Michigan State University AgBioResearch In Cooperation With Michigan Potato Industry Commission Michigan Potato Research Report Volume 43 2011 Michigan Potato Industry Commission 13109 Schavey Rd., Ste. 7 DeWitt, MI 48820 517.669.8377 Fax 517.669.8377 www.mipotato.com email: info@mipotato.com April 2012 To All Michigan Potato Growers & Shippers: The Michigan Potato Industry Commission, Michigan State University’s AgBioResearch and Cooperative Extension Service are pleased to provide you with a copy of the results from the 2011 potato research projects. This report includes research projects funded by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission, the USDA Special Grant and special allocations by the Commission. Additionally, the Commission expresses appreciation to suppliers of products for research purposes and special grants to the Commission and researchers. Providing research funding and direction to principal investigators at MSU is a function of the Michigan Potato Industry Commission’s Research Committee. Best wishes for a prosperous 2012 season. Pat DuRussel, Chairman Randy Styma, Vice Chairman Duane Andersen Dennis Hanson Greg Iott William Kitchen Brian Sackett Tim Wilkes Tim Young Ex Officios: Keith Creagh, MDA Dr. Dave Douches, MSU Table of Contents Page Introduction and Acknowledgements 2011 Potato Breeding and Genetics Research Report David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, D. Zarka, K. Felcher and D. Kells 2011 Potato Variety Evaluations D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, C. Long, W. Kirk and J. Hao 2011 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Luke Steere, Dr. Doo-Hong Min and Chris Kapp (Upper Peninsula) 76 1 5 25 58 77 78 80 82 85 (cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:24) Compost Effects on Weed Competition, Seed Production, and Potato Yield A.J. Lindsey, K.A. Renner, W.J. Everman Late-Season Weed Control in “FL 1922” Potatoes A.J. Lindsey, W.J. Everman, C.L. Sprague Evaluation of plow-type and biofungiceds programs for common scab control in potatoes, 2011 W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer, A. Merlington and J. Hao Seed treatments and seed plus in furrow treatments for control of seed- and soil-borne Rhizoctonia solani, 2011. W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer, A. Merlington and J. Hao Identifying and characterizing resistance from diverse potato germplasm sources to highly aggressive strains of light blight: tuber responses. W. Kirk, R. Schafer, D. Douches, J. Coombs, D. Halterman and A. Gevens COLORADO POTATO BEETLE RESEARCH UPDATE Zsofia Szendrei and Adam Byrne Potato Nitrogen Response to Slow-Release and Soluble Fertilizer Source, Rate, and Application Timing Dr. Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas Evaluation of fungicide programs for potato early blight, brown leaf spot and tan spot control: 2011. W. W. Kirk and R. L Schafer 101 Evaluation of fungicide programs for potato late blight control: 2011. 103 W. W. Kirk and R. L Schafer Evaluation of fungicide programs for white mold control in potatoes, 2011 W. W. Kirk, R. L Schafer and P. Tumbalam. Evaluation of biologically based materials and organic amendments for the control of common scab of potato J.J. Hao, Q. Meng, N. Rosenzweig, and W.W. Kirk Modern Soil Fumigation Research and Education for Michigan Potato Production George W. Bird 2010-2011 Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report, Michigan Potato Industry Commission Chris Long, Coordinator and Luke Steere 105 107 113 120 2011 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2011 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by MSU potato researchers at several locations. The 2011 report is the 43rd volume, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Potato Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principal source of funding for each project has been noted at the beginning of each report. We wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Potato Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude of potato related research in Michigan. Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed, supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on-farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism of the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this committee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research. Special thanks go to Bruce Sackett for the management of the MSU Montcalm Research Center (MRC) and the many details which are a part of its operation. We also want to recognize Barb Smith at MPIC and Luke Steere, MSU for helping with the details of this final draft. WEATHER The overall 6-month average maximum temperature during the 2011 growing season was two degrees lower than the 6-month average maximum temperature for the 2010 season and was one degree lower than the 15-year average (Table 1). The 6-month average minimum temperature for 2011 was one degree higher than the 15-year average. There were 4 days with recorded temperature readings of 90 F or above in 2011. There were 179 hours of 70 °F temperatures between the hours of 10 PM and 8 AM which occurred over 33 different days, April to September (Data not shown). There was one day in May that the minimum air temperature was below 32 F. This occurred on May 5th. The average maximum temperature for July 2011, was four degrees higher than the 15- year average (Table 1). In October 2011, during the period from the 13th to the 31st there were only six days with no measureable rainfall. For the period from October 6th to October 9th, the recorded daytime high was 80 ºF or higher four days in a row. Rainfall for April through September was 14.92 inches, which was 3.5 inches below the 15-year average (Table 2). In October 2011, 1.6 inches of rain was recorded. Irrigation at MRC was applied 8 times from June 30th to September 14th, averaging 0.74 inches for each application. The total amount of irrigation water applied during this time period was 5.95 inches. 1 Table 1. Table 2. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center. May June July April August September 6-Month Average Year Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 48 1997 52 1998 51 1999 2000 50 53 2001 51 2002 2003 49 49 2004 51 2005 51 2006 2007 50 49 2008 49 2009 2010 53 2011 51 15-Year Average 58 79 77 77 75 78 79 77 74 82 78 82 77 76 77 77 54 60 59 56 61 56 56 62 62 62 53 61 56 64 53 73 81 76 79 72 81 82 76 81 80 80 80 76 82 79 79 55 60 56 57 70 58 58 53 58 58 58 54 56 61 58 58 80 82 84 77 83 85 81 79 82 83 81 80 75 83 85 81 56 56 55 57 57 58 52 54 60 54 54 56 54 57 56 56 39 51 48 49 49 42 44 46 41 46 47 40 45 49 48 46 31 37 37 34 37 36 33 37 36 36 33 37 34 38 34 35 59 75 71 70 70 63 64 67 65 61 73 67 67 70 68 67 69 76 73 70 69 77 72 78 77 68 76 73 74 69 70 73 50 52 48 49 48 52 48 49 51 48 50 50 49 50 48 49 69 75 73 71 72 73 72 73 75 72 74 73 71 74 72 73 78 57 58 62 56 58 62 58 57 58 61 56 58 53 62 62 59 50 The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center. Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 15-Year Average April 2.02 2.40 5.49 3.18 3.28 2.88 0.70 1.79 0.69 2.73 2.64 1.59 3.94 1.59 3.42 2.56 May 3.13 2.21 5.07 6.46 6.74 4.16 3.44 8.18 1.39 4.45 1.60 1.69 2.15 3.68 3.08 3.83 June 3.54 1.82 5.82 4.50 2.90 3.28 1.85 3.13 3.57 2.18 1.58 2.95 2.43 3.21 2.38 3.01 July 2.80 0.40 4.29 3.79 2.49 3.62 2.60 1.72 3.65 5.55 2.43 3.07 2.07 2.14 1.63 2.82 August September 2.71 2.22 5.46 5.28 5.71 7.12 2.60 1.99 1.85 2.25 2.34 3.03 4.74 2.63 2.57 1.46 3.05 4.03 5.25 4.43 1.59 2.06 0.32 3.90 3.15 1.18 5.03 1.49 1.88 1.84 3.50 2.71 Total 15.66 12.10 30.16 28.46 25.55 22.65 13.25 17.13 15.05 20.31 11.77 17.36 16.82 15.13 14.92 18.42 2 GROWING DEGREE DAYS Tables 3 and 4 summarize the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) for 2011. Growing degree days base 50 for May through September, 2011, are in (Table 3) and growing degree days base 40 for May through September, 2011, are in (Table 4). The total GDD base 50 for 2011 was 2393 (Table 3), which is slightly higher than the 10-year average. The total GDD base 40 for 2011 was 3848, remaining above average for the same recorded period 2006-2011 (Table 4). Table 3. Growing Degree Days* - Base 50F. Cumulative Monthly Totals Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10-Year Average May 319 330 245 195 283 358 205 247 352 299 283 June 903 762 662 826 765 926 700 700 857 788 789 July 1646 1302 1200 1449 1444 1494 1298 1133 1561 1512 1404 August September 2214 1922 1639 2035 2016 2084 1816 1622 2231 2085 2613 2256 2060 2458 2271 2495 2152 1963 2531 2393 1966 2319 Table 4. Growing Degree Days* - Base 40F. Cumulative Monthly Totals May 532 639 447 519 610 567 June 1310 1503 1240 1264 1411 1354 July 2298 2379 2147 2004 2424 2388 August September 3180 3277 2973 2800 3402 3270 3707 3966 3596 3420 3979 3848 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 10-Year Average *2002-2011 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Center “Enviro-weather”, Michigan Weather Station Network, Entrican, MI.) 3753 552 1347 2273 3150 3 PREVIOUS CROPS, SOIL TESTS AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area utilized in 2011 was rented from Steve Comden, directly to the West of the Montcalm Research Center. This acreage was planted to a field corn crop in the spring of 2010 and harvested fall 2010 with crop residue disked into the soil. In the spring of 2011, the recommended rate of potash was applied, in addition to, 2 tons/A of dried chicken litter. These products were disked into the remaining corn residue. The chicken litter nutrient analysis was 4-3-2- 8%Ca with a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 6.9:1. The ground was deep chiseled, disked and direct planted to potatoes. The area was not fumigated with Vapam prior to potato planting, but Vydate C- LV was applied in-furrow at planting. Early potato vine senescence was not an issue in 2011. The soil test analysis for the general crop area was as follows: lbs/A P2O5 K2O Ca Mg pH 5.7 306 (153 ppm) 216 (108 ppm) 910 (455 ppm) 158 (79 ppm) The fertilizers used in the general plot area are as follows. (Variances in fertilizers used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports.) Application Broadcast at plow down 0-0-21-10 At planting At cultivation At hilling Late side dress (late varieties) Rate 200 lbs/A 10 lbs/A 26 gpa 6 gpa 25 gpa 200 lbs/A 130 lbs/A 0-0-42-20 1 lb. B 80-0-0 7-22-0 77-0-0 92-0-0 60-0-0 10%B 28-0-0 10-34-0 28-0-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 Nutrients (N-P205-K20-Mg) Analysis Calcium and Nitrogen were applied July 20th in the form of liquid Calcium Nitrate (with an analysis of 30% Ca and 25% N) for a total application of 7 gpa. The composite nutrient value resulted in 23 lbs actual Ca and 19 lbs of N being applied per acre on the potato production area. HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL A pre-emergence application of Linex at 1.5 quarts/A and Dual II at 1.33 pints/A was made in late May. A post-emergence application of Matrix at 1.3 oz/A was made in late July. Admire and Vydate C-LV were applied in-furrow at planting at a rate of 8 fl oz/A and 2 quarts/A, respectively. Two foliar applications of Vydate C-LV were made on June 25th and July 8th at the rate of 1 quart /A. Fungicides used were; Bravo, Tanos and Manzate over 11 applications. Potato vines were desiccated with Reglone in early September at a rate of 2 pints/A. 4 2011 POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuelke, D. Zarka, K. Felcher and D. Kells Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Cooperators: Zsofia Szendrei, Willie Kirk, Jay Hao and Chris Long At Michigan State University, we are dedicated to developing improved potato INTRODUCTION varieties for the chip-processing and tablestock markets. The program is one of four integrated breeding programs in the North Central region supported through the Potato Special Grant. At MSU, we conduct a multi-disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety development that integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches. In Michigan, it requires that we primarily develop high yielding round white potatoes with excellent chip-processing from the field and/or storage. In addition, there is a need for table varieties (russet, red, yellow, and round white). We conduct variety trials of advanced selections and field experiments at MSU research locations (Montcalm Research Center, Lake City Experiment Station, Clarksville Research Center, and MSU Soils Farm), we ship seed to other states and Canadian provinces for variety trials, and we cooperate with Chris Long on grower trials throughout Michigan. Through conventional crosses in the greenhouse, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and also screen and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties (e.g. combining chip-processing, scab resistance, and late blight resistance, beetle resistance, specific gravity). The addition of the SolCAP translational genomics project, funded through the USDA, is enhancing our abilities to link genetic markers to important traits (reducing sugars, starch and scab resistance) and then breed them into elite germplasm. The SolCAP project has developed a new set of genetic markers (8,300) called SNPs that are located in the genes. In addition, our program has been utilizing genetic engineering as a tool to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm for traits such as insect resistance, late blight and PVY resistance, lower reducing sugar and nitrogen use efficiency. Furthermore, the USPB is supporting national early generation trials called the National Coordinated Breeder Trial (NCBT) which will feed lines into the SFA trial and also fast track lines into commercial testing. We feel that these in-house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, disease resistance (scab, late blight, early die, and PVY), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out-of-the- The breeding goals at MSU are based upon current and future needs of the Michigan 5 field, storage, and extended cold storage) and cooking quality, bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality, and appearance. We are also developing potato tuber moth resistant lines as a component of our international research project. If these goals can be met, we will be able to reduce the grower’s reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance with new potato varieties. Over the years, key infrastructure changes have been established for the breeding program to make sound assessments of the breeding selections moving through the program. These include the establishment and expansion of the scab nursery, the development of the Clarksville Research Center for late blight testing, the incorporation of no-choice caged studies for Colorado potato beetle assessment, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC)-funded construction of the B.F. (Burt) Cargill Demonstration Storage adjacent to the Montcalm Research Center, new land at the Lake City Experiment Station along with a well for irrigation and expanded land at the Montcalm Research Center and Lake City Experiment Station, the new plot harvester, the development of the grading line at the MSU campus facility, and expansion of the tissue culture operation so that small amounts certified seed of minitubers can be produced. We will also be relocating our research lab in the new Plant Sciences addition on Campus. Breeding, Selection and Variety Evaluation: PROCEDURE I. Varietal Development The MSU breeding program has been operating for over 20 years and we feel that we have reached a point of “clarity and focus”. First, we have the genetic variation to combine tuber shape, skin type, scab resistance and low sugars, yield and storability as well as late blight, PVY and golden nematode resistances. Secondly, we have been able to define more precisely the commercial needs of the new varieties and make better decisions more quickly in the first three years of the breeding program cycle. Third, we have increased our standards for what we consider a commercial selection. Fourth, we have been able to increase our efficiency because we are conducting an integrated selection based upon our disease nurseries, post-harvest evaluations for specific gravity and chip quality and DNA tests. Furthermore, we have also revised the selection scheme so that we have reduced a year from the early generation cycle. The MSU Breeding program continues to test MSU-bred lines in replicated trials (over 160 lines) and on grower farms (15 lines). We also enter 3-4 lines in the North Central regional trials, 2-3 lines in the SFA trials and send many of the advanced breeding lines to Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, California, North Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, North Carolina, Maine, Washington, Wisconsin, Ontario and Quebec Canada and various international sites for testing. The new NCBT in 2011 allowed us to test the over 40 MSU lines at 8 locations around the country. Through a cooperative effort of MPIC, commercial growers, seed growers, Chris Long, the MSU breeding program and the processors, we are working together to help move the best lines towards larger scale commercial testing and have chip-processing lines evaluated in the Commercial Demonstration Storage facility (500 cwt bins). At this time, we have many advanced selections that have chipping qualities along with scab or late blight resistance, bruise resistance, etc. with commercial potential. Six of these are in commercial seed production (MSL007-B, 6 Elite clones will be tested for at the Montcalm Research Center for agronomic Currently, the breeding program has in tissue culture about 500 clones in the MSJ126-9Y, MSH228-6, MSL292-A, MSR061-1 and MSQ070-1). At least 2 can store at temperatures below 50F and maintain low sugars until June. In 2012 the MSU breeding program will cross elite germplasm to generate and evaluate 60,000 new seedlings for adaptation to Michigan. In the subsequent years these selections are then advanced to 12-hill (year 2), 30-hill (year 3), 50-hill, and 100-hill plots, with increasing selection pressure for agronomic, quality and disease and/or insect resistance parameters. We now have in place field sites for early generation selection for late blight, scab and Colorado potato beetle resistant lines. Early generation evaluation of these key traits increases our effectiveness in identifying commercially valuable advanced selections. From this 3-year early generation evaluation and selection phase of the breeding program we generate over 100 MSU-bred advanced selections that are then to be tested and evaluated under more intensive replicated trials at the Montcalm Research Center. We are also producing the FG1 and FG2 level seed of the most promising selections from the MSU breeding program for in-state grower-cooperator trials, out-of-state trials, North Central Regional trials, national USPB/SFA trials and MSU research farm trials. performance, marketable maturity, chip processing at harvest and in storage, resistance to pitted scab, potato early die and late blight. We place these advanced selections into tissue culture and initiate virus eradication procedures so that virus-free tissue culture plantlets or tuber sources can be made available to the industry. We are moving towards using a commercial NFT mini-tuber production system to produce mini-tubers of our advanced selections. MSU bank and 80 new candidates that are in process for transfer to tissue culture. We want to continue to work closely with the commercial growers and seed industry to test and provide seed for more intensive evaluation. Through this linkage we hope to identify the breeding selections that have merit to achieve varietal status in Michigan. There is a need to find a russet table potato that will be profitable and produce quality russets for the eastern market. Currently, the three most desirable potatoes for production and type in Michigan are GoldRush, Russet Norkotah and Silverton Russet. The latter two potatoes suffer as symptomless carriers of PVY. Norkotah also has a weak vine and susceptibility to potato early die. We need a PVY resistant Silverton Russet potato. We are continuing to make more russet crosses and selections in the breeding program to support this new russet market. Evaluation of Advanced Selections for Extended Storage we are positioned to evaluate advanced selections from the breeding program for chip- processing over the whole extended storage season (October-June). Tuber samples of our elite chip-processing selections are placed in the demonstration storage facility in October and are sampled monthly to determine their ability to chip-process from colder (42-48°F) With the Demonstration Storage facility adjacent to the Montcalm Research Center, 7 To supplement the genetic base of the varietal breeding program, we have a and/or 50°F storage. In addition, Chris Long evaluates the more advanced selections in the 10 cwt. box bins and manages the 500 cwt. storage bins which may have MSU-developed lines. II. Germplasm Enhancement "diploid" (2x = 24 chromosomes) breeding program in an effort to simplify the genetic system in potato (which normally has 48 chromosomes) and exploit more efficient selection of desirable traits. This added approach to breeding represents a large source of valuable germplasm, which can broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato. The diploid breeding program germplasm base at MSU is a synthesis of seven species: S. tuberosum (adaptation, tuber appearance), S. raphanifolium (cold chipping), S. phureja (cold-chipping, specific gravity, PVY resistance, self-compatability), S. tarijense and S. berthaultii (tuber appearance, insect resistance, late blight resistance, verticillium wilt resistance), S. microdontum (late blight resistance) and S. chacoense (specific gravity, low sugars, dormancy and leptine-based insect resistance). Even though these potatoes have only half the chromosomes of the varieties in the U.S., we can cross these potatoes to transfer the desirable genes by conventional crossing methods via 2n pollen. III. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding Through transgenic approaches we have the opportunity to introduce new genes into our cultivated germplasm that otherwise would not be exploited. It has been used in potato as a tool to improve commercially acceptable cultivars for specific traits. Our laboratory has now 16 years experience in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce genes into important potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines. We are presently using genes in vector constructs that confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle and potato tuber moth (Bt- cry3A and Bt-cry1Ia1), late blight resistance via the RB gene (from the wild potato species S. bulbocastanum) and also a late blight resistance gene we cloned from S. microdontum, drought resistance (CBF1), PVY, and lower reducing sugars with acid invertase gene silencing, and lastly nitrogen use efficiency from a barley alanine aminotransferase gene. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Varietal Development Breeding germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for cold chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2011 field season, progeny from about 600 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for yellow flesh, long/russet types, red-skin, and novelty market classes During the 2011 harvest, over 1,800 selections were made from the 60,000 seedlings produced. All potential chip-processing selections will be tested in January and April 2011 directly out of 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) storages. Atlantic, Pike (50°F chipper) and Snowden (45°F chipper) are chip- processed as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection cycle that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chip-processing potential. At the 12- hill and 30-hill evaluation state, about 450 and 80 selections were made, respectively. The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new 8 Over 80% of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance, low internal defects, Selection in the early generation stages has been enhanced by the incorporation of the Colorado potato beetle, scab and late blight evaluations of the early generation material. We are pushing our early generation selections into tissue culture to minimize PVY issues in our breeding and seed stock. We have also been experimenting with a cryotherapy method to remove viruses. If perfected, we will be able to more predictably remove virus from tissue culture stocks. We should have more to report in 2012. Chip-Processing pedigree. Our most promising chip-processing lines are MSJ126-9Y (scab resistant), MSL007-B (scab resistance), MSR169-8Y (scab resistant), MSQ086-3, (late blight resistant), MSL292-A, MSR061-1 (scab and PVY resistant) and MSQ070-1 (scab and late blight resistant). Other new promising lines include MSP270-1 (scab resistant), MSP516-A (scab and late blight resistant), MSR036-5 (scab and late blight resistant), MSR127-2 (scab resistant) and MSQ279-1 (scab resistant). We have some newer lines to consider, but we are removing virus from those lines. We are using the NCPT trials to more effectively identify promising new selections. Tablestock good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab, late blight and PVY. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet and yellow-fleshed lines. We have also been spinning off some pigmented skin and tuber flesh lines that may fit some specialty markets. We released three lines for the specialty market: MSN215-2P (Colonial Purple), MSR226- 1RR (Raspberry) and MSQ425-4PY (Spartan Splash). From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of yellow-fleshed and red- skinned lines, as well as some purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also selecting for a dual-purpose russet, round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on-farm trials in 2011, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Farm. Promising tablestock lines include MSL211-3, MSQ440-2, MSM182-1, MSL268-D, MSR217-1R and MSS544-1R and MSQ176-5. We have a number of tablestock selections with late blight resistance (MSQ176-5, MSM182-1, and MSL268- D). MSL211-3 has earliness and a bright skin. We are using these russets as parents in the breeding program to combine the late blight and scab resistance. Some newer lines with promise include the high yielding round white line MSQ279-1 (scab resistant) and MSQ440-2 (scab resistant). MSM288-2Y is a bright yellow flesh selection similar in type to Yukon Gold. MSS544-1R is a new scab resistant red skinned table potato. Some new specialty pigmented lines are MSS576-05SPL (red splash) and Michigan Red and Purple Heart. MSQ558-2RR and MSR226-1RR are red fleshed chippers and Midnight is a purple- fleshed chipper. We are developing a seed certification system to direct market the specialty potato seed to the farm market sector. 9 Early harvest breeding material screen In 2011, we continued our early harvest observation trial of our breeding lines to learn about the potential to replace Atlantic as an early harvest variety. We harvested the plots at 90 days and observed the yield, tuber size and tuber shape/ appearance. In addition, we measured specific gravity and made chips out of the field. From this trial of over 100 lines, we were able to identify some promising early breeding lines for the out-of-the-field chipping use (MSL292-A, MSQ089-1 and MSQ035-3) and table use (MSM288-2Y, MSU161-1 and MSU379-1). Table 1 summarizes these results of the lines with the highest merit ratings. Some of these lines are also characterized to have some scab resistance and late blight resistance along with the desirable chipping traits. We will continue to test many of these lines and other selections in 2012. Table 1 Early Observation Trial: Most promising lines. Line Total Weight (lbs.) Specific Gravity OTF 8/9/11 SFA Chip Score 8/8/2011 Merit1 MAT2 Comments Chip Processing AF2291-10 Atlantic Atlantic FL1879 FL1879 MSL292-A MSQ035-3 MSQ089-1 MSR159-02 Snowden MSV241-2 MSV307-2 MSV355-2 MSV383-1 MSV502-2 15.3 16.3 17.4 11.1 12.3 17.2 21.1 17.8 10.6 21.3 13.8 12.8 19.7 11.6 16.4 1.077 1.080 1.085 1.065 1.067 1.080 1.074 1.070 1.076 1.080 1.076 1.076 1.076 1.074 1.074 1.0 1.5 1, BC 1.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 slightly variable shape large tubers, variable shape, scab many tubers good shape good yield, uneven shape good shape good size Tablestock 1 MSL211-3 1 MSM288-2Y 3 Onaway 1 MSQ176-5 1 MSQ341-BY 2 MSQ440-2 1 Reba 2 Red Norland 1 MSU016-2 1 MSU161-1 1 MSU379-1 1 MSV429-1 1Merit Rating: 1-Great, 2-Keep, 3-Marginal/Second Chance, 4-Drop 2Maturity: 1 - completely dead, 5 - flowering Planted 5/10/11; Harvested 8/8/11. 90 DAP. 170 lines. 10-hill plots planted in 10 ft plots. 1.063 1.063 1.064 1.059 1.070 1.050 1.069 1.053 1.086 1.066 1.063 1.075 19.2 17.6 19.1 14.9 14.6 10.2 15.8 10.8 15.2 17.8 17.6 14.5 4 3 5 4 4 5 3 2 3 4 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - smooth shape poor shape good size, good shape good size, shape very little skinning GC good size, smooth skin good size some brightness 10 Resistant 21 49 73 39 Susceptible 13 22 107 93 Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Scab: In 2011 we had two locations to evaluate scab resistance: a commercial field with a history of severe scab infection and a highly infected site at the Montcalm Research Center in the commercial production area. The commercial site and the new site at the Montcalm Research Center both gave us the high infection levels. Some of results are summarized in Table 2. The susceptible checks of Snowden and Atlantic were highly infected with pitted scab. Interestingly, Onaway, a scab resistant check, had some pitted lesions in the on-farm field due to the high disease pressure. Promising resistant selections were MSN215-2P, MSJ126-9Y, MSH228-6, MSL007-B, MSR061-1, MSR169-8Y, MSP270-1, MSR127-2, MSS165-2Y, MSQ279-1 and MSQ440-2. The high level of scab infection at the on-farm site with a history of scab infection and MRC has significantly helped with our discrimination of resistance and susceptibility of our lines. In 2012 we are planning to use the commercial site for primary trait selection in elite chip-processing crosses. The MRC scab site was used for assessing scab susceptibility in our advanced breeding lines and early generation material and is summarized below. All susceptible checks were scored as susceptible. Fifth year selections: Fourth year selections: Third year selections: Advanced selections: These data were also incorporated into the early generation selection evaluation process at Lake City. We are seeing that this expanded effort is leading to more scab resistant lines advancing through the breeding program. MSU is now being recognized by peer programs for its scab resistant advanced breeding lines! Research Center scab field on 200 progeny from a cross between resistant and susceptible varieties Of the 200 progeny, 27 were highly resistant and 48 were moderately resistant. We will retest the 200 progeny in 2012 as well as the resistant lines in the commercial field. Most importantly, we are also using this field data to conduct genome wide QTL analysis with the SolCAP 8300 Potato SNP data in search of genetic markers linked to scab resistance. We will repeat the study in 2012. inoculation method that optimizes tuberization and infection of a scab susceptible cultivar. In Atlantic, as expected, the controls were basically uninfected and the inoculated plants yielded high numbers of infected tubers (92 to 100% infection rates). However, based on the scab index rating, there was no difference in the amount of disease between tubers subjected to inoculated vermiculite (2.4 scab index rating) and those that were drenched in addition to the inoculated vermiculite (2.5 scab index rating). As there was no difference in the amount of disease between the 2 inoculation methods, we will use inoculated vermiculite in subsequent trials but will drench the plants once (3 In 2011 we collected replicated (4 times) scab infection data from our Montcalm We have been conducting trials in the NFT system to identify the conditions and Based upon this data, scab resistance is increasing in the breeding program. 11 When we evaluated a series of lines the variation in tuberization made inoculation weeks after the vermiculite is added to the pots) to ensure high concentrations of inoculum. a challenge--difficult to get the inoculum on at the right time for every plant. Thus, the results were variable--we had one good run but the next run almost no infection was found. The summer temperatures in the greenhouse may have contributed to this variability. We also learned that the tubers tend to tuberize in the rock wool. This makes it difficult to identify when tuberization is initiating (which is important for the timing of the inoculation). We are experimenting with growing the plants without rock wool—so far so good. The plants are growing fine and have developed strong root masses which hold them in place on the felt. This scab research was partially funded by project GREEEN. Table 2. Streptomyces Scab Trial Results from On-Farm trial location. LINE SCAB RATING SPGR* OTF CHIP Atlantic Beacon Chipper Kalkaska Liberator MSH228-6 MSJ126-9Y MSL007-B MSL211-3 MSL292-A MSN215-2P MSP270-1 MSQ070-1 MSQ086-3 MSQ176-5 MSQ279-1 MSQ440-2 MSR061-1 MSR127-2 MSR169-8Y MSS165-2Y Onaway Pike Snowden 1.067 1.073 1.071 1.077 1.078 1.072 1.071 1.052 1.068 1.067 1.063 1.081 1.064 1.041 1.066 1.055 1.063 1.085 1.076 1.081 1.055 1.077 1.060 3.9 3.3 1.5 1.1 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.6 4.2 0.9 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.3 1.0 1.6 2.2 1.6 1.0 2.2 2.8 1.6 4.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 1.0 12 Late Blight: Our specific objective was to breed improved cultivars for the industry that have foliar and tuber resistance to late blight using a combination of conventional breeding, marker-assisted strategies and transgenic approaches. Through conventional breeding approaches, the MSU potato breeding and genetics program has developed a series of late blight resistant advanced breeding lines and cultivars that have diverse sources of resistance to late blight. This is a GREEEN-funded project. In 2011 we conducted late blight trials at the Clarksville Research Center. We inoculated with the US22 genotype, but the foliar reaction to the Phytophthora infestans was different from all previous years using US8. In some cases lines that were classified as resistant were susceptible. On the other hand, some of the lines with moderate resistance in previous years were highly resistant in 2011. In the 2011 trials, over 50% of the 182 early generation lines were resistant to late blight comprised of 12 sources of late blight resistance (Fig. 1). Of the 146 advanced breeding lines and varieties tested, over 40% were classified as resistant (Fig. 2). Fourteen sources of resistance can be traced in the pedigrees of these resistant lines. This data infers that we have a broad genetic base to combine resistance genes and also should be able to respond to changes in the pathogen. This observation has been supported by R-gene marker analysis in collaboration with Wageningen University. We used marker-assisted selection strategies to combine a resistance QTL through conventional breeding. One approach to breeding for foliar resistance to late blight is to use interploidy (4x-2x) crosses to introgress the late blight resistance from Solanum microdontum. Based on 2010 and 2011 data, eight of 10 4x-2x selections were resistant combining resistance from S. microdontum and varieties Stirling and Jacqueline Lee. At the diploid level 18 of 30 2x selections were resistant that combine resistance genes from S. berthaualtii and S. microdontum. With these strategies, we are pyramiding common and unique R-genes for late blight resistance. A candidate R-gene for late blight resistance was cloned from S. microdontum. The sequence of the gene was similar to blb3. The R-gene was cloned into a pBI121-derived vector driven by a constitutive promoter and we have conducted Agrobacterium-based transformations. These transformation experiments resulted in over 40 lines that are PCR positive for the candidate R-gene. These lines were propagated and field bioassays were conducted in 2011 for 10 of these lines. A range of resistance was observed. Four lines were classified as resistant with one line having resistance similar to the parent line of the gene. These lines will be further characterized with additional isolates in 2012 and a field trial will be repeated. US22 isolate common to the US and Michigan. Sets of three progeny (Spunta-RB x susceptible; Spunta-RB x moderate resistance; Spunta-RB x resistance) were planted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. The progeny were separated in RB+ vs RB- progeny by cross (see figures below). Visual ratings of percent defoliation due to late blight were recorded at least weekly after inoculation occurred and RAUDPCs were calculated for each line. The RB+ progeny from all three crosses had, on average; lower levels of late blight infection. Secondly, the most resistant progeny were found in the crosses to parents with late blight resistance, while the most susceptible progeny were observed within the RB- progeny. This study was conducted in 2010 and repeated in An inoculated field trial was conducted at the Clarksville Research Center using a 13 2011. The 2011 data resulted in lower infection levels compared to the 2010 results. The results of both years suggest that combining the RB gene with current resistance genes in parents may lead to higher levels of late blight resistance. We selected 50 of the most resistant lines from these crosses that contain the RB gene. These will be further tested against more P. infestans isolates in 2012 and are candidates for effector testing. We are hoping that with a combination of conventional crossing and transgenic approaches we can create cultivars that can be commercialized by the North American potato industry that have a stronger resistance. Fig. 1. Foliar Late Blight Reaction in Early Generation Lines Fig. 2. Foliar Late Blight Reaction in Advanced Breeding Lines 14 Fig. 3. Distribution for late blight in RB positive and negative progeny 2011 RB X Late Blight Susceptible (V528 (RB Spunta X MSJ126-9Y)) y c n e u q e r F 50 40 30 20 10 0 y c n e u q e r F y c n e u q e r F 50 40 30 20 10 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 RAUDPC (x100) 2011 RB X Moderate Late Blight Resistance (V532 (RB Spunta X MSN105-1)) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 RAUDPC (x100) 2011 RB X Late Blight Resistant (V533 (RB Spunta X MSQ244-1)) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 RAUDPC (x100) 2011 RB+ 2010 RB+ 2011 RB- 2010 RB- 2011 RB+ 2010 RB+ 2011 RB- 2010 RB- 2011 RB+ 2010 RB+ 2011 RB- 2010 RB- 15 Colorado potato beetle: With support from project GREEEN we conducted detached leaf bioassays on 42 lines with potential Colorado potato beetle resistance and two susceptible check lines. Each line was replicated three times and 10 neonate larvae were placed on the leaves in Petri dishes and evaluated at 4 and 7 days for defoliation and mortality. As expected, the lines that expressed the cry3A gene had the least feeding and almost complete mortality. One of our advanced breeding lines that has introgressed leptine-based resistance from S. chacoense along with a selection from USDA (ARS10301-1) had the best ranking for defoliation and mortality excluding the cry3A lines. We identified these lines and 10 others that will be used in crossing with our advanced germplasm. Some of these lines may also be targeted for volatile characterization. It should also be noted that three lines that expressed the cry1Ia1 gene also had high larval mortality in the detached leaf bioassays. We can conclude that we have at least three resistance sources to consider in developing resistance varieties if GM potatoes would be accepted in the industry. We also evaluated advanced breeding lines from the breeding program for field defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle. Using the Montcalm Research Center beetle nursery, 40 lines with pedigrees of insect resistance germplasm were evaluated in replicated trials. Five lines showed significant reduction to defoliation. These lines are being used to make further crosses to advance this beetle resistance trait. We feel after 3 rounds of crossing this tetraploid germplasm we are starting to see some advancement in resistance introgressed from the wild species. However, much value would be gained if we could combine resistance mechanisms. For that reason, we need to identify additional sources of beetle resistance. Combining host plant resistance to insects in a commercially acceptable line is a great challenge. We initiated our Colorado potato beetle resistance screening in 2010 and focused on screening our selections with detached leaf bioassays (no-choice) and screening new genetic material from NRSP-6 for resistance. The new accessions were screened through detached leaf bioassays and screened field cages. Plant resistance can fall into three categories: tolerance, antibiosis, and antixenosis. With a no-choice evaluation we were able to emulate commercial grower conditions and screen directly for antibiosis. Seedlings of plant introductions from S. berthaultii (PI 473331), S. chacoense (PI 320123), S. pinnatisectum (PI 186553) and S. oplocense (PI 473368) and potato lines with high and low Bt-cry3a expression, Bt-cry1Ia1 and glycoalkaloid-based resistance were evaluated. In addition, a 2m3 cage was constructed over 10 potato plants and 50-80 newly emerged adult beetles were collected at the MRC and placed into each of the cages on MSU campus. These species were compared to the susceptible variety Snowden. The plants were checked weekly for the numbers and life stages of Colorado potato beetles along with beetle behavior (i.e. feeding, walking, resting, mating, position on plant) until adult emergence. Defoliation was recorded weekly from emergence of over-wintered adult beetles through emergence of the second-generation adults. In some cases the beetles clipped the leaves from the plants by chewing the petiole rather than feeding on leaves. We saw this behavior in previous studies when adult beetles were placed in no-choice cages of cry3A potato lines. Clearly some accessions are more resistant than other accessions and all are more resistant than Snowden. The 15 best selections were identified and were re-evaluated in 2011. The summary of the 2011detached leaf bioassays are in the table below. Only two lines did not show the resistance phenotype in 2011. The cage study in 2011 gave similar results to 2010. Based 16 upon defoliation and mortality, four of the six accessions had individual lines that may have high levels of resistance to the beetle. We are now attempting to cross these lines to develop mapping and breeding populations. 