MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION 2003 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT Volume 35 March 1, 2004 To All Michigan Potato Growers & Shippers: The Michigan Potato Industry Commission, Michigan State University’s Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service are pleased to provide you with a copy of the results from the 2003 potato research projects. This report includes research projects funded by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission, the USDA Special Grant and special allocations by the Commission. Additionally, the Commission expresses appreciation to suppliers of products for research purposes and special grants to the Commission and researchers. Providing research funding and direction to principal investigators at MSU is a function of the Michigan Potato Industry Commission’s Research Committee. The Commission is pleased to provide you with a copy of this report. Best wishes for a prosperous 2004 season. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………. 1 2003 POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT 2003 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, S. Copper, L. Frank, J. Driscoll and E. Estelle………………………………………… 5 D. S. Douches, J. Coombs, L. Frank, J. Driscoll, J. Estelle, K. Zarka, R. Hammerschmidt, and W. Kirk…………………..….……...… 18 2003 ON-FARM POTATO VARIETY TRIALS Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Fred Spring born (Montcalm), Dave Glenn (Presque Isle) and Dr. Doo-Hong Min (Upper Peninsula)..….. 47 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and D. Berry……………………...….……….... 66 W.W. Kirk and R.L. Schafer and D. Berry……………………..……….... 64 W.W. Kirk and R.L. Schafer and D. Berry……………………..……….... 62 SEED TREATMENT, IN-FURROW AND SEED PLUS FOLIAR TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF POTATO STEM CANKER AND BLACK SCURF, 2003 CONTROL OF SEED–BORNE FUSARIUM DRY ROT WITH SEED TREATMENTS AND IN-FURROW APPLIED FUNGICIDES IN POTATOES, 2003 EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES APPLIED AT PLANTING AND TO FOLIAGE FOR POTATO PINK ROT AND PYTHIUM LEAK CONTROL, 2003 EVALUATION OF TUBER LATE BLIGHT RESPONSE OF ADVANCED BREEDING LINES FROM MSU POTATO BREEDING PROGRAM AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO REDUCE SEED-BORNE EPIDEMICS OF LATE BLIGHT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2002-2003 Dr. Willie Kirk, Dr. Ray Hammerschmidt, Dr. Firas Abu El-Samen and Dr. Dave Douches……………….……………………...….……….... 69 INTEGRATED CONTROL OF COMMON SCAB (Streptomyces scabies) IN POTATO. E.C. Hollister, Dr. R. Hammerschmidt, Dr. W. Kirk, Dr. D. Douches, and Dr. D. Fulbright……………………………………………….……… 79 PAGE George W. Bird…………………………………………………………. 86 MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION 2003 NEMATOLOGY ANNUAL REPORT POTATO INSECT BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Edward J. Grafius, Beth A. Bishop, Walter L. Pett, Adam M. Byrne, and Eric N. Bramble…………………………………. 96 NITROGEN SOURCE AND SEED SPACING EFFECTS ON TUBER YIELD AND QUALITY OF NEW POTATO VARIETIES Sieg S. Snapp, Chris M. Long, Dave S. Douches, and Kitty O’Neil……………………………...…….…………………... 110 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and D. Berry...……………………….………. 121 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and D. Berry...……………………….………. 120 W.W. Kirk, R.L. Schafer and D. Berry……...………………….………. 118 EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDE PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2003 EVALUATION OF RANMAN, EBDC AND CHLOROTHALONIL- BASED PROGRAMS FOR POTATO LATE BLIGHT CONTROL, 2003 EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDE PROGRAMS FOR CONTROL OF BROWN SPOT, 2003 SUMMARY REPORT FOR THE 2002-2003 DR. B.F. (BURT) CARGILL POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE B. Sackett, C. Long, D. Crawford, T. Forbush, S. Crooks, G. Perkins T. Young, J. Walther, Troy Sackett and Randy Styma….……………… 123 2003 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2003 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by MSU potato researchers at several locations. The 2003 report is the 35th report, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principal source of funding for each project has been noted at the beginning of each report. We wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude in several research areas. Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed, supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on-farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism of the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this Committee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research. Special thanks goes to Dick Crawford for the management of the MSU Montcalm Research Farm and the many details, which are a part of its operation. Thanks also to the Montcalm County Extension office for maintaining the weather records from the MRF computerized weather station. We also want to recognize Barb Smith and Sarah Henry at MPIC for helping with the details of this final draft. WEATHER The overall 6-month average temperatures during the 2003 growing season were slightly cooler than the 2002 season, but were right at the 15-year average (Table 1). There were 4 days that the temperature reached 90°F or above in 2003. There were 10 days in April and 1 day in early May that the temperature was below 32°F. The first daytime low, during harvest, below 32°F occurred on October 2nd. The average maximum temperatures for July, August, and September of 2003 were right at the 15-year average. Rainfall for April through September was 13.25 inches which is 7.82 inches less than the 15-year average for these same months (Table 2). Rainfall recorded during the month of April was the lowest recorded for the month in 15 years. Irrigation at MRF was applied 12 times from June 17th to August 30th averaging 0.72 inches for each application. The total amount of irrigation water applied during this time period was 8.6 inches. 1 May June July Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. April August September 6-Month Average Year Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 74 1989 46 NA NA 1990 52 74 1991 1992 70 46 50 70 1993 50 71 1994 1995 72 51 50 69 1996 48 69 1997 52 75 1998 1999 73 51 50 71 2000 53 72 2001 2002 73 51 2003 49 72 15-Year Average 56 32 NA NA 40 60 51 34 33 54 34 57 51 31 31 50 31 54 37 60 59 37 34 56 37 61 56 36 33 56 71 72 69 69 64 73 70 70 69 76 73 70 69 77 72 55 57 57 51 60 55 65 59 55 60 56 57 70 58 58 59 58 60 54 61 60 60 55 57 58 62 56 58 62 58 83 79 81 76 81 79 82 76 80 82 84 77 83 85 81 81 77 82 76 74 78 81 75 79 77 77 75 78 79 77 34 43 47 42 45 43 45 44 39 51 48 49 49 42 44 44 47 47 46 46 51 45 51 50 52 48 49 48 52 48 79 78 80 75 79 75 82 80 73 81 76 79 72 81 82 53 55 59 50 55 55 57 57 56 56 55 57 57 58 52 72 64 71 70 68 66 66 64 59 75 71 70 70 63 64 68 44 34 56 The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Farm. 71 78 59 72 78 55 58 81 48 50 Table 2. Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 15-Year Average April 2.43 1.87 4.76 3.07 3.47 3.84 3.65 2.46 2.02 2.40 5.49 3.18 3.28 2.88 0.70 3.03 May 2.68 4.65 3.68 0.47 3.27 2.63 1.87 3.99 3.13 2.21 5.07 6.46 6.74 4.16 3.44 3.63 June 4.85 3.53 4.03 1.18 4.32 6.04 2.30 6.28 3.54 1.82 5.82 4.50 2.90 3.28 1.85 3.75 July 0.82 3.76 5.73 3.51 2.58 5.16 5.25 3.39 2.80 0.40 4.29 3.79 2.49 3.62 2.60 3.35 August September 5.52 4.06 1.75 3.20 6.40 8.05 4.59 3.69 2.71 2.22 5.46 5.28 5.71 7.12 2.60 1.33 3.64 1.50 3.90 3.56 1.18 1.38 2.96 1.46 3.05 4.03 5.25 4.43 1.59 2.06 4.56 2.75 Total 17.63 21.51 21.45 15.33 23.60 26.90 19.04 22.77 15.66 12.10 30.16 28.46 25.55 22.65 13.25 21.07 2 GROWING DEGREE DAYS Table 3 summarizes the cumulative, base 50°F growing degree days (GDD) for May through September, 2003. The total GDD for 2003 were 2,256 which is 357 GDD fewer than 2002, and slightly lower then the 10-year average. Table 3. Growing Degree Days* - Base 50°F. Cumulative Monthly Totals Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 10-Year Average May 231 202 201 110 427 317 313 317 319 330 277 June 730 779 681 635 932 865 780 808 903 762 788 July 1318 1421 1177 1211 1545 1573 1301 1441 1646 1302 1394 August September 1780 2136 1776 1637 2180 2070 1851 2079 2214 1922 2148 2348 2116 1956 2616 2401 2256 2379 2613 2256 1965 2309 *1994-2003 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Farm (Montcalm County Extension Office). 3 PREVIOUS CROPS, SOIL TESTS AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area utilized in 2003 was rented from Steve Comden, directly to the West of the Montcalm Research Farm. This acreage was planted to winter wheat in the fall of 2000 and was harvested late in the summer of 2001. Red clover was drilled into the winter wheat in the spring of 2001 and then later harvested in the fall of 2002. In the spring of 2003 the clover stubble was disked several times then moldboard plowed for direct potato planting. The area was not fumigated prior to potato planting. Potato early die was not a problem in 2003. The soil test analysis for the general crop area was as follows: lbs/A pH 6.2 P2O5 336 K2O 210 Ca 1000 The fertilizers used in the general plot area are as follows. Variances in fertilizers used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports. Mg 200 Application Broadcast at plow down At planting At emergence 1st Early side dress 2nd Late side dress (late varieties) Analysis Rate Nutrients (N-P205-K20) 0-0-60 19-17-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 350 lbs/A 19 gpa 135 lbs/A 197 lbs/A 167 lbs/A 0-0-210 40-36-0 62-0-0 91-0-0 77-0-0 HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL Hilling was done in late May, followed by a pre-emergence application of Sencor DF at 0.66 lb/A and Dual at 1.33 pints/A. A post-emergence application of Matrix was applied on July 2nd at a 1oz/A rate. Admire was applied at planting at a rate of 13.6 oz/A. Dimetholate was applied once in mid July at 1 pint/A. Fungicides used were Bravo and Polyram 80DF over 13 applications. Potato vines were desiccated with Reglone once in mid September at a rate of 1 pint/A. 4 2003 POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, S. Cooper, L. Frank, J. Driscoll, and E. Estelle Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University At MSU, we conduct a multi-disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety Cooperators: R.W. Chase, Ray Hammerschmidt, Ed Grafius Willie Kirk, George Bird, Sieg Snapp and Chris Long East Lansing, MI 48824 INTRODUCTION development that integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches. We conduct variety trials of advanced selections and field experiments at MSU research locations (Montcalm Research Farm, Lake City Experiment Station, Muck Soils Research Farm and MSU Soils Farm), we ship seed to other states and Canadian provinces for variety trials, and we cooperate with Chris Long on 17 grower trials throughout Michigan. Through conventional crosses in the greenhouse, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and also screen and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties (e.g. combining chip-processing, scab resistance and late blight resistance). In addition, our program has been utilizing genetic engineering as a tool to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm for traits such as solids, insect resistance and disease resistance. We feel that these in-house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, disease resistance (scab, late blight and early die), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out-of-the-field, storage, and extended cold storage) and cooking quality, bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality and appearance. We are also developing potato tuber moth resistant lines as a component of our international research project. If these goals can be met, we will be able to reduce the grower’s reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance with new potato varieties. PROCEDURE I. Varietal Development the most promising cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The parents are chosen on the The breeding goals at MSU are based upon current and future needs of the Michigan Each year, during the winter months, 500-1000 crosses are made using about 150 of 5 With the Demonstration Storage facility adjacent to the Montcalm Research Farm basis of yield potential, tuber shape and appearance, chip quality, specific gravity, disease resistance, adaptation, lack of internal and external defects, etc. These seeds are then used as the breeding base for the program. We also obtain seedling tubers or crosses from other breeding programs in the US. The seedlings are grown annually for visual evaluation (size, shape, set, internal defects) at the Montcalm and Lake City Research Farms as part of the first year selection process of this germplasm each fall. Each selection is then evaluated post harvest for specific gravity and chip processing. These selections each represent a potential variety. This system of generating new seedlings is the initial step in an 8-12 year process to develop new varieties. This step is followed by evaluation and selection at the 8- hill, 20-hill and 30-hill stages. The best selections out of the four-year process are then advanced for testing in replicated trials (Preliminary, Adaptation, Dates-of-Harvest, Grower- cooperator trials, North Central Regional Trials, Snack Food Association Trials, and other out-of-state trials) over time and locations. The agronomic evaluation of the advanced breeding lines in the replicated trials is reported in the annual Potato Variety Evaluation Report. II. Evaluation of Advanced Selections for Extended Storage we are positioned to evaluate advanced selections from the breeding program for chip- processing over the whole extended storage season (October-June). Tuber samples of our elite chip-processing selections are placed in the demonstration storage facility in October and are sampled monthly to determine their ability to chip-process from colder (42-48°F) and/or 50˚F storage. III. Germplasm Enhancement "diploid" (2x = 24 chromosomes) breeding program in an effort to simplify the genetic system in potato (which normally has 4x chromosomes) and exploit more efficient selection of desirable traits. This added approach to breeding represents a large source of valuable germplasm, which can broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato. The diploid breeding program germplasm base at MSU is a synthesis of seven species: S. tuberosum (adaptation, tuber appearance), S. raphanifolium (cold chipping), S. phureja (cold-chipping, specific gravity, PVY resistance, self-compatability), S. tarijense and S. berthaultii (tuber appearance, insect resistance, late blight resistance, verticillium wilt resistance), S. microdontum (late blight resistance) and S. chacoense (specific gravity, low sugars, dormancy and leptine-based insect resistance). In general, diploid breeding utilizes haploids (half the chromosomes) from potato varieties, and diploid wild and cultivated tuber-bearing relatives of the potato. Even though these potatoes have only half the chromosomes of the varieties in the U.S., we can cross these potatoes to transfer the desirable genes by conventional crossing methods via 2n pollen. IV. Through transgenic approaches we have the opportunity to introduce new genes into our cultivated germplasm that otherwise would not be exploited. It has been used in potato as a tool to improve commercially acceptable cultivars for specific traits. Our laboratory has 11 years experience in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce genes into To supplement the genetic base of the varietal breeding program, we have a Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding 6 important potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines. We are presently using genes in vector constructs that confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Bt-cry3A and avidin), potato tuber moth, late blight resistance via the RB gene, lowering glycoalkaloids (STG), and drought resistance (CBF1). We also have the glgC16 gene (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase or starch gene) from Monsanto to modify starch and sugar levels in potato tubers. Furthermore, we are investing our efforts in developing new vector constructs that use alternative selectable markers and give us the freedom to operate from an intellectual property rights perspective. In addition, we are exploring transformation techniques that eliminate the need for a selectable marker (antibiotic resistance) from the production of transgenic plants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Varietal Development Breeding The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for cold chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2003 field season, progeny from over 600 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for yellow flesh, long/russet types, red-skin, and novelty market classes. In addition to crosses from the MSU breeding program, crosses were planted and evaluated from collaborative germplasm exchange from other breeding programs including North Dakota State University, University of Minnesota, and the USDA/ARS program at the University of Wisconsin as part of the Quad state cooperative effort. During the 2003 harvest, about 1800 selections were made from the 45,000 seedlings grown. Following harvest, specific gravity was measured and potential chip-processing selections were chipped out of the field. All potential chip-processing selections will be tested in January or March 2003 directly out of 42°F and 50°F storage. Atlantic (50°F chipper) and Snowden (45°F chipper) are chipped as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection process that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chip-processing potential. At the 8-hill and 20- hill evaluation state, 400 and 150 selections were made, respectively. Table 1 lists some of the potential lines for grower trials in year 2004. Excellent chip-processing selections have been identified in the breeding Chip-Processing program, despite switching to a more stringent screening temperature (42 vs. 45°F storage) a few years ago. Over 70% of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their pedigree. Of those selections, about 75% have a SFA chip score of 1.5 or less. Based upon the pedigrees of the parents we have identified for breeding cold- chipping potato varieties, we have a diverse genetic base. We believe that we have at least eight cultivated sources of cold-chipping. Examination of pedigrees shows up to three different cold-chipping germplasm sources have been combined in these selections. 7 Dr. Joe Sowokinos, Univ. of Minnesota, has conducted biochemical analyses of Our promising chip-processing lines are MSF099-3 (42°F chipper), MSG227-2 (scab resistant 45°F chipper), MSH095-4, MSH094-8, MSH067-3, MSH228-6, MSJ147-1, MSJ126-9Y, MSJ167-1, and late blight resistant chipper MSJ461-1. our best chipping lines and has discovered that our lines differ from older varieties in their proteins involved in chipping. His analysis will allow us target specific crosses to find improved chip-processing varieties that will allow processing from colder storage temperatures. Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance, low internal defects, Tablestock good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab and late blight. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet lines. From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of yellow-fleshed and red- skinned lines, as well as long, russet type and purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also selecting for a dual-purpose russet, round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on-farm trials in 2003, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Farm. Promising tablestock lines include MSE221-1 as a scab resistant tablestock, while MSE018-1 is a high yielding tablestock with a large oval shape. Boulder (MSF373-8) is a high yielding line with large tubers that also chip out of the field. Michigan Purple also performs well. In addition, all these clones performed well in the dry land trial at Montcalm Research Farm. MSE192-8RUS and MSE202-3RUS are two russet table selections that have excellent type and scab resistance. MSI005-20Y and MSJ033-10Y are yellow-fleshed lines with smooth round appearance and high yield potential. Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Disease screening for scab has been an on-going process since 1988. Results from the 2003 MSU scab nursery indicate that 42 of 190 lines evaluated demonstrated little to no infection to common scab. In addition, 23 other MSU breeding lines showed moderate scab resistance. The limitation of breeding for scab resistance is the reliance on the scab nursery. The environmental conditions can influence the infection each year, thus multiple year data provides more reliable data. A laboratory-based screening process is currently under development that would use thaxtomin in tissue culture to expedite selection of material with potential scab resistance. Secondly, the scab nursery space has been full. In response, we have spent 3 years developing a second scab nursery. In 2004, we will begin early generation evaluation of scab reaction in the breeding program. This additional effort should lead to more clones with scab resistance. 8 As of 2003, based upon 7 years of inoculated field experiments, we have at least 8 Since the mid-1990’s we have directed efforts to identify sources of late blight resistance and use this resistance to breed late blight resistant varieties. At MSU, we have also participated in the national late blight trial and we have conducted our own efforts to use field and greenhouse screening to identify additional sources of resistance that can be used by the breeding community. In the past 7 years the MSU breeding program has intensely evaluated over 1200 crosses between late blight resistant x late blight susceptible parents and have identified parents that transmit strong late blight resistance to the highest percentage of the offspring. This year we added an early generation screen which will improve our ability to select late blight resistant lines. sources of foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) that have different pedigrees from which their resistance is derived. The resistance in Jacqueline Lee has now held resistance for 7 years of testing. MSJ461-1, the chip- processing selection, has the same late blight resistance source Jacqueline Lee and was resistant to a US-17 genotype of Phytophthora infestans in New York this year. Our other promising late blight resistant lines that have been tested in replicated agronomic trials are MSJ317-1, MSI152-A, MSJ453-4, MSK136-2, MSL159-AY, MSL179-AY and MSL211-3 (see Potato Variety Evaluation Report for agronomic data). In each of these lines, the resistance is based on a single resistance source. If we rely on a single source of resistance, the varieties developed from this strategy may be overcome by P. infestans at some future date that we cannot predict. Therefore, the most effective breeding strategy is to combine resistance from different pedigrees to build a more durable resistance. Our efforts are now focusing on pyramiding the different resistance sources. This year we added a transgenic strategy using the late blight resistant RB gene cloned from S. bulbocastanum. We should have initial field tests using transplants in 2004. With support from GREEEN, we also introduced an early generation Colorado potato beetle screen at the Montcalm Research Farm. From this screen we identified 32 individuals with either transgenic or non-transgenic foliar resistance to Colorado potato beetle. Eighteen lines were categorized as moderately resistant and 36 were susceptible. Single-hill selections in 2003 also had an exciting number of individuals with pedigrees for potential late blight, Colorado potato beetle or scab resistance or some combination of the three. Of the single hill selections, 75% of progeny have at least one late blight parent, 15% have a Colorado potato beetle resistant parent, and 25% have a scab resistant parent in its pedigree. II. Evaluation of Advanced Selections for Extended Storage: MSU Potato Breeding Chip-processing Results From the MPIC Demonstration Commercial Storage (October 2001 - June 2002) The MSU Potato Breeding Program has been conducting chip-processing evaluations each year on potato lines from the MSU breeding program and from other states. For 4 years we have been conducting a storage study to evaluate advanced breeding lines with chip-processing potential in the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage facility directly adjacent to the MSU Montcalm Research Farm. 9 In October 2002, tuber samples from 6 lines in the Montcalm Research Farm trials were placed in the bin to be cooled to 48°F. Tubers from another 9 lines were placed in the bin that was to be cooled then held at 51°F. The first samples were chip-processed at MSU in October and then, each month until June 2003. Samples were evaluated for chip- processing color and quality. Table 2 summarizes the chip-processing color of select lines over the 8-month storage season. In the 48°F bin, Snowden was the check variety. In April the Snowden and MSH095-4 chips began to go off-color. In contrast only MSG227-2, MSH094-8 and MSF099-3 and W1201 maintained acceptable chip color throughout the storage sampling. Of these lines, MSG227-2, MSF099-3 and MSH094-8 maintained the lightest chip color throughout the storage season. MSG227-2 also has scab resistance. In the 51°F bin Atlantic and Pike were used as check varieties and both varieties chip-processed acceptably until May. Of the 7 advanced breeding lines evaluated Liberator chip-processed acceptably throughout the storage season until June. Liberator offers chip-processing from storage and scab resistance. MSJ461-1 had the most consistent chip color throughout the storage season until May. MSJ461-1 also offers strong foliar late blight resistance along with the chip-processing quality; however the solids content can be lower than other chip-processing lines. UEC also had good chip color until the May sampling. In 2003, about 5% of the populations evaluated as single hills were diploid. From In addition, Liberator and MSF099-3 was grown by Sandyland Farms and placed in one of the 500 cwt bins. Despite field frost occurring in MSF099-3’s harvested tubers, the potatoes chip-processed successfully out of the bin in April 2003 at Utz. The Liberator bin was sent to Shearers in March and produced a good chip product. III. Germplasm Enhancement this breeding cycle, we plan to screen the selections chip-processing from storage. In addition, selections were made from over 2,000 progeny that was obtained from the USDA/ARS at the University of Wisconsin. These families represent material from South American potato species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to Colorado potato beetle, late blight, potato early die, and ability to cold-chip process. About 100 selections were made among the diploid material in 2003. Through GREEEN funding, we were able to initiate a breeding effort to introgress leptine-based insect resistance. From previous research we determined that the leptine-based resistance is effective against Colorado potato beetle. We will continue conducting extensive field screening for resistance to Colorado potato beetle at the Montcalm Research Farm and at the Michigan State University Horticulture Farm in 2004. Late Blight Breeding and Genetics: Mapping Late Blight Resistance in three Populations blight resistance and use these sources for breeding varieties with late blight resistance. In 1999 we initiated a set of studies (via GREEEN) to identify the genes in potato associated with late blight resistance. If we can identify the genes that contribute to late A high priority objective of the breeding program is to identify sources of late 10 blight resistance we feel that we could more effectively breed varieties with durable late blight resistance. A diploid potato population was developed with the objectives to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and other agronomic traits using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and isozymes and to examine associations between late blight resistance and other agronomic traits. The mapping population was a cross between a late blight resistant selection of Solanum microdontum Bitter and a susceptible diploid advanced breeding clone. A second diploid population derives its late blight resistance from S. berthaultii. The third population is tetraploid and the resistance comes from Jacqueline Lee. Based upon field trials at the Muck Soils Research Farm, Bath, MI between 1999 and 2002, we have identified major late blight resistance genes in the three populations. Currently, one chromosome region containing the resistance is linked to a genetic marker has been identified in S. microdontum. This past year we identified a major QTL associated with late blight resistance was found in the tetraploid population and multiple QTLs for late blight resistance in the S. berthaultii mapping population. These QTLs should be suitable for marker-assisted selection to introgress a new source of resistance to P. infestans to the cultivated tetraploid germplasm of potato. The tetraploid cross for mapping (Jacqueline Lee x MSG227-2) offers more than just mapping late blight resistance genes. This cross has traits such as late blight resistance, scab resistance, chip-processing, specific gravity, maturity all segregating at one time. This summer we screened a sub sample of the population for scab reaction. A number of the progeny showed little scab. In 2004 we hope to screen a greater number of the population. IV. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding Assessment of Natural (Glandular Trichomes and Glycoalkaloid-Based) and Engineered (Bt-cry3A) Potato Host Plant Resistance Mechanisms for Control of Colorado potato beetle: Caged no-choice studies. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is the leading insect pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in northern latitudes. Host plant resistance is an important tool in an integrated pest management program for controlling insect pests. A field study was conducted in 2003 to compare natural (glandular trichomes (NYL235-4) and glycoalkaloid-based (ND5822C-7)), engineered (Bt-cry3A: NO8.8, Atlantic NewLeaf, Bt-cry1Ia1: Spunta G2) host plant resistance mechanisms of potato for control of Colorado potato beetle. Six different potato lines representing 5 different host plant resistance lines were evaluated in caged studies (no-choice) at the MSU campus farms. Each cage with 10 plants represented one plot. The cages were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of three replications. Twenty egg masses were placed on the plants in each cage. Observations were recorded weekly for a visual estimation of percent defoliation by Colorado potato beetles, and the number of egg masses, larvae, and adults. The Bt-cry3A transgenic line and the combined resistance line were effective in controlling feeding by Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae. The high glycoalkaloid line had less feeding, but the beetles clipped the petioles, which led to greater defoliation in the first few weeks. Foliage re- growth occurred by the end of the season. The glandular trichome line suffered less 11 In 2001 and 2002, we had extensive field testing for agronomic performance in feeding than the susceptible control. Spunta G2 was effective in limiting defoliation, but larval mortality was not as high as in the Bt-cry3a lines. Based on these results, the Bt- cry3A gene in combination with glandular trichome mechanism is an effective strategy that could be used to develop potato varieties for use in a resistance management program for control of Colorado potato beetle. Figure 1 shows the results of caged trial in 2003. Bt-cry3A-transgenic line Agronomic Trial replicated trials of our most advanced Bt-cry3A transgenic lines. Based upon 2001 agronomic performance and 2002 Bt-cry3A protein concentrations in foliage, 12 of 26 transgenic lines were eliminated. In general, the Bt-cry3A transgenic lines had similar agronomic and tuber characteristics compared to the non-transgenic parental line. These selections represent a diverse portfolio of Bt-cry3A lines that could be commercialized if the intellectual property rights and regulatory requirements could be met. We will maintain these lines in our program. These lines are MSE018-1, NYL235-4, NY123, Jacqueline Lee, Onaway, Norwis and Spunta. If the acceptance of transgenic food crops becomes deregulated, we will consider these lines for commercialization. In 2003 we developed a new Bt-cry3A construct that uses a different gene promoter. We are currently transforming MSJ461-1 and Michigan Purple. USAID-funded International project to Develop Potato Tuber Moth Resistant Potatoes Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is the most serious insect pest of potatoes worldwide. The introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin gene via genetic engineering offers host plant resistance for the management of potato tuber moth. The primary insect pest in Egyptian potato production, like many other countries in the Middle East, is the potato tuber moth. In the field, the moths lay their eggs on the potato foliage and the hatched larvae mine the foliage and the stems. This feeding damage leads to irregular transparent tunnels in the leaves and weakening of the stem. The larvae attack the tubers through infected stems or directly from eggs, which are oviposited on exposed tubers or where soil cracks allow moths to reach the tubers. Larvae mine the tuber in the field and in storage reducing potato quality and increasing the potential for pathogen infection. Field and storage studies were conducted to evaluate Bt- cry5 potato lines for resistance to potato tuber moth in Egypt under natural infestations and their agronomic performance in both Egypt and Michigan. From 1997-2001, field experiments were conducted at the International Potato Center (CIP) Research Station, Kafr El-Zyat, Egypt and/or Agricultural Genetic Engineering Institute (AGERI), Giza, Egypt to evaluate resistance to tuber moth. Two transgenic 'Spunta' clones, G2 and G3, have been identified that produced high control levels of mortality in first instars of potato tuber moth in laboratory tuber tests (100% mortality), and field trials in Egypt (99-100% undamaged tubers). Reduced feeding by Colorado potato beetle first instars was also observed in detached-leaf bioassays (80-90% reduction). Field trials in the U.S. demonstrated that the agronomic performance of the two transgenic lines was comparable to 'Spunta'. We are currently working with USAID, Syngenta and South Africa to commercialize the Spunta-G2 and 12 The MSU breeding program has now named and released its first varieties and is in Spunta-G3 lines. We have also transformed Atlantic, Lady Rosetta and Jacqueline Lee with the Bt-cry5 gene. We hope to have approval to field test these in Mexico some time in the future. V. Variety Release the process of licensing the new varieties to the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. Three potato varieties were released in 2001: Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3), Liberator (MSA091-1), and Michigan Purple. MSU is currently licensing the first 3 varieties to MPIC and working out procedures to market these varieties. Boulder (MSF373-8) was released in 2003. Virus-free tissue culture plantlets are maintained at MSU. Development of a DNA-based Fingerprint System for Potato Varieties The ability to quickly and accurately identify potato clones is important to potato breeding programs and to the potato seed industry and commercial growers. Since 1990, the Michigan State University Potato Breeding and Genetics Program has used an isozyme-based fingerprint system to identify potato cultivars. Isozyme analysis has been an economical and effective means of discriminating potato clones; however, they require fresh, healthy tuber or leaf tissue. DNA-based fingerprinting using simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites) has been shown to discriminate between potato clones. The objective of this study was to identify those SSR primer combinations that accurately and efficiently distinguish clones on polyacrylamide and agarose gels. SSR primer combinations used were based on polymorphism levels in previous tetraploid studies from PCR amplification products. DNA isolated from 17 potato clones representing chip processing, tablestock, russet and red market classes were visualized on both polyacrylamide and low melting point (Metaphor ®) agarose gel systems. Eighteen SSR primer combinations were screened on both gel systems. Polymorphism was observed in all eighteen of the primer combinations on polyacrylamide (PAGE) and fourteen on agarose gel systems. The PAGE system was determined to be the preferred system for variety identification, but agarose can be used to differentiate lines when specific varietal comparisons need to be made. The primer combination STM0031 with STACCAS3 was able to differentiate all 17 clones on agarose. In addition, five different DNA source tissue types were evaluated (fresh foliar, freeze-dried foliar, fresh tuber skin, freeze-dried tuber skin, and freeze-dried tuber tissue). Amplification products were similar for all five tissue sources used for DNA isolation. This ability to isolate DNA from freeze-dried tissue will allow us to fingerprint varieties when fresh tissue is not available. The SSR fingerprinting system presented here can be used as a practical fingerprint system for cultivated potato. This research will be published in the American Journal of Potato Research. 13 Error! Not a valid link. Table 1. Potential Lines for 2004 On-Farm Grower Trials Line Female Pedigree Male Comments Processing BOULDER (MSF373-8) MS702-80 MSF099-3 Snowden Prestile MSG227-2 MSC127-3 MSH067-3 MSE251-1 MSH094-8 MSH095-4 MSE266-2 Michigold MSH112-6 MSC127-3 MSH228-6 A7961-1 MSJ036-A MSJ080-1 MSC148-A Norvalley MSJ147-1 Tollocan MSJ461-1 MSK061-4 MSC148-A NY88 Chaleur MSC127-3 W877 W877 OP Zarevo OP Zarevo S440 S440 NY88 ND2676-10 Chips out of the field, large tubers 42 °F chipper Scab resistant Flat, round 45 °F chipper 45 °F chipper 42 °F chipper, high solids Scab tolerant Scab tolerant chipper High yield cold chipper Late blight resistant Scab tolerant chipper Tablestock BOULDER (MSF373-8) MS702-80 MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE192-8RUS MSE202-3RUS MSH031-5 MSI005-20Y MSI152-A MSJ033-10Y MSJ317-1 W870 A8163-8 Frontier Russet A8469-5 MSB110-3 MSA097-1Y Mainestay MSA097-1 B0718-3 NY88 Maris Piper Russet Norkotah MSC108-2 Penta B0718-3 Penta Prestile Chips out of the field, large tubers Bright purple skin, white flesh Scab resistant russet (Norkotah replacement) Scab resistant russet Bright skin Yukon appearance Late blight resistant, round white Yellow, Scab resistant Late blight resistant, round white 14 2002-2003 DEMONSTRATION STORAGE CHIP RESULTS Table 2. Chip Scores r epresented using SFA Scale† 2002 DOH* CWT/A 2002 2002 DOH* SCAB†† US#1 TOTAL SP GR RATING 57 °F 11/12/02 12/18/02 01/07/03 02/11/03 03/10/03 04/10/03 05/05/03 06/03/03 Sample Dates: 50 °F 48 °F 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 Bin Temperature (oF) 48 °F 48 °F 48 °F - °F - °F 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 57 °F 55 °F 51 °F 55 °F 55 °F 54 °F 54 °F 56 °F 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 323 256 299 326 262 364 328 390 276 438 392 376 255 279 262 53 348 326 324 351 304 391 352 407 309 470 401 420 288 330 302 1.076 1.072 1.075 1.076 1.073 1.081 1.078 1.072 1.074 1.079 1.072 1.077 1.072 1.069 1.077 50 0.002 3.7 0.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.7 1.5 0.0 3.6 2.5 4.0 3.3 2.7 1.1 POTATO LINE SCABRES MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSH094-8 MSH095-4 SNOWD W1201 EN TORSCABRES IC LBR ATLANT UEC LIBERA MSE018-1 MSF373-8 MSI002-3 MSI083-5 MSJ461-1 PIKE LSD0.05 †CHIP SCOR ††SCAB DI *Agronom Chip scores were SCABRES LBR Resist E: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. SEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. ic data from Date of Harvest, Round-White Late Harvest (DOH) Trial; Montcalm Research Farm, September 21, 2001. from two-slice samples from five tubers of each line collected at each sample date. Resistant to Common Scab Streptomyces scabies ant to foliar Late Blight, Phytopthora infestans 15 Table 3. Potato Seed Inventory 2003 MSU Potato Breeding Program Introductions Availability of Michigan Certified Seed A Cumulative Inventory LINE JACQUELINE LEE (MSG274-3) LIBERATOR (MSA091-1) MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE192-8RUS MSE202-3RUS MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSH031-5 MSH067-3 MSH095-4 MSI152-A MSJ461-1 MINI- TUBERS (UNITS) - 750 15,500 1,500 - - - - - - 875 400 FY1 (CWT) FY2 (CWT) FY3 (CWT) FY4 (CWT) - 60 123 - - - - 95 50 20 - 53 12 484 103 25 - 12 750 - - - - 32 - - 244 300 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144 - - - - - - Information listed above is a cumulative count from Golden Seed Farms, Hanson Farms, Iott Seed Farms Inc., Krueger Seed Farm, Marker Farms, Makarewicz Seed Farm, and Sklarczyk Seed Farm. Table courtesy of Chris Long. 16 Fig. 1. Colorado Potato Beetle Field Cage No-Choice Trial, Relative Area Under the Defoliation Curve (RAUDC) Results of Host Plant Resistance Potato Lines (2003) 31 a 29 a 35 30 25 0 0 1 20 x C D U A R 15 10 5 0 LSD0.05 = 23.3 22 ab 14 ab .25 b .18 b ATLANTIC Atlantic ATLANTIC susceptible NYL235-4 L235-4 NYL235 4 glandular trichomes ND5822C-7 ND5822C-7 ND5822C 7 glycoalkaloids SPUNTA-G2 Spunta G2 SPUNTA G2 Bt-cry5 NO8.8 NO8.8 NO8 8 Bt-cry3A Host Plant Resistant Potato Clone ATLANTIC NEWLEAF ATLANTIC NEWLEAF Atlantic Newleaf Bt-cry3A 17 Funding: Fed. Grant/MPIC 2003 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, L. Frank, J. Driscoll, J. Estelle, K. Zarka, R. Hammerschmidt and W. Kirk Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences and Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Each year we conduct a series of variety trials to assess advanced potato selections from the INTRODUCTION Michigan State University and other potato breeding programs. The objectives of the evaluations are to identify superior varieties for fresh market or for processing and to develop recommendations for the growing of those varieties. The varieties were compared in groups according to the tuber type and skin color and to the advancement in selection. Each season, total and marketable yields, specific gravity, tuber appearance, incidence of external and internal defects, chip color (from field, 42°F and 50°F storage), as well as susceptibilities to late blight (foliar and tuber), common scab, and blackspot bruising are determined. PROCEDURE Eight field experiments were conducted at the Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. They were planted as randomized complete block designs with four replications. The plots were 23 feet long and spacing between plants was 12 inches. Inter-row spacing was 34 inches. Supplemental irrigation was applied as needed. This year the new land which was leased to MSU was used for the field trials. harvested at two dates (Date-of-Harvest trial: Early and Late). The other field experiments were the Russet, North Central Regional, Adaptation (tablestock and chip-processors), and Preliminary (tablestock and chip-processors) trials. In each of these trials, the yield was graded into four size classes, incidence of external and internal defects in > 3.25 in. diameter or 10 oz. potatoes were recorded, and samples for specific gravity, chipping, disease tests, bruising, and cooking tests were taken. Chip quality was assessed on 25-tuber samples, taking two slices from each tuber. Chips were fried at 365°F. The color was measured visually with the SFA 1-5 color chart. Tuber samples were also stored at 42°F and 50°F for chip-processing out of storage in January and March. Advanced selections are also placed in the Commercial Demonstration Storage for monthly sampling. The scab nursery at the MSU Soils Farm and the late blight trial at the Muck Soils Research Farm are used for scab and foliar late blight assessment of lines in the agronomic trials. The round white tuber types were divided into chip-processors and tablestock and were 18 There were 17 entries that were compared at two harvest dates. Atlantic, Snowden and four RESULTS A. Round White Varieties: Chip-processors (Tables 1 and 2) Frito Lay clones were used as checks. The plot yields were below average in the early harvest (99 days), and most lines increased between 60-150 cwt/a in yield for the second harvest date (145 days). The results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Tuber specific gravity readings were significantly average to above average for 2003. Incidence of internal defects was generally low, but Atlantic and Snowden had a higher frequency of hollow heart in both early and late harvests. In the early harvest trial, MSJ147-1 had the highest yield, while FL1833, MSH112-6 and AC87340- 2W were similar in yield behind MSJ147-1. At the later harvest, different lines were found at the top tier for yield. MSG227-2 and MSJ461-1 were new additions, along with AC87340-2W and MSH112-6. MSF373-8 (Boulder), MSF099-3 and MSH112-6 were also high in specific gravity along with Atlantic, MSH067-3, and MSH095-4. MSF099-3 and UEC were also the top yielding lines in the on-farm processing trials. MSJ461-1 is a promising chip-processing line with strong foliar resistance to late blight. It also has tablestock cooking quality. Liberator, Pike and MSG227-2 continue to be the lines with the highest scab resistance along with chip-processing ability. UEC, Dakota Pearl and FL1922 demonstrated scab tolerance in 2003. Chip-processing quality was high among all the entries in the out-of-the-field samples. UEC, Liberator and W1201 are in the 500 cwt bins of the Commercial Demonstration Storage this year. Variety Characteristics specific gravity over the past 6 years were comparable to Snowden. It has performed well in other states (Nebraska, Pennsylvania and California). It was in the national SFA and the North Central regional trials. Liberator was released in 2001 and is in the 2003 Commercial Demonstration Storage. MSG227-2 – a MSU chip-processing selection with strong scab resistance. It has a specific gravity acceptable for chip-processing, excellent chip quality and cold-chipping potential. The tubers are smooth-shaped with a flattened round appearance that is attractive. It has chip-processed well from the 42°F MPIC demonstration storage studies. It has yielded well in some on-farm trials. This line will be considered for release in 2004. MSF099-3 – a MSU chip-processing selection. It has high specific gravity, smooth attractive tubers, and excellent chip quality and will chip-process from 45°F cold storage. In 2000 it was one of the best chip-processors in the 42°F MPIC demonstration storage. It yielded well on the on-farm trials, but the large tubers tended to elongate. It is also scab susceptible. MSF099-3 is in the 2001 and 2002 Commercial Demonstration Storage. MSJ461-1 – an exciting, new MSU chip-processing selection with strong foliar resistance to late blight and maturity similar to Snowden. It has excellent chip-processing quality, smooth round shape and average yield, but an intermediate specific gravity. Has good tablestock quality too. LIBERATOR - a MSU selection for chip-processing with strong scab resistance. Yield and 19 UEC – an unknown eastern chip processing line thought to be from USDA-Beltsville. It has high yield potential and scab tolerance along with excellent chip-processing quality. It is in the 500 cwt 2002 and 2003 Commercial Demonstration Storage bins. Boulder (MSF373-8) - a high yielding selection with acceptable specific gravity for chip- processing. It will chip out-of-the-field and from 50°F storage. Produces large tubers with a low incidence of internal defects. Performance is good under dry land conditions. Scab tolerance is intermediate. MSH095-4 - a mid-season maturing line with excellent chip quality and bruise susceptibility equal to Snowden. It was comparable to Atlantic for yield and solids at the Montcalm Research Farm. It is intermediate in scab tolerance between Atlantic and MSG227-2. B. Round White Varieties: Tablestock (Tables 3 and 4) There were 9 entries that were compared at two harvest dates. Onaway was used as a check. The plot yields were average in the early harvest (99 days), and a yield increase was observed for the second harvest date (141 days). Tuber specific gravity readings were average. The results are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. In the early harvest trial, Onaway, Michigan Purple, MSE018-1, MSE221-1 and MSH031-5 were the top yielding lines. There was very little incidence of internal defects in the early harvest. In the later harvest, MSE018-1, Onaway, and Michigan Purple were the top yielding lines. Overall, incidence of internal defects was low in comparison to previous years. MSE221-1 and Onaway were the only lines to classify as scab tolerant. Jacqueline Lee, MSI152-A and MSJ317-1 are late blight resistant. Michigan Purple is also a strong performing line under dryland conditions. Variety Characteristics MICHIGAN PURPLE - a tablestock selection with an attractive purple skin. This selection has high yield potential and the tubers have a low incidence of internal defects. The vine maturity is mid-season to mid-early. Do not let the tubers oversize. We regard this as a variety that can compete in the red market. MSH031-5 – a MSU tablestock/chip selection with high yield potential, attractive round shape and bright skin. It has also performed well in North Carolina. It is not scab resistant. MSE221-1 - a MSU tablestock selection. It has high yield potential as seen in the MSU and on- farm trials in other years. General appearance is good, but it has a netted appearance similar to Superior. It has strong resistance to scab. tubers have the bright skinned, smooth and attractive appearance that is typical of many European cultivars. The tubers have very low incidence of internal defects and good baking quality. The strength of this selection is its strong foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight. Vine maturity is similar to Snowden. There is interest in California to market this variety. JACQUELINE LEE – an MSU oval/oblong tablestock selection with a high tuber set. The 20 The russet trial had 19 lines evaluated in 2003. GoldRush and Russet were the standard The Adaptation trial was divided into chip-processing and tablestock trials. Three cultivars C. Russet Varieties (Table 5) varieties in the trial and the results are summarized in Table 5. Scab resistance was prevalent among the lines tested. Internal quality was high except for hollow heart in CO93016-3RUS and ATX84378-6RUS. Specific gravity measurements were below average with Russet Burbank and GoldRush having 1.074 and 1.068 readings. The yield of the overall trial was below average for 2003. Off type and cull tubers were found in all lines tested with Russet Burbank, ATX84378-6RU and A9305-10 being the greatest. The earliest maturing lines were MSE192-8RUS, Silverton Russet and CO93001-11RU. Variety Characteristics MSE192-8RUS - a MSU tablestock selection. The tubers have an attractive russeting and shape. The vine is small which may make this line uncompetitive in small plot trials. The tuber type suggests that it be considered a replacement for Russet Norkotah. The tubers have a clean white flesh that does not darken after cooking. Scab resistance is better than Russet Norkotah. It has performed well in taste tests. MSE202-3RUS – a MSU dual-purpose russet selection. It has a late maturity and high yield potential. Its specific gravity is equivalent to Russet Burbank and the tubers are long with a lighter, but attractive russet skin. Scab resistance is also high. It performed well in Minnesota in 2003. D. North Central Regional Trial (Table 6) adaptability data for the release of new varieties from North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Canada. Twenty-two breeding lines and 7 check varieties were tested in Michigan. The results are presented in Table 6. The range of yield was very wide (553 cwt – 170 cwt) and specific gravities of the lines were high in 2003. The MSU lines MSG227-2, MSE221-1, MSE202- 3RUS and MSH031-5 were all included in the North Central Trial. Similar to 2002, ND5822C-7 was very high yielding, but was susceptible to hollow heart. This line also has some Colorado potato beetle resistance. ND2470-27 was also a high performing line and chip-processed out of the field. MSG227-2 and W1773-7 offer good chip-processing and scab resistance. A9014-2RUS is an excellent russet selection for yield and type. The top-rated red-skinned line was W2275-3R because of its combination of good skin color, round shape and uniform small red tubers. MSE221-1, a scab resistant MSU tablestock selection, was also a promising selection in the trial. E. Adaptation Trial (Tables 7A and 7B) (Snowden, Pike and Atlantic) and 15 advanced breeding lines are reported in the chip-processing trial. The trial was harvested after 124 days and the results are summarized in Table 7A. The high yielding lines identified in 2003 were MSJ036-A, MSJ453-4, MSK498-1Y and MSL757-1. The specific gravity readings were high with the check varieties at or above 1.086. Many MSU selections had specific gravity readings similar or higher than Atlantic. Other lines of interest were 21 The North Central Trial is conducted in a wide range of environments (11 locations) to provide In the tablestock trial Onaway and Yukon Gold were the check varieties and 17 advanced observed. MSJ316-A, MSK061-4, MSG301-9, MSK409-1 and MSK476-1 has some scab resistance and chip-processing ability. MSJ453-4, MSL757-1 and MSJ456-4 have strong foliar late blight resistance. breeding lines and new varieties are summarized in the table. The trial was harvested after 141 days and the results are summarized in Table 7B. Seven red-skinned entries were compared. NDTX4271-5R and ND5281-2RED had the best combination of shape and red skin color. MSI049-A was the highest yielding line and was also a strong performing line in the dry land trial. MSK136-2 is a round white selection with chip-processing and strong foliar resistance to late blight. MSI005-20Y is a scab tolerant yellow-fleshed selection that shows promise. MSK125-3 has some late blight tolerance (not resistance) and high yield potential. MSJ204-3 and MSL175-1 are round white selections with bright attractive tuber skins and may have some scab tolerance. F. Preliminary Trial (Tables 8A, 8B and 8C) The Preliminary trial is the first replicated trial for evaluating new advanced selections from the MSU potato breeding program. Fifty-nine advanced selections and three check varieties were tested and reported in three separate Preliminary trials. The division of the trials was based upon chip- processing, late blight resistance pedigree and tablestock utilization. The chip-processing trial is summarized in Table 8A was harvested after 119 days. Most lines chip-processed well from the field. Specific gravities were high, but yield was below average. The top yielding line was MSK117-AY. MSM051-3, MSM190-8, MS046-4, MSL007-B and MSM188-1 are promising lines that demonstrated some scab tolerance along with chip-processing ability. MSM190-8 and MSM185-1 have some tolerance to Colorado potato beetle damage in the field. Table 8B summarizes the chip-processing lines with late blight resistant pedigrees. This trial was harvested and evaluated after 119 days. Eight of the 13 lines were late blight resistant. Despite the late blight resistance, the vine maturities were not late in all cases. Seven different late blight resistance sources were also represented. The most promising lines combining chip-processing and late blight resistance are MSM417-A, MSL737-A, MSK128-A and MSL179-AY. MSL179-AY also has an attractive bright skin that would serve the tablestock market well. Table 8C summarizes the results from the Preliminary tablestock trial. Harvest was completed after 120 days. Of the 22 entries evaluated, 10 had foliar late blight resistance. The most promising lines with late blight resistance were MSM224-1, MSM171-A, MSL159-AY and MSL211-3. MSL025-ARUS is a russet selection with good type and MSL228-2 is selection with purple splashes. MSL159-AY also chip-processes out of the field. G. Potato Scab Evaluation (Table 9) common and pitted scab. We are using a modified scale of a 0-5 ranking based upon a combined score for scab coverage and lesion severity. Usually examining one year's data does not indicate which varieties are resistant but it should begin to identify ones that can be classified as susceptible to scab. Our goal is to evaluate important advanced selections and varieties in the study at least three years to obtain a valid estimate of the level of resistance in each line. Table 9 categorizes many of the varieties and advanced selections tested in 2003 at the MSU Soils Farm Scab Nursery. This Each year a replicated field trial at the MSU Soils Farm is conducted to assess resistance to 22 In 2003, a late blight trial was conducted at the Muck Soils Research Farm. Over 100 disease trial is a severe test. The varieties and lines are placed into six arbitrary categories based upon scab infection level and lesion severity. A rating of 0 indicates zero infection. A score of 1.0 indicates a trace amount of infection. A moderate resistance (1.2 – 1.8) correlates with <10% infection. Scores of 4.0 or greater are found on lines with >50% infection and severe pitted lesions. In 2003 the scab disease incidence at the nursery was typical compared to other years, and the data were separated into three categories (Resistant = 0.0-1.0; Moderately Resistant = 1.3 – 1.8; and Susceptible = 2 or higher).The check varieties Russet Burbank, GoldRush, Superior, Onaway, Pike, Red Pontiac, Yukon Gold, Atlantic and Snowden can be used as references (bolded in Table 9). This year’s results indicate that we have been able to breed numerous lines for the chip-processing and tablestock markets with resistance to scab. Most notable scab resistant MSU lines are Liberator, MSG227-2, MSE192-8RUS, MSE202-3RUS, MSE221-1, MSG301-9, MSH228-6, MSK409-1, MSK476-1, and MSJ036-A. The greater number of MSU lines in the resistant and moderately resistant categories indicates we are making progress in breeding more scab resistant lines for the chip-processing and tablestock markets. Scab results from the disease nursery are also found in the Trial Summaries (Tables 2, 4-8C). H. Late Blight Trial (Table 10) entries were evaluated in replicated plots. The field was planted on 4 June and inoculated 25 July with isolate 95-7, and ratings were taken throughout August. Most lines were highly susceptible to the US-8 genotype of late blight. Included in this trial are the varieties and lines from the MSU trials at the Montcalm Research Farm. The partial results are summarized in Table 10. The first column lists the lines classified as resistant, while the second column lists select varieties that are susceptible. The late blight differential lines LBR8 and LBR9 were resistant in 2003 as in previous years (not shown in table). Twenty-one MSU lines were highly resistant to late blight. In addition 5 MSU lines (Jacqueline Lee, MSJ461-1, MSI152-A, MSJ317-1 and MSJ453-4) were highly resistant in a separate National Breeder Trial. Resistance of the MSU lines is derived from Tollocan (a Mexican variety), B0718-3 (USDA clone), AWN96518-2 (USDA clone), Stirling (Scottish variety), NY121 (Cornell University clone) and Jacqueline Lee (MSU variety). These resistant progeny indicate that we can continue to breed for resistance using this group of resistant clones. Some of the most promising late blight resistant clones are MSJ461-1, MSL159-AY, MSL179-AY, MSM171-A, MSI152-A and MSK136-2. We find these late blight resistant lines valuable because many of them also have marketable maturity. Many of these lines also have other desirable traits such as scab tolerance resistance and/or chip-processing quality. Tuber late blight resistance is being evaluated on many of the selections with foliar late blight resistance. I. Blackspot Susceptibility (Table 11) blackspot bruising have been implemented in the variety evaluation program over the past decade. Based upon the results collected over the past three years we decided to eliminate the check sample from our bruise assessment. Therefore a composite bruise sample of each line in the trials was collected. The sample consisted of 25 tubers (a composite of 4 reps) from each line at the time of grading. The 25 tuber sample was held in 50°F storage overnight and then was placed in a hexagon plywood drum and tumbled 10 times to provide a simulated bruise. The samples were peeled in an 23 Increased evaluations of advanced seedlings and new varieties for their susceptibility to abrasive peeler in October and individual tubers were assessed for the number of blackspot bruises on each potato. These data are shown in Table 11. The bruise data are represented in two ways: percentage of bruise free potatoes and average number of bruises per tuber. A high percentage of bruise-free potatoes is the desired goal; however, the numbers of blackspot bruises per potato is also important. Cultivars which show blackspot incidence greater than Atlantic are approaching the bruise-susceptible rating. In addition, the data is grouped by trial, since the bruise levels can vary between trials. Conducting the simulated bruise on 50°F tubers is helping to standardize the bruise testing. We are observing less variation between trials since we standardized the handling of the bruise sample. However, these results become more meaningful when evaluated over 3 years that reflects different growing seasons and harvest conditions. In 2003 the bruise levels were lower than other years. The most bruise resistant lines this year were FL1922, Keystone Russet, GoldRush, Onaway, Silverton Russet, MSE202-3RUS, and MSE221-1. The most susceptible lines were MSH095-4, UEC, Norvalley, FL1833, Snowden, Atlantic, Jacqueline Lee and MSI005-20Y. 24 Table 1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ROUND WHITE CHIP POTATOES: EARLY HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM AUGUST 14, 2003 (99 DAYS) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A MSJ147-1 FL1833 MSH112-6 AC87340-2W FL1879 ATLANTIC MSJ080-1 FL1867 MSF099-3 DAKOTA PEARL MSG227-2 MSF373-8 MSH095-4 SNOWDEN LIBERATOR UEC MSH067-3 FL1922 MSJ461-1LBR MSH360-1 MSH228-6 MSH094-8 MSJ167-1 MEAN LSD0.05 302 287 278 271 254 252 249 239 230 224 222 221 209 209 203 201 195 192 180 170 168 143 86 217 43 320 297 304 313 266 268 271 251 251 241 240 233 223 234 229 211 206 222 200 194 178 161 128 237 45 94 97 92 87 96 94 92 95 92 93 92 95 94 89 89 96 95 86 90 88 95 89 68 5 3 7 13 4 5 8 5 8 7 7 4 5 11 6 4 4 12 10 12 5 11 32 92 79 87 86 72 86 76 92 91 90 86 62 79 87 80 76 92 86 81 85 88 80 68 2 17 5 0 23 8 16 4 1 3 7 33 15 3 9 19 3 0 9 3 6 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 5 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1.081 1.080 1.087 1.072 1.073 1.085 1.072 1.087 1.083 1.075 1.079 1.070 1.080 1.083 1.083 1.076 1.084 1.079 1.068 1.082 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.079 0.005 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5 17 2 0 8 12 12 8 1 0 6 5 0 8 1 8 16 0 3 0 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 - - - - - 288 - - 215 272* 222 262 269 217 227 226* 251* - 193 - - 204 - * Two-Year Average LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. Planted May 7, 2003 25 Table 2 LINE ROUND WHITE CHIP POTATOES: LATE HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 29, 2003 (145 DAYS) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A SCAB4 MAT5 FL1879 AC87340 -2W MSJ080- 1 MSF373 -8 ATLANTIC MSH112 -6 -3 MSF099 MSG227 -2 1LBR MSJ461- UEC FL1833 -4 MSH095 -3 MSH067 -6 MSH228 LIBERAT OR MSJ147- 1 SNOWDE DAKOT MSH094 FL1922 FL1867 -1 MSH360 MSJ167- 1 N A PEARL -8 MEAN LSD0.05 364 360 360 349 341 330 327 323 321 309 302 297 291 286 284 284 273 243 238 231 231 212 150 292 60 372 400 389 357 366 361 349 346 349 317 320 312 299 301 334 302 294 266 259 264 241 235 172 313 59 98 90 92 98 93 91 94 93 92 97 95 95 97 95 85 94 93 91 92 87 96 90 87 2 9 6 1 3 5 5 5 8 3 4 3 2 4 4 5 6 7 6 9 3 7 11 67 87 73 42 84 81 88 82 78 72 70 75 74 76 72 81 88 86 73 83 90 86 84 31 3 20 55 9 11 5 11 14 25 25 20 23 20 13 13 5 5 18 5 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 11 1 1 2 2 4 1 3 2 1.076 1.076 1.073 1.082 1.089 1.087 1.088 1.081 1.076 1.082 1.084 1.086 1.087 1.082 1.080 1.081 1.085 1.079 1.084 1.076 1.085 1.084 1.087 1.082 0.004 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4 0 11 6 11 0 0 8 1 7 11 0 28 1 1 6 14 1 7 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 - 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.7 0.8 2.0 1.3 1.7 1.7 2.0 0.7 0.0 1.7 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.3 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.8 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.8 4.0 2.8 3.8 3.5 1.5 3.8 1.3 1.8 2.3 4.0 - - - 401 372 - 310 327 300 349 - 356 330* - 318 - 310 254* 302 - - - - * Two-Year Average (s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. : HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. ORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. ISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. ITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) LBR Line 1SIZE: B: 2QUALITY 3CHIP SC 4SCAB D 5MATUR Planted Ma y 7, 2003 26 Table 3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ROUND WHITE TABLESTOCK POTATOES: EARLY HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM AUGUST 14, 2003 (99 DAYS) LINE ONAWAY MICHIGAN PURPLE MSE018-1 MSH031-5 MSE221-1 JACQUELINE LEELBR MSG050-2 MSI152-ALBR MSJ197-1 MSJ317-1LBR MEAN LSD0.05 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT 291 269 262 236 230 207 202 193 168 167 223 51 307 288 286 259 253 280 220 250 188 197 253 55 95 93 92 91 91 74 92 77 90 85 3 5 8 8 4 25 8 22 10 15 76 73 84 86 72 73 88 75 81 83 19 20 8 5 19 1 3 2 8 2 2 2 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 1.071 1.070 1.085 1.084 1.071 1.083 1.078 1.072 1.077 1.072 1.076 0.003 0 1 7 0 6 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 332 317 248 290 316 173 - 264* - - * Two-Year Average LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Planted May 7, 2003 27 Table 4 LINE ROUND WHITE TABLESTOCK POTATOES: LATE HARVEST MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 25, 2003 (141 DAYS) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A SCAB3 MAT4 RPLE MSE018-1 ONAWAY MICHIGAN PU MSG050-2 JACQUELINE L MSJ197-1 MSI152-ALBR MSH031-5 MSJ317-1LBR MSE221-1 430 326 323 313 EE LBR 299 295 282 276 270 263 MEAN LSD0.05 308 44 456 364 346 345 368 314 314 309 302 307 343 51 94 90 93 91 81 94 90 90 89 86 4 2 3 7 18 5 10 9 9 3 73 58 62 73 80 76 84 80 85 61 21 32 32 18 1 18 6 10 5 25 2 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 1.088 1.066 1.066 1.075 1.084 1.077 1.070 1.079 1.079 1.067 1.075 0.003 5 0 2 0 0 12 6 0 6 4 10 4 1 0 0 4 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 2.0 1.4 2.3 1.7 2.5 1.7 3.0 1.7 3.7 1.0 4.0 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.8 3.5 3.8 1.8 3.8 1.3 409 334 328 - 236 - 296* 307 - 324 * Two-Year Average oliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm LBR Line(s) demonstrated f 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2- 2QUALITY: HH: 3SCAB DISEASE 4MATURITY RA Planted May 7, 2 3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. TING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) 003 28 Table 5 LINE USSET U U CO93016-3R U A8254-2BRU S KEYSTONE R ALTURAS R USSET RUSSET BURBANK A9305-10 AC89536-5R AC93026-9R A95109-1 CO93001-11R GOLDRUSH MSE192-8RUS SILVERTON RU AC92009-4R U ATX84706-2R A9304-3 MSE202-3RUS CO85026-4R U ATX84378-6R U U U SSET MEAN LSD0.05 RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 18, 2003 (128 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT 325 310 299 297 257 252 235 234 224 218 217 212 204 198 193 192 184 178 170 232 65 371 394 324 356 343 335 302 279 253 268 261 251 235 219 216 240 243 204 218 279 69 88 79 92 84 75 75 78 84 89 82 83 85 87 91 89 80 76 87 78 10 13 4 14 9 12 19 9 7 11 11 14 6 6 7 10 14 8 3 66 69 62 78 62 67 71 59 76 68 75 64 68 65 79 57 66 67 42 21 10 31 6 12 8 7 25 13 13 9 21 19 26 10 23 9 21 36 3 8 4 3 17 13 3 7 4 8 6 2 7 3 3 10 10 5 19 1.080 1.075 1.068 1.077 1.074 1.076 1.081 1.077 1.078 1.072 1.068 1.070 1.067 1.081 1.071 1.078 1.075 1.085 1.072 1.075 0.004 15 2 0 2 0 0 6 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 7 1 4 15 0 0 11 5 1 4 0 4 10 0 0 3 0 2 1 2 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 3-YR AVG US#1 SCAB4 MAT5 CWT/A 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.7 0.