yield was not well correlated with increasing severity of foliar late blight and there was no significant difference betwe any treatment in terms of marketable or total yield. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate/acre KQ667 68.75WDG 0.51 lb (A,B,C,D,E) KQ667 68.75WDG 0.69 lb + (F,G,H,I) Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb 4 ..................... Foliar late blight Foliar late blight (%) 42DAI 1 (%) 42DA 17 DAFA 2 I 22 DAFA 11.3 bc 5 41.3 b RAUDPC 3 max =100 0 - 47 DAI 4.96 b Yield cwt/acre Yield cwt/acre US1 Total 245 a 320 a KQ667 68.75WDG 0.69 lb (A,B,C,D,E)............... KQ667 68.75WDG 1.03 lb + (F,G,H,I) Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb 17.5 b 36.3 bc 5.44 b 268 a 334 a KQ667 68.75WDG 1.03 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).. KQ667 68.75WDG 1.38 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).. KP481 50WDG 0.5 lb (A,C,E,G,I)......................... Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (B,D,F,H) KP481 50WDG 0.75 lb (A,C,E,G,I)....................... Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (B,D,F,H) KP481 50WDG 0.38 lb + (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).... Manzate 200DF 0.94 lb KP481 50WDG 0.5 lb + (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)...... Manzate 200DF 0.94 lb 9.5 bc 23.8 bcd 3.36 b 241 a 315 a 10.8 bc 35.0 bc 4.31 b 244 a 302 a 10.8 bc 25.0 bcd 3.62 b 267 a 342 a 12.0 bc 31.3 bcd 4.00 b 231 a 283 a 7.8 bc 25.0 bcd 3.10 b 278 a 349 a 9.5 bc 27.5 bcd 3.54 b 283 a 362 a KP481 50WDG 0.5 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)......... 3.3 bc 10.8 d 1.32 b 238 a Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,B)................................... Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (C) Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb + (D,E,F,G,H,I,) Equus ZN 6SC 1.5 pt Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,B)................................... Quadris 2SC 0.38 pt (C) Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb + (D,E,F,G,H,I,) Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb 5.8 bc 16.3 cd 2.10 b 245 a 312 a 321 a 2.0 c 10.8 d 1.13 b 202 a 269 a Untreated.................................................................... 90.0 a 96.5 a 26.10 a 230 a 303 a after final application of fungicide. 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight. 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. 'Snowden’) W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and J. M. Stein Late blight; Phytophthora infestans Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF MIXED FUNGICIDE PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001: Potato (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 15 Jun into two-ro by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two-row beds we separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately befo sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans U biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type) at 104 spores/fl oz on 23 Jul. Fungicides were applied weekly (unle otherwise stated) from 25 Jun to 13 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (2C oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pour 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 20, 23, Aug and 7 [17 days after final application (DAFA)] and 12 Sep (22 DAFA) when there was 100% foliar infection in 1 untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from date of inoculatio 27 Jul to 12 Sep, a period of 47 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 16 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) we harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug, and untreated controls reached 85 - 95% fol infection by 12 Sep. Over the period from 50% emergence to harvest, 109 late blight disease severity values w accumulated. The bulk of these DSV were accumulated between inoculation and desiccation. Taking 42 days af inoculation (dai) as a key reference point, all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals reduced the level late blight foliar infection significantly compared to the untreated control except Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt The applicati programs of Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt and Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 1-4) followed by (fb) Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb (ap 5-9) were not significantly different from each other but had significantly greater late blight than all other prograr Taking 47 dai as a key reference point, there was almost complete defoliation of the untreated control due to late blight a all fungicide programs had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control except Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt T application programs of Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt and Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 1 - 4) fb Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb (apps 9) were not significantly different from each other but had significantly greater late blight than all other programs. Ma programs gave intermediate control of late blight with approximately > 16% and < 40% foliar late blight however the Bra WS 6SC 1.5 pt alternated with Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb program had significantly greater foliar late blight than progra with less than 16% foliar late blight Average amount of foliar late blight over the season (RAUDPC) from 0 to 47 dai v significantly reduced by all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals compared to the untreated cont except Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt The application programs of Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt and Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 1-4) Messenger 3 WDG 0.42 lb (apps 5-9) were not significantly different from each other but had significantly higher RAUD values than all other programs (approximately > 15). All other programs had RAUDPC values < 5 and were significantly different from each other. Yields were moderately high despite late planting. Yield was not well correlated w increasing severity of foliar late blight but the untreated plots and Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt had numerically the low marketable yield in comparison with other treatments however there was no significant difference between any treatment terms of marketable or total yield. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate/acre Equus 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H, I)3..................................... Foliar late blight (%) 42 DAI 1 17 DAFA 2 6.5 c4 Foliar late blight (%) 47 DAI 22 DAFA 18.8 cd RAUDPC 3 max = 100 0 - 47 DAI 2.16 c Equus DF 82.5 DF 1.4 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).......................... 10.8 c 31.3 cd Yield (cwt/acre) US1 (cwt/acre) Yield Total 318 a 245 a 307 a 317 a 402 a 321 a 397 a 397 a 3.8 c 5.8 c 7.5 d 11.3 d 3.77 c 1.15 c 1.77 c Equus ZN 6SC 2.13 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)............................. Echo 720 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C)...................................................... Echo 720 6SC 1.5 pt + (D,E,F,G,H,I) Curzate 60WP 0.13 1b Echo 720 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C,D,E).............................................. Echo 720 6SC 1.5 pt + (F,G,H,I) Supertin 80WP 0.23 lb Echo ZN 6SC 2.13 pt (A,C,E,G,H,I)........................................... Echo ZN 6SC 2.13 pt + (B,D,F) Headline 2SC 0.58 pt Echo ZN 6SC 2.13 pt (A,C,E,G,H,I)........................................... Echo ZN 6SC 2.13 pt + (B,D,F) Quadris 2SC 0.58 pt Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F)........................................... Dithane RS 75DF 1.2 lb (G,H,I) Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb (A,B,D,F,G,H,I)........................................ Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (C,E) Dithane RS 75DF 2.0 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)........................... Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (A)................................................................ Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb (B,D,E,F,G,H,I) Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (C) Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (A)................................................................ Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb + (B,D,E,F,G,H,I) Curzate 60WP 0.21 lb Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (C) Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (A)................................................................ Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb + (B,D,E,F,G) Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt (C) Bravo WS 1.5 pt (H,I) Bravo WS 1.5 pt (A,B,E,F,H.I)................................................... Acrobat 50WP 0.31 lb + (C,D,G) Polyram 80DF 1.88 lb Polyram 80DF 1.88 lb + (A,B,C,D,E,F,G.H.I)............................ Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb 5.3 c 10.0 d 1.63 c 328 a 402 a 7.0 c 13.8 d 2.09 c 321 a 394 a 3.5 c 10.0 d 1.18 c 337 a 424 a 10.3 c 28.8 cd 3.59 c 293 a 374 a 5.8 c 16.3 cd 1.87 c 297 a 372 a 5.0 c 7.0 c 14.5 d 23.8 cd 1.62 c 2.52 c 302 a 305 a 380 a 379 a 3.8 c 13.3 d 1.44 c 316 a 399 a 5.5 c 12.8 d 1.65 c 316 a 397 a 4.5 c 8.8 d 1.26 c 333 a 408 a 5.5 c 15.8 cd 1.89 c 299 a 375 a Planthelper 4SC 1.2 pt (A.B,C,D,E,F,G.H.I).............................. 62.5 ab 87.5 ab 17.67 ab 235 a 363 a 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days after final application of fungicide. 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight. 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). Foliar late blight 42DAI 1 17 DAFA 2 7.0 c 4 (%) Foliar late blight (%) 47DAI 22 DAFA 38.8 c RAUDPC 3 max =100 0 - 47 DAI 3.34 c Yield (c wt/acre) Yield (cwt/acre) Total US1 279 a 360 a 5.0 c 13.3 d 1.64 c 260 a 341 a 51.3 b 73.3 b 14.92 b 236 a 320 a 7.8 c 26.3 cd 3.24 c 263 a 349 a 2.5 c 15.0 cd 1.30 c 303 a 375 a 5.5 c 26.3 cd 2.46 c 258 a 359 a 3.3 c 13.8 d 1.37 c 247 a 321 a 4.3 c 8.8 d 1.22 c 296 a 371 a Treatment and rate/acre Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E,G,I)3........................................ Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb (B,D,F,H) Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb (A,B,C,D).......................................... Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (E,F,G,H,I) Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C,D)................................................. Messenger 3WDG 0.42 lb (E,F,G,H,I) Bravo WS 1.5 pt + (A,B,C,D)...................................................... Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.67 pt Dithane RS 75 DF 1.5 + (E,F,G,H,I) Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.0 pt + AgriTin 80WP 0.13 lb Bravo WS 1.5 pt + (A,B,C,D)...................................................... Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.67 pt Dithane RS 75 DF 1.5 + (E,F,G,H,I) Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.0 pt + Phostrol 53.6SC 8.0 pt Bravo WS 1.5 pt + (A,B,C,D)..................................................... Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.67 pt Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.67 pt + (E,F,G,H,I) Phostrol 53.6SC 8.0 pt Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt + (A)............................................................. Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt + (B,D) Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.67 pt Acrobat 50WP 0.31 lb + (C,H) Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt Dithane RS 75 DF 1.5 + (E,F,G,I) Champ DP 4.6 FL 2.0 pt + AgriTin 80WP 0.13 lb + Phostrol 53.6SC 8.0 pt Quadris 2SC 0.4 pt + (A)............................................................. Equus WS 6SC 1.5 pt Equus WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B) Acrobat 50WP 0.31 lb + (C,H) Equus WS 6SC 1.5 pt Equus WS 6SC 1.5 pt + (E,F,G) Kocide 4.6FL 2.67 pt Manzate 75WP 2.0 lb + (I) Supertin 80 WP 0.16 Untreated...................................................................................... 