2011 Wild species CPB- Detached-leaf Bioassay Five neonate CPB per DLB; 3 reps per line 7 /10 days Mortality mm2 % Defolioated 93 73 87 100 70 33 80 67 47 27 13 3 5 7 12 18 37 42 50 67 383 433 Line S. opl 1973368-3 S. pnt 186553-8 S. chc 458310-17 S. chc 320287-21 S. chc 123123-21 S. chc 458310-5 S. chc 320287-10 S. opl 1973368-1 S. chc 458310-2 S. chc 123123-15 S. chc 123123-3 Russet Table Varieties for Michigan Our breeding strategy has been to make selected crosses that have a high The MSU Potato Breeding Program has been conducting chip-processing probability of selecting Norkotah types. We grew out large progenies over the past three years to further increase the probability of finding desirable selections. We will continue to use Silverton, Russet Norkotah, MSE192-8RUS, A95109-1RUS, etc. as parents. Single hill selections were made in the past three years. These early generation selections will be evaluated in 2012 as well as a new set of crosses will be evaluated at Lake City. Sugar Profile Analysis of Early Generation Selections for Extended Storage: Chip- processing Results From the MPIC Demonstration Commercial Storage (October 2010 - June 2011) evaluations each year on potato lines from the MSU breeding program and from other states. For 12 years we have been conducting a long-term storage study to evaluate advanced breeding lines with chip-processing potential in the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage facility directly adjacent to the MSU Montcalm Research Farm to identify extended storage chippers. We evaluated advanced selections from the MSU breeding program for chip-processing over the whole extended storage season (October-June). Tuber samples of our elite chip-processing selections were placed in the demonstration storage facility in October and were sampled 9 times to determine their ability to chip-process from storage. 17 In October 2010, tuber samples from 14 MSU lines from the Montcalm Research Center and Lake City Experiment Station trials were placed in the bins along with three check varieties. The first samples were chip-processed in October and then 8 more times until June 2011. Samples were evaluated for chip-processing color and defects. Table 3 summarizes the chip-processing color and scab rating of 14 lines and three check varieties (FL1879, Pike and Snowden) over the 8-month storage season. Most lines chip- processed well from the storage until April as Snowden color was increasing. The lines that chip processed well until June were MSJ147-1, MSL007-B and MSL292-A and MSQ086-3. These lines are highlighted in the table. We are also showing that some of the lines with good chip quality also have scab resistance and/or late blight resistance. Table 3: 2010-2011 Demonstration Storage Chip Results of Elite MSU Breeding Lines 10/19/10 11/15/10 12/14/10 1/18/11 2/22/11 3/15/11 4/12/11 5/11/11 6/8/11 Line Resistance 58 F 56 F SFA Chip Score Rating Scale 1-5 50 F 51 F 49 F 50 F ScabMR ScabR - ScabMR ScabR FL1879 MSH228-6 ScabR MSJ126-9Y ScabR MSJ147-1 MSL007-B MSL292-A MSN148-A MSP270-1 MSQ035-3 MR ScabR LBR MSQ070-1 MSQ086-3 MSQ279-1 MSR036-5 MSR169-8Y ScabR MSS026-2Y - Pike Snowden ScabR-LBR LBR ScabR ScabR-LBR ScabR 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0! 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0! 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0! 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0! 1.0 1.5 1.0! 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 53 F 53 F 53 F 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.5 ND During the 2009-11 storage season the MPIC/MSU conducted studies to examine acrylamide content in potato chips made from Snowden and three MSU advanced breeding lines stored in the MPIC commercial storage bins in the first year, then Snowden, NY139 and MSJ147-1 in the second year. Samples were collected every two weeks starting in December and continued for a total of 6 dates. The tuber samples were sent to MSU, TechMark and four commercial processors for chip processing in the first year, then only to TechMark and one commercial processor in the second year. The commercial processors processed the potatoes as continuous and kettle chips. The chips were sent to MSU for acrylamide sampling. The ground chip samples were sent to the University of Wisconsin for acrylamide analysis. In the first year from this study we learned that variety, processor and process type (continuous vs. kettle) influences acrylamide levels in the chips. The oil temperature and dwell time were also important. Glucose levels were not as important within the range of values we observed (0.001- 0.005%). Kettle chips, fried at lower temperatures, had lower acrylamide levels. One variety had an average of 230 ppb acrylamide in the kettle chips which is below the level required for California. A second study in the first year also looked at more varieties 18 over the storage season, but the chip samples evaluated for acrylamide were processed at TechMark. Variety differences were observed. 2009 was an unusually cool growing season. Many potatoes went into storage as immature tubers. This condition may have had an influence on the reducing sugar content in the tubers. 2010 has been a warm growing season and the tubers matured much faster. In the second year, the replicated study was similar to the first year results; however the acrylamide levels were slightly higher. Again MSJ147-1 has the lowest acrylamide levels, followed by Snowden then NY139, despite all three lines having low glucose levels and similar asparagine levels. National Coordinated Breeder Trial (NCBT) 2011 was the secod year of the NCBT. The purpose of the trial is to evaluate early generation breeding lines from the US public breeding programs for their use in chip- processing. The NCBT has 8 sites (North: NY, MI, WI, ND and South: NC, FL, MO, CA) in addition to a scab trial in MN. Over 165 lines were tested as 15-hill plots with best performing lines of the previous year being replicated in 2011. The lines were 19 We released three specialty potatoes: Spartan Splash, Raspberry and Colonial evaluated for tuber type and appearance, yield, specific gravity, chip color and chip defects. Some of the lines are being fast tracked for SFA and commercial trialing. The data is being prepared to be posted on a website database for the public to use. The lines with the best performance will be retested in 2012 and new early generation lines will be added. The MSU lines were more scab resistant than the lines from the programs. Some of the promising lines are MSK061-4, MSM246-B, MSL292-A, MSR061-1, MSL007-B, MSR169-8Y, MSR058-1, MSR127-2, MSR148-4 and MSS165-2Y. Beacon Chipper also showed merit in some of the southern and northern sites. Variety Release Purple. We are continuing to promote the seed production and testing of Beacon Chipper, a 2005 release. In addition, we are also continuing to promote Michigan Purple, Jacqueline Lee for the tablestock specialty markets. Boulder is being commercially grown in Quebec and they now have interest in Kalkaska based upon 2 years of trials. Lastly, commercial seed of MSJ126-9Y, MSL292-A and MSL007-B are being produced and we will continue to seek commercial testing of these lines. MSL292-A (long-term chipper), MSR061-1 (scab, PVY and late blight resistant chipper), MSL007-B (scab resistant chipper), MSQ086- 3 (late blight resistant chipper) and MSQ070-1(scab and late blight resistant chipper) are being fast-tracked for the chip-processing market through the USPB. We also have a focused ribavirin-based virus eradication system to generate virus-free tissue culture lines for the industry. We are also developing the cryotherapy technique to remove virus from tissue culture plants. About 30 lines are in ribaviran treatment at this time to remove PVS and/or PVY. This year, about 80 new MSU breeding lines are being put into tissue culture. MSU Lines with Commercial Tracking: _______________________________________________________________________ MSJ126-9Y Parentage: Penta x OP Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSJ126-9Y is a chip-processing potato with an attractive round appearance with shallow eyes. MSJ126-9Y has a medium vine and an early to mid-season maturity. This variety has resistance to Streptomyces scabies (common scab) stronger than Pike. MSJ126-9Y also has excellent chip-processing long-term storage characteristics and better tolerance to blackspot bruise than Snowden. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, common scab resistance superior to Pike, and good tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ 20 ________________________________________________________________________ MSH228-6 Parentage: MSC127-3 x OP Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Will be considered. Strengths: MSH228-6 is a chip-processing potato with moderate resistance to Streptomyces scabies (common scab). MSH228-6 also has a promising storage sugar profile and good chip- processing long-term storage characteristics. Incentives for production: Chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, and moderate common scab resistance with good tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ MSL292-A Parentage: Snowden x MSH098-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Will be considered. Strengths: MSL292-A is a chip-processing potato with an attractive round appearance with shallow eyes. MSL292-A has a full-sized vine and an early to mid-season maturity. MSL292-A has above average yield potential and specific gravity similar to Snowden. This variety has excellent chip-processing long-term storage characteristics and a similar to better tolerance to blackspot bruise than Snowden. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, above average yield, specific gravity similar to Snowden, and good tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ MSL007-B Parentage: MSA105-1 x MSG227-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Will be considered. Strengths: MSL007-B is a chip-processing potato with an attractive, uniform round appearance with shallow eyes. This variety has 21 resistance to Streptomyces scabies (common scab) stronger than Pike, with a strong, netted skin. MSL007-B was the most highly merit rated line in the National Chip Processing Trial across eight locations in 2010. Incentives for production: Chip-processing quality with common scab resistance superior to Pike, and a uniform, round tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ MSR061-1 Parentage: MegaChip x NY121 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Will be considered. Strengths: MSR061-1 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and moderate foliar late blight (Phytophthora infestans) resistance. This variety has medium yield similar to Pike and a 1.079 (average) specific gravity and an attractive, uniform, round appearance. MSR061- 1 has a medium vine and an early to mid-season maturity. Incentives for production: Chip-processing quality with common scab resistance similar to Pike, moderate foliar late blight resistance (US8 genotype), and uniform, round tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ II. Germplasm Enhancement In 2010 we developed genetic mapping populations (both at diploid and tetraploid levels) for late blight resistance, beetle resistance, scab resistance and also for tuber quality traits. We have started to characterize these populations in 2011 and conduct the linkage analysis studies using the SNP genotyping. The diploid genetic material represent material from South American potato species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to Colorado potato beetle, late blight, potato early die, and ability to cold-chip process. We have used lines with Verticillium wilt resistance, PVY resistance, and cold chip-processing. We are monitoring the introgression of this germplasm through marker assisted selection. Through GREEEN funding, we were able to continue a breeding effort to introgress leptine-based insect resistance using new material selected from USDA/ARS material developed in Wisconsin. We will continue conducting extensive field screening for resistance to Colorado potato beetle at the Montcalm Research Farm and in cages at the Michigan State University Horticulture Farm. We made crosses with late blight resistant diploid lines derived from Solanum microdontum to our tetraploid lines. We have conducted lab-based detached leaf bioassays and have identified resistant lines. These lines are being used crosses to further transmit resistance. 22 III. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding Potato Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) over-expression to obtain resistance to PVY in susceptible potato varieties USDA/ARS funded project: Jonathan Whitworth, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, Idaho and David Douches, Dept. Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University Research Objectives and Research Plan Our overall objective is to conduct studies that will lead to transgenic Russet Norkotah, Silverton Russet, and A95109-1 lines that have PVY resistance conferred by a native resistance gene from potato. Through gene mapping studies Valkonen’s group was able to map the extreme resistance to PVY to Chr. 11 (Hamalainen et al. 1997). A genetic marker has been identified that co-segregates with the extreme resistance to PVY (Ryadg) (Kasai et al. 2000). Valkonen’s group has also made an effort to clone this PVY resistance gene (a LRR-NBS R-gene), but the over-expressed gene they cloned did not confer resistance and they theorized that another non-cloned R-gene in the hotspot on Chr. 11 may be the actual R-gene that confers resistance. In pepper a PVY resistance gene maps to Chr. 3 and provides natural resistance to PVY that is different than the R-gene resistance on Chr. 11. Ruffel et al. (2005) was able to demonstrate that the pot-1 gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an orthologue to the pvr2 gene in pepper. In transient expression assays, they were able to show that the eIF4E gene (referred to as pot-1) accounted for the resistance to PVY in tomato. Using a comparative genomics approach, we have been able to clone the translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gene from potato that may be the orthologue to the recessive PVY resistance conferred by the pvr2 locus in pepper (Capsicum annum). Our eIF4E gene, cloned from potato using the tomato pot-1 primers has an identical sequence length and a 96% sequence homology match to the tomato orthologue that confers PVY resistance in tomato. We hypothesize that the eIF4E gene we cloned is the orthologue of the pot-1 and pvr2 PVY resistance genes in tomato and pepper, respectively. Progress Report source of PVY resistance in potato. RT-PCR and cDNA amplification using gene specific primers allowed amplification of a tomato gene from S. hirsutum accession PI247087. The sequence of the cloned gene was identical to the Genbank sequence identified as pot-1 (AY723736). This sequence was subsequently cloned into the Agrobacterium binary vector pSPUD4 which contains a Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV 35S) which should express the pot-1 gene constitutively in plants. Transformation experiments to introduce the S. hirsutum eIF4E gene or the potato gene into the PVY susceptible lines were completed resulting in at least 10 independent clones for each gene. Culturing on medium containing kanamycin and PCR was used to confirm the presence of the transgene in each of the independent clones. We now have One of the objectives of this research is to test the tomato pot-1 (eIF4E) gene as a 23 10 lines with the S. hirsutum pot-1 gene derived from Russet Norkotah, 22 from MSE149-5Y, 30 lines from Classic Russet and over 45 lines from Silverton Russet. Select lines from each of Russet Norkotah and Silverton Russet will be tested by JW this winter. Three PVY strains (O, N NTN) have been selected and increased in tobacco at Aberdeen to use for inoculation of tissue culture potato plants. Tissue culture plants (30 each) of putative PVY resistant potato lines are being sent to JW for the greenhouse PVY evaluation.. PVY resistance to three PVY strains (O, N and NTN) of the MSE149-5Y lines was evaluated by JW in the winter of 2010. The check line was highly infected by all three strains. Of the transgenic lines, 3 lines (89-3, 89-22 and 89-26) demonstrated little to no PVY accumulated in the plants across the three PVY strains. These lines have been increased for seed production so that field studies can be conducted in 2012. We have over 50 lbs. of seed for those trials. The 2011 greenhouse evaluation consisted of a series of Russet Norkotah, Classic Russet and Silverton Russet lines. We identified three Classic Russet lines and one Russet Norkotah line with strong resistance to all three PVY strains. We are focusing on greenhouse minituber increase for these PVY resistant lines this winter. We identified a number of Silverton Russet lines with increased PVY resistance but none with complete resistance to all three PVY strains. We will focus on testing more Russet Norkotah and Silverton Russet lines in 2012. 24 Funding: Fed. Grant/MPIC 2011 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, C. Long, W. Kirk, and J. Hao Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences and Plant Pathology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Each year, the MSU potato breeding and genetics team conducts a series of INTRODUCTION variety trials to assess advanced potato selections from the Michigan State University and other potato breeding programs at the Montcalm Research Center (MRC). In 2011, we tested 165 varieties and breeding lines in the replicated variety trials, plus single observational plots of 228 lines and 167 lines in the National Chip Processing Trial. The variety evaluation also includes disease testing in the scab nursery (MSU Soils Farm, E. Lansing and Montcalm Research Farm, Lakeview) and foliar and tuber late blight evaluation (Muck Soils Research Farm, Bath). The objectives of the evaluations are to identify superior varieties for fresh or processing markets. The varieties were compared in groups according to market class, tuber type, skin color, and to the advancement in selection. Each season, total and marketable yields, specific gravity, tuber appearance, incidence of external and internal defects, chip color (from the field, 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) storage), as well as susceptibilities to common scab, late blight (foliar and tuber), and blackspot bruising are determined. Long and the Potato Breeding Team for getting the research done. PROCEDURE Entrican, MI. They were planted as randomized complete block designs with two to four replications. The plots were 23 feet (7 m) long and spacing between plants was 10 inches (25.4 cm). Inter-row spacing was 34 inches (86.4 cm). Supplemental irrigation was applied as needed. The field experiments were conducted on a sandy loam soil on the Comden ground that was in corn the previous year and in potatoes four years previously. This year the north end of some of the trials incurred some flood damage. The most advanced selections were tested in the Advanced trial, representing selections at a stage after the Adaptation Trial. The other field trials were the North Central, Russet, Adaptation (chip-processors and tablestock), Preliminary (chip- We would like to acknowledge the collaborative effort of Bruce Sackett, Chris Ten field variety trials were conducted at the Montcalm Research Center in 25 2011 was the second year of the National Chip Processing Breeder Trial (NCPT). The purpose of the trial is to evaluate early generation breeding lines from the US public breeding programs for their use in chip-processing. The NCPT has 8 sites (North: NY, MI, WI, ND and South: NC, FL, MO, CA) in addition to a scab trial in MN. A total of 167 lines were tested as 15-hill single observation plots. The NCPT trial is discussed in the breeding report. In each of these trials, the yield was graded into four size classes, incidence of processors and tablestock), the NCPT and the early and late observational trials. The early observational trial is discussed in the breeding report. external and internal defects in >3.25 in. (8.25 cm) diameter (or 10 oz. (283.5 g) for Russet types) potatoes were recorded. Samples were taken for specific gravity, chipping, disease tests and bruising tests. Chip quality was assessed on 25-tuber composite sample from four replications, taking two slices from each tuber. Chips were fried at 365°F (185°C). The chip color was measured visually with the SFA 1-5 color chart. Tuber samples were also stored at 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) for chip-processing out of storage in January and March. Advanced selections are also placed in the MPIC B.F. Burt Cargill Commercial Demonstration Storage in Entrican, MI for monthly sampling. The lines in the agronomic trials were assessed for common scab resistance at the nursery at the Montcalm Research Farm. There was very strong scab disease pressure at the new Montcalm Scab Disease Nursery in both 2010 and 2011. The 2011 late blight trial was conducted at the Clarksville Research Center. Maturity ratings (1 early - 5 late) were taken for all variety trial plots in late August to differentiate early and late maturing lines. The simulated blackspot bruise results for average spots per tuber have also been incorporated into the summary sheets. RESULTS A. Advanced Trial (Table 1) A summary of the 16 entries evaluated in the Advanced trial results is given in Table 1. Overall, the yields for the Advanced trial (140 days) were above average. The check varieties for this trial were Snowden and Atlantic. The highest yielding lines were Beacon Chipper, MSL292-A, Kalkaska, MSL007-B, MSQ086-3 and the three NY lines Lamoka, NY140 and NY148 (E106-4). Hollow heart and vascular discoloration were the predominant internal defects. Specific gravity was slightly below average with eight lines having a specific gravity equal to or higher than Snowden (1.080): Atlantic (1.085), MSJ147-1 (1.087), Kalkaska (1.080), MSR061-1 (1.081), MSQ070-1 (1.089), NY140 (1.082), Lamoka (1.086) and NY148 (1.093). All entries in the trial had excellent chip- processing quality out of the field, with an SFA score of 1.0. Many of the MSU breeding lines have moderate to strong scab resistance: MSJ126-9Y, MSH228-6, Kalkaska, MSL007-B, MSR061-1, MSR169-8Y and MSQ070-1. Beacon Chipper continues to be consistently high yielding line with good specific gravity, chip quality, and less susceptibility to scab. Two promising chip-processing lines are MSL292-A (chip quality, 26 North Central Regional Trial Entries (Table 2) The North Central Trial is conducted in a wide range of environments (6 regional high yield, good specific gravity, and shows potential as a long-term storage chipper) and MSQ086-3 (good yield and chip quality). B. locations) to provide adaptability data for the release of new varieties from Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Canada. Twenty-two entries were tested in Michigan in 2011. The results are presented in Table 2. The MSU lines MSL211-3, MSL268-D, MSQ440-2, MSM182, MSR169-8Y and MSQ176-5 were the Michigan representatives included in the 2011 North Central Trial. MSL211-3 is an attractive, bright-skinned round to oval white tablestock with moderate late blight resistance and reduced susceptibility to scab. MSL268-D has dual-purpose characteristics; good chip- processing quality and an attractive freshmarket type, combined with late blight resistance, and some early bulking potential. MSM182-1 is a tablestock line with bright- skin, round type combining both late blight and PVY resistance. MSQ176-5 is a late blight resistant tablestock with very uniform, large, round-white tubers and smooth, bright skin. MSQ440-2 is a bright skinned round white tablestock line. MSR169-8Y is a scab resistance chip-processing selection good specific gravity, tuber shape and storability. Due to the field location, the yields were below average in 2011. C. We continue to increase our russet breeding efforts to reflect the growing interest in russet types in Michigan. In 2011, 24 lines evaluated after 134 days. The results are summarized in Table 3. Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, Silverton Russet and GoldRush were the reference varieties used in the trial. The yields were below average with a high percentage of B-sized tubers. The highest yielding lines were A01124-3 and AF3362-1 and A0008-1TE. Overall, the internal quality in the russet trial was above average. Specific gravity measurements were average to below average with Russet Norkotah at 1.064 and Russet Burbank at 1.068. Off type and cull tubers were found in nearly all lines tested, with the highest being Russet Burbank (33%). Canela and A01124-3 had few pickouts. D. chip-processing and tablestock trials. The majority of the lines evaluated in the Adaptation Trial were tested in the Preliminary Trial the previous year. Three reference cultivars (Atlantic, Snowden, and Pike), and 14 advanced breeding lines are reported in the chip-processing trial. The trial was harvested after 134 days and the results are summarized in Table 4. All entries had good out-of-the-field chip scores. Specific gravity values were average for the Montcalm Research Farm (Atlantic was 1.085 and Snowden was 1.082). The highest specific gravity was MSS165-2Y, MSR159-02 and MSR127-1. The greatest hollow heart was noted in FL1879 (23%) and A01143-3C (38%) followed by Atlantic (15%). The overall plot yields for this trial were average in Russet Trial (Table 3) Adaptation Trials (Tables 4 and 5) The Adaptation Trials are conducted as two separate trials based on market class: 27 The Preliminary trial is the first replicated trial for evaluating new advanced In the tablestock trial, 7 advanced breeding lines were evaluated with Onaway and 2011 with too many B size. MSQ089-1 and MSQ035-3 were the highest yielding lines with MSR127-1 and MSS165-2Y combining yield potential and high specific gravity and scab resistance. Reba as check varieties. The trial was harvested after 120 days and the results are summarized in Table 5. In general, the yield was below average in this trial and internal defects were low. Promising and attractive yellow-fleshed table selections are MSM288- 2Y and MSQ341-BY. MSS544-1R and MSR217-1R have attractive red color. E. Preliminary Trials (Tables 6 and 7) selections from the MSU potato breeding program. The division of the trials was based upon pedigree assessment for chip-processing and tablestock utilization. The chip- processing Preliminary Trial (Table 6) had 34 advanced selections and three check varieties (Atlantic, Pike and Snowden). The chip-processing trial was harvested after 127 days. Most lines chip-processed well from the field. Specific gravity values were average with Atlantic at 1.086 and Snowden at 1.083. Fourteen advanced selections had 1.079 or higher specific gravities. The most promising MSU lines are MSV313-2, MSV403-3, MSV241-2, MSV505-2, MSV127-1 and V383-1 combining yield, specific gravity, chip quality and scab resistance. Internal quality was good across all the lines in the trial. Table 7 summarizes the 30 tablestock lines evaluated in the Preliminary Trial (Onaway and Michigan Purple were the check varieties). This tablestock trial was harvested and evaluated after 120 days. MSU161-1, MSR214-2P, MST386-1P, Purple Heart and Michigan Purple Sport II were the highest yielding lines. On average, the table lines are not high in scab resistance, but we see a higher frequency of late blight resistance. This trial also had a low incidence of internal defects. In addition to traditional round white, red-skinned, and yellow flesh freshmarket categories, there are some unique specialty lines such as Purple Heart (red skin and purple flesh), Midnight II (purple skin with deep purple flesh, the Michigan Purple skin sports, purple skinned lines such as MSR214-2P and MST386-1P . Jingshu 2 was from the Chinese breeding program. F. scab. We have moved the scab testing to two ranges at the Montcalm Research Center where high common scab disease pressure was observed in previous years. This location is being used for the early generation observational scab trial (over 300 lines), the scab variety trial (170 lines) and the national scab trial sponsored by USDA/ARS. Additionally, we added a replicated On-Farm scab trial (24 lines), which is summarized in the MPIC Research Report. We use a rating scale of 0-5 based upon a combined score for scab coverage and lesion severity. Usually examining one year's data does not indicate which varieties are resistant but it should begin to identify ones that can be classified as susceptible to scab. Our goal is to evaluate important advanced selections Potato Scab Evaluation (Table 8) Each year, a replicated field trial is conducted to assess resistance to common 28 and varieties in the study at least three years to obtain a valid estimate of the level of resistance in each line. The 2011 scab ratings are based upon the Montcalm Research Farm site. Table 8 categorizes many of the varieties and advanced selections tested in 2011 at the MSU over a three-year period. The varieties and breeding lines are placed into six categories based upon scab infection level and lesion severity. A rating of 0 indicates zero scab infection. A score of 1.0 indicates a trace amount of infection. A moderate resistance (1.2 – 1.8) correlates with <10% infection. Scores of 4.0 or greater are found on lines with >50% infection and severe pitted lesions. The check varieties Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, GoldRush, Red Norland, Red Pontiac, Onaway, Pike, Atlantic, and Snowden can be used as references (bolded in Table 8). The table is sorted in ascending order by 2011 rating. This year’s results continue to indicate that we have been able to breed numerous lines with resistance to scab. A total of 71 lines, of the 170 tested, had a scab rating of 1.6 (better than or equivalent to Pike) or lower in 2011. Most notable scab resistant MSU lines are MSH228-6, Kalkaska, MSJ126-9Y, MSL007-B, MSN215-2P, MSP270-1, MSR061-1, MSR127-2 and MSR169-8Y; as well as some earlier generation lines MSS297-3, MSS544-1R and MSV383-1, and MSV127-1. The greater number of MSU lines in the resistant and moderately resistant categories indicates we are making progress in breeding more scab resistant lines for the chip-processing and tablestock markets. There are also an increasing number of scab resistant lines that also have late blight resistance and PVY resistance. We also continue to conduct early generation scab screening on selections in the breeding program beginning after two years of selection. Of the 320 early generation selections that were evaluated, over 100 were had resistance ratings (scab rating of ≤ 1.5). Scab results from the disease nursery for the advanced selections are also found in the Trial Summaries (Tables 1-7). H. Late Blight Trial (Tables 9, 10 and 11) In 2011, the late blight trial was planted at the Clarksville Research Center rather than the Muck Soils Research Farm. Over 300 entries were planted in early June for late blight evaluation. These include lines tested in a replicated manner from the agronomic variety trial (160 lines) and entries in the National Late Blight Variety Trial (35 lines) and about 200 entries in the early generation observation plots. The trials were inoculated in early August with a US-22 genotype of P. infestans. Late blight infection was identified in the plots within 2 weeks after inoculation. The plots were evaluated 2 times per week over a 50 day period following inoculation. We need to note that the disease reaction in the plots was not as aggressive as previous years. All disease lesions tested were identified as US-22, which would explain the higher disease ratings (susceptibility) on lines with late blight resistance to US-8 (Tollocan-based resistance lines Jacqueline Lee, Missaukee, etc.). In 2011 there were 15 lines from the national late blight trial that had moderate to strong late blight resistance to US-22. For the replicated variety trial 42 lines had moderate to strong late blight resistance, while 67 lines in the early generation observation plots had moderate to strong late blight resistance. These were from various late blight resistance sources (LBR9, Malinche, Kenya Baraka, Monserrat, Torridon, 29 Evaluations of advanced seedlings and new varieties for their susceptibility to Stirling, NY121, B0718-3, etc.). Tables 9, 10 and 11 list lines in the foliar resistance and susceptibility categories. I. Blackspot Bruise Susceptibility (Table 12) blackspot bruising are also important in the variety evaluation program. Based upon the results collected over the past years, the non-bruised check sample has been removed from our bruise assessment. A composite bruise sample of each line in the trials consisted of 25 tubers (a composite of 4 replications) from each line, collected at the time of grading. The 25 tuber sample was held in 50°F (10°C) storage overnight and then was placed in a hexagon plywood drum and tumbled 10 times to provide a simulated bruise. The samples were peeled in an abrasive peeler in October and individual tubers were assessed for the number of blackspot bruises on each potato. These data are shown in Table 12. The bruise data are represented in two ways: percentage of bruise free potatoes and average number of bruises per tuber. A high percentage of bruise-free potatoes is the desired goal; however, the numbers of blackspot bruises per potato is also important. Cultivars which show blackspot incidence greater than Atlantic are approaching the bruise-susceptible rating. In addition, the data is grouped by trial, since the bruise levels can vary between trials. In 2011, the bruise levels were comparable to previous years. The most bruise resistant MSU breeding lines this year from the Advanced trial were MSH228-6, MSQ086-3, MSJ126-9Y, MSR061-1, and MSL292-A. This group is similar to 2010. The most susceptible lines from the Advanced trial were Lamoka, NY148 (E106-4) and Atlantic. The Adaptation Trial MSU lines (Chip and Table) with the least bruising were MSR159-02, MSQ089-1, MSR128-4Y, MSQ279-1 and MSR148-4, MSM288-2Y, MSS544-1R, MSM182-1 and MSR217-1R. MSQ035-3 and MSR127-2 were the most bruise susceptible. Of the earlier generation breeding lines (Preliminary Trials), the most of the lines had little blackspot bruising, while only MSR093-4 showed significant blackspot bruising. The most bruise resistant russet entries were A02062-1TE, Silverton Russet, AF3362-1, GoldRush, CO03187-1RUS, AC00395-2RUS; the most susceptible were Dakota Trailblazer and ND8068-5RUS. The most bruise resistant entries in the US Potato Board/Snack Food Association Trial were MSJ126-9Y, CO00188-4W, W2978-3 and MSR061-1, while NYE106-4 (NY148) was the only entry with more bruising than Atlantic. 30 Table 1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ADVANCED TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 20, 2011 (134 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) CHIP TUBER QUALITY3 TOTAL 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A - - - 1.7 2.7 1.2 0.2 0.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.2 1.1 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.0 * Two-Year Average 346* 287 325 298 318* 234 284 272 285 213 203 - 155 10 18 18 27 16 21 10 17 19 10 21 19 20 33 30 35 84 80 77 72 78 77 71 77 80 84 76 79 77 66 70 62 5 2 5 1 6 2 18 5 0 4 2 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 417 444 422 438 367 374 313 337 338 293 315 309 246 261 241 227 334 135 US#1 371 363 345 319 307 294 280 279 273 258 249 248 196 175 169 145 267 132 US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE2 HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 89 82 82 73 84 79 89 83 81 88 79 80 80 67 70 64 LINE Lamoka NY148LBR NY140LBR MSQ086-3 MSL292-A Kalkaska Beacon Chipper Atlantic MSL007-B MSH228-6 MSQ070-1 Snowden MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1LBR MSR169-8Y MSJ147-1 MEAN HSD0.05 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 1.086 1.093 1.082 1.076 1.082 1.080 1.078 1.085 1.078 1.077 1.089 1.080 1.074 1.081 1.079 1.087 1.082 0.005 1.4 1.4 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.4 1.8 3.0 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.0 3.3 2.5 3.0 1.8 3.0 3.0 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.3 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 1.3 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 13 0 15 5 3 0 0 0 5 20 0 50 15 28 13 45 18 5 53 23 38 10 10 10 5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Table 2 LINE Snowden NorValley MN19298RY MSQ176-5LBMR MN02616R Atlantic Red Pontiac D Red Norland W2717-5 MSL268-DLBR W2310-3 W2978-3 W6002-1R MSQ440-2 AND00272-1R MSL211-3 MN02586 MSM182-1LBR ND8555-8R MSR169-8Y W6511-1R MN02588 MEAN HSD0.05 CWT/A US#1 295 280 279 277 259 259 240 233 232 211 211 201 199 187 186 185 181 175 163 158 109 55 208 102 TOTAL 418 369 370 329 369 313 320 293 309 326 274 295 298 244 337 254 308 281 309 229 317 141 305 109 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 7, 2011 (121 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS PERCENT (%) 3-YR AVG PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP TUBER QUALITY3 US#1 US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE2 HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 CWT/A 71 76 75 84 70 83 75 80 75 65 77 68 67 77 55 73 59 62 53 69 34 39 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 * Two-Year Average 1.085 1.071 1.066 1.063 1.064 1.085 1.050 1.054 1.085 1.076 1.084 1.067 1.055 1.052 1.064 1.061 1.070 1.068 1.062 1.080 1.076 1.070 1.069 0.006 2.4 2.3 - 2.4 - 3.0 3.4 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.3 - 1.8 3.3 2.3 - 0.6 2.5 - 2.2 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.3 1.0 1.5 2.3 2.5 1.3 1.8 2.3 1.0 2.5 2.0 3.3 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 1.0 3.5 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 330 316* 210* 287 256* 310 303* 251 232* 262 219* 230 - 251* 10 6 0 1 8 6 10 10 12 12 9 9 13 10 0 2 8 4 9 6 10 9 29 19 24 16 27 15 16 18 24 32 20 30 33 23 43 26 40 37 47 29 60 60 70 71 75 68 69 78 72 79 74 65 77 67 67 74 55 69 58 62 53 67 34 39 0 5 0 16 1 5 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 4 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 3 3 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 2 5 1 295* 248* 277* - - - - - 1 2 0 6 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. All the lines in the Round White Trial in 2008 were North Central Regional Trial entries. 