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 2.3 0.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.3 3.3 3.8 3.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.0 - - - - 205 - 255 - - - 224 231 184 243* - - 266 209 - * Two-Year Average oz.; A: 4-10oz.; OV: > 10oz.; PO: Pickouts. 1SIZE: B: < 4 2QUALITY: HH 4SCAB DISE 5MATURITY 6BRUISE: These lines 13, 2003 Planted May : Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. ASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 29 demonstrated blackspot bruise susceptibility in simulated bruise testing in 2003. Table 6 ENTRY NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 23, 2003 (133 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC CUT SCAB4 MAT5 MERIT6 ND5822C-7 RED PONTIAC SNOWDEN ND2470-27 A9014-2RUS W1773-7 MSG227-2 V0056-1 W1201 CV89023-2R W1836-3RUS MN18710RUS UEC ATLANTIC MSE221-1 V0379-2 MSH031-5 PACIFIC RUSSET ( MN15620LR MN19525R MN18747RUS NORVALLEY MSE202-3RUS RED NORLAND continued on follow V0168-3) ing page: 553 450 433 421 391 378 373 360 350 348 341 329 312 294 293 279 266 239 229 219 210 206 204 201 579 487 456 448 447 402 398 377 373 397 382 359 330 318 323 309 294 255 302 280 225 235 270 237 96 92 95 94 87 94 94 95 94 88 89 91 95 92 90 90 91 94 76 78 93 88 76 85 3 4 3 3 6 6 5 3 4 10 8 7 3 4 2 7 9 6 20 13 5 3 16 15 71 60 77 67 51 77 83 75 78 75 72 73 64 72 66 83 82 85 71 71 70 57 68 83 25 32 19 27 37 17 10 21 15 12 17 18 31 20 25 8 8 8 5 7 23 30 8 2 2 3 1 3 6 0 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 7 3 1 0 5 9 2 9 8 0 1.086 1.063 1.089 1.077 1.079 1.089 1.081 1.082 1.091 1.068 1.080 1.078 1.082 1.089 1.069 1.075 1.080 1.069 1.073 1.064 1.068 1.076 1.079 1.064 1.0 3.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.5 2.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 12 9 20 0 3 2 2 9 0 0 6 2 4 14 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 1 2 7 6 1 3 1 0 8 3 0 1 0 2 2 3 0 1 4 2 5 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.7 3.2 2.7 3.0 1.0 0.7 1.3 2.3 1.7 3.0 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.3 1.0 3.0 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.0 - - 0.3 1.0 1W 1RUS 2W 3W 2RUS 3RD 3.3 2.8 4.0 3.0 3.3 2.8 3.0 1.8 3.5 2.5 3.3 3.8 3.5 2.8 1.8 1.0 2.3 1.0 2.8 2.3 1.0 2.8 2.5 1.0 30 Table 6 continued ENTRY continued: ND3196-1R RUSSET BURBANK W2275-3R STAMPEDE RUSSET (AC) RUSSET NORKOTAH MEAN LSD0.05 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 23, 2003 (133 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC CUT SCAB4 MAT5 MERIT6 CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL 200 199 182 182 170 297 66 230 325 252 213 229 336 71 87 61 72 85 74 9 10 27 13 23 73 51 72 68 68 14 10 0 17 6 4 29 1 1 3 1.069 1.075 1.057 1.060 1.070 1.075 0.003 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 3 5 0 0 1 1 0 3 4 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.3 2.0 2RD 1RD 3RUS 1.3 3.3 2.5 1.5 1.5 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6MERIT: A Merit rating was given for the best 3 entries within each market class (rank order, 1 = best). Planted May 13, 2003 31 Table 7A LINE MSJ036-A MSJ453-4LBR ATLANTIC MSK498-1Y MSL757-1LBR MSJ316-A SNOWDEN MSK061-4 MSK476-1 MSK437-A MSK409-1 MSJ080-8 MSH356-A MSG301-9 PIKE MSJ456-4LBR MSH015-2 MSJ126-9Y MEAN LSD0.05 ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 15, 2003 (124 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC PERCENT OF TOTAL1 TOTAL CUT SCAB4 MAT5 389 331 330 326 325 296 277 264 260 245 229 226 210 207 203 181 126 119 252 61 424 380 402 352 362 313 295 293 290 256 250 248 234 231 224 223 142 146 281 63 92 87 82 93 90 95 94 90 90 96 91 91 90 90 91 81 89 81 8 12 18 7 10 5 6 10 9 3 8 8 9 10 9 19 7 18 81 77 82 88 76 83 86 88 87 60 80 84 84 85 91 72 83 81 10 10 0 5 14 12 8 2 3 36 11 7 5 4 0 10 6 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 1 1.083 1.087 1.086 1.079 1.084 1.083 1.087 1.086 1.097 1.076 1.085 1.086 1.081 1.078 1.086 1.079 1.091 1.073 1.084 0.003 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6 15 0 0 6 0 15 0 0 8 1 0 11 0 0 7 2 0 2 3 4 0 0 0 5 10 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.4 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.7 2.0 1.7 0.0 1.5 2.3 1.0 1.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.8 2.5 2.5 3.3 1.5 3.3 2.0 3.0 2.5 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 14, 2003 3 2 Table 7B Table 7B LINE LINE MSI049-A MSI049-A MSK125-3 MSK125-3 STIRLINGLBR STIRLINGLBR NDTX4271-5R NDTX4271-5R MSE149-5Y MSE149-5Y ONAWAY ONAWAY MSI005-20Y MSI005-20Y CO89097-2RED CO89097-2RED NDTX4304-1R NDTX4304-1R MSK136-2LB MSK136-2LBR MSJ204-3 CO93037-6RED DAKOTA ROSE NDC5281-2RED MSK068-2 MSL175-1 A83350-9R YUKON GOLD MSG004-3 MSJ033-6Y MEAN LSD0.05 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 25, 2003 (141 DAYS) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A CWT/A CHIP CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TUBER QUALITY2 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 TOTAL TOTAL CUT CUT SCAB3 MAT4 SCAB3 MAT4 365 365 350 350 346 346 329 329 328 328 327 327 303 303 302 302 295 295 287 273 269 258 256 231 227 222 220 193 171 278 49 394 394 391 391 371 371 367 367 350 350 352 352 341 341 342 342 311 311 321 287 350 276 290 267 234 246 238 206 231 308 49 93 93 90 90 93 93 90 90 94 94 93 93 89 89 88 88 95 95 89 95 77 93 88 86 97 90 92 94 74 4 4 9 9 4 4 5 5 4 4 2 2 6 6 7 7 5 5 11 4 15 4 11 13 2 10 6 6 13 70 70 82 82 70 70 75 75 77 77 70 70 79 79 68 68 86 86 89 81 70 76 83 83 61 87 78 81 64 22 22 7 7 23 23 15 15 17 17 23 23 10 10 20 20 9 9 1 14 7 18 5 3 36 3 14 13 10 4 4 1 1 3 3 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 0 1 8 3 1 0 1 0 2 0 13 1.069 1.069 1.075 1.075 1.075 1.075 1.065 1.065 1.070 1.070 1.068 1.068 1.077 1.077 1.074 1.074 1.056 1.056 1.090 1.078 1.065 1.058 1.074 1.081 1.069 1.068 1.080 1.070 1.070 1.072 0.003 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 - - 1.0 1.0 - - - - - - - - 1.0 - - - - - - - - - - 8 8 5 5 18 18 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 2 2 0 3 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.3 3.3 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 1.0 1.0 4.0 3.8 2.5 1.0 1.0 4.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 7, 2003 33 33 Table 8A MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 10, 2003 (119 DAYS) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT CHIP MSK117-AY MSM072-1 ATLANTIC MSK085-A SNOWDEN MSM051-3 MSK009-B MSR3-26 MSI037-5 MSM190-8 MSM083-A MSL164-A MSM414-1Y MSM046-4 MSL007-B MSM058-3 MSM144-CY MSK072-B MSK116-B MSM188-1 MSM185-1 MSM107-7 PIKE MSM414-3YLBR MSM060-3 MSM109-3Y MEAN LSD0.05 365 337 327 299 298 284 267 264 260 241 240 239 236 226 225 221 220 220 201 188 176 166 155 151 148 146 229 80 395 360 339 334 320 287 285 284 280 270 279 250 255 265 261 248 253 228 211 228 197 187 171 230 216 191 257 83 93 93 97 90 93 99 94 93 93 89 86 95 93 85 86 89 87 96 95 82 89 89 90 66 68 77 7 7 3 10 7 1 6 6 7 11 14 5 5 15 14 11 12 4 5 18 11 11 10 34 31 23 77 76 89 88 85 85 82 92 87 89 86 75 88 85 86 89 85 92 88 82 84 89 90 64 68 77 16 17 8 1 8 13 12 2 6 0 0 21 5 0 0 0 2 4 7 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.086 1.092 1.095 1.083 1.089 1.086 1.079 1.093 1.087 1.087 1.091 1.090 1.088 1.095 1.086 1.077 1.074 1.091 1.079 1.092 1.087 1.069 1.088 1.079 1.092 1.085 1.086 0.004 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 1 2 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 SCAB4 MAT5 - 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.0 3.0 1.3 3.3 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.7 0.7 0.7 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.7 1.3 3.3 2.0 1.5 3.0 0.7 2.0 3.5 3.5 1.0 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 4.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 14, 2003 34 Table 8B MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES WITH LATE BLIGHT RESISTANT PEDIGREES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 10, 2003 (119 DAYS) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT CHIP ATLANTIC MSM417-ALBR SNOWDEN MSM164-2Y MSM170-D MSL737-ALBR MSK027-CLBR MSK128-ALBR MSK124-ALBR MSL045-AYLBR MSL179-AYLBR MSL023-B MSL258-CY MSM409-2YLBR MSL276-A PIKE MEAN LSD0.05 327 305 298 296 282 273 267 255 254 253 245 241 225 212 192 155 255 NS 339 327 320 322 306 301 302 276 281 272 279 268 252 286 241 171 284 NS 97 93 93 92 92 91 88 92 90 93 88 90 89 74 80 90 3 7 7 5 8 9 12 7 10 6 12 6 10 26 19 10 89 77 85 64 83 88 86 86 83 89 82 79 83 74 77 90 8 16 8 28 10 3 3 6 7 4 5 11 6 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 1 0 1 0 1.095 1.084 1.089 1.080 1.078 1.085 1.093 1.080 1.077 1.073 1.072 1.082 1.081 1.084 1.097 1.088 1.084 0.008 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 SCAB4 MAT5 2.3 4.0 2.4 1.3 3.3 4.0 2.7 - 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.0 2.7 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 1.5 4.0 1.5 1.5 3.5 3.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 4.0 2.0 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 14, 2003 35 Table 8C Table 8C LINE LINE MSM224-1LBR MSM224-1LBR MSM418-5LBR MSM418-5LBR MSM171-ALB R MSM171-ALBR MSM183-1LBR MSM183-1LBR MSM200-6 MSM200-6 MSK193-B MSK193-B ONAWAY ONAWAY MSM066-4 MSM066-4 MSL175-B MSL175-B MSL228-1 MSL228-1 MSM205-A MSM205-A MSL210-A MSL210-A MSL159-AYLB MSL159-AYLBR MSM143-CY MSM182-1LBR MSM140-B MSL211-3LBR A95053-61 MSL025-ARUS MSM288-2Y A96895-58LBLBR A97039-51LBLBR MSM286-EY MEAN LSD0.05 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM SEPTEMBER 11, 2003 (120 DAYS) CWT/A CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As As OV OV PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS TUBER QUALITY2 TUBER QUALITY2 BC BC CHIP CHIP MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS TOTAL TOTAL CUT CUT SCAB4 MAT5 SCAB4 MAT5 444 444 378 378 349 349 327 327 287 287 283 283 274 274 272 272 260 260 259 259 252 252 249 249 244 230 229 229 228 217 212 181 167 164 147 256 94 483 483 393 393 357 357 391 391 336 336 302 302 335 335 285 285 283 283 283 283 323 323 295 295 299 256 276 295 269 301 290 231 195 206 177 298 102 92 92 96 96 98 98 84 84 85 85 94 94 82 82 95 95 92 92 92 92 78 78 84 84 82 90 83 78 85 72 73 78 86 79 83 8 8 2 2 2 2 16 16 14 14 4 4 3 3 4 4 8 8 7 7 14 14 14 14 18 10 16 22 15 26 26 22 5 19 17 77 77 83 83 78 78 80 80 79 79 78 78 61 61 91 91 82 82 82 82 78 78 83 83 82 85 83 77 83 72 66 78 52 76 83 15 15 13 13 20 20 4 4 6 6 15 15 20 20 4 4 10 10 9 9 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 1 1 0 7 0 33 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 16 16 1 1 0 0 2 2 8 8 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 9 1 0 1.078 1.078 1.077 1.077 1.068 1.068 1.092 1.092 1.088 1.088 1.082 1.082 1.067 1.067 1.076 1.076 1.083 1.083 1.084 1.084 1.085 1.085 1.081 1.081 1.096 1.078 1.080 1.078 1.076 1.085 1.071 1.072 1.065 1.082 1.072 1.079 0.004 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 - - 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.0 - 3.0 1.0 3.0 0.7 2.7 2.3 3.7 2.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 4.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 1.0 1.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 3.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 3.5 3.0 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 1SIZE: B: <2"; A: 2-3.25"; OV: >3.25"; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. 3CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 4 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: Taken August 28, 2003; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted May 14, 2003 36 36 Table 9 Potato Line Mean Rating (0-5) RESISTANT CATEGORY: 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A8254-2BRUS A95109-1 AC89536-5RU AC93026-9RU LIBERATOR MSG301-9 AC92009-4RUS MN18710RUS MSE192-8RUS MSE202-3RUS SILVERTON RUSSET STAMPEDE RUSSET A9304-3 ATX84378-6RU KEYSTONE RUSSET RUSSET BURBANK MSH228-6 MSK409-1 MSL007-B MSL019-AY MSL025-ARUS MSM046-4 MSM060-3 RED NORLAND W1773-7 W1836-3RUS MSG227-2 A9014-2RUS CO93016-3RU GOLDRUSH MN19525R MSE221-1 MSH015-2 MSI005-20Y MSJ204-3 MSK476-1 MSL211-3LBR MSM051-3 MSM066-4 MSM190-8 ND3196-1R W2275-3R Worst Rating (0-5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Potato Line DAKOTA PEARL FL1922 MSJ036-A MSJ047-5 MSJ126-9Y MSJ453-4LBR MSL228-1 MSM164-2Y MSM188-1 MSM200-6 MSR3-26 UEC ONAWAY DAKOTA ROSE FL1867 MN18747LW MSL164-A MSM151-1Y PIKE A83350-9R A9305-10 ALTURAS RUSSET FL1833 MSG050-2 MSH031-5 MSH095-4 MSH356-A MSJ042-3 MSJ147-1 MSJ197-1 MSJ316-A MSM057-A MSM058-3 MSM414-1Y MSM418-5LBR ND5822C-7 NDTX4304-1R V0168-3 W1201 CO93001-11RUS 2003 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) MODERATELY-RESISTANT CATEGORY: 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 4 *SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Interm Highly Susceptible. LSD0.05 = 1.3 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. ediate; 5: field trials in 2003 at 37 2.0 ATX84706-2Rus 2.0 CO93037-6R 2.0 LADY ROSETTA 2.0 MSE018-1 2.0 MSE149-5Y 2.0 MSF373-8 2.0 MSG004-3 2.0 MSH067-3 2.0 MSI032-6 2.0 MSJ080-1 2.0 MSJ080-8 2.0 MSJ167-1 MSJ461-1LBR 2.0 2.0 MSK061-4 MSK136-2LBR 2.0 2.0 MSK437-A 2.0 MSK469-1 2.0 MSL143-1 2.0 MSL175-1 2.0 MSL175-B 2.0 MSL258-CY 2.0 MSL265-BY 2.0 MSL276-A 2.0 MSM107-7 2.0 MSM109-3Y 2.0 MSM144-CY 2.0 MSM147-A MSM171-ALBR 2.0 2.0 MSM286-EY NDTX4271-5R 2.0 RUSSET NORKOTAH 2.0 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 Potato Line A95053-61 CO89097-2R CV89023-2 MSI152-ALBR MSK009-B MSL045-AYLBR MSL181-A MSL210-A MSL727-CY MSM072-1 MSM140-8 MSM205-A MSM288-AY MSM414-3YLBR ND2470-27 SPUNTA RED PONTIAC MSI037-5 MSK068-2 MSK482-A MSL023-B MSM170-D MSM185-1 A97039-51LBLBR MSJ317-1LBR B0718-1LBR MSK124-ALBR MSL737-ALBR MSM417-ALBR Worst Rating (0-5) : 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Table 9 continued 2003 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIG AN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BR EEDING and GENETICS Potato Line Potato Line Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Mean Rating (0-5) Worst Rating (0-5) Mean Rating (0-5) SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY: SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY: SUSCEPTIBLE CATEGORY MSK125-3 MSL766-1 ATLANTIC A96895-58LBLBR CO85026-4Rus MICHIGAN PURPLE MN15620R MSH094-8 MSH112-6 MSH360-1 MSI049-A MSJ456-4LBR MSK085-A MSM151-2 NDC5281-2R V0056-1 YUKON GOLD SNOWDEN JACQUELINE LEELBR MSI002-3 MSK072-B MSL757-1LBR MSM083-A MSM288-2Y SPUNTA G2 SPUNTA G3 AC87340-2W MSF099-3 MSI061-B MSJ033-6Y MSJ143-4 MSJ456-2YLBR MSK027-CLBR MSK116-B MSK188-AY MSK193-B MSK410-2Y MSK498-1Y MSL159-AYLBR MSL179-AYLBR MSL753-AR MSM183-1LBR MSM409-2YLBR STIRLING 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 *SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly S LSD0.05 = 1.3 usceptible. 38 Table 10 MICHIGAN ST POTATO BREEDI ATE UNIVERSITY NG and GENETICS 2003 LATE BLIGHT VARIETY TRIAL MUCK SOILS RESEARCH FARM LINE RAUDPC1 MEAN Table2 LINE RAUDPC1 MEAN Foliar Resistance Category: 0.0 A97039-51LB 0.0 MSL159-AY 0.0 MSL179-AY MSM183-1 0.0 0.0 MSL766-1 0.1 MSK128-A MSL265-BY 0.1 0.2 MSM140-B 0.2 MSM182-1 0.2 STIRLING MSL045-AY 0.3 0.4 MSL211-3 0.4 MSM224-1 A96895-58LB 0.4 0.5 MSL737-A 0.6 MSM171-A 0.7 MSI152-A MSK136-2 1.5 1.6 MSM151-1Y 1.6 MSL757-1 MSJ453-4 2.0 4.5 MSK124-A 4.6 MSK027-C MSM418-5 6.0 LSD0.05 8.4 Table 8C Table 8C Table 8B Table 8C Table 8B Table 8C Table 7B Table 8B Table 8C Table 8C Table 8C Table 8B Table 8C Tables 3,4 Table 7B Table 7A Table 7A Table 8B Table 8B Table 8C lect lines) 3 : Foliar Susceptibility Category (se SNOWDEN KEYSTONE RUSSET ALTURAS RUSSET FL1879 SILVERTON RUSSET GOLDRUSH NORVALLEY FL1833 PIKE W1201 UEC RUSSET BURBANK FL1867 STAMPEDE RUSSET YUKON GOLD RED NORLAND RUSSET NORKOTAH ATLANTIC ONAWAY FL1922 18.2 18.6 21.2 22.8 23.1 24.3 24.3 25.0 25.1 27.0 31.4 32.3 32.7 34.4 34.5 36.3 37.3 39.3 46.3 47.8 8.4 s Curve). 1 Ratings indicate the average plot RAUDPC (Relative Area Under the Disease Progres 2 Agronomic performance data of this line may be found on the referenced table. 3 100 potato varieties and advanced breeding lines were tested in all. For brevity purpo selected varieties and breeding lines are listed. Varieties and breeding lines with a mean value of 8.4 and less are considered resistant in 2003. Phytopthora infestans isolate 95-7 was inoculated 25 July 2003. Planted as a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 replications of 4 hill plot ses, only RAUDPC s on 4 June 20 39 Table 11 ENTRY MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 2 4 3 1 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER R 1 1 1 1 2 1 ROUND WHITES: CHIP-PROCESSING LINES FL1922 DAKOTA PEARL AC87340-2W B0766-3 MSJ080-1 LIBERATOR MSH228-6 MSJ147-1 MSJ461-1LB MSF099-3 MSH112-6 FL1879 MSG227-2 MSH094-8 MSF373-8 MSJ167-1 MSH067-3 MSH360-1 FL1833 SNOWDEN ATLANTIC MSH095-4 24 18 17 15 18 16 13 12 13 13 14 13 14 14 12 11 12 13 11 5 10 6 1 6 7 9 4 6 11 13 11 10 9 8 6 6 8 9 6 6 6 12 5 3 1 2 1 2 4 3 4 2 3 2 2 5 3 7 96 72 68 60 72 64 52 48 52 52 56 52 56 56 48 44 48 52 44 20 40 24 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 5 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 * Twenty-five A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored on October 24, 2002. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials in 2003 at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. 40 Table 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 2 4 1 3 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER R ROUND WHITES: TABLESTOCK LINES MSE221-1 MICHIGAN PURPLE MSH031-5 MSJ317-1LB ONAWAY MSI152-ALBR MSJ197-1 MSG050-2 MSE018-1 JACQUELINE LEE LBR 19 17 19 15 17 13 10 12 4 3 6 8 4 9 6 10 11 8 6 9 RUSSET TRIAL ATX84706-2RU ALTURAS RUSSET KEYSTONE RUSSET A9305-10 GOLDRUSH MSE202-3RUS SILVERTON RUSSET A8254-2BRUS AC93026-9RU RUSSET BURBANK AC89536-5RU MSE192-8RUS CO93016-3RU A9304-3 ATX84378-6RU AC92009-4RU A95109-1 CO85026-4RU CO93001-11RU 24 23 23 22 22 22 21 20 22 20 19 18 16 14 14 16 11 12 9 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 1 4 5 5 7 7 7 5 11 7 11 1 1 1 2 3 2 8 4 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 2 3 4 4 1 1 1 3 5 6 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 76 68 76 60 68 52 40 48 16 12 96 92 92 88 88 88 84 80 88 80 76 72 64 56 56 64 44 48 36 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 41 Table 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 2 1 3 4 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MSE202-3RUS 1 1 RED NORLAND 1 STAMPEDE RUSSET (AC) 2 MN18710RUS W2275-3R 2 5 MN19525R 6 MN15620LR 3 RUSSET NORKOTAH MN18747RUS 2 5 RED PONTIAC 6 CV89023-2R ND3196-1R 6 5 MSG227-2 6 MSH031-5 5 PACIFIC RUSSET (V0168-3) RUSSET BURBANK 4 3 W1836-3RUS 4 A9014-2RUS 3 ND2470-27 V0379-2 3 10 V0056-1 8 ATLANTIC 6 W1773-7 ND5822C-7 14 13 W1201 4 MSE221-1 2 NORVALLEY B0766-3 6 5 SNOWDEN 24 24 24 23 23 20 19 21 21 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 18 17 17 12 13 13 7 8 13 13 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 4 3 2 3 3 4 2 4 7 8 4 1 1 2 1 1 5 96 96 96 92 92 80 76 84 84 76 72 72 72 72 72 72 76 72 68 68 48 52 52 28 32 52 52 36 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.6 42 Table 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 2 1 R 1 ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSG301-9 MSK437-A MSJ126-9Y MSJ316-A MSL757-1LB PIKE MSK476-1 MSJ080-8 MSK061-4 MSK498-1Y MSJ456-4LBR MSH015-2 MSK409-1 MSJ036-A SNOWDEN ATLANTIC MSH356-A MSJ453-4YLBR 25 24 23 18 19 21 18 17 16 15 15 13 11 11 10 9 9 8 1 1 7 5 1 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 7 6 5 7 7 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 4 5 3 4 5 2 4 1 1 2 3 4 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES DAKOTA ROSE MSL175-1 NDTX4304-1R ONAWAY MSJ033-6Y NDC5281-2RED A83350-9R CO89097-2RED MSK068-2 YUKON GOLD CO93037-6RED MSG004-3 NDTX4271-5R MSE149-5Y MSI049-A MSK136-2LBR MSJ204-3 MSI005-20Y MSK125-3 STIRLINGLBR 23 22 22 22 21 22 22 18 18 20 19 16 14 13 12 7 8 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 4 2 1 7 7 3 4 6 8 7 5 12 9 7 6 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 4 9 8 5 2 4 4 5 9 1 1 3 3 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 100 96 92 72 76 84 72 68 64 60 60 52 44 44 40 36 36 32 92 88 88 88 84 88 88 72 72 80 76 64 56 52 48 28 32 16 20 16 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.6 2.6 43 Table 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 2 1 1 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSM072-1 MSM060-3 MSM107-7 MSK072-B PIKE MSI037-5 MSK085-A MSM058-3 MSM144-CY MSK009-B MSM185-1 MSM190-8 MSM109-3Y MSM188-1 MSM051-3 MSM414-3YLBR MSR3-26 MSM046-4 MSK116-B MSM083-A ATLANTIC MSK117-AY MSL007-B SNOWDEN MSL164-A MSM414-1Y 22 20 21 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 17 18 15 15 15 18 13 13 15 10 11 9 6 10 10 11 3 5 3 4 5 4 5 5 7 6 5 4 8 8 6 3 9 7 5 11 7 9 12 6 6 5 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 5 2 3 4 5 7 7 6 6 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 88 80 84 80 76 76 72 72 68 68 68 72 60 60 60 72 52 52 60 40 44 36 24 40 40 44 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 44 Tabl e 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVER POTATO BREEDING and GENET SITY ICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 1 2 4 3 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUB ER ELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES with LATE BLIGHT RESISTANT PEDIGREES L179-AYLBR K128-ALBR L737-ALBR 1 ELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES 286-EY 288-2Y 409-2YLBR PR MS MS MS MSM PIKE MSM MS MS MS MS MS MSM ATLANTIC SNOWDEN MSL276-A MSM164-2Y 170-D L258-CY L023-B L045-AYLBR K027-CLBR K124-ALBR 417-ALBR 171-ALBR L025-ARUS L210-A L175-B 066-4 140-B 39-51LBLBR L211-3LBR L228-1 PR MSM MS MSM MS MS MSM MSM A970 MS MS MSM ON A968 MSM MSM MS 224-1LBR MSM MSM 205-A MSM200-6 MS A950 MSM MSM L159-AYLBR 53-61LBR? 418-5LBR 183-1LBR AWAY 95-58LBLBR 143-CY 182-1LBR K193-B 23 23 19 19 19 15 18 15 15 14 11 14 11 10 10 11 25 23 23 22 20 20 20 18 17 18 19 17 16 17 13 14 15 12 6 9 10 7 5 2 1 5 5 5 8 3 6 7 6 10 6 7 6 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 3 4 7 6 4 2 2 3 5 5 5 4 6 4 3 5 5 5 7 6 3 7 13 7 4 5 6 3 2 3 2 2 4 1 5 4 5 2 2 5 6 4 5 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 4 8 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 92 92 76 76 76 60 72 60 60 56 44 56 44 40 40 44 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 100 92 92 88 80 80 80 72 68 72 76 68 64 68 52 56 60 48 24 36 40 28 20 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 45 Table 11 ENTRY 2003 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSIT Y POTATO BREEDING and GENETIC S NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 1 2 4 3 1 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION: BRUISE SAMPLES AF1424-7 SNOWDEN MSF099-3 NDTX4930-5W A91790-13 ATLANTIC MSH095-4 MSG227-2 ND5822C-7 ND2470-27 W1355-1 W1201 24 23 23 22 21 20 19 14 16 14 14 12 1 2 1 3 3 5 3 9 7 8 8 10 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 SNACK FOOD ASSOCIATION: CHECK SAMPLES A91790-13 AF1424-7 ATLANTIC MSF099-3 MSG227-2 ND2470-27 NDTX4930-5W SNOWDEN W1201 W1355-1 MSH095-4 ND5822C-7 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 1 1 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBE R 96 92 92 88 84 80 76 56 64 56 56 48 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46 Funding: Federal Grant, MPIC and SFA/USPB 2003 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Fred Springborn (Montcalm), Dave Glenn (Presque Isle), and Dr. Doo-Hong Min (Upper Peninsula) Introduction On-farm potato variety trials were conducted with 13 farms in 2003 at a total of 14 locations. Eight of the locations evaluated processing entries and six evaluated fresh market entries. The processing cooperators were Crooks Farms Inc. (St. Joseph / Montcalm) counties, L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (St. Joseph), Lennard Ag. Co. (Monroe), 4- L Farms, Inc. (Allegan), Main Farms (Montcalm) and Townview Farms (Montcalm). The SFA chip trial was at V & G Farms (Montcalm). Fresh market trial cooperators were Crawford Farms Inc. (Montcalm), DuRussel’s Potato Farms, Inc. (Washtenaw), Wilk Farms (Presque Isle), Fedak Farms (Bay), Horkey Bros. (Monroe) and M.J. Van Damme Farms (Marquette). Procedure There were two types of processing trials conducted this year. The first type contained nine entries which were compared with check varieties Atlantic, Snowden and Pike. This trial type was conducted at Main Farms, Lennard Ag. Co., 4-L Farms, and L. Walthers & Sons. Varieties in these trials were planted in 100’ strip plots. Seed spacing was grower dependent, but in general ranged from 9 to 13 inches. The Walther trial was planted in four replicated plots and harvested at three harvest dates of 89, 112 and 142 days after planting. Plot size was 34” wide by 20 hills long. Seed spacing was 9”. The second type of processing trial, referred to as a “Select” trial, contained from seven to nine lines which were compared to the variety in the field. In these trials each variety was planted in a 15’ row plot. Seed spacing and row width was 10” and 34” respectively. Within the fresh market trials, there were 27 entries evaluated. There were 12-21 lines planted at each of the following locations; Bay, Marquette, Monroe, Montcalm, Presque Isle, and Washtenaw counties. The varieties in each trial ranged from mostly round white varieties to mostly russet varieties. These varieties were planted in 100’ strip plots. Again, spacing varied from 6 to 14 inches depending upon grower production practices and variety. 47 Results A. Processing and “Select” Processing Variety Trial Results A description of the processing varieties, their pedigree and scab rating are listed in Table 1. The overall averages of the three locations of Allegan, Montcalm and Monroe counties are shown in Table 2. The data from L. Walther & Sons in St. Joseph County is shown separately in Table 3 (first harvest, 89 days), Table 4 (second harvest, 112 days) and Table 5 (third harvest, 142 days). The overall averages of the “Select” processing trial, which are averaged across two growers, two counties and a total of three locations, are in Table 6. Processing Variety Highlights MSF099-3, an introduction from the Michigan State University Potato Breeding Program was the top yielder having a 411 cwt/A US#1 yield with a three year US#1 yield average of 371cwt/A. MSF099-3, an oval to oblong round white, with excellent chip processing quality continues to perform well in state and regional trials. Specific gravity has generally been acceptable and internal defects low. Common scab susceptibility continues to be a shortfall of this variety. In some cases the tubers have been so infected that they were classified as unmarketable. UEC a variety that continues to show commercial potential was the second highest yielder in this years trial at 404 cwt/A US#1 yield with a 375 cwt/A US#1 yield over three years of testing. Internal quality and chip quality are good. Specific gravity has tended to be on the margin of acceptability at 1.078 to 1.082. Other lines that are showing some traits of interest are W1201, with the ability to bulk early and the potential for above average US#1 yields along with some common scab tolerance. MSG227-2 has scab tolerance and good chip quality with a nice appearance. Liberator has good chip quality out of the field and from long term storage, as well as, good size distribution, scab tolerance and an average yield potential. MSJ461-1 has a competitive yield, good chip quality and excellent late blight tolerance. B. SFA / USPB Chip Trial Results The Michigan location of the SFA / USPB chip trial was on the V & G Farm in Montcalm county again this year. Table 7 shows the yields, size distribution and specific gravity of the entries when compared with Atlantic and Snowden. Table 8 shows the chip quality evaluations from samples processed and scored by Jays Foods, LLC, Chicago. C. Fresh Market and “Select” Fresh Market Variety Trial Results A description of the fresh pack varieties, their pedigree and scab rating are listed in Table 9. Table 10 shows the overall average of six locations; Bay, Marquette, Monroe, Presque Isle and Washtenaw counties. 