76.3 a 100.0 a 23.53 a 224 a 316 a 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days after final application of fungicide. 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight. 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. 'Snowden’) Late blight; Phytophthora infestans W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and J. M. Stein Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF HEADLINE PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001: Potatoes (cut see were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 15 Jun into two-row by 25- plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two-row beds were separated b a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays bega All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans US8 biotyp (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type) at 104 spores/fl oz on 23 Jul. Fungicides were applied weekly (unless otherwi stated) from 25 Jun to 13 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jur Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 Ib/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 20, 23, 29 Aug and [17 days after final application (DAFA)] and 12 Sep (22 DAFA) when there was 100% foliar infection in the untreated plot The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from date of inoculation, 27 Jul to Sep, a period of 47 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 16 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug, and untreated controls reached 85 - 95% foli infection by 12 Sep. Over the period from 50% emergence to harvest, 109 late blight disease severity values we accumulated. The bulk of these DSV were accumulated between inoculation and desiccation. Taking 42 days aft inoculation (DAI) as a key reference point, all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals reduced the level late blight foliar infection significantly compared to the untreated control. The application program of Quadris 2SC 0.98 had a significantly greater amount of foliar late blight than applications programs with less than about 12% foliar late blig All other programs were not significantly different from each other. Taking 47 DAI as a key reference point, there w almost complete defoliation of the untreated control due to late blight and all fungicide programs had significantly less foli late blight than the untreated control. The application programs of Quadris 2SC 0.98 pt had significantly greater foliar la blight than all other programs with less than about 23% foliar late blight and was not significantly different form t Headline 2SC 058 pt program. The Headline 2SC 058 pt program had significantly greater foliar late blight than progran with less than about 8% foliar late blight which included the Headline 2SC 058 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt and the Bravo W 6SC 1.5 pt program. Programs with less than about 12% foliar late blight were not significantly different from each oth Average amount of foliar late blight over the season (RAUDPC) from 0 to 47 DAI was significantly reduced by all fungici programs with seven-day application intervals compared to the untreated control. The application programs of Quadris 2S 0.98 pt had significantly higher RAUDPC values than all other programs (approximately > 3.5. All other programs h RAUDPC values < 3.75 and were not significantly different from each other. Yields were moderately high despite planting. Yield was not well correlated with increasing severity of foliar late blight but the untreated plots had numerica the lowest marketable yield in comparison with other treatments however there was no significant difference between a treatment in terms of marketable or total yield. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate/acre Headline 2SC 0.58 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)4....................... 5.5 bc 5 Headline2SC 0.58 pt + (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)...................... Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt 2.3 c 5.8 d 0.72 c Foliar late blight 42DAI 1 17 DAFA 2 (%) Foliar late blight (%) 47 DAI 22 DAFA 23.8 bc RAUDPC 3 max =100 0 - 47 DAI 2.38 bc Yield (cwt/acre) (cwt/acre) Yield US1 Total 203 a 226 a 283 a 299 a Acrobat 50WP 0.4 lb + (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)..................... Polyram 80WDG 2.0 lb + Silwet 70SC 0.13 pt 2.8 c 11.5 cd 1.14 c 260 a 314 a Bravo WS SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).......................... 1.8 c 7.3 d 0.73 c Quadris 2.08SC 0.96 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)..................... 19.5 b 38.8 b 5.20 b 247 a 223 a 300 a 289 a Untreated................................................................................. 62.5 a 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days after final application of fungicide. 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight. 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). 19.16 a 92.5 a 135 a 205 a POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.