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 32 Table 3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 7, 2011 (121 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 11 15 8 6 12 5 16 12 6 0 11 4 6 8 5 5 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 6 6 8 6 2 2 4 8 6 3 3 5 9 0 26 11 73 65 70 62 61 72 62 62 61 62 59 63 64 63 52 52 62 57 53 52 50 40 35 41 15 17 20 30 23 22 18 24 27 31 22 27 28 27 39 36 30 39 44 43 41 57 39 48 386 328 306 322 281 268 255 271 296 311 269 278 260 238 291 285 219 232 247 230 230 231 221 153 267 208 US#1 323 263 240 220 207 206 200 198 197 193 189 186 184 168 166 161 142 135 131 121 114 98 78 63 174 201 US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC SCAB3 MAT4 BRUISE5 84 80 79 68 74 77 78 73 66 62 70 67 71 70 57 56 65 58 53 52 50 42 35 41 LINE A01124-3 AF3362-1 A0008-1TE CO03202-1Rus A02062-1TE Canela ND8229-3Rus CO99053-3RusLBMR GoldRush Russet AF3317-15LBMR Dakota TrailblazerLBMR Russet Norkotah Silverton Russet CV00047-3RUS AC00395-2Rus CO03276-5Rus CO03308-3Rus WV4993-1RUS CO03187-1RUS Clearwater Russet ND8068-5Rus CO03276-4Rus Russet Burbank W6360-1RusLBR MEAN HSD0.05 **Not Russet lines LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. 1SIZE: B: < 4 oz.; A: 4-10 oz.; OV: > 10 oz.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 5BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 1.075 1.064 1.064 1.074 1.063 1.074 1.072 1.074 1.059 1.085 1.084 1.064 1.065 1.067 1.083 1.068 1.067 1.071 1.065 1.078 1.070 1.072 1.068 1.074 1.071 0.013 1.5 1.1 0.9 1.5 0.8 1.9 ND 1.9 0.5 1.5 ND 2.5 0.5 1.3 1 1.1 0.8 1.9 0.1 1.4 ND 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.5 2.3 2.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.8 1.0 3.0 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.8 1.8 2.0 3.0 1.5 1.8 2.5 3.3 2.2 2.5 - - - - 263* 204* 237* 221 222 - - 162 256 - 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.2 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.8 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 2.2 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 * Two-Year Average - - - - - - - 101* 228* - 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 0 0 9 0 0 0 6 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 3 1 3 4 4 1 7 4 1 3 4 0 5 3 3 1 3 4 5 2 0 7 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 Table 4 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 20, 2011 (134 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) CHIP TUBER QUALITY3 TOTAL 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 13 15 7 10 17 33 26 16 34 15 13 23 24 22 24 38 37 84 79 76 81 77 66 73 81 65 78 82 74 66 73 76 62 60 2 6 17 9 6 1 1 4 1 7 4 4 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 1 0 0 2 396 388 348 352 348 431 385 336 430 331 325 326 354 245 219 258 216 335 113 US#1 341 329 323 315 288 286 284 284 283 281 279 252 235 188 167 159 132 260 103 US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE2 HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 86 85 93 89 83 66 74 84 66 85 86 77 66 76 76 62 61 LINE MSQ089-1 MSQ035-3 FL1879 MSQ279-1 MSR127-2 MSS165-2Y Snowden CO03243-3W MSR148-4LBMR Atlantic AC03433-1W MSR159-02 A01143-3C MSR036-5LBR Pike CO00188-4W MSR128-4Y MEAN HSD0.05 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 1.074 1.077 1.076 1.074 1.087 1.090 1.082 1.079 1.071 1.085 1.077 1.089 1.076 1.079 1.083 1.071 1.079 1.079 0.006 0 0 23 8 0 3 0 5 0 15 38 0 0 3 0 0 0 25 10 15 15 20 18 30 18 30 10 30 18 13 3 13 0 0 0.3 2.0 0.9 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.3 ND 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.0 2.0 1.6 2.4 2.8 1.8 3.0 2.9 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.4 0.0 1.8 1.5 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.8 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.7 4.0 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.0 2.3 1.4 3.0 2.0 34 Table 5 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 6, 2011 (120 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY2 88 85 77 82 87 79 61 61 79 12 12 23 18 13 19 38 38 19 84 79 75 80 82 75 60 61 77 360 362 401 362 301 252 294 278 208 313 85 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC SCAB3 MAT4 BRUISE5 315 309 307 296 260 199 180 168 164 244 80 LINE Reba Onaway MSM288-2Y AF2291-10 MSQ341-BY MSR157-1Y MSS544-1R MSM182-1LBR MSR217-1R MEAN HSD0.05 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. NCR North Central Regional Entry 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 5BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 1.075 1.062 1.068 1.088 1.073 1.083 1.060 1.071 1.054 1.070 0.004 2.0 1.5 1.3 3.0 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.3 1.5 1.9 1.0 1.6 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.3 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.2 1.5 10 3 0 0 3 10 0 0 0 5 13 5 23 8 10 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 4 6 2 1 5 4 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 35 Table 6 LINE Boulder MSQ461-2PP FL1879 MSR109-1 MSV313-2 Missaukee MSV403-3 MSS483-1LBMR Atlantic MSV434-1Y MSV434-4 MSV241-2 MSV238-1LBR MSV505-2 MSR021-2 MSV430-1 Snowden MSV127-1 MSV383-1 MSN190-2 MSV092-2 MSV153-2Y MSS927-1LBR MSM108-A MSV307-2 MSV397-2 MSV358-3 MSV498-1 MSS297-1 MSS514-1PP MSV292-1Y PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 13, 2011 (127 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) CHIP TUBER QUALITY3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs 3 435 10 392 8 382 382 7 6 376 23 339 338 18 24 313 15 304 11 300 293 10 12 284 8 279 14 276 276 18 16 275 26 268 11 265 258 13 30 258 16 258 245 21 21 241 25 241 13 239 236 11 18 233 25 231 28 224 224 35 13 218 448 444 414 416 412 443 416 414 359 338 327 322 304 320 339 329 360 303 299 370 305 315 308 325 274 270 287 306 313 343 251 97 88 92 92 91 77 81 76 85 89 90 88 92 86 81 84 74 88 86 70 84 78 78 74 87 87 81 75 72 65 87 As 63 85 78 62 60 76 78 76 83 80 79 86 69 83 75 84 73 84 83 70 82 73 75 73 82 81 75 74 70 65 68 OV 34 3 14 30 31 0 3 0 1 9 11 3 23 3 7 0 1 4 3 0 3 5 3 1 5 6 6 1 2 0 19 PO 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 SP GR SCORE2 HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 1.086 1.075 1.077 1.076 1.085 1.081 1.084 1.071 1.086 1.067 1.066 1.087 1.070 1.078 1.062 1.077 1.081 1.080 1.083 1.089 1.080 1.078 1.075 1.084 1.077 1.071 1.079 1.076 1.075 1.063 1.061 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.1 1.5 2.1 0.9 3.1 3.0 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.4 - 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.0 0.9 1.9 1.3 2.5 1.6 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.8 2.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 3 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 4 1 2 0 3 3 0 5 1 5 0 0 8 4 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 6 3 6 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Table 6 LINE MSV393-1 MSV331-3 MSR058-1LBR MSR093-4 MSP270-1 MSV344-2 Pike MSV143-1Y MSV117-1 MSV125-4 MSV355-2 MSV396-4Y MSM102-A MEAN HSD0.05 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 13, 2011 (127 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 PERCENT (%) CHIP TUBER QUALITY3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs 18 207 11 207 32 203 197 23 20 194 11 192 185 25 31 179 29 177 24 173 151 17 38 123 103 27 254 205 254 232 301 261 242 232 248 262 252 228 186 198 145 312 208 82 89 68 75 80 82 75 68 70 76 81 62 71 As 81 75 68 72 78 78 74 64 69 75 77 62 70 OV 1 14 0 4 2 4 1 5 1 1 4 0 1 PO 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 SP GR SCORE2 HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 1.080 1.069 1.078 1.076 1.068 1.067 1.081 1.075 1.079 1.088 1.074 1.082 1.077 1.077 0.010 3.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.0 4.0 2.0 2.5 2.3 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.8 0.6 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 2 3 1 3 0 4 2 1 1 3 3 1 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 20 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 37 Table 7 LINE MI Purple Sport II Purple Heart MSR605-11LBMR MSR214-2PLBR MST386-1P MSU161-1LBMR MI Purple Sport I MSU379-1 MI Purple Red Sport MI Purple MSU016-2LBMR Onaway MSR606-02 MI Purple Sport III MSS108-1 MSV307-1 MSV282-4YLBR MSN215-2P MSR605-10LBMR MSV177-4 MSR297-A Jingshu 2 Jacqueline LeeLBMR Spartan Splash MSV205-4 MSR218-AR MSV429-1 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 6, 2011 (120 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO 378 323 314 300 299 293 288 267 261 247 244 241 238 215 212 206 182 169 166 163 162 161 144 138 128 119 110 409 392 411 410 382 381 366 321 301 301 320 313 339 261 295 258 265 243 301 246 219 296 359 256 174 157 190 93 82 76 73 78 77 79 83 87 82 76 77 70 82 72 80 69 70 55 66 74 54 40 54 74 76 58 7 17 22 27 11 23 18 15 12 14 24 19 25 12 28 19 31 27 35 33 26 44 46 46 26 24 40 79 78 72 73 73 74 78 74 73 77 74 76 64 74 72 79 69 67 55 64 74 54 40 54 74 71 58 13 4 5 0 5 3 1 9 14 5 2 2 7 9 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 11 0 4 2 1 4 0 4 5 5 0 2 1 4 9 1 0 1 14 0 0 0 2 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY3 SP GR HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 1.073 1.058 1.066 1.068 1.076 1.072 1.070 1.064 1.068 1.064 1.092 1.059 1.058 1.066 1.076 1.062 1.076 1.070 1.074 1.068 1.062 1.093 1.074 1.063 1.077 1.051 1.070 1.5 2.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 1.7 2.0 3.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.6 0.8 2.1 2.3 1.8 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.6 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.1 0.9 2.8 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 1.1 3.0 1.3 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 0 15 0 5 15 0 15 5 15 0 10 5 10 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 10 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 6, 2011 (120 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 LINE Blackberry Midnight II MSR241-4RY MEAN HSD0.05 US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs 56 33 31 41 64 68 101 82 53 207 175 181 251 171 292 201 As 56 33 31 OV PO 0 0 0 3 3 1 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY3 0 0 0 0 0 5 SP GR HH VD IBS BC SCAB4 MAT5 BRUISE6 1.042 1.077 1.069 0.2 0.1 0.1 3.3 2.6 2.5 0 0 5 0 0 0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.069 0.012 2.1 1.5 2.1 1.7 0.3 LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight (Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Clarksville Horticulture Research Center. 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 20 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 4SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 5MATURITY RATING: August 24, 2011; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 6BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. 39 Table 8 2009-2011 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* AVG. 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 1.0 - - - - 1.0 1.3 0.9 - - - 1.5 1.3 - - - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 - - - - 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.0 - - - - 1.5 1.3 2.0 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 1 - - - 2 2 - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 2 - 2 2 - - - - 2 2 4 - - - 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 - 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 - 1.3 - - - - - 0.8 1.1 1.0 - - - 1.3 - - - - - 1.0 1.3 - - - - - 1.3 1.0 - - - - - - - 1.3 1.7 - - 1 2 2 1 - 2 - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - 1 2 - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - 4 4 4 4 - 4 - - - - - 4 4 4 - - - 4 - - - - - 3 4 - - - - - 4 4 - - - - - - - 4 3 - LINE Sorted by ascending 2011 Rating; CO03187-1Rus Goldrush Russet Silverton Russet MSP270-1 MSR169-8Y A02062-1TE MSJ126-9Y MST386-1P CO03308-3Rus Liberator MSV125-4 MSV331-3 MSN215-2P MSR061-1 MSS297-3 AO008-ITE MSV383-1 MSV403-3 MSR058-1 MSQ279-1 MSP239-1 MSV127-1 MSV358-3 MSV397-2 MSL007-B MSR036-5 AC00395-2Rus AF3362-1 CO03276-5Rus MSV205-4 MSV502-2 MSH228-6 MSQ440-2 A01124-3RUS MSQ341-BY Dark Red Norland CV00047-3 MSV092-2 MSV429-1 MSV434-4 Kalkaska (MSJ036-A) MSJ147-1 NY139 - 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 - 1.0 0.9* - - - - 0.9 1.1 0.9 - - - 1.3 1.1* - - - - 1.0 1.1 1.1* - - - - 1.2 1.3 1.4* 1.4* 1.6* - - - - 1.4 1.4 1.7* 40 Table 8 2009-2011 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* AVG. - - - - - - - - - - - 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.5* LINE Sorted by ascending 2011 Rating; Clearwater Russet Dakota Diamond German Butterball MSM102-A MSR128-4Y MSR161-2 MSV117-1 MSV143-1Y MSV238-1 MSV393-1 NYE106-4 CO00188-4W MSR297-A Pike MSS108-1 AF3317-15 CO03202-1Rus CO03276-4Rus MSV241-2 MSV307-2 MSV313-2 MSV498-1 Reba MSR214-2P MSS165-2Y MSS927-1 MSV396-4Y MSL308-A MSR159-02 A01143-3C Beacon Chipper MSL211-3 MSQ035-3 MSQ070-1 MSQ405-1PP MSS514-1PP MSR148-4 MSU379-1 W2717-5 MI Purple Red Sport III MSR093-4 MSV177-4 MSV434-1Y - - - - - - - 2.0 2.1* - - - - 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.1* 1.6* 2.4* - - - - 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.5 - - - - - - - 2.5 2.5 - - - - 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 3.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 3 - - - - 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 8 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.0 1.7 1.5 - - - - - - - - 2.0 - - - - - 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.4 2.0 1.3 0.8 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3 8 - - - - - - - - 8 - - - - - 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 - - - - - - - 41 Table 8 2009-2011 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* AVG. 1.8 1.2 - - - - - - - - - 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 2.0* LINE Sorted by ascending 2011 Rating; CO99053-3Rus MSS544-1R Boulder Canela MSN190-2 MSV307-1 MSV355-2 Purple Haze W6002-IR W6360-1Rus WV4993-1 MSQ086-3 MSR127-2 MSS582-1SPL Onaway AF2291-10 MSQ131-A MSR247-A MSR292-A MSL268-D Missaukee (MSJ164-1) MSR605-11 MSU161-1 German Yellow MSQ089-1 MSR109-1 MSV282-4Y MSV344-2 Purple Heart MSQ425-4YSPL NorValley W2978-3 Kufri Jeevan LBR8 MI Purple Sport I MI Purple Sport II MSR021-2 MSV430-1 MSM182-1 MSN191-2Y MSU016-2 FL1879 MSQ176-5 - - - 2.5 2.3* 1.8* 2.1* - - - - - - 2.3 2.3* 2.9* - - - - - - 2.7 - - 2.6 2.4 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 1 2 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 3 3 4 4 2.0 1.0 - - - - - - - - - 2.3 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 - - - 3.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 - - - - - - 2.5 2.3 3.5 - - - - - - 3.0 - - 3.5 3.0 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 1 2 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - 3 3 4 - - - - - - 3 - - 4 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 4 2 2 6 2 - - - 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 4 2 2 - - - - - - 2 - - 2 2 1.5 0.8 - - - - - - - - - 2.5 1.0 1.6 1.6 - - - - 2.5 - - - - - - - - - 2.3 - - - - - - - - 2.9 - - 2.0 1.8 3 1 - - - - - - - - - 4 1 3 2 - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - 3 3 4 4 - - - - - - - - - 4 4 4 8 - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - 7 4 42 Table 8 2009-2011 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* AVG. 2.5 2.2* - 1.8 2.6 2.3 - - - - - - 1.8 2.8* 2.3* LINE Sorted by ascending 2011 Rating; Snowden Russet Burbank Purple Surprise MSQ461-2PP MSR241-4RY Russet Norkotah MSL306-A MSM108-A MSV153-2 MSV292-1Y NY140 W6511-1R MSR157-1Y Jingshu 2 W2310-3 Cowhorn MI Purple Red Sport Midnight II MSN111-4PP MSL292-A MSR217-1R MSR226-1RR CO03243-3W Russet Norkotah - CORN #8 Michigan Purple MSL316-EY MSR605-10 Trailblazer Jacqueline Lee MSQ558-2RR Zongshu 3 AC03433-1 MSR606-2 MSR241-2RY Atlantic MSR219-2R MSM288-2Y MSM191-2Y MSR218-AR Yukon Gold MSR705-2 MSS483-1 Belle de Fontenay - - - - 2.5 2.2 2.3 - - - - - - 2.9 2.1 3.2* - - - 2.8 2.7 3.0* - - - - - - 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 11 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 2.9 2.0 - 2.0 3.5 2.3 - - - - - - 1.3 3.0 2.0 - - - - 2.5 2.0 3.0 - - - - - - 3.3 2.3 3.5 - - - 2.9 2.5 3.0 - - - - - - 4 2 - 2 4 3 - - - - - - 2 4 2 - - - - 3 2 3 - - - - - - 4 3 4 - - - 3 3 3 - - - - - - 10 2 - 2 2 4 - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - - 2 1 2 - - - - - - 2 2 2 - - - 10 2 2 - - - - - - 2.3 - - 0.8 1.8 2.0 - - - - - - 1.5 - - - - - - 2.3 1.8 1.0 - - - - - - 2.5 1.3 - - - - 2.7 2.5 - - - - - - - 3 - - 1 3 3 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 3 3 2 - - - - - - 3 2 - - - - 3 3 - - - - - - - 12 - - 4 4 4 - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - 4 4 4 - - - - - - 4 4 - - - - 8 2 - - - - - - - 43 Table 8 2009-2011 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, EAST LANSING, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* AVG. LINE Sorted by ascending 2011 Rating; Blackberry MN02586 MSM183-1 Red Pontiac Stirling H/LSD0.05 = - - - 3.7* 3.9* 2011 2011 2011 2010 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 1.5 - - 4.0 4.5 - 2.3 - - 4 5 - - - 2 2 - - - - - - 1.1 - - - - - - - - - - SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery plot rating of 0-5; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%, no pitted leisions; 3: Intermediate >20%, some pitted leisions (Susceptible, as commonly seen on Atlantic); 5: Highly Susceptible, >75% coverage and severe pitted leisions. LBR Line(s) demonstrated foliar resistance to Late Blight ( Phytopthora infestans ) in inoculated field trials at the MSU Muck Soils Research Farm. N = Number of replications. *2-Year Average. Note 2011 and 2010 Significant difference is Tukey's HSD, 2009 was Fisher's LSD. Note the 2011-10 Scab Nursery data are from the new scab trial site at the Montcalm Research Farm. 2009 data is from the MSU campus site. 44 Table 9 Line Sort: LINE 1989-86061 A0008-1TE A01124-3 A01143-3C A02062-1TE AC00395-2RUS AC03433-1 AF2291-10 AF3317-15 AF3362-1 Atlantic Blackberry C00188-4W C003187-1RUS C003202-1RUS C003243-3W C003276-4RUS C003276-5RUS C003308-3RUS C099053-3RUS Canela Russet Chaposa Clearwater Russet Colonial Purple CORN#8 CV00047-3 Dark Red Norland Enfula FL1879 German Butterball German Yellow Goldrush Russet Iris Jacqueline Lee Jingshu 2 Kufri Jeevan Lamoka Michigan Purple Midnight II Missaukee Montanosa MSL211-3 MSL268-D MSM171-A MSM182-1 MSP270-1 2011 MSU LATE BLIGHT VARIETY TRIAL CLARKSVILLE HORTICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS RAUDPC1 MEAN 6.8 32.7 32.1 25.5 29.5 18.4 27.6 30.2 7.2 37.7 35.0 39.6 22.9 32.9 29.0 27.4 38.8 31.2 25.9 7.8 19.5 0.3 22.9 36.2 16.6 34.4 30.5 6.4 22.3 10.5 34.6 24.8 0.5 9.5 20.3 1.9 21.2 40.3 21.7 12.0 10.9 36.9 2.3 11.5 3.2 11.8 N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 1 6 3 6 3 RAUDPC Sort: LINE Chaposa Muruta Iris Stirling MSV234-1 MSS927-1 MSV282-4Y MSV198-2Y MSR061-1 NY148 Kufri Jeevan W6360-1RUS MSV371-2 MSL268-D MSW206-2P MSV289-2P MSR058-1 MSR214-2P MSM182-1 MSV165-1 MSQ176-5 MSV020-2 MSV283-2P NY140 MSV179-6 MSR036-5 NY121 MSR605-10 MSR605-11 MSV521-3 Enfula 1989-86061 MSU016-2 MSV342-2 AF3317-15 MSS483-1 Trailblazer Russet MSU161-1 C099053-3RUS MSR159-2 MSR148-4 Jacqueline Lee German Butterball MSR606-02 Montanosa MSR093-4 N 3 2 1 6 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 RAUDPC1 MEAN 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.9 9.5 10.5 10.8 10.9 11.1 Female Male Malinche ND4350-3 Monserrat MSM051-3 MegaChip MSN105-1 ND7799C-1 MSN105-1 Malinche NY121 MSP459-5 NY 103 LBR9 Montanosa MegaChip ND5084-3R Stirling Kufri Jeevan MSI152-A Atlantic Monserrat LBR8 MSL766-1 Spunta G2 Spunta G2 MSE69.6 MSG227-2 Jacqueline Lee Colonial Purple Colonial Purple MSJ319-1 MSJ317-1 NY121 MSL211-3 Missaukee MSQ244-1 Colonial Purple MSL211-3 Liberator Missaukee Missaukee MSI152-A Boulder Montanosa MSN105-1 OP MSM171-A Missaukee MSM182-1 MSL211-3 MSL766-1 MSI152-A Tollocan MSJ126-9Y Dakota Pearl Chaleur Spunta G2 Jacqueline Lee Torridon OP 45 Line Sort: LINE MSQ035-3 MSQ070-1 MSQ086-3 MSQ089-1 MSQ131-A MSQ176-5 MSQ279-1 MSQ440-2 MSQ461-2PP MSR021-2 MSR036-5 MSR058-1 MSR061-1 MSR093-4 MSR109-1 MSR128-4Y MSR148-4 MSR157-1Y MSR159-02 MSR159-2 MSR161-2 MSR169-8Y MSR214-2P MSR217-1R MSR218-8R MSR219-2R MSR241-2RY MSR297-A MSR605-10 MSR605-11 MSR606-02 MSS108-1 MSS165-2Y MSS483-1 MSS582-1SPL MSS927-1 MST386-1P MSU016-2 MSU161-1 MSU177-4 MSU278-1Y MSU379-1 MSV005-2 MSV020-2 MSV092-2 MSV117-1 MSV146-1 MSV153-2 MSV158-2 MSV165-1 MSV179-6 RAUDPC1 MEAN 35.6 19.5 34.0 17.0 30.5 4.4 26.1 37.8 13.7 34.7 5.4 3.2 1.9 11.1 32.9 23.3 8.9 33.2 16.1 8.2 13.7 28.0 3.2 30.3 29.9 31.4 39.7 14.9 6.0 6.2 10.8 16.5 13.1 7.2 32.3 1.0 28.0 7.0 7.7 39.5 28.7 19.7 11.7 4.6 26.7 16.0 38.3 18.5 14.2 4.3 5.3 N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 RAUDPC Sort: LINE MSM171-A MSV005-2 MSP270-1 Missaukee MSV238-1 MSS165-2Y MSV406-6 MSR161-2 MSQ461-2PP MSV158-2 MSR297-A MSV393-1 MSV396-4Y MSV117-1 MSR159-02 MSS108-1 CORN#8 MSQ089-1 Red Pontiac Silverton Russet AC00395-2RUS MSV153-2 MSQ070-1 Canela Russet Snowden MSU379-1 Jingshu 2 Lamoka MSV397-2 Midnight II FL1879 MSV403-3 Clearwater Russet C00188-4W Russet Burbank QSMSU03-01R MSR128-4Y Tundra Goldrush Russet A01143-3C C003308-3RUS MSQ279-1 MSV092-2 C003243-3W W6511-1R AC03433-1 MSR169-8Y MST386-1P MSU278-1Y C003202-1RUS A02062-1TE RAUDPC1 MEAN 11.5 11.7 11.8 12.0 12.3 13.1 13.6 13.7 13.7 14.2 14.9 14.9 15.5 16.0 16.1 16.5 16.6 17.0 17.3 17.6 18.4 18.5 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.7 20.3 21.2 21.6 21.7 22.3 22.7 22.9 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.3 23.3 24.8 25.5 25.9 26.1 26.7 27.4 27.5 27.6 28.0 28.0 28.7 29.0 29.5 N 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Female Stirling A93157-6LS MSNT-1 Male MSE221-1 MSI152-A MSG227-2 Marcy MSM188-1 MSQ070-1 Stirling NY120 King Harry MSG004-3 MSQ070-1 MSQ070-1 Missaukee MSL766-1 MSJ126-9Y Missaukee MSL159-AY OP MSJ126-9Y POROOPG2-16 Missaukee Missaukee MSG227-2 MSJ126-9Y MSH228-6 MSJ126-9Y Stirling A91790-13 Missaukee King Harry MSK061-4 MSG227-2 Missaukee MSP238-1 Missaukee MSQ070-1 MSJ147-1 MSQ070-1 MSN099-B Jacqueline Lee NDTX4034-1R MSJ167-1 MSJ126-9Y MSF373-8 MSJ126-9Y Pike MSP239-1 MSJ126-9Y Pike Michigan Purple Liberator Torridon MSL211-3 46 Line Sort: LINE MSV198-2Y MSV234-1 MSV238-1 MSV282-4Y MSV283-2P MSV289-2P MSV331-3 MSV342-2 MSV355-2 MSV371-2 MSV393-1 MSV396-4Y MSV397-2 MSV403-3 MSV406-6 MSV430-1 MSV434-4 MSV498-1 MSV502-2 MSV521-3 MSW206-2P Muruta NorValley NY121 NY140 NY148 Onaway Pike Purple Heart QSMSU03-01R QSMSU03-08R QSMSU03-1R QSMSU10-2 QSMSU10-9 Red Norland Red Pontiac Russet Burbank Russet Norkotah Silverton Russet Snowden Stirling Trailblazer Russet Tundra W2717-5 W2978-3 W6002-1R W6360-1RUS W6511-1R WV4993-1 N 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 4 3 3 2 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 RAUDPC1 MEAN 1.6 0.8 12.3 1.3 4.7 2.8 35.1 7.1 38.7 2.0 14.9 15.5 21.6 22.7 13.6 31.2 34.1 36.1 37.7 6.3 2.8 0.4 35.3 5.7 4.9 1.9 37.0 32.3 30.7 23.3 42.6 36.5 31.1 35.6 33.7 17.3 23.1 37.4 17.6 19.6 0.6 7.4 23.3 35.0 34.8 30.4 1.9 27.5 37.6 RAUDPC Sort: LINE MSR218-8R AF2291-10 MSR217-1R W6002-1R Dark Red Norland MSQ131-A Purple Heart QSMSU10-2 MSV430-1 C003276-5RUS MSR219-2R A01124-3 MSS582-1SPL Pike A0008-1TE MSR109-1 C003187-1RUS MSR157-1Y Red Norland MSQ086-3 MSV434-4 CV00047-3 German Yellow MSR021-2 W2978-3 Atlantic W2717-5 MSV331-3 NorValley MSQ035-3 QSMSU10-9 MSV498-1 Colonial Purple QSMSU03-1R MSL211-3 Onaway Russet Norkotah WV4993-1 MSV502-2 AF3362-1 MSQ440-2 MSV146-1 MSV355-2 C003276-4RUS MSU177-4 Blackberry MSR241-2RY Michigan Purple QSMSU03-08R RAUDPC1 MEAN 29.9 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.5 30.7 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.4 32.1 32.3 32.3 32.7 32.9 32.9 33.2 33.7 34.0 34.1 34.4 34.6 34.7 34.8 35.0 35.0 35.1 35.3 35.6 35.6 36.1 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.0 37.4 37.6 37.7 37.7 37.8 38.3 38.7 38.8 39.5 39.6 39.7 40.3 42.6 N 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 Female Male NDTX4271-5R MSK101-2 NDTX4271-5R Missaukee Boulder Missaukee MSN106-2 MSQ279-7 MSL211-3 MSQ086-3 ND5084-3R MSJ317-1 Purple Haze MSL211-3 Boulder MSI111-A Jacqueline Lee MSJ316-A Onaway MSQ283-2 Missaukee MSJ126-9Y MSJ316-A Missaukee NY137 MegaChip Missaukee MSG227-2 MSL211-3 MSN106-2 Snowden Q283-2 Michigan Purple Norland Jacqueline Lee NDTX4034-1R MSG301-9 Jacqueline Lee Tundra MSJ126-9Y MSK412-1R Keuka Gold Marcy Missaukee Malinche OP Monticello L603-319Y PoorpG9-3 MN96013-RY Jacqueline Lee NDTX4034-1R 1 Ratings indicate the average plot RAUDPC (Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve). 47 Table 10 2011 NATIONAL LATE BLIGHT VARIETY TRIAL CLARKSVILLE HORTICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Line Sort: LINE A00286-3Y A00293-2Y A01010-1 A01025-4 A01143-3C A02060-3TE A99326-1PY A99331-2RY A99433-5Y AC99375-1RU AF2574-1 AF3317-15 AF4122-3 AF4191-2 AF4303-1 AF4329-7 Alpine Russet ATC00293-1W/Y AWN86514-2 B0692-4 B0718-3 B1992-106 B2676-2 B2756-7 BNC201-1 BNC202-3 Clearwater Russet CO00405-1RF CO01399-10P/Y LBR1R2R3R4 LBR5 LBR7 LBR9 MSQ176-5 MSR061-1 N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 RAUDPC1 MEAN 8.4 19.2 44.3 36.2 34.7 26.7 32.3 42.1 7.6 8.5 4.9 3.8 2.8 7.5 15.7 11.4 33.2 13.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 4.7 46.8 42.3 50.7 15.4 33.4 57.0 39.8 2.5 24.5 4.6 33.4 8.6 3.0 RAUDPC Sort: LINE B0718-3 B0692-4 AWN86514-2 LBR1R2R3R4 AF4122-3 MSR061-1 AF3317-15 LBR7 B1992-106 AF2574-1 AF4191-2 A99433-5Y A00286-3Y AC99375-1RU MSQ176-5 AF4329-7 ATC00293-1W/Y BNC202-3 AF4303-1 A00293-2Y LBR5 A02060-3TE A99326-1PY Alpine Russet LBR9 Clearwater Russet A01143-3C A01025-4 CO01399-10P/Y A99331-2RY B2756-7 A01010-1 B2676-2 BNC201-1 CO00405-1RF N 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 RAUDPC1 MEAN 0.6 0.8 0.9 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 7.5 7.6 8.4 8.5 8.6 11.4 13.9 15.4 15.7 19.2 24.5 26.7 32.3 33.2 33.4 33.4 34.7 36.2 39.8 42.1 42.3 44.3 46.8 50.7 57.0 1 Ratings indicate the average plot RAUDPC (Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve). 48 Table 11 Line Sort: LINE Chaposa Enfula Montanosa MSS070-B MSU016-2 MSU128-2 MSU161-1 MSU202-1P MSV005-2 MSV081-1Y MSV089-2 MSV146-1 MSV179-6 MSV186-1 MSV198-2Y MSV234-1 MSV238-1 MSV282-4Y MSV283-2P MSV284-1 MSV289-2P MSV301-2 MSV342-2 MSV371-2 MSV393-1 MSV394-2 MSV396-4Y MSV397-2 MSV406-6 MSV407-2 MSV430-1 MSV482-6 MSW007-1 MSW019-1 MSW078-1 MSW088-2 MSW092-1 MSW095-2Y MSW097-5Y MSW100-1 MSW119-2 MSW119-4 MSW121-5R MSW121-8 MSW122-3 MSW122-9 2011 LATE BLIGHT EARLY GENERATION TRIALS CLARKSVILLE HORTICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS RAUDPC1 MEAN N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.6 23.8 4.5 35.0 9.6 33.8 0.4 13.0 4.9 37.5 2.6 0.2 0.3 2.6 3.0 1.2 0.3 11.9 2.3 28.0 1.8 2.2 13.3 13.1 1.3 17.4 8.0 18.5 14.4 0.2 29.8 21.5 0.7 11.1 0.5 6.8 0.2 0.4 16.9 39.3 18.7 6.6 7.2 33.5 RAUDPC Sort: LINE Muruta Chaposa Enfula MSW236-3 MSV186-1 MSV482-6 MSW097-5Y MSV198-2Y MSV283-2P MSW100-1 MSW206-2P MSV005-2 MSW385-2Y MSW092-1 MSW453-1P MSW237-4Y Montanosa MSW078-1 MSW151-9 MSW418-1 MSW360-18 MSW199-3 MSW399-2 MSV282-4Y MSW464-3 MSV396-4Y MSW288-2 MSW263-5 MSV342-2 MSW133-5Y MSV371-2 MSV289-2P MSW410-12Y MSV234-1 MSV179-6 MSW418-2 MSW484-1 MSW470-1 MSV238-1 MSW242-5Y MSW449-5 MSW198-1Y MSW242-1 MSU016-2 MSV089-2 MSW275-3 RAUDPC1 MEAN N Female Male 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.9 Montanosa LBR9 Rosilin Eburu LBR9 MSM051-3 Monserrat LBR9 LBR9 A93157-6LS Torridon MSL106-AY Kenya Baraka Montserrat MSK409-1 Montanosa RB G227-2 MSR061-1 Kenya Baraka W2133-1 Monserrat MSM246-B MSQ070-1 MSP102-5 MSN105-1 Montanosa Malinche MSP459-5 Montanosa E69.6 Malinche LBR8 RB G227-2 MSQ070-1 Montserrat Marcy NY121 Missaukee MSK498-1 NY121 Boulder MSJ126-9Y MSR036-5 MSR036-5 Colonial Purple MSP239-1 MSM288-2Y Malinche Colonial Purple MSP292-7 Colonial Purple MSI152-A MSN105-1 Montserrat Colonial Purple MSN191-2Y Malinche MSL211-3 MSJ319-1 MSN238-A MSN105-1 MSR036-5 MSN105-1 MSR102-3 MSJ126-9Y MSQ086-3 Picasso OP MSP292-7 MSG227-2 Colonial Purple MSN105-1 MSN105-1 MSL211-3 MSJ319-1 MSR127-2 MSL766-1 Missaukee Malinche MSM288-2Y Malinche Malinche MSN105-2 MSI152-A OP 49 Line Sort: LINE MSW123-3 MSW125-3 MSW126-1 MSW128-2 MSW133-5Y MSW140-3 MSW145-3P MSW148-1P MSW150-2R MSW151-5 MSW151-9 MSW152-1 MSW153-1 MSW154-4 MSW155-6 MSW168-2 MSW183-2 MSW189-1Y MSW197-1 MSW198-1Y MSW199-3 MSW206-2P MSW229-1P MSW236-3 MSW237-4Y MSW242-1 MSW242-5Y MSW259-5 MSW259-6 MSW263-5 MSW273-3R MSW275-3 MSW288-2 MSW296-5 MSW296-8 MSW298-4Y MSW301-1Y MSW315-1Y MSW317-5PP MSW319-1 MSW323-10 MSW324-1 MSW328-1Y MSW328-2Y MSW328-4 MSW331-1 MSW336-2 MSW338-3 MSW338-6 MSW343-2R MSW344-1Y MSW353-3 RAUDPC1 MEAN 20.2 21.8 12.9 23.1 1.8 10.4 39.1 40.1 34.7 6.5 0.8 25.7 7.8 21.4 38.4 22.0 10.2 33.5 8.3 4.3 1.2 0.4 18.0 0.1 0.6 4.3 3.7 13.5 5.8 1.6 40.2 4.9 1.6 11.5 32.0 37.1 9.6 14.3 40.1 26.5 15.7 5.1 16.8 15.1 39.7 17.0 7.6 38.1 37.9 33.8 40.4 12.5 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RAUDPC Sort: LINE MSW408-1Y MSW324-1 MSW259-6 MSW407-1Y MSW394-1 MSW151-5 MSW121-8 MSW095-2Y MSW356-3 MSW122-3 MSW336-2 MSW366-5 MSW153-1 MSV406-6 MSW197-1 MSW485-2 QSMSU03-01R MSW301-1Y MSU161-1 MSW432-12 MSW536-2Y MSW183-2 MSW140-3 MSW088-2 MSW360-7 MSW417-1 MSW296-5 MSV284-1 MSW353-3 MSW126-1 MSV081-1Y MSV394-2 MSV393-1 MSW476-4R MSW259-5 MSW355-3 MSW315-1Y MSV430-1 MSW328-2Y MSW323-10 MSW328-1Y MSW119-2 MSW331-1 MSW537-3 MSV397-2 MSW461-1P MSW229-1P MSV407-2 MSW474-1 MSW121-5R MSW508-10 MSW123-3 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RAUDPC1 MEAN 5.1 5.1 5.8 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.3 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.8 10.2 10.4 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.9 12.5 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.5 13.6 14.3 14.4 15.1 15.7 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.2 17.4 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.7 19.2 20.2 Female Male E69.6 Malinche MSQ070-1 Marcy N073-2 MSR159-2 E69.6 MSL766-1 W2133-1 MSJ319-1 Montanosa MSL211-3 MSM182-1 NDTX4271-5R LBR9 MSJ126-9Y MSR036-5 White Pearl MSM185-1 MSP085-2 MSQ070-1 W2324-1 MSR156-7 MSR036-5 1989-86061 MSI152-A MSQ070-1 OP MSK409-1 MSR102-3 MSQ070-1 MSR156-7 Jacqueline Lee NDTX4034-1R Picasso MSL268-D MSM182-1 MSL211-3 Boulder MSI152-A MI Purple Red Sport MSN105-1 MSN105-1 MSI049-A Missaukee MegaChip Kufri Jeevan MSM137-2 MSN238-A MSR061-1 Pike MCR150 MSP516-A MSP292-7 Monserrat MSP239-1 Marcy MSR036-5 MSL268-D MSM171-A MSJ126-9Y MSI152-A MSQ070-1 MSH228-6 MSG227-2 MSQ070-1 NDTX4271-5R MSN230-6RY MSR159-2 MSN073-2 MSR036-5 W2133-1 MSL211-3 POR04PG6-3 MSQ086-3 MSQ279-7 Lamoka MSQ070-1 MSQ070-1 MSM246-B Lamoka MSQ070-1 MSR036-5 MSM171-A MSP292-7 MSQ070-1 MSM070-1 MSP516-A MSJ147-1 MSQ070-1 Colonial Purple MSM182-1 MSN105-1 Michigan Purple MSQ070-1 MSP239-1 MSP516-A MSN190-2 NDTX4271-5R MSM182-1 MSN105-2 MSI152-A MSM171-A Dakota Diamond 50 Line Sort: LINE MSW355-3 MSW356-3 MSW360-18 MSW360-4 MSW360-6 MSW360-7 MSW366-5 MSW385-2Y MSW389-4Y MSW394-1 MSW399-2 MSW407-1Y MSW408-1Y MSW410-12Y MSW417-1 MSW418-1 MSW418-2 MSW425-2Y MSW432-12 MSW434-3 MSW449-5 MSW449-7Y MSW449-8Y MSW453-1P MSW455-3 MSW461-1P MSW464-3 MSW470-1 MSW474-1 MSW476-3R MSW476-4R MSW484-1 MSW485-2 MSW500-10 MSW508-10 MSW536-2Y MSW537-3 MSW537-6 MSW539-7 Muruta QSMSU03-01R QSMSU03-08R QSNDSU07-04R N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RAUDPC1 MEAN 13.6 7.0 1.1 20.4 37.5 11.3 7.7 0.4 39.7 6.5 1.2 6.1 5.1 2.4 11.4 0.8 2.6 34.4 9.8 37.1 4.0 32.2 23.8 0.5 20.9 18.0 1.3 2.8 18.5 21.2 13.5 2.7 8.3 30.9 19.2 9.8 17.2 20.9 25.6 0.0 9.4 29.1 32.7 RAUDPC Sort: LINE MSW360-4 MSW455-3 MSW537-6 MSW476-3R MSW154-4 MSW019-1 MSW125-3 MSW168-2 MSW128-2 MSW449-8Y MSS070-B MSW539-7 MSW152-1 MSW319-1 MSV301-2 QSMSU03-08R MSW007-1 MSW500-10 MSW296-8 MSW449-7Y QSNDSU07-04R MSW122-9 MSW189-1Y MSU202-1P MSW343-2R MSW425-2Y MSW150-2R MSU128-2 MSW298-4Y MSW434-3 MSV146-1 MSW360-6 MSW338-6 MSW338-3 MSW155-6 MSW145-3P MSW119-4 MSW328-4 MSW389-4Y MSW148-1P MSW317-5PP MSW273-3R MSW344-1Y RAUDPC1 MEAN 20.4 20.9 20.9 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.8 22.0 23.1 23.8 23.8 25.6 25.7 26.5 28.0 29.1 29.8 30.9 32.0 32.2 32.7 33.5 33.5 33.8 33.8 34.4 34.7 35.0 37.1 37.1 37.5 37.5 37.9 38.1 38.4 39.1 39.3 39.7 39.7 40.1 40.1 40.2 40.4 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Female Male MSN238-A MSP516-A MSP516-A NDTX4271-5R MSL211-3 Stampede Russet MSL211-3 MSR159-2 MSQ176-5 MSM288-2Y MSL211-3 MSR061-1 MSL211-3 Eva MSP197-1 NDTX4034-1R MSR041-5 MSP516-A MSP516-A MSM288-2Y ND 0390878BV-1R MSP085-2 Yukon Gold MSL211-3 NDTX4271-5R MSS827-13 MSR061-1 MSL183-AY MSM070-1 MSN230-6RY 1989-86061 Defender Russet MSM171-A Beacon Chipper MSM171-A Missaukee MN-E65 MSM137-2 Montserrat MSQ070-1 MSN105-1 Jacqueline Lee Beacon Chipper Boulder MSP292-7 Missaukee ND 5781-9R MSM185-1 Missaukee Colonial Purple MSQ440-2 RH MI Purple Red Sport MSN230-6RY MSL211-3 LBR9 MSL211-3 P408-10Y Montserrat Boulder Malinche Keuka Gold MSN238-A MSR061-1 MSN105-1 MSQ086-3 MSN105-1 MSQ086-3 MSL211-3 391046.22 MSL211-3 Michigan Purple MSR036-5 MSM171-1 Lamoka MSQ070-1 MSL211-3 VC1002-3W/Y P516-A Michigan Purple MSL211-3 POR04PG6-3 NDTX4271-5R MSN105-1 Q425-4Y Red Splash MSL211-3 1 Ratings indicate the average plot RAUDPC (Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve). 51 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR ADVANCED TRIAL MSJ126-9Y (26) MSH228-6 MSQ086-3 MSL292-A MSR061-1 MSR169-8Y MSL007-B Snowden MSQ070-1 MSJ147-1 NY140 Beacon Chipper Kalkaska Atlantic Lamoka NY148 RUSSET TRIAL A02062-1TE AF3362-1 Goldrush Russet Silverton Russet CO03187-1RUS AC00395-2Rus WV4993-1RUS CO03276-4Rus A01124-3 A0008-1TE CO03308-3Rus W6360-1Rus Russet Norkotah CO03276-5Rus CV00047-3RUS 1.080 1.077 1.076 1.082 1.081 1.079 1.078 1.080 1.089 1.087 1.082 1.078 1.080 1.085 1.086 1.093 1.063 1.064 1.059 1.065 1.065 1.083 1.071 1.068 1.075 1.064 1.067 1.074 1.064 1.068 1.067 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 3 4 1 2 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 1 1 4 1 6 24 21 20 16 12 13 13 11 9 8 6 6 7 6 2 2 20 19 19 19 18 19 15 18 17 14 14 14 13 13 11 2 4 4 8 10 7 7 7 9 6 9 8 5 5 6 5 5 6 7 5 7 4 10 4 7 9 9 8 9 10 10 1 1 2 4 3 5 4 9 3 9 9 9 15 7 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 5 2 1 1 1 1 92 84 80 64 48 52 52 46 36 33 30 24 28 24 8 8 80 76 73 76 72 76 60 72 65 56 56 56 52 50 46 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 52 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 1 4 2 3 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 42 40 48 48 30 13 16 16 0 88 88 88 83 81 80 79 79 73 72 75 72 68 52 56 56 48 46 54 52 44 33 76 72 68 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 ENTRY Russet Burbank AF3317-15 CO99053-3Rus CO03202-1Rus Canela Russet ND8229-3Rus Dakota Trailblazer ND8068-5Rus Clearwater Russet SP GR 1.068 1.085 1.074 1.074 1.074 1.072 1.084 1.070 1.078 10 10 12 12 7 3 4 4 11 10 6 8 7 13 9 5 8 1 5 5 1 6 5 5 11 8 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MSQ176-5 W6002-1R AND00272-1R Dark Red Norland MSL211-3 Red Pontiac W2978-3 MN02586 W2310-3 ND8555-8R MN19298RY MSQ440-2 MN02588 NorValley MSL268-D MSM182-1 W2717-5 W6511-1R Atlantic Snowden MN02616R MSR169-8Y 1.063 1.055 1.064 1.054 1.061 1.050 1.067 1.070 1.084 1.062 1.066 1.052 1.070 1.071 1.076 1.068 1.085 1.076 1.085 1.085 1.064 1.080 22 22 21 20 21 20 19 15 19 18 21 18 13 13 14 14 12 12 13 13 11 8 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 3 7 7 6 6 3 12 9 9 11 12 7 8 7 8 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 4 4 4 8 ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSR159-2 CO00188-4W AC03433-1W 1.089 1.071 1.077 19 18 17 5 7 8 1 53 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 1 2 3 MSQ089-1 CO03243-3W Pike MSR128-4Y MSQ279-1 MSR148-4 MSR036-5 FL1879 Snowden MSS165-2Y Atlantic MSQ035-3 MSR127-2 1.074 1.079 1.083 1.079 1.074 1.071 1.079 1.076 1.082 1.090 1.085 1.077 1.087 18 16 14 13 14 13 12 10 11 6 10 6 1 4 9 9 10 6 8 5 9 6 14 5 7 7 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MSM288-2Y MSS544-1R MSM182-1 MSQ341-BY MSR217-1R Reba Onaway MSR157-1Y AF2291-10 1.068 1.060 1.071 1.073 1.054 1.075 1.062 1.083 1.088 22 20 13 19 18 15 14 15 7 3 5 6 4 6 9 9 6 9 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 4 2 7 5 5 3 7 2 4 2 1 1 2 4 3 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSV143-1Y MSP270-1 MSV307-2 MSV434-4 MSV092-2 MSV355-2 MSQ461-2PP MSR021-2 MSS514-1PP MSS927-1 MSV238-1 MSV292-1Y 1.075 1.068 1.077 1.066 1.080 1.074 1.075 1.062 1.063 1.075 1.070 1.061 22 22 22 22 21 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 75 57 56 52 58 52 48 40 44 24 40 25 6 88 80 68 76 72 60 56 60 37 96 88 88 88 88 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 54 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY MSV358-3 MSV125-4 Missaukee MSV434-1Y MSV383-1 MSS297-1 Pike MSV153-2Y MSV117-1 MSV344-2 MSM102-A MSV393-1 MSV397-2 MSV127-1 Snowden MSV430-1 MSN190-2 Atlantic FL1879 MSM108-A MSV498-1 MSR109-1 MSS483-1 MSV313-2 MSV241-2 MSV403-3 MSV505-2 MSV331-3 MSR058-1 Boulder MSR093-4 SP GR 1.079 1.088 1.081 1.067 1.083 1.075 1.081 1.078 1.079 1.067 1.077 1.080 1.071 1.080 1.081 1.077 1.089 1.086 1.077 1.084 1.076 1.076 1.071 1.085 1.087 1.084 1.078 1.069 1.078 1.086 1.076 NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 3 2 1 4 22 21 20 20 20 19 20 19 18 18 9 18 17 15 16 16 14 12 15 13 14 13 14 12 14 12 9 10 10 7 2 3 3 5 5 6 6 3 4 6 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 9 10 8 7 9 8 7 10 6 10 11 12 10 12 11 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 4 1 4 4 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MSR214-2P MSR241-4RY MSU379-1 Midnight II 1.068 1.069 1.064 1.077 25 23 23 22 2 2 2 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 85 84 80 80 77 76 80 79 72 72 64 72 68 65 64 64 56 52 58 57 54 54 56 50 56 48 38 40 40 28 8 100 92 92 92 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 55 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 2 4 3 1 MSR605-10 Blackberry Spartan Splash MSR218-AR MSR605-11 MSU161-1 MSV177-4 MSS108-1 MSV429-1 MI Purple Sport II MSR297-A MI Purple Red Sport MI Purple Sport I MSV205-4 Colonial Purple MI Purple Sport III Purple Heart MSV307-1 Michigan Purple MST386-1P MSR606-02 Jacqueline Lee MSV282-4Y MSU016-2 Onaway Jingshu 2 1.074 1.042 1.063 1.051 1.066 1.072 1.068 1.076 1.070 1.073 1.062 1.068 1.070 1.077 1.070 1.066 1.058 1.062 1.064 1.076 1.058 1.074 1.076 1.092 1.059 1.093 20 21 21 20 21 20 20 20 19 20 17 19 19 19 17 18 18 18 17 17 15 13 13 18 11 10 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 3 5 4 6 7 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 7 9 10 8 2 12 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 1 3 1 USPB/SFA TRIAL CHECK SAMPLES (Not bruised) MSJ126-9Y W2978-3 CO00188-4W ND8331C5-2 CO00197-3W MSL292-A Snowden MSR061-1 NY140 1.068 1.065 1.068 1.081 1.071 1.074 1.075 1.078 1.079 24 23 20 18 20 19 17 13 17 1 2 5 5 6 6 9 7 7 1 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 87 84 84 83 84 80 80 83 79 80 74 73 76 76 74 72 72 72 68 68 60 52 57 72 44 40 96 92 80 78 77 76 65 65 68 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 56 2011 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 1 4 2 3 ENTRY ND8305-1 W4980-1 W5015-12 ND7519-1 NY148 Atlantic Tundra SP GR 1.085 1.073 1.085 1.078 1.087 1.087 1.083 15 16 15 13 12 9 11 USPB/SFA TRIAL BRUISE SAMPLES CO00188-4W MSJ126-9Y W2978-3 MSR061-1 CO00197-3W ND7519-1 ND8331C5-2 Snowden NY140 MSL292-A W4980-1 Tundra W5015-12 ND8305-1 Atlantic NY148 1.068 1.068 1.065 1.078 1.071 1.078 1.081 1.075 1.079 1.074 1.073 1.083 1.085 1.085 1.087 1.087 21 20 19 17 15 15 15 13 12 12 11 9 6 5 11 5 PERCENT (%) AVERAGE SPOTS per TUBER BRUISE FREE 60 64 60 52 48 36 44 84 80 76 68 60 60 63 52 48 50 44 35 26 20 46 20 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5 10 8 9 12 12 12 9 4 5 6 8 10 9 5 10 9 6 8 13 12 16 5 9 1 1 1 4 4 1 3 1 4 5 6 4 5 3 3 7 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 * Twenty or twenty-five A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored 10/26/2011. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. 