48 well. en in our chip Y112), a Cornell University selection that has previously be Fresh Market Variety Highlight Marcy (N processing trial was the top yielder in the Fresh pack trial for 2003. Marcy had a 451 cwt/A US#1 yield of round, netted tubers. Oversize and “a” size tubers accounted for 94% of the production with minimal internal defects (2 hollow heart nce to common scab and a fresh pack gravity in 60 tubers). This variety has a tolera from 1.072-1.080 in Michigan. Black spot susceptibility has been noted for this variety as MSJ461-1, a dual purpose round white with strong foliar late blight resistance second highest in US#1 yield at 421 cwt/A with a 1.079 average gravity over six locations. Internal quality is excellent, but susceptibility to common scab has be noted. Keystone Russet, a Colorado russet introduction, which performed well last year in our On-farm trials was the fourth highest yielder over 6 locations. Yield and quality were nice, but availability of nematode free seed is an issue for further commercialization. Other varieties of interest were Keuka Gold having a 395 cwt/A US#1 yield with nice size an d appearance and no internal defects. Keuka Gold has a nice yellow flesh c omparable to Yukon Gold. An MSU selection, MSI005-20Y, was also a nice yellow flesh potato with an above average yield and no internal defects. MSH031- 1 is a bright skinned round white that has no internal defects. This variety had a 348 cwt/A US#1 yield over two years. was en 49 Table 1. Atlantic (B6987-56) Alturas (A82360-7) Lib (MS erator A091-1) MS702-80 X Norchip 0.3 P ike E55-35) (NY Snowden 855) (W B0 766-3 Allegany X Atlantic B5141-6 X Wischip B0243-18 X B9792- 157 (Coastal Chip) 1.5 3.0 1.5 MS F099-3 Snowden X Chaleur 3.7 MS G227-2 Prestile X MSC127-3 0.5 MSH094-8 MSE251-1 X W877 MSH095-4 MSE266-2 OP MSH228-6 MSC127-3 OP MSJ080-1 MSC148-A X S440 2.3 2.0 1.3 2.5 2003 MSU Processing Potato Va Entry Pedigree Scab riety Trials Characteristics Wauseon X Lenape Rating** 3.0 A77182-1 X A75188-3 1.3 Early maturing, high yield check variety. Very high yield, high specific gravity, late maturing, high tuber number per hill, oblong, light russet, scab tolerant. Full season maturity, averag e yield, tubers round with some tendency to form Norchip off- types, chips best from 50 °F , good from long-term storag e. Early maturing, early storage check variety. Late maturing, late season storage check variety. Mid season maturity, high yi uniform size, scab toleran eld, t, ood chip round to oval shape, g quality until early March from 50 ºF. Oval to oblong and slig htly flattened, average yield: low internal defects and excellent chip color from 50 °F in May. Average yield potential: flattened round shape, shallow eyes, low internal defects, chip color variable in storage. Mid season maturity , cold chipping potential 42 °F, very low internal defects. Mid-season maturity, bruise susceptibility equal to Snowden. Mid-season maturity, slightly flatted tubers, shallow eyes, interme Mid-season maturity, yield diate specific gravity. similar to Atlantic, low internal defects, intermediate specific gravity. 50 Entry MSJ461-1 Pedigree Tollocan X NY88 Scab Rating* 2.7 Steub en X Kanona 3.0 Mon ticello (NY102 or K 9-29) U EC* Unknown W1201 Wischip X FYF 85 W 1368 W831 X S459 1.5 1.3 - Characteristics Maturity slightly earlier than Snowden, round tubers with g bright skin, low defects, stron foliar late blight resistan ce, chipped well 2003 Demo Storage, intermediate specific gravity. Mid-season maturity, average yield, high specific gravity, good storability, low internal defects. Early maturity, high yield, some heat stress tolerance. Late maturing, high yield, cold chipper 45 °F, deep eyes. Medium late maturity, average yield, high specif smooth round to oval shape. ic gravity, **Sca *Unk b rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. nown Eastern Chipper (UEC) was previously tested and labeled as the clone B0766- 3. B0766-3, a USDA Beltsville potato clone from Dr. Kathleen Haynes’ Breeding Program, Beltsville, Maryland is being considered for release. The official seed source for B0766-3 is the Uihlein Seed Farm, NY. The two clones UEC and B0766-3 have undergone fingerprint analysis at Michigan State University and the pattern of B0766-3 does not match that of UEC. Thus, the UEC clone tested was incorrectly referred to as B0766-3. No known variety or breeding clone matches the UEC fingerprint pattern to date. The origin and pedigree of UEC is currently unknown. UEC seed that is represented in this summary was obtained from Devoe Seed Farm, Limestone, ME. The initial seed stock was obtained from the Maine State Seed Farm which is the Porter Seed Farm. The Michigan State University fingerprint data of UEC shows an identical match between the Devoe Farm seed and the tissue culture plantlets at the Porter Seed Farm from which all the seed labeled as UEC has been derived. 51 Table 2. es 003 Proc sing Pot ty Trial 2 rage - T Ave Overall ons legan, M r oe, Montcalm Counties on Al ar ie V ocati L ee ato hr 3-YR AVG CWT/A OTAL T 472 468 420 521 423 434 419 389 367 352 344 285 408 US#1 432 411 404 402 397 393 338 338 332 314 312 234 359 S# U 1 91 88 97 76 94 91 81 88 90 90 90 84 88 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8 " As: 1 7/8" - OV: > 3.25" PO: Pickout s 3.25" LINE Atlantic MSF099-3 UEC Alturas W1201 MSG227-2 MSJ461-1 Liberator MSH095-4 Snowden MSH094-8 Pike MEAN PERC Bs 8 11 3 24 5 9 19 12 9 10 8 16 ENT L1 OF TOTA O As V 7 84 86 2 2 74 3 75 1 1 80 3 0 91 79 2 86 2 10 80 86 3 2 88 82 1 CHIP SCORE3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 TUBER Q HH 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VD 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 TY2 UALI S IB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BC 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOT AL CU T 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 PO 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 GR SP 82 1.0 76 1.0 78 1.0 84 1.0 90 1.0 79 1.0 75 1.0 1.082 1.084 1.077 1.083 84 1.0 1.0 81 pes COM ace S b, Pe rfac MENTS cab ar Sha e Scab urf ca Su C ca b ab Sc & S d S d & b, G ed S Surface ted Pit Pitte SL Pitte SL TR Sca SL Pitt TR SL Pitted & Surface Scab TR SED Deep Eyes, SL Pitted Scab SL Pitted Scab SL Pitted & Surface S TR Pit b, SL In Sca ted cab, Obl ternal N ong ec rosis US#1 CWT/A 349 371 375 - 351* 300 - 290* 310 310 274 225 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: VD IBS BC Hollow Heart : Vascular : Internal Brow : Brown Center Discoloratio n n Spot E soc. Scal e 3CHIP COLOR SCOR Snack (Out Ratin 1: Ex 5: Po Food As of the field) gs: 1 - 5 cellent or * Two-Y ear Average G C = (Gr owth Crack) SL = (Slight) End Defect) (Stem T R = (Trace) SED = 52 Table 3. 2003 Processing Potato Variet y Trial L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (Three Rivers, MI) First Harvest1 Augu s t 25, 2003 ( 89 D ays) OTAL2 PERCENT OF T all Sm L A s 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 5 8 7 7 7 6 7 1 7 4 7 2 7 8 6 6 5 Bs 8 15 11 9 12 21 22 23 17 25 21 44 US#1 As 92 85 89 91 88 79 78 77 83 75 79 56 arg e s A 15 8 32 34 10 2 2 6 9 3 11 0 GR SP 90 1.0 84 1.0 1.08 1 1.080 1.090 1.086 1.078 1.0 73 1.078 1.084 1.081 .0 1 78 19 7 24.7 0 7 8 .3 8 11 9 5 8.8 3 HH 0 2. 3 1. 5 0. 3.3 0.5 1.3 2.3 8 0. 0.3 0.5 1.3 0 0. 1. 2 8 1. 111 .1 C WT/A US #1 350 333 329 318 303 290 273 248 244 224 223 163 275 94 23.7 TOTAL 382 394 368 348 340 362 347 325 295 294 283 294 N.S. (113) 336 23.3 LINE Atlantic Snowden MSH095-4 UEC W1201 MSF099-3 MSG227-2 MSJ461-1 Liberator MSH094-8 Pike Alturas AVERAGE LSD (0.05) CV (%) Numbe Intern iscolora 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 N.S. (0.4) 290.5 r of al tion Total Chip D s3 Defects4 6.3 2.0 8.5 3.7 0.0 0.0 2.2 5.0 2.7 0.0 1.1 2.4 1All data presented is ba sed on an average of four replicatio ns 2Percent of Total (Size) US#1: 2 - 4 in. Large As: 3 - 4 in. Small As: 2 - 3 in. Bs: < 2 in. Planted May 28, 2003 3Based on 10 tuber raw sam ple 4 Total Chip undesirable color, greening, internal defe c fects is a perc De entage of the tota ml sa ple comprise d of d external defects. ; ts an 9" seed spacing Vine K ill: None 53 Table 4. 2003 Processing Potato Variety Trial L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (Three Rivers, MI) Second Harvest1 September 17, 2003 ( 112 Days) CWT/A US#1 458 403 400 356 321 313 313 304 297 294 285 218 330 67 14.1 TOTAL 499 456 473 427 380 402 380 389 368 356 371 352 404 74 12.8 LINE UEC Atlantic MSG227-2 Liberator MSH095-4 MSJ461-1 Pike MSH094-8 Snowden W1201 MSF099-3 Alturas AVERAGE LSD (0.05) CV (%) US#1 As 95 92 88 87 90 82 86 82 85 87 81 66 Bs 5 8 12 13 10 18 14 18 15 13 19 34 15 6 26.7 68 7 7.2 17 7 29.6 PERCENT OF TOTAL2 Large Small As 48 68 79 69 53 64 69 77 77 68 79 65 As 47 24 9 18 37 18 17 5 8 19 2 1 SP GR 1.082 1.090 1.079 1.083 1.084 1.071 1.089 1.083 1.086 1.090 1.084 1.081 Number of Internal Total Chip Discolorations3 Defects4 3.1 9.7 4.4 8.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 7.9 8.1 2.5 16.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 169.4 HH3 4.3 5.0 4.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.6 1.9 82.6 1All data presented is based on an average of four replications 2Percent of Total (Size) US#1: 2 - 4 in. Large As: 3 - 4 in. Small As: 2 - 3 in. Bs: < 2 in. Planted May 28, 2003 3Based on 10 tuber raw sample 4Total Chip Defects is a percentage of the total sa undesirable color, greening, internal defects and mple comprised of; external defects. 9" seed spacing Vine Kill: None 54 Table 5. 2003 Processing Potato Variety Trial L. Walther & Sons, Inc. (Three Rivers, MI) Third Harvest1 October 17, 2003 (142 Days) PERCENT OF TOTAL2 Large Number of Internal Total Chip Discolorations3 Defects4 US#1 As 95 93 96 90 85 85 87 85 89 83 81 88 Small As 55 57 46 66 64 68 74 85 54 74 79 67 Bs 5 7 4 10 15 15 13 15 11 17 19 12 As 40 36 50 24 21 17 13 0 35 9 2 21 SP GR 1.092 1.085 1.085 1.092 1.076 1.077 1.084 1.088 1.091 1.086 1.078 1.091 HH3 3.0 1.5 2.8 1.0 0.5 3.5 0.8 1.5 2.3 1.3 0.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 0.8 3.0 0.3 1.0 1.5 0.5 4.5 2.5 0.8 3.0 28.2 22.2 40.5 41.5 0.0 68.3 49.5 98.3 38.4 14.7 0.0 33.4 CWT/A US#1 446 414 388 383 376 353 346 330 311 293 275 259 348 94 18.8 TOTAL 468 453 404 423 440 413 399 387 351 353 337 295 393 102 18.1 LINE Atlantic MSH095-4 UEC Liberator MSJ461-1 MSG227-2 Snowden MSF099-3 Pike MSH094-8 Alturas W1201 AVERAGE LSD (0.05) CV (%) 12 4 23.3 66 10 10.7 22 10 32.7 1.7 N.S. (2.4) 100.1 1.8 2.5 93.8 1All data presented is based on an average of four replications 2Percent of Total (Size) US#1: 2 - 4 in. Large As: 3 - 4 in. Small As: 2 - 3 in. Bs: < 2 in. Planted May 28, 2003 3Based on 10 tuber raw sample 4Total Chip Defects is a percentage of the total sample comprised of; undesirable color, greening, internal defects and external defects. 9" seed spacing Vine Kill: September 25, 2003 (121 Days After Planting) 55 Table 6. 2003 "Select" Processing Potato Variety Trial Overall Average - Two Growers, Two Counties Montcalm & St. Joseph Counties CWT/A TOTAL US#1 485 434 405 390 398 378 368 340 333 392 514 497 432 417 424 469 385 370 366 430 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 OV Bs 8 4 13 3 18 6 14 6 16 6 0 19 5 6 17 8 9 13 As 86 84 76 79 77 81 89 75 78 US#1 95 87 94 94 94 81 95 92 91 91 PO 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SP GR 1.087 1.076 1.077 1.081 1.079 1.087 1.082 1.085 1.070 1.080 HH 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 TUBER QUALITY2 VD 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 IBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" OV: > 3.25" PO: Pickouts 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart BC: Brown Center VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot LINE W1201 MSJ461-1 UEC MSH228-6 Snowden W1368 MSH094-8 MSH095-4 MSJ080-1 MEAN NUMBER OF LOCATIONS 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 TOTAL CUT 30 30 30 30 20 20 30 20 20 COMMENTS TR Surface Scab TR Surface Scab Surface and Pit Scab, Blocky SL Surface Scab, Flat, Oval Pitted Scab Pitted Scab SL Pitted Scab, Blocky, Flat SL Pitted Scab, Deep Eyes Flat BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL = (Slig TR = (Trac ht) e) 56 Table 7. SFA / USPB Potato Variety Trial V & G Farms, Montcalm County, MI September 17, 2003 (132 DAYS) LINE ND5822C-7 MSF099-3 ATLANTIC W1201 SNOWDEN A91790-13 NDTX4930-5W W1355-1 AF1424-7 MSG227-2 MSH095-4 7 ND2470-2 MEAN CWT/A US#1 567 475 454 422 416 354 336 324 299 296 288 219 371 TOTAL 601 520 496 438 460 411 368 430 333 321 321 265 414 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 OV Bs 3 28 3 7 14 6 11 3 10 1 8 10 7 7 0 24 9 2 4 7 22 6 12 6 As 66 89 77 85 90 78 85 75 88 88 68 76 US#1 94 91 92 96 90 86 91 75 90 92 90 83 PO 3 2 3 1 0 4 2 0 1 1 4 5 CHIP SP GR SCORE3 1.089 1.080 1.080 1.085 1.086 1.080 1.086 1.080 1.082 1.080 1.080 1.067 1.081 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 TUBER QUALITY2 VD 0 0 0 4 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 IBS 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL CUT 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 4 SCAB 1.7 2.7 2.3 1.7 2.4 - - - - 0.8 1.7 3.0 BC 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HH 7 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8 " As: 1 7/8" - OV: > 3.25 " PO: Pickouts 3.25" 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 3CHIP COLOR SCORE Snack Food Assoc. Scale (Out of the field) Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor 4SCAB DISEASE RATING 0: No Infection 1: Low Infection <5% 3: Intermediate 5: Highly Susceptible Planted: May 9, 2003 Seed Spacing : 9" Vine Killed August 30, and September 5, 2003 ( 121 After Planting) 57 Table 8. SFA / USPB Potato Variety Trial Post Harvest Chip Quality Evaluation* September 17, 2003 (138 DAYS) PERCENT CHIP DEFECTS INTERNAL EXTERNAL TOTAL LINE ND5822C-7 MSF099-3 ATLANTIC W1201 SNOWDEN A91790-13 W1355-1 AF1424-7 MSG227-2 MSH095-4 ND2470-27 NDTX4930-5W SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.089 1.080 1.080 1.085 1.086 1.080 1.086 1.080 1.082 1.080 1.080 1.067 CHIP COLOR 63.2 60.7 64.0 62.1 62.6 64.1 64.3 64.1 64.1 63.2 63.6 62.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 12.7 17.3 2.3 15.0 4.7 2.5 2.0 3.6 1.4 4.4 15.5 2.1 12.7 17.3 2.3 15.0 4.7 2.5 2.0 3.6 1.4 4.4 15.5 *Samples processed and scored by Jays Foods, LLC. Chicago September 29, 2003 58 Table 9. 2003 MSU Freshpack Potato Variety Trials Entry Characteristics Scab Rating* Pedigree Chieftain (Iowa 57410) Dakota Pearl (ND2676-10) La 1354 X Ia 1027-18 ND1118-1 X ND944-6 Dakota Rose (ND3574-5R) ND1196-2R X NorDonna Eva (NY103) Steuben X OP Fremont Russet (CO85026-4) Century Russet X WNC630-2 Goldrush (ND1538-1 Rus) Katahdin (USDA 42667) Keuka Gold (NY101) ND450-3 Rus X Lemhi Russet USDA 40568 X USDA 24642 Steuben X Norwis 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.8 0.7 0.3 - 1.0 Mid-season maturity, high yielding, red skin check variety. Early maturing, low internal defects, average yield, cold chipping potential at 42 °F. High yield, nice appearance, resistant to silver scurf, good size tubers, short dormancy, skinning Mid-season maturity, above average yield, round to oval appearance, resistant to PVX and PVY. Medium late maturity, oblong to long type, average yield and medium to high gravity, good storability. Long to oval tubers, heavy russet, check variety Mid-season maturity, high yielding check variety Full season maturity, high yield, pale yellow flesh, round to oval shape. Susceptible to internal heat necrosis Mid-season maturity, high yield, good storability, good internals, resistant to black spot, short dormancy Full season maturity, average yield, tubers round with some tendency to form Norchip off- types, chips best from 50 °F, good from long-term storage. Full season maturity, high yield, smooth round appearance. Mid-season, attractive purple skin, white flesh, high yield potential, low incidence of internal defects Keystone Russet (AC83064-1) CalWhite X A7875-5 0.5 Liberator (MSA091-1) MS702-80 X Norchip 0.3 Marcy (NY112) Atlantic X Q155-3 Michigan Purple W870 X Maris Piper 1.8 3.0 59 Entry NorValley (ND2417-6) Onaway Reba (NY 87) Pedigree Norchip X ND860-2 USDA X96-56 X Katahdin Monona X Allegany Russet Norkotah (ND534-4 Rus) ND9526-4 Rus X ND9687-5 Rus Silverton Russet (A083064-6) AC89536-5 Rus AC92009-4 Rus CalWhite X A7875-5 - - MSE192-8 Rus A81163 X Russet Norkotah MSF373-8 MS702-80 X NY88 MSH031-5 MSB110-3 X MSC108-3 MSI005-20Y MSA097-1Y X Penta MSI152-A MSJ461-1 Mainestay X B0718-3 Tollocan X NY88 ND3196-1R W1836-3 Rus ND2223-8R X ND649-4R ND14-1 Rus X W1005 Rus Scab Rating* 3.5 1.7 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.7 0.7 0.0 Characteristics Mid-season maturity, m edium to high yield, round tubers, clean appearance, good storability. Early maturing, high yielding check variety. High yield, bright tubers, low incidence of internal defects, mid to late season maturity. Mid-season maturity, average yield, long to oval tubers, heavy russet, check variety Oblong to long, medium russet skin, medium to high yield. High yielding, average gravity, Average yielding, oblong russet, good storability, above average specific gravity. Long russet tubers, low internal defects, bright white flesh, good cooking quality, specific gravity similar to R. Norkotah. High yield, large tubers, low internal defects, med. deep eyes. Mid-season, average yield, nice appearance, res. to black spot Mid-late maturity, high yielding, low internal defects, strong yellow flesh color. Mid-late maturity, bright skin, foliar late blight resistance. Maturity slightly earlier than Snowden, round, bright skin, low defects, strong foliar late blight resistance, nice flavor, intermediate specific gravity. Early maturity, average yield, smooth round tubers, white flesh, shallow eyes, stores well. Dual purpose, medium late maturity, long blocky, high yield, resistant to vert. wilt. *Scab rating based on a 0-5 rating; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. 60 c Potat Fres h pa ria o k V ariet l es Av eral l e ra ix - S ocat ns L g qu s Bay, Marquette, Monroe, Montcalm, Pre e Isl Wa 003 2 Ov y T io e, CWT/A TOTAL CENT OF T TUBER QUALITY2 US#1 451 423 421 402 395 395 324 324 299 285 281 267 258 258 246 245 244 236 213 195 189 182 179 292 480 439 488 472 415 465 377 375 366 325 317 293 341 303 302 287 288 315 349 218 229 273 236 346 PER Bs 5 3 13 11 5 14 13 13 13 11 11 8 22 10 12 13 13 17 37 10 18 29 26 US#1 94 96 86 86 95 85 87 87 82 88 88 91 76 86 82 85 85 7 4 6 0 8 9 7 8 6 8 74 83 L1 OTA O V 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 5 1 2 5 5 5 9 3 1 1 0 7 1 7 2 6 2 3 1 As 72 64 83 74 72 80 84 85 76 83 83 83 73 74 81 78 84 67 58 83 76 64 72 PO 1 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 5 2 1 0 2 5 7 2 3 9 3 1 4 3 0 SP GR 1.079 1.073 1.079 1.080 1.073 1.076 1.078 1.079 1.075 1.086 1.072 1.072 1.082 1.073 1.069 1.085 1.076 1.078 85 1.0 62 1.0 1.0 86 71 1.0 1.0 70 1.076 HH 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 VD 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 I BS 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 10. set 2) LIN E ( Marcy NY11 ba Re 61-1 SJ4 M one Keyst Rus ka Gold Keu SI1 M 52-A 05-20Y I0 MS SH0 M 31-5 N orV alley iberator L Eva naway O s 836 -3Ru W1 ple Mich igan Pur 196-1R ND3 AC9 Dakota Pe 2009-4Rus arl 9536 Silverton Russet us AC8 -5R e Dakota Ros CO85026-4R us tah usset Norko R MSE192-8R us MEAN NUMBER OF LOCATIONS 6 3 6 2 3 6 3 6 5 3 3 2 4 2 6 4 5 3 4 3 4 2 2 en sh t u e aw Co nti s TOTAL CUT 60 30 60 20 3 0 60 30 60 50 30 30 20 40 20 60 40 50 30 40 30 40 20 20 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 SL Sca b, N COMMENT S ice e Typ les h g on , Go od F ab Sc to L cky Blo ype e T Nic Sca b SL , GC L Scab, Pear Shape S d, Flat SL Scab, Long, Roun Scab Pear Shapes, Surface i sshape Good Appeara n M Oval, Round nce, en Bu tterflies , M ab, issh GC, GC n ape Sc shap Mis Nice Color, Kn obs, Nice Appeara nce ance Bright Appear GC, Misshapen mall S Scab, N SL GC , Missh all Size Sm Sm all Size Size, GC, Knob s ice Color, Wire Wo l apen, Sma l Size rm 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A - - - - - - 362* 379* 348* 261* - 363 - 370 - - 276* 268 - 258* - 214 199 1 SIZE Bs As O PO : < 1 7/8" or < 4 oz. : 1 7/8" - 3.25" or 4 V: > 3.25" or > 10 o : Pickouts - 10 oz. z. 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH BC VD IB w Heart n Center ular nal : Hollo : Brow : Vasc S: Inter Discoloratio n Brown Spot * T wo-Year Average GC = (Growth Crack) SL = (Slight) 61 POTATO (So num tuberosum L.>Pi =) Bla scurf and ste m can ke ck la ker; Rhizoctonia solani dustry Funding: In W. W. Kirk, D Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 488 epartment of Plant Pathology 24 R. L chafer and D. Berry S 11 ato seed w 20- times for cont ack separated b Gustafso A perm anen xed for two minutes to ensure ev y of planting un nfected with Rh about 50% closed. een pla nts to give a t ys and the fields wer ay interval, total of 8 scurf), 2 - 5% tuber su ngle nozzle R&D spray izoctonia solani (black n-furro w and seed plus folia r treatm ents encement of fungicide spra rol of potato stem canker and bl rface area infected, were selected f the fungicide. Fungicides applied a d ee surfa applied with a si ce being coat ft plots (ca. 10-in betw in a randomized ed in the Gustafson seed treater. In furrow applic complete block design. The two-row beds were s after planting). Bravo WS 6SC was applied at 1.5 pt/A on a seven d as prepared for planting by cutting and treating with fungicidal seed tr eatments sev Soils Experimental Station, Ba arget population of 50 plants at 34 toes i Pot planting.. Seed were planted at the Michigan State University Muck t irriga e maintained at soil frequent (minimum 5 day) irrigations. Weeds were controlled by hilli potato seed liq tuber surfaces, with made over the seed sing one XR11003 lts of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to en sp uid treatments were applied in water susp the entire s at planting, VS nozzle per row. Fertilizer was dr Jun into two-row by g) replicated four ot unplanted row. Dust formulations were measured and added to cut seed pieces in a seed treater and mi Seed treat ments, i scurf, 2003. Pota trials. prior to on 5 spacin five-fo drum planting seed were and u to resu DAP (day starting after the canopy was comm by Basagran pt/A a t p at 3.2EC after planting. The rate of emergence was estimated as the area under t til 29 day the da relative area under the canopy d as 49 of ste sampl with Reglone weigh DAP). harvest. Severity falling in class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 -10%; 3 = 11 - 15; 4 >16%surface area of t The num express as a and 75 or the en days th, MI -in row y a n revolving read of s pre- ension at a rate of 0.02pt/cwt onto the exposed ations boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) illed into plots before planting, formulated according the growing crop with irrigation 45 applications, to the moisture capacity throughout the season ng and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, F at 1.25 Pounce d from ent was measured as the RAUCPC, t taken percentage ys after planting (5 plants per re killed ts were 135 ys after desiccation (approximately ys after cidence (%) and severity 40 da counting the number of tubers (n = 50) uber covered with sclerotia. sum is multiplied by a constant to - 15% D ms per plant with greater than 5% girdling caused by R. solani, measured 70 da e were destructively harvested and total stem number and number aff at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were lanting, Sevin DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.3 the num 8 oz/A 48 D er plot were harvested 14 da ) in lated by 50 represent 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 represent ber in each class is multiplied by the class number and summed. The ected was counted). Vines we Oct and individual treatmen controlled with Admire 2 3 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and percentage. Indices of 0 - 25 represent 0 - 5%; 26 - ed and graded. Samples of T ubers were wa 80S AP. Em at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 ergence was rated as AP (about 100% anopy closure), (max = 10 s after planting. The evelopment cu he plant emergence curve (max=100) 0). Seve y of stem canker was estim rit tion system was established prior f planting to a key reference poin and assessed for black scurf ( plants breaking the soil surface - 100 >15%surface area covered with sclerotia. eed treatment (ST) or fu ngicide applie or fungicides were d at planting in-furrow (IF) was significantl (98 - 100%), relative rate of emergence (RAUEPC)] y different fro dard treatment in terms of the final m the plant ). Seed ed the mparison with the untreated control but reduced the pe ent incidence of black ents significantly severity of tuber black scurf in comparison with the untreated control. There was no significant between 14.4 [Quadris 2.08SC . There were no significant No s untreated control or from the Maxim MZ 0.5 lb (ST) commercial stan stand treatments and in-furrow applications of percentage of stolons with greater than 5% girdling due to R. solani in co there was no difference among treatments. All treatments significantly scurf reduced the differe 0.05 fl.oz/1000 ft (IF)] to 24.4, the commercial standard [Moncoat MZ 0.75 lb (ST)] differences between any treatments in terms of marketable or total yield. tubers in comparison with the untreated control except treatments 2 and 7. All treatm nce in the index of severity of black scurf between treatments with indices canopy formation (RAUCPC ents significantly reduc not phytotoxic. All treatm rate of 62 on rc rve, calculated from day o rate of canopy developm on 2 0 Sep). Plots (25 -ft row) we re ha rvested on 29 of black scurf was measured as an index calcu or fully emerge c shed 2EC (1 pt/A 50 tubers p ated as the ber of R. solani ent and d treatment) n furrow) oncut 70DF 0.79 oz/1000 ft oncut 70DF 1.18 oz/1000 ft xim 4 FS 0.04 fl. oz xim 4 FS 0.08 fl. oz xim 4 FS 0.04 fl. oz + adris 2.08SC 0.05 oncoat MZ 0.75 lb ps MZ 0.75 lb adris 2.08SC 0.05 reated m Treat rate/cwt (see rate/A (i 1 M 2 M 3 Ma 4 Ma 5 Ma Qu 7 M 8 To 9 Qu 10 Unt Treatm rate/cwt (see rate/A (i ent and d treatment) n furrow) Applicatio n timingz Plant number (%) emerged 29 days after planting Emergence (RAUEPC)y Canopy developm (RAUCPC)x ent a a a a a a a a a 98.5 99.5 97.5 100 98 IF.......... IF.......... ST......... ST......... ST......... IF.......... ST......... ST......... IF.......... NA........ Percent stolons with greater 100 100 99 96.5 Applicatio n timingz than 5% girdling due to R. solaniv a a a a a a a a a 0.54 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.55 0.52 0.54 0.53 0.55 a a a a a a a a a 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 Incidence of black scurf on tubers (%)u Index of severity of black scurf on tubers (%)t Yield cwt/A r Total Marketable (US1)s 14.7 21.6 10.9 13.8 42.5 61.3 32.5 41.3 c bc c c bc bc bc c a bc abc bc bc bc ab bc bc a 305 a 288 a 314 a 317 a a 306 327 a 332 a 322 a 295 a 287 a 262 a 272 a 292 a 276 a 289 a 274 a 275 a 225 a IF.......... 15.4 b IF.......... 12.1 b ST......... 17.8 b ST......... 15.9 b ST......... IF.......... 18.2 b ST......... 14.6 b ST......... 19.9 b IF.......... 14.2 b NA........ 44.5 a oncut 70DF 0.79 oz/1000 ft oncut 70DF 1.18 oz/1000 ft xim 4 FS 0.04 fl. oz xim 4 FS 0.08 fl. oz xim 4 FS 0.04 fl. oz + adris 2.08SC 0.05 20.6 24.4 oncoat MZ 0.75 lb 21.6 ps MZ 0.75 lb adris 2.08SC 0.05 14.4 reated 50.3 cation type, seed treatment (ST), in-furrow at planting (IF), untreated (NA). 1 M 2 M 3 Ma 4 Ma 5 Ma Qu 7 M 8 To 9 Qu 10 Unt z Appli y RAUEPC (max = 100), relative area under the plant emergence progress curve calculated from the day of planting to fu emergence x RAUC point, 50 w Valu v Percen u Percen t Seve 3 = 11 the rang s Market r To rity of black scurf (index calculated by counting tuber number (n = 50) falling in class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 - 15%; 4 >16%surface area. Indices of 0 - 25 cover the range 0 - 5%; 26 - 50 cover the range 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 co e 11 - 15% and 75 - 100 >15% surface area of tuber with sclerotia. able yield, tubers greater than 2.5" in any plane (US1 grade). tage of stems with greater than 5% girdling caused by R. solani, average of 5 plants taken 70 days after plantin t incidence of tubers with sclerotia of R. solani from sample of 50 tubers per replicate. PC (max = 100), relative area under the canopy development curve calculated from day of planting to key refe days after planting (about 100% canopy closure). es followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). tal yield, combined total of US1 grade and tubers less than 2.5" in any plane. 47.5 65.0 57.5 36.3 100.0 at 29 days after planting. ll rence g. -10%; ver 63 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.>Pike=) Fusarium dry rot; Fusarium sambucinum Funding: MP IC W. De Mi Ea W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and D. Berry partment of Plant Pathology chigan State University st Lansing, MI 48824 Control of seed-borne Fusarium dry rot with seed treatments and in-furrow applied fungicides in potatoes, 2003. Potato seed cv. Pike was prepared for planting by cutting and inoculating with Fusarium sambucin with fungicidal seed treatments 2 days prior to planting. Two controls, either inoculated with F. sam ting um (dry rot) and bucinum or non- ea tr in oculated were included in the trial. Potatoes free from dry rot were selected for the trials and disinfested by immersion in a 3% Clorox (sodium hypochlorite) solution for 30 min. The seed potatoes were cut into two pieces and inoculated with an aggressive isolate of F. sambucinum which was grown on potato-dextrose agar for 14 days. Conidia were harvested from the plates and concentration, determined by hemacytometer was adjusted to 3.4 x 103 conidia/fl.oz.. The seed pieces (160/treatment) were sprayed with 4 fl.oz. of the pathogen suspension, for a final dosage of about 0.03 fl.oz. applied per tuber. Dust formulations of seed treatments were measured and added to cut seed pieces in a Gustafson revolving drum seed treater and mixed for two minutes to ensure even spread of the fungicide. Fungicides applied as pre-planting potato seed liquid treatments were applied in water suspension at a rate of 0.02pt/cwt onto the exposed seed tuber surfaces, with the entire seed surface being coated in the seed treater. In furrow applications were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (50 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Seed was planted at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Edmore, MI on 15 May into single-row by 30-ft plots (ca. 9- in. between plants to give a target population of 40 plants at 34-in. row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Bravo WS 6SC was applied at 1.5 pt/A on a seven-day interval (eight applications), starting after the canopy was about 50% closed. A permanent irrigation system was established prior to the commencement of fungicide sprays and the fields were maintained at soil moisture capacity throughout the season by frequent (minimum 5 day) irrigations. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 fl. oz/A 48 DAP. Seed-piece samples from each treatment (n = 25) were incubated at 50oF (95% RH) in controlled environment chambers for 14 days and the total number of healthy and dry rot affected sprouts was calculated in addition to the development of dry rot on the seed piece measured as percent decay. Emergence was rated as the cumulative number of plants breaking the soil surface or fully emerged after planting. The rate of emergence was estimated as the relative area under the plant emergence curve (RAUEPC; max=100) from the day of planting until 22 days after planting. The rate of canopy development was measured as the, relative area under the canopy development curve (RAUCDC; max = 100) calculated from day of planting to a key reference point taken as 58 DAP (about 100% canopy closure), (max = 100). Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 5 Sep). Plots (40-ft row) were harvested on 9 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Maximum and minimum air temperature (oF) were 91.7 and 60.9 (Jun), 89.8 and 69.4 (Jul), 93.8 and 64.8 (Aug) and 85.5 and 61.7 (Sep). Maximum and minimum soil temperature (oF) were 82.3 and 70.1 (Jun), 79.9 and 73.3 (Jul), 82.7 and 75.4 (Aug) and 77.4 and 68.4 (Sep). Precipitation was 0.8" (Jun), 0.37" (Jul), 0.56" (Aug) and 0.98" (Sep). There was no significant difference among treatments and inoculated/non-treated control (positive control) or the non- inoculated/non-treated (negative control) in total number of developing sprouts per tuber. All treatments had significantly fewer diseased sprouts per tuber than the positive control except treatments 6 and 8 which received no seed treatment. All other treatments were not significantly different from the negative control. All treatments had significantly less seed piece decay than the positive control except treatment 6 and 8 which received no seed treatment. All other treatments were not ificantly different significantly different from the negative control. Trea fr om the negative control and those with less than 79% were not significantly different from the negative control. There was no significant difference among treatments in terms of final percent plant stand. Treatments with RAUEPC values 4.65 or greater plant stand were not significantly different. Treatment 6 had the lowest RAUEPC value (4.38) and emerged at a significantly lower rate than treatment 7. All treatments had a significantly greater rate of canopy closure (RAUCC) than the positive control except treatment 6. No treatments had a significantly different rate of canopy closure (RAUCC) than the negative control except treatment 6 and the positive control. There were no differences in marketable yield among any treatments. The negative control had a significantly greater total yield than the positive control but there were no differences in total yield among any other treatments. tments with 79% or greater plant stand were not sign 64 Treatment rate/cwt (seed treatment) rate/1000 ft. row (in furrow) 1 Maxim MZ 0.5 lb Total number o f developing sproutsa Diseased Seed piece c s cay (%) sprout b (%) de ST g 4.16 ah 7.3 a 0.6 c 2 None (inoculated, positive) NA 4.64 a 57.4 c 18.3 a 3 None (non-inoculated, negative) NA 3.52 a 4 Moncoat MZ 0.5 lb 5 Headsup 3WDG 0.1 lb ST 4.04 a ST 3.32 a 0.0 9.3 4.8 a a a 0.7 1.8 0.6 c c c 6 Moncut 70DF 1.18 oz/1000 ft IF 4.36 a 44.9 bc 16 ab .7 7 Maxim 4 FS 0.08 fl.oz ST 3.64 a 2.1 a 0. 