‘Snowden’) W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and J. M. Stein Late blight; Phytophthora infestans Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF FLUAZINAM, RANMAN AND CHLOROTHALONIL MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTAT LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2001: Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soi Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 15 Jun into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in randomized complete block design. The two-row beds were separated by a five-foot implanted row. Plots were irrigated needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) wi a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans US8 biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type) at 104 spores/fl on 23 Jul. Fungicides were applied weekly (unless otherwise stated) from 25 Jun to 13 Aug (9 applications) with an AT rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds we controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Ju Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percenta foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 20, 23, 29 Aug and 7 [17 days after final application (DAFA)] and 12 Sep (2 DAFA) when there was 100% foliar infection in the untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve w calculated for each treatment from date of inoculation, 27 Jul to 12 Sep, a period of 47 days. Vines were killed with Reglo 2EC (1 pt/A on 16 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug, and untreated controls reached 85 - 95% foli infection by 12 Sep. Over the period from 50% emergence to harvest, 109 late blight disease severity values we accumulated. The bulk of these DSV were accumulated between inoculation and desiccation. Taking 42 days af inoculation (DAI) as a key reference point, all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals reduced the level late blight foliar infection significantly compared to the untreated control. All application programs were not significan different from each other. Taking 47 DAI as a key reference point, there was almost complete defoliation of the untreat control due to late blight and all fungicide programs had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control. T application programs BAS 536 18.7 WDG 2.14 lb alternated with Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt and BAS 536 18.7 WDG 2.14 alternated with Ranman 40SC 0.09 pt [applications (apps) 2 and 4], Ranman 40SC 0.13 pt (apps 6 and 8) followed by ( Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt had significantly less foliar late blight than Quadris 2SC 0.97 pt alternated with Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 application program but did not have significantly less foliar late blight than any other application program. Average amou of foliar late blight over the season (RAUDPC)from 0 to 47 DAI was significantly reduced by all fungicide programs w seven-day application intervals compared to the untreated control (RAUDPC = 25.9). All application programs had less th RAUDPC = 3.1 and were not significantly different from each other. Yields were moderately high despite late plantir Yield was not well correlated with increasing severity of foliar late blight and there was no significant difference betwe any treatment in terms of marketable or total yield however numerically all application programs had higher marketable a total yield than the untreated control. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate/acre Omega 5SC 0.4 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)4....... Foliar late blight 42DAI 1 17 DAFA 2 2.5 b 5 Foliar late blight (%) (%) 47DAI 22 DAFA 12.0 bc RAUDPC 3 max = 100 0 - 47 DAI 1.9 b Quadris 2SC 0.8 pt (A,C,E,G,I).............................. Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B,D,F,H,) 2.0 b 10.8 bc 1.9 b Yield (cwt/acre) (cwt/acre) Yield US1 Total 320 a 278 a 384 a 356 a Quadris 2SC 0.97 pt (A,C,E,G,I)............................ Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B,D,F,H) 2.3 b 20.0 b 3.1 b 309 a 371 a Ranman 40SC 0.13 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).......... 1.5 b 14.0 bc 2.0 b Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J )......... 1.1 b 10.8 bc BAS 536 18.7 WDG 2.14 lb (A,C,E,G,I).............. Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt (B,D,F,H) 1.3 b 9.5 c 1.3 b 1.4 b 297 a 295 a 320 a 367 a 372 a 390 a BAS 536 18.7 WDG 2.14 lb (A,C,E,G)................ Ranman 40SC 0.09 pt (B,D) Ranman 40SC 0.13 pt (F,H) Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt (I) Headline 2SC 0.8 pt (A,D,G).................................. Headline 2SC 0.8 pt + (B,E,H) Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt (C,F,I) Headline 2SC 0.8 pt (A,B,D,E,G.H)............... Ranman 40SC 0.17 pt (C,F,I) 1.0 b 8.8 c 1.1 b 311 a 380 a 2.0 b 11.3 bc 1.6 b 321 a 392 a 2.0 b 15.0 bc 2.4 b 324 a 395 a Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B,D,F,H)............................ 1.8 b Untreated................................................................ 53.8 a 10.0 bc 95.0 a 1.6 b 25.9 a 317 a 235 a 383 a 303 a 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days after final application of fungicide. 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L. 'Snowden’) W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and J. M. Stein Late blight; Phytophthora infestans Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 EVALUATION OF PREVICUR, REASON AND SCALA MIXED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGH CONTROL, 2001: Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Static Bath, MI on 15 Jun into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete bloc design. The two-row beds were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers a were hilled immediately before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension Phytophthora infestans US8 biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type) at 104 spores/fl oz on 23 Jul. Fungicid were applied weekly (unless otherwise stated) from 25 Jun to 13 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R & spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilli and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects we controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2. pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected late blight on 27 Jul; 20, 23, 29 Aug and 7 [17 days after final application (DAFA)] and 12 Sep (22 DAFA) when there w 100% foliar infection in the untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for ea treatment from date of inoculation, 27 Jul to 12 Sep, a period of 47 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug, and untreated controls reached 85 - 95% fol infection by 15 Sep. Over the period from 50% emergence to