Michigan State University AgBioResearch In Cooperation With Michigan Potato Industry Commission Michigan Potato Research Report Volume 48 2016 M i c h i g a n P o t a t o I n d u s t r y C o m m i s s i o n 3515 West Road - Suite A East Lansing, Michigan 48823 www.mipotato.com email:info@mipotato.com 517.253.7370 fax 517.253.7373 January 2017 To all Michigan Potato Growers and Shippers, Research is at the core of the work that continues on the part of the industry. Through research we are able to test, to study, and to advance Michigan potato production. Research is a platform for testing ideas and bringing experiments to life. As crop research expands, we learn more about diseases and storage management. We are able to look at potatoes and their resistance to insects. We can look at the levels of individual elements in a potato and learn more about their relationship with one another, creating a better vegetable in the process. Through research we are able to achieve so many things. This year our focus included the genetic makeup of the potato along with continued soil health analy- sis. The research is aimed to raise the effi ciency and sustainability of modern potato production in Michigan, as well as a variety of storage and handling issues. Insect resistance and tuber set were also priorities in the research conducted this past year in working towards our overall goal to create an eco- nomical, healthy, and abundant food source. The following research report was compiled with the help of the Michigan State University’s AgBioRe- seach and Michigan State University Extension. On behalf of all parties, we are proud to present you with the results of the 2016 potato research projects. We would like to thank our many suppliers, researchers, and all others involved in making this year’s research season a success. As the industry faces new challenges and strives for the perfect potato, we are inspired by the level of cooperation in the industry and look toward future success. Sincerely, Michael R. Wenkel Executive Director Phil Gusmano, Chairman Wayne Leep, Vice Chairman Ted Hanson Travis Horkey Don Kitchen John Marker Kevin Storm Matt Wilkes Ex Officios: Jamie Clover-Adams, MDARD Dr. Dave Douches, MSU Table of Contents Introduction and Acknowledgements 2016 Potato Breeding and Genetics Research Report D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, D. Zarka, K. Felcher, N. Manrique, A. Massa, D. Kells, K. McGlew, C. Zhang and S. Nadakuduti 2016 Potato Variety Evaluations D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, D. Kells, M. Zuehlke, A. Sardarbekov, K. McGlew, C. Zhang, C. Long, and N. Rosenzweig 2016 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Anna Busch, John Calogero, Aaron Yoder, Dr. Dave Douches, Christian Kapp, James DeDecker, Monica Jean, and Ashley MacFarland 2016 On-Farm Soil Health Research: With Special Reference to Bio-Based Systems George Bird, Noah Rosenzweig, Lisa Tiemann, Bruno Basso, and Roy Black Impact of increased cropping system diversity as measured by improved productivity and sustainability in a Michigan potato production system Chris Long, Dr. Lisa Tiemann, Dr. Noah Rosenzweig, Dr. Erin Hill, Monica Jean, Anna Busch, John Calogero, and Aaron Yoder Crop rotations for enhancing soil health, plant health, and disease management in potato production N. Rosenzweig, L. Steere, A. Chomas, C. Long, and K. Steinke Effect of soil fumigants on potato soilborne disease management final report: 2015-2016 L. Steere, R. Schafer, and N. Rosenzweig In-furrow and foliar treatment programs for management of potato early die (PED), 2016 L. Steere, R. Schafer, and N. Rosenzweig 2016 Entomology Potato Research Report: Bee community of commercial potato fields in Michigan and Bombus impatiens visitation to neonicotinoid-treated potato plants Zsofia Szendrei, Amanda L. Buchanan, Jason Gibbs, and Lidia Komondy Page 1 5 19 57 85 95 99 116 120 128 Potato Response to Controlled-Release N and K Fertilizers Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas Potato Response to Phosphorous Application 2016 Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas 2015-2016 Michigan Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report Introduction Chris Long, Anna Busch, and Aaron Yoder New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report Chris Long, Anna Busch, Aaron Yoder, and Brian Sackett Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report Chris Long, Anna Busch, Aaron Yoder, Jolyn Rasmussen, and Brian Sackett 138 140 141 141 146 155 2016 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2016 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by Michigan State University (MSU) potato researchers at several locations. The 2016 report is the 48th volume, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Potato Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), Project GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principle source of funding for each project has been noted in each report. We wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Potato Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude of potato related research in Michigan. Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed, supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on-farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism of the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this committee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research. Special thanks go to Bruce Sackett and Matthew Klein for their management of the MSU Montcalm Research Center (MRC) and the many details which are a part of its operation. We also want to recognize Michelle Wieferich at MPIC and Anna Busch, MSU for helping with the details of this final draft. WEATHER The overall 6-month average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 2016 growing season were nearly identical to the 15 year averages at 73oF and 50oF respectively (Table 1). The average maximum temperatures during August and September was noticeably higher than the 15-year average by 5 oF and 4 oF respectively. Extreme heat events were about average in 2016 (Table 3) with 10 hours over 3 days in which temperatures exceeded 90 oF during the entire summer. The previous 6-year average is 19 hours over 4 days. However, nighttime temperatures were much higher in 2016 compared to the past two years with 147 hours over 31 days exceeding 70 oF. Nighttime temperatures were also higher than the 6-year average of 121 hours over 26 days. Rainfall for April through September was 18.17 inches, which was 1.08 inches above the 15-year average (Table 2). A total of 8.3 inches of irrigation water was applied at the MRC during the months of June, July and August. In general, precipitation during the spring (April-June) was below average, while late season precipitation (July-September) was above average. Precipitation in August was 2.15 inches higher than the previous 15 year average. 1 Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* April May June July August September 6-Month Average Year Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 51 2002 49 2003 49 2004 2005 51 51 2006 50 2007 2008 49 48 2009 52 2010 51 2011 2012 50 49 2013 49 2014 2015 51 2016 51 15-Year Average 57 81 82 76 81 80 80 80 76 82 79 82 80 79 77 85 52 48 49 51 48 50 50 49 50 48 46 48 47 54 54 36 33 37 36 36 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 32 34 63 64 67 65 61 73 67 67 70 68 73 73 68 71 70 68 42 44 46 41 46 47 40 45 49 48 48 48 45 48 45 45 79 77 74 82 78 82 77 76 77 77 84 77 78 76 78 78 77 72 78 77 68 76 73 74 69 70 74 73 72 77 78 74 58 52 54 60 54 54 56 54 57 56 53 55 57 54 53 55 73 72 73 75 72 74 73 71 74 72 77 73 72 73 74 73 62 58 57 58 61 56 58 53 62 62 62 58 54 56 60 58 58 58 53 58 58 58 54 56 61 58 55 54 56 57 60 57 85 81 79 82 83 81 80 75 83 85 90 81 77 80 82 82 56 56 62 62 62 53 61 56 64 53 58 51 55 58 53 80 50 50 Table 2. The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 15-Year Average April 2.88 0.70 1.79 0.69 2.73 2.64 1.59 3.94 1.59 3.42 2.35 7.98 4.24 3.71 2.25 2.83 May 4.16 3.44 8.18 1.39 4.45 1.60 1.69 2.15 3.68 3.08 0.98 4.52 5.51 2.96 2.77 3.37 June 3.28 1.85 3.13 3.57 2.18 1.58 2.95 2.43 3.21 2.38 0.99 2.26 3.25 4.79 1.33 2.61 July 3.62 2.60 1.72 3.65 5.55 2.43 3.07 2.07 2.14 1.63 3.63 1.35 3.71 1.72 3.42 2.82 August September 7.12 2.60 1.99 1.85 2.25 2.34 3.03 4.74 2.63 2.57 3.31 4.06 1.78 2.42 5.35 1.59 2.06 0.32 3.90 3.15 1.18 5.03 1.49 1.88 1.84 0.76 1.33 2.35 3.9 3.05 3.20 2.26 Total 22.65 13.25 17.13 15.05 20.31 11.77 17.36 16.82 15.13 14.92 12.02 21.50 20.84 19.5 18.17 17.09 2 Table 3. Six-year heat stress summary (from May 1st – Sept. 30th)* Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Average Temperatures > 90oF Hours Days 14 70 14 0 3 10 19 4 15 3 0 1 3 4 Night (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70oF Hours Days 32 174 30 143 140 28 15 58 22 66 31 147 121 26 GROWING DEGREE DAYS Table 4 summarizes the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) for 2016 while providing historical data from 2005-2016. GDD are presented from May 1st – September 30th using the Baskerville-Emin method with a base temperature of 40 oF. The total GDD base 40 by the end of September in 2016 was 4053 (Table 4), which is 272 GDD higher than the 12-year average of 3781. This appears to be due to high average daily maximum temperatures during the months of August and September. Table 4. Growing Degree Days* - Base 40°F. Cumulative Monthly Totals Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Average May 419 532 639 447 519 610 567 652 637 522 604 547 558 June 1358 1310 1503 1240 1264 1411 1354 1177 1421 1340 1353 1318 1337 July 2289 2298 2379 2147 2004 2424 2388 2280 2334 2120 2230 2263 2263 August September 3187 3180 3277 2973 2800 3402 3270 3153 3179 2977 3051 3274 3144 3906 3707 3966 3596 3420 3979 3848 3762 3798 3552 3789 4053 3781 *2005-2016 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Center “Enviro-weather”, Michigan Weather Station Network, Entrican, MI. 3 PREVIOUS CROPS, TILLAGE AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area utilized in 2016 was