7 c Final plant stand (%) Rate of ergence em A PCd R UE Rate of canopy closure RAUCDCe Yield (cwt/A) US1 f Total 79 64 96 95 71 91 94 abc 5.78 ab 34.1 a 350 a 378 ab bc 4.65 abc 13.4 b 2 95 a 317 b a a 6.84 ab 34.1 a 6.79 ab 35.4 a abc 4 .38 bc 14.3 b 384 349 338 a a a 411 a 372 ab 365 ab a b 6.58 ab 3 .8 a 5 329 a 355 ab a 7.25 a 3 .0 a 3 345 a 369 ab 389 ab cu 14.3 a 6.06 ab 33.9 a 36 3 a 41.1 bc IF 4.36 a = 20) after 14 14 day after 14 d y rot on r the plan the seed piece (n = 20) t emergenc progress curve calculated from the day of planting to full emergence at 29 e 93 ab days incubation at 50oF. s incubation at 50oF. o ays in bation at 50 F. 8 Scholar 3.4 oz/1000 ft a Total number of developing sprouts per seed piece (n b P ercentage dry rot affected sprouts per seed piece (n = 20) after c e P rcentage development of dr d RAUEPC, relative area unde days after planting (max = 100). e AUCPC, relative area und R days after planting (about 10 f Marketable yield, tuber g A in a the fungicide. Fungicides applied as Gustafson revolving drum seed treater and mixed for two minutes to ensure even spread of pre-planting potato seed liquid treatments were applied in water suspension at a rate of 0.02pt/cwt onto the exposed seed tuber de over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 surfaces. IF = In-furrow applications, ma gal/A (50 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. h Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey multiple comparison method). er the canop 0% canopy s greater than 2 pplication type, ST = seed treatment closure) .5" in any plane (US1 grad ; dust formulations of key reference point taken as 50 seed trea tments were y development curve to cut seed pie ces m easured and ad calcula ted from day of p lanting to e). ded 65 Funding: MPIC/Industr y W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and D. Berry Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.‘FL1879’) Pink rot; Phytophthora erythroseptica Pythium leak; Pythium ultimum Late blight; Phytophthora infestans Evaluation of fungicides applied at planting and to foliage for potato pink rot and Pythium leak control, 2003. Soil was inoculated with mefenoxam-sensitive Pythium ultimum and Phytophthora erythroseptica at the Michigan State University Botany Farm, East Lansing, MI on 11 May 2000 and again on 17 May 2001; no further inoculum was applied in 2002 but was applied on 10 May 2003. Potatoes (cut seed) were planted at the Michigan State University Botany Farm, East Lansing, MI on 17 May into four-row by 50-ft plots (34- in. row spacing) replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The four-row beds were separated by a five-foot unplanted row. Plots were irrigated at planting and soil moisture was monitored with a Campbell soil moisture probe linked to a CR10X data logger. Water was applied when soil moisture dropped below 20% water content with seep-hose to maintain soil moisture at a minimum of 80% field capacity. After desiccation, plots were continuously watered to encourage tuber disease development caused by the inoculated pathogens. Plots were hilled immediately before foliar sprays began. Fungicides were applied in-furrow at planting at a rate of 5 gal/A (40 p.s.i.) applied at a rate using the conversion factor: Band rate per acre = [Band width (inches)/Row spacing (inches)] * Broadcast Rate per Acre. Thereafter fungicide treatments were applied as scheduled and late blight prevention maintenance treatments of Previcur 6SC 1.2 pt/A were applied weekly from 5 Jun to 15 Aug (10 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 28May) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 17 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting on 17 May) and Sevin 80S (1.25 lb on 1 and 17 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percent emergence and percent canopy closure from planting to full emergence and full canopy closure respectively and a relative rate of development was calculated for both emergence and canopy formation. Prior to application of fungicides on 19 Jun, five plants were harvested from each replicate and the number of tubers greater than 0.25" (any plane) per plant was counted. Harvests were repeated on 16 Jul (Harvest 2); 14 Aug (Harvest 3) and11 Sep (Harvest 4) and tuber number and percent of tubers with symptoms of pink rot and/or Pythium leak were assessed. Symptomatic tubers were tested with Phytophthora and Pythium specific ELISA assays. Tuber number per plant and percentage of tubers per four-plant sample were compared using two-way ANOVA for comparison of treatments at individual harvest dates and two-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare if the metrics changed between harvests. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 5 Sep). Plots (50-ft row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded (tubers less than 2.5 in width in any plane were discarded and only total marketable yield was reported). A further sub sample of 10 tubers per plot were challenge inoculated with each of Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Phytophthora infestans(all mefenoxam-sensitive isolates) or a sterile rye agar core by placing an 1/8" diameter core, taken from an axenic culture of each pathogen grown on rye agar, on the surface of the tuber at its apical end. The core was covered with a 1/4" diameter Eppindorf tube, the lid of which was cut off and dipped in petroleum jelly to adhere the tube to the tuber surface, to ensure a humid microenvironment. Tubers were cut open 28 days after inoculation and the percentage of tubers with symptoms of the diseases were calculated. Taking 35 days after planting (DAP) as a key reference point, no fungicide applied in-furrow delayed emergence in comparison with treatments that were not applied in-furrow in terms of the RAUEPC. Canopy formation (RAUCDC) was not affected by any in-furrow application of any fungicide. The in- furrow applications of fungicides were not phytotoxic. At harvest 1, prior to applications of foliar fungicides, there were about 13.2 + 1.05 (n = 270 plants) tubers per plant (greater than 0.25” any plane) and no significant differences between any treatments. The total number of tubers decreased in all treatments to 13.6 + 1.76, 6.6 + 1.92 and 5.9 + 1.47 after harvests 1, 2 and 3, respectively (n = 270 plants, average of all 66 e w as ica a v 4 signifi in al tre l atm ents. At ha tube ween r nu h1 m p ber d h2 an ee final t the than the he untreated tment in ter tuber numbe reat n e cep pla nt, e x een ar etw h ves and 4, t ts 3 at harves ts 1 to 3. A treatments ces between t differen can 13 had s s/plant) r s (>5.2 tube more tuber i d 4, 5, 12 an y gnificantl en antly diff er tments were not signific th plant); all o er tr ea t from t cant decline pared within treatments. There was a signifi was com in een di erence be tw har es ich th ere w signif as a treatments) , but there were no harvest (h4), only treatments un treated control (3.6 tubers/ tuber ber decline control. Tuber num v t 1 d 2 an ant ff ific T s m number in all treat ment fro harvest 1 to 4. her was o si i ignif a s t can ent 9 t treatm in wh er for any trea ms of ts 2 n in decli nt e t here w a nd 3 . B r bet increase in er nificant decline in tuber numb here was a sig tuber number in all t ments. Betw n harves treatments 14 and 15. The percentage incidence of tubers with symptoms of pink rot or Pythium leak increased to harvest 3 then decreased t har est as no significant difference in the incidence of diseased tubers among treatments. The untreated control had ents 6, 8 nd 12 at harvest 2. T e significantly h untreated contro , 7, , 8 12 and 14 at harvest 3. Percent incidence of diseased tubers was compared within treatments. A significant e increase in percentage iseased tube of diseased tubers at harvest three and subsequent decline at harvest 4 may have been a result of complete deterioration of c of ciden e diseased tubers was reported at harvest 3 within treatments, the overall incidence [average of the h1 - 4 within treatme nts b t t was no significant difference among treatments. Treatments 4, 5, 11, 12 and marketable (>262.4 cwt/A) and total yield (>320.0 cwt/A) than the untreated control and treatment 2 [167.2 and 215 cwt/A, respectively (Table 3)]. Some disease developed in tubers c of Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Phytophthora infestans but significantly different percentage incidence of diseased tubers in comparison with the nontreated control for any of the pathogens (Table 4). u he 13 had significantly greater eatm nts except re uber th all o her tr atments e cept trea t atm t e e 2) was sign cantly lower than th non- ea sed tubers th all othe gnificantly m e dis r tr eased t an or hallenge inoculated with each wo harves s. A houg a h sig lt more disea l had si ree occu ed in rea rr t ents 6 an 8. The h d no treatments had nificant in rease in c rvests 1 a d 4, ther n tubers betw control f rs a t harvest th inci enc d or all treat me nts, Tabl infected tm ents 6 een the t tr ted igh in e s t Some Zoxamide-ba sed products generally reduced the amount of tuber disease and tuber loss regardless of application timing or formulation type, however there was an apparent loss of disease control at the highest rate of application of Zoxium (treatment 6). Other products and programs e.g. treatment 9, reduced the amount of tuber loss and incidence of tuber disease. Tuber loss and incidence of tuber disease even in the best treatments in this trial, under highly conducive conditions for development of Pythium leak and pink rot, was still high with up to 60% tuber loss resulting in low yields. The use of mefenoxam or any product for control of Pythium leak and pink rot under highly conducive conditions remains an issue and recommendations for application of any products aimed at controlling these diseases remains speculative. a x tm ] ifi an e in re gn d 67 Emergence and canopy development RAUEPCx RAUCDCw % finaly 92.5 93.3 96.1 94.7 92.8 93.1 93.6 90.0 93.1 89.4 94.2 95.6 92.2 93.3 0.40 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.37 Table 1. Emergence and canopy development. reatment T ra te/acre (foliar applications) rate/acre [in-furrow banded applications (A)z] 1 2 U 3 U P ltra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + Phostrol 4SC ltra Flourish 2EC 0.2 pt + Phostrol 4 hostrol 4SC 10.0 pt (B,C,D)……………… Phostrol 4SC 10.0 pt (B,C,D) z……………………………………… 1.44 pt (A)………. ……………………….. 4 Zoxium 80WDG 0.21 lb (A)…………………………………. 5 Zoxium 80WDG 0.41 lb (A)…………………………………. WDG 0.83 lb (A)…………………………………. 6 Zoxium 80 7 Gavel 75WDG 0.48 lb (A); 2.0 lb (B,C,F,H)………………... 8 Ridomil Gold 4EC 0.1 pt (A)………………………………………... 9 Ridomil Gold 4EC 0.1 pt + Quadris2.08SC 0.21 pt (A)…….. 10 Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (B,C,D,E,F,G,H)..…………………………… 11 Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb (B,C,F,G,H); Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (D,E)…………………………………. SC 1.44 pt (A) 12 Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb + Zoxium 80WDG 0.21 lb (B,C,F,G,H); Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (D,E)…………………………………………. 13 Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb (B,D,F,H); Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (C,E,G)……………………………… 14 Gavel 75WDG 2.0 lb + Zoxium 80WDG 0.21 lb (B,D,F,H); Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (C,E,G)……………………………… 15 Ridomil Gold Bravo 6WP 2.0 lb (B,D,F); sem P = 0.05u 94.4 90.3 91.1 92.5 2.06 Dithane 75DF 1.75 lb (C,E,G,H)…………………………… 0.37 0.36 16 Summerdale I + II RATE 1 (A)……………………………… 0.39 17 Summerdale I + II RATE 2 (A)……………………………… 0.37 18 Untreated……………………………………………………... 0.013 z Application dates: A= 17 May (in-furrow at planting, Band rate per acre = [Band width (inches)/Row spacing (inches)] * Broadcast Rate per Acre) in 5 gal water/A; (foliar applications B - H), B= 5 Jun; C= 12 Jun; D= 19 J 3 Jul; F= 17 Jul; G= 4 Aug; H= 15 Aug. y Percent emergence calculated as percent of maximum possible emergence in 2 x 50' rows emergence [35 days after planting (DAP)] in untreated control (max = 1).. x Relative Area Under the Emergence Progress Curve from planting until 95% emergence (35 DAP) in untreated control (max = 1). w Relative Area Under the Canopy Development Curve from planting until 100% canopy cover (53 DAP) in untreated control (max = 1). u Standard error of mean included if no significant difference was calculated in ANOVA. un; E= 0 .34 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.007 68 Funding: GREEEN/MPIC light Response of Advanced Breeding Lines from MSU Pota uce Seed-Borne Epidemics of Late Blight to k1, Dr. Ray Hammerschmidt1, Dr. Firas Abu El-Samen1 and Dr. Dave 2 Crop and Soil Science, MSU, East Lansing, MI 48824 tate University 2002 – 2003 Evaluation of Tuber Late B Breeding Program and Their Potential to Red Michigan S Dr. Willie Kir Douches 1Department Plant Pathology, 517 353 4481 (kirkw @msu.edu) Problem statement 2. Late blight of potato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a major worldwide threat to th significantly less susceptible than other varieties in term tatoes. Late blight is readily transmitted by seed-borne inocul e um production of high quality po , immature stems and leaves may be exposed to late blight (Kirk et al. 1999) and consequently infected seed pieces. Recent work has indicated that the new immigrant clones especially from s. The new biotypes of late blight are 10 times US 8 are more aggressive in tubers and sprout eir predecessor, US-1 (Stevenson, 1993). Potato more likely to produce infected sprouts than th efforts at MSU have resulted in varieties that are largely resistant to foliar late bligh t breeding s of tuber (Kirk et al 2001a) but not ission dynamics of late blight inoculum from blight resistance (Kirk et al. 2001b). The transm o the stem are still largely unknown and have been tested with see only ed will be evaluated for resistance to tuber breeding lines (MSU and other germplasm sources) be under seed storage conditions and after storage prepared for blight. Subsequently, tubers will ing temperature in the storage. Transmission of late blight from seed to planting by increas and potential risk measured. Potentially, the release of varieties with foliage will be evaluated tance to foliar and tuber blight will be of great economic benefit to the industry and to the resis ir env onment and reduces the risk of threats to food secur Objectives a limited number of varieties of potato and isolates of P. infestans. In this study, advanc d to sprout and ultimately t 1. Evaluate late blight response of tubers of advanced breeding lines from the MSU potato ity. breeding program to a variety of P. infestans genotypes using multiple isolates. 2. Evaluate after storage and planting the potential for late blight to be transmitted from seed to foliage in advanced breeding lines from the MSU potato breeding program to a variety of P. infestans genotypes using multiple isolates. Materials and methods Tubers of for the experiments were obtained from the potato breeding program at MSU and stored at 38oF (3oC) in the dark at 90% relative humidity until used. Tubers for all the experiments were within the size grade range 50 - 150 mm diameter (any plane). Visual examination of a random sample of tubers from each from each entry (n = 2) for disease symptoms indicated that the tubers were free from late blight. The sample was further tested with the ELISA immuno-diagnostic Alert Multi-well kit (Alert Multiwell Kit - Phytophthora sp. Neogen Corporation, Lansing, MI, USA). P. infestans was not detected in any of the tubers. 69 face, incubated for 5 day Two inoculation/evaluation techniques were used in this study; a) tuber tissue inoculation, nalysis technique and b) F (10oC) then planted at For both ce evaluat nt em PAI 95-7, ylamide- bioty ultures of P. infe were propagated on rye were washed in distilled , all t soaking i sodium rilize Tuber ontrolled re dried in % relative humidity) for four hours followed by storage at 50oF (10oC) and evaluation by an image a s at 50o ino ergen the u pe, tech q stans ins i aga o ubers H2O to d by s we hyp h env n prio o culated onto a freshly cut tuber sur M ck Soils Research Farm, Laingsburg, MI and pla ni ues, an isolate of P. infestans [P.i.-US8 (US8 ens tive, A mating type, MI)] was used. C r f r 14 days in the dark at 15 C. Prior to inoculation remove soil. The tubers were then surface ste oc lorite (Clorox 5.25%) solution for four hours. iro ment with continuous airflow at 15oC in dry air (30 r t inoculation. (a) Tuber tissue inoculation A; sporangia were harves mycelium/sporangia mat in cold ( n 2% a c ed. phen om th ted fr hes b o 2 th a was nsion e petri dis stirred wi y rinsing o 4 C) sterile, distilled H2O and scraping the agar surface magnetic strained through four layers of cheesecloth and sporangia -1 (discharged and non- macytometer. The sporangial suspensions were stored for The washed, surface-sterilized rmal injection of a sporangia suspension of 2 x 10-5 ml n-1) with a hypodermic e tuber about 1 cm from the dominant sprout to a oculated with cold (4oC) a inoc ers we ulatio ngia. a ml rangi re in rubber policeman. The mycelium/sporangia suspe rer for 1 hour. The suspension was tration was adjusted to about 1 x 10 total spo 6 charged) and measured with a hae 4oC to encourage zoospore release from the spora ers were inoculated by a sub-peride ring zoospores released from about 20 sporangi inge and needle at the apical end of th um depth of 1 cm. The non-inoculated control tub ile distilled H O. (b) Tuber tissue inoculation B; as (a) but a smaller n 2 the with a stir concen dis 6 h at tub (delive syr maxim ster Phytophthora infestans umbe cultivars were inoculated , US1, US6, US8, US11 and US14. he r of with different genotypes of cult ivars/ABL and genotypes were the same as those used in experiment (c). (c) Transmission of late blight infection at seed cutting was simulated by cutting seed an ediately exposing the seed to h a sterile knife. The exposed cut ogenized mixture of mycelium and sporangia of P. infestans in rye agar for 30 s, re d imm late blight inoculum. The seed tuber was cut into two pieces wit surface was placed face down on a 14 day old, moved hom and incubated for 5 days at 50oF (10oC). The homogenate was prepared from 20 plate cultures l-1 (9 c from rom each plate was not attempted. Tubers were planted at the MSU Muck Soils research Farm on 5 Jun 2003 and irrigated with adequate moisture to allow emergence. Plant stand, rate of emergence and foliar late blight especially on stems, and immature foliage were evaluated. m diameter x 15 mm depth petri plates). Each plate produced between 105 - 106 spores m 50 ml of wash water. An estimate of the amount of mycelium f For each experiment, tubers were incubated in a temperature-controlled environment chamber, 1.8 m3 volume (Environmental Growth Chambers, Chagrin Falls Ohio, USA) at 50oF (10oC). Relative humidity was maintained at 90% within the chamber. Tubers were stored in the dark in net bags within ventilated plastic boxes (15 tubers/box). Disease development rates within tubers in relation to storage temperature were known from previous experiments and a single sampling date was selected about 30 days after inoculation (DAI). Sample size was n = 15 plus two control tubers per variety [experiment (a)], n = 10 per variety [experiment (b) which after tubers were cut into three slices yielded 45 and 30 estimates of tuber tissue infection, respectively. The tubers for the late blight transmission experiment were stored for five days prior to planting. 70 The tuber tissue inoculation experiment was conducted in December 2002 and again in nuary 2003. Tubers were dormant during the period between October and December. A Ja digital image analysis technique was used to assess tuber tissue infection. Briefly, the scanned e. surface was the cut face of a sample tuber. A sharp knife was used to ensure a smooth cut fac urface down on a glass plate, 40 x 30 cm and 2 mm Fresh-cut tuber sections were placed cut s thick. The glass plate was used to prevent surface contamination of the scanner glass and permitted m ultiple samples to be prepared and moved to the scanner for image production. The X) plate was transferred to a flatbed scanner (HP ScanJet 4c, Hewlett-Packard Co., Houston, T controlled by an IBM-compatible PC. A 486DX2-80 CPU and a RAM capacity of 32 MB, dequate for the image processing. Scanner control software (DeskScan II ver. 2.4, Hewlett- a Packard, Co., Housto n, TX), generated an image of the cut tuber surfaces against a black ba ckground. The image was formed from light reflected from the cut tuber surfaces. The brightness value of the image controlled the light intensity of every pixel in the image. The contrast value controlled the differences between light and dark regions of the image. While the scanner control software was able to automatically adjust the brightness and contrast of the image by comparing the relative size of the pale tuber surfaces against the black background, the settings were manually set to 180 units (brightness) and 200 units (contrast) to ensure consistent readings. A photograph-quality image was taken and stored for analysis (e.g. Fig. 1). A typical image in Tagged Image Format (*.tif) occupies 1 megabyte. Typical ARI values for a range of infected and uninfected cut tuber surfaces were shown on Figure 1. The image files created with the scanner software were loaded into the image analysis software (SigmaScan ver. 3.0, Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). The black background has 0 light intensity units (LIU), while pure white has 255 LIU. Disease-free and blemish-free tuber tissue is pale. Diseased or blemished tuber tissue is darkened. The image of the cut tuber surface was selected for analysis, and isolated from the adjacent regions of the image. The image was carefully cropped for irregularly shaped tubers to remove the image of the adjacent tuber skin, and the image of the cut surface was unedited. The area was selected with the Afill@ tool, which encompassed all pixels within a given area brigh ter than the cut-off threshold. The rea selection cut-off threshold was set to 10 LIU, effectively allowing the software to exclude a all parts of t he image darker than 10 LIU, e.g. the black background. The average reflective nsity (ARI) of all the pixels within the image gave a measurement of infection severity of inte the tub er tissue of each sample. The ARI was measured in sections from the apical, middle and basal regions of the tuber, approx imately 25% (apical), 50% (middle) and 75% (basal) of the length of the tuber (respec late blight infected tissue per tively) as measured from the apical end. The amount of tu ber was expressed as a single value (Mean ARI) calculated as the average ARI of the apical, middle and basal sections evaluated 30 DAI. The total number of images scanned per Mean ARI for tuber tissue inoculation experiments were = 45 (single isolate with multiple cvs plus 6 non-inoculated control images) and 30 for the multiple cultivar x multiple P. infestans genotype experiment. Data Analysis. The presence of P. infestans in sample tubers was confirmed by ELISA (described above) and by isolating pure cultures of P. infestans from the infected tuber tissue and successful re-inoculation of potato tubers and leaves. Treatment effects were determined by ANOVA, and grouped as most susceptible within the parameters of the varieties sampled [NSD from Russet Norkotah (susceptible control) mean ARI], most resistant within the the varieties sampled (NSD from variety with highest mean ARI) and partially parameters of 71 susceptible within the parameters of the varieties sampled (significantly different from variety with highest ARI and mean ARI of Russet Norkotah). For experiment (a) the mean ARI of individual tubers was compared to that of non-inoculated controls of the same variety/ABL. For experiment (b), comparisons were made among different genotypes within individual cvs./ABL. For experiment (c), the number of emerged plants was measured over a 25 day period after planting and the final plant stand and relative area under the emergence curve was calculated. parison with previous experiments, and mean ARI values in the susceptible cultivars/ABL ment of Phytophthora infestans within tubers was moderate, in usceptibility of tubers of potato cultivars/ABL to different genotypes of Phytophthora ed by the US14 type. The US6 genotype was virulent but was the least aggressive causing only moderate Results The amount of develop com were about 50 – 70 units lower than in previous experiments. (a) Tuber tissue inoculation: cultivars/ABL with mean ARI 183.5 to 202.3 were not significantly different at P = 0.05 and were classified as resistant; those with mean ARI 159.2 to 180.9 were not significantly different from each other but were significantly different form the most resistant cultivar/ABL and from the most susceptible cultivar (Russet Norkotah) and were classified as moderately susceptible; those with Mean ARI 139.3 – 157.7 were not significantly different from the susceptible control and were classified as susceptible. When normalized against the non-inoculated controls, the rank order of the cultivars/ABL was similar but some cvs/ABL had proportionately lower levels of tissue discoloration when evaluated this way. (b) S infestans. The analyses of variance indicated that overall the US8 genotype was the most virulent and aggressive of those tested when compared across cvs/ABL, follow geno symptoms on susceptible cvs/ABL. Atlantic was susceptible to US8 and quite susceptible to US 14 and resistant to all other genotypes of P. infestans. Jacqueline-Lee was susceptible to US1, US8 and US14 and moderately susceptible to US6 and US11 genotypes of P. infestans. Pike was susceptible to US1, US8, US11 and US14 and moderately susceptible to US6 genotypes of P. infestans. Torridon, an internationally recognized foliar resistance standard cultivar, was susceptible to US8 and US14, moderately susceptible to US11 and resistant to US1 and US6 genotypes of P. infestans. FL1879 was susceptible to US8, quite susceptible to US14, moderately susceptible to US1 and resistant to US6 and US11genotypes of P. infestans. I157-A moderately susceptible was susceptible to US1, US8 and US14, quite susceptible to US11 and S6 genotypes of P. infestans. J317-1 was susceptible to US8 and US14, quite susceptible to to U US1 and US11 and moderately susceptible to US6 genotypes of P. infestans. J319-7 was susceptible to US8 and US14, moderately susceptible to US6 and resistant to US1 and genotypes of P. infestans. J319-A was susceptible to US8 and US14, quite susceptible to US11 and moderately susceptible to US1 and US6 and genotypes of P. infestans. J319-A was susceptible to US8 and US14, quite susceptible to US11 and moderately susceptible to US1 and US6 genotypes of P. infestans. J453-4Y was quite susceptible to US8 and US14, moderately susceptible to US1 and resistant to US6 and US11genotypes of P. infestans. J456-Y was moderately susceptible to US1, US8, US11 and US14 and resistant to US6 genotypes of P. infestans. J461-1 was suscep tible to US1 and US14, quite susceptible to US8, moderately susceptible to US11 and resistant to US6 genotypes of P. infestans. 72 festans. Torridon was susceptible only to US8 and US14 and moderately susceptible to (c) Survival after planting of potato cultivars and Advanced Breeding Lines inoculated with different genotypes of Phytophthora infestans. The results of this trial largely supported the results of the previous trial. The analyses of variance indicated that overall the US8 genotype was the most virulent and aggressive of those tested reflected by poor emergence across most cvs/ABL when compared across cvs/ABL, followed by the US14 genotype. The US6 genotype was rarely virulent and was the least aggressive causing only moderate reductions in emergence across cvs/ABL. In Atlantic, the RAUEPC was significantly lower after tubers had been inoculated with US8 and US 14 compared to the non-inoculated control but no other genotypes of P. infestans significantly affected emergence. The RAUEPC was significantly reduced in Jacqueline-Lee after inoculation with all genotypes of P. infestans except US6. In Pike the RAUEPC was significantly reduced by US1, US8, US11 and US14 but not US6 genotypes of P. in US11 genotypes of P. infestans. FL1879 was susceptible to US1, US8 and US14 and resistant to US6 and US11genotypes of P. infestans. I157-A was susceptible to US1, US8, US11 and US14 genotypes of P. infestans. J317-1was susceptible only to the US14 genotype of P. infestans. J319-7, J319-A and J453-4Y were susceptible to US8 and US14 genotypes of P. infestans. J456-Y was susceptible to the US8 genotype of P. infestans. J461-1 was susceptible to the US1, US8 and US14 genotypes of P. infestans. The re is a wide range in tuber susceptibility to US8 which is clearly a virulent and aggressive genotype of P. infestans. As U8 is the predominant genotype of P. infestans in North America it would be prudent to continue to screen and develop novel sources and of resistance including germplasm from other sources. However, as US8 suddenly appeared and quickly impacted potato production significantly during the 1990s, it would also be prudent to screen promising cultivars/ABL for their reaction to others of genotypes of P. infestans that have appeared in the northern production areas of the US and Canada. The field trials indicated that even when the tuber reaction was clear that inoculated plants can still emerge although at a reduced rate of emergence. References Kirk, W.W., Felcher, K.J., Douc Ham of fungicide application to control potato late blight. Plant Disease 85(10): 1113-1118. Kirk, W.W., K. J. Felcher, D. S. Douches, B. A. Niemira and R. Hammerschmidt. (2001b) Susceptibility of potato (Solanum tuberosum l.) foliage and tubers to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans, Amer. J. Potato Res.78:319-322. Kirk, W.W., B pota Bary estimated by digital image analysis. Potato Research 44: 86 – 96. Stevenson, W.R., Management of early blight and late blight. In R.C. Rowe ed. Potato Health Management, APS Press, St. Paul, MN, (1993) pp. 141-148. .A. Niemira and J.M. Stein. (2001c). Influence of storage temperature on rate of to tuber tissue infection caused by different biotypes of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de merschmidt, R. (2001a). Effect of host plant resistance and reduced rates and frequencies hes, D.S., Coombs. J., Stein, J.M., Baker, K.M. and 73 Table 1. Susceptibility of tubers of potato cultivars/ABL to the US8 genotype of Phytophthora infestans. Experiment (a), MSU 2002/03. Mean ARI of inoculated tuber slicesb Non-inoculated control a 2.37 a 2.47 a 3.78 a 4.94 a 2.82 a 3.64 a 6.66 a 2.21 a 2.66 a 5.38 a 3.70 a 4.98 a 3.78 a 4.31 a 3.57 a 4.13 a 8.72 a 4.64 a 3.06 a 9.59 a 3.34 a 9.50 a 1.76 a 4.70 a 4.68 a 1.52 a 2.71 a 7.00 a 4.79 a 3.18 a 2.27 a 3.95 a 5.24 a 4.72 a 3.77 a 9.36 a 3.73 a 4.79 a 2.15 a 4.08 6.22 a 10.39 a 4.09 a a 8.39 a 3.97 a 6.00 3.67 a a 0.82 2.43 a Percent ARIinoc/ARIuninoc 64.2 67.1 68.7 74.3 68.8 71.9 71.9 75.6 73.4 71.2 72.2 73.1 72.9 71.1 75.2 75.1 78.7 73.7 76.4 78.7 78.2 78.1 78.7 78.2 82.1 78.7 80.0 78.0 80.6 80.4 81.7 79.8 79.6 83.4 84.4 85.8 84.5 88.3 84.9 90.1 86.0 91.8 91.4 92.8 88.2 91.0 91.8 90.1 87.6 c 1.18 S s 1.74 S rs 1.85 q-s S 1.99 l-r M 1.85 q-s S 1.48 S o-s 2.14 o-s S k-r M 2.18 1.82 m-r M S 1.92 p-s 1.45 S o-s S m-s 2.71 1.71 S n-s S 1.80 p-s 1.33 l-r M -r M 1.43 l 2.63 h-p M 1.77 m-r M 1.11 j-q M h-p M 1.54 i-p M 1.43 1.05 i-p M h-p 1.55 M i-p 1.18 M 2.31 e-m M h-p M 1.21 g-p M 1.44 i-p M 0.98 g-o M 1.71 M 1.43 g-o f-n M 1.35 g-p 1.13 M 2.04 M g-p 1.81 M d-l c-k M 1.68 b-i M 1.94 c-k M 1.87 1.64 R a-g j M b- 1.82 a- 1.41 f R 0.76 b-i M 0.88 R a-d a-d R 1.84 a-c 1.88 R a-g 0.98 R 1.41 R e a- R a-d 1.82 a-f 1.39 R R a-h 0.94 Cultivar/ABLa Russet Norkotah Snowden J462-AB J453-4YA J343 -1 J317 -1 J319-1 J438-2 J334-2Y J319-7 K101-2 Atlantic J453-4Y J456-2Y J462-A K136-2A AWN86514-2 J461-1 I157-A WTS 1210-4 K136-2 07-2 J3 K 458-2 CIPLBR 50 Torridon H026-3-rus Jacquline Lee CIPLBR 46 J457-2 J464-5 J456-4Y KO34-1 CIPLBR 24 K128-1 BO718-3 CIPLBR 01 CIPLBR 33 CIPLBR 39 CIPLBR 07 A90586-11 CIPLBR 12 CIPLBR 08 CIPLBR 19 BO767-2 CIPLBR 02 CIPLBR 18 CIPLBR 05 CIPLBR 20 WTS 1217-7 Inoculated tubers 139.3 140.3 148.1 151.5 151.6 152.1 153.0 153.7 154.1 154.7 155.2 157.0 157.1 157.3 157.5 159.2 159.7 160.0 162.7 163.3 164.0 164.8 165.3 165.4 166.3 167.0 167.7 169.1 169.3 169.5 170.1 171.1 172.0 179.2 180.9 183.5 184.2 185.6 188.3 190.0 190.3 190.9 191.8 192.5 194.6 195.0 195.9 195.9 196.3 Sf 2.56d pe S op 3.65 S 3.98 n-p S 4.06 m-p S 4.08 m-p S l-p 3.13 S k-p 4.56 S k-p 4.44 S k-p 3.83 S 4.18 k-p S k-p 3.12 S k-p 5.82 S k-p 3.69 S 3.98 k-p k-p 2.79 S k-o M 3.02 k-o M 5.34 3.84 j-n M i-n M 2.36 i-n M 3.20 i-n M 3.01 2.21 h-n M h-n M 3.27 h-n M 2.49 g-n M 4.69 2.56 g-n M g-m M 3.03 f-m M 2.12 f-m M 3.59 3.03 f-m M f-m M 2.82 e-l M 2.42 d-k M 4.40 c-j M 3.90 3.60 b-i M R a-h 4.15 R a-h 4.08 R a-g 3.46 4.04 a-f R R a-e 2.97 R a-e 1.68 R a-d 1.84 3.87 a-c R R a-c 3.90 R a-c 2.15 R a-c 3.01 3.88 a-c R R a-c 3.03 2.10 a-c R 217.1 209.3 215.6 204.0 220.2 211.6 212.9 203.4 210.1 217.3 215.0 214.9 215.6 221.3 209.3 211.9 203.1 217.2 212.9 207.4 209.8 211.1 210.0 211.6 202.6 212.1 209.7 216.8 210.2 210.9 208.2 214.4 216.0 215.0 214.3 214.0 217.9 210.3 221.8 210.8 221.4 207.9 209.8 207.5 220.7 214.2 213.4 217.5 224.1 74 Table 1. Cont. a-c a-c ab a a a R R R R R R Mean ARI of inoculated tuber slicesb Non-inoculated control ab a-d a-d a a-f a oc c R R R R R R ted 0.85 1.43 0.83 0.83 0.63 0.81 209.8 212.9 216.8 211.0 223.3 211.7 6.04 a 10.18 a a 3.65 a 2.04 a 6.38 3.86 a Percent ARIinoc/ARIunin 93.9 92.5 91.6 95.7 90.5 95.6 Cultivar/ABLa Inoculated tubers 1.77 196.9 CIPLBR 38 196.9 3.04 CIPLBR 4 1.81 198.7 WTS 1217-3 1.76 201.8 WTS 1212-6 1.40 201.9 LBR 9 202.3 1.72 LBR 8 a Advanced breeding line. b Mean average reflective intensity of n = 15 tubers cut three times at apical, middle and basal region of inocula potato tubers in light intensity units where LIU 0 = black and 255 = white. c Normalized susceptibility score expressed as Mean ARI per inoculated sample/mean ARI of non-inoculated samples within a cultivar/ABL. d Sample error of least square mean. e Mean ARI within cultivar/ABL followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey multiple comparison test). f ARI values were clustered into three groups R = Resistant, ARI not significantly different (NSD) from mo st sted resistant line tested ; M = Moderately susceptible, mean ARI significantly different from most resistant line te and most susceptible line tested (Russet Norkotah); S = Susceptible, mean ARI not significantly different (NSD ) from most susceptible line tested (Russet Norkotah). 