harvest, 109 late blight disease severity values we accumulated. The bulk of these DSV were accumulated between inoculation and desiccation. Taking 40 days af inoculation (DAI) as a key reference point, all fungicide programs with seven-day application intervals reduced the level late blight foliar infection significantly compared to the untreated control. The application programs of Bravo WS 6SC 0. (apps 1 - 3) pt followed by (fb) Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (apps 4 - 9); Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (apps 3) fb Reason 4SC 0.76 pt + Previcur 6SC 0.73 pt (apps 4 - 9); and Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Reason 4SC 0.76 + Bond 3.84SC 0.25 pt (apps 4-9) had significantly greater late blight than the programs Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - fb Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 4 - 9); Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 (apps 4 - 6) fb Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 7-9) programs which had the least foliar late blight All other programs were significantly different from programs or treatments with less than 24% foliar late blight Taking 47 DAI as a key referen point when there was almost complete defoliation of the untreated controls and all fungicide programs with had significan less foliar late blight than the untreated control. Programs with less than 40% foliar late blight were not significan different from the Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 4 - 6) fb Bra WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 7 - 9); program which had the least amount of foliar late blight, 48 DAI, included the programs Bra WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 4 - 9); Polyram 80DF 1.0 lb (apps 1 - 3) fb Polyram 80DF 2.0 (apps 4 - 9); and Polyram 80DF 1.0 lb (apps 1 - 3) fb Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 4 - 6) fb Bravo W 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 7 - 9). Other programs provide intermediate levels of late blight control. Average amount of foliar 1 blight over the season (RAUDPC)from 0 to 47 DAI was significantly reduced by all fungicide programs with seven-d application intervals compared to the untreated control. The lowest RAUDPC values (≤ 5 and NSD from each other) w recorded in the programs Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 4 - 6) Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 7 - 9); Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 1 - 3) fb Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 4 - 9); Polyram 80 1.0 lb (apps 1 - 3) fb Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb (apps 4 - 9); and Polyram 80DF 1.0 lb (apps 1 - 3) fb Previcur 6SC 1.2 p Bravo WS 6SC 0.76 pt (apps 4 - 6) fb Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (apps 7 - 9). Other programs gave intermediate control of fo late blight Yields were moderately high despite late planting. Yield was quite well correlated with late blight susceptibil and the untreated plots had numerically the lowest total yield and marketable yield in comparison with other treatments a were significantly less than the Polyram 80DF 1.0 lb (apps 1 - 3) fb Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb (apps 4-9) progra Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate/acre Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C) 4...................... Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (D,E,F,G,H,I) Polyram80DF 1.0 lb (A,B,C)........................... Polyram80DF 2.0 lb (D,E,F,G,H,I) Polyram80DF 1.0 lb (A,B,C)........................... Previcur 6SC1.2 pt + (D,E,F) Polyram 80DF 1.0 lb Polyram 80DF 2.0 lb (G,H,I) Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C)....................... Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + (D,E,F) Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (G,H,I) Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C)....................... Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt + (D,E,F,G,H,I) Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C)....................... Reason 4 SC 0.36 pt + (D,E,F,G,H,I) Scala 3.2 SC 0.67 pt Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C)....................... Reason 4SC 0.36 pt + (D,E,F,G,H,I) Previcur 6SC 0.73 pt Bravo WS 6SC 0.75 pt (A,B,C)...................... Reason 4 SC 0.18 pt + (D,E,F,G,H,I) Bond 3.84SC 0.25 pt Foliar late blight (%) 42DAI 1 17 DAFA 2 7.5 d 5 Foliar late blight (%) 47DAI 22 DAFA 22.5 ef RAUDPC 3 max = 100 0 - 47 DAI 2.74 f Yield (cwt/acre) Yield ( cwt/acre) US1 Total 315 ab 378 ab 9.5 cd 30.0 def 3.42 ef 339 a 405 a 10.8 cd 22.5 ef 3.22 ef 271 ab 331 ab 7.8 d 15.0 f 2.23 f 307 ab 367 ab 27.5 bc 50.0 bcd 7.75 bcd 237 ab 303 ab 23.8 bcd 45.0 cde 6.75 cde 274 ab 331 ab 40.0 b 72.5 b 11.53 b 258 ab 321 ab 36.3 b 68.8 bc 10.60 bc 242 ab 311 ab 81.3 a Untreated............................................................ 1 Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. 2 Days after final application of fungicide. 3 RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from the day of inoculation to the last evaluation of late blight. 4 Application dates: A= 23 Jun; B= 1 Jul; C= 8 Jul; D= 15 Jul; E= 22 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 7 Aug; H= 14 Aug; I= 21 Aug. 5 Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). 