Montcalm Research Center property in the field referred to as ‘MRC4’. This acreage was planted to field corn in 2014 and oats in 2015 with crop residue disked into the soil. In the spring of 2016, the recommended rate of potash was broadcast applied following deep-chisel plowing. The ground was field cultivated and direct planted to potatoes. The area was not fumigated with Vapam prior to potato planting, but Vydate® and Verimark® were applied in-furrow at planting. The soil test analysis for the general crop area (taken in January 2016) was as follows: pH 6.2 P K lbs/A Ca Mg 342 (171 ppm) 162 (81 ppm) 960 (480 ppm) 138 (69 ppm) The fertilizers used in the general plot area are as follows (fertilizer variations used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports). Application Broadcast at plow down At-planting At-cultivation At-hilling Late side dress (late varieties) Analysis 0-0-22-11Mg-22S 0-0-0-21Ca-16S 0-0-0-21Ca-12Mg 10%B 0-0-62 0-0-0-9Zn 28-0-0 10-34-0 28-0-0 10-34-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 Rate 200 lbs/A 150 lbs/A 300 lbs/A 6 lbs/A 350 lbs/A 1 qt/A 24 gpa 16 gpa 24 gpa 16 gpa 100 lbs/A 150 lbs/A Nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O-Ca/Mg/S/Zn) 0-0-44-22Mg-44S 0-0-0-32Ca-24S 0-0-0-63Ca-36Mg 0.6 lb. B 0-0-217 0.3 lb. Zn 72-0-0 19-65-0 72-0-0 19-65-0 46-0-0 69-0-0 HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL A pre-emergence application of Linex at 1.25 quarts/A and Brawl II at 1.0 pints/A was made in late May. Verimark and Vydate were applied in-furrow at planting at a rate of 13.5 fl oz/A and 2 quarts/A, respectively. Vydate was also applied as a foliar spray at a rate of 1.0 quarts/A. Mancozeb (2 lbs/A) and Bravo II (2 pts/A) fungicides were applied on three and twelve dates respectively between June and mid-September. Potato vines were desiccated with Reglone on September 9th at a rate of 2 pints/A. 4 2016 MSU POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT January 2017 David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuelke, D. Zarka, K. Felcher, N. Manrique, A. Massa, D. Kells, K. McGlew, C. Zhang and S. Nadakuduti Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Cooperators: Robin Buell, Ray Hammerschmidt, Noah Rosenzweig and Chris Long INTRODUCTION At Michigan State University, we have been dedicated to developing improved potato varieties for the chip-processing and tablestock markets for over 25 years. The program is one of four integrated breeding programs in the North Central region supported through the USDA/NIFA Potato Special Grant. At MSU, we conduct a comprehensive multi-disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety development that integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches to breed for disease and insect resistance that is positioned to respond to scientific and technology opportunities that emerge. We are also developing more efficient methods to breed improved potato varieties. In Michigan, variety development requires that we primarily develop high yielding round white potatoes with excellent chip-processing quality from the field and/or storage. In addition, there is a need for table varieties (russet, red, yellow, and round white). We conduct variety trials of advanced selections and field experiments at MSU research locations (Montcalm Research Center, Lake City Research Center, Clarksville Research Center, and MSU Agronomy Farm), we ship seed to other states and Canadian provinces for variety trials, and we cooperate with Chris Long on grower trials throughout Michigan. We are also the lead institution coordinating the Potatoes USA National Chip Processing Trial, a collaborative breeding and selection program involving 14 US breeding programs, 10 testing locations, annually evaluating hundreds of new potato clones. Through conventional crosses in the greenhouse, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and also screen and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties (e.g. combining chip-processing, scab resistance, PVY resistance, late blight resistance and higher specific gravity). I am happy to see the increase in scab, late blight and PVY resistance in the breeding material and selections. Through the USDA/AFRI SolCAP project we developed a new set of DNA genetic markers (8,303) called SNPs that are located in the 39,000 genes of potato. We now have expanded the number of SNPs to 22,000 and are further expanding the number of SNPS to 35,000 on the next version of the array. This SolCAP translational genomics project has finally giving us the opportunity to link genetic markers to important traits 5 (reducing sugars, starch, scab resistance, etc.) in the cultivated potato lines and then breed them into elite germplasm. The SNPs also allow us to accurately DNA fingerprint the varieties and maintain a database with thousands of different potato clones that can be used for variety identification and pedigree analysis. In addition, our program has been utilizing genetic engineering as a tool to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm for traits such as insect resistance, late blight and PVY resistance, lower reducing sugar, nitrogen use efficiency and drought. Potatoes USA and collaborating chip processors are supporting national early generation trials through the National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) which fees lines into the SNaC trials and also fast track lines into commercial NexGen testing. Promising selections from the MSU Breeding Program are entered in the NCPT fast track NexGen program for seed increase and commercial evaluation on grower’s farms and chip-processors. We have also been funded through the USDA/SCRI Acrylamide project to link genetic markers with lower acrylamide traits. This research is nearing completion and we have lines with lower tuber asparagine and lower acrylamide forming potential in the processed chips. We also have funding to develop genome editing technologies that may not be classified as genetic engineering through a USDA/BRAG grant. This technology can be used to introduce lower sugars, bruising and asparagine. We also hope to use the technology to edit late blight resistance genes. We also have a USDA/AFRI diploid breeding grant to develop some foundational diploid breeding germplasm. Last year we were awarded the USAID grant to generate late blight resistance potatoes for Bangladesh and Indonesia. This project brings us into cutting edge GM work with Simplot and the International Potato Center. Lastly we have NSF-funded grants to better understand the potato genome and study wound-healing in potato. These in-house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate advanced technologies with the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. The breeding goals at MSU are based upon current and future needs of the Michigan potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, marketable specific gravity, disease resistance (scab, late blight, early die, and PVY), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out-of-the-field, storage, and extended cold storage) and cooking quality, bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality, and appearance. As these goals are met, we will be able to reduce production input costs as well as the reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance with new potato varieties. Over the years, key infrastructure changes have been established for the breeding program to make sound assessments of the breeding selections moving through the program. This past year we constructed a greenhouse to expand our breeding and certified minituber seed production. This greenhouse is at the MSU Crops facility on south campus. We also are creating a companion tissue culture lab at the facility for certified seed activities. In 2016 we began to upgrade the grading line to collect individual tuber weight and count data. We would like to complete this process in 2017 then expand storage capacity in the near future. 6 I. Varietal Development Breeding The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for cold chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2016 field season, progeny from about 500 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for yellow flesh, long/russet types, red skin, and novelty market classes. During the 2016 harvest, over 1,000 selections were made from the 60,000 seedlings produced. In addition, about 200 first year selections from elite chip-processing crosses segregating for PVY resistance were made in a commercial field with high scab pressure. All potential chip-processing selections will be tested in January and April 2017 directly out of 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) storages. Atlantic, Pike (50°F chipper) and Snowden (45°F chipper) are chip-processed as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection cycle that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chip-processing potential. At the 12-hill and 30-hill evaluation state, about 200 and 100 selections were made, respectively; based upon chip quality, specific gravity, scab resistance, late blight resistance and DNA markers for PVY and Golden nematode resistance. Selection in the early generation stages has been enhanced by the incorporation of the scab and late blight evaluations of the early generation material. We are pushing our early generation selections from the 30-hill stage into tissue culture to minimize PVY issues in our breeding and seed stock. We are now using a cryotherapy method that was developed in our lab to remove viruses. We feel that this technique predictably and quickly removes viruses from tissue culture stocks. Our results show that we are able to remove both PVY and PVS from lines, but PVS can be difficult to remove in certain lines. We also successfully tested the removal of PLRV. Chip-Processing Over 80% of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their pedigree. Our most promising advanced chip-processing lines are MSR127-2 (scab resistant), MSX540-4 (scab, late blight and PVY resistant) MSV313-2 (scab resistant), MSW485-2 (late blight resistant