75 Table 2. Susceptibility of tubers of potato cultivars/ABL to different genotypes of Phytophthora infestans. Mean ARI of inoculated tuber slicesb US8 U S6 a b b a a b b b b a a a R M M R R M M M M R R R 122 127 122 123 125 125 124 123 124 150 189 155 c c c c d d d c d c b c S 214 S 187 S 125 S 184 S 214 S 152 S 151 S 215 S 152 Q 212 M 188 Q 184 US11 a b c b a c c a c a b b US14 R M S M R Q Q R Q R M M 185 b Q S 125 c S 123 c c 125 S c Q 152 124 d S S d 124 S c 125 d 123 S 151 c Q bc M 186 123 d S e s t three ty of n = 20 tubers its wh re LIU 0 = ack and stans a defin by oodwin e sa e letter cu bl ed G th m time 255 et a are s at ap cal = wh te. l., (19 5). not sig ific i i 9 n , middle an d basa l regi on of i ocul n ate d antly diffe rent at P = 0.05 (T key u oup Resista M = 1 0 - 20 (Su eptible) nt); . s ( sc 8 9.5 (Mod eratel y sus ceptib ); Q le = ting o pot o c Phyt phth ra i estans ultivars and Advanced Breeding Lines inoculated nf at o . U S1c a c c a Cultivar/ABLa inoculated Non- e ad R 213 21 R 2 14 2 Atlantic 7 S 18 214 125 a R J-Lee 7 123 a R S 18 213 Pike 212 a 3 R R 21 212 Torridon 184 b M 21 a 2 R 212 FL1879 R 6 S 18 a 122 d 212 I157-A 5 c Q 18 150 a R 212 J317-1 213 a 8 R R 18 a 213 J319-7 185 b M 18 a 6 R 213 J319-A R 4 188 b M 21 a 214 J453-4Y 212 183 a c M R 213 J456-Y a R 2 21 125 d S J461-1 213 a Advanced breeding line. b Mean av tive int erage reflec intensit potato tubers in light c Genoty hthora i pe of Phytop d Mean AR ultivar/A followed by I within c multiple comparison test). e ARI va lues were clu 150 - 17 9.5 (Quite su Table 3 with di nto is four d tinct - 14 e); S = 120 . Survival fferent gen after p otypes ensi y un nfe BL stered i sceptibl lan of gr 9.5 f o d No US1 .3 68 a 5 7. b 0 0. b .8 68 a .1 37 bc 8 8. c 12 ab .5 60 .8 ab .8 a 48 44 ab .2 30 ab .4 5 7. b p ting [full final emergence ( t late n-inocu Cultivar/ABLc contro l 2.1 a d Atlantic 7 J-Lee 5 2.9 a Pike 4 7.5 a Torridon 3.3 a 6 FL1879 9.2 a 6 I157-A 5 1.7 a J317-1 8.8 a 4 J319-7 6 6.7 a J319-A 5 4.2 a J453-4Y 68.8 a 7.1 a J456-Y 5 9.2 a J461-1 5 a RAUEPC, relative area u after plan b Genotype c c Advanced d Values foll RAUEPC a Comparison) lassifi breedin owed b mong d . cation a g line. y the s ifferen ame t ge nde cco r the ercen pla max 10 rding o Go dwi t = o Geno 4 M RAUE Ca P tophthora US ean Phy 1 US1 US1 infestansb 8 type of US6 6.7 a 7 25 4 b . 4.2 a .3 6 c 3 4 9.6 a 2. b 5 2 0.4 b b .3 1 9.6 a 3 0. b 0 3 .0 .3 b b 0 0.4 a 7 2. b 1 0.0 ab .7 4 b 1 7 0.4 a d 13 3 c . 7.1 ab 6 d .0 0 4 4.2 ab 0. cd 0 0 1 c .0 8.3 bc 1.3 a 4 0. b 0 2 17 5 2.1 ab . ab 3 9.2 ab 3. b 3 21 6 7.1 a .7 ab 3 0.0 ab 0. b 0 .0 b 9.2 a 1 b 0 64.6 a 19 2 b c . 2.9 a .1 6 c 2 8.3 a 5 30 8 a b . 4.2 a .0 b 3 b 0 2.1 a 5 0.4 a 0. 6 0 9. b 4 b nt emerge nce progr ss 2 ulated m 0 - 5 da e curve calc . 0)] n e t al. 19 fro 95. lette are not significantly different at P = 0.05 notyp s of fo c tivar/ABL each ul tans wi thin r e inf P. es r com isons f me (Tuk par o ey Multiple ys an 76 Figure 1. S darkening canned due to image greater s o su h f blig ted be with A value . L ility o P tophth a infestan scept ib tu rs hy t RI or s ower val s. ues in dic ate m re o 77 Figure 2. Susceptibility of cultivars/ABL to Phytophthora infestans ranked in order of decreasing Mean A shown in the RI. The second chart indicates the same data but expressed as function of the non-inoculated sample ird chart. th l cv sorted least- most s sc ptib e (ARI) u e p op nop mnop op mn p lmno no klm p no klm p no klm p no p klm no klm p no klm p klmnop klmnop klmnop klmno klmno jklmn ijklmn ijklmn ijklmn hijklmn hijklmn hijklmn ghijklmn ghijklmn ghijklm fghijklm fghijklm fghijklm fghijklm efghijkl defghijk cdefgh ij defg bc hi fgh ab cde abcde fgh cdef ab g ab cdef abcde abcde abcd abc ab c ab c abc ab c ab c abc ab c ab c ab a a a - - IPLBR 24 LBR 8 LBR 9 WTS 1212 WTS 12 17 CIPLBR 4 CIPLBR 38 WTS 12 17- CIPLBR 20 CIPLBR 05 CIPLBR 18 CIPLBR 0 2 BO767-2 CIPLBR 19 CIPLBR 08 CIPLBR 12 A90586-11 CIPLBR 07 CIPLBR 39 CIPLBR 33 CIPLBR 01 BO718-3 K128-1 C KO34-1 J456-4Y J464-5 7-2 J45 C Jac. Lee ho26-3rus T-Don CIPLBR 50 K 458-2 J307-2 K136-2 WTS 1 I157-A J461-1 AWN86514 K136-2A J462-A J456-2Y J453-4Y Atlantic K101-2 J319-7 J 334-2Y J438-2 J319-1 J317-1 3-1 J34 J453-4YA J462-AB SND Russet IPLBR 46 210- Nor qr s n Inoculated tuber ARI A I) no -inoc la f( u ted R s rs qr s r lm nopq s qr qrs op qrs op mnop kl m nopqr pq rs opqrs mnopqr nopqrs pqrs lmnopqr lmnopqr hijklmnop mnopqr jklmnopq hijklmnop ijklmnop ijklmnop hijklmnop ijklmnop efghijklm hijklmnop ghijklmnop ijklmnop ghij no klm ghijklm no fghijklmn ghijklmnop lmnop ghijk hijkl defg ghijk cdef bcde fghi hijk cdefg efg abcd fghij bcde ef abcd bcde fghi abcd abcd abc abcd efg e abcd abcd abcd abcd ab abcd abcd a abcdef a 100 ef efgh 80 90 Non o -in cula ed t 220 200 240 ARI (Max = 255 ) 78 140 160 180 200 220 ARI (Max = 255) 70 (ARIinoc/ARIuninoc) MPIC Funding 2003 Report Integrated Control of Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) in Potato E. C. Hollister1, Dr. R. Hammerschmidt1, Dr. W. Kirk1, Dr. D. Douches2, and Dr. D Fulbright1 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University 2Department of Crop and Soil Science, Michigan State University Introduction The incidence and severity of potato common scab in North America is increasing due to the use of susceptible cultivars, increasingly conducive cultural and environmental factors, such as shorter rotations and fluctuating soil moisture. Common scab of potato is caused by several gram-positive filamentous species of Streptomyces (i.e. S. acidiscabies, S. caviscabies), but Streptomyces scabies is the predominant causal agent. S. scabies is an aerobic, ubiquitous soil-borne bacterium that causes a range of symptoms on the surface of potato tubers. The three lesion types are collectively known as common scab, and include the superficial corky lesions usually termed russet scab, erumpent or raised scab, and pitted lesions, which extend through the tuber periderm into the cortex and vascular storage parenchyma. This bacterium is the most important plant pathogen in the genus Streptomyces world wide, and common scab of potato ranks fourth in severity of potato diseases. Although it rarely affects yield, it significantly reduces marketability. S. scabies is primarily spread by infested soil and infected seed potatoes. Rotation can reduce the amount of S. scabies in field, but once introduced into a field it survives indefinitely in soil, and can be dispersed easily by soil water, wind and farm equipment. S. scabies infects root crops such as radish, carrot, beets, turnip etc. and survives best in soils at pH 5.5 - 7.5, which is also the optimal pH for growing underground vegetable crops. Longer rotations between susceptible crops decrease the pathogen population and severity of the disease. Potato tubers are most susceptible to infection during early tuber development, since tubers are infected through stomata and immature lenticels yet to form a protective suberized barrier. Mature tubers with well-developed skin are not susceptible to infection (as long as the tubers are not damaged by insects). However, infections established when the tubers are immature, expand as the tubers enlarge and lesions increase in area and severity over the season. Common scab infection is favored by warm, dry soil at the time of tuber initiation. Although the importance of resistant cultivars is well understood, the environmental influences on cultivar susceptibility to different strains are not well documented. Maintenance of adequate soil moisture is of the most important management strategies in controlling potato scab. Irrigation impacts control of plant pathogens through effects on the physical environment of the soil and the plant surface1. Irrigation may favor predation, antagonistic microorganisms or alter the metabolism of S. scabies. Although the mechanism is unknown, water applied early in the season to soil was shown to reduce common scab on susceptible cultivars4. Maintaining adequate soil moisture near field capacity during tuber initiation and early tuber development may aid in control. The interaction between irrigation practices and cultivar resistance on scab incidence and 79 e the as not been determined in relation to inoculum densities associated with severity of tubers, and their affects on the population dynamics of the strains of th Streptomyces spp. in the soil is not well understood. Additionally, quantification of pathogen in soils h infection. Although there are no effective chemicals available for controlling common scab, there are elicitors of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) documented with other plant-pathogen systems that have been effective in providing protection against infection by a broad range of pathogens. This phenomenon occurs when a plant is treated with an elicitor (i.e. natural chemical compound, incompatible pathogen, etc) and the plant is subsequently able to send signals to biochemical pathways that are related to plant defense. These signals allow the plant to produce non-specific antimicrobial compounds for additional protection against a broad range of pathogens as well as suppress pathogens by alteration of the chemistry of the plant cell wall and cuticle. SAR has been well documented in cucumbers with protection against a wide range of pathogens as well in the Solanaceous plant family, with protection of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus5. It has not yet been determined if there are any SAR elicitors that may reduce the occurrence and severity of common scab of potato. I. Objectives 1. Investigate the effect of varying soil moisture levels on scab incidence in relation to wetting and drying cycles during tuber development and severity of tubers in a controlled environment and the field. 2. II. Objectives 1. severity. 2. on common scab incidence and severity. 3. III. Objectives 1. agricultural soils. Quantify the amount of pathogenic S. scabies in soil populations from Investigate the effect of four biological agents on common scab incidence and Investigate the effect of two different application methods of the biological agents Method and Materials Soil Moisture Experiments In greenhouse experiments, soil boxes compartmentalized into sections (1’x 2’x 3’) were filled with sand. The boxes were subjected to one of four soil moisture regimes varying from very low soil moisture to very high soil moisture, and two intermediate soil moisture treatments that were alternating wet/dry on a weekly basis in a completely randomized design. Soil was sterilized and subsequently inoculated with virulent S. scabies strains or treated with sterile water as a control prior to the experiment. Soil moisture probes, CS 615 Water Content Reflectometers (Campbell Scientific Instruments), were used to measure soil moisture and the data was recorded with CR10X data loggers. The boxes were planted to a scab susceptible cultivar, Atlantic. Tubers were sampled after the skin had been fully developed for assessment of scab incidence and severity. 80 xa ut seed; cv. Snowden) were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils In the field experiment, potatoes (cut seed, cv. Atlantic) were planted at the Michigan State U niversity Plant Pathology Farm, East Lansing, MI on 25 May into one-row by 120 ft-plots replicated 3 times and covered in black plastic to exclude additional rain fall. All rows were irrigated until emergence and were inoculated (17 fl oz/120-ft row) with a suspension of ins at 106 CFU/fl oz on 30 May and repeated on 1 July. After emergence, Streptomyces stra irrigation schedules were empirically optimized to match greenhouse experiment irrigation treatments and volumetric soil moisture was verified with CS 615 Water Content eflectometers (Campbell Scientific Instruments). Soil volumetric water content data was R collected bi-w eekly. Weeds were controlled by weeding, hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects we re controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Fungicides were applied weekly from 4 June to 7 September with an ATV rear -mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 psi) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Plots were harvested on 10 September and individual treatments were evaluated based on scab incidence and severity. SAR experiments Potatoes (c E xperimental Station, Bath, MI on 4 June into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing) re replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two-row beds we separated by a five-foot unplanted row. All rows were irrigated until emergence and w ere inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a suspension of Streptomyces strains at 106 CFU/fl oz on 12 June. The trial was maintained as described above. Applications of Messenger (Eden Bioscience), Elexa4 (Glycogenesis, Inc.), Myconate (VAMTech, L.L.C. ), and Heads Up (Company ) were applied according to specified labeled rate as in furrow and foliar treatment methods: In furrow applications of Messenger (0.42 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Foliar applications of Messenger (1.7 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the rows, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row weekly from 9 July to 30 July. In furrow applications of Ele (11.83 pts/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single n ozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Foliar applications of Elexa (47.3 pts/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the rows, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row weekly from 9 July to 30 July. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 20 September). In furrow applications of Myconate (0.08 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Foliar applications of Myconate (0.31 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the rows, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row weekly from 9 July to 30 July. In furrow applications of Heads Up (0.15 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the seed at planting, applied with 81 ere killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 28 August). Plots (25-ft row) were harvested on a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row. Foliar applications of Heads Up (.0.60 lbs/A in 25 gal of water) were made over the rows, applied with a single nozzle R&D spray boom delivering 5 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using one XR11003VS nozzle per row weekly from 9 July to 30 July. Vines w 15 September and individual treatments were evaluated based on scab incidence and severity. S. scabies population densities from agricultural soils. Soil samples (20 samples per field) were collected from the tuber zone depth of soil from three Michigan potato fields: one field was highly infected with scab, the second was scarcely infected with scab, and the third field had very little scab infection. Large stones and plant debris were removed from each sample and DNA was extracted directly from 1 g of soil by the method of McVeigh et al. Primers derived from nec1, a pathogenicity factor gene in Streptomyces spp., were developed using Primer Express® Software (Applied Biosystems®). Primer and template concentrations were empirically optimized with SYBR Green PCR Master Mix and each sample was replicated 4 times and the trial was exec uted tw Results and Discussion In the greenhouse experiment, potato cv. Atlantic grown under dry conditions (average VWC of 9%) produced on average, tubers with lesion reduced to less than 2% surface area covered with scab lesions (Figure 1). The two alternating weekly wetting and drying cycles were 14 and 21% VWC, respectively. the weekly wetting and drying cycles reduced the average amount of scab Although severity of the tubers, percent surface area affected by common scab was about 6 and 8% surface area covered with scab lesions for Figure development for susceptible cultivar (Atlantic) in greenhouse experiment. 1. Effects of weekly wetting and drying soil moisture treatments on average scab s (figure 1). When the soil moisture was increased 29% VWC, the infection was about 13% surface area covered with scab ice. the two alternating cycles, respectively. Effec ts of Irrigation on Average Scab Severity: Greenhouse Results r e v o C b a c S t n e c r e P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Dry Alt Dry/W et Soil M oisture Treatm ent Alt W et/Dry Moist 82 Figure 2. Effects of weekly wetting and drying soil moisture treatments on average scab for susceptible cultivar (Atlantic) in field experiment. Effects of Irrigation on Average Scab Severity: Field Results 40 Inoculated Control The ino gre cor the 21 surf VS less r e v o C b a c S t n e c r e P 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ) % n i ( y r o g e t a C n i s r e b u T l t a o T 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Dry Alt Dry/Wet Soil Moisture Treatment Alt Wet/Dry Moist field trial that complemented the greenhouse experiment had more scab infection in culated plots than in the greenhouse. The volumetric water contents were similar to the enhouse experiments as the four irrigation treatments were within 3 percent of the responding treatment. Atlantic had an average scab incidence of approximately 30% under dry soil regime (10% VSM). When the soil moisture treatments alternated between 14 and percent on a weekly basis, the average scab severity decreased to approximately 26% of the ace area of tubers covered with scab lesions and the tubers from the alternating 21 and 14% M had approximately 23% scab cover. Potatoes grown in the moist soil (field capacity) had than 5% scab cover. Figure 3. Effects of four plant defense compounds and in furrow application method on average severity of scab on susceptible cultivar Snowden. 2003: Effects of In Furrow Applications Control Chitosan Saponins Harpin Formononetin 0 0.5-5 Scab Coverage on Tuber (in %) 6-10 11-25 26-49 50-100 83 Figure 4. Effects of four plant defense compounds and foliar application method on average severity of scab on susceptible cultivar Snowden. 2003: Effects of Foliar Applications ) % n i ( y r o g e t a C n i s r e b u T l t a o T 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 Control Chitosan Saponins Harpin Formononetin 0.5-5 6-10 11-25 26-49 50-100 Scab Coverage on Tuber (in %) in n preliminary results of quantification of pathogenic Streptomyces scabies from the duce more disease free tubers than the control nor did any of the treatments produce more ketable tubers (5% or less scab coverage) (Figure 3). The severity categories ranging from 100 were not better than the untreated control. The foliar applications of Elexa, ssenger, and Myconate did not decrease scab incidence (Figure 4). The only category ch a treatment surpassed the performance of the control was the chitosan application o b incidence. No other treatments reduced the severity of scab infection. In the plant defense elicitor trial, the in furrow application methods for all four elicitors did not pro mar 6 to Me whi sca The Michigan agricultural soil samples taken from three potato fields showed that the samples ith the amount of infection noted in each field. The highly infected field h corresponded w samples with the pathogen present at varied amounts. The inte rmediately 35% of tested infected field only had 20% of the samples that tested positive for the pathogen in similar amount of inoculum per sample. The field with little infection only had 10% of the samples that tested positive and were at similar amounts of pathogen as the previous two fields. Conclusion The greenhouse experiment validates previous experiments, which indicated that irrigation provides an effective means to control potato common scab4. It is evident that applying soil moisture will reduce the infection by the pathogen (Figures 1 and 2). For both the greenhouse experiment and the field experiment, increasing the percentage of soil moisture reduced the infection. Also, it seems that the continuous irrigation is critical to allow soils to dry for a week may be enough time to allow for infections to occur. Field capacity was most effective in reducing scab infections in both the greenhouse and field experiment. At this time the the interaction of genotype x environment has not yet been determined at what soil moisture susceptible cultivar would become more susceptible to scab infection. Further experime nts must be conducted to understand this phenomenon between the host, pathogen, and the ad 84 en y to the industry. environment. These must be continued in the controlled environment and also in the field to assure applicabilit he biological ag ts used in the field to induce resistance against the pathogen provided no T protection. All types of application treatments of four natural elicitors did not prove to be effective and in fact, some non-treated controls had less scab infection than the biological treatments. Additionally, the effects of experiments using more frequent applications of biocontrol agents in conjunction with irrigation to suppress the pathogen have not been demonstrated. The preliminary quantification results suggest that the amount of pathogen in a field is not necessarily the largest indication of the amount of disease, perhaps due to disease scape, cultivar differences, cultural practices, etc. It seems rather that pathogen dispersal may e e more important in determining the amount of infections in a given field. More studies are b n eeded to further investigate this phenomenon. References . Cook, R.J. and Baker, R.J. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant 1 P athogens. American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul, 416-421. . Elesawy, A.A., and Szabo, I. M. 1979. Isolation and Characterization of Streptomyces scabies 2 trains From Scab Lesions of Potato Tubers: Designation of the Neotype Strain of Streptomyces S abies. Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientarum Hungaricae. 26, 311-320. sc 3. Hooker, W.J. 1981. Compendium of Potato Diseases. American Phytopathological Soci Paul, 33-34. 4. Lapwood, D.H., Wellings, L. W., and Hawkins, J. H. 1973. Irrigation as a Practical Mean s to Control Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies): Final Experiment and Conclusions. Plant Pathology. 22: 35-41. 5. Lucas, J.A. 1998. Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Blackwell Science. United Kingdom, 160-164. 6. McVeigh, H.P., Munro, J., and Embley, T.M. 1996. Molecular evidence for the presence of novel actinomycete lineages in a temperate forest soil. Journal of Industrial Microbiology. 17: 197-204. ety: St. 85 Funding: Federal Grant/MPIC Michigan Potato Industry Commission 2003 Nematology Annual Report George W. Bird, Professor Michigan State University The 2003 Michigan State University Potato Nematode Research Program consisted of the following three projects: 1. Evaluation of potato lines and varieties for tolerance or resistance to the Potato Early-Die Disease Complex (Federal Project funded). 2. Impact of alternative tillage practices on tuber yield and root-lesion nematodes associated with potato production (MPIC funded). 3. Identification of the impacts of alternate short-tem potato/vegetable cropping systems on soil quality as measured by nematode community structure analysis (MPIC funded). ted as part of A fourth project was initiated in 2003 at the MPRF. It is a soil quality restoration initiative designed to identify and demonstrate potato production practices that will eliminate risk to the Potato Early-Die Disease Complex. This will be presen the 2004 Research Proposal to the Michigan Potato Industry Commission. Potato Early-Die Disease Complex Tolerance Twenty-nine potato lines and varieties were evaluated in 2003 at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm for tolerance to the Potato Earl-Die Disease Complex (PED) in fumigated (metham at 75 gallons per acre) and non-fumigated soil. Comparative tuber yields we re assessed us ing a yield advantage equation (Yf – Ynf/Ynf) 100 = % YA, where YA is the % yield advantage, Y represents tuber yield in cwt per acre, f represents fumigated soil and nf represents non-fumigated soil. Tuber yield advantages of <10% for A size tubers and normal reproduction of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) were classified as potentially tolerant lines (Table 1). Resistance is defined as lines with yield advantages of <10% and no root-lesion nematode reproduction. None were identified in 2003. Six lines, however, MSF373-8, MSE018-1, MSH095-4, MSF349-1RY, MSJ461- 1 and MSJ316-A were identified in 2003 as potentially tolerant to PED. Three of these lines (MSF349-1RY, MSE018-1, and MSF373-8 had been identified as potentially tolerant or resistant in previous trials. MSF373-8 was recently released as Bolder (Douches et al., 2003, Am. J. Potato Res. 80:345-352). A summary of the results from the last five years of the PED Tolerance Identification Project is presented in Table 2. 86 opulation densities in the gi spores (Table 10). s significantly lower on potato than on corn 2003 Nematology Report Page 2. Impact of Tillage on Tuber Yield and Nematodes At the end of the first cycle of the potato, corn wheat rotation, both total tuber yield and yield or A-size tubers were significantly greater under the chisel plow system, compared to the mold board plow system (Tables 3 & 4). The impact of the mold board plow could be detected immediately in the spring of 2001 through an analysis of root-lesion nematode population densities (Table 5). In 2003 and 2003, early-season population densities of root-lesion nematode were lowest following potato. Mid-season population densities of root-lesion nematodes were alway and almost always lower on potato than on wheat (Table 6). End-of season root-lesion nematode p soil were lowest in wheat (Table 7), but there were significant population densities in the wheat or clover associated with the previous crop of corn (Table 8). Soil Quality of Short Term Potato/Vegetable Rotation Systems eeding nematodes associated with a conventional potato/wheat/rye cropping Bacterial f system were less than those associated with a more diverse potato/sweet corn/rye/hairy vetch/mustard cropping system during the 2002 cycle (Table 9). The same was observed for mycorrhizal fun 87 Treatment Variety W1836-3Rus 11 MSF373-8 5 MSE018-1 15 MSH095-4 10 MSF349-1RY 20 MSJ461-1 18 MSJ316-A 2 B0766-3 13 MSH067-3 26 Snowden 14 MSH094-8 29 4 Michigan Purple 12 MSG227-2 28 W1836-3Rus 22 NDTX4271-SR 1 Atlantic 3 Goldrush 16 MS1005-20Y 21 MSK061-4 19 MSJ317-1 6 MSE192-8Rus 9 MSF099-3 17 MSJ167-1 8 MSE221-1 7 MSE202-3R 24 Russet Burbank 23 Onaway 27 Superior 25 Russet Norkotah Yield Advantage (YA) (A-sized) -33.8 a -7.4 ab 0.4 abc 8.3 abcd 8.6 abcd 8.8 abcd 12.8 abcde 16.0 bcde 18.7 bcdef 19.7 bcdef 20.3 bcdef 21.7 bcdef 22.0 bcdef bcdefg 24.0 26.5 bcdefgh 32.6 bcdefgh 38.2 bcdefgh 38.6 cdefgh 41.7 cdefgh 43.7 cdefgh 45.8 cdefgh 48.0 defgh 53.0 defghi 56.0 efghi 62.1 fghi 62.6 fghi 68.2 ghi 70.8 hi 94.5 i Total 2.2 ab 9.6 abc 31.4 abcdef 1.2 a 15.7 abcde 14.6 abc 13.3 abc 15.0 abc 33.3 abcdefg 51.5 cdefg 15.6 abcd e 24.8 abcde 37.8 abcdefg 32.0 abcdefg 33.9 abcdefg 23.6 abcde 39.8 abcdefg 33.7 abcdefg 37.3 abcdefg 45.0 cdefg 40.2 abcdefg 51.6 cdefg 44.0 bcdefg 69.4 fg 57.8 efg 57.5 defg 73.9 g 73.8 fg 70.8 fg ANOVA 0.001 0.010 Nematodes per 1.0 root tissue non-fumigated 11.8 10.0 8.0 12.8 9.5 16.3 9.5 9.5 15.0 32.5 15.5 6.8 5.5 5.3 12.3 4.5 4.5 29.5 16.3 13.8 17.3 11.0 10.0 23.0 9.3 21.8 21.0 19.0 21.3 0.707 fumigated 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Table 1. Potato tuber yield advantages and mid-season root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) population densities associated with 30 potato lines and varieties evaluated in tolerance or resistance to the Pot 2003 at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm for ato E 1 arly-Die Disease Complex. 