215 b 95.8 a 23.68 a 278 b 2001 REPORT ON RESEARCH PROJECT: Calcium Nutrition - The Key to Improving Quality and Storage of Potato Tubers? FROM: Sieglinde Snapp and Chris Long, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824 snapp@msu.edu; 517-355-5187 Producing the highest quality tubers is critical to success in the potato industry. High quality at harvest, and maintaining quality through extended storage over many months is particularly important for chip potatoes. Calcium nutrition is thought - by some - to be the foundation of high quality, blemish free potato tubers. This is logical, as calcium is crucial to building cell wall and membrane integrity and it may enhance resistance to storage rots. There is some evidence that calcium may help optimize tuber reconditioning (Palta, 1996). However, the benefits of applying calcium is debated. Frequently no clear yield benefits are obtained and quality benefits may be erratic. To address this complex issue we are investigating calcium and nitrogen nutrition at a trial on the Montcalm research farm, and through on-farm monitoring. The chip variety ‘Pike’ was grown at a sandy site at MRF in 2001 to evaluate if addition of 200 lb actual calcium could reduce internal defects in this variety. Pike was chosen as it is susceptible to internal necrosis or a brown netlike defect. The calcium treatments compared were: no calcium fertilizer to gypsum (calcium sulfate) applied once or multiple splits, calcium nitrate + calcium chloride applied once or multiple times, and poultry compost (at 10% calcium this is slow release calcium fertilizer). Poultry compost was applied at 2000 lb/acre as a pre-plant fertilizer, banded along the seed piece row. All calcium treatments were evaluated for effectiveness at two nitrogen fertility levels, 180 lb nitrogen per acre and 360 lb nitrogen per acre. Nitrogen was applied as a pre-plant basal fertilizers and four split applications over the season were side-dressed, using Urea and Calcium Nitrate sources to balance treatments. In addition to yield quality and quantity measurements, a bruising evaluation was conducted. Yield results: Cumulative growing degree days for this plot was 2122, indicating the plots were harvested slightly early. As shown in figure 1, fertilizer treatments did not influence potato yields. There was a 40 cwt potato yield increase from application of poultry compost-calcium, significant at 0.05. Yield benefit from calcium treatments on this site - which has sufficient calcium @ 800 lb/a soil available calcium - is expected to be almost nil. This experiment primarily targets improving tuber quality, both at harvest and during extended storage. Quality results: There were very low levels of internal necrosis or brown spot in any treatment monitored at harvest: only 2.5% in the control (no calcium added), 0.6% with gypsum, 1% with calcium nitrate/calcium chloride and 1.4% with compost. Potato bruising was not consistently influenced by any calcium source or nitrogen treatment either (data not shown). Tuber quality measurements have been started and will continue over the next eight months of storage in the Cargill demonstration storage facility. Fry chip color ratings and sugar profiles are being monitored in collaboration with Techmark, Inc. On-farm monitoring results: Last season on-farm monitoring was conducted of Pike tubers from around Michigan grown under different calcium nutrition regimes. Tubers were stored until mid­ June and we note that tubers with an acceptable fry color score (1.5) after this extended storage all had high pulp calcium levels -at least 250 ppm (Fig. 2). Initial findings from monitoring conducted in 2001 is suggestive that Pike tubers treated with higher levels of calcium fertilizer have slightly lower glucose profiles and fewer chip defects (Fig. 3). Support for this research by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission is gratefully acknowledged. Figure 1. Yield of No. 1 Pike tubers treated with different calcium sources, all at 200 lb Ca/acre except the 0 Calcium control. Nitrogen levels applied were as multiple splits, for a total of 180 lb N/acre (recommended) and 360 lb N/acre (very high rate to delay maturity). Figure 2. Characteristics of Pike tubers from fields grown in 2000, stored through June 2001. Figure 3. Internal necrosis defects of Pike tubers from four calcium regimes grown on-farm and stored in demonstration bins, monitored on a biweekly basis from 10 Oct, 2001 through 2002. At each sampling date, tubers are cut lengthwise and evaluated for presence of internal defect (% with defect reported for 22 tubers monitored). Low calcium treatment was applied as gypsum at cultivation (60 lb Ca/acre), medium calcium = 120 lb Ca/acre (as gypsum: 60 lb at cultivation and 60 lb at hilling) and high calcium = 236 lb Ca/acre (in addition to the medium calcium regime, calcium nitrate was applied 3 weeks after hilling). Funding: MPIC Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage Report 2000-2001 Brian Sackett, Chris Long, Dick Crawford, Todd Forbush (Techmark, Inc.), Steve Crooks, Greg Perkins, Tim Young, Gary Walther, Don Smucker (Montcalm CED) BACKGROUND Round white potato production leads the market share in the state of Michigan. Michigan growers continue to look for promising new round white varieties that will meet necessary production and processing criteria, as well as, grower and processor approval. There are many variety trials underway in Michigan which evaluate chipping varieties for yield potential, solids, disease resistance and chipping quality in the hope of exhibiting to growers and processors the positive attributes of these lines. Extended storage chip quality and storability are areas of growing importance in round white potato production. Because of the importance of these factors, all new varieties with the potential to become a commercial chip processor should have storage profiles developed. Being able to examine new varieties for long-term storage and processing ability is a way to keep the Michigan chip industry at the leading edge of the snack food industry. This information can position an industry to make informed decisions about the value of adopting these varieties into commercial production. The construction of the Burt Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage has given the Michigan potato industry this opportunity. The demonstration storage utilizes six 500 cwt bins to provide storage profiles on varieties. A storage profile consists of bi-weekly sampling of potatoes to obtain; sucrose and glucose levels, chip color and defect curves. With this information, the storage history of each variety tested can be created. The storage profile of a variety will give the industry a clear picture of where