57 Funding: Federal Grant, MPIC and USPB/SFA 2011 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Dr. Dave Douches, Luke Steere, Dr. Doo-Hong Min (Upper Peninsula) and Chris Kapp (Upper Peninsula) Introduction On-farm potato variety trials were conducted with 13 growers in 2011 at a total of 17 locations. Ten of the locations evaluated processing entries and seven evaluated fresh market entries. The processing cooperators were Crooks Farms, Inc. (Montcalm), Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph), Lennard Ag. Co. (St. Joseph), County Line Potato Farms, Inc. (Allegan), Main Farms (Montcalm), Sackett Potatoes (Mecosta), Michigan State University (MSU) Montcalm Research Center (Montcalm). The United States Potato Board/Snack Food Association (USPB / SFA) chip trial was at Sandyland Farms, LLC (Montcalm). Fresh market trial cooperators were Crawford Farms, Inc. (Montcalm), Elmaple Farms (Kalkaska), R & E Farms (Presque Isle), Horkey Bros. (Monroe), T.J.J. VanDamme Farms (Delta), Krummrey & Sons, Inc. (Ingham) and Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph). Procedure There were six types of processing trials conducted this year. The first type contained 13 entries which were compared with the check varieties Snowden, Pike and FL1879. This trial type was conducted at Main Farms, Lennard Ag. Co. and County Line Farms. Varieties in these trials were planted in 100’ strip plots. Seed spacing in each trial was grower dependent, but in general ranged from 9.5 to 11 inches. The second type of processing trial, referred to as a “Select” trial, contained six lines which were compared to the variety in the field. In these trials, each variety was planted in a 15’ row plot. Seed spacing and row width were 10” and 34”, respectively. These trials were conducted on Crooks Farms, Inc. (Montcalm). The third type was a processing variety trial where each plot consisted of three, 34” wide rows which were 15’ long. Only the center row was harvested for the yield evaluation from each of four replicates. This trial was conducted at Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph). At Walther’s, 20 varieties were compared to the check varieties Snowden, Pike and FL1879. The plots were planted at 10” in-row spacing. The fourth type was the Box Bin trial at the Montcalm Research Center in Montcalm County, MI. This trial contained 20 varieties compared against the check variety Snowden. Each of the 21 varieties were planted in a single 34” wide row, 600’ long with 10” in-row seed spacing. A single 23’ yield check was taken to evaluate each clone. The fifth type of chip trial consisted of large multiple acreage blocks of four newly commercialized or soon to be commercialized varieties. Agronomic and production practices for these varieties were based on each individual grower’s production system. The varieties and growers were: Sandyland Farms (Montcalm), Lamoka (NY139); Sackett Potatoes (Mecosta), Lamoka (NY139) and MSQ070-1; 58 Lennard Ag. Co. (Branch), Lamoka (NY139) and MSH228-6; Walther Farms (St. Joseph), Nicolet (W2133-1) and MSQ070-1. The USPB / SFA chip trial was the 6th chip processing trial type. For procedural details on this trial, reference the 2011 annual report published by the United States Potato Board. Within the fresh market trials, there were 29 entries evaluated. There were 5 to 18 lines planted at each of the following locations: Delta, Ingham, Kalkaska, Monroe, Montcalm, Presque Isle and St. Joseph counties. The varieties in each trial ranged from mostly round white varieties to mostly russet varieties. These varieties were generally planted in 100’ strip plots. A single 23’ yield check was taken to evaluate each clone in these strip trials. Seed spacing varied from 8 to 12 inches depending upon grower production practices and variety. The second fresh pack trial type was the Russet Select Trial. The select russet trials were planted at three locations (Elmaple Farm (Kalkaska), Montcalm Research Center (Montcalm) and Walther Farms, (St. Joseph)). At Elmaple Farms, each russet variety was planted in one, three row plot, that was thirty feet long with 34” wide rows and 11-12” in-row spacing. A yield determination was made on 23 feet of the center row. At Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph), three row plots, replicated four times were evaluated. The plots were 15’ long by 34” wide and seed spacing was 12”. Only the center row was harvested and evaluated. Each select trial varied in the number of varieties tested. Results A. Processing Variety Trial Results A description of the processing varieties, their pedigree and scab ratings are listed in Table 1. The overall averages from nine locations across Allegan, Montcalm and St. Joseph counties are shown in Table 2. Processing Variety Highlights A01143-3C; is an Aberdeen Idaho chip processing selection with average yield potential and good long term chip quality from storage. In 2011, it had a 396 cwt./A US#1 yield with a 1.078 average specific gravity (Table 2). The overall size profile of the variety was smaller, with 8 percent “B” size tubers and 82 percent “A’s”. This variety exhibits slight common scab susceptibility and appears to have a very late vine maturity. Heat sprouts were also observed. AF2291-10; this selection has been developed at the University of Maine. This variety appears to chip process well from out of the field and early to mid-season storage. It’s yield potential was good, producing 438 cwt./A US#1 in 2011 (Table 2). The average specific gravity of this line was 1.080. Four tubers with hollow heart were observed in 60 cut tubers. The overall tuber type of this variety is not very uniform. This line has some common scab tolerance and appears to exhibit a mid-season maturity (Table 1). 59 CO00188-4W; this selection is from the University of Colorado. It has a below average yield (Table 1), but has good common scab tolerance and late season chip quality and storability. Lamoka (NY139); this is a Cornell University developed clone. This variety continues to exhibit a strong yield and good size profile. In the 2011 processing potato variety trials, Lamoka yielded 433 cwt/A US#1 over eight locations with a 92% marketable yield average (Table 2). The specific gravity of this clone was four points above the trial average at 1.080. No hollow heart was noted in 110 cut tubers. Vine maturity for this variety appeared to be medium-late to late. This variety, over four years of on-farm trialing, has a 415 cwt./A US#1 yield. Lamoka continues to chip process well out of mid to late season storage at 48 ºF. MSH228-6; this Michigan State University selection yielded slightly below the trial average in 2011 at 393 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2) and expresses common scab tolerance (Table 1). This variety, over five years of on-farm trialing, has a 364 cwt./A US#1 yield. Some internal vascular discoloration has been noted over the years in finished chips from storage as well as edge browning due to Pinkeye. MSL007-B; is an MSU selection with a heavy netted skin, uniform tuber type and common scab tolerance (Table 1). In 2011, it yielded above average at 430 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). Chip quality appears to be good from mid-season storage, but some stem end defect has been observed in finished chips from various regions of the state. This variety, over four years of on-farm trialing, has a 371 cwt./A US#1 yield. MSL292-A; is a Michigan State University developed variety. In 2011, MSL292-A had an average yield at 427 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). This variety had 90 percent marketable yield and a slightly below average specific gravity at 1.074. Raw internal tuber quality was good and tuber type was very uniform and round. Pitted scab was noted in some plots. MSL292-A exhibited excellent chip quality out of the field and from storage in 2011 and early 2012. MSL292-A, over four years of on-farm trialing, has a 425 cwt./A US#1 yield. MSQ070-1; is an MSU clone with common scab and late blight tolerance. In 2011 on-farm trials, this variety yielded only 310 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.083 specific gravity. There were three tubers with hollow heart observed in 80 cut tubers (Table 2). This variety had a vine maturity that was later than Snowden. Tuber type was very uniformly round and chip quality was good from mid-season storage. This variety appeared to set well and could benefit from a slightly wider in-row seed spacing of 11 inches. Vine lateness and sticky stolons are detrimental to this varieties’ success. MSQ070-1, over three years of on-farm trialing, has a 339 cwt./A US#1 yield. MSQ086-3; is an MSU selection with a uniform tuber type, early bulking potential and slight common scab tolerance (Table 1). In 2011, it’s average yield across four locations was 552 cwt./A US#1 with 89 percent of the total tuber yield being 60 marketable (Table 2). The specific gravity was below average at 1.070. Chip quality appears to be good from out of the field. MSQ089-1; is a Michigan State University developed variety. In 2011, MSQ089-1 had an average yield at 439 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). This variety had 90 percent marketable yield and a below average specific gravity at 1.069. Raw internal tuber quality was good and tuber type was uniform and round. This variety has moderate scab tolerance. Chip quality out of the field and from storage in 2011 and early 2012 was good. MSQ279-1; is an MSU clone with common scab tolerance. In 2011 on-farm trials, this variety yielded below average at 387 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.071 specific gravity. There were three tubers with hollow heart observed in 50 cut tubers (Table 2). Tuber type was generally uniformly round and chip quality was good from mid- season storage. MSR036-5; this Michigan State University selection yielded below the trial average in 2011 at 244 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2), but does express common scab tolerance (Table 1). Some internal vascular discoloration was noted in the finished chips from storage as well as general sugar accumulation. This variety does not appear to have any commercial potential. MSR061-1; is an MSU developed variety with common scab tolerance, resistance to PVY and foliar late blight resistance (Table 1). This variety is a below average yielding line with an average specific gravity (Table 2). MSR157-1Y; is an MSU selection with a yellow flesh (Table 1). In 2011, it yielded below the trial average at 351 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). Chip quality appears to be good from mid-season storage. MSR159-2; is a Michigan State University developed variety. In 2011, MSR159-2 had a below average yield at 347 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). This variety had an 81 percent marketable yield and an above average specific gravity at 1.083. Raw internal tuber quality was a concern with 12 out of 60 cut tubers exhibiting hollow heart. MSR169-8Y; is an MSU clone with common scab resistance. In 2011 on-farm trials, this variety yielded only 299 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.076 specific gravity. Sixteen percent, on average, of the tubers were “B” size. There was 1 tubers with hollow heart observed in 60 cut tubers (Table 2). This variety has a uniform yellow flesh. Tuber type was uniformly round and chip quality was good from mid-season storage. MSS165-2Y; is an MSU selection with a uniform tuber type, high yield potential and common scab tolerance (Table 1). In 2011, it’s average yield across five locations, was 488 cwt./A US#1 with 86 percent marketable tubers and 11 percent “B” size (Table 2). The specific gravity was above average at 1.085. Chip quality appears to be good. Tuber flesh is very yellow. 61 NY140; this is a Cornell University developed clone. This variety exhibits a strong yield and good tuber size profile. In the 2011 processing potato variety trials, this selection yielded 520 cwt./A US#1 over five locations with a 92% marketable yield average (Table 2). The specific gravity of this clone was one point below the trial average at 1.075. Six tubers with hollow heart were noted in 50 cut tubers. Vine maturity for this variety appeared to be medium-late. This variety shows some common scab susceptibility. NY148 (NYE106-4); this Cornell University developed clone exhibited a strong yield, good size profile and common scab tolerance. In 2011, NY148 yielded 487 cwt./A US#1 over five locations with an 89% marketable yield average (Table 2). The specific gravity of this clone was nine points above the trial average at 1.085. No hollow heart was noted in 50 cut tubers. Vine maturity for this variety appeared to be late. NY148 chip quality does not appear to be as good as Lamoka. W2978-3; this clone was developed at the University of Wisconsin and has exhibited an average yield, early bulking potential with a low average specific gravity. In 2011, W2978-3, when averaged across four Michigan trial locations, yielded 386 cwt./A US#1 with one hollow heart being observed in 40 cut tubers (Table 2). The size profile and the specific gravity were both below the trial average. This variety was susceptible to common scab. W4980-1; is a University of Wisconsin variety with average yield potential. In 2011, it yielded 424 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.074 specific gravity (Table 2). Two percent hollow heart was observed in this variety when averaged over five locations. Slight pitted and surface scab susceptibility was also noted. Chip quality from mid-season storage appears to be good. W5015-12; is a University of Wisconsin developed variety. In 2011, it yielded 400 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.081 specific gravity (Table 2). Two tubers with hollow heart were observed in 20 cut tubers when this variety was averaged over two locations. Pitted and surface scab susceptibility was noted. B. USPB / SFA Chip Trial Results The Michigan location of the USPB / SFA chip trial was on Sandyland Farms, LLC in Montcalm County in 2011. Table 3 shows the yield, size distribution and specific gravity of the entries when compared with Atlantic and Snowden. Table 4 shows the at-harvest raw tuber quality results. Table 5 shows the out of the field chip quality evaluations from samples processed and scored by Herr Foods, Inc., Nottingham, PA and Table 6 provides the blackspot bruise susceptibility of each entry. Table 7 provides a pre-harvest panel for each of the 16 varieties in the trial. This table compares tuber specific gravity, percent glucose and sucrose ratings taken on August 31st, 2011 for each variety. 62 C. Fresh Market and Variety Trial Results A description of the freshpack varieties, their pedigree and scab ratings are listed in Table 8. Table 9 shows the overall yield averages for the seven freshpack locations: Delta, Ingham, Kalkaska, Monroe, Montcalm, Presque Isle and St. Joseph Counties. Fresh Market Variety Highlights One round white, one yellow flesh and five russet lines are worthy of mention from the 2011 on-farm variety trials. They are MSQ440-2 (the round white), MSM288- 2Y (the yellow flesh variety), and the russets, A0008-1TERus (Teton Russet), A01124-3Rus , A02062-1TERus, AF3362-1 and Dakota Trailblazer. USPB / SFA Chip Trial Highlights NY140 and Atlantic topped the yield table in 2011 followed by W2310-3, NY148 (NYE106-4) and Snowden (Table 3). NY140 and Atlantic had the largest percentage of recorded oversize tubers in the trial (Table 3). MSL292-A, CO00188-4W, W4980-1, W2978-3, MSJ126-9Y and CO00197-3W had very low specific gravities. The varieties in the 2011 trial that displayed the greatest potential for commercialization were NY140, W2310-3, NY148 (NYE106-4) and MSL292-A. Yield potential and specific gravity were good for W2310-3 and NY148 (NYE106-4) (Table 3). MSL292-A had the highest AGTRON score at Herr Foods on October 12th at 69.4 (Table 5). Atlantic, NY148 (NYE106-4), W5015-12 and ND8305-1 showed the greatest susceptibility to blackspot bruise (Table 6). CO00188-4W and W4980-1 were very mature on August 31st which was approximately one week prior to vine kill (Table 7). MSQ440-2; this Michigan State University variety has a bright tuber appearance and moderate common scab tolerance (Table 8). In the 2011 freshpack variety trials, this clone had a 304 cwt./A US#1 yield with a 1.061 specific gravity (Table 9). There were no hollow heart in 50 cut tubers, but some vascular discoloration was observed. Tuber size distribution was good with 90 percent of the tubers being marketable. The skin type of this variety is smooth and bright and the tubers are uniform in shape. The vine maturity is mid-season. This variety, over two years of on-farm trialing, has a 292 cwt./A US#1 yield. MSM288-2Y; this Michigan State University variety has uniform tuber type with a nice yellow flesh. The tubers have pink eye color similar to Yukon Gold. In 2011, MSM288-2Y yielded 372 cwt./A US#1 with a medium vine maturity (Table 9). The total yield of this variety was reported as 443 cwt./A. The percentage of the total tuber yield that was “B” sized was 13 and the specific gravity was 1.074. This variety also expresses common scab susceptibility. 63 A0008-1TERus (Teton Russet); this is a USDA Aberdeen, ID developed variety. In 2011, over 6 locations, this varieties’ average yield was 292 cwt./A US#1. Twenty- three percent of the total yield was “B” sized tubers (Table 9). Marketable yield was 68 percent of the total. The specific gravity was 1.070 and 11 of 90 cut tubers exhibited hollow heart. Vine maturity was medium-early. This variety, over three years of on-farm trialing, has a 313 cwt./A US#1 yield. A0008-1TERus appears to perform much better agronomically in northern climates and will be tested more specifically north of Lansing, MI. A01124-3Rus; this University of Idaho selection had a 325 cwt./A US#1 yield, an average specific gravity of 1.074 and 16 of 90 tubers exhibited hollow heart (Table 9). The tuber’s appearance was long and blocky with a nice russeted skin. Vine maturity was medium. A02062-1TERus; this is a USDA Aberdeen, ID developed variety. Across seven locations in 2011, this variety on average yielded 304 cwt./A US#1 with a 1.074 specific gravity with only 4 tubers exhibiting hollow heart out of 100 cut (Table 9). This variety has a very nice skin type and tuber shape. As a result of a smaller tuber set per plant, a 9.5 -10 inch in-row seed spacing is recommended. This variety, over two years of on-farm trialing, has a 374 cwt./A US#1 yield. AF3362-1Rus; this University of Maine selection had a 334 cwt./A US#1 yield, an average specific gravity of 1.073 and zero out of 80 tubers exhibiting hollow heart (Table 9). The tuber appearance was long and blocky with a nice russeted skin. Vine maturity was early. This variety appears very promising for the early russet market. Dakota Trailblazer; is a variety developed at North Dakota State University. Averaged over two locations, this variety yielded 415 cwt./A US#1 which placed it as the top yielding russet in 2011. The specific gravity was very high at 1.093. Six tubers with hollow heart were reported in 30 cut tubers. Vine maturity was late. Tuber type was extremely blocky. Common scab susceptibility was observed at one location this season. 64 Table 1 2011 MSU Processing Potato Variety Trials Pedigree 2011 Scab Rating* Entry Atlantic Lamoka (NY139) Wauseon X B5141-6 (Lenape) NY120 X NY115 Characteristics High yield, early maturing, high incidence of internal defects, check variety, high specific gravity High yield, mid-late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type, low internal defects Average yield, early to mid-season maturity, small tuber size profile, early storage check variety, some internal defects, medium specific gravity High yield, late maturity, mid-season storage check variety, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity 3.0 1.4 1.5 2.4 Pike (NYE55-35) Allegany X Atlantic Snowden (W855) B5141-6 X Wischip A01143-3C COA95070-8 X Chipeta 1.8** Average yielding, scaly buff chipper; smaller tuber size, late maturity AF2291-10 CO00188-4W FL1879 SA8211-6 X EB8109-1 A90490-1W X BC0894-2W Snowden X FL1207 MSH228-6 MSC127-3 X OP MSL007-B MSA105-1 X MSG227-2 MSL292-A Snowden X MSH098-2 MSQ070-1 MSK061-4 X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) MSQ086-3 Onaway X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) 1.8 1.5 2.4 1.3 1.1 2.8 1.8 2.0 Early blight resistant clone with good chipping quality, medium-late vine maturity, round to oblong, white netted tubers, specific gravity similar to Atlantic Below yield potential. small tuber size, minimal grade defects, medium-early maturity, high specific gravity, some ability to recondition out of 40º F High yield, late maturity, large tuber type, late season storage, medium specific gravity, check variety Average yield, mid-late season maturity, blocky flat tuber type, shallow eyes, medium specific gravity Average yield, early to mid-season maturity, uniform tuber type, medium specific gravity, scab tolerant Above average yield, scab susceptible, late blight susceptible, medium-high specific gravity, long storage potential, uniform tuber type Round tuber type, late maturity, scab tolerance and late blight resistant, high specific gravity, strong vine and roots Round tuber type, high yield potential, early maturity, low internal defect, moderate scab tolerance. *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. ** = 2010 Data 65 Table 1 continued Entry Pedigree MSQ089-1 A91790-13 X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) MSQ279-1 Boulder X Pike 2.1 1.0 MSR036-5 MSL766-1 X Liberator 1.1 MSR061-1 Mega Chip (W1201) X NY121 MSR157-1Y MSR159-2 Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3) X MSJ316-A MSL766-1 X MSJ126-9Y 0.9 2.6 1.7 MSR169-8Y Pike X MSJ126-9Y 0.6 MSS165-2Y MSM188-1 X MSL159-AY 1.6 NY140 NY121 x NY115 2.5 NYE106-4 NY128 x Marcy W2978-3 Monticello X Dakota Pearl 1.4 2.3 2011 Scab Rating* Characteristics Above average yield, uniform round tubers, medium maturity, good internal quality, average specific gravity High yield, large round tubers, good internal qualities, below average specific gravity Below average yield, uniform round tuber type, medium maturity, average specific gravity Below average yield, round tuber type with netted skin, low reducing sugars, PVY resistant, moderate late blight resistance High yielding, medium maturity, average specific gravity, yellow flesh Average yield, average specific gravity, medium late maturity Below average yield, medium maturity, yellow flesh, average specific gravity, common scab resistant High yield, above average specific gravity, medium late maturity, uniform round tuber type, heavy netted skin, yellow flesh, good internal tuber quality Late season, dual purpose chip and table stock. High yields of large tubers, lightly textured skin. Resistant to race Ro1 of the golden nematode and moderately resistant to race Ro2. Late season, high gravity, scab-resistant chip stock Above average yield potential, early bulking, medium early vine maturity, scab susceptible W4980-1 B0692-4 X W1355-1 2.0 Medium-early maturity for off the field chipping, moderate yield potential, low set W5015-12 Brodick X W1355-1 3.0 High tuber set and yield, medium-late vine maturity, uniform size tubers, tubers tend toward flat shape, very flat in some environments *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. ** = 2010 Data 66 2011 Processing Potato Variety Trial Overall Average - Nine Locations Allegan, Montcalm, St. Joseph Counties CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL VINE VINE PO SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC CUT VIGOR4 MATURITY5 COMMENTS Chip Comments 5-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A LINE FL1879 US#1 TOTAL US#1 640 679 Bs 4 10 6 11 10 10 10 9 7 12 9 9 19 As 77 86 86 81 86 85 88 85 87 83 86 87 79 OV 17 3 6 5 3 4 2 2 5 4 4 3 2 94 89 92 86 89 89 90 87 92 87 90 90 81 2 1 2 3 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 1 0 1.072 1.070 1.5 1.0 1.075 1.1 1.085 1.2 1.085 1.1 1.079 1.069 1.0 1.3 1.080 1.3 1.080 1.0 1.075 1.0 1.074 1.0 1.074 1.1 1.081 1.0 9 1 6 3 0 9 0 4 0 1 0 1 2 4 2 16 8 3 12 20 18 18 7 14 0 0 3 1 4 4 7 2 4 3 3 13 19 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 20 40 50 50 50 80 70 60 110 120 90 50 20 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.5 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.6 2.8 MSQ086-3 552 626 NY140 520 564 MSS165-2Y 488 567 NYE106-4 487 545 Snowden 453 506 MSQ089-1 439 487 AF2291-10 438 501 Lamoka 433 467 MSL007-B 430 493 MSL292-A 427 469 W4980-1 424 472 W5015-12 400 493 3.0 sl pinkeye, tr black leg, pitted scab sl SED sl scab, gc and misshapen tubers in pickouts, bright appearance sl SED 499 552* 520* 488* 487* 427 439* moderate SED sl SED sl SED tr SED sl SED tr SED 441** tr SED 417**** moderate SED 371**** sl SED 425**** moderate pitted scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts tr scab, heavy netted skin, knobs and misshapen tubers in pickouts, yellow flesh tr surface scab, heavy set, bright netted skin tr pitted scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts sl scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts, nice round type heat sprouts gc and misshapen tubers in pickouts, tr scab, tr pinkeye heat sprouts and points in pickouts, tr surface scab heavy netted skin, uniform round tubers, tr scab, oblong tubers in pickouts slight pitted scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts slight pitted scab, gc and misshapen tubers in pickouts, slight pinkeye moderate SED 424* 3.5 pitted scab, small tuber type clean 449*** NUMBER OF LOCATIONS 2 4 5 5 5 5 7 6 8 9 6 5 2 Table 267 Table 2 continued NUMBER OF LOCATIONS 5 6 5 4 6 6 4 5 6 4 4 4 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL VINE VINE SP GR SCORE3 HH VD IBS BC CUT VIGOR4 MATURITY5 LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 A01143-3C 396 486 MSH228-6 393 429 MSQ279-1 387 414 W2978-3 386 465 MSR157-1Y 351 400 MSR159-2 347 409 Pike 327 370 MSQ070-1 310 412 MSR169-8Y 299 361 CO00188-4W 297 398 MSR061-1 286 356 MSR036-5 244 MEAN 406 304 467 82 88 93 83 87 81 88 75 82 71 79 79 86 Bs 8 10 5 17 10 14 11 20 16 28 20 16 As 79 79 80 83 86 78 84 75 81 71 79 74 OV 3 9 13 0 1 3 4 0 1 0 0 5 PO 10 2 2 1 3 5 1 5 2 1 1 5 1.078 1.1 0 7 1.073 1.2 20 14 1.071 1.5 1.068 1.3 1.075 1.2 3 1 1 3 8 20 1.083 1.2 12 10 0 3 1 0 1 2 7 6 6 3 15 10 1.074 1.083 1.0 1.0 1.076 1.1 1.071 1.0 1.075 1.3 1.075 1.3 1.076 6 1 5 0 0 5 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 80 90 50 40 60 60 40 80 60 40 70 40 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.5 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6 4.0 3.1 3.3 4.5 3.2 3.5 1.7 2.7 2.3 4.1 3.2 1.2 COMMENTS heat sprouts knobs gc and misshapen tubers in pickouts, tr surface scab, pitted scab, pinkeye oblong flat tubers, severe pinkeye, misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts sl pinkeye, sl surface scab, sheep nose and gc in pickouts moderate scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts Chip Comments 5-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A tr SED 355*** sl SED 364 moderate SED 385*** sl SED 388** yellow flesh, tr surface scab, gc and pear shaped pickouts moderate SED 351* 347* 351 3.6 tr scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts sl SED tr scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts tr SED sl surface scab, misshapen tuber and heat sprouts in pickouts sl SED 339*** tr surface scab, light yellow flesh, misshapen tubers in pickouts small round tubers, sl scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts 2.3 heavy netted skin, sl pitted scab tr SED 299* clean sl SED 323*** 279*** 3.2 slight surface scab, misshapen tubers in pickouts, slight pinkeye moderate SED 244* tr = trace, sl = slight, N/A = not applicable, SED=stem end defect, gc=growth crack 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) 3CHIP COLOR SCORE - Snack Food Association Scale HH: Hollow Heart (Out of the field) 4VINE VIGOR RATING Date Taken: N/A As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" VD: Vascular Discoloration OV: > 3.25" IBS: Internal Brown Spot PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Slow Emergence 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 5VINE MATURITY RATING Date Taken: N/A Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) *One-Year Average **Two-Year Average ***Three-Year Aver ****Four-Year Average 68 Table 3. Yield ,Size Distribution*, Specific Gravity Yield (cwt/A) Percent Size Distribution Entry NY140 Atlantic W2310-3 NYE106-4 Snowden W5015-12 MSL292-A CO00188-4W W4980-1 ND7519-1 W2978-3 ND8331C5-2 MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1 ND8305-1 CO00197-3W US#1 TOTAL 491 415 357 345 342 318 291 252 242 240 216 212 205 202 177 157 279 571 483 411 434 418 444 340 367 342 316 361 351 265 298 277 271 372 US#1 90 89 90 79 82 72 86 69 71 77 60 60 78 69 64 58 75 Specific Small Mid-Size Large Culls Gravity 1.079 1.087 1.083 1.087 1.075 1.085 1.074 1.068 1.073 1.078 1.065 1.081 1.068 1.078 1.085 1.071 1.077 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 4 1.3 84 81 85 76 78 70 81 69 66 75 60 60 75 67 64 58 72 9 8 8 21 18 28 14 31 28 22 40 37 20 30 34 38 24 6 8 5 3 4 2 5 0 5 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 MEAN *small <1 7/8"; mid-size 1 7/8"-3 1/4"; large >3 1/4" Table 4. At-Harvest Tuber Quality. Sandyland Farms, Howard City, Michigan. Entry NY140 Atlantic W2310-3 NYE106-4 Snowden W5015-12 MSL292-A CO00188-4W W4980-1 ND7519-1 W2978-3 ND8331C5-2 MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1 ND8305-1 CO00197-3W Internal Defects1 VD 5 1 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 IBS 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 BC 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 HH 1 12 0 0 2 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 Total Cut 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 1Internal Defects. HH = hollow heart, VD = vascular discoloration, IBS = internal brown spot, BC = brown center. 69 Table 5. 2011 Post-Harvest Chip Quality1. Entry NY140 Atlantic W2310-3 NYE106-4 Snowden W5015-12 MSL292-A CO00188-4W W4980-1 ND7519-1 W2978-3 ND8331C5-2 MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1 ND8305-1 CO00197-3W Agtron SFA2 Specific Color Color Gravity 55.1 1.078 N/A N/A 60.5 1.072 57.9 1.080 62.2 1.071 57.3 1.074 69.4 1.071 59.2 1.075 61.1 1.076 58.4 1.074 58.7 1.064 60.2 1.076 55.2 1.067 57.0 1.073 54.3 1.083 56.1 1.069 3 N/A 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 Internal External Percent Chip Defects3 Total 32.8 N/A 26.1 27.8 13.4 32.0 6.1 21.8 21.7 20.1 36.7 9.6 26.5 16.3 20.9 34.2 3.5 N/A 6.9 4.7 8.0 22.3 3.4 16.3 16.1 7.9 7.5 5.9 3.3 7.4 18.9 11.8 29.3 N/A 19.2 23.1 5.4 9.7 2.7 5.5 5.6 12.2 29.2 3.7 23.2 8.9 2.0 22.4 1 Samples collected at harvest October 12th and processed by Herr Foods, Inc., Nottingham, PA on October 17, 2011 (5 days). Chip defects are included in Agtron and SFA samples. 2 SFA Color: 1 = lightest, 5 = darkest 3 Percent Chip Defects are a percentage by weight of the total sample; comprised of undesirable color, greening, internal defects and external defects. N/A = Not Available Table 6. Black Spot Bruise Test A. Check Samples1 B. Simulated Bruise Samples2 Percent Average Total Bruise Bruises Per Tuber Percent Average Total Bruise Bruises Per Tuber Entry NY140 Atlantic W2310-3 NYE106-4 Snowden W5015-12 MSL292-A CO00188-4W W4980-1 ND7519-1 W2978-3 ND8331C5-2 MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1 ND8305-1 CO00197-3W # of Bruises Per Tuber 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tubers 17 7 1 9 12 4 11 9 4 1 12 12 1 17 8 15 9 1 19 6 20 5 16 8 1 13 12 23 2 20 5 24 1 13 7 15 10 20 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 26 Free 68 36 44 48 65 60 76 80 64 52 92 80 96 65 60 77 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 # of Bruises Per Tuber 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tubers 12 9 4 11 5 3 4 1 9 13 4 5 9 7 2 2 13 10 1 1 6 12 5 12 6 5 1 21 4 11 8 6 15 9 1 19 6 15 5 3 1 20 5 17 8 5 16 3 1 15 10 25 24 26 25 25 23 24 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 25 25 Free 48 46 35 20 52 26 50 84 44 60 76 63 80 68 20 60 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.4 1Tuber samples collected at harvest and held at room temperature for later abrasive peeling and scoring. 2Tuber samples collected at harvest, held at 50ºF for at least 12 hours, then placed in a 6 sided plywood drum and rotated 10 times to produce simulated bruising. They were then held at room temperature for later abrasive peeling and scoring. 70 Table 7. Pre-Harvest Panels, 8/31/11 Canopy Number of Entry NY140 Atlantic W2310-3 NYE106-4 Snowden W5015-12 MSL292-A CO00188-4W W4980-1 ND7519-1 W2978-3 ND8331C5-2 MSJ126-9Y MSR061-1 ND8305-1 CO00197-3W Specific Glucose1 Sucrose2 Gravity 1.078 1.084 1.078 1.074 1.074 1.081 1.070 1.062 1.066 1.073 1.067 1.082 1.069 1.081 1.083 1.072 Average5 Tuber Rating Rating3 Uniform.4 Hills Stems Weight 4.56 0.314 4.54 0.630 4.43 0.370 0.376 2.43 3.29 0.656 2.81 0.445 3.76 0.576 0.378 2.55 2.44 0.366 3.18 0.987 0.796 2.12 2.52 0.808 3.30 0.798 0.348 2.97 3.14 0.430 1.200 2.43 80 80 65 85 65 80 40 5 15 30 45 50 50 75 50 70 % 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 85 85 70 80 80 70 75 95 45 75 80 75 85 80 60 75 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 11 18 13 15 19 11 11 16 13 16 12 13 17 14 19 12 1Percent Glucose is the percent of glucose by weight in a given amount of fresh tuber tissue. 2Sucrose Rating is the percent of sucrose by weight in a given amount of fresh tuber tissue X10. 3 The Canopy Rating is a percent rating of green foliage (0 is all brown dead foliage, 100 is green vigorous foliage). 4 The Canopy Uniformity is a percentage of how uniform the foliage health is at the date of observation. 5 The Average Tuber Weight is the total tuber weight collected divided by the number of tubers reported in ounces. 71 Table 8 2011 MSU Tablestock Potato Variety Trials Entry Pedigree Canela Russet (AC92009-4Rus) A83043-12 X A8784-3 2011 Scab Rating* 1.9 Characteristics Average yield, oblong blocky russet, medium to late maturity, good tuber dormancy, above average specific gravity, tolerant to pythium leak and pink rot Clearwater Russet (AOA95154-1) Bannock Russet X A89512-4 Dakota Trailblazer (AOND95249- 1Russ) A98163-3LS X A8914-4 Onaway USDA X96-56 X Katahdin Reba (NY 87) Red Norland Monona X Allegany ND 626 X Red Kote CORN #8 Russet Norkotah Line Selection Silverton Russet (AC83064-6) A76147-2 X A 7875-5 A0008-1TE (Teton Russet) Blazer Russet X Classic Russet A01124-3Rus Bannock Russet X A94020-3 1.4 2.8 2.0 1.6 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.9 1.0 Medium-late maturing, with oblong-long tubers that have medium-russet skin, exhibit excellent fry color out of storage, suitable for both processing and fresh market use High yield of uniform tubers; resistance to sugar ends, cold induced sweetening, verticillium wilt, and good field resistance to foliar late blight. High yield, early maturity, round tuber type, low specific gravity, smooth skin, white flesh, medium deep eyes, few internal defects, check variety High yield, bright tubers, low incidence of internal defects, mid to late season maturity, medium – low specific gravity Early maturity, medium yield, low specific gravity, smooth round to oblong tubers, medium red skin color Above average yield, early to mid-season maturity, tubers are white flesh, long to slightly oblong, medium to heavy russetted skin, eyes are shallow, numerous and well distributed tuber set, medium specific gravity High yield, oblong to long blocky tuber type, medium russet skin, masks PVY, medium specific gravity, possible Sencor & Linuron susceptibility Medium yield, nice blocky tuber type, white flesh, medium russet skin, early maturity, low specific gravity, fusarium dry rot tolerance Medium yield, early to mid-season maturity, medium specific gravity, heavy russeting, nice uniform blocky tuber appearance *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. 72 Table 8 continued Entry Pedigree 2011 Scab Rating* A02062-1TERus A97201-4 X A97299-1 0.8 AC00395-2Rus A95523-12 X Summit Russet AF3317-15 AWN86514-2 X Reeves Kingpin AF3362-1 Reeves Kingpin X Silverton Russet CO03187-1Rus Rio Grande Russet X A9304-3 CO03202-1Rus AC96010-3Rus X Canela Russet CO03276-4Rus CO35086-8Rus X Blazer Russet CO03276-5Rus CO35086-8Rus X Blazer Russet CO03308-3Rus CO96109-7Rus X Silverton Russet CO99053-3Rus MSL211-3 MSM288-2Y AC91014-2 X Silverton Russet MSG301-9 X Jacqueline Lee (MSG274-3) MSG145-1 X MSA097-1Y 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.1 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.9 1.8 3.0 Characteristics Long tuber type, medium-heavy russeting, higher U.S. No. 1 yields and larger tuber size than Russet Norkotah Oblong-long tuber, processing potential, high yield potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, late maturity, high specific gravity A long russet with late blight resistance and potential for fresh market and processing A long russet with good yields, processing potential and generally good appearance Long tuber type, processing potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, very early maturing, high specific gravity Long tuber type, processing potential, high yield potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, long dormancy, medium maturing, high specific gravity Oblong tuber type, processing potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, high specific gravity, early maturing Long tuber type, processing potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, high specific gravity, medium Long tuber type, processing potential, resistant to blackspot and enzymatic browning, high specific gravity, medium maturing maturing High yield, medium to late maturity, large vine, medium specific gravity, uniform blocky tubers, medium russeting, nice appearance, blackspot bruise resistant Round to oval tubers, smooth bright appearance, moderate late blight resistance, good yield A bright yellow flesh selection similar in type to Yukon Gold. *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. 73 Table 8 continued Table 8 continued Entry Pedigree MSQ176-5 MSI152-A X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) MSQ341-BY MSJ126-9Y X NY120 MSQ440-2 MSK214-1R X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) 2011 Scab Rating* 2.4 1.3 1.3 Characteristics High yield potential, uniform round tuber type, bright appearance, late blight resistance, good bulking Above average yield potential, nice round shape, good yellow flesh color, smooth skin type, common scab tolerant Uniform round tubers, very bright white skin, common scab resistant MSR217-1R MSS544-1R W6002-1R NDTX4271-5R X Missaukee (MSJ461-1) CO93037-6R X MNR-8RR B1491-5 X W1100R W6360-1Rus AWN 86514-2Rus X W1839-3Rus 2.8 Attractive dark red skin, round tuber type 1.9 1.9 1.9 Attractive dark red skin, round tuber type, common scab resistance Good skin color, very uniform tubers with good market appeal, good skin set, medium-high yield Excellent tuber shape in most years, late blight resistance, high specific gravity, processing potential, late maturity, smaller tuber size, moderate yield potential due to very late maturity W6511-1R Kankan X W2275-9R 2.5 Dark red skin color holds in storage, oblong tuber shape, high tuber set *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. 74 Table 9 2011 Freshpack Potato Variety Trial Overall Averages - Seven Locations Delta, Ingham, Kalkaska, Monroe, Montcalm, Presque Isle, & St. Joseph NUMBER OF LOCATIONS LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs OV As PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC TUBER QUALITY2 TOTAL CUT VINE VIGOR3 MATURITY4 VINE 4 2 4 4 4 5 6 5 3 4 7 5 1 6 2 5 3 5 2 Reba Dakota TrailBlazer MSM288-2Y Onaway MSQ176-5 AF3362-1Rus A01124-3Rus Silverton Russet W6002-1R MSQ341-BY A02062-1TERus MSQ440-2 NorWis A0008-1TERus CO03276-5Rus CO99053-3Rus Red Norland MSL211-3 CO03308-3Rus 454 415 372 370 362 334 325 324 313 310 304 304 296 292 292 290 290 289 288 493 502 443 427 430 394 403 409 392 365 370 337 306 395 433 406 365 361 389 92 83 84 86 83 79 75 73 80 85 78 90 97 68 55 65 79 80 60 5 11 13 9 14 14 19 22 19 13 14 9 2 23 37 28 17 16 30 75 67 80 77 72 55 66 59 77 82 59 84 68 58 47 57 75 76 47 17 16 4 9 11 24 9 14 3 3 19 6 29 10 8 8 4 4 3 6 3 5 3 7 6 5 1 2 8 1 1 9 8 7 4 4 1.077 1.093 1.074 1.063 1.066 1.073 1.074 1.072 1.064 1.077 1.074 1.061 1.059 2 6 5 0 11 0 16 2 0 0 4 0 0 1.070 11 1.077 1.080 1.058 1.069 2 6 0 0 3 13 10 1.070 2 1 2 13 6 9 1 2 5 20 5 13 2 1 7 4 5 2 1 1 0 2 1 2 4 2 0 0 9 4 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 40 30 40 40 40 80 90 80 30 40 100 50 10 90 30 80 30 50 40 3.4 2.5 3.8 4.0 2.9 3.6 2.1 3.9 3.8 3.3 2.3 2.9 3.5 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.8 3.9 2.4 2.9 4.0 2.3 2.4 3.4 2.5 2.9 3.5 2.0 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.6 4.0 1.7 2.3 3.3 COMMENTS large tuber type, tr scab 5-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 432 nice blocky type, uniform shape and size, sl scab 415* misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts, sl scab misshapen tubers in pickouts, tr scab misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts, pitted scab, uniform round tubers misshapen tubers and knobs in pickouts, tr glassy end, uniform type misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts misshapen tubers in pickouts, no scab, nice blocky type uniform round type, good red color, tr scab yellow flesh, round tuber type, slight pitted scab misshapen tubers in pickouts, tr glassy end, nice russet type uniform tubers, bright white skin, tr scab 372* 373 410*** 334* 323** 382 313* 310* 374** 292** 296* 313*** 292* 398**** 2.0 pickouts, tr scab gc in gc, heat sprouts, and misshapen tubers in pickouts, tr scab tubular type, tr glassy end, tr scab Silverton like type and skin misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts, no scab 326** misshapen tubers and gc in pickouts, bright white skin misshapen tubers in pickouts 329** 288* 75 Compost Effects on Weed Competition, Seed Production, and Potato Yield A.J. Lindsey, K.A. Renner, W.J. Everman Location: MSU Montcalm Research Center Tillage: Conventional Planting Date: May 17, 2010; May 20, 2011 Weeds: Hairy nightshade; giant foxtail; common lambsquarters Cultivar: Snowden Population: 10.5” seed spacing, 34” rows 130c 210b 200b 250a 185b 200ab 210a Specific Gravity 172c 260b 250b 300a 230b 245ab 260a 1.076 1.076 1.075 1.075 42 49 51 46 47 46 47 Marketable (A) ——————————cwt/acre————————— POTATO YIELD AND QUALITY Undersize (B) Total Soil Type: Sandy loam; 1.0 OM; pH 6.8 Replicated: 4 times Table 1. Potato yield and specific gravity as influenced by weed competition and compost. Weed species c. lambsquarters giant foxtail hairy nightshade weed-free Compost rate 0 t compost/acre 15 t compost/acre 30 t compost/acre Table 2. Weed seed production as affected by compost application c. lambsquarters giant foxtail hairy nightshade Summary: The objective was to observe the effect of high compost rates on weed competition and potato yield. Growers that have access to compost may use it to improve soil health and increase tuber yields. However, compost may also increase weed competition and seed production. Snowden potatoes were grown under 0, 15, or 30 t compost/acre under weed-free conditions, and in competition with common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, and hairy nightshade. Compost did not increase biomass or weed seed production of any weed species. Giant foxtail and hairy nightshade at 1.6 plants per foot of row reduced yield by 20%; common lambsquarters reduced yield by 45%. Giant foxtail and hairy nightshade decreased yield by reducing tuber bulking, but common lambsquarters reduced tuber set and bulking. Potato yield increased 5 to 15% and specific gravity decreased in compost treatments. Elevated soil potassium levels in the composted treatments led to the yield increase and the decrease in specific gravity. 