1YA = (Yf – Ynf/Ynf) 100, where YA is the % yield advantage, Y represents tuber yield in cwt per acre, f represents fumigated soil and nf represents non-fumigated soil. 88 Table 2. Summary of 199 Toleranc ____________________________________________________________ _ Probable Resistance e-Resistance Research conducted at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm. 8-2003 Michigan State University Potato Early-Die Nematode High yield in presence of potato early-die conditions and limited root-lesion nematode reproduction. MSF349-1RY (98, 00, 01, 02) (identified as tolerant in 03) Rose Gold x WI 877. Plan to work with Dave Douches on the potentials of these lines since MSF349-1RY is highly susceptible to scab. It is possible that the extensive presence of the scab Actinomycetes could be related to the PED response. Tolerant High yield in presence of potato early-die conditions with normal root-lesion nematode reproduction MSE228-1 (98, 99, 00, 01) Four years of consistent data. Russet Nugget x Spartan Pearl. Need to work with Dave Douches in detail on the parents. Probable Tolerance One to three additional years of PED evaluation are needed for the following six potato lines/varieties. MSF 373-8 (98, 00, 03) MSF 018-1 (99, 00, 03) MSH095-4 (03) MSJ461-1 (03) MSJ316-A (03) Lines not evaluated in 2003 Bannock Russett (02) W1201 (02) NY120 (01, 02) NY112 (01, 02) MSG 227-2 (00 susceptible, 01 tolerant, 02 tolerant) 89 Table 2 (continued) ___________________________________________________________________ Probable tolerant lines/varieties not e luated in 2003 (continued) va __ MSE028-1 (00) MSE273-8 (00) MS F060-6 (00) M , SH094 SH333-3 (01 M 1431 (01 W ) -8 (01 02 ) ptible Susce tode reprod Low yields in presence of potato early-die conditions, normal or high root-lesion nema o soil umigation. nd g od res uction, a ponse t f o 9, 00, 01, 0 ) 2 )) , 0 , 7 1 SG 2 4-3 (9 0, 01 02, 03 , 99, 0,01) 0, 01 02) Atlantic (97, 99, 0 MSE 149-5 Y (98 MSF 099-3 (9 9, 0 Goldrush (02, 03) Jacquelin e Lee, M Liberator, M 91 (0 , 02) SA0 02, Onaway (01, Pike ( 02) Russet Burbank ( Russet Nor kotah Snowden (97, 99, Superior (01, 02, MSE202-3 R us (0 03) (02, 0 ) 3 1 00, 0 , 02, 03 ) 03) 0, 01 02, 03) 03) , (0 Probable Susceptibility O766-3 (03) B SH067-3 (03) M MSH094-8 3) W1836-3Rus (03) M NDTX4271- MS1005-20Y (03) MSK061-4 (03) MSJ 317-1 (03) MSE192-8Rus (03) MSF099-3 (03) MSJ MSE 167-1 221-1 (03) SG227-2 (03) SR (03) 90 Table 2 (continued) _________________________________________________________________ MI Purple (00 tolerant, 01 susceptible, 02 tolerant, 03 susceptible) MSG 004-3 (00 susceptible, 01 tolerant) MSH 031-5 (00 tolerant, 01 susceptible) MSB 107-1 (98 inconclusive, 99 susceptible, 00 tolerant) MSF 313-3 (98 susceptible, 00 tolerant) MSG 050-2 (99 possible resistance, 00 susceptible) MSE 048-2Y (98 possible tolerant., 99 susceptible, 00 susceptible) ____________________________________________________________ Probable Susceptible Not Rested in 2003 1) MSB 076G-3 (01) MSB 106-7 (00) MSE 221-1 (00, 0 MSG 015-C (01) MSG 124-85 (00) MSH 0 MSP 8 W1368 W1386 26-3 Rus (01) 1-11-5 (00) (01) (01) ive Inconclus Not evaluated in 2003 ______ 91 134 237 --- 247 196 87 4 382 180 305 0.33 0.64 0.00 Mean _____ Board Plow 2002 Potato Wheat Corn _______________________ 2003 Wheat Corn Potato 2001 Corn Potato Wheat Value ____________________________________________________________ Table 3. Influence of alternative tillage systems on potato tuber yield (cwt/acre). _________________________________________________________________ Tillage _____________________________________ Chisel Plow Mold Test P T ______ Table 4. Influence of alternative tillage systems on A-size potato tuber yield (cwt/acre). _______________________________________________________________________ Tillage _______________________________________________________________________ C Mold Board Plow T __________________________ 2001 Corn P otato Wheat 2002 Potato Wheat Corn 2003 Wheat Corn Potato Test P Value hisel low P ______________________________________________ Mean 2775 0.00 0.23 0.31 159 103 452 340 220 165 203 --- 92 2001 2002 2003 160 c 62 b 6 a 42 a 43 a 67 ab 124 b 76 b 7 a 76 b 107 bc 6 a 102 c 131 bc 95 bc 78 b 124 bc 8 a ______________________________________ hisel ow pl Corn Potato Wheat soil population densities of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus Table 5. Early-season penetrans)associated with alternative potato production till systems. ______________________________________________________________________ _ System _________________________________ C ow Mold board pl Corn Potato Wheat _ ______________________________________________________________________ Table 6. Mid-season (1.0 g root tissue) population densities of ro (Pratylenchus penetra _______________________________________________________________________ System ___________________________________________________________________ C M _ ______________________________________________________________________ ot-lesion nematodes ns)associated with alternative potato production till systems. hisel plow Corn Potato Wheat 304 bc 46 a 132 ab 316 b 130 a 270 ab 520 b 169 a 278 ab Corn Potato Wheat 525 b 216 a 450 b 145 a 125 a 524 b 382 c 54 a 87 a old board plow 2001 2002 2003 ____ 93 2002 2001 old board plow 284 a 351 a 261 a 99 a 344 a 185 a 208 b 254 bc 27 a 328 c 163 b 49 a Corn Potato Wheat 2003 ____________ Table 7. End-of-season soil population densities of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans)associated with alternative potato production till systems. ______________________________________________________________________ _ System ___________________________________________________________ Chisel plow Corn Potato Wheat M ______________________________________________________________________ _ able 8. End-of growing season (October 25, 2001) population densities of root-lesion T nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) recovered from wheat and clover root tissue (1.0 grams of tissue). ___________________________________________________________ Treatment _ _____________________________________________________________________ C M _______________________________________________________________________ _ Nemataodes Recovered old Board Plow ___________ hisel Plow Wheat Clover Clover Wheat 1820 a 1550 a 1730 a 960 a 94 475 361 206 Mid-season rn/rye-hairy vetch-mustard Bacterial feeding nematodes per 100 cm3 ____________________________________ Table 9. Impact of short-term potato/vegetable rotation systems on population densities of bacterial feeding nematodes during the 2002 cycle. ________________________________________________________________________ System Late-season ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Potato/wheat/rye (conventional) 7. Potato/sweet co _______________________________________________________________________ able 10. Impact of short-term potato/vegetable rotation systems on population densities T f mycorrhizal fungi during the 2002 cycle. o _______________________________________________________________________ _ System ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Potato/wh 7. Potato/sweet corn/rye-hairy vetch-mustard _______________________________________________________________________ Mycorrhizal fungi spores per 100 cm ____________________________________ eat/rye (conventional) Late-season Mid-season 2,976 603 208 __ _ 21 40 3 _ 95 Funding: USDA/MPIC Potato Insect Biology and Management Report to the Michigan Potato Industry Commission January 15, 2004 ic N. Bramble Edward J. Grafius, Beth A. Bishop, Walter L. Pett, Adam M. Byrne, and Er Outline. I. Resistance of Colorado potato beetle populations to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was evaluated for field populations from Michigan, as well as other locations in the mid- west and locations in the northeastern U.S. II. Field insecticide evaluations of registered and experimental insecticides. III. Project GREEEN field trial to test management systems using traditionally bred resistant varieties and low impact insecticides to combat neonicotinoid resistance in Colorado potato beetle. IV. Studies on the effectiveness of pymetrozine (Fulfill) on aphid feeding and survival were initiated. I. Resistance of Colorado potato beetle populations to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam.     in 1995. Such long rm and widespread usage of one compound greatly increases the chances for resistance 02, thiamethoxam (Platinum, Actara), also a neonicotinoid, idacloprid (Admire , Provado , Gaucho , Genesis ) has been the predominant Im insecticide for Colorado potato beetle control since its registration te development. In 20 ecame available for commercial use. The similarities between these two compounds b warrant careful scrutiny for resistance and cross-resistance develop The objectives of this study were to: (1) continue gathering data on susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in Colorado potato beetle populations ollected from Michigan and other regions of the United States, (2) determine if c su sceptibility to thiamethoxam was correlated with susceptibility to imidacloprid. To ccomplish these objectives, 15 Colorado potato beetle populations (3 Michigan a opulations, 6 populations collected in other states, and 6 laboratory populations) were p b ioassayed with imidacloprid and/or thiamethoxam. ment. baseline 96 , beetles were placed in 100 preliminary screen was conducted on each population to determine relative liage daily or, for longer term storage, kept in controlled environment chambers (11±1o Methods During 2003, three Colorado potato beetle populations were collected from three different Michigan counties (Houghton, Montcalm, and Washtenaw). Syngenta representatives and other cooperators also provided one population each from Delaware and Wisconsin, and two populations from Massachusetts and Minnesota. Six strains maintained in the laboratory were also tested (Table I.1). Colorado potato beetle adults were either kept at room temperature (25±2o C) and fed fo C) and fed weekly. Beetles were treated with 1 µl of acetone/insecticide solution of nown concentration applied to the ventral surface of the abdomen using a 50 µl k Hamilton microsyringe. Following treatment mm dia petri dishes lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper and provided with fresh potato liage. The petri dishes were stored at 25±2o C and the foliage and filter paper were fo c hecked daily and changed as needed. A susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam by testing 10 beetles each with four concentrations of insecticide/acetone solution. Based on the results of these screens, a range of five concentrations was selected for each population to be assayed and each ioassay was replicated up to three times. In each replicate, 10-15 beetles were treated b with each concentration). The responses of the beetles were assessed 7 days post treatment. A beetle was classified as dead if its abdomen was shrunken, it did not move when its legs or tarsi were pinched, a nd its elytra were darkened. A beetle was classified as walking and healthy if it was if able to grasp a pencil and walk forward normally. A beetle was classified as poisoned it ts legs were extended and shaking, it was unable to right itself or grasp a pencil, and i ed beetle was unable to walk forward normally at least o numbers were pooled for analysis. Data were analyzed using standard log-probit analysis SAS System v8.01). ( R The LD50 values for imidacloprid, 7 days post treatment, ranged from 0.012 µg/beetle (Hughes Farm) to 0.064 µg/beetle (Montcalm Farm) for Michigan populations and from 0.062 µg/beetle (Plover, WI) to 11.739 µg/beetle (Hadley, MA) for out-of-state populations (Table I.2). The values for the Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin populations were consistent with those obtained for Colorado potato beetles from these areas in previous years. Resistance in the Hadley, MA population was 379 fold, compared to our susceptible laboratory strain (LD50 = 0.031) (Figure I.1). This is the highest level of resistance we have recorded outside of Long Island, NY; it should be per dish and two to three dishes per concentration (three to five beetles esults meter ne bo dy le ng . Dea and p th d oison 97 7 µg/beetle (Hadle g/beetle (Montcalm Farm) for Michigan populations a nd ranged from y, MA) for out-of-state ows that selection with imidacloprid over the past 9 years has also selected for noted that we had not tested beetles from this area prior to 2003. L aboratory strain LD50 alues for imidacloprid ranged from 0.060 µg/beetle (S-Sel) to 3.108 µg/beetle (Fiesta). v LD50 values for thiamethoxam, 7 days post treatment, were 0.015 µg/beetle (Hughes Farm) and 0.049 µ 0.026 µg/beetle (Plover, WI) to 0.86 populations (Table I.3). The LD50 value from Hadley, MA is much higher than the highest value previously recorded (0.468 µg/beetle from Deerfield, MA in 2002) and is 0 fold resistant compared to our susceptible laboratory strain (Figure I.2). All other 2 eld populations were consistent with results from previous seasons. Laboratory strain fi LD50 valu es for thiamethoxam ranged from 0.065 µg/beetle (S-Sel) to 0.455 µg/beetle (Fiesta). The relative susceptibility to imidacloprid (as measured by LD50) in Colorado potato beetle populations was highly correlated with relative susceptibility to thiamethoxam (Figure I.3). This result was also found in 19 98, 1999, 2000, and 2002. This clearly sh resistance to thiamethoxam, although at a much lower level than imidacloprid he resistance to thiamethoxam in the Hadley MA population is likely due to previous T selection with imidacloprid since thiamethoxam has only been used at this site for one year. vans is a Michigan strain selected with imidacloprid. It is 63-fold resistant to E imidacloprid clearly showing that Michigan beetles have the genetic capacity to develop resistance. The F iesta laboratory strain was originally collected from Long Island and high level of resistance to imidacloprid since collection although it has as maintained a h nly been selected with thiamethoxam; Jamesport, the parent colony of Fiesta, was kept o w ithout any selection and shows much less resistance to imidacloprid than when it was rst collected. This demonstrates that during selection with thiamethoxam, resistance to fi imidacloprid does not decrease. Resistance management programs will need to consider these results; alternations w the neonicotinoid group are not likely to be effective as a resistance management practice. resistance. ithin 98 Table I.1. without selection. labora tory without selection. targeting 60-80% mortality. Colorado potato beetle populations bioassayed for susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in 2003. Michigan populations Hughes Farm Adults were received from an organic potato farm near Calumet, Houghton C o. Manchester Adults were collected from Manchester, Washtenaw Co. on 8 September 2003. Montcalm Farm Adults were collected from the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato on 15 July 2003. Research Farm in Montcalm Co. on 29 August 2003. Out-of-state populations Clear Lake, Minnesota Adults were collected by Brett Miller, Syngenta Crop Protection, I from a commercial potato field near Clear Lake, MN on 30 July 2003. Delaware, Delaware Adults were collected by Joanne Whalen, Extension IPM Special University of Delaware, from a field near Little Creek, DE on 17 June 2003. Glyndon, Minnesota Adults were collected by Don Carey, North Dakota State University, ist at nc., from untreated potatoes near Glyndon, MN on 19 August 2003. Hadley, Massachusetts Adults were collected by J. Dan Smith, Syngenta Crop Protect ion, Inc., from a commericial potato field near Hadley, MA on 24 July 2003. Northampton, Massachusetts Adults were collected by Mitchell Baker, University of Massachusetts, from a commercial field near Northampton, MA on 28 July 2003. Plover, Wisconsin Adults were collected by Steve Sanborn, Syngenta Crop Protect ion, Inc., from a comm ercial field near Plover, WI on 11 August 2003. Laboratory strains Evans Collected from Montcalm Co., MI in summer 1997. Adults from each generatio been selected with imidacloprid doses targeting 60-80% mortality. Fiesta Collected near Jamesport Long Island and selected each generation with thiameth oxam n have doses targeting 60-80% mortality. Jamesport Collected from Long Island, NY in August 1999. Maintained in the laboratory Little Creek Collected from Little Creek, DE in summer 2002 and maintained in the NY-Sel Collected from Long Island, NY in 1997 and selected with imidacloprid doses S-Sel Collected from an organic farm near Calumet, MI in 1999. Adults from generation were selected with thiamethoxam doses targeting 60-80% mortality . each 99 Table I.2. LD50 values (µg/beetle) and 95% confidence limits for Colorado potato beetle populations treated with imidacloprid. Population 95% confidence limits LD50 0.012 0.064 0.086 0.065 - 0.105 0.197 - 0.270 0.244 - 1.614 * * 0.006 - 0.020 Michigan populations Hughes Farm Montcalm Farm Manchester out-of-state populations Clear Lake, MN Delaware, DE Glyndon, MN Hadley, MA Northampton, MA Plover, WI laboratory strains vans E Fiesta Jamesport Little Creek NY-Sel S-Sel * 95% confidence limits not available due to either low sample size or high heterogeneity 1.572 - 2.393 2.613 - 3.954 0.052 - 0.597 2.491 - 3.387 1.618 - 3.759 0.046 - 0.100 8.298 - 26.572 0.622 - 5.157 0.019 - 0.124 0.230 1.030 0.078 11.739 1.176 0.062 1.957 3.108 0.340 2.860 2.814 0.060 100 Table I.3. LD50 values (µg/beetle) and 95% confidence limits for Colorado potato beetle populations treated with thiamethoxam. 95% confidence limits Population LD50 0.015 0.049 0.074 0.163 0.033 0.867 0.160 0.026 0.254 0.455 0.096 0.276 0.182 0.065 0.007 - 0.029 0.038 - 0.060 0.065 - 0.085 0.001 - 0.308 0.028 - 0.038 0.695 - 1.0 71 0.127 - 0.212 0.016 - 0.032 0.203 - 0.310 0.391 - 0.526 0.082 - 0.111 0.231 - 0.316 0.111 - 0.238 0.057 - 0.074 ver, WI Michigan populations Hughes Farm Montcalm Farm out-of-state populations Clear Lake, MN laware, DE De Glyndon, MN Ha dley, MA Northampton, MA Plo laboratory strains Evans Fiesta Jamesport Lit NY-Sel S-Sel tle Creek 101 00 1 80 60 40 20 0 Imidacloprid 379 100 92 91 33 38 63* 1 1 Figure I.1. Resistance ratios of Colorado potato beetle populations to imidacloprid compared to a susceptible laboratory strain (susceptible LD50 = 0.031 µg/beetle). *Evans is a lab colony started with Michigan beetles and selected with imidacloprid. 102 20 15 10 5 0 Thiamethoxam 19.7 10.3 igure I.2. Resistance ratios of Colorado potato beetle populations to thiamethoxam F compared to a susceptible laboratory strain (susceptible LD50 = 0.044 µg/beetle). 103 10 8 6 4 2 0 Effects of Fulfill on Potato Aphids # alive - control # feeding - control # alive - Fulfill # feeding - Fulfill 0 1 2 3 Days Figure I.3. Correlation between susceptibility to imidacloprid and for all field populations tested in 2003 (n=8). 104 II. Field insecticide evaluations of registered and experimental insecticides. Evaluation of registered and potential insecticides for control of Colorado potato beetle provides data on comparative effectiveness of products and data to support potential future product registrations. Methods. Twenty-one treatments (Table II.1) were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm, Entrican, MI for control of Colorado potato beetle. ‘Atlantic’ potatoes were planted 12 in. apart, with 34 in. between rows on 15 May. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 40 ft long and three rows wide. Fourteen treatments were applied at planting. Admire 2F, Platinum 2SC, and V10112 20SG were applied as in-furrow sprays using a single nozzle hand held boom (30 gpa, 35 psi). Tops-MZ- Gaucho was applied as a dust to seed pieces (in a plastic tub) prior to planting. Cruiser and Genesis were applied to seed pieces with 150 ml of water/40 seed pieces using a mist spray bottle, also prior to planting. Foliar treatments were first applied at approximately 80% Colorado potato beetle hatch on 24 Jun. Subsequent first-generation sprays for most treatments were applied on 1 Jul, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, and 29 Jul (depending on treatment, Table II.1). Post-spray counts of adults and larvae (small and large) on five randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were made 2 d after each application. Defoliation ratings were taken on 8 Jul and 22 Jul by assessing five randomly chosen plants from the middle row of each plot and visually estimating defoliation on a scale of 1-5 (1=no defoliation, 5 = 76% to 100% defoliation). On 17 Sep, the middle row of each plot was harvested mechanically and the tubers were separated by size and weighed. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (treatment and block) and signi cant differences were determined with Fisher’s Protected LSD test (p= 0.05). Treatments generally all performed very well compared to untreated plots. There were significant differences between treated and untreated plots in the seasonal means of small larvae, large larvae, and a in the untrea ted plots. All treatments also resulted in significantly higher yield than in untreat plots (Table II.2). Defoliation was significantly less than defoliation in untreated plots for all treatments except Tops MZ (Table II.2). Surprisingly, the pyrethroid Baythroid gave very good control of Colorado potato beetle larvae under these conditions. Pyrethroid resistance at the Montcalm Research Farm had perhaps never been as severe as at some other locations – Asana plus PBO gave moderate control in research in the mid-1990s. Also, potato beetle pressure in this year’s research was lower than usual. Nonetheless, Michigan growers may find that one or two applications of a pyrethroid or another older insecticide may give some level of control after 9 years of reliance on neonicotinoids. dults (Table II.1). All treatments resulted in significantly fewer small and large larvae than ed fi 105 Multiple applications however will likely return the situation rapidly back to high levels of resistance. Another concern is that the product Leverage includes both a pyrethroid (Baythroid) and a neonicotinoid (Provado). Leverage provides excellent control of potato leafhoppers but should never be used following the use of a neonicotinoid at planting because of the risk of increasing resistance to neonicotinoids. 106 Treatment/form lation u G Actara 25W a dmire 2F A dmire 2Fa A Admire 2Fa Admire 2Fa + TOPS MZb Assail 70W aythroid B Cruiser 5FSc Genesis + TOPS MZb Genesis + TOPS MZb Genesis + TOPS MZb Leverage 2.7SE latinum FSa P Platinum FSa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SG Rate Application dates 24 Jun, 8 Jul 24 Jun, 8 Jul at planting at planting 24 Jun, 1 Jul at planting at planting at planting at planting 1.5 oz./acre 13 fl. oz./acre 16 fl. oz./acre 20 fl. oz./acre 13.8 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 1.7 oz./acre 2.0 fl oz./acre 0.13 fl. oz./cwt. 0.3 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 0.4 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 0.5 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 3.75 fl. oz./acre 24 Jun, 8 Jul 6.5 oz./acre 8.0 oz./acre 17.6 oz./acre 26.4 oz./acre 35.2 oz./acre 3.5 oz./acre at planting at planting V10112 20 SG 7.0 oz./acre V10112 20 SG 10.5 oz./acre at planting at planting at planting at planting at planting 24 Jun, 2 Jul, 8 Jul, 22 Jul 24 Jun, 2 Jul, 8 Jul, 22 Jul 24 Jun, 2 Jul, 8 Jul, 22 Jul at planting Seasonal mean of 1st-generation CPB/5 plants Egg Masses 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Small Larvae 0.4a 0.3a 0.3a 0.5a 0.3a Large Larvae 0.3a 0.2a 0.4ab 0.1a 0.3ab 0.4a 1.0ab 1.1ab 0.5a 0.2a 0.7ab 0.7ab 0.6ab 0.9ab 0.6ab 0.1a 0.5a 2.1 bc 1.2ab 0.2a 0.1a 0.5ab 1.7 b 0.9ab 0.8ab 0.9ab 0.1a 0.6ab 0.3ab 0.7ab 0.2a 0.3ab 0.4ab 0.2a 0.1a Adults 0.2a 0.2a 0.2a 0.1a 0.2a 0.2a 0.2a 0.2a 0.3a 0.1a 0.1a 0.1a 0.2a 0.2a 0.2a 0.2a 0.1a 0.2a 0.2a 0.1a Table II.1. Treatments and Colorado potato beetle eggs, larvae and adults pe r 5 plants. 0.1 0.1 0.10 3.1 cd 4.6 d 0.0001 12 oz./cwt. Tops MZ Untreated check P= Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05, Fisher’s rotected LSD). P atreatment applied in furrow at planting b treatment applied to seed pieces as dust before planting ctreatment sprayed onto seed pieces with a spray bottle and 150 ml water before planting 1.6 b 5.2 c 0.0001 0.8 b 1.5 c 0.0001 107 Table II.2. Treatments, yield and defoliation ratings for field insecticide trials for control of Colorado potato beetle. Rate plication Ap dates 24 Jun, 1 Jul at planting at planting at planting at planting 24 Jun, 8 Jul 24 Jun, 8 Jul at planting at planting 1.5 oz./acre 13 fl. oz./acre 16 fl. oz./acre 20 fl. oz./acre 13.8 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 1.7 oz./acre 2.0 fl oz./acre 0.13 fl. oz./cwt. 0.3 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 0.4 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 0.5 fl. oz./acre 12 oz./cwt. 3.75 fl. oz./acre 24 Jun, 8 Jul 6.5 oz./acre 8.0 oz./acre 17.6 oz./acre 26.4 oz./acre 35.2 oz./acre 3.5 oz./acre at planting at planting at planting at planting at planting at planting at planting 24 Jun, 2 Jul, 8 Jul, 22 Jul 24 Jun, 2 Jul 8 Jul, 22 Jul 24 Jun, 2 Jul 8 Jul, 22 Jul at planting Yield (lb/40 row ft) Size Ad Size Bd Total De 8 Jul foliation ratingc 22 Jul 90.1 cd 85.6 bcd 90.2 cd 95.7 d 95.4 d 86.9 bcd 84.3 bcd 87.8 cd 72.8ab 85.2 bcd 85.9 bcd 83.4 bcd 88.5 cd 86.4 bcd 81.8 bcd 91.6 cd 90.8 cd 81.9 bcd 90.1 cd 95.5 d 80.6 bc 65.3a 0.027 2.4 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.8 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.1 92.5 cd 88.1 bcd 92.2 cd 98.0 d 98.0 d 89.2 bcd 87.1 bcd 89.4 cd 74.6ab 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.2abcd 1.0a 1.1ab 1.0a 1.2abc 1.0a 1.4 bcde 1.6 e 1.4 bcde 87.5 bcd 1.0a 1.4 bcde 88.3 bcd 1.0a 1.4 bcde 85.9 bcd 90.9 cd 88.5 bcd 83.4 bcd 94.0 cd 92.9 cd 84.2 bcd 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.0a 1.2a 1.0a 1.3abcde 1.3abcde 1.5 de 1.1ab 1.3abcde 1.5 cde 92.1 cd 1.0a 1.3abcde 97.6 d 1.0a 1.0a 82.9 bc 2.3 2.3 67.5a 0.899 0.026 1.6 b 1.6 b 0.0001 2.3 f 2.4 f 0.0001 reatment T Actara 25WG Admire 2Fa Admire 2Fa Admire 2Fa Admire 2Fa + TOPS MZb Assail 70W Baythroid Cruiser 5FS Genesis + TOPS MZb Genesis + TOPS MZb Genesis + TOPS MZb Leverage 2.7SE Platinum FSa Platinum FSa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SGa V10112 20 SG V10112 20 SG 7.0 oz./acre V10112 20 SG 10.5 oz./acre Tops MZ Untreated check P= 12 oz./cwt. Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05, Fisher’s Protected LSD). a treatment applied in-furrow at planting b treatment applied to seed pieces as dust before planting c Defoliation rating: 1, no defoliation; 2, 1-25% defoliation; 3, 26-50% defoliation; 4, 51-75% defoliation; 5, 76-100% defoliation. d Size A = tubers greater than 2 in. Size B = tubers that are 2 in. or less 108 5 nd f Ful aphid. stant Colorado potato beetle. esistan d to levels ge plots in 200 4. Trea cont pota rm, efo si imitate potato beetle insecticide r le was increase dmire a ations of d on t out th oo low n treat t pla aba he new wa e farm pulati and n e num observ ments and will include resistant v nting (1 mectin a ly acq and t o signi . In 2 arieties blishe hrough were t etwee and h farm he we eet lo tici 3 includ tments in 200 oliar appl ce), f rol. The study a non-treated to beetle po . Due to low potato beetl st side of the fa le numbers or d liation were cated on the east de of the farm des. III. Project GREEEN field trial to test management systems using traditionally bred resi arieties and low impact insecticides to combat neonicotinoid resistance in v Seed of traditionally bred potatoes resistant to Colorado potato beet sufficient for lar ed; A oz/A, to ic with spinosad, of the researc location on t differences in b research will be low impact pes IV. Effects o Potato plants using a CO2 pr were placed reproduction. and the aphids’ m uthparts were he out in front o ld aphids did n feeding or prob d and oliag IV.1). This ef e treated up sprayed in the g reenhouse with Fufill at the norm were o rized spraye r. N phids n-winged ad essu iage in the laboratory and obse ding b on fol ding stopped Fee o was observe ing fect was true for f fill (pymetrozine) n feeding an e (2.75 um eup vival an s esta ons t bers ed b almost immediately after aphids were placed on the treated plants ost no Alm e (F igure ds. eath. d foliag he aphi ad of u ulfill t ntroduc y inste ce on F efore i f the ot rep to 9 da ndern reate ing t bod rodu ys b 0 o z/A and lternating uired grou w he ne nt fica his 004 t as w ell as al fi (Macr ehavio eld rat osiph r, sur roduc tion of the potato ult po rved fo tato a r fee z./A) iae) fl. o horb d o d rep 10 8 6 4 2 0 # alive - control # feeding - control # alive - Fulfill # feeding - Fulfill 0 1 2 Days 3 Figure IV.1. Effects of Fulfill on aphid survival, feeding and reproduction. This figure sh aphids placed on foliage immediately after spray dried. Similar results were observed for aphids placed on foliage up to 9 days after treatment. ows 109 Funding : MPIC Varieties Nitrogen Source and Seed Spacing Effects on Tuber Yield and Quality of New Potato Sieg S. Snapp, Chris M. Long, Dave S. Douches and Kitty O’Neil Depar Michigan State Un tment of Crop iversity and Soil Scie nc es , East Lansing, Michigan USA 48824 t rti g is nse cings . ourc tion ry m try m ntroduction in comb inati rch fin ner than w va of in vels a e and am . This stu ount a dy ex nd to eed spacin amin the respo s ed dings have indica ed that poult lizers. Poul conventional fe anure may be supplying nutrients in a more anure, r for requi ed ew of 5 n an potato growers, and the Snowden variety to 3 nitrogen (N) I Quantification of potato plant response to nutrient s rieties into comm rcial produc ntegration of ne e i otato varieties, p terest to Michig s ources, 2 N le nd 2 seed spa P revious resea fficient man e conventional fertilizer, has resulted in yield improvements when compared to conventional fertilizers alone. This experim e and ith low-release for s mula h igher-than- recomm whether yield improv A dditionally, al xperiment. Tu e c hoices about plan M A split-split plot experiment was designed and implemented to observe response profiles of 6 potato c ultivars to N sou ch cing t Farm in Entrican, MI during 2003 on M c lover. Potato var acin w rtilizer, at recommended rates (180 lbs. N/acre), as well as with a at r reatments. Plo s were estab ontcalm/McB g treatments a listed below t ride sandy loam previously planted to wheat and re ent compares thi tions of N fe ended rate of N ements from tilizer (270 l N/acre). T monst poultry manure are related to N quantity or form of N supply. arisons will de comp hese lanted at two se ed spacings t ty results from his compar to varieties w ield, size and ensity. in e h nitrogen lp growers will ac he e Montcalm esear R tre to t atmen in w make this ise aterials and Met l pota ber y t d ies and seed sp s m anure and f and seed spa fertilizer a izer combi ere p quali with ison on with re duced lish ed at th natio n wi th ho ds ertil bs. lon rce iet fer e : Purpos e Varie ty Narrow Spacing W ing Tablestock Michigan Purple MSE192-8Rus MSG227-2 Snowden UEC W1201 8” 10” 8” 8” 8” 8” Chipstock “ “ “ “ ide Spac 13” 15” 13” 13” 13” 13” ichigan Purple is a high yielding, purple skinned, white fleshed potato with excellent internal qu SE192-8Rus, is a russet tablestock line with excellent internal quality and wden, a public variety, is a chip processing standard for Michigan. MS M common scab tolerance. M Sno G227-2 is a cold storage (45 ºF) chipper with common scab resistance. W1201 is a chip processing selection from the University of Wisconsin with high yield potential, consistent processing gravity, common scab tolerance and good alities. 110 ip quality. UEC is an unknown east coast chip processing variety with high yield potential, moderate ab tolerance and good chip quality1. ch sc ur nitrogen schemes, described below, were tested in this experiment. Soil was prepared, plots were Fo id out, and pre-plant soil treatments of poultry compost and slow-release fertilizer were applied la anually on May 7th 2003. Three-row x 25 ft. plots were planted by hand on 13 May 2003 to ensur e m curate seed placement and spacing. Rows were opened and closed with a 2-row planter. All N ac eatment-variety-seed spacing combinations were replicated 4 times. 