a line can or cannot be utilized in the snack food industry. The Michigan potato industry hopes to use these storage profiles to improve in areas such as long-term storage quality, deliverability of product and ultimately market share. OBJECTIVE The goal of the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee for the 2000-2001 storage season was to develop storage profiles on three commercially significant potato varieties and answer questions that would aid the potato industry in the storage and handling of these varieties. The committee wanted to address how long these potatoes could be stored at a given temperature regime and still recondition? Also of interest was the level of pressure bruise damage that may be incurred given the above conditions. PROCEDURE Each bin was filled under contract with a local potato producer in the Montcalm County area. The MPIC paid a field contract price per 100 cwt for the potatoes. The potatoes were delivered to the demonstration storage. Pressure bruise samples were taken and designated bins were filled. Varieties and storage management of these varieties were established by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. In the 2000-2001 storage season; bin numbers 1 and 2 were filled with Snowden, bins 3 and 4 were leased to Frito- Lay, and bins 5 and 6 were filled with Pike. The Snowden were grown by V & G Farms. Bins 1 and 2 were filled on October 20, 2000. Bins 5 and 6 were filled with Pike grown by Anderson Brothers. Bin 5 was filled on September 27, 2000 and bin 6 was filled on September 20, 2000. Twelve 20 to 25 lb. pressure bruise samples were taken as each bin was being filled. Four samples were placed at three different levels within the pile. The sample locations were approximately 3, 6, and 9 feet from the storage floor. The samples were evaluated 1 to 6 days after the bin was unloaded. A set of 25 tubers were randomly selected from each bag and visually inspected for pressure bruise. Each bruise was evaluated for discoloration by removing the tuber skin with a knife. A visual rating was given to the bruise for the presence or absence of flesh color (blackening of flesh). Percent weight loss in each tuber sample was calculated as they were removed from the storage. Results A. Bin 1. These Snowdens were shipped June 13, 2001 to UTZ foods. A 9% defect score was reported. On June 7, Sucrose and Glucose levels were 0.879 and .005 respectively (Table 1) . The storage temperature of this bin was 46°F. The average number of tubers without bruises at 3’, 6’ and 9’ were 14.25, 23.00 and 20.25 respectively (Table 5). Total tuber weight loss on average ranged from 5.91% to 6.62% over the storage period of October 20, 2000 through June 13, 2001 (Table 5). B. Bin 2. These Snowdens were shipped June 13, 2001 to UTZ foods. A 5% defect score was reported. On June 7, Sucrose and Glucose levels were 0.699 and .005 respectively (Table 2) . The storage temperature of this bin was 42°F. The average number of tubers without bruises at 3’, 6’ and 9’ were 11.25, 17.50 and 23.00 respectively (Table 6). Total tuber weight loss on average ranged from 6.06% to 7.82% over the storage period of October 20, 2000 through June 13, 2001 (Table 6). C. Bins 3 and 4 These potatoes were shipped to Frito-Lay and the results were sent directly to Frito-Lay. D. Bin 5. These Pikes were shipped March 21, 2001 to UTZ foods. A 2% defect score was reported. On March 21, Sucrose and Glucose levels were 0.363 and .005 respectively (Table 3). The storage temperature of this bin was 52°F. The average number of tubers without bruises at 3’, 6’ and 9’ were 7.75, 10.50 and 19.25 respectively (Table 7). Total tuber weight loss on average ranged from 4.71% to 6.85% over the storage period of September 27, 2000 through March 21, 2001 (Table 7). E. Bin 6. These Pikes were shipped May 22, 2001 to UTZ foods. A 9% defect score was reported. On May 22, Sucrose and Glucose levels were 0.761 and .023 respectively (Table 4). The storage temperature of this bin was 48°F. The average number of tubers without bruises at 3’, 6’ and 9’ were 6.25, 11.50 and 15.25 respectively (Table 8). Total tuber weight loss on average ranged from 5.74% to 6.53% over the storage period of September 20, 2000 through May 22, 2001 (Table 8). TABLE 1. 2000-2001 SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND AVERAGE PILE TEMPERATURE CURVES FOR THE MPIC DEMONSTRATION STORAGE BIN #1 (SNOWDEN) TABLE 2. 2000-2001 SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND AVERAGE PILE TEMPERATURE CURVES FOR THE MPIC DEMONSTRATION STORAGE BIN #2 (SNOWDEN) TABLE 3. 2000-2001 SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND AVERAGE PILE TEMPERATURE CURVES FOR THE MPIC DEMONSTRATION STORAGE BIN #5 (PIKE) TABLE 4. 2000-2001 SUGAR CONCENTRATION AND AVERAGE PILE TEMPERATURE CURVES FOR THE MPIC DEMONSTRATION STORAGE BIN #6 (PIKE) Table 5. 2000-2001 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA BIN #1 (SNOWDEN) Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber * 2 with color Total # of 3 with color Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Tubers 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 Bin Bag Location BAG# Position High High High High 9’ 9' 9' 9’ empty table cell 8 16 7 3 empty table cell Weight in lbs. At Date 10.20.00 15.75 18.20 16.50 17.80 empty table cell Weight in lbs. At Date 6.13.01 14.88 16.98 15.56 16.78 empty table cellAverage 6' Medium Medium 6' Medium 6' Medium 6' empty table cell 15 25 10 23 empty table cell 20.65 26.50 23.95 28.20 empty table cell 19.20 24.77 22.59 26.82 empty table cellAverage Low Low Low Low 3’ 3' 3' 3' empty table cell 18 22 24 17 empty table cell 20.50 16.90 19.40 27.75 empty table cell 19.26 15.51 18.18 26.11 empty table cellAverage % Weight Loss 5.52 6.70 5.70 5.73 5.91 7.02 6.53 5.68 4.89 6.03 6.05 8.22 6.29 5.91 6.62 0* 20 21 20 20 20.25 24 23 20 25 23.00 12 14 11 20 14.25 1* 5 3 5 5 4.50 1 2 5 0 2.00 7 11 10 5 8.25 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 1 with color ** 0 1 0 0 0.25 0 0 1 0 0.25 0 1 1 0 0.50 2* 0 1 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0.00 5 0 4 0 2.25 * 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 2 0 2 0 1.