15 t compost/acre 30 t compost/acre LSD0.05 38,800 88,800 6,400 4,300 7,500 14,000 0 t compost/acre 111,500 6,200 10,300 WEED SEED PRODUCTION PER PLANT 89,600 6,100 11,700 1.077a 1.075b 1.074b 76 Late-Season Weed Control in ‘FL 1922’ Potatoes A.J. Lindsey, W.J. Everman, C.L. Sprague 1.0765 (A) (B) Marketable Undersize Pickout % control 26.1 24.5 26.8 34.0 33.0 29.4 224 200 214 209 203 203 Specific Gravity 86 99 99 90 99 99 1.0765 1.0759 1.0779 Common. lambsquartersc POTATO YIELD AND QUALITY Tillage: Conventional Herbicides: see treatments Cultivar: FL 1922 Population: 12” seed spacing, 34” rows ———————cwt/acre—————— 0.00 0.95 0.00 Location: MSU Montcalm Research Center Planting Date: May 17, 2010; May 9, 2011 Soil Type: Sandy loam; 1.5 OM; pH 5.8 Replicated: 4 times Table 1. Late-season weed control, potato yield and quality as affect by herbicide and application timing. Herbicide treatmentsa,b (application timing potato stage) Prowl H2O (4” vines); Matrix + NIS (flower) Prowl H2O (4” vines); Sencor + NIS (flower) Prowl H2O (4” vines); Matrix + Sencor + NIS (flower) Boundary (4” vines); Matrix + NIS (flower) Boundary (4” vines); Sencor + NIS (flower) Boundary (4” vines); Matrix + Sencor + NIS (flower) Prowl H2O (4” vines); No application (flower) Boundary (4” vines); No application (flower) No application (4” vines); Matrix + NIS (flower) No application (4” vines); Sencor + NIS (flower) No application (4” vines); Matrix + Sencor + NIS (flower) No application (4” vines); No application (flower) Non-treated LSD0.05 aHerbicide rates (per acre): Prowl H2O (1.8 pt), Boundary (1.5 pt), Matrix (1 oz), Sencor (0.33 lb), NIS (0.25% v/v). bAll plots except non-treated received Dual II Magnum (1.33 pt) + Lorox (1 lb) at potato cracking. cTotal weed control was evaluated 42 days after the flowering treatment. dMeans within a column greater than the least significant difference (LSD) value are different from each other; n.s. indicates that treatments were not different from each other. Summary: The objective was to determine the effect of late-season herbicide applications on weed control and potato yield. Herbicide application improved control of common lambsquarters 42 days after flowering, and the addition of a treatment at flowering greatly improved control. Yield and specific gravity were not affected by weed control program. In general, potatoes receiving at least two herbicide applications had greater yield than those with one application. When potatoes did not receive a treatment after cracking, the pickout yield was increased. Because the potatoes experienced both cultivation and hilling, weed pressure may not have been severe enough to significantly decrease yield in the non-treated. 1.0764 1.0779 1.0769 67 77 86 97 99 66 1.0770 1.0775 207 200 203 212 201 219 1.0752 n.s. 1.66 0.00 0.00 28.7 32.4 34.0 26.7 30.0 29.1 0.27 0.57 4.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.71 3.67 1.0756 1.0767 1.0766 0 15.7 191 n.s. 33.3 n.s. d 77 Evaluation of plow-type and biofungicides programs for common scab control in potatoes, 2011. W. W. Kirk1, R. Schafer1, A. Merlington1 and J. Hao1. 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Funding: Industry and MPIC Potatoes (cut seed, treated with Maxim FS at 0.16 fl oz/cwt; “FL1833”) were planted at the Michigan State University Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI (sandy soil); 42.3526, -85.1761 deg; elevation 950 ft. on 2 Jun 2011 into four-row by 25-ft plots (ca. 9-in between plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a split plot with randomized complete block design within the split. The split was done on 5 May 11 and consisted of a moldboard plow to 12” depth along half the width of the plot and a chisel plow to 12” depth along the remainder, for a final total split plot length of 415-ft (5-ft separation between replications). The moldboard plow inverts the soil. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire Pro 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 15 Sep). Potato late blight and general foliar diseases were prevented with weekly applications of Bravo WS at 1.5 pt/A from early canopy closure on 29 Jun to 24. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 22 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 22 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Samples of 200 tubers per plot were harvested 30 days after desiccation (approximately 143 DAP). Tubers were washed and assessed for common scab (S. scabies) incidence (%) and severity 10 days after harvest. Severity of common scab was measured as an index calculated by counting the number of tubers (n = 200) falling in class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 -10%; 3 = 11 - 15; 4 >16% surface area of tuber covered with tuber lesions (surface and pitted). The number in each class is multiplied by the class number and summed. The sum is multiplied by a constant to express as a percentage. Indices of 0 - 25 represent 0 - 5%; 26 - 50 represent 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 represent 11 - 15% and 75 - 100 >15% surface area covered with lesions. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 Jun to the end of Sep. Maximum, minimum and average daily air temperature (oF) were 92.8, 45.8 and 66.2 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jun); 94.2, 51.7 and 73.4 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jul); 87.1, 46.6 and 68.5 (Aug); 88.5, 33.9 and 61.1 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average relative humidity (%) was 98.2, 21.6 and 69.6 (Jun); 98.9, 29.7 and 71.7 (Jul); 98.8, 29.8 and 73.9 (Aug); 98.7, 32.5 and 71.8 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) was 85.1, 58.0 and 69.7 (Jun); 90.7, 63.5 and 76.0 (Jul); 90.8, 58.9 and 73.1 (Aug); 85.8, 53.0 and 67.1 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average soil moisture (% of field capacity) was 26.4, 16.4 and 17.8 (Jun); 30.0, 17.2 and 18.4 (Jul); 25.6, 17.6 and 18.6 (Aug); 25.1, 16.9 and 18.1 (Sep). Precipitation was 2.38 in. (Jun), 1.63 in. (Jul), 2.57 in (Aug), 0.84 in. (Sep). Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead pivot irrigation. There was no significant difference between plowing treatments on scab incidence or severity but there was a significant effect on US-1 and total yield (Table 1). The analysis of the main effects indicated that there was a significant difference among biofungicide treatments and the untreated control on incidence and severity of common scab and yield (Table 1). Common scab was severe in the trial and the incidence and severity index in the untreated control plots (both plow-types) was in excess of 80% and 45, respectively (Table 2). Serenade Soil treatments had significantly lower incidence and severity of common scab in comparison with the non-treated control in both plow types (Table 2) however the incidence and severity indices were still in excess of 60% and 28, respectively. Treatments with incidence of scab from 61.4 to 79.5, and 67.4 to 85.8% were not significantly different. Treatments with scab indices from 28.3 to 41.1, 32.2 to 46.9 and 40.0 to 50.0 were not significantly different. Treatments with US-1 yield from 239 to 290, 248 to 302 and 288 to 341 cwt/A were not significantly different. Treatments with total yield from 246 to 301 and 291 to 358 cwt/A were not significantly different. (Table 2). No phytotoxicity was observed in this trial. 78 Prob > F US1-Yield Scab incidence Scab severity indexz Funding: Industry and MPIC Table 1. Main effects of plow-type and bio-fungicide in-furrow at-planting application on incidence and severity of common scab and yield in potatoes. Source of variation Plow type Fungicide treatment Interaction Z Severity of common scab was measured as an index calculated by counting the number of tubers (n = 200) falling in class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 -10%; 3 = 11 - 15; 4 >16% surface area of tuber covered with tuber lesions (surface and pitted). The number in each class is multiplied by the class number and summed. The sum is multiplied by a constant to express as a percentage. Indices of 0 - 25 represent 0 - 5%; 26 - 50 represent 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 represent 11 - 15% and 75 - 100 >15% surface area covered with lesions. Table 2. Efficacy of plow-type and bio-fungicide on incidence and severity of common scab and yield in potatoes. Common scab incidence and 0.3877 0.0276 0.8851 0.0319 0.0456 0.8534 0.0026 0.0945 0.8620 0.2494 0.0056 0.6435 Total Yield severity   Yield (cwt/A)   Incidence (%) 61.5 b 76.6 ab 78.0 ab 85.8 a 61.4 b 67.4 ab 79.5 ab 84.1 a Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.5 lb (A) Regalia Max 20SC 2.4 pt (A) Untreated Scab Indexz 28.3 c 41.1 abc 45.4 ab 46.9 ab 28.4 c 32.2 bc 40.0 abc 50.0 a Serenade Soil 1.34SC 4pt (Ay) Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.5 lb (A) Regalia Max 20SC 2.4 pt (A) Untreated Plow Type Treatment rate/A Chisel Moldboard Serenade Soil 1.34SC 4pt (Ay) z Severity of common scab was measured as an index calculated by counting the number of tubers (n = 200) falling in class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 -10%; 3 = 11 - 15; 4 >16% surface area of tuber covered with tuber lesions (surface and pitted). The number in each class is multiplied by the class number and summed. The sum is multiplied by a constant to express as a percentage. Indices of 0 - 25 represent 0 - 5%; 26 - 50 represent 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 represent 11 - 15% and 75 - 100 >15% surface area covered with lesions. y Application dates: A= 16 Apr; B= 15 May. x Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison). Varieties were analyzed together as there was no significant difference between varieties in incidence or severity of common scab. US1 248 bc 290 abc 263 bc 239 c 302 ab 341 a 288 abc 271 bc Total 255 b 301 ab 274 b 246 b 312 ab 358 a 294 ab 291 ab 79 Seed treatments and seed plus in furrow treatments for control of seed- and soil-borne Rhizoctonia solani, 2011. W. W. Kirk1, R. Schafer1, A. Merlington1 and J. Hao1. 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Funding: Industry and MPIC Potatoes with Rhizoctonia solani (black scurf), 2- 5% tuber surface area infected, were selected for the trials. Potato seed (Dark Red Norland) was prepared for planting by cutting and treating with fungicidal seed treatments two days prior to planting. Seed were planted at the Michigan State University Horticultural Experimental Station, Clarksville, MI (Capac loam soil); 42.8733, -85.2604 deg; elevation 895 ft. on 31 May into two-row by 20-ft plots (ca. 10-in between plants to give a target population of 50 plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The two- row beds were separated by a 5-ft unplanted row. Dust formulations were measured and added to cut seed pieces in a Gustafson revolving drum seed treater and mixed for 2 min to ensure even spread of the fungicide. Fungicides applied as pre- planting potato seed liquid treatments were applied in water suspension at a rate of 0.2 pt/cwt onto the exposed seed tuber surfaces, with the entire seed surface being coated in the Gustafson seed treater. In- furrow at-planting applications were delivered at 8 pt water/A in a 7 in. band using a single XR11003VS nozzle at 30 p.s.i. Foliar applications were applied with a R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Previcur Flex was applied at 0.7 pt/A on a seven-day interval, total of four applications, starting one day after inoculation of adjacent plots with Phytophthora infestans to prevent spread of potato late blight. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 15 Sep). Plots (20-ft row) were harvested on 15 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Four plants per plot were harvested 31 days after planting (1 Jul) and the percentage of stems and stolons with greater than 5% of the total surface area affected were counted. Samples of 50 tubers per plot were harvested 14 days after desiccation and assessed for black scurf (R. solani) incidence (%) and severity 40 days after harvest. Severity of black scurf was measured as an index calculated by counting the number of tubers (n = 50) falling into each class 0 = 0%; 1 = 1 - 5%; 2 = 6 -10%; 3 = 11 - 15; 4 >15% surface area of tuber covered with sclerotia. The number in each class is multiplied by the class number and summed. The sum is multiplied by a constant to express as a percentage. Indices of 0 - 25 represent 0 - 5%; 26 - 50 represent 6 - 10%; 51 - 75 represent 11 - 15% and 75 - 100 >15% surface area covered with sclerotia. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to harvest (5 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily air temperature (oF) were 91.2, 45.4 and 66.6 and 2-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jun); 93.2, 53.3 and 74.1 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jul); 85.8, 49.6 and 68.9 (Aug); 87.8, 34.8 and 59.1 (Sep); 81.0, 33.1 and 58.5 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average relative humidity (%) was 98.2, 25.6 and 69.5 (Jun); 98.2, 28.2 and 69.3 (Jul); 98.7, 30.7 and 73.5 (Aug); 99.1, 33.8 and 75.3 (Sep); 98.9, 25.7 and 64.8 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) was 88.5, 58.6 and 71.5 (Jun); 100.1, 67.4 and 81.9 (Jul); 88.8, 63.2 and 75.4 (Aug); 82.6, 55.9 and 67.1 (Sep); 64.8, 51.3 and 58.7 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average soil moisture (% of field capacity) was 41.3, 38.1 and 39.0 (Jun); 43.7, 36.6 and 39.6 (Jul); 41.3, 36.9 and 38.9 (Aug); 39.1, 35.3 and 37.1 (Sep); 37.5, 36.0 and 36.5 (to 22 Oct). Precipitation was 2.09 in. (Jun), 6.11 in. (Jul), 3.4 in (Aug), 1.02 in. (Sep) and 0.12 in. (to 22 Oct). Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. Final plant stand was relatively poor in the plots in 2011 and may have been related to the conditions experienced immediately prior to and just after planting when soil conditions were wet prior to planting then became unseasonably warm. No treatment affected final plant stand or the relative rate of emergence (RAUEPC) in comparison to the untreated control. Treatments with US1 and total yield greater than 319 and 327 cwt/A, respectively had significantly higher yield than the untreated control. No treatments had an affect stem number per plant in comparison to the untreated control. Treatments with less than 48.4% incidence of stems with stem canker with greater than 5% of the total surface area affected had significantly less stem canker than the untreated check (50.2%). Treatments with greater than 20.4 stolons per plant were significantly different from the untreated control (18.1 stolons/plant). All treatments had significantly less stolon canker incidence in comparison to the untreated check (43.0%). All treatments had significantly less overall lower stem plant canker in comparison to the untreated check. Treatments with incidence of tuber black scurf less than 32.6% were significantly different in comparison to the untreated check. Treatments with a tuber black scurf severity index of less than 24.2 were significantly different in comparison to the untreated check. Seed treatments and in-furrow applications of fungicides and biofungicides were not phytotoxic. 80 Treatment and rate/1000 row feet and rate/cwt potato seed Vertisan 1.67EC 0.7 fl oz (By)………… Vertisan 1.67EC 1.6 fl oz (B)…………. Aproach 2.08SC 0.5 fl oz (B)…………. Aproach 2.08SC 1.3 fl oz (B)…………. Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.3 fl oz/cwt (A); Vertisan 1.67EC 1.2 fl oz (B)………… Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.6 fl oz/cwt (A)…….. Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.6 fl oz/cwt (A) Quadris 2.08FL 0.6 fl oz (B)…………... Serenade Soil 1.34SC 4.4 fl oz (B)….… Serenade Soil 1.34SC 8.8 fl oz (B)….… Maxim MZ 6.2DS 0.5 lb/cwt (A)……... Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.3 oz (B)……... Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.6 oz (B)…..… Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.8 oz (B)…….. Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.3 oz + Quadris 2.08FL 0.6 fl oz (B)…….……. Regalia Max 20SC 8.8 fl oz (B)……….. Untreated Check……………….............. Funding: Industry and MPIC Final plant stand (%) 77.0 68.0 69.0 71.5 ax a-e a-e a-d RAUEPCz 39.0 34.7 34.4 35.5 a ab ab ab a-e 70.0 a-e 70.5 a-e 68.5 abc 72.5 e 61.0 a-e 71.0 ab 74.0 63.5 cde 64.5 b-e 66.0 b-e 61.5 de 64.0 b-e 67.0 a-e ab 37.6 ab 38.8 ab 32.4 ab 34.5 ab 35.0 ab 36.9 37.9 ab 32.1 b 37.8 ab ab 36.2 32.2 35.0 34.4 ab ab ab US1 263 bcd a-d 312 a-d 289 293 a-d cd 260 319 abc 262 bcd 293 a-d a-d 291 356 a 273 bcd 272 bcd 347 334 a ab 264 bcd 273 bcd 242 d Yield (cwt/A) Total cd a-d a-d a-d 273 322 296 303 cd a-d cd a-d a-d a 269 327 272 300 305 367 284 bcd cd 280 356 ab abc 343 269 cd 282 bcd 265 d Stems (31 DAP) Stolons (31 DAP) No./ plant Girdlingv Number a-d 6.7 a-d 7.2 ab 7.7 ab 7.9 7.7 ab ab 7.4 c 6.2 bc d a-d 7.3 6.2 bc d 7.6 ab 6.3 bc d 6.6 a-d 5.6 d 5.8 cd 20.4 bcd 18.0 de 21.7 abc 19.5 b-e 21.9 ab abc 21.1 e 17.7 21.1 abc 20.1 b-e abc 20.9 cde 19.2 abc 20.9 abc 20.9 23.2 a Percent infectedw 18.1 de e 15.1 cd 21.6 e cd 27.8 e cd 21.6 e 34.6 bc cd 26.8 e cd 28.7 e cd 30.1 cd 31.2 cd 28.6 e 32.0 cd ab 48.4 31.1 cd > 5% ef 9.1 f 5.8 10.9 c-f 14.5 b-e 9.6 def 16.9 bcd 20.7 b 14.9 b-e 12.3 c-f c-f 12.5 12.7 c-f 17.3 bc 15.0 b-e 11.6 c-f Treatment and rate/1000 row feet and rate/cwt potato seedz Vertisan 1.67EC 0.7 fl oz (B)…….…… Vertisan 1.67EC 1.6 fl oz (B)…………. Aproach 2.08SC 0.5 fl oz (B)…………. Aproach 2.08SC 1.3 fl oz (B)…………. Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.3 fl oz/cwt (A); Vertisan 1.67EC 1.2 fl oz (B)………… Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.6 fl oz/cwt (A)…….. Fontelis 1.67 SC 0.6 fl oz/cwt (A) Quadris 2.08FL 0.6 fl oz (B)…………... Serenade Soil 1.34SC 4.4 fl oz (B)….… Serenade Soil 1.34SC 8.8 fl oz (B)….… Maxim MZ 6.2DS 0.5 lb/cwt (A)……... Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.3 oz (B)……... Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.6 oz (B)…..… Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.8 oz (B)…….. Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.3 oz + Quadris 2.08FL 0.6 fl oz (B)…….……. Regalia Max 20SC 8.8 fl oz (B)……….. Untreated Check……………….............. z RAUEPC = Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 31 days after planting y Application dates: A= 29 May (liquid formulations for seed piece application at 0.2 pt/cwt; B= 31 May (in-furrow) x Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Fishers LSD) w Stems with greater than 5% of area with stem canker due to Rhizoctonia solani v Stolons with greater than 5% of area with stolon canker due to Rhizoctonia solani 20.4 bcd 20.9 abc 18.1 de 12.5 c-f 13.9 b-e 43.0 a a-d a a-d 22.3 32.4 50.2 c-e c a 7.1 8.2 6.8 Tuber black scurf Incidence Severity scale (%) c-g efg 20.5 16.4 11.0 g 12.1 fg 20.3 c-g 16.9 d-g c-g 20.0 c-g 20.9 27.4 c-f 17.3 d-g c-g 23.6 abc 33.4 a-d 32.6 43.8 ab (0 - 100) cde 8.5 cde 6.4 3.4 e 3.9 de 7.2 cde cde 5.0 cde 6.3 cde 8.6 11.9 cde cde 6.2 8.8 cde 14.5 bc cd 13.8 24.2 ab 29.5 b-e 10.6 g 48.3 a 14.4 bc 4.0 de 26.1 a 81 Funding:  USDA/ARS,  MPIC  and  MSU  GREEEN     Identifying  and  characterizing  resistance  from  diverse  potato  germplasm  sources  to   highly  aggressive  strains  of  late  blight:  tuber  repsonses.    W.  Kirk1,  R.  Schafer1,  D.  Douches2,  J.  Coombs2,  D.  Halterman3  and  A.  Gevens4   1Department  of  Plant  Pathology,  2Department  of  crop  and  Soil  Science,  Michigan  State   University,  East  Lansing,  MI  48824   3ARS,  USDA,  Vegetable  Crops  research  Unit,  Madison,  WI  53726   4Department  of  Plant  Pathology,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  WI  53706      Brief Introduction   the to evaluate this study were interactions of different The objectives of cultivars/Advanced Breeding Lines (ABL) of potato between different genotypes of P. infestans and storage temperature on tuber late blight development. Partial Methods A digital image analysis technique was used to assess tuber tissue infection. The method was previously used and standardized (Kirk et al. 2001; Niemira et al. 1999). The image files were analyzed using SigmaScan V3.0 (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). The area selection cut-off threshold was set to 10 light intensity units, limiting the determination to the non–dark parts of the image. The average reflective intensity (ARI) of all the pixels within the image gave a measurement of infection severity of the tuber tissue of each sample. The ARI was measured in sections from the apical, middle and basal regions of the tuber. The amount of late blight infected tissue per tuber was expressed as a single value (Mean ARI) calculated as the average ARI of the apical, middle and basal sections evaluated 40 days after inoculation (DAI). Data Analysis The presence of P. infestans in sample tubers was confirmed by ELISA (described above) and by isolating pure cultures of P. infestans from the infected tuber tissue and successful re-inoculation of potato tubers and leaves. The severity of tuber tissue infection was expressed relative to the ARI (described above) of the control tubers for each cultivar/ABL. The relative ARI (RARI) was calculated as: # RARI(%) = 1− % $ mean ARI treatment mean ARI control & ( ×100 ' € RARI (%) has minimum value of zero (no symptoms) and maximum value of hundred (completely dark tuber surface). Data for all experiments were analyzed by analysis of variance (least squares method) using the JMP program version 7.0 (SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513, USA). Treatment effects were determined by three-way factorial ANOVA, where the main effects corresponded to: Cultivar/ABL, P. infestans genotype and temperature and multiple interactions among the main effects, including the three factor interaction. Data were not combined across years as different genotypes of P. infestans and different cultivars/ABL were used in each year. 82   Results Funding:  USDA/ARS,  MPIC  and  MSU  GREEEN   A high degree of tuber late blight developed in the trial with the average RARI (%) in the least susceptible cultivar reaching a value of 23.6%. Factorial ANOVA analyses resulted in significant differences by variety and P. infestans genotype and the interactions between them (Table 1). The effect of genotype of P. infestans on the different varieties of potatoes showed a broad range of responses. There were significant interactions in tuber late blight development [RARI (%)] among varieties genotypes (Table 2). US-8 was the most aggressive genotype of P. infestans followed by US-14 and Blue 13. The US-10, and US- 22 genotypes were significantly less aggressive but still caused substantial tuber blight (Tables 1 and 2). Table  1.  Main  effects  analyses  on  tuber  tissue  darkening  of  different  varieties  and  Advanced   Breeding  Lines  in  response  to  inoculation  with  various  genotypes  of  Phytophthora  infestans   measured  as  RARI  (%)  at  MSU  2011.   Main effects ANOVA Tuber tissue darkening Source Variety Genotype Variety*Genotype DF Prob > F Variety 15 <0.0001 MSP459-5 5 <0.0001 MSQ440-2 75 <0.0001 Genotype US 8: Pi 06-02 US 14: Pi 99-2 Blue13 US 10: SR83-84 US 22: Pi 1B 2010 US 22: Pi LT5 2009 a  Normalized  tuber  tissue  darkening  score  expressed  %  RARI  =  [1-­‐  Mean  ARI  treatment  /  Mean   ARI  control  ]  *100;  %  RARI  has  a  minimum  value  of  zero  (no  darkening)  and  maximum  value  of   100  (cut  tuber  surface  is  completely  blackened).  The  numbers  are  derived  from  the  mean   average  reflective  intensity  of  three  surfaces  cut  latitudinally  25,  50  and  75%  from  the  cut   inoculated  surface  of  n  =  32  tubers   b  Values  followed  by  the  same  letter  are  not  significantly  different  at  P  =  0.05  for   comparisons  of    mean  RARI  values  of  cultivars/ABLs  within  different  P.  infestans  genotypes   (Tukey  Multiple  Comparison)     RARI (%)a 41.5 ab 40.6 a 40.5 a 40.0 a 38.4 a 37.5 a 32.3 b 30.4 bc 29.6 b-d 28.4 b-e 27.1 c-f 26.8 c-f 26.1 d-f 25.5 ef f 23.7 23.6 f Russet Norkotah MSR061-1 MSR159-02 MSR157-1Y MSL268-D MSM182-1 Missaukee Stirling MSQ070-1 MSQ176-5 Jacqueline Lee MSQ130-4 MSL211-3 Monticello RARI (%) 40.9 a 33.2 b 32.7 b 29.1 c 28.9 c 27.1 c 83   Funding:  USDA/ARS,  MPIC  and  MSU  GREEEN   Table  2.  Tuber  tissue  darkening  of  different  varieties  and  Advanced  Breeding  Lines  in  response  to  inoculation   with  various  genotypes  of  Phytophthora  infestans  measured  as  RARI  (%)  at  MSU  2011;  varieties/ABL  responses   to  the  genotypes  of  P.  infestans  are  sorted  relative  to  US-­‐8  data.   Tuber tissue darkening RARI (%)a Genotype of Phytophthora infestans US 10 SR83-84 31.0 abc 23.7 bcd 19.4 d 19.2 d 31.7 ab 23.1 bcd 31.5 ab 24.1 bcd 31.8 ab 38.3 a 37.1 a 21.4 cd 36.8 a 36.2 a US 14 Pi 99-2 24.0 e 29.2 de 26.3 e 25.1 e 28.7 de 28.5 de 38.0 bcd 30.1 cde 22.5 e 39.8 bc 39.3 bc 20.4 e 44.5 ab 44.2 ab US 22 Pi 1B 2010 22.5 d 30.0 a-d 21.3 d 23.5 cd 27.5 bcd 27.8 bcd 25.3 cd 36.9 ab 21.6 d 24.2 cd 30.6 a-d 24.6 cd 39.0 a 36.9 ab US 22 Pi LT5 2009 21.8 bc 21.4 bc 16.6 c 20.0 bc 25.5 bc 23.8 bc 21.6 bc 27.7 b 19.6 bc 38.3 a 38.8 a 19.2 bc 38.8 a 38.6 a 21.8 bc 40.5 a US 8 Pi 06-02 fb 27.5 27.7 f 31.8 ef 31.9 ef 35.8 def 36.9 cde 37.3 cde 39.1 b-e 42.8 bcd 43.1 bcd 43.6 bcd 44.2 bcd 44.9 bc 46.7 b Blue13 26.1 e-g 28.8 d-g 26.2 e-g 22.5 g 33.2 b-f 30.1 c-g 23.8 fg 35.7 a-e 24.2 fg 41.1 ab 40.8 ab 26.6 efg 39.4 abc 37.2 a-d Variety MSQ130-4 MSQ176-5 Monticello MSL211-3 MSM182-1 Stirling Missaukee MSL268-D MSQ070-1 MSR157-1Y MSR159-02 Jacqueline Lee MSQ440-2 MSR061-1 Russet Norkotah MSP459-5   57.0 a 63.6 a 44.9 a 42.0 ab a  Normalized  tuber  tissue  darkening  score  expressed  %  RARI  =  [1-­‐  Mean  ARI  treatment  /  Mean  ARI  control  ]   *100;  %  RARI  has  a  minimum  value  of  zero  (no  darkening)  and  maximum  value  of  100  (cut  tuber   surface  is  completely  blackened).  The  numbers  are  derived  from  the  mean  average  reflective  intensity   of  three  surfaces  cut  latitudinally  25,  50  and  75%  from  the  cut  inoculated  surface  of  n  =  32  tubers   b  Values  followed  by  the  same  letter  are  not  significantly  different  at  P  =  0.05  for  comparisons  of    mean   RARI  values  of  cultivars/ABLs  within  different  P.  infestans  genotypes  (Tukey  Multiple  Comparison)   53.0 a 37.4 bcd 33.7 abc 36.8 bd 32.6 ab 28.5 a-d Kirk W, Niemira B, Stein J. 2001. Influence of storage temperature on rate of potato tuber tissue infection caused by Phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary estimated by digital image analysis. Potato Research 44:87-96 Niemira BA, Kirk WW, Stein JM. 1999. Screening for late blight susceptibility in potato tubers by digital analysis of cut tuber surfaces. Plant Dis. 83:469-73 84 2011 COLORADO POTATO BEETLE RESEARCH UPDATE Zsofia Szendrei (szendrei@msu.edu) and Adam Byrne Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Lab website: http://vegetable.ent.msu.edu/ Objective  1.  Monitor  Michigan  field  populations  for  changes  in  resistance  levels  to   neonicotinoids   Imidacloprid  (i.e.:  Admire  Pro)  and  thiamethoxam  (i.e.:  Platinum,  Actara)  continue   to  be  the  most  common  means  of  Colorado  potato  beetle  control.    Today,  greater  than  75%   of  the  acres  in  the  northeastern  and  midwestern  United  States  are  protected  by  these   compounds  (NASS  2006).    Such  consistent  and  heavy  dependency  on  any  compound  sets   the  stage  for  resistance  development.    Further  complicating  the  issue  is  the  availability  of   generic  imidacloprid  formulations;  these  formulations  drive  down  product  cost,  which  will   likely  lead  to  even  greater  field  exposure  to  these  compounds.    All  of  these  reasons  strongly   support  the  need  to  continue  monitoring  resistance  development  and  to  encourage  growers   to  adopt  resistance  management  strategies.   Our  objective  was  to  continue  gathering  data  on  susceptibility  to  imidacloprid  and   thiamethoxam  in  Colorado  potato  beetle  populations  collected  from  commercial  potato   fields  in  Michigan  and  other  regions  of  the  United  States.  To  accomplish  this  objective,  15   Colorado  potato  beetle  populations  (six  Michigan  populations  and  nine  populations   collected  in  other  states)  were  bioassayed  with  imidacloprid  and/or  thiamethoxam.   METHODS.  During  2011,  six  Colorado  potato  beetle  populations  were  collected  from  two   Michigan  counties  (Mecosta  and  Montcalm).  One  susceptible  laboratory  strain  was  also   tested  (Table  1).   Adult  Colorado  potato  beetles  were  treated  with  1  µl  of  acetone/insecticide  solution   of  known  concentration  applied  to  the  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  using  a  50  µl   Hamilton®  microsyringe.    A  range  of  five  to  six  concentrations  was  selected  for  each   population,  depending  on  the  number  of  available  beetles  and  known  resistance  history  for   each  population.    In  each  bioassay,  15-­‐30  adults  were  treated  with  each  concentration   (seven  to  10  beetles  per  dish  and  two  to  three  dishes  per  concentration).    Following   treatment,  beetles  were  placed  in  100  mm  diam.  petri  dishes  lined  with  Whatman®  No.  1   filter  paper  and  provided  with  fresh  potato  foliage.    They  were  kept  at  25±1°C  and  the   foliage  and  filter  paper  were  checked  daily  and  changed  as  needed.   Beetle  response  was  assessed  7  days  post  treatment.    A  beetle  was  classified  as  dead   if  its  abdomen  was  shrunken,  it  did  not  move  when  its  legs  or  tarsi  were  pinched,  and  its   elytra  were  darkened.    A  beetle  was  classified  as  walking  and  healthy  if  it  was  able  to  grasp   a  pencil  and  walk  forward  normally.    A  beetle  was  classified  as  poisoned  if  its  legs  were   extended  and  shaking,  it  was  unable  to  right  itself  or  grasp  a  pencil,  and  it  was  unable  to   walk  forward  normally  at  least  one  body  length.    Beetles  that  had  died  due  to  Beauvaria  spp.   infection  were  excluded  from  analysis;  these  beetles  were  easily  recognized  by  their  pale,   petrified  appearance  and/or  presence  of  white  filamentous  fungi.    Dead  and  poisoned  beetle   numbers  were  pooled  for  analysis.    Data  were  analyzed  using  standard  log-­‐probit  analysis   (SAS  Institute,  2009).   RESULTS.    The  imidacloprid  LD50  value  (dose  lethal  to  50%  of  the  beetles)  for  the   susceptible  laboratory  strain  was  0.115  µg/beetle  (Table  2).    The  LD50  values  from  the  field   for  imidacloprid  ranged  from  0.476  µg/beetle  (Sackett  Potatoes  Fields  1-­‐2)  to  8.480   µg/beetle  (Main  Farms  Field  R2)  for  Michigan  populations  (Figure  1).  The  imidacloprid  LD50   values  from  the  out-­‐of-­‐state  populations  ranged  from  0.046  µg/beetle  (Eden,  ID)  to  8.508   (Fryeburg,  ME).   85 Objective  2.  Evaluate  alternative  insecticides  to  neonicotinoids  in  field  and   laboratory  tests  for  Colorado  potato  beetle  control   A.  Conduct  field  experiments  to  evaluate  the  efficacy  of  currently  registered  products     LD50  values  for  all  but  one  population  (Eden,  ID)  were  significantly  higher  than  the   susceptible  laboratory  strain.    Consistent  with  the  past  two  years,  all  Michigan  imidacloprid   LD50  values  were  significantly  higher  than  the  susceptible  comparison.    In  2011,  57%  of  the   Michigan  samples  were  greater  than  10-­‐fold  resistant  to  imidacloprid,  compared  to  60%  in   2010  and  85%  in  2009.   The  thiamethoxam  LD50  value  for  the  susceptible  laboratory  strain  was  0.112   µg/beetle  (Table  1).    LD50  values  for  thiamethoxam  in  Michigan  ranged  from  0.231   µg/beetle  (Sackett  Potatoes  Fields  1-­‐2)  to  1.471  µg/beetle  (Paul  Main  Field  R2),  and  from   0.102  µg/beetle  (Becker,  MN)  to  0.836  µg/beetle  (Jamesport,  NY)  for  out-­‐of-­‐state   populations  (Figure  1).    One  Michigan  population  (Main  Farms  Field  R2)  was  more  than  10-­‐ fold  resistant  to  thiamethoxam.     Thiamethoxam  resistance  remains  uncommon  and  has  probably  been  delayed  by   the  more  prevalent  use  of  imidacloprid  in  the  field.    However,  now  that  some  Michigan  sites   are  showing  greater  than  10-­‐fold  resistance  to  thiamethoxam,  it  will  be  important  to   monitor  the  progress  of  thiamethoxam  resistance,  and  even  more  important  to  avoid   multiple  applications  of  neonicotinoids  in  a  single  growing  season.     METHODS.  Seventeen  insecticide  treatments  and  an  untreated  check  (Table  3)  were  tested   at  the  MSU  Montcalm  Research  Farm,  Entrican,  MI  for  control  of  Colorado  potato  beetle.     ‘Atlantic’  potato  seed  pieces  were  planted  12  in.  apart,  with  34  in.  row  spacing  on  12  May   2011.    Treatments  were  replicated  four  times  in  a  randomized  complete  block  design.    Plots     were  40  ft.  long  and  three  rows  wide  with  untreated  guard  rows  bordering  each  plot.   A16901,  Admire  Pro,  Brigadier  2SC,  and  Platinum  75  SG  treatments  were  applied  as   in-­‐furrow  sprays  at  planting.    One  Brigadier  treatment  also  required  a  second  application  at   hilling,  which  was  made  by  applying  a  narrow  band  to  the  soil  on  14  June.    Foliar  treatments   were  first  applied  at  greater  than  50%  Colorado  potato  beetle  egg  hatch  on  16  June.    Based   on  the  economic  threshold  of  more  than  one  large  larva  per  plant,  additional  first   generation  sprays  were  needed  for  Blackhawk  (6  July),  Endigo  ZC  (6  July),  the  two  low  rates   of  HGW86  10  OD  (29  June),  Leverage  360  (6  July),  and  Provado  (29  June  &  6  July).    All   applications  were  made  using  a  single-­‐nozzle  hand-­‐held  boom  (30  gallons/acre  and  30  psi).       Post-­‐spray  counts  of  first  generation  Colorado  potato  beetle  adults,  small  larvae  (1st   and  2nd  instars),  and  large  larvae  (3rd  and  4th  instars)  of  five  randomly  selected  plants  from   the  middle  row  of  each  plot  were  made  weekly,  starting  on  21  June.    Plots  were  visually   rated  for  defoliation  weekly  by  estimating  total  defoliation  per  plot.   The  numbers  of  small  larvae,  large  larvae,  and  adults,  as  well  as  the  defoliation   ratings,  were  transformed  (log  +  1)  prior  to  analysis.  Analysis  of  variance  was  used  for  data   analysis  and  ad-­‐hoc  Tukey  means  separation  was  used  to  compare  treatment  means  (P  <   0.05).   RESULTS.  All  treatments  significantly  reduced  the  number  of  large  larvae  per  plant,   compared  to  the  untreated  (Table  3).    There  were  also  significant  differences  in  numbers  of   large  larvae  among  the  insecticide  treatments.    Admire  Pro  and  Provado  1.6F  were  some  of   the  poorer  performing  products.    Brigadier  2SC  (a  product  containing  bifenthrin  and   imidacloprid),  performed  as  well  as  most  other  treatments  when  applied  in-­‐furrow,  but   when  low  rates  were  applied  in-­‐furrow  and  then  at  hilling,  eight  other  insecticide   treatments  had  significantly  fewer  large  larvae  per  plant.    Except  for  Admire  Pro,  all   treatments  resulted  in  significantly  fewer  small  larvae  than  the  untreated  control.    The   untreated  plots  had  significantly  greater  defoliation  compared  to  all  other  treatments.    The     86   B.  Conduct  laboratory  insecticide  feeding  bioassays  with  summer  field  adults  and   highly  resistant  laboratory  Colorado  potato  beetle  adults  to  evaluate  the   performance  of  currently  registered  products   seasonal  defoliation  average  was  51.9%  in  the  untreated  plots,  compared  to  less  than  6%   for  all  other  treatments.    Differences  in  defoliation  among  insecticide  treated  plots  ranged   from  0.6  to  5.4%.    Neonicotinoid  insecticides  are  still  providing  sufficient  Colorado  potato   beetle  control  for  Michigan  farmers,  but  new  chemical  classes  such  as  HGW86  10  OD  and   Tolfenpyrad  15  EC  are  also  proving  to  be  effective.       METHODS.  Six  treatments,  plus  an  untreated  control,  were  tested  at  the  MSU  Muck  Soils   Research  Farm,  Bath,  MI.    ‘Atlantic’  potato  seed  pieces  were  planted  12  in.  apart,  with  34  in.   row  spacing  on  13  June  and  11  July  2011;  potatoes  planted  on  13  June  were  used  for  an   assay  with  Michigan-­‐collected  field  beetles  and  those  planted  on  11  July  for  an  assay  with   lab-­‐reared,  imidacloprid-­‐selected  beetles.  Plots  were  25  ft.  long  and  one  row  wide  with   untreated  rows  separating  all  treatments.    Treatments  were  replicated  four  times  in  a   randomized  complete  block  design.   The  following  six  treatments  were  applied:  Agri-­‐Mek  SC  (3  fl  oz/acre),  Blackhawk   (3.2  oz/acre),  Coragen  (5.0  fl  oz/acre),  Provado  1.6  F  (3.8  fl  oz/acre),  Radiant  SC  (8.0  fl   oz/acre),  and  Voliam  Xpress  (9.0  fl  oz/acre).    All  applications  were  made  using  a  single-­‐ nozzle  hand-­‐held  boom  (30  gallons/acre  and  30  psi).    Applications  were  made  to  the  first   planting  on  26  July  and  the  second  planting  on  7  September.       One  hour  post-­‐application,  foliage  was  collected  from  three  different  plants  per  plot   and  transported  back  to  the  lab.    Two  leaves  from  each  plot  were  put  into  water  picks  and   each  placed  in  a  separate  small  deli  container  with  three  adult  Colorado  potato  beetles.     Foliage  was  changed  2  and  4  days  later,  by  collecting  new  leaves  in  the  same  manner  and   using  them  to  replace  the  old  leaves  in  the  water  picks.    Each  day,  beetle  response  (alive,   poisoned,  or  dead)  and  defoliation  on  a  0-­‐5  scale  (0:  <5%,  1:  6-­‐20%,  2:21-­‐40%,  3:  41-­‐60%,   4:  61-­‐80%,  5:  >85%)  were  recorded.       Two  different  strains  of  Colorado  potato  beetles  were  used  in  this  experiment.    The   first  was  a  Michigan  field  population  collected  by  Mark  Otto,  Agri-­‐Business  Consultants,  Inc.,   in  June.    The  second  was  a  laboratory  strain  initially  collected  from  Montcalm  County,   Michigan  in  1997  and,  since,  intensely  selected  in  the  laboratory  with  imidacloprid  to   increase  its  resistance  levels.    The  Michigan  field  population  is  only  four  times  more   resistant  to  imidacloprid  compared  to  a  susceptible  laboratory  colony,  while  the  lab  colony   is  more  than  130  times  more  resistant  than  the  susceptible  colony,  providing  strains  with   different  levels  of  imidacloprid  resistance  for  testing  against  a  variety  of  foliar  insecticide   options.   RESULTS.  For  the  field  beetles,  Blackhawk  SC  and  Radiant  SC  had  the  best  knockdown   activity  and  the  longest  residual  effect  among  the  tested  beetles;  both  significantly  better   than  the  untreated  control  (Figure  2).    