180 lbs. per acre is the tr commended N for potatoes grown on mineral soils in Michigan. Nutrients were supplied befo re du ring the growing season as follows: re and 180 lbs. Conventional 180 lbs. Manure Nitrogen Treatment 180 lbs. 270 lbs 250 35 250 35 350 91 182 250 35 250 35 5000 91 65 65 65 182 91 163 163 163 268 Slow-release Conventional 91 120 120 65 182 - - - - - (pounds per acre) - - - - - Fertilizer or Amendment Potash (0-0-60, pre-plant) Phosphorus (at planting) eister T102 (40% N, pre-plant) M Po ultry manure compost (50 lbs. N pe r acre credit, pre-plant) Ur ea (46-0-0) - at planting – 13 May - at hilling – 28 May - 23 June - 18 July Total N Plots were irrigated weekly, as needed, through an overhead pivot. Sencor and Dual were applied pre- ergence for weed control and Admire, Bravo, dimetholate and Polyram were used for disease and em pest prevention throughout the growing season. Petiole and soil nitrate status were monitored in Snowden plots throughout the season. Petioles were sampled at 79, 86, 99 and 113 days after planting by selecting the 3rd petiole from the growing tip of the plant and stripping off the leaves. Ion exchange membranes (2 per plot) were inserted into the soil to a depth of 6” within the plots to monitor soil nitrate. Diquat was applied on 11 September for vine killing. All plots (n=192) were harvested mechanically and manually weighed and graded on 9 and 10 October 2003. Tubers were washed and graded by size into ‘A’ (1 7/8” to 3 ¼” diameter), ‘B’ (smaller than 1 7/8” diameter), and ‘Oversize’ (greater than 3 ¼” diameter) categories and weighed. ‘A’ size tubers were also used for calculating specific gravity as (weight in air)/(weight in air – weight in water). Defective non-marketable tubers (misshapen, green, diseased, etc.) were also separated and weighed. Fr half lengthwise to i internal defects comparisons. S om each plot sample, 10 tubers from the oversize and A size categories were sampled and cut in center ect re removed. nspect for hollow heart, vascular ring disease, internal brown spot, and brown . ‘A’ size tubers were also subsampled, sliced and fried for chip color and def oil was sampled to a depth of 20” in Snowden plots after tubers we 111 Plot Map (Range Comden 9 NE @ MRF) Rep 2 Rep 1 180 Com post 180 Slow 180 Com post 180 Slow 270 Conv 180 Conv 270 Conv 180 Conv 180 Slow 180 Com post 180 Slow 180 Conv 180 Conv 270 Conv 180 Com post 270 Conv 100 feet Rep 4 Rep 3 50 feet 2 e - 7 l p 2 r 2 u G P S I M w o r r a n M e d i w 1 0 2 1 W w o r r a n e l p r u P I M e d i w n e d w o n S e d i w n e d w o n S w o r r a n 2 - 7 2 2 G S M w o r r a n 1 0 2 1 W e d i w w o r r a n C E U 2 9 1 E S M w o r r a n C E U e d i w 2 9 1 E S M e d i w 9 rows 25.5 feet Variety and Seed Spacing Layout – both variety and spacing treatments are random within each of the 4 replicates tuber yield and size distribution but did not affect specific gravity. s averaged 1.080 for both wide and narrow spacing across variety. Narrow seed for Michigan Purple, MSG227-2, UEC and W1201 varieties by an average of 43 Results and Discussion eed spacing influenced both S Specific gravity of tuber pacing increased yield s cwt / acre but did not affect yield of Snowden or MSE192-8Rus. Narrow spacing also resulted in a slightly smaller tuber size distribution by increasing the proportion of B-size and decreasing the proportion of oversized tubers compared with the wide seed spacing treatment. The UEC variety produced nearly 40% oversized tubers; while MSE192-8Rus produced more than 15% B-size tubers, oth significantly more than the other 5 varieties. b Overall U.S. No. 1 tuber yields w compared with and MSE192-8Rus, Snowden and W1201. narrow seed spac high fertilizatio bers over the 180 l total tuber y The recommended N fertilization rate of 180 lbs. / acre app all of the varieties included in this experiment. Application onsumption of nitrate by the plant during the growing season, reflected by petiole NO3-N levels, and c excess soil NO3-N after potato harvest compared with all 3 180 lbs. N treatments. The combination of poultry manure and conventional fertilizer generally produced high yields for all potato varieties except MSG227-2. Manure treatment did not influence tuber nutrient content. The slow release fertilizer formulation produced slightly smaller tubers and a slight, non-significant decrease in yield. None of the fertilizer or manure treatments in this experiment adversely affect chip color or to provide an opti 70 lbs. N / acre re est tuber yields were associated with of 270 lbs. N / acre did not improve High n rate bs. / acre fertilization treatm ents. rge tubers. The U.S. No. 1 tu mal a sulted mount of N for in luxury G227-2 and UEC varieties higan Purple, MS and la d of ield or yiel ere highe st for Mic ears of 2 ing 112 defects at harvest. Snowden chips had the fewest defects but also the lowest Agtron color compared with MSG227-2, UEC and W1201. Poultry manure shows promise as a soil treatment for potatoes. Application of 2.5 T / acre improved yield and did not affect size, quality or nutrient composition of tubers or chips. Responses to man ure were not similar to responses for slow release N fertilizer or to high rates of N fertilizer and may be related to soil organic matter or another non-nutrient effect. 1 Unknown Eastern Chipper (UEC) was previously tested and labeled as the clone B0766-3. B0766-3, a USDA Beltsville potato clone from Dr. Kathleen Haynes’ Breeding Program, Beltsville, Maryland is being considered for release. The officia l seed source for B0766-3 is the Uihlein Seed Farm, NY. The two clones UEC and B0766-3 have undergone fingerprint analysis at Michigan State University and the pattern of B0766-3 does not match that of UEC. Previously, the UEC clone tested was incorrectly referred to as B0766-3. No known variety or breeding clone matches the UEC fingerprint pattern to date. The origin and pedigree of UEC is currently unknown. UEC seed that was used in this nitrogen management experiment in 2003 was obtained from Devoe Seed Farm, Limestone, ME. The initial seed stock was obtained from the Maine State Seed Farm which is the Porter Seed Farm. The Michigan State University fingerprint data of UEC shows an identical match between the Devoe Farm seed and the tissue culture plantlets at the Porter Seed Farm from which all the seed labeled as UEC has been derived. 2 Helena Chemical Co., Collierville, TN. 113 Table 1. Yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers and proportion of B- and over-sized tubers as a percentage of total tuber yield for 6 potato varieties. Different superscripts indicate significant difference (p≤.05) US No. 1 (cwt/acre) ide W 317.5a 254.3 337.3 303.9 296.9a 308.2a 303.0a N arrow 354.9b 247.1 364.9 305.6 367.7b b 344.7 330.8b B-si (% of tot Wide 3.5 12.9a 3.8a 6.0 1.9 2.6a 5.1a ze al yi ld) Narrow e 4.0 1 .8b 7 5.0b 6.1 2.1 4.0b 5b6 . Oversize Narrow (% of total yield Wide 19.8 15.8a 8.3a 9.1 43.6a 17.1a 19.0a 19.2 9.4b 4.7b 8.3 35.9b 13.3b 15.1b Yield of US No. 1 Tubers Effect of Variety and N Source US#1-180 Conv US#1 - 180 Manure US#1 180 Slow US#1 - 270 Conv Michigan Purple MSE192-8Rus MSG227-2 Snowden UEC W1201 Average ) e r c a / t w c ( d e Y i l r e b u T 1 . o N S U 500 400 300 200 100 0 MSE192-8Rus MSG227-2 Snowden Michigan Purple UEC W1201 Yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers by variety for each of the 4 nitrogen ferti Figure 1. lization treatments. 114 t i h g e W r e b u T l a t o T f o % t i h g e W r e b u T l t a o T f o % t i h g e W r e b u T l a t o T f o % Michigan Purple MSE192-8Rus 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional %US #1 % B % OS Size Category MSG227-2 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional %US #1 % B % OS Size Category UEC 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 i t h g e W r e b u T l a t o T f o % t i h g e W r e b u T l t a o T f o % t i h g e W r e b u T l a t o T f o % 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional %US #1 % B % OS Size Category Snowden 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional %US #1 % B % OS Size Category W1201 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 %US #1 % B % OS %US #1 % B % OS Size Category Size Category igures 2a-f. Proportion of U F .S. No. 1, B- and over-sized tubers as a percentage of total tuber yield by variety for each of the 4 nit rogen fertilization treatments. 115 F igure 3. Table 2. ) r e t t a M y r D f o % ( N - 3 O N 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Petiole NO3-N (Snowden Only) Luxury Consumption al 180 Co 180 Ma 180 Sl 270 Conventi nvention nure ow Relea se ona l 75 80 85 95 90 100 Days after Planting 105 110 115 Petiole NO3-N content during the growing season for Snowden plants seeded at wide spacing managed with one of four nitrogen fertilization treatments. Residual soil NO3-N and NH4-N at two depths in Snowden plots managed with one of four nitrogen fertilization treatments. Different superscripts indicate significant difference (p≤.05) Depth Nitrogen Treatment 0-8" 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional 8-20” 180 Conventional 180 Manure 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional NO3-N (ppm soil) NH4-N (ppm soil) 27.35a 27.45a 33.45ab 46.03b p=.0962 11.35a 13.10ab 12.23a 18.35b p=.0918 3.20 4.30 3.40 3.33 p=.5426 1.33 1.83 1.48 1.20 p=.4848 116 Figure 4. Table 3. 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Tuber Calcium Content CaNO3 Single CaNO3 Split 180 Manure Control/180 Conventional Gypsom 180 Slow Release 270 Conventional 2002 2003 Experiment i ) t h g e w y r d % ( i m u c a C l r e b u T Tuber calcium content at harvest for Snowden variety across spacing treatment in 2003 and for Pike and FL1879 in 2002, managed with different fertilization treatments. Chip defects and Agtron color readings for each nitrogen fertili zation treatment and chipstock variety. Different superscripts indicate significant difference (p ≤.05) 180# Conventional 180# Manure 180# Slow release 270# Conventional MSG 227-2 Snowden UEC W 1201 Defects (%) Agtron Color 17.2 16.7 18.5 13.2 p=.1604 17.5b 13.1a b 19.6 15.5ab p=.0330 59.01 59.10 59.82 59.94 p=.6999 59.28ab 57.94a b 60.09 60.56b p=.0245 117 Funding: Industry POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.>FL1879=) Late blight; Phytophthora infestans W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and D. Berry Department of Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of fungicide programs for potato late blight control, 2003. Potatoes [cut seed, treated with Maxim MZ 0.5D (0.5 lb/cwt)] were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 5 Jun into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing), separated by a five-foot unplanted row and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans [US8 biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type)] at 104 spores/fl oz on 27 Jul. All fungicides in this trial were applied on a 7-day interval from 25 Jun to 20 Aug (8 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 11, 18, 25 Aug and 4 [15 days after final application (DAFA), 41 days after inoculation (DAI)] and 11Sep (22 DAFA, 48 DAI) when there was 100% foliar infection in the untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from date of inoculation, 25 Jul to 11 Sep, a period of 48 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 11 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Maximum and minimum air temperature (oF) were 91.7 and 60.9 (Jun), 89.8 and 69.4 (Jul), 93.8 and 64.8 (Aug) and 85.5 and 61.7 (Sep). Maximum and minimum soil temperature (oF) were 82.3 and 70.1 (Jun), 79.9 and 73.3 (Jul), 82.7 and 75.4 (Aug) and 77.4 and 68.4 (Sep). Precipitation was 0.8" (Jun), 0.37" (Jul), 0.56" (Aug) and 0.98" (Sep). The total number of late blight disease severity values (DSV) over the inoculation period was 126 and 39 (using 80% and 90% ambient %RH as bases for DSV accumulation), respectively. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 1"/A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. eveloped slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug and untreated controls reached 100% foliar infection by 11 Sep. Taking 41 DAI as a key reference point, all fungicide programs reduced the foliar late blight significantly compared to the untreated control. Programs were not significantly different. Taking 48 DAI as a key reference point, there was almost complete defoliation of the untreated control due to late blight and all fungicide programs had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control. Programs with 23.8 - 32.5% foliar late blight; those with 15.8 to 23.8% foliar late blight; those with 8.8 to 17.8% foliar late blight; and those with 6.5 to 15.8% fol te 09 blight over the s to 4.78; those ent yield of US1-grade potatoes than the untreated control and programs with less than 298 cwt/A. Treatment 17 3 had signific had significan ield of US1-grade potatoes than programs with less than 282 cwt/A. There wer ignificant differences among any other treatments with respect to marketable yield. Treatment 3 had ograms with less than ms with less than 335 cwt/A. There were no 298 cwt/A. Treatme significant difference as not no blight were not significantly different. All fungicide programs significantly reduced the average amount of foliar la on (RAUDPC, 0 to 48 DAI) compared to the untreated control. Application programs with RAUDPC values from2. with RAUDPC values 1.65 to 4.36; and those with RAUDPC values 1.17 to 3.56 were not significantly different. Treatm antly higher tly higher y e pot l yield atoes than progra . Phytotoxicity w e no s yield than pr nt 17 had s s among an igni y oth ficantly higher yield of US1-grad er treatments with respect to tota ted in any of the treatments. significantly higher total Late blight d iar late eas 118 Foliar late blight (%) 41 DAIa 48 DAI 15 DAFAb 22 DAFA RAUDPCc Max = 100 0 - 48 DAI Yield (cwt/A) US1 Total Treatment and rate/acre 1 A13666 5.5SC 1.45 pt (A,C,E,Gd); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H).................................................. be 11.8 2 A13666 5.5SC 1.8 pt (A,C,E,G,); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H).................................................. 3 Quadris 2.08SC 0.4 pt + Bravo WS SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E,G); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H).................................................. 4 Amistar 80WDG 0.13 lb (A,C,E,G); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H).................................................. 12.5 1.98 cd 275 c 319 2.09 bcd 302 abc 354 1.40 4.36 d bc 391 a 424 342 abc 392 ab 5 Polyram 80WP 2.0 lb (A,B,D,E) Acrobat 50WP 0.4 lb + Polyram 80WP 2.0 lb (C,F,H) Polyram 80WP 2.0 lb + Supertin 80WP 0.16 lb (G)………….... 6 Dithane RS 75DF 1.5 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)............................... 7 Endura 70WDG 0.14 lb (A,C,E); Headline 2SC 0.77 pt (B,D); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (F,G,H)…….............................................. 8 Endura 70WDG 0.14 lb (A,C); Headline 2SC 0.77 pt (B,E); Acrobat 50WP 0.4 lb + Polyram 80WP 2.0 lb (D); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (F,G,H)...................................................... 9 Reason 500SC 0.34 pt + Bond 500SC 0.5 pt (A,B,C,D) Bravo WS 6SC 1.0 pt (E,F,G)...................................................... 10 Reason 500SC 0.51 pt + Bond 500SC 0.5 pt (A,B,C,D) Bravo WS 6SC 1.0 pt (E,F,G)...................................................... 11 Previcur 500SC 0.7 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 1.0 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H).................................... 3.3 12 Previcur 500SC 0.7 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 1.0 pt (A,C,E,G); Bravo WS 13 Previcur 5 6SC 1.5 pt (F,G,H)...................................................... 00SC 1.2 pt (A,C,E,G); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B,D,F,H).................................................. 14 Penncozeb 75DF 2.0 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H)................................. 15 Echo ZN 6SC 2.13 pt (A,B,C) Echo 720SC 1.5 pt + Gem 25DF 0.38 lb (D,E,F,G,H)………… .13 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) .................................. 16 Echo ZN 17 Bravo WS Dithane R Phostrol 53.6SC 8.0 pt. (E,F,G,H)……………………………… 3.8 6SC 2 6SC 1.5 pt + Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 lb (A,B,C,D) S 75DF 1.5 lb + Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 lb + 4.0 2.5 4.3 4.8 3.3 4.3 9.8 8.0 6.0 11.5 4.5 2.8 3.8 .8 12 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b de de de c de cd cd 11.3 9.0 22.0 11.3 17.5 17.8 1.82 3.56 cd bcd 351 357 abc abc 410 391 3.10 bcd 314 abc 366 15.8 cde 2.53 bcd 309 abc 352 32.5 7.3 7.0 6.5 9.0 23.8 7.5 7.0 b e e e de bc e e 4.74 1.65 1.34 1.36 1.53 4.78 1.43 1.17 8.8 de 1.57 b cd d d d b d d d 336 abc 372 344 abc 385 362 a bc 413 340 abc 397 371 339 326 336 ab abc abc abc 423 394 377 390 334 abc 382 cd 336 abc 390 b ab a ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab a ab ab ab ab ab 1.66 b de 3.8 10.0 18 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt + Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 lb (A,B,C,D ) )... ol 53.6SC 8.0 pt. (E,F,G,H lb + (E,F,H)........ ...................... th Phytophthora infestans, US8, A lb + Phostr + Bravo WS SC 1.5 pt (A); + Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 lb (B,D); pt (C,G) Bravo WS SC 1.5 lb + Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 b + Phostrol 53.6SC 8.0 pt. .......................................... wi Champ DP 4.6FL 2.67 19 Quadris 2.08SC 0.4 pt Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt Acrobat 50WP 0.4 lb + Dithane RS 75DF 1.5 Agritin 80WDG 0.16 l 20 Untreated...................... a Days after inoculation b Days after final application of fungicide. c RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from day of inoculatio d Application dates: A= e Values followed by the l; C= 9 Jul; D= 16 Jul; are not significantly diffe ul; F= 30 Jul; G = 0.05 (Tukey M 25 Jun; B= 2 Ju same letter E= 23 J rent at P 9.5 100.0 3.3 62.5 de a b a 2. 1.52 20.21 d a 305 282 abc bc 358 335 ab ab n to last evaluation of late blight. = 6 Aug; H ultiple C = 13 Aug; I= 20Aug. omparison). 119 Funding: Industry POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.‘FL1879’) Late blight; Phytophthora infestans W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and D. Be Department of Plant Patholog Michigan State Universit 4 East Lansing, MI 4882 y y rry Evaluation of Ranman, EBDC and chlorothalonil-based programs for potato late blight control, 2003. Potatoes [cut seed, treated with Maxim MZ 0.5D (0.5 lb/cwt)] were planted at the Michigan State University Muck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 5 Jun into two-row by 25-ft plots (34-in row spacing), separated by a five-foot unplanted row and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans [US8 biotype (insensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type)] at 104 spores/fl oz on 27 Jul. All fungicides in this trial were applied on a 7-day interval from 25 Jun to 20 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt/A on 20 Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting on 15 Jun), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 27 Jul; 11, 18, 25 Aug and 4 [15 days after final application (DAFA), 41 days after inoculation (DAI)] and 11Sep (22 DAFA, 48 DAI) when there was 100% foliar infection in the untreated plots. The relative area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from date of inoculation, 25 Jul to 11 Sep, a period of 48 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 11 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Maximum and minimum air temperature (oF) were 91.7 and 60.9 (Jun), 89.8 and 69.4 (Jul), 93.8 and 64.8 (Aug) and 85.5 and 61.7 (Sep). Maximum and minimum soil temperature (oF) were 82.3 and 70.1 (Jun), 79.9 and 73.3 (Jul), 82.7 and 75.4 (Aug) and 77.4 and 68.4 (Sep). Precipitation was 0.8" (Jun), 0.37" (Jul), 0.56" (Aug) and 0.98" (Sep). The total number of late blight disease severity values (DSV) over the inoculation period was 126 and 39 (using 80% and 90% ambient %RH as bases for DSV accumulation), respectively. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 1 "/A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. Late blight developed slowly after inoculation then rapidly during Aug and untreated controls reached 100% foliar infection by 11 Sep. Taking 41 DAI as a key reference point, all fungicide programs reduced the foliar late blight significantly compared to the untreated control. Programs with less than 8.5 - 13.0% foliar late blight; those with 6.5 to 11.8% foliar late blight; and those with 3.8 to 8.5% foliar late blight were not significantly different. Taking 48 DAI as a key reference point, there was almost complete defoliation of the untreated control due to late blight and all fungicide programs had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control. Programs with 23.8 - 26.3% foliar late blight; and those with 10.0 to 16.5% foliar late blight were not significantly different. All fungicide programs significantly reduced the average amount of foliar late blight over the season (RAUDPC, 0 to 48 DAI) compared to the untreated control. Application programs with RAUDPC values below 2.84 to 4.51; those with RAUDPC values 2.73 to 4.2; and those with RAUDPC values 1.88 to 2.86 were not significantly different. There were no significant differences among treatments with respect to marketable or total yield. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. Treatment and rate 1 Bravo ZN 6SC 2 Equus SC 1.5 pt 3 Ranman 40SC 0.13 pt 4 Dithane RS 75DF 1.5 lb /acre 2.13 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)d........................................... (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)...................................................... + Silwet 6SC 0.1 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)............ (A,C,E,G,I); Ranman 40SC 0. 17 + Silwet I-77 6SC 0.1 pt (B,D,F,H).......................... 5 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,C ,E,G,I); Ranman 40SC 0 .13 pt + Silwet 6SC 0.1 pt (B,D,F,H)............................ 6 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A ,E); Headline 2SC 0.77 pt (B); Ranman 40SC 0.13 pt Omega 5SC 0.5 + Silwet 6SC 0.1 pt (C,F,H,I); pt (D,G).......................................................................... 7 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A ,B,G,I); Omega 5SC 0.5 pt (C,E); Foliar late blight (%) 41 DAIa 15 DAFAb de 5.8 cd 6.5 3.8 d 48 DAI 22 DAFA c 13.0 c 12.5 13.8 c 13.0 7.0 b cd 26.3 16.3 5.0 d 10.8 b c c RAUDPCc Max = 100 0 - 48 DAI d 2.43 2.73 cd d 1.88 4.51 2.79 b cd Yield (cwt/A ) US1 Total 410 372 395 337 345 380 334 351 383 411 1.97 d 357 391 Ranman 40SC 0. 13 pt + Silwet6SC 0.1 pt (D,F,H)................................. ,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)............................................. 8 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B 0lb (A,B,F,G,H,I); Dithane RS 75DF 1.5 lb (C,D,E)........ 9 Gavel 75DF 2. 10 Dithane RS 75DF 1.5 lb (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)......................................... 11 Untreated.................................................................................................. sem P = 0.05f a Days after inoculation with Phytophthora infestans, US8, A2. b Days after final application of fungicide. c RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from day of inoculation to last evaluation of late blight. d Application dates: A= 25 Jun; B= 2 Jul; C= 9 Jul; D= 16 Jul; E= 23 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 6 Aug; H= 13 Aug; I= 20Aug. e Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). f Standard error of least squares mean at P = 0.05 if no significant difference among means. 1.93 2.84 2.86 4.21 22.83 10.0 14.5 16.5 23.8 100.0 5.0 7.3 8.5 11.8 76.3 d bcd bcd bc a d cd bcd bc a c c c b a 302 343 334 336 305 19.7 336 388 382 390 358 21.3 120 POTATO (Solanum tu Brown spot; Alternaria alternata berosum L.‘Russet Norkotah’) ng: Industry Fundi W. W. K rk, R. L Schafe and D. Be y Department of Plant Pathology M higa Stat East Lansing, MI 48824 niv sity e U er ic rr n r i Evaluation of fungicide programs for control of bro Potatoes [cut seed, treated with Maxi m MZ 0.5D (0.5 lb/cwt), wn spot , 2003. , e t 0 /A er ro w - s la unless stated] were planted at the Michigan State Uni versity cing sepa ated by a five-foo t ), r pa (3 n y in p e d w ri row s d o ( gic es sp b in this trial ere a plie ete block design. Plots were irrigated as needed with Jun and 15 Jul) and Poast (1.5 pt/A on 28 Jul). Insects wer cont ck Soils Experimental Station, Bath, MI on 5 Jun into two row b 25-ft plots 4-i id n ray oom d live ng 25 gal/A 80 p. .i.) an d - Mu zed compl unplanted row and replicated four times in a randomi l spr inklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. A l fun R 25 Jun to 20 Aug (9 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted &D usin ng and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 20 Jun), Basagran (2 pt XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hil li 20 e on 1 and 21 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 28 Ju /A Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 1 and 28 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt rown spot on 25 Aug and 1, 8 and 15 Sep [4, 11 and Plo affected by b ts were rated visually for percentage foliar area e ction er final application (DAFA)] when there was 30% foliar inf aft 5 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and gr vested on 2EC (1 pt/A on 15 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were har Ma 61.7 (Sep). Maximum and minimum soil temperature ( F) we 82.3 and recipitation was 0.8" (Jun), 0.37" ( l), 0 supplement precipitation to about 1"/A/4 day period with over ead s ximum and minimum air temperature (oF) were 91.7 and 60.9 (Ju , 8 8 and 6 .4 ul), 9 9 and " (Se n) 9. 9 (J , 7 nd ) 9. .1 (Jun 70 a 0.98 nd " (A .56 g) a u ink irrig on. le pr ati d (A a 64.8 an l), 8 .7 and (Ju 75.4 2 3.3 te were . Plot s d to rriga i lled ith A mire 2F (2 fl oz 77.4 and 68.4 (Sep). P es w e kill d wit Regl ne o aded. ug) nd 85 an .5 d (A ug) n a 7 day i terva rom l f e hre g t /A on at p nting on 15 un) J l). 18 days th untrea ed pl 3.8 7 p) 30% foli rown spot developed slowly during Aug and untreated co trols rograms 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11 reduced brown spot significantly compared to the u appeared on 25 Aug and fungicide p l. By 1 Sep trol. Other programs were not significantly different from he un eated cont con ro application (DAFA), all fungicide programs except treatment 8 ha significant ly les folia control. Treatment 8 was not signi ept treatment 8 had significantly less foliar brown spot t an th tre e un exc t n p brown spot (2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11) had significantly less brown spot ha evaluation on 15 Sep (18 DAFA), all programs were sign and No treatments had significantly different yield from the un tha noted in any of the treatments. ot 4 Se . Bro n sp firs t ntreated e d rograms am with less th n 4% folia r a fina l . ificantly different from the untreated control. Programs 2, 3, 4, 9 ram og . 1 yield icity was not rom ny o er pr treated control but treatment 3 had significantly greater US ficantly different from any other treatment. On 8 Sep, 4 DAFA, all fungicide p n treatment 1. No programs had significantly greater tota yield 10 had significantly less foliar brown spot than treatmen he f al fun icid g spot han t e untr eate rown spot) At the ated co rogram 8 1.3% olia ntro . Pro gr f mp red to he u treate con a , 4 ays after t r b wn t ot significa tly d ere t 8 but w n l. Ph totox re hed ots. Vin re Ju h s r b in h infe d ro l (1 cti on by tr d a y nt f n n co ere tro n t iff d h ar p w h l th ac B s t e o 121 r atment and rate/acre T e 1 Tanos 50WDG 0.25 lb Manzate 200DF 2.0 lb (B,D,G,H)................................................. 0.4 abd 1.0 + Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,C,E,Fc) ; 2 Tanos 50WDG 0.25 lb + Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,C,E,F); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H)................................................... 0.1 3 Tanos 50WDG 0.38 lb + Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,C,E,F); Manzate 200DF 2.0 lb (B,D,G,H)................................................. 0.0 4 Tanos 50WDG 0.38 lb + Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,C,E,F); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H)................................................... 0.0 5 Tanos 50WDG 0.5 lb + Manzate 200DF 1.5 lb (A,C,E,F); Manzate 200DF 2.0 lb (B,D,G,H)................................................. 0.3 6 KQ 667 68.75WDG 1.5 lb (A,C,E,F); Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H)................................................... 0.5 7 Quadris 2.08SC 0.4 pt (A,C,E,F); Bravo WS SC 1.5 pt (B.D,F,H)..................................................... 0.3 8 Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H).................................... 0.8 9 Headsup 100DF 0.0025 lb (ST).................................................... 0.0 10 Headsup 100DF 0.0025 lb (ST) b b b ab ab ab ab b 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 0.5 b b b b b b 4.0 bc 6.8 bc 258 b 319 c 2.8 1.8 3.0 4.0 4.3 c c c bc bc 6.0 4.8 5.3 c c c 283 ab 354 abc 367 a 424 ab 321 ab 392 abc 9.5 bc 329 ab 410 ab 8.8 bc 334 ab 391 abc 4.5 b ab 11.3 b 2.5 8.8 bc ab 16.8 b c c bc 296 287 359 5.3 ab 352 abc bc ab 345 a 439 a ab 398 abc ab 417 ab ab 369 abc Foliar Brown Spot (%)a Yield (cwt/A) 25 Aug 1 S 4 DA 8 Sep ep 15 Sep FAb 11 DAFA 18 DAFA US1 Total c Headsup 100DF 0.21 lb (A)........................................................... 0.1 c 11 Headsup 100DF 0.21 lb (A)........................................................... 0.1 12 Untreated....................................................................................... 1.3 a a Percent foliar brown spot (rolling average through each plot, mean of 8 evaluations taken every 3 ft). b Days after final application of fungicide. c Application dates: A= 25 Jun; B= 2 Jul; C= 9 Jul; D= 16 Jul; E= 23 Jul; F= 30 Jul; G= 6 Aug; H= 13 Aug; I= 20Aug. d Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). c 327 bc 330 298 a 6.3 7.5 30.0 1.9 3.0 16.3 0.3 0.8 7.0 b b a b b a 122 Funding: MPIC Sum mary Report for the 2 002-2003 Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage d to you free of charge. Brian Sackett, Chris Long, Dick Crawford, Todd Forbush (Techmark, Inc.), Steve Crooks, Greg Perkins, Tim Young, Jason Walther, Troy Sackett and Randy Styma Introduction This is a summary report of the 2002-2003 Dr. B.F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report Volume 2. This report is designed to provide a short summary of the 2002-2003 storage committee activities. To obtain a copy of the full 2002-2003 Demonstration Storage Report please contact the Michigan Potato Industry Commission office (517-669-8377) or Chris Long at Michigan State University (517-355-0271 ext.#193). The full report will be provide Summary and Highlights The 2002 growing season resulted in a lower than average specific gravity with some internal tuber defects such as stem discoloration in the finished product. The harvest season was generally dry and resulted in lower incidents of storage diseases being reported. The 2002-2003 storage season was an opportunity for the Storage and Handling committee to continue the objectives established in 2001-2002. Liberator (MSA091-1), UEC* and W1201 were evaluated in a 500 cwt. bulk bin for the first time as a result of their performance in the box bins in 2001-2002. Liberator was shipped to Shearer’s Food Inc., Brewster, Ohio on April 10, 2003. The chips scored a 57.1 Agtron, 5% total chip defects and 1.083 raw product gravity. Based on these results, two 500 cwt. bulk bins of Liberator will be evaluated in the 2003-2004 storage season. Each bin will have a different storage temperature profile. MSF099-3 was evaluated for a second time in a 500 cwt. bulk bin. Based on this variety’s common scab susceptibility, progress has slowed in its’ commercialization. UEC was quite surprising as the average yield for this variety in 2002 was 500 cwt./A over the two acres planted. The storage life of the tubers quickly ran out in late February and the tubers were sent to Herr Foods, Knotingham, PA. on March 4, 2003. Specific gravity was 1.078, which was lower than desired. The Agtron score was 64.5 with 7% minor defects present and some salt and pepper chip color noted, due to the mature nature of the tubers in storage. Overall, we are quite pleased with this variety and plan to have two 500 cwt. bulk bins in the 2003- 2004 storage season to evaluate two separate planting / harvest dates. W1201 had an above average yield in 2002 at 425 cwt./A. This bulk bin was shipped to Utz Quality Foods Inc., Hanover, PA on April 10, 2003. The specific gravity was 1.087. The Agtron score was 63.9 with 0% chip defects. W1201 had a very nice gravity during a marginal gravity year in Michigan. This was encouraging to the committee. Seed availability has been a problem for us to move forward with this variety. W1201 is scheduled for the storage in 2003-2004. 123 arieties that we want to move ahead with in w chip processing lines in 2003-2004 in hopes of rage has not revealed any new v The box bin sto 2003-2004. We will continue to evaluate ne finding something new for the 2004-2005 storage season. Unknown Eastern Chi per UEC * p ) ( r lo 6 r t r s d b t e H e B *Unknown Eastern Chipper (UEC) was previously es d an la eled as he c ne B07 6-3. reeding Prog am , te B0766-3, a USDA Beltsville potato clone from D . K thle n ayn s’ a Beltsville, Maryland is being considered for elea e. he ffi T o cial seed source for B0766-3 is the Uihlein Seed Farm, NY. The two clones UEC and B0766-3 have undergone fingerprint analysis at Michigan State University and the pattern of B0766-3 does not match th at of UEC. Thus, the UEC clone tested was incorrectly referred to as B0766-3. No know n variety or breeding clone matches the UEC fingerprint pattern to date. The origin and pedigree of UEC is currently unknown. UEC seed that was tested in the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report Volumes 1 and 2 was obtained from Devoe Seed Farm, Limestone, ME. The initial seed stock was obtained from the Maine State Seed Farm which is the Porter Seed Farm. The Michigan State University fingerprint data of UEC shows an identical match between the Devoe Farm seed and the tissue culture plantlets at the Porter Seed Farm from which all the seed labeled as UEC has been derived. 124 124