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 3 or More * 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 0 0 0.25 ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 * Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1,2,3+. ** A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored "with color". Bin Fill Date 10.20.00 Pulp Temperature at Filling 57.2 °F Bin Unloaded 6.13.01 Bin Target Storage Temperature 46 °F Pressure Bruise Evaluation Date 6.19.01 Ending Temperature 54 °F Table 6. 2000-2001 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA BIN #2 (SNOWDEN) % Weight Bin Bag Location BAG# Position High High High High 9' 9' 9' 9' empty table cell 9 14 2 19 empty table cell Weight in lbs. At Date 10.20.00 21.65 24.70 19.75 23.55 empty table cell At Date Weight in lbs. 6.13.01 20.32 23.22 18.52 22.17 empty table cellAverage Loss 6.14 5.99 6.23 5.86 6.06 Medium 6' Medium 6' Medium 6' 6' Medium empty table cell 1 12 20 13 empty table cell 21.60 23.10 24.10 22.00 empty table cell 20.35 21.52 22.35 20.62 empty table cellAverage Low Low Low Low 3' 3' 3' 3' empty table cell 21 4 11 6 empty table cell 18.45 24.60 21.25 26.70 empty table cell 16.71 23.05 19.50 24.75 empty table cellAverage 5.79 6.84 7.26 6.27 6.54 9.43 6.30 8.24 7.30 7.82 0* 23 23 22 24 23.00 21 17 16 16 17.50 12 13 9 11 11.25 1* 2 2 2 1 1.75 3 7 8 9 6.75 8 12 6 10 9.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 1 with color ** 1 0 0 0 0.25 0 1 1 1 0.75 2 0 0 1 0.75 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2* 0 0 1 0 0.25 1 1 1 0 0.75 5 0 8 2 3.75 2 with color ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 0 0.50 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 3 or More * 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 2 1.00 ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 Total # of 3 with color Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Tubers 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 * Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. ** A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored "with color". Bin Fill Date 10.20.00 Pulp Temperature at Filling 57.4°F Bin Unloaded 6.13.01 Bin Target Storage Temperature 42°F Pressure bruise Evaluation Date 6.19.01 Ending Temperature 54°F Table 7. 2000-2001 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA BIN #5 (PIKE) % Weight Bin Bag Location BAG# Position High High High High 2 3 6 8 empty table cellempty table cell 9' 9' 9' 9’ At Date Weight in lbs. ht in lbs. At Date Weig 9.27.00 3.21.01 31.05 32.60 23.20 24.25 21.25 22.40 21.60 22.65 empty table cellAverage empty table cell Loss 4.75 4.33 5.13 4.64 4.71 Medium Medium Medium Medium 12 13 14 17 empty table cellempty table cell 25.15 24.40 24.20 22.30 empty table cell 23.50 23.20 22.95 20.30 empty table cellAverage 6' 6' 6' 6' Low Low Low Low 5 11 16 18 empty table cellempty table cell 21.85 23.20 16.70 17.75 18.90 21.05 21.70 22.95 empty table cell empty table cellAverage 3' 3' 3' 3' 6.56 4.92 5.17 8.97 6.40 5.82 5.92 10.21 5.45 6.85 0* 18 19 18 22 19.25 9 12 9 12 10.50 8 5 9 9 7.75 1* 6 6 5 2 4.75 6 9 11 5 7.75 8 10 5 13 9.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 2 0 0.50 0 0 2 1 0.75 2* 1 0 2 1 1.00 8 4 5 6 5.75 9 8 11 3 7.75 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 1 with color ** Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Total # of 3 with color Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Tubers Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 with color ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 3 or More * 0 0 0 0 0.00 ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 1 0 1 3 1.25 0 2 2 1 1.25 2 0 0 2 1.00 0 2 0 0 0.50 0 0 0 1 0.25 0 1 0 0 0.25 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 * Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1,2, 3+. ** A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored "with color". Bin Fill Date 9.27.00 Pulp Temperature at Filling 57°F Bin Unloaded 3.21.01 Bin Target Storage Temperature 52°F Pressure Bruise Evaluation Date 3.22.01 Ending Temperature 54 °F Table 8. 2000-2001 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA BIN #6 (PIKE) Bin Bag % Weight Location BAG# Position High High High High 9' 9' 9’ 9' empty table cell 5 21 10 1 empty table cell At Date Weight in lbs. Weight in lbs. At Date. 3.21.01 9.27.00 17.60 18.88 14.75 15.81 21.81 20.40 24.19 22.70 empty table cell empty table cell Average Loss 6.78 6.70 6.46 6.16 6.53 6’ Medium Medium 6' Medium 6' Medium 6' empty table cell 24 19 9 15 empty table cell 27.20 28.94 27.75 29.38 17.75 18.81 22.44 21.15 empty table cell empty table cell Average Low Low Low Low 3' 3' 3' 3' empty table cell 7 20 22 23 empty table cell 16.45 17.63 23.20 24.56 22.90 24.69 21.81 20.45 empty table cell empty table cell Average 6.01 5.55 5.64 5.75 5.74 6.69 5.54 7.25 6.24 6.43 0* 15 17 17 12 15.25 11 15 8 12 11.50 2 8 3 12 6.25 1* 9 2 8 11 7.50 11 9 12 10 10.50 17 5 12 6 10.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 1 with color ** 0 0 0 2 0.50 1 1 2 2 1.50 2 1 0 1 1.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2* 1 6 0 2 2.25 2 1 4 3 2.50 4 13 6 5 7.00 Total # of 3 with color Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber Tubers Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 with color ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 Number Of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 3 or More * 0 0 0 0 0.00 ** 0 0 0 0 0.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 25 25 25 25 25.00 0 0 0 1 0.25 0 0 1 0 0.25 1 0 1 0 0.50 2 0 3 2 1.75 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0.00 * Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. ** A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored "with color". Bin Fill Date 9.20.00 Pulp Temperature at filling is Not Available Bin Unloaded 5.22.01 Bin Target Storage Temperature 48 °F Pressure Bruise Evaluation Date 5.24.01 Ending Temperature 53.4 °F