Results  for  the  resistant  lab  strain  were  similar,   except  that  Agri-­‐Mek  SC  also  provided  knockdown  and  residual  effects.    Response  to   Coragen  and  Voliam  Xpress  did  not  differ  significantly  from  the  untreated  control,  but  these   treatments  resulted  in  less  defoliation  after  one  day,  when  compared  Agri-­‐Mek  SC,   Blackhawk  SC,  and  Radiant  SC.    Surprisingly,  the  imidacloprid-­‐resistant  lab  strain  was   sensitive  to  Provado  1.6F,  with  good  short-­‐term  activity  against  both  strains,  but  no  residual   effect  after  3  days  of  field  aging.   The  lab  strain’s  greater  initial  knockdown,  especially  for  Agri-­‐Mek  SC,  Blackhawk  SC,   and  Radiant  SC  could  be  due  to  the  fact  that  this  strain  has  been  in  colony  since  1997,  and   thus  had  no  previous  exposure  to  these  compounds.    In  contrast,  the  field  beetles  have  been     87 Objective  3.  Investigate  mechanism  of  insecticide  resistance  in  the  Colorado  potato   exposed  to  all  these  compounds  at  some  point  in  recent  years,  as  they  were  collected  from  a   commercial  potato  field  with  a  history  of  reduced  neonicotinoid  sensitivity.   These  results  show  that  several  foliar  options  are  available  for  use  as  a  second  generation   foliar  insecticide  to  control  summer  adult  Colorado  potato  beetles.    However,  growers   should  not  expect  lengthy  residual  control,  requiring  frequent  scouting  to  assess  potential   needs  for  additional  applications.     beetle  In  2011,  we  completed  the  sequencing  of  the  transcriptomes  of  adult  Colorado   potato  beetle  (CPB)  guts.  We  compared  gene  expression  from  the  guts  of  three  groups  of   beetle:  (1)  susceptible,  (2)  imidacloprid  resistant  pre-­‐selection,  and  (3)  imidacloprid   resistant  post-­‐selection.  Pre-­‐  and  post  selection  resistant  beetles  were  from  the  same   laboratory  strain,  but  pre-­‐selection  insects  were  sampled  from  the  generation  before   selecting  with  imidacloprid  and  the  post-­‐selection  insects  were  the  offspring  of  the  selected   generation.  Colorado  potato  beetle  colonies  were  maintained  under  Adam  Byrne’s   (Research  Associate,  MSU  Vegetable  Entomology)  supervision,  and  he  conducted  the   selection  of  insects  with  the  insecticide.  All  insect  dissections  and  RNA  isolation  from  the   guts  were  conducted  by  Dr.  Diana  Londono  (Postdoctoral  Associate,  MSU  Vegetable   Entomology)  and  sequencing  was  done  at  the  MSU  Research  Technology  Support  Facility.   Dr.  Alessandro  Grapputo  (Collaborator,  Professor  at  University  of  Padua,  Italy)  analyzed  the   sequence  data.       After  sequencing,  we  evaluated  the  sequence  similarity  between  our  three  groups  of   beetles  and  found  that  the  susceptible  beetles’  guts  are  90%  similar  to  the  pre-­‐selection   resistant,  but  only  50%  similar  to  the  post-­‐selection  insects’  guts.  Therefore,  it  is  clear  that   selection  with  imidacloprid  changes  gene  regulation  in  the  insect,  but  that  this  effect  wanes   as  time  elapses  from  the  selection  event.  This  may  mean  that  certain  genes  are  up  regulated   to  cope  with  the  effect  of  the  selection  (as  a  reminder,  the  post-­‐selection  insects  were  not  in   direct  contact  with  the  insecticide,  these  were  the  offspring  of  the  generation  that  was   selected),  therefore  the  impact  we  noticed  is  not  due  to  the  direct  effect  of  the  insecticide,   but  is  inherited  to  the  next  generation.  Those  sequences  that  were  found  to  be  different   between  the  susceptible  and  the  post-­‐selection  resistant  insects  were  then  compared  to   sequences  stored  in  a  large,  international  database  where  sequences  from  many  different   organisms  are  stored.  We  found  that  about  22%  of  CPB  sequences  were  the  same  as  the  red   flour  beetle’s  and  65%  were  novel  hits,  meaning  that  these  are  unique  to  CPB,  furthermore   they  are  relevant  to  insecticide  resistance.  In  terms  of  the  biological  role  of  these  genes,  we   found  that  about  45%  take  part  in  metabolic,  cellular,  and  developmental  processes,  and   about  30%  have  a  role  in  biological  regulation,  reproduction,  and  cell  proliferation.       Interestingly,  we  found  that  a  group  of  genes  (associated  with  P450  enzymes  which   regulate  detoxification  after  exposure  to  insecticides)  are  up  regulated  post-­‐selection  with   imidacloprid.  This  has  been  suspected,  but  this  is  the  first  direct  evidence  of  this  effect.  Next,   we  will  further  study  the  role  of  this  large  and  diverse  group  of  genes  in  the  CPB.     In  addition  to  the  sequencing  work,  Dr.  Diana  Londono  has  been  conducting  enzyme   bioassays  with  inhibitors.  The  goal  of  these  experiments  was  to  find  enzymes  in  CPB  that   are  involved  in  the  insecticide  detoxification  process,  by  de-­‐activating  specific  enzymes  with   an  inhibitor.  If  the  inhibited  enzyme  has  a  role  in  insecticide  detoxification,  then  we  can   measure  an  increase  in  CPB  mortality  after  insecticide  treatment.  In  fact  we  found  that   inhibiting  the  same  group  of  enzymes  (P450)  that  were  up  regulated  in  our  post-­‐selection   insect  guts  were  responsible  in  large  part  for  the  ability  to  overcome  the  lethal  effect  of   imidacloprid.         88 In  the  future,  we  are  investigating  avenues  to  use  this  information  in  the     development  of  novel  pest  management  technologies  for  CPB.    Note:     Sequencing  refers  to  the  mapping  of  the  order  of  nucleotides  (molecules)  that  make  up   DNA  and  RNA  (the  genetic  information  carried  in  all  living  cells).   Sequence  is  the  order  of  nucleotides  in  a  long  strand  of  DNA  or  RNA.                                                                           89 Michigan  populations   Out-­of-­state  populations   Table  1.  Colorado  potato  beetle  populations  tested  for  susceptibility  to  imidacloprid  and   thiamethoxam  in  2011.   Montcalm  Farm  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  20  July  2011  from  untreated  potatoes  at  the   Michigan  State  University  Montcalm  Potato  Research  Farm,  Entrican,  MI.   Main  Farms  Summer  adults  were  collected  by  Mark  Otto,  Argi-­‐Business  Consultants,  Inc.  from   commercial  potato  fields  in  Mecosta  and  Montcalm  Counties.            Field  D2-­3  Adults  were  collected  in  Montcalm  County  in  July  2011.                Field  R2  Adults  were  collected  in  Mecosta  County  in  August  2011.   Sackett  Potatoes  Field  1-­2  Overwintered  and  summer  adults  were  collected  by  Mark  Otto,  Argi-­‐ Business  Consultants,  Inc.  from  a  commercial  potato  fields  in  Mecosta  County.    Overwintered  adults   were  collected  in  June  and  summer  adults  in  July.     Sackett  Ranch  Summer  adults  were  collected  by  Mark  Otto,  Agri-­‐Business  Consultants,  Inc.  from   commercial  potato  fields  in  Montcalm  County.                Field  LJ7  Adults  were  collected  in  July  2011.            Fields  93-­94  Adults  were  collected  in  August  2011.   Becker,  Minnesota  Overwintered  adults  were  collected  in  late  June  2011  by  Ian  MacRae,  University  of   Minnesota,  from  the  University  of  Minnesota  Sand  Plain  Research  Farm  in  Becker,  MN.   Bridgewater,  Maine  Overwintered  adults  were  collected  on  17  August  2011  by  Gary  Sewell,   University  of  Maine,  from  an  organic  seed  farm  near  Bridgewater,  ME.   Fryeburg,  Maine  Overwintered  adults  were  collected  in  early  June  2011  and  summer  adults  in  early   August  2011  by  Andrei  Alyokhin,  University  of  Maine,  from  a  commercial  potato  field  near  Fryeburg,   ME.   Eden,  Idaho  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  15  August  2011  by  Erik  Wenninger,  University  of   Idaho,  from  a  commercial  field  in  Eden,  Idaho.   Jamesport,  New  York  Overwintered  adults  were  collected  on  25  May  2011  by  Sandra  Menasha,   Cornell  Cooperative  Extension,  from  a  commercial  potato  field  in  Suffolk  County,  NY.   New  Church,  Virginia  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  21  June  2011  by  Adam  Wimer,  Virginia   Polytechnic  Institute  and  State  Universiy,  from  a  commercial  potato  field  near  New  Church,  VA.   Painter,  Virginia  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  7  June  2011  by  Jim  Jenrette,  Virginia  Polytechnic   Institute  and  State  Universiy,  from  a  commercial  potato  field  in  Painter,  VA   Perham,  Minnesota  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  1  August  2011  by  Chad  Ingemann  from  a   commercial  potato  field.   Prairie,  Minnesota  Summer  adults  were  collected  on  1  August  2011  by  Chuck  Schiemann  from  a   commercial  potato  field.   New  Jersey  Adults  obtained  in  2008  from  the  Phillip  Alampi  Beneficial  Insects  Rearing  Laboratory,   New  Jersey  Department  of  Agriculture  and  since  reared  at  Michigan  State  University  without  contact   to  insecticides.   Laboratory  strain                             90 LD50   (µg/beetle)   95%  Confidence  Intervals   Laboratory  strain   Out-­of-­state  populations   IMIDACLOPRID   Michigan  populations   Out-­of-­state  populations   Table  2.  LD50  values  (µg/beetle)  and  95%  fiducial  limits  for  Colorado  potato  beetle   populations  treated  with  imidacloprid  and  thiamethoxam  at  7  days  post  treatment.     0.683  –  1.128   Montcalm   Main  Farms  D2-­‐3                          *   Main  Farms  R2                                              6.110  –  20.944   0.603  –  0.802   Sackett  Potatoes  1-­‐2  (overwinter)                          *                                                                                    (summer)   1.281  –  420.200   Sackett  Ranch  LJ7                                              1.812  –  3.005   Sackett  Ranch  93-­‐94     Becker,  Minnesota                        *   Bridgewater,  Maine                        *   1.416  –  2.197   Freyburg,  Maine  (overwinter)                                                                    (summer)   5.265  –  35.642   Eden,  Idaho   0.041  –  0.053   2.827  –  8.612   Jamesport,  New  York                        *   Painter,  Virginia   Perham,  Minnesota   0.630  –  1.228   Prairie,  Minnesota   0.189  –  0.585   Virginia   0.620  –  2.466     New  Jersey   0.068  –  0.156         Montcalm                          *   0.813  –  217.151   Main  Farms  R2   0.201  –  0.265   Sackett  Potatoes  1-­‐2  (overwinter)   Sackett  Ranch  93-­‐94   0.364  –  0.468     0.087  –  0.122   Becker,  Minnesota                        *   Bridgewater,  Maine   Fryeburg,  Maine  (overwinter)   0.299  –  0.707                                                                    (summer)   0.516  –  0.675   0.685  –  0.978           Jamesport,  New  York   0.091  –  0.149   Painter,  Virginia   Perham,  Minnesota                        *   Prairie,  Minnesota   0.164  –  0.224   0.333  –  0.473   Virginia     New  Jersey   0.098  –  0.130   *  no  confidence  limits  calculated  due  to  insufficient  fit  to  the  model         0.931   3.006   8.480   0.697   0.476   3.395                    2.386     0.473   8.152                    1.816                    8.508   0.046   6.046   0.113   0.904   0.399   0.897     0.115       0.532   1.471   0.231   0.412     0.102   0.445   0.516   0.596   0.836   0.112   0.198   0.193   0.401     0.112   THIAMETHOXAM   Michigan  populations   Laboratory  strain   91 " Y 1 K 4 1 1 : X 0 W V " ! ' L R A.                          B.                       " X . H 1 . . 7 W - V U " ! T S R +" *" )" (" '" &" %" $" #" !" ,-./012341-5"67" A-45"BC" ;-05"67"" ;-05"67<" =3>1?@ 8-91: 8-91: D3.E41-5"FG" ;-JI5"FG" B12"H I (#&" (#%" (#$" (" !#'" !#&" !#%" !#$" E4J3K>" A 6 63.E"83->"L$M%"   #!T"?;?J1@U:K1" 63.E"83->"N$" O3JP1Q"DA434A1?"#M$" O3JP1Q"N3EJI"R=)" O3JP1Q"N3EJI"+%M+&" O3JP1Q"DA434A1?"#M$<" B" ,1JP1-5"6 B" D1-I3>5"6 B" D-3.-.15"6 7/1E5"SL" (!P"<8B1G0H;" !" A*0+*+.2"3 ?" ).GK.*2"3 ?" A.*F0;2"3 ?" 5*6.78*-2"3 4" 5*6.78*-2"3 49" :0;.<=>*12"?@" ?./"EF8*GF2"CD" J0GK.L"I0BGF"NOMN%" 3 0+B"50*;"I$" J0GK.L"A>101>.<"(M$"   *  indicates  2nd  generation  adults  where  two  populations  were  collected  from  same  site   )*+,-./01.*2"3 4" Figure  1.    Susceptibility  of  field  populations  of  Colorado  potato  beetle  to  imidacloprid  (A)   and  thiamethoxam  (B).    Blue  bars  represent  populations  that  had  significantly  greater  LD50   values  compared  to  the  susceptible  strain,  orange  bars  indicate  that  confidence  limits  were   not  calculated,  and  white  bars  represent  populations  that  were  not  significantly  different   from  the  susceptible  strain.     92       Table  3.  Seasonal  mean  number  of  different  Colorado  potato  beetle  life  stages  and  defoliation  in  an  insecticide   field-­‐trial  conducted  by  the  MSU  vegetable  entomology  laboratory.   Insecticide   Large   Larva1   %  defoliation   class   Rate   Treatment     Untreated   51.9  f   5.5  e       Ryanodine    1.1  abc   receptor   1.5  ab   3.37  fl  oz/A   HGW86  10  OD   modulators   Ryanodine    0.9  abc   receptor   HGW86  10  OD   6.75  fl  oz/A   0.0  a   modulators   Ryanodine    1.6  abcde   receptor   0.3  abc   10.1  fl  oz/A   HGW86  10  OD   modulators   neonicotinoid   Provado  1.6  F   3.8  fl  oz/A   1.1  d   2.6  bcde   4.8  de   spinosyn   0.8  bcd   3.2  oz/A   Blackhawk   pyrethroid  +   2.1  abcde   Endigo  ZC   3  oz/A   0.8  abcd   neonicotinoid   pyrethroid  +   2.6  bcde   0.6  abcd   2.8  oz/A   Leverage  360   neonicotinoid      3.0  bcde   Tolfenpyrad  15  EC   mitochondrial   complex  I   14  fl  oz/A   0.6  abcd   electron   transport   inhibitor      2.1  bcde   Tolfenpyrad  15  EC   mitochondrial   complex  I   1.2  d   21  fl  oz/A   electron   transport   inhibitor   neonicotinoid   Admire  Pro   8.7  fl  oz/A   0.8  cd   2.0  bcd   0.9  ab   0.1  abc   1.68  oz/A   neonicotinoid   Platinum  75  SG   Platinum  75  SG   neonicotinoid   2.66  oz/A   0.1  ab   0.6  a   A16901     6.5  oz/A   0.1  ab   5.4  cde   A16901     0.9  ab   10  oz/A   0.1  ab   pyrethroid  +   1.9  abcde   0.6  abcd   25.6  oz/A   Brigadier  2SC   neonicotinoid   pyrethroid  +   Brigadier  2SC   38.4  oz/A   0.2  abc   1.3  abcd   neonicotinoid   pyrethroid  +   12.8  oz/A   Brigadier  2SC   4.5  e   1.2  d   12.8  oz/A   neonicotinoid   1  Different  letters  within  a  column  denote  statistically  significant  differences  among  treatments.   Application   mode       foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   foliar   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow   infurrow+   at  hilling   Small   Larva1   6.1  e   1.5  abc   1.4  abcd   1.6  bcd   2.9  de   2.4  bcd   3.0  cd   3.0  cd   1.1  abcd   3.1  cd   0.9  ab   0.2  ab   0.3  a   0.4  ab   0.3  a   0.8  abc   0.7  abc   1.5  abcd   Adult1   0.6  abc   0.2  ab   0.4  abc   0.3  abc   0.3  abc   0.3  abc   0.2  ab   0.3  abc   0.3  abc   0.1  a   0.4  abc   0.6  bc   0.2  ab   0.6  c   0.3  abc   0.3  abc   0.4  abc   0.3  ab                     93  Figure  2.  Colorado  potato  beetle  response  to  foliar  insecticides.         94           Potato Nitrogen Response to Slow-Release and Soluble Fertilizer Source, Rate, and Application Timing Dr. Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University Tillage: Conventional N Rates: See below Population: 34 in. rows, 12 in. spacing Replicated: 4 replications Location: Montcalm Research Farm Planting Date: May 31, 2011 (Vinekill 9/9/11) Soil Type: Loamy sand; 2.2 OM; 5.1 pH Variety: Snowden There continues to be a critical need to develop nutrient management strategies that maximize nutrient use efficiency yet simultaneously remain productive long term through incremental improvements in soil quality and disease suppression. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers are a technology intended to improve N use efficiency by improving potato yields or reducing nitrogen rates. These products are often comprised of plastic, resin, or wax coatings surrounding pellets of urea and function as urease inhibitors by delaying the dissolution of N and slowing the conversion of urea to ammonium and nitrate-N. Environmentally Sensitive Nitrogen or ESN® is one example of a polymer-coated slow-release urea fertilizer. The benefits of utilizing a slow- release product could result in a decreased total number of N applications, reduced N rates, or grower reassurance that N remains available during adverse or inconsistent rainfall patterns. Data on the use of ESN in Michigan potato production systems are limited. Objectives: 1) Identify the effects of ESN and urea at two nitrogen rates and multiple application timings on potato yield. 2) Determine the effects of slow release nitrogen on potato vine kill. 3) Determine the influence of nitrogen rate, source, and timing on in-season plant tissue nutrient levels. Materials and Methods. replications. Individual plots were 11.3 feet wide and 25 feet long, consisting of four potato rows spaced at 34 inches. ‘Snowden’ variety tubers were planted on May 31, 2011. Admire The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four 95 (imidacloprid) at 8 oz was applied at planting. Fungicides were applied throughout the season to maintain potato health. Bravo (chlorothanlonil) was applied on June 25 and June 30, 2011; July 9, 15 and 21, 2011 at 2 pts/A. Bravo was applied on August 6, 2011 at 2 qts/A. A tank –mix of Bravo and Tanos (fomoxadone + cymoxanil) at 2 pts and 8 fl oz /A respectively was applied on July 15, and 21, 2011. Tanos was also applied on August 19, 2011 at 6 fl oz/A. Manzate (mancozeb) was applied on August 12, 19 and 26, 2011 and September 1, 2011 at 2 lbs/A. Plots were maintained weed free using herbicides which consisted of Dual (metolachlor) and Linex (linuron) at 1.3 pts + 1.5 qts applied on June 13, 2011. Additional herbicide treatments consisted of Volunteer (clethodim + Matrix (rimsulfuron) + NIS (non-ionic surfactant), at 8 fl oz + 1.3 oz + ¼%v/v/A on July 30, 2011. Matrix was also applied on Aug 6, 2011 at the previous rate. Reglone (diquat) + NIS were applied as a potato desiccant and was applied on September 9, 2011 at 2 pts + ¼ % . Treatments. Trt # Timing N Rate (lb N/A) CONTROL – No N CONTROL – No N Source CONTROL– No N 1 2 3 4 5 6 150 250 150 250 150 ESN ESN Urea Urea ESN 7 8 9 10 11 250 250 250 250 250 ESN Urea Urea ESN and Urea Urea At planting At planting At planting At planting 2/3 at planting 1/3 at emergence 2/3 at planting 1/3 at emergence 1/3 at planting 2/3 at emergence 1/3 at planting ½ at emergence 1/6 at flower ½ (all ESN) at planting 1/3 (all urea) at emergence 1/6 (all urea) at flower ¼ at planting ¼ at emergence ¼ at flower ¼ at late bloom **All plots received starter fertilizer in the form of 40 lbs. P2O5 and 150 lbs. K2O per acre; 50 pounds of K2O surface broadcast prior to planting; All of the at planting nitrogen applications, all of the P2O5, and the remaining 100 pounds of K2O was applied in starter bands on BOTH sides of the seed pieces and 2 inches away from seed pieces; 96 Fertilizer treatment timings were as follows: At Planting; May31. Emergence; June 15. Flowering; June 28. and Late Bloom; July 12, 2011. Potato tubers were harvested and yields determined. Results. Table 1. Effects of slow-release and soluble nitrogen at planting applications on total yield, marketable yield, and vine desiccation, Entrican, MI, 2011. N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) 0 – Check 150 ESN 250 ESN 150 Urea 250 Urea LSD(0.10)a Total Yield (cwt/A) 187 213 188 206 189 17.8 Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 158 180 160 178 171 15.7 Desiccation Prior to Vinekill (%) 83.8 53.8 71.3 48.8 26.3b 19.3 a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.10). b 250 lbs. urea at planting severely stunted potato plants causing delays in emergence and development resulting in a delayed rate of natural vine desiccation at end of season due to differences in maturity. Table 2. Effects of slow-release and soluble nitrogen at planting applications on tissue percentage total N at 40 and 80 DAP, Entrican, MI, 2011. N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) 0 – Check 150 ESN 250 ESN 150 Urea 250 Urea LSD(0.05)a Tissue % Total N 40 DAP 4.38 b 5.30 a 5.25 a 5.50 a 5.56 a 0.34 Tissue % Total N 80 DAP 3.66 c 3.94 bc 4.40 a 3.99 abc 4.15 ab 0.48 a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.05). 97 Table 3. Effects of slow-release nitrogen rate and application timing on total yield, marketable yield, and vine desiccation, Entrican, MI, 2011. Total Yield Marketable Yield (cwt/A) (cwt/A) N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) 0 – Check 150 ESN 250 ESN 150 ESN 250 ESN Application Timing --- At Plant At Plant 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence 187 213 188 214 Desiccation Prior to Vinekill (%) 83.8 53.8 71.3 67.5 158 180 160 178 26.4 223 192 41.3 LSD(0.10)a --- 28.1 a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.10). Table 4. Effects of slow-release nitrogen rate and application timing on tissue percentage total N at 40 and 80 DAP, Entrican, MI, 2011. 26.2 N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) 0 – Check 150 ESN 250 ESN 150 Urea 250 Urea Application Timing --- At Plant At Plant 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence Tissue % Total N 40 DAP 4.38 b 5.30 a 5.25 a 5.23 a Tissue % Total N 80 DAP 3.66 b 3.94 ab 4.40 a 4.05 ab 5.67 a 4.07 ab LSD(0.05)a 0.53 a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.05). 0.63 --- 98 Table 5. Effects of 250 lbs. nitrogen as either a slow-release or soluble source and application timing on total yield, marketable yield, and vine desiccation, Entrican, MI, 2011. N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) Application Timing Total Yield (cwt/A) 187 223 201 205 208 197 Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 158 192 175 180 168 168 Desiccation Prior to Vinekill (%) 83.8 41.3 57.5 70.0 56.3 75.0 0 – Check 250 ESN 250 Urea 250 Urea 250 ESN/Urea 250 Urea LSD(0.10)a --- 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence 1/3 Plant 2/3 Emergence 1/3 Plant ½ Emergence 1/6 Flower ½ (ESN) Plant ¼ Plant ¼ Emergence ¼ Flower ¼ Late Bloom --- 1/3 (Urea) Emergence 1/6 (Urea) Flower Table 6. Effects of 250 lbs. nitrogen as either a slow-release or soluble source and application timing on tissue percentage total N at 40 and 80 DAP, Entrican, MI, 2011. 24.0 21.6 20.3 N Trt. (Total lb. N/A) 0 – Check 250 ESN 250 Urea 250 Urea 250 ESN/Urea 250 Urea LSD(0.05)a Application Timing --- 2/3 Plant 1/3 Emergence 1/3 Plant 2/3 Emergence 1/3 Plant ½ Emergence 1/6 Flower ½ (ESN) Plant 1/3 (Urea) Emergence 1/6 (Urea) Flower ¼ Plant ¼ Emergence ¼ Flower ¼ Late Bloom --- Tissue % Total N 40 DAP 4.38 c 5.67 a Tissue % Total N 80 DAP 3.66 b 4.07 ab 5.63 a 5.38 ab 5.66 a 5.09 b 4.34 a 4.42 a 4.24 a 4.34 a 0.50 0.42 99 All treatments were 100% desiccated within 7 days following desiccant application. Split applications of 250 lbs. N as ESN did appear to reduce natural end of season vine desiccation. Splitting nitrogen applications into at least but not greater than two application timings provided the least desiccation/greatest vigor at the end of the season. Splitting urea applications into more than two application timings increased end of season desiccation. Slow-release nitrogen in the form of ESN did not inhibit vine desiccation when treated chemically. Increased end-of-season vine vigor with split applications of the 250 lb. N rate of ESN may be viewed either in a positive or negative light dependent upon field specific conditions and harvest scenarios. Concerns have been raised on whether slow-release nitrogen would be able to maintain sufficient tissue N levels over the course of an entire season. In this study, nitrogen applications in the form of slow-release ESN were able to maintain sufficient total N levels at both 40 and 80 days after planting. Total tissue nitrogen levels with ESN did appear to be less than soluble N sources early in the growing season but these levels did meet sufficiency standards. ESN tissue total nitrogen levels did increase as the growing season progressed and in some cases surpassed tissue N levels from soluble N sources later in the season. Split applying slow-release nitrogen did not offer any advantage from s tissue sufficiency perspective. Due to cool, wet spring soil conditions and later planting dates, potato yields were consistently depressed across the state of Michigan in 2011. In this study, 250 lbs. N as either urea or ESN as a one-time at planting application of nitrogen caused significant injury, stunting, and delayed tuber maturation. These effects may have been exacerbated by the later planting date and warmer soil conditions causing N release much sooner than what otherwise would occur with an earlier spring planting date. Split applications of ESN at the 150 lb. N rate offered no benefit from a yield perspective. However, split applying larger rates of ESN, in this case 250 lbs. N, did appear to increase potato yield as compared to a one-time ESN application. This response would most likely occur due to a longer, more uniform period of N release with less N subject to loss at any one time from the split application. At the 250 lb. N rate, split applying ESN with 2/3 at planting and 1/3 at plant emergence yielded greater than all other urea or urea/ESN nitrogen combinations. Fertilizer technologies including ESN need further investigation as these products have the potential to more cost effectively produce potatoes while simultaneously having fewer negative environmental consequences. 100 Funding: Industry and MPIC Evaluation of fungicide programs for potato early blight, brown leaf spot and tan spot control: 2011. W. W. Kirk1 and R. Schafer1, 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Potatoes (cut seed, treated with Maxim FS at 0.16 fl oz/cwt) were planted at Michigan State University Horticultural Experimental Station, Clarksville, MI (Capac loam soil); 42.8733, -85.2604 deg; elevation 895 ft. on 25 May into two-row by 20-ft plots (ca. 10-in between plants to give a target population of 50 plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All fungicides in this trial were applied on a 7-day interval from 5 Jul Jun to 30 Aug (8 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom calibrated to deliver 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Potato late blight was prevented from movement into the plots from adjacent plots inoculated with Phytophthora infestans with weekly applications of Previcur Flex at 1.2 pt/A from early canopy closure on 5 Jul to 30 Aug. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 3 Jun), Poast (1.5 pt/A on 13 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 13 and 27 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on18 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 13 Jul). Plots were rated visually for combined percentage foliar area affected by early blight and brown leaf spot on 12 Sep [15 days after final application (DAFA)]; and Botrytis tan spot on 12 Sep and green leaf area (%) remaining on 19 Sep. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 6 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 22 Oct and tubers from individual treatments were weighed and graded. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to harvest (5 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily air temperature (oF) were 91.2, 45.4 and 66.6 and 2-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jun); 93.2, 53.3 and 74.1 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jul); 85.8, 49.6 and 68.9 (Aug); 87.8, 34.8 and 59.1 (Sep); 81.0, 33.1 and 58.5 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average relative humidity (%) was 98.2, 25.6 and 69.5 (Jun); 98.2, 28.2 and 69.3 (Jul); 98.7, 30.7 and 73.5 (Aug); 99.1, 33.8 and 75.3 (Sep); 98.9, 25.7 and 64.8 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) was 88.5, 58.6 and 71.5 (Jun); 100.1, 67.4 and 81.9 (Jul); 88.8, 63.2 and 75.4 (Aug); 82.6, 55.9 and 67.1 (Sep); 64.8, 51.3 and 58.7 (to 22 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average soil moisture (% of field capacity) was 41.3, 38.1 and 39.0 (Jun); 43.7, 36.6 and 39.6 (Jul); 41.3, 36.9 and 38.9 (Aug); 39.1, 35.3 and 37.1 (Sep); 37.5, 36.0 and 36.5 (to 22 Oct). Precipitation was 2.09 in. (Jun), 6.11 in. (Jul), 3.4 in (Aug), 1.02 in. (Sep) and 0.12 in. (to 22 Oct). Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. Early blight severity values accumulated from emergence on 10 Jun to 12 Sep (evaluation date) were 3592. Weather conditions were conducive for the development of early blight and brown leaf spot and Botrytis tan spot. Early blight and brown leaf spot developed steadily during Aug and untreated controls reached about 45% foliar infection by 12 Sep. All treatments had significantly less combined early blight and brown leaf spot than the untreated control except CX-10440 treatments. All fungicide programs had significantly less foliar tan spot values than the untreated control (35.0%). All fungicide programs had significantly greater green leaf are remaining 20 days after the final fungicide application on 19 Sep than the untreated control (11.3%) except the low rate of CX-10440. Treatments with greater than US1 yield of 203 cwt/A and total yield of 292 cwt/A were significantly different from the untreated control. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. 101 Funding: Industry and MPIC EB/BLS (%)z Tan spot (%) Yield (cwt/A) US1 Green leaf area (%) hi gh ij b-g 52.5 61.3 41.3 73.8 178 4.0 g 5.0 h 163 b 159 b 247 266 5.0 fg 271 ab 262 ab 268 ab 255 ab 5.0 fg 7.5 fgh 7.5 fgh 6.3 gh 8.8 e-h 89.0 a 181 ab 169 ab 6.3 efg 6.3 efg 17.5 de 12.5 e-h 10.0 e-h 66.3 efg 76.0 a-f 84.3 ab 75.0 b-f 81.3 abc 78.8 a-e 8.8 def 8.8 def 7.5 6.3 7.5 5.0 efg efg efg fg cdx e-h bc e-h ab ab ab b ab 277 266 258 238 185 172 171 154 26.3 13.8 33.8 11.3 Total ab ab ab b Treatment and rate/A Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A-Iy)…………………………………………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A-I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 8 fl oz (B,D)… Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A-I); Scala 60SC 7 fl oz (E,G)………………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A-I); Endura 7WG 5.5 oz (B,D)…………….. Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A-I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 8 fl oz (B,D); Scala 60SC 7 fl oz (E,G)……... Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (A,C,F,G,H,I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 11 fl oz (B,D); Reason 500SC 5.5 fl oz (C,F); Scala 60SC 7 fl oz (E,G)……………… Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (A,C,F,G,H,I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 8 fl oz (B,D); Reason 500SC 5.5 fl oz (C,F); Scala 60SC 7 fl oz (E,G)……………… Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (A,C,F,G,H,I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 11 fl oz (B,D,E); Reason 500SC 4 fl oz (C,F); Scala 606SC 7 fl oz (G,F)………………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (A,C,F,G,H,I); Luna Tranquility 500SC 8 fl oz (B,D,E); Reason 500SC 4 fl oz (C,F); Scala 606SC 7 fl oz (G,F)………………. Vertisan 1.67EC 16 fl oz + NIC 0.25% (A,C,E,G,I); Tanos 50WG 6 oz + Manzate 75WG 1.5 lb (B,D,F,H,I)…………...….. Tanos 50WG 6 oz + Manzate 75WG 1.5 lb (A,C,E,G,I); Vertisan 1.67EC 16 fl oz + NIC 0.25% (B,D,F,H,I)…………………... Vertisan 1.67EC 24 fl oz + NIC 0.25% (A,C,E,G,I); Tanos 50WG 6 oz + Manzate 75WG 1.5 lb (B,D,F,H,I)…………...….. Endura 7WG 2.5 oz (A,C,E,G,I); Tanos 50WG 6 oz + Manzate 75WG 1.5 lb (B,D,F,H,)….…………..... Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Headline 2.09SC 2.5 oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (B,F); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz (D); Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Super Tin 80WP 2.5 oz (G,H)………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz (B,F); Headline 2.09SC 2.5 oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (D); Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Super Tin 80WP 2.5 oz (G,H)……..... Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Priaxor 4.17SC 4 fl oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (B,D,F) Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Super Tin 80WP 2.5 oz (G,H)………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Priaxor 4.17SC 4 fl oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (B,F) Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Super Tin 80WP 2.5 oz (G,H)………. Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Cabrio Plus 60WG 4.17SC 2 lb (B,F); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 1.5 pt (D) Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Super Tin 80WP 2.5 oz (G,H)……..... Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Priaxor 4.17SC 4 fl oz (B,F); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz (D); Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Zampro 4.38SC 14 fl oz (G,H)…….... Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (B,F); Priaxor 4.17SC 4 fl oz + Cabrio Plus 60WG 4.17SC 2 lb (D) Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Zampro 4.38SC 14 fl oz (G,H)……… Echo ZN 4.17SC 2.12 pt (A,C,E,I); Endura 7WG 2.5 oz + Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (B,F); Echo ZN 4.17SC 2 pt (D); Dithane Rainshield 75DF 2 lb + Zampro 4.38SC 14 fl oz (G,H)…….... ab ab CX-10440 11.3SC 3.8 fl oz (A-I)…………………………………..….. b CX-10440 11.3SC 7.5 fl oz (A-I)………………………………..…….. Untreated…………………………………………………………...…... b z Combination of foliar infection due to a combination of early blight [EB (Alternaria solani)] and Brown leaf spot [BLS (A. alternata)] on 12 Sep, 13 days after final application of fungicide y Application dates: A= 5 Jul; B= 12 Jul; C= 19 Jul; D= 25 Jul; E= 1 Aug; F= 8 Aug; G= 16 Aug; H= 23 Aug; I= 30 Aug x Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Fishers LSD) 10.0 8.8 10.0 35.0 12.5 36.3 35.0 45.0 72.5 20.0 38.8 11.3 178 201 164 151 260 292 247 231 ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab cde def cde a b-g k j k e-h ab bc a ab ab b b 12.5 bcd 13.8 bc 13.8 bc 8.8 def 8.8 def 7.5 efg 15.0 efg 6.3 efg 61.3 gh 75.0 b-f 75.0 b-f 70.0 c-g 65.0 fgh 65.0 fgh 80.0 a-d 73.8 b-g 67.5 d-g 16.3 ef 16.3 ef 12.5 e-h 10.0 e-h 15.0 efg 7.5 efg 15.0 b 203 ab 171 ab 171 ab 172 ab 6.3 gh 8.8 e-h 283 ab 255 ab 253 ab 233 b 242 b 245 b 151 b 284 266 163 b 186 198 183 182 227 a 317 a 282 102 Funding: Industry and MPIC Evaluation of fungicide programs for potato late blight control: 2011. W. W. Kirk1 and R. Schafer1, 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Potatoes (‘Monticello’, cut seed, treated with Maxim FS at 0.16 fl oz/cwt) were planted at Michigan State University Horticultural Experimental Station, Clarksville, MI (Capac loam soil); 42.8733, -85.2604 deg; elevation 895 ft. on 25 May into two-row by 20-ft plots (ca. 10-in between plants to give a target population of 50 plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All rows were inoculated (3.4 fl oz/25-ft row) with a zoospore suspension of Phytophthora infestans [US-22 biotype (sensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type)] at 104 spores/fl oz on 1 Aug. Plots were irrigated as needed with sprinklers and were hilled immediately before sprays began. All fungicides in this trial were applied on a 7-day interval from 5 Jul Jun to 30 Aug (8 applications) with an ATV rear-mounted R&D spray boom calibrated to deliver 25 gal/A (80 p.s.i.) using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt/A on 3 Jun), Poast (1.5 pt/A on 13 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz/A at planting), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb/A on 13 and 27 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt/A on18 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz/A on 13 Jul). Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by late blight on 23, 30 Aug, 6 and 14 Sep [22, 29, 36 and 44 days after inoculation (DAI)] when there was about 100% foliar infection in the untreated plots. The relative area under the late blight disease progress curve was calculated for each treatment from the date of inoculation to 14 Sep, a period of 45 days. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 18 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 22 Oct and tubers from individual treatments were weighed and graded. A sample of 50 tubers was collected from each plot at harvest and stored at 50oF and 95% RH in the dark for 14 days. The incidence of late blight affected tubers was evaluated 14 days after harvest. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to harvest (5 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily air temperature (oF) were 91.2, 45.4 and 66.6 and 2-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jun); 93.2, 53.3 and 74.1 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jul); 85.8, 49.6 and 68.9 (Aug); 87.8, 34.8 and 59.1 (Sep); 81.0, 33.1 and 58.5 (to 12 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average relative humidity (%) was 98.2, 25.6 and 69.5 (Jun); 98.2, 28.2 and 69.3 (Jul); 98.7, 30.7 and 73.5 (Aug); 99.1, 33.8 and 75.3 (Sep); 98.9, 25.7 and 64.8 (to 12 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) was 88.5, 58.6 and 71.5 (Jun); 100.1, 67.4 and 81.9 (Jul); 88.8, 63.2 and 75.4 (Aug); 82.6, 55.9 and 67.1 (Sep); 64.8, 51.3 and 58.7 (to 12 Oct). Maximum, minimum and average soil moisture (% of field capacity) was 41.3, 38.1 and 39.0 (Jun); 43.7, 36.6 and 39.6 (Jul); 41.3, 36.9 and 38.9 (Aug); 39.1, 35.3 and 37.1 (Sep); 37.5, 36.0 and 36.5 (to 12 Oct). Precipitation was 2.09 in. (Jun), 6.11 in. (Jul), 3.4 in (Aug), 1.02 in. (Sep) and 0.12 in. (to 12 Oct). Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. The total number of late blight disease severity values (DSV) over the disease development period from 28 Jul to 1 Sep was 61 using 90% ambient %RH as bases for DSV accumulation. Late blight developed steadily after inoculation and untreated controls reached on average 100% foliar infection by 14 Sep. Up to 30 Aug, all fungicide programs had significantly less foliar late blight than the untreated control. By 14 Sep, all programs had significantly better foliar late blight than the untreated control. All fungicide programs had significantly lower RAUDPC values in comparison to the untreated control (29.5). On the 7 Nov (14 days after harvest) the percent incidence of infected tubers from untreated plots was 9.8%. Several treatments had very low incidence of tuber blight and ranged from 2.3 to 5.5% in the most effective treatments. Treatments with greater than 5.8% incidence were not significantly different from the untreated check. Treatments with greater than US1 yield of 321 cwt/A and total yield of 411 cwt/A were significantly different from the untreated control. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. 103 Funding: Industry and MPIC Foliar potato late blight 14 Sep 6 Sep 45DAI 37 DAIz bt 3.3 8.8 bc bcd 6.5 b 2.0 Tuber blight (%)x 7 Nov Yield (cwt/A) 5.1 b b 3.0 1.2 US1 Total 365 363 fg fg 411 408 2.1 0.5 2.0 4.0 8.8 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 3.5 5.0 0.4 2.0 3.3 3.5 de 5.3 b-e de bc 4.8 b-e 4.5 cde 4.5 cde 3.8 de 5.8 bcd 379 d-g 349 g c-f c-f b b b b b b d-h gh d-g efg 299 fgh 350 bcd 293 gh 304 e-h 356 abc 288 h 8.8 bc 6.3 b-e 6.3 b-e 7.5 bcd 6.5 bcd 8.8 bc 314 298 388 375 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8 5.5 5.8 7.8 5.3 8.0 0.7 1.0 0.9 abc b-e ab de cde b-e b-f bcd c-h c-f bcd c-f 402 425 401 156 DAPw 2.3 2.3 e e 338 347 321 RAUDPCy 45 DAI 1.5 b b 1.0 Treatment and rate/A or rate per 1000 ft row Bravo WS 6SC 2 pt + NISv (A-Hu)………. Gavel 75DF 2 lb + NIS (A-H)……………. GWN-4700 80WP 3.4 oz + GWN-9941 6SC 21.3 fl oz + NIS (A-H)… GWN-4700 80WP 3.4 oz + GWN-9938 4.28SC 41 fl oz + NIS (A-H).. GWN-4700 80WP 3.4 oz + GWN-10043 90DF 17.8 oz + NIS (A-H)... GWN-9938 4.28SC 41 fl oz + NIS (A,C,E,G); Gavel 75DF 2 lb + NIS (B,D,F,H)……….. Bravo WS 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E,G,H); Zampro 4.38SC 14 fl oz (B,D,F)…………. Bravo WS 4.17SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E,G,H); Revus Top 4.17SC 5.5 fl oz (B,D,F)……... SA-0011401 100SL 2.3 pt (A-H)………… SA-0011401 100SL 3 pt (A-H)………….. Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.275 oz (As); SA-0011401 100SL 2.3 pt (A-H)………… Actinogrow 0.0371WP 0.275 oz (A); SA-0011401 100SL 3 pt (A-H)…………... Previcur N 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A-H)……………... Previcur N 6SC 1.2 pt + Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E,G); Reason 500SC 7 fl oz (B,D,F,H)…………. BravoWS 6SC 1.0 pt (A,C,E); Ranman 3.33SC 2.08 fl oz + Penncozeb 4F 2 fl oz + NIS (B,D,F)........... BravoWS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,C,E); Ranman 3.33SC 2.73 fl oz + Penncozeb 4F 2.88 fl oz + NIS (B,D,F)….. BravoWS 6SC 1.5 pt (A,B,C); Ranman 3.33SC 2.73 fl oz + NIS (D,E,F).. BravoWS 6SC 1.5 pt + Ranman 3.33SC 2.08 fl oz (A,B,C); Gavel 75DF 2 lb (D); Ranman 3.33SC 2.73 fl oz + Penncozeb 4F 2.88 fl oz + NIS (E,F)…….. BravoWS 6SC 1.5 pt + Ranman 3.33SC 2.08 fl oz (A,B); Gavel 75DF 2 lb (C); Ranman 3.33SC 2.73 fl oz + Penncozeb 4F 2.88 fl oz + NIS (D,E,F)….. 333 Untreated Check……………………….. 292 z Days after inoculation of Phytophthora infestans (US-22, A2 mating type, mefenoxam sensitive) on 1 Aug y RAUDPC, relative area under the disease progress curve calculated from day of appearance of initial symptoms x Incidence of tuber late blight at harvest and after storage for 20 days at 50oF w Days after planting v NIS = Non Ionic Surfactant applied at 0.25% v/v u Application dates: A= 25 May; A= 5 Jul; B= 12 Jul; C= 19 Jul; D= 25 Jul; E= 1 Aug; F= 8 Aug; G= 16 Aug; H= 23 Aug t Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Fishers LSD) s In-furrow at-planting applications were delivered at 8 pt water/A in a 7 in. band using a single XR11003VS nozzle at 30 p.s.i. on 25 May 10.0 100 1.6 29.5 3.0 72.5 420 367 7.5 bcd 5.5 cde 5.0 cde 7.0 bcd cde fg 318 c-h 356 abc 341 b-e 367 ab 372 ab 372 ab 392 a b-g h b-e a 475 a 444 abc 420 cde 441 abc 420 cde 470 ab 386 d-g 5.5 b-e 5.8 bcd 4.5 cde 7.8 abc 3.8 de 0.8 3.0 0.4 1.1 1.3 b 1.2 b 0.9 b 9.3 a 2.5 b b b b a b b b a 1.9 b b a 5.3 9.8 2.0 e 2.0 b 104 Evaluation of fungicide programs for white mold control in potatoes, 2011. W. W. Kirk1 and R. Schafer1, 1Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Funding: Industry and MPIC Potatoes (‘FL1833’, cut seed, treated with Maxim FS at 0.16 fl oz/cwt; “FL1833”) were planted at the Michigan State University Potato Research Farm, Entrican, MI (sandy soil); 42.3526, -85.1761 deg; elevation 950 ft. on 2 Jun 2011 into four-row by 25-ft plots (ca. 9-in between plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The four-row beds were separated by a 34-in unplanted row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire Pro 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 15 Sep). Potato late blight and general foliar diseases were prevented with with weekly applications of Bravo WS at 1.5 pt/A from early canopy closure on 29 Jun to 24 Aug except on the days when white mold treatments were applied. Plots were rated visually for combined percentage foliar area affected by early blight and brown leaf spot on 13 Sep [20 days after final application (DAFA)]; and Botrytis tan spot on 13 Sep. Plots were rated visually for percentage foliar area affected by white mold and bacterial stem blight on 20 Sep. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 30 Sep). Plots (2 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 28 Oct and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 Jun to the end of Sep. Maximum, minimum and average daily air temperature (oF) were 92.8, 45.8 and 66.2 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jun); 94.2, 51.7 and 73.4 and 3-d with maximum temperature >90oF (Jul); 87.1, 46.6 and 68.5 (Aug); 88.5, 33.9 and 61.1 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average relative humidity (%) was 98.2, 21.6 and 69.6 (Jun); 98.9, 29.7 and 71.7 (Jul); 98.8, 29.8 and 73.9 (Aug); 98.7, 32.5 and 71.8 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) was 85.1, 58.0 and 69.7 (Jun); 90.7, 63.5 and 76.0 (Jul); 90.8, 58.9 and 73.1 (Aug); 85.8, 53.0 and 67.1 (Sep). Maximum, minimum and average soil moisture (% of field capacity) was 26.4, 16.4 and 17.8 (Jun); 30.0, 17.2 and 18.4 (Jul); 25.6, 17.6 and 18.6 (Aug); 25.1, 16.9 and 18.1 (Sep). Precipitation was 2.38 in. (Jun), 1.63 in. (Jul), 2.57 in (Aug), 0.84 in. (Sep). Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead gun irrigation. Weather conditions were conducive for the development of early blight and brown leaf spot and Botrytis tan spot. Early blight and brown leaf spot developed steadily during Aug and untreated controls reached about 18.8% foliar infection by 13 Sep. All treatments had significantly less combined early blight and brown leaf spot than the untreated control. All fungicide programs had significantly less foliar tan spot values than the untreated control (16.3%). All fungicide programs had significantly less white mold and bacterial vine rot values than the untreated control (26.3 and 32.5%, respectively). Treatments with greater than US1 yield of 210 cwt/A were significantly different from the untreated control but no treatments were significantly different from the untreated control in terms of total yield. Phytotoxicity was not noted in any of the treatments. 105 Funding: Industry and MPIC Early blight/BLS severity Botrytis gray mold severity Bacterial vine rot severity White mold severity (%) 20 Sep 111 DAP 4.5 b Yield (cwt/A) Total ab 230 2.5 c 7.0 b 5.0 b 176 d 205 b US1 3.5 c 202 a-d (%) 13 Sep 104 DAP 4.5 c (%) 20 Sep 111 DAP 4.5 b (%) 13 Sep 104 DAPz 4.5 bcx Treatment and rate and rate/A Endura 70WG 5.5 oz (A,By)………….. Omega 500F 1.5 pt + Top 2.08 EC MP 6.95 fl. oz (A,B)…….. Omega 500F 1.5 pt + Top 2.08 EC MP 6.95 fl. oz + Actigard 4SS 0.33 fl. oz (A,B)………… Omega 500F 8.0 fl. oz (A,B)…………... Omega 500F 5.5 fl. oz + Inspire 2.08SC 5.5 fl. oz (A,B)……….... Omega 500F 8.0 fl. oz + Inspire 2.08SC 8.0 fl. oz (A,B)………… Untreated check………………………... z DAP = days after planting y Application dates (white mold target treatments only): A= 13 Jul; B= 27 Jul x Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Tukey Multiple Comparison) 188 bcd 197 a-d 7.5 b 26.3 a 6.3 b 32.5 a 3.5 c 12.5 b 3.5 c 4.5 bc 5.0 b 6.3 b 5.3 b 5.0 b 210 abc 4.0 16.3 3.5 18.8 202 182 a-d cd 5.3 b 6.3 b c c a c c a 3.5 4.5 219 235 239 231 218 ab ab a ab ab 106 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) ‘Snowden’ RADISH (Raphanus sativus) ‘Cherry Belle’ Common Scab; Streptomyces scabies Hao 2011 MPIC Report J. J. Hao, Q. Meng, N. Rosenzweig, and W. W. Kirk Department of Plant Pathology D. Douches Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of biologically based materials and organic amendments for the control of common scab of potato – Crop and Soil Science and Montcalm Research Farms, 2011 Potatoes  were  planted  6  and  27  June  to  establish  field  trials  at  the  Crop  and  Soil  Science   (CSS),  and  Montcalm  Research  Center  (MRC)  Farms  in  Mid-­‐MI  respectively  to  evaluate  organic   amendments  and  biological  control  materials  efficacy  for  control  of  potato  soil  diseases.  Treatments   were  included  for  common  scab.  Approximately  2  oz.  seedpieces  were  cut  by  hand  from  Snowden   tubers  and  the  seedpieces  were  allowed  to  heal  before  planting.  Treatment  plots  consisted  of  four   25-­‐ft-­‐long  rows  spaced  36  in.  apart  with  14  in.  spacing  in  the  row.  A  randomized  complete  block   design  with  four  replications  was  used  for  the  trial.  Drive  rows  for  pesticide  application  equipment   were  placed  adjacent  to  plots  in  order  to  minimize  soil  compaction  and  damage  to  plants  in  rows   used  for  tuber  scab  and  yield  evaluation.  The  soil  type  was  Metea  loamy  sand  at  CSS,  and  Montclam   and  McBride  loamy  sand  and  sandy  loam  at  MCS.  The  soil  treatments  included  two-­‐week  pre   planting  application  in  furrow  of  horseradish  mixture  (1  ton/A),  chestnut  shell-­‐pellicle  mixtures   (15  ton/A)  or  oregano  essential  oil  (13.5  quart/A),  and  four  applications  post  planting  of  Bacillus   amyloliquefaciens  BAC03  (13.5  quart/A,  at  two  week  intervals  during  the  season).  Non-­‐treated  soil   and  soil  treated  with  non-­‐inoculated  growth  media  for  BAC03  (TSB;  13.5  quart/A,  at  two  week   intervals  during  the  season)  were  used  as  negative  controls.  The  soil  used  for  pre-­‐planting   treatments  was  covered  with  plastic  film  for  a  week  to  prevent  treatment  evaporation.  Experiential   field  plots  were  harvested  on  22  Sep  (MRC)  and  Oct  10  (CSS),  and  tubers  from  individual   treatments  were  weighed  for  total  tuber  yield.  Tuber  samples  of  50  per  plot  were  harvested  30   days  post  vine-­‐kill.  Harvested  tubers  were  washed  and  assessed  for  common  scab  (S.  scabies)   incidence  (%)  and  severity.  Severity  of  common  scab  was  measured  as  an  index  calculated  by   counting  the  number  of  tubers  (n  =  50)  falling  in  class  0  =  0%;  1  =  1  -­‐  10%;  2  =  11  -­‐25%;  3  =  25  -­‐  50;   4  >50%  surface  area  covered  with  by  scab  lesions  on  sample  tubers  (surface  and  pitted).     The  2011  growing  season  was  characterized  by  cool  and  wet  growing  conditions  early  in   the  season  and  then  dry  warm  conditions  from  mid  season  to  harvest.  All  of  the  treatment   programs  provided  useful  levels  of  disease  control  when  compared  with  the  control  plots  and  scab   disease  severity  was  rated  at  less  than  1.5  at  both  CSS  and  MCS  (Figs.  1a  and  2a).  At  CSS,  BAC03  was   the  most  effective  at  reducing  common  scab  (Fig.  1a),  and  was  the  only  treatment  that  resulted  in  a   significant  increase  in  harvested  tuber  yield  (Fig.  1b)  compared  to  chestnut,  essential  oil,  and   horseradish.  At  MRC,  BAC03  was  most  the  most  effective  at  controlling  common  scab  (Fig.  2a)  and   resulted  in  a  significant  increase  in  harvested  tuber  yield  (Fig.  2b),  horseradish  was  comparable   and  had  a  significant  effect  in  disease  control  compared  to  untreated  controls,  followed  by  chestnut   tissue  and  essential  oil  in  the  reduction  of  common  scab  symptoms.  Additionally  horseradish  also   resulted  in  a  significant  increase  in  harvested  tuber  yield  (Fig.  2b)  compared  to  the  other   treatments  tested.       107                         +,--,.&/0%1&!"#$%#$&2.3$4& 5& )" Hao 2011 MPIC Report <,)%),&=>1$(&?"$:3& $" #$" !#" !#" !#$" #" @& C%" & ; 1 : 9 & ) 8 7 " $ 6 B%" A%" )%" & * ) " ( $ ' $ # & $ # % $ # " ! (&'" (" !" %&'" %" " 1 0 . ! 0 / . - , + * #" " 5 % 4 3 2 $" $" $" " . 8 , . 7 0 6 4 " ; < + " ; ! : , 0 7 7 9 " 6 7 < 1 ! / 0 7 / + = !" " < ! 1 0 @ 2 ? > " %" " 1 0 . ! 0 / . - , + * " 5 % 4 3 2 " . 8 , . 7 0 6 4 " ; < + " ; ! : , 0 7 7 9 " 6 7 < 1 ! / 0 7 / + = " < ! 1 0 @ 2 ? > " Figure 1. 2011 field evaluations of soil treatments for the control of potato common scab at the  Crop  and  Soil  Science  Farm,  East   Lansing,  MI.  A. Effect of soil treatment on potato common scab severity. B. Effect of soil treatment on tuber yield. Scab severity and tuber yields from different treatments were compared using Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method at α = 0.05. Values followed by the same letter were not significantly different.       108 @& *# & * ) " ( $ ' $ # & $ # % $ # " ! )'(# )# &'(# !"# "%# %# $# # 5 & 4 3 2 # / 8 - / 7 1 6 4 $# # 6 7 < $ ! 0 1 7 0 , = # ; < , # ; ! : - 1 7 7 9 &# # $ 1 / ! 1 0 / . - , + !# # < ! $ 1 @ 2 ? > # Figure 2. 2011 field evaluations of soil treatments for the control of potato common scab at the  Montcalm  Research  Center,  Lakeview,   MI.  A. Effect of soil treatment on potato common scab severity. B. Effect of soil treatment on tuber yield. Scab severity and tuber yields from different treatments were compared using Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method at α = 0.05. Values followed by the same letter were not significantly different. +,--,.&/0%1&!"#$%#$&2.3$4& Hao 2011 MPIC Report ;,)%),&<=1$(&>"$93& ?& 5&# & : 1 9 8 & ) 7 6 " $ 5 *&# )&# %# &# # $ 1 / ! 1 0 / . - , + !# # 5 & 4 3 2 !"%# # / 8 - / 7 1 6 4 !"# !"%# # ; < , # ; ! : - 1 7 7 9 # 6 7 < $ ! 0 1 7 0 , = %# # < ! $ 1 @ 2 ? > #   109 Evaluation of BAC03 as a biological control agent for the control of common scab – MSU Plant Pathology Greenhouse, 2011 Hao 2011 MPIC Report Streptomyces scabies 106 colony forming unit (CFU) cm-3, BAC03 (105 CFU/cm3), BAC03 (106 In the greenhouse, Bacillus spp. (BAC03) was evaluated to determine its efficacy for common scab disease control and effect on plant yield in potato and radish under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment BAC03 was evaluated at two rates to determine its efficacy in controlling common scab and effect on potato yield. The  soil  treatments  included   CFU/cm3). Non-­‐treated  soil  and  soil  treated  with  non-­‐inoculated  growth  media  for  BAC03  were   used  as  negative  controls.  Seedpieces  were  cut  by  hand  from  Snowden  tubers  allowed  to  heal   before  planting.  Seedpieces  were  allowed  to  germinate  in  potting  mix  in  a  growth  chamber  at  25°C   until  plant  emergence.  Potato  seedlings  were  transferred  to  a  3.78  L  plastic  pot  with  potting  mix.   potato was measured with a ruler. Plants were harvested 10 weeks after transplanting.  Tubers   from  individual  treatments  were  weighed  for  total  tuber  yield.  Severity  of  common  scab  was   measured  as  an  index  calculated  by  counting  the  number  of  tubers  falling  in  class  0  =  0%;  1  =  1  -­‐   10%;  2  =  11  -­‐25%;  3  =  25  -­‐  50;  4  >50%  surface  area  covered  with  by  scab  lesions  on  sample  tubers   (surface  and  pitted).  In a second experiment Radish seeds were germinated in a Petri dish with (23°C and 14 h light). BAC03 was applied (105 CFU/cm3). The  soil  treatments  included 1 time moist filter paper overnight at 25 °C. After germination, seedlings were transplanted to a 1 L pot containing autoclaved potting mix infested with S. scabies (107 CFU/cm3), in a growth chamber Six weeks after transplanting, the height of the plant from the soil line to the apical meristem of after planting (TAP), 2 TAPs, 3 TAPs, and 1 time before planting and 3 TAP. The intervals between BAC03 applications were one week. There were 4 replicates for each treatment. Scab lesions were rated on all scorable radish plants after 5 weeks of growth. Radish hypocotyls were scored on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 = no lesion, 1 = discrete superficial lesions less than 10 mm in diameter, 2 = coalescing superficial lesions more than 10 mm in diameter, 3 = raised lesions less than 10 mm in diameter, 4 = coalescing raised lesions more than 10 mm in diameter, and 5 = pitted or sunken lesions. Weight of radish leaves and roots were determined at harvest. DNA based approaches (quantitative PCR using primers) to target pathogenic Streptomyces was used to quantify pathogen plant toxin (thaxtomin) genes txtA and txtC production under the various treatments. Pots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data was analyzed using the ‘R’ statistical. The severity of potato common scab was significantly reduced (Fig. 3 A1), and potato growth (plant height and tuber weight) was significantly increased (Fig. 3 A2) by BAC03 application compared to inoculated control; these effects were enhanced by increasing the concentration of BAC03 application (Fig. 3 A). For radish, high concentrations of S. scabies inhibited root expansion, which interfered with the disease evaluation as indicative lesions were not visible (Fig. 3 B1). However, application of BAC03 reduced this inhibition, as a increase in radish root expansion was observed. The greatest response was obtained when BAC03 was applied before radish seeding; this resulted in no disease symptoms. One, two, or three applications after seeding also reduced the disease severity (Fig. 3 B1). The biomass, including weight of leaves and roots, of radish was significantly increased (Fig. 3 B2), when the concentration BAC03 application increased. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that S. scabies population in potting mix inoculated with BAC03 before radish seeding was significantly lower compared to other treatments (Fig. 4).       110 Hao 2011 MPIC Report       c b ) a b a S c c b b 0 2 c S 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 b a 50 0 200 #" $" !" %" &" '" 250 150 100 TSB TSB S+B2 S+B1 A2 A1 Soil treatment i m c ( t h g e h r o ) g ( t h g e W i y t i r e v e s e s a e s D i Plant height Tuber weight S+B1 S+B2 Soil treatment Figure 3. Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAC03 on disease severity and plant growth in potato and radish. Panels A1 and A2: Potato was planted in potting mix treated with 200 ml of S. scabies at final concentrations 106 CFU cm-3 (treatment S), BAC03 at 105 CFU/cm3 (treatment B1), BAC03 at 106 CFU/cm3 (treatment B2), and tryptic soy broth (TSB) as a control. Panels B1 and B2: Radish was planted in potting mix treated with 30 ml of BAC03 at final concentration of 105 CFU cm-3 each time in the following treatments: b0 (non-treated), b1 [one time of application after planting (TAP)], b2 (2 TAPs), b3 (3 TAPs), and b4 (1 time before and 3 TAPs), with weekly intervals between applications. All pots were infested with Streptomyces scabies at 107 CFU/cm3 potting mix. Fresh plant weight was measured in the end of experiment. Treatments were compared using Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method at α = 0.05. Values followed by the same letter were not significantly different. Leaf weight Root weight Soil treatment Soil treatment ) % ) # ( ' & % $ # " ! B2 a ) g ( t i h g e w t n a P l y t i r e v e s e s a e s D i B1 (" )" e c !(" !)" !#" !$" !&" !'" !+" !!" b3 b4 b3 b4 b0 b1 b2 1.5 b0 b1 b2 40 30 20 10 0.5 a a 1 * b b *" !%" c d 0 a 0 111 Hao 2011 MPIC Report Figure 4. Detection of S. scabies plant toxin (thaxtomin) genes txtA and txtC production in potting mix using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Radish was planted in potting mix treated with BAC03 at final concentrations of 105 CFU/cm3 in the following treatments: b0 (non-treated), b1 [one time after planting (TAP)], b2 (2 TAPs), b3 (3 TAPs), and b4 (1 time before and 3 TAPs). All pots were infested with Streptomyces scabies at 107 CFU/cm3 of potting mix. Soilless potting mix (0.1 g) was collected from each treatment for DNA extraction and quantitative PCR analyses. The quantity of S. scabies DNA was estimated based on external standards. Treatments were compared using Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method at α = 0.05. Values followed by the same letter were not significantly different.   112 Modern Soil Fumigation Research and Education for Michigan Potato Production About half of Michigan’s potato acreage is treated with soil fumigants through modern subsurface shank injections to control the penetrans root-lesion nematode and dahliae Verticillium fungus. No reliable data have been developed in Michigan on efficacy for this technology. This Specialty Crop Block Grant, funded at $49,000 from the Michigan Department of Agriculture to the Michigan Potato Research Commission for research conducted by Michigan State University compared various treatment rates and injection depths against non-treated control plots. The 2010-2011 research results should lead to recommendations for fumigators and an information set for non-fumigators to use for deciding whether or not to adopt fumigation. Educational materials, including a “Soil Fumigation Field Guide” and a “Potato Nematode Farm Guide” were also produced as part of the project. The project design and associated EPA fumigant re-registration process were presented to the Michigan potato industry at their 2011 annual meeting. The research results and copies of the educational materials will be presented and distributed at the 2012 meeting in February. This process is essential in light of the Environmental Protection Agency’s new required inclusion of detailed Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) as part of labels on re-registered fumigants. Background Approximately half of Michigan’s 40,000 acres in potato production is fumigated. Growers make rough fumigation cost-benefit calculations. Some are willing to sacrifice fumigation and live with lower yields; whereas, others would not operate without fumigant protection. Fumigation that controls the penetrans root-lesion nematodes and dahliae Verticillium fungus has been a significant contributing factor in the doubling of Michigan potato yields in the last half-century to approximately 320 hundredweight per acre. The fumigant most commonly used is metam sodium. The typical fumigation technique in Michigan is subsurface injection whereby a moving shank digs into the soil and the fumigant is injected through an attached nozzle. The nozzle can be placed at a 12-inch depth for reaching the nematode zone or a six-inch depth that is believed to be effective against dahliae Verticillium. The mechanism can be adapted for injections at both 12-inch and six-inch depths. Shank-injection technology includes backflow control to prevent accidental fumigant discharges. The rates used in Michigan potato fields are still largely guesswork. No controlled studies have been done with modern injection equipment to determine optimal rates for optimal pest control at the respective depths. Growers face the quandary of wasting money by over-applying the costly fumigants or losing the degree of pest control they need by applying too low a fumigant rate. While the research results and educational materials will assist Michigan potato growers in evaluation the economics of fumigation, a second year of data will be necessary. Funding for this has been obtained from industry and the work initiated in the fall of 2011. Both of the educational products from this project stress Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). This is an issue having an impact on the entire Michigan potato industry. Fumigants have been re- registered by EPA. The new labels mandate a Fumigation Management Plan and Post- 113 Application Report. under the Phase I labels that took effect in 2011. It is believed that various GAP will be available for reducing the size of Buffer Zones when the Phase II labels are finalized in the spring of 2012. Objectives 1. Develop sound research data that will yield recommendations growers can follow to achieve maximum productivity at the least cost in their nematode and Verticillium control. The data will also be available for non-fumigators to evaluate in their own decision-making concerning the advisability of fumigation. The purpose is to enhance the competitiveness of Michigan potato growers through reliance on rigorously designed replicated research. 2. Develop educational materials for soil fumigation and nematode management in potato production. Make these materials available and discuss them at Michigan potato industry at grower meetings. Research Design Two sites on Michigan commercial potato farms (Farm I. and Farm II.) were selected for the study based on grower fumigation experience and site availability. Both sites were selected in part, based on moderate potato early-die risk information provided by the farm. Four treatments, each replicated four times in a randomized block design were established in the fall of 1010. Each plot was four-rows in width and 250 feet in length. The sites were sampled for the penetrans root-lesion nematode and dahliae Verticillium fungus at 0-6 and 6-12 inch soil depths in both the fall of 2010 and spring of 2011. The plots were sampled again in the fall of 2012 at a 0-12 inch soil depth. Both sites were fumigated in the fall of 2010 using grower equipment. At Farm I, the fumigant was shank injected at a 12-inch soil depth. On Farm II, the fumigant was injected at both a 5 and 10-inch soil depth, with 60% of the material being applied at the 5-inch depth and 40% at the 10-inch depth. The variety Snowden was planted in the spring of 2011 at Farm I. and F-2137 at Farm II. The following four treatments were used: Non-treated control Metam (50 gallons per acre) + Water (20 gallons/acre) Metam (50 gallons per acre) Metam(70 gallons per acre) Non-treated control Metam (18.75 gallons per acre) Met am (37.5 gallons per acre) Metam (75 gallons per acre) Farm I. Farm II. 114 A subsample of each plot was harvested in the fall of 2011 and the tubers graded. Research Results 2011 potato tuber yields were general low throughout Michigan. This was reflected in the research yields on both of the farms included in the study. At Farm I., total tuber yields were significantly increased (P = 0.049) through the use of metam (Table 1). The highest yield was 276 cwt/acre, 34 cwt/acre more than yield associated with the non-treated control. The A tuber yield exhibited a positive linear increase from the non-treated control through the highest rate of metam. While there were no statistically significant differences in the J yields associated with the treatments, the highest were from the 18.75 gal/acre and 37.5 gal/acre rates. B tuber yield was significantly (P = 0.030) enhance through application of metam, with the greatest yield being associated with the 37.5 gal/acre rate. The treatments did not appear to have any impact on culls or specific gravities. Table 1. Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm I. 2011 potato tuber yields (cwt/A). Treatment Control 18.75 gpa 37.5 gpa 75 gpa P Total 242 269 276 267 0.049 A’s1 183 193 197 204 0.224 J’s 0.7 3.5 3.4 1.9 0.500 B’s 57 71 93 62 0.030 Culls 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.293 S. G. 1.070 1.069 1.071 1.070 0.581 1A, B and J refer to tuber size: 1 7/8 in. to 3 ¼ inch in. diameter, < 1 7/8 in. and > 3 ¼ in, respectively. At Farm II., tuber yields ranged from 389 to 424 cwt/acre, with the highest yield associated with the 50 gal/acre metam rate diluted with 20 gal. of water (Table 2). While the yields were higher on Farm II., compared to Farm I., there were no statistically significant differences in the total, A, J, B or cull tubers associated with the four treatments. Likewise, there were not statistically significant differences in the specific gravities associated with the four treatments. Table 2. Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm II. 2011 potato tuber yields (cwt/A). Treatment Control 50/20 gpa2 50 gpa 70 gpa P Total 389 424 403 388 0.428 A’s 334 364 343 321 0.280 J’s 31 47 38 46 0.693 B’s 29 19 21 18 0.593 Culls 3.5 6.5 3.3 2.0 0.127 S. G. 1.085 1.083 1.083 1.084 0.161 1A, B and J refer to tuber size: 1 7/8 in. to 3 ¼ inch in. diameter, < 1 7/8 in. and > 3 ¼ in, respectively. 250 gal of metam diluted with 20 gal of water an applied at a rate of 70 gal/acre. 115 The initial population density of penetrans root-lesion nematode at Farm I. was uniformly distributed throughout the research site (P = 0.905 and P = 0.903, Table 3.). The population density at the 6-12 inch soil depth was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than at the 0-6 inch soil depth at the beginning of the experiment. The population density of this nematode remained low at this site throughout the research period and no differences were detected among the four treatments. Table 3. Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm I. 2010-2011 penetrans root-lesion nematodes per 100 cm3 soil. Fall, 0-6 in. Fall, 6-12 in. Spr., 0-6 in. Spr., 6-12 in. Final 0-12 in. 5 5 4 5 0.905 12 17 13 15 0.903 1 1 0 0 0.574 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.352 2.3 8.0 1.5 3.0 0.430 Treatment Control 18.75 gpa 37.5 gpa 75 gpa P Population densities of the penetrans root-lesion nematode were higher at Farm II. than those encountered at Farm I. (Table 4). At the beginning of the research, the population density of this nematode was uniformly distributed throughout the research site (P = 0.970 and P = 0.971). At this time, the population density was significantly (P = 0.05) greater at the 6-12 inch soil depth than at a soil depth of 0.6 inches. In the spring of 2011, the highest population density of the penetrans root-lesion nematode as associated with the non-treated control at a soil depth of 6- 12 inches (P = <0.001). At a soil depth of 0-6 inches the highest nematode population density was associated with the 50 gal/acre metam treatment without water. By harvest population densities had increased where the fumigant had been used, Table 4. Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm II. 2010-2011 penetrans root-lesion nematodes per 100 cm3 soil. Fall, 0-6 in. Fall, 6-12 in. Spr., 0-6 in. Spr., 6-12 in. Final 0-12 in. 22 18 21 19 0.970 50 41 49 40 0.971 0.5 0.0 10.5 3.0 0.070 32.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 <0.001 42 18 15 17 0.693 150 gal of metam diluted with 20 gal of water an applied at a rate of 70 gal/acre. Population densities of the dahliae Verticillium fungus were higher in the soil on Farm I., compared to Farm II. (Table 5. and Table 6.). the poopulatiopn density appears to be slightly higher at a soil depth of 6-12 inches, compared to a 0-6 inch soil depth. There were no detectable differences in the population densities of this fungus among the treatments at any of the sampling dates or soil depths at Farm I. Treatment Control 50/20 gpa1 50 gpa 70 gpa P 116 Table 5. Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm I. 2010-2011 dahliae Verticullium fungal colonies per 10 grams of soil by wet sieving. Fall, 0-6 in. Fall, 6-12 in. Spr., 0-6 in. Spr., 6-12 in. Final 0-12 in. 6.8 1.8 4.5 5.5 0.627 3.5 8.3 5.3 3.8 0.686 9.3 5.8 9.3 8 8.063 13 5 8.3 9 0.343 3.8 1.8 2.5 5.0 0.468 Treatment Control 18.75 gpa 37.5 gpa 75 gpa P Treatment Control 50/20 gpa 50 gpa 70 gpa P Population densities of the dahliae Verticillium fungus at Farm II. Were low at all sampling dates (Table 6). At the beginning of the experiment, the distribution of this fungus throughout the experimental site was more uniform at a soil depth of 6-12 inches than at a 0-6 inch soil depth. There were no detectable significant differences in the population densities among the four treatments. Table 6 Specialty Crop Block Grant Metam Research, Farm II. 2010-2011 dahliae Verticullium fungal colonies per 10 grams of soil by wet sieving. Fall, 0-6 in. Fall, 6-12 in. Spr., 0-6 in. Spr., 6-12 in. Final 0-12 in. 1.3 0.8 2.8 1.8 0.426 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 0.983 0.3 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.608 0.3 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.938 3.8 1.8 2.5 5.0 0.468 Grower meetings and development of two field guides were used to fulfill the educational component of the project. The first educational session was held at the 2010 Michigan Winter Potato Meeting in Mt. Pleasant. The soil fumigation component consisted of three presentations. The first described this project, the second reviewed the Michigan atmospheric admissions research that resulted in significant changes in the EPA proposed buffer zones, and the third was a review of the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) that will be part of Phase II fumigant labels The field guides were to be published in time for the 2011, Great Lakes Expo, but this was not possible since EPA did not meet the fall 2011 deadline in regards to Phase II labels. A soil fumigation session was held at 2011 Great Lakes Expo. It was extremely well attended! There were presenters from EPA, private business and Michigan State University. The general consensus was that the first year of implementation of the Fumigant Management Plans went very well. It is very likely that this was the case because of the leadership by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission in regards to pre-implementation educational programs. The most significant new items discussion at the session related to the fact that two separate postings for each fumigated site are required under the new labels. One is for the treated area and the other for the buffer zone. They have separate requirements in regards to entry periods and posting take-down. The second related to Good Agricultural Practices (GPA). There are three separate 117 types of GAP associated with potato production: 1) those used for formal farm GAP certification, 2) those will be used in Phase II labels for buffer zone size reductions, 3) and those recommended by Michigan State University for superior fumigation results. Immediately before the December 31, 2011, end of this project, the two field guides were published. The first is entitled, Potato Soil Fumigation: A Field Guide to Fumigant Management plans, With Special Reference to Potato Early-Die in Michigan (2011 Review Edition). Because of the project completion deadline an the fact that EPA will not have Phase II labels available. A limited number of review copies were produced and a second edition will be published as soon as Phase II labels are available. It was originally intended for this publication to have co-authors from Oregon and Florida. After discussion with these individuals, it was determined that there were enough differences in the fumigation practices in these regions to focus solely on Michigan. A copy is included as part of this report as Appendix A. The second educational publication is entitled, Potato Nematodes: A Farm Guide to Nematode Diagnostics and Management. Both educational documents will be introduced to the Research Committee of the Michigan Potato Industry Commission at their meeting on January 12, 2012. As described in the original project proposal, they will be used as part of the soil fumigant educational session at the Michigan Winter Potato Meeting in Mt. Pleasant on February, 16, 2011. It was originally intended for the nematode document to have co-authorship with an individual from Wisconsin. Because of the constraints in regards to the delay in Phase II labels, this was not possible. It is hoped that Dr. Ann MacGuidwin, of the University of Wisconsin will be a co-author of the second edition of this publication. A copy of this document is attached to this report as Appendix B. Discussion Potato-Dearly Die is a key limiting factor in Michigan potato production. Soil fumigation is frequently used for managing this infectious disease. During two decades of research at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm with metam, increases in tuber yields from application of this chemical were always in the 100-200 cwt/acre range. The equipment used in these studies, however was different than the modern soil fumigation equipment used on today’s potato production systems. In one case, it was demonstrated that while the 35 gal/acre rate was adequate for control of the penetrans root-lesion nematode and early-die, the 75 gal/acre rate was necessary for reducing population densities of the dahliae Verticilium fungus. In recent years, however, there have been a number of cases where Michigan potato growers failed to obtain major tuber yield responses. In general, potato yields in Michigan in 2011 were lower than usual. This was the case for both Farm I. and Farm II. used in the current research project. The reason for this is unknown. At both sites, early-die symptoms were relatively mild and did not appear until later in the growing season than normal. Yield response to what would be considered optima fumigation was only 34 cwt/acre at Farm I. and 35 cwt/acre at Farm II. This mandates that the research be repeated under a different set of environmental conditions. Funding from private industry has been obtained to do this and the research was initiated in the fall of 2011 at three commercial potato production enterprises in Michigan. 118 Key findings/discussion associated with the research are: 1. The rates of fumigant used must be specific for the type of equipment used and other associated management practices used on each farm. Excellent penetrans root-lesion nematode control was obtained at Farm II. This could not be adequately accessed at Farm I. because of low initial, growing season and final population densities of this nematode. 2. When the fumigant was injected at a 12-inch soil depth at Farm I., there was a linear increase in tuber yield with increasing fumigant rates from 18.75 to 75 gallons per acre. At this site, however, the greatest yield increase was with B size tubers, indicating that the crop may not have completely matured properly. 3. When the fumigant amount is split and is injected at two soil depths, 5 and 10 inches (60% at the 5 inch depth and 40% at the 10-inch depth) dilution with water appears to the necessary. This was reflected in both tuber yield and nematode control. The width of the blade at the base of the shank may have a bearing on this. The blade used for the 12-inch injection was wide and that used for the split injection was significantly narrower. 4. In Michigan, the dahliae Verticillium fungus is uniformly distributed through the 0-12 inch soil depth profile. The population density was not greater at the 0-6 inch soil depth, compared to a soil depth of 6-12 inches. This is logical because of the types of tillage, crop rotation systems used in addition to various environmental stresses. The Michigan potato soil fumigation education program appears to have been successful and on a good future trajectory. Growers seem to be very interested in the GAP approach to both their overall farm and soil fumigation technology. It is believed that the 2012 Michigan soil fumigation research will provide significant additional practical information in regards to this topic. George W. Bird, Professor Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 119 2010-2011 DR. B. F. (BURT) CARGILL POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE ANNUAL REPORT MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION Chris Long, Coordinator and Luke Steere Introduction and Acknowledgements Round white potato production leads the potato market in the state of Michigan. Michigan growers continue to look for promising, new, round white varieties that will meet necessary production and processing criteria. There are many variety trials underway in Michigan that are evaluating chipping varieties for yield, solids, disease resistance and chipping quality with the hope of exhibiting to growers and processors the positive attributes of these lines. Extended storage chip quality and storability are areas of extreme importance in round white potato production. Due to the importance of these factors, any new chip processing varieties that have commercial potential will have storage profiles developed of them. Being able to examine new varieties for long-term storage and processing ability is a way to keep the Michigan chip industry at the leading edge of the snack food industry. This information can position the industry to make informed decisions about the value of adopting these varieties into commercial production. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC) Burt Cargill Potato Demonstration Storage facility currently consists of two structures. The first building, constructed in 1999, provides the Michigan potato industry with the opportunity to generate storage and chip quality information on newly identified chip processing clones. This information helps to establish the commercial potential of these new varieties. This demonstration storage facility utilizes six, 550 cwt. bulk bins (Bins 1-6) that have independent ventilation systems. The second structure, built in 2008, has three, 600 cwt. bulk bins that are independently ventilated. The first of these bulk bins, Bin seven, has been converted into box bin storage that holds 36, 10 cwt. box bins to provide storage profiles on early generation potato varieties. The box bin is an entry level point in storage profiling that allows the industry to learn about a varieties’ storability before advancing to the bulk bin level. We would typically have 4-6 years’ worth of agronomic data on a variety before entering box bin testing. In the variety development process, little information has been collected about a varieties’ storability or storage profile prior to being included in the box bin trial. A storage profile consists of bi-weekly sampling of potatoes to obtain; sucrose and glucose levels, chip color and defect values. In addition, each variety is evaluated for weight loss or shrinkage and pressure bruise. With this information, the storage history of a variety can be created, providing the industry with a clearer picture of where a line can or cannot be utilized in the snack food industry. The Michigan potato industry hopes to use these storage profiles to improve in areas such as long-term storage quality, deliverability of product and, ultimately, sustained market share. 120 The two remaining 600 cwt. bulk bins in the second structure are designed to be used to evaluate the post-harvest physiology of the potato. The facility can be used to evaluate storage pathology or sprout inhibitor products. The Michigan industry recognizes the importance of being able to control disease and sprout development in storage and is committed to doing research in these areas. This tenth annual Demonstration Storage Report contains the results of the storage work conducted in the facility during the 2010-2011 storage season. Section I, “2010-2011 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report”, contains the results and highlights from our 10 cwt. box bin study. Section II, “2010- 2011 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report”, shows bulk bin results including information from commercial processors regarding these new varieties. The storage facility, and the work done within it, is directed by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee and Michigan State University (MSU) faculty. The Chair of the committee is Brian Sackett of Sackett Potatoes. Other members of the committee include: Bruce Sackett, Steve Crooks, Todd Forbush, Chris Long, Troy Sackett, Dennis Iott, Randy Styma, Keith Tinsey, Ben Kudwa, Duane Anderson, Tim Wilkes, Larry Jensen, Chase Young and Tim Young. The funding and financial support for this facility, and the research that is conducted within it, is largely derived from the MPIC. The committee occasionally receives support for a given project from private and/or public interests. We wish to acknowledge all the support and investment we receive to operate and conduct storage research. First, we express our gratitude for the partnership we enjoy between the MPIC and Michigan State University. Thank you to the MPIC Storage & Handling Committee for their investment of time, guiding the decisions and direction of the facility. These are the growers that provided the material to fill the bulk bins this year and without their willingness to be involved, we could not have accomplished our objectives: Steve, Norm and John Crooks, Crooks Farms, Inc.; Jason Walther, Karl Ritchie and Keith Tinsey, Walther Farms; Jeff Thorlund, Thorlund Brothers Farm and Kim and Kyle Lennard and Fernando Montealegre, Lennard Ag Co. Equal in importance are the processors who invested in this research. They are; Gene Herr, Herr Foods Inc., Nottingham, PA; Mitch Keeny of UTZ Quality Foods, Inc., Hanover, PA; Al Lee and Phil Gusmano of Better Made Snack Foods, Detroit , MI. It has been a great pleasure to work with all of you. Special thanks to Butch Riley (Gun Valley Ag. & Industrial Services, Inc.) for his annual investment in the sprout treatment of the storage facility. We would also like to acknowledge a long list of additional contributors who invested much time to help foster a quality storage program: Dr. Dick Chase (MSU Professor Emeritus), Dr. Dave Douches and the MSU potato breeding program, Todd Forbush (Techmark, Inc), Larry Jensen (Chief Wabasis Potato Growers), and Tim Wilkes (Potato Services of Michigan). All played a role in making this facility useful to the Michigan potato industry. 121 Overview of the production season * The overall 6-month average maximum temperature during the 2010 growing season was three degrees higher than the 6-month average maximum temperature for the 2009 season and was two degrees higher than the 15-year average. The 6-month average minimum temperature for 2010 was three degrees higher than the 15-year average. There were no recorded temperature readings of 90 F or above in 2010. There were 220 hours of 70 °F temperatures between the hours of 10 PM and 8 AM which occurred over 43 different days, April to September. There were two days in May that the air temperature was below 32 F. These occurred on May 9th and 10th. The average maximum temperatures for July and August, 2010, were two and three degrees higher than the 15-year average, respectively. In October 2010, there were 8 days with measureable rainfall and two daytime highs below 50 F. Rainfall for April through September was 15.13 inches, which was 3.81 inches below the 15-year average. In October 2010, 1.45 inches of rain was recorded. Overall, the 2010 growing season resulted in average specific gravity with average overall yield. The early part of the season was warm and dry. The harvest season was generally wet and warm. * Weather data collected at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. 122 I. 2010-2011 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report (Chris Long, Luke Steere and Brian Sackett) Introduction The purpose of this project was to evaluate new chip processing varieties from national and private breeding programs for their ability to process after being subjected to storage conditions. A variety’s response to pile temperature, as reflected in sucrose and glucose levels, was evaluated. Weight loss and pressure bruise susceptibility of each variety was also evaluated. Bin 7 contained 36, 10 cwt. boxes. Thirty-six boxes were placed in six stacks of six. The boxes were designed for air to travel in from a header or plenum wall through the forklift holes of each box, up through the potatoes within it and onto the next box above until the air reaches the top and is drawn off the top of the chamber, reconditioned and forced back through the header wall plenums and up through the boxes again. Each box contains a sample door facing the center aisle from which tubers can be removed to conduct bi- weekly quality evaluations. Procedure Twenty new varieties were evaluated and compared to the check variety Snowden. The 20 varieties were chosen by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. Once the varieties were chosen, 1 cwt. of each variety was planted on May 10th at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. The varieties were all planted at a 10” in-row seed spacing. All varieties received a rate of fertilizer recommended to achieve a 375 to 425 cwt./A yield (270 lb. N/A). The varieties were vine killed after 120 days and allowed to set skins for 24 days before harvest on September 28, 2010; 144 days after planting. Variety maturity is not taken into account in the harvest timing due to storage and handling restrictions. Approximately ten cwt. of each variety was placed in each box bin, labeled and stacked in Bin 7. The average storage temperature for all the box bins (Bulk Bin 7) was 54.6 ºF for the 2010-2011 season. At harvest, nine, 20 lb. samples from each variety were collected for weight loss and pressure bruise evaluation. Some additional tuber samples were taken and shipped to regional chip plants for evaluation throughout the storage season. A description of the varieties tested, their pedigree and scab ratings are listed in Table 1. Yield, size distribution, chip quality, and specific gravity were recorded at harvest (Table 2). All 21 varieties were graded to remove all “B” size tubers and pick-outs and entered the storage in good physical condition. The storage season began September 28, 2010, and ended June 6, 2011. Bin 7 was gassed with CIPC and Clove Oil on October 21, 2010. Variety evaluation began September 28, 2010, followed by a bi- weekly sampling schedule until June. Thirty tubers were removed from each box every two weeks and 123 sent to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. Nine pressure bruise sample bags were taken for each variety, weighed and placed in one of the bulk bins at the storage facility. Three bags were placed at each of 5’, 10’ and 15’ from the pile floor. When that bin was unloaded, the sample bags were weighed and percent weight loss was calculated. A 25 tuber sample was taken from each of the nine bags and was evaluated for the presence or absence of pressure bruise. The number of tubers and severity of bruise was recorded. All pressure bruises were evaluated for discoloration. This report is not intended to be an archive of all of the data that was generated for the box bin trial, but a summary of the data from the most promising lines. The purpose of this report is to present a summary of information from 2-5 lines from this trial that will be moved along the commercialization process. If more detailed information is desired, please contact Chris Long at Michigan State University in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department for assistance (517) 355-0271 ext. 1193. 124 Table 1. 2010 MPIC Demonstration Box Bin Variety Descriptions 2010 Scab Rating* Characteristics High yield, late maturity, late season storage check variety, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity High U.S. No. 1 yield, scaly buff skin, high High yielding, scaly buff chipper; smaller specific gravity tuber size *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible Entry Snowden (W855) A00188-3C A01143-3C AF2291-10 CO00188-4W Pedigree B5141-6 X Wischip A91790-13 X Dakota Pearl COA95070-8 X Chipeta SA8211-6 X EB8109-1 A90490-1W X BC0894-2W CO00197-3W A91790-13W X NDTX4930-5W MSH228-6 MSC127-3 X OP MSL007-B MSL292-A MSA105-1 X MSG227-2 Snowden X MSH098-2 MSP270-1 MSNT-1 X MSG227-2 MSP459-5 Marcy X NY121 MSP515-2 Marcy X Missaukee MSQ070-1 MSQ279-1 MSK061-4 X Missaukee Boulder X Pike MSR061-1 W1201 X NY121 2.3 1.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 3.5 1.3 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 Early blight resistant clone with good chipping quality, medium-late vine maturity, round to oblong, white netted tubers, specific gravity similar to Atlantic Medium-high yield potential, small tuber size, minimal grade defects, medium-early maturity, high specific gravity, some ability to recondition out of 40º F Medium yield potential, small size profile, minimal grade defects, early maturity, medium-high specific gravity, some ability to recondition out of 40º F Average yield, mid-season maturity, blocky flat tuber type, shallow eyes, medium specific gravity Average yield, early to mid-season maturity, uniform tuber type, medium specific gravity, scab resistant Above average yield, scab susceptible, late blight susceptible, medium-high specific gravity, long storage potential Below average yield, uniform round type, netted skin, good chip quality from early to mid-season storage, average specific gravity Bright chips, low incidence of defects, medium specific gravity Above average yield, large tuber size, medium-late maturity, below average specific gravity Round tuber type, late maturity, scab and late blight resistant, high specific gravity, strong vine and roots High yield, large round tubers, good internal qualities Average yield, round tuber type with netted skin, low sugars, PVY resistant, moderate late blight resistance 125 Entry Pedigree MSR102-3 W1773-7 X Missaukee NY 139 (Lamoka) W2310-3 (Tundra) NY120 X NY115 Pike X S440 W2717-5 S440 X ND2828-15 W2978-3 Monticello X Dakota Pearl W5015-12 Brodick X W1355-1 2010 Scab Rating* 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 - *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible Relative high tuber set and yield, medium- late vine maturity, uniform size tubers, tubers tend toward flat shape, very flat in some environments Characteristics Below average yield, very late maturity, uniform tuber type, foliar late blight resistance to US-8 High yield, mid-late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type Average yield potential, high specific gravity, smaller size profile, good chip quality from storage Round tuber type, medium yield, medium maturity, medium specific gravity, moderate scab susceptibility Above average yield potential, early bulking, medium-early vine maturity, scab susceptible 126 Table 2. 2010 Michigan Potato Industry Commission Box Bin Processing Potato Variety Trial 2010 MPIC Box Bin Processing Potato Variety Trial Montcalm Research Farm, Montcalm County, MI Harvest 28-Sep-10 141 Days DD, Base 406 3816 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 OV Bs 6 22 As 72 12 6 10 13 13 7 24 14 16 13 18 25 17 17 29 17 17 24 41 37 72 83 81 77 77 70 75 63 80 80 77 75 76 80 71 79 77 76 59 61 0 9 9 8 9 21 1 16 4 6 3 0 0 3 0 2 6 0 0 0 US#1 94 72 92 90 85 86 91 76 79 84 86 80 75 76 83 71 81 83 76 59 61 80 CHIP TUBER QUALITY2 PO SP GR SCORE3 0 1.077 1.5 16 1.077 2 0 2 1 2 0 7 0 1 2 0 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1.073 1.085 1.085 1.083 1.074 1.082 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.072 1.070 1.087 1.074 1.074 1.087 1.085 1.076 1.069 1.066 1.078 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 HH 1 VD 1 IBS 0 BC 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 3 5 7 4 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 TOTAL CUT 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 VINE VINE VIGOR4 MATURITY5 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 4.0 2.5 5.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 1.5 4.5 3.0 2.5 4.0 COMMENTS large tuber size severe heat sprouts, knobs smooth oval flattened tubers CHIP COMMENTS sl SED tr SED SED tr SED not uniform type, tr points sl SED, some HH large tuber size small uniform tuber type tr SED SED sl SED surface and pitted scab, large tuber size VD heavy netted skin, uniform tuber type sticky stolons bright tuber appearance netted skin, uniform tuber type misshappen tubers in pickouts, surface and pitted scab netted skin, uniform type uniform type sticky stolons netted skin, uniform type small uniform tuber type small tuber yield SED tr SED tr SED tr SED tr SED sl SED tr SED tr SED tr SED tr = trace, sl = slight, N/A = not applicable SED = stem end defect, gc = growth crack LINE MSP515-2 A01143-3C MSQ279-1 NY139 AF2291-10 Snowden MSH228-6 A00188-3C W5015-12 MSL007-B MSR102-3 W2978-3 MSP459-5 W2310-3 MSP270-1 MSL292-A W2717-5 MSQ070-1 MSR061-1 CO00188-4W CO00197-3W MEAN 301 CWT/A US#1 TOTAL 519 554 442 384 382 381 346 346 339 331 319 297 295 291 268 252 244 212 211 195 185 87 613 417 422 449 401 377 445 419 381 345 369 386 353 304 344 263 255 255 313 144 372 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" 2TUBER QUALITY (number of tubers per total cut) HH: Hollow Heart 3CHIP COLOR SCORE - Snack Food Association (Out of the field) As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" VD: Vascular Discoloration OV: > 3.25" IBS: Internal Brown Spot PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor 4VINE VIGOR RATING Date Taken: 8-Jun-10 Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Slow Emergence 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 5VINE MATURITY RATING Date Taken: 24-Aug-10 Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) Planted: Vines Killed: Days from Planting to Vine Kill: Seed Spacing: No Fumigation 10-May-10 7-Sep-10 120 10" 6MAWN STATION: Entrican Planting to Vine Kil 127 Results: 2010-2011 New Chip Processing Box Bin Report MSH228-6 MSH228-6 is a Michigan State University (MSU) chip processing variety with common scab tolerance. This variety has a tuber set of six to eight tubers that are round to oval in shape with a good netted skin. The specific gravity for this variety was below average and the recorded yield was 45 cwt. above the trial average in the 2010 Box Bin Trial at 346 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). The variety appeared to have a medium maturity and a small set of large tubers, suggesting that this variety should be planted at an eight inch in-row seed spacing and managed for a 120 to 130 growing day maturity. This variety has a Snowden-like storage profile, exhibiting the ability to store well into March in most years. During the 2010-2011 storage season, MSH228-6 was placed into storage on September 28th 2010, having a sucrose value of 0.679 mg/g (X10) and a glucose value of 0.002 mg/g. These values decreased quickly until the middle of April 2011 when the sucrose levels began to increase. A chip picture is included from May 9th 2011 to show the chip quality during this period. Overall, this variety performed well enough to warrant further large scale commercial testing in hopes of replacing some Snowden acreage with a variety that has common scab resistance. The storability of MSH228-6 is similar to Snowden but the common scab tolerance of this variety is its big advantage. MSL007-B This Michigan State University (MSU) chip processing variety has common scab tolerance and a uniform round tuber type with a heavy netted skin. The specific gravity for this variety was above average and the recorded yield was 18 cwt. above the trial average in the 2010 Box Bin Trial at 319 cwt./A US#1 (Table 2). The variety appears to have an early to medium maturity with a good set of medium sized tubers (Table 1). During the 2010-2011 storage season, MSL007-B 128 was placed into storage on September 28th 2010, having a sucrose value of 0.748 mg/g (X10) and a glucose value of 0.002 mg/g. These values decreased quickly and remained low until the end of the storage season in late May. A chip picture is included from May 9th 2011 to show the chip quality during this period. The sucrose and glucose values on this day were 0.643 mg/g (X10) and 0.004 mg/g, respectively. A trace of internal black spot and hollow heart was observed on this same date. The percent weight loss recorded for this variety at the time of bin unloading was 3.56, with 8.4 percent of the tubers evaluated expressing bruise with discoloration under the surface of the skin. These numbers are higher than the majority of the varieties evaluated this season. Overall, this variety performed well. Further testing will continue in hopes of replacing Snowden acreage with a variety that has common scab resistance. MSL292-A This MSU variety exhibited a below average yield and specific gravity in the 2010 Box Bin Trial. The recorded yield was 244 cwt. /A US#1 (Table 2). The tuber type and size of MSL292-A was uniform and round. This variety experienced stronger than normal vine competition from adjacent plots of late maturing varieties, resulting in poor agronomic performance for MSL292-A. The long term chip quality of MSL292-A continues to be excellent. The vine maturity for MSL292-A is medium-late (110 Days). A ten inch in-row seed spacing would be recommended for this variety. On September 28th 2010, this variety was put into storage with a 0.649 mg/g (X10) sucrose rating and a 0.002 mg/g glucose value. Sucrose and glucose levels came down to their lowest points in early March at 0.469 and 0.002, respectively. At this point in storage, the sucrose values began to rise to 0.789 in late May 2011. From late March 2011 until mid-May 2011, the glucose level remained at or below 0.004 mg/g. Total defects recorded for this variety on May 9th 2011 were 2.2 percent, resulting largely from a trace of stem end defect present in the tubers which can be observed in the picture above. The percent weight loss recorded at the time of bin unloading for this variety was 5.32, with 6.2 percent of the tubers evaluated expressing bruise with discoloration under the surface of the skin. The only negative aspect to this clone is the lack of strong common scab tolerance. Overall, this variety has great yield potential and excellent long term storability for chip processing. This variety has the potential to store and chip process into early June most seasons. 129 Lamoka (NY139) In the 2010 Box Bin Trial, Lamoka yielded above the trial average at 382 cwt. /A US#1 (Table 2). This Cornell University developed clone can have a slightly elongated and pear shaped tuber type in the larger oversized tubers, but has great yield potential, excellent chip quality and some moderate common scab tolerance. NY139 expresses better common scab tolerance and longer term chip quality than the check variety Snowden. The vine maturity for NY139 is medium-late. A ten inch in-row seed spacing would be recommended for this variety because it can oversize. NY139 was placed into storage on September 28th 2010, with a 0.636 mg/g (X10) sucrose rating and a 0.002 mg/g glucose value. The sucrose and glucose levels were at their lowest in mid-January at 0.335 and 0.001, respectively. The picture above shows NY139 in mid-May with a 1.251 sucrose value and a 0.004 glucose value. Even when the sucrose had increased significantly, the glucose accumulated at a rather slow rate. The tuber percent weight loss was reported at 3.51 percent, with 0.4 percent of the tubers having bruise and discoloration under the skin. Overall, this variety has great commercial potential. Its yield and chip quality provide the industry with some potential improvements in duration of storability and common scab tolerance. MSQ070-1 This MSU variety exhibited a below average yield in the 2010 Box Bin Trial. The recorded yield was 211 cwt. /A US#1 with a 1.085 specific gravity (Table 2). The tuber type and size of MSQ070-1 was uniform and round, but some sticky stolons were observed. The vine maturity for MSQ070-1 is late. An eleven inch in-row seed spacing would be recommended for this variety based on set and vine maturity. On September 28th 2010, this variety was put into storage with a 0.772 mg/g (X10) sucrose rating and a 0.002 mg/g glucose value. Sucrose and glucose levels came down to their lowest points in mid- January at 0.445 and 0.001, respectively. At this point in storage, the sucrose values began to rise to 1.146 in 130 late April 2011. From mid-January 2011 until mid-April 2011, the glucose level remained at or below 0.005 mg/g. Total defects recorded for this variety on March 28th 2011 were 7.0 percent, resulting largely from a trace of stem end defect present in the tubers which can be observed in the picture above. The percent weight loss recorded at the time of bin unloading for this variety was 8.76, with 0.4 percent of the tubers evaluated expressing bruise with discoloration under the surface. Overall, this variety has good yield potential, but chip quality performance has been variable. Further testing is needed to develop a consistent trend. Snowden This variety is included as a reference point for the 2010 Box Bin Trial. The recorded yield for the Snowden variety was 346 cwt. /A US#1 with a 1.083 specific gravity (Table 2). On September 28th 2010, this variety was put into storage with a 0.608 mg/g (X10) sucrose rating and a 0.002 mg/g glucose value. Sucrose and glucose levels came down to their lowest points in early February at 0.342 and 0.001, respectively. At this point in storage, the sucrose values began to rise to 1.099 on April 11th 2011. The glucose level was at 0.013 mg/g, which can be visualized by the brown shading in the chips in the photo above. Total defects recorded for this variety on April 11th 2011 were 22.6 percent. The percent weight loss recorded at the time of bin unloading for this variety was 7.24, with 9.8 percent of the tubers evaluated expressing bruise with discoloration under the surface of the skin. 131 II. 2010 - 2011 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report (Brian Sackett, Chris Long and Luke Steere) Introduction The goal of the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee for the 2010-2011 bulk bin storage season was to develop storage profiles on three promising advanced seedlings and to evaluate the effectiveness of a three way tank mix of a fungicide development by Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. This fungicide is reported to control pathogen spread in potato storages. The pathology study began in the 2010-2011 storage season and will be reported on in the 2012 MPIC Research Report. The first variety tested for storage profiling was Lamoka (NY139), a clone from the potato breeding program at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. This clone has a strong yield potential, great late season chip quality and good common scab tolerance. MSJ126-9Y, the second variety of interest, is an MSU developed clone with good agronomic quality, common scab resistance and yellow flesh. The third variety, W2133-1, developed at the University of Wisconsin, has good yield, good tuber qualities and good chip quality from mid-season storage. For each of the varieties listed above a brief description of agronomic and storage performance is provided. In addition, a short description of pressure bruise susceptibility, chip color and color defects, sugar accumulation and overall chip quality are given. With this information, a clearer perspective can be obtained regarding the viability of these varieties in commercial production. Procedure Each bin was filled under contract with potato producers in the state of Michigan. MPIC paid field contract price for the potatoes to be delivered to the demonstration storage. Pressure bruise samples were taken and designated bulk bins were filled. The varieties and their storage management strategies were established by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. For each bulk bin filled, a corresponding box bin containing 10 cwt. was filled and placed into Bin 7. Bin 7 was held at a warmer temperature, in most cases, than the corresponding bulk bin of the same variety. Sugar sampling for the box bin was carried out longer into the storage season, in general, than the bulk bin. This allowed the committee to see if the warmer storage temperature in the box bin would reduce storage life and provided information as to how the bulk bin might physiologically age. 132 In the 2010-2011 storage season; Bins 1 and 2 were filled with Lamoka (NY139); Bins 3 and 4 were filled with MSJ126-9Y and Bins 5 and 6 were filled with W2133-1. Bulk Bins 8 and 9 were used for the pathology study and were filled with the variety Pike. Lamoka was grown by Lennard Ag. Co. and was loaded into Bin 1 and Bin 2 on September 8, 2010. They were planted on April 10, 2010, and vine killed on August 16, 2010 (98 DAP, 3519 GDD40). The variety was harvested on September 8, 20010; 121 days after planting. The pulp temperature for Lamoka at bin loading was 62.1 ºF. A blackspot bruise sample was taken on this variety for each of the two bins at the time of bin loading. The results indicated that the tubers in Bin 1 were 82% bruise free and the tubers in Bin 2 were 76% bruise free. Some tuber breakdown was noted at the time of bin loading and was believed to be caused by Soft Rot. MSJ126-9Y was grown by Thorlund Brothers and was loaded into Bins 3 and 4 on September 29, 2010. This variety was planted on May 24, 2010, and vine killed on September 7, 2010 (109 DAP, 3212 GDD40). The variety was harvested on September 29, 2010; 131 days after planting. The pulp temperature for MSJ126-9Y at bin loading was 62.3 ºF. A blackspot bruise sample was taken on this variety at the time of bin loading. The results indicated that the tubers in Bin 3 were 88% bruise free and the tubers in Bin 4 were 66% bruise free. W2133-1 was grown by Walther Farms and was loaded into Bins 5 and 6 on October 14, 2010. They were planted on May 29, 2010, vine killed on September 16, 2010 (111 DAP, 3502 GDD40) and harvested on October 14, 2010; 139 days after planting. W2133-1 had a pulp temperature at bin loading of 60.8 ºF. A blackspot bruise sample was taken on this variety at the time of bin loading. The results indicated that the tubers in Bin 5 were 84% bruise free and the tubers in Bin 6 were 84% bruise free. Bins 3 and 4 were gassed with CIPC and Clove Oil on October 21, 2010. Bins 1, 2, 5 and 6 were gassed with CIPC and Clove Oil on November 4, 2010. On January 17, 2011, Bin 1 was gassed with CIPC and Clove Oil for a second time. Bin monitoring began the day the tubers were placed into storage and were evaluated on a two week sampling schedule thereafter. Forty tubers were removed from the sample door in each bin every two weeks and sent to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. The sample door is located in the center back side of each storage bin and is an access door that allows samples to be taken from the pile three feet above the bottom of the pile. Pressure bruise evaluation began by collecting nine, 20 to 25 lb. tuber samples as each bin was being filled. Three samples were placed at each of three different levels within the bulk bin pile at 5, 10, and 15 feet from the storage floor. The pressure bruise samples were evaluated 3 to 5 days after the bin was unloaded. A set of 25 tubers were randomly selected from each bag and visually inspected for pressure bruise. Each bruise was evaluated for discoloration by removing the tuber skin with a knife. A visual rating was given to the bruise for the presence or absence of flesh color (blackening of flesh). Percent weight loss in each tuber sample was calculated as it was removed from the storage. 133 Objective The Storage and Handling Committee’s objective in testing the varieties in Bins 1-6 was to determine what the optimal storage temperature was for each variety, while maintaining acceptable storage and chip quality. Also of interest was the level of pressure bruise damage that may be incurred by each variety at a given storage temperature. The goal for the Lamoka (NY139) variety was to evaluate longevity at a given storage temperature while maintaining chip quality. Based on initial storage sugar samples and the evidence of elevated sucrose levels, Bins 1 and 2 were held at 55 to 56 degrees F in order to respire off sugar accumulation. Evidence of physical immaturity and the presence of Black Leg in 5 percent of the tubers affected the long term goals for these potatoes. The immediate goals became: 1) get the potatoes to a point of acceptable chip quality, 2) maintain physical storability of the potatoes. The goal for Bins 3 and 4 was to evaluate tuber and chip quality at a given storage temperature. There was a mix of white flesh and yellow flesh tubers in Bin 4, so the bin was sold early for processing, and consequently no valid information was gained from this bin. The goals for the W2133-1 in Bins 5 and 6 were to evaluate chip quality and tuber quality over time at two different storage temperatures. Bulk Bin 1, Lamoka (NY139) Lamoka is a common scab tolerant, round to oval shaped chip processing variety from Cornell University. The variety has shown to have good chip quality late from 48 ºF storage with good internal quality. In the 2010 on-farm variety trials, this line yielded 378 cwt. /A US#1. It has a three year yield average from 2008-2010 of 412 cwt. /A US#1. The specific gravity of this variety averages between at 1.078 – 1.085. Potential draw backs of this variety could be Black Leg and Black Heart susceptibility. These defects need to be evaluated more extensively over different environments and years. For the 2010-2011 storage season, this variety was grown by Lennard Ag. Co., Sturgis, Michigan, which is located in St. Joseph County. The tuber pulp temperature, upon arrival at the storage, was 62.3 ºF. The variety was tested and found to be 82 percent black spot bruise free after bin loading. The tuber quality was of concern based on the presence of some Soft Rot in the tubers, as well as, the high level of sucrose observed in the initial storage samples. This bin was held warm for a longer period than desired to help remove the latent sucrose. Pile humidity was reduced to slow the spread of the Soft Rot pathogen. 134 This bin was loaded on September 8th 2010, and was held at 56 ºF until early November, at which time the sucrose levels decreased to 0.688 mg/g (X10) rating. The sugar related chip defects began to decrease, as well, in mid-November. The sucrose levels were at their lowest point in mid-December at 0.398 mg/g (X10). From this point, until mid-February, this bin was chip processing acceptably. Bin 1 was chip processed in early March as a result of increasing sucrose levels. From early January 2011 to early March, Bin 1 remained at or around 50 ºF. At the time of bin unloading, tuber weight loss was 7.6 percent, with 8.4 percent of the tubers that expressed pressure bruise having discoloration under the skin. The higher than normal amount of tuber flesh discoloration can be explained by the reduction in humidity levels early in the storage season to help reduce the spread of the Soft Rot. The Lamoka tubers from this bin were processed at Utz Quality Foods on March 1st, 2011, with a 1.079 specific gravity, 3 percent external chip defects and 6 percent internal chip defects. The external defects were reported to be mostly pressure bruise. Lamoka has exhibited great agronomic qualities; such as high yield potential, common scab tolerance and good chip quality in small plot tests. The field production of this lot of potatoes was not ideal. The first potential problem was the shortened growing season, as a result of early vine desiccation of the main crop variety in this production field, resulting in physiologically immature tubers. This was evident by the high sucrose levels early in storage. Lamoka has shown to be a 130 day potato, slightly later than the standard chipping variety Snowden. All varieties in the field with Lamoka were also reported to have a similar level of Black Leg. Overall, this variety has many great qualities and needs to be evaluated in large acre trials for a number of years to better understand the storability of this variety. 135 Bulk Bin 2, Lamoka (NY139) These Lamoka potatoes are identical to those in Bin 1. They were produced by Lennard Ag. Co. and more detail regarding their production can be obtained by reading the report from Bin 1. This bin was filled at the same time as Bin 1 on September 8th, 2010. The pulp temperature was good at 62.3 ºF. On arrival, the tubers exhibited signs of physiological immaturity and Soft Rot. The variety was evaluated to be 76 percent bruise free. The initial sucrose rating was 1.069 on September 8th. The pile temperature was maintained at 56.0 ºF after bin loading until early November, when the pile was cooled to 54.0 ºF by late November 2010. The sucrose rating decreased to 0.486 mg/g (X10) and the glucose level was 0.009 mg/g. Fan time and fresh air were maintained at the highest level possible to slow disease spread and encourage tuber respiration. Pile humidity was also reduced to help dry the potato tubers in the pile. All these efforts did not result in being able to maintain tuber quality. Bin 2 was unloaded in early December due to a large amount of wet tuber breakdown resulting from Soft Rot. Bulk Bin 3, MSJ126-9Y MSJ126-9Y is an MSU variety from the Potato Breeding and Genetics program. This variety has moderate tuber size with a generally round appearance. The common scab tolerance is strong. The US#1 yield for this variety is 350 cwt. /A over three years from 2007-2009. The specific gravity is average, ranging from 1.076 to 1.085 in Michigan. MSJ126-9Y was grown by Thorlund Brothers, Inc. in Greenville, MI. The variety has a good set of medium size tubers that average 2.0 to 3.25 inches in diameter. The storage was filled on September 29th 2010 with a pulp temperature of 62.3 ºF. The variety was evaluated to be 88 percent bruise free. Better Made Snack Foods Inc. MSJ126-9Y 10.25 % Total Defects 4.20.11 1.38% Internal Defects 4.14% Color Defects 89.75 % Acceptable 4.73% External Defects 136 The variety was maintained at or around 56 ºF until early December. In mid-December, Bin 3 had a 0.636 sucrose level and a 0.001 glucose level, which led the Storage and Handling Committee to cool the pile to 52 ºF. The varieties’ sucrose values decreased steadily from an early storage high level to its’ lowest point of 0.490 in mid-February, 2011. The glucose level in the tubers varied between 0.001 and 0.003 mg/g fresh weight, November to March. Pile temperature was maintained around 52.0 ºF until mid-February. By early April, the sucrose level began to rise and it was decided that the tubers were losing physiological life and the bin was shipped to Better Made Snack Foods for processing. Tuber weight loss numbers at bin unloading were good at 4.62 percent, and 0.0 percent of the tubers expressed pressure bruise and discoloration under the skin. On April 20th 2011, the bin was sent to Better Made for processing. The picture in the upper right shows a snap- shot of the chip quality from this bin. The total defects are higher than desired at 10.25 percent. These defects appear to be comprised of mostly stem end and internal sugar related defects. The stem end is quite severe. The sugar related defects could have been reduced by processing the bin at an earlier date. Agronomically, the variety performed well, exhibiting strong common scab tolerance. Bulk Bin 4, MSJ126-9Y This bin suffered from an extreme amount of tuber mix, occurring in field production. Due to the high volume of variety mix, the bin was shipped early for processing and no data was collected from this storage bin of MSJ126-9Y. 137 7.5 % Color Defects 3.0 % Internal Defects 77.0 % Acceptable 6.3 % Greening 6.2 % External Defects Better Made Snack Foods Inc. W2133-1 23.0 % Total Defects 4.26.11 Bulk Bin 5, W2133-1 W2133-1 is a University of Wisconsin developed variety. In the 2010 on farm trials, this variety yielded 496 cwt./A US#1. It has a three year US#1 yield average of 490 cwt./A from 2008-2010. This variety is uniform round in type. It exhibits some moderate common scab tolerance. In-row seed spacing is recommended at 10.5 to 11.5 inches. The tuber set per plant is 10- 18 tubers. The potatoes in Bin 5 were grown by Walther Farms, Three Rivers, MI., and were harvested and loaded into storage on October 14th 2010, with a pulp temperature of 61.0 ºF. The overall size profile of the tubers was small, with 50 percent of the tubers being under 3 inches in diameter. The tubers were determined to be 84% bruise free after bin loading. The tubers were held for two weeks to suberize and then were cooled at 0.2 ºF per day until the potatoes reached a pulp temperature of 52.0 ºF in early December 2010. At this time, the status of the potatoes was reevaluated and then cooled to 49.0 ºF for holding. In mid-February 2011, the tubers reached their most stable sugar levels of the storage season, with a 0.445 sucrose value and a 0.002 glucose value. From this point, the sucrose value rose steadily until the potatoes were shipped in late April. Because the sucrose and glucose levels were increasing steadily, it was determined that the bin was losing dormancy and should be shipped with a 0.686 sucrose rating and a 0.008 glucose value. The pile temperature was 52.0 ºF on the date of shipping. The picture at the upper right depicts the overall chip quality of this load after processing at Better Made Snack Foods, Inc. on April 26, 2011. Hollow Heart was evident in the internal chip defects, as well as, some pressure bruise in the external defect score. The amount of green was significant and can be attributed to heavy rain during the growing season. The weight loss in this bin was at 5.59 percent, with 5.8 percent of the tubers having pressure bruise and discoloration under the skin, which was evidenced in the external defects. This bin of W2133-1 processed acceptably at Better Made. The specific gravity of the tubers at the time of processing was 1.081. Overall, this variety has good chip quality and processing potential into April. Yield potential can be variable and is potentially negatively affected by this variety having a late vine maturity. The lateness of this variety affects tuber size and yield as well. Managing nitrogen inputs and providing adequate length of growing season are important factors in managing this variety. W2133-1 consistently chips into late March and early April. 138 10.0 % Color Defects 5.0 % Internal Defects 3.9 % External Defects Better Made Snack Foods Inc. W2133-1 20.4 % Total Defects 4.26.11 Bulk Bin 6, W2133-1 The potatoes in Bin 6 were also grown by Walther Farms, Three Rivers, MI., and were also harvested and loaded into storage on October 14th 2010, with a pulp temperature of 61.0 ºF. Upon arrival, the tubers were held for two weeks to suberize and then were cooled at 0.2 ºF per day until the potatoes reached a pulp temperature of 52.0 ºF in early December 2010. At this time, the status of the potatoes was reevaluated and then cooled to 47.8 ºF for holding. The tubers were determined to be 84% bruise free after bin loading. In mid-January 2011, the tubers reached their most stable sugar levels of the storage season with a 0.484 sucrose value and a 0.002 glucose value. The tubers in Bin 6 reached this point much earlier than those in Bin 5, possibly due to the cooler storage temperature. From this point, the sucrose values remained mostly stable until mid-April. Because the sucrose and glucose levels were increasing slightly, it was determined that the bin was losing dormancy and should be shipped with a 0.634 sucrose rating and a 0.002 glucose value. The pile temperature was 52.0 ºF on the date of shipping. The desire of the Storage and Handling Committee was to hold Bin 6 at 2 degrees cooler than Bin 5 and evaluate the difference in tuber and chip quality. The cooler storage temperature appeared to slightly improve chip quality. The picture at the upper right depicts the overall chip quality of this load after processing at Better Made Snack Foods, Inc. on April 26, 2011. Some Hollow Heart was evident in the internal chip defects, as well as, some pressure bruise in the external defect score, similar to Bin 5. The amount of greening of the tubers was much less in Bin 6 than in Bin 5; this was difficult to explain. Better Made reported the tubers to be somewhat undersize in this bin as well. Specific gravity was recorded at 1.084. The weight loss in this bin was at 6.29 percent, with 5.3 percent of the tubers having pressure bruise and discoloration under the skin; this was evidenced in the external defects. This bin of W2133-1 processed acceptably at Better Made. W2133-1 appears to be able to store at temperatures as low as 47.8 ºF. The cooler storage temperature does appear to improve chip quality and the overall physical condition of the tubers at the time of tuber processing. It is possible that W2133-1 can be stored cooler and not induce sugar accumulation. 79.6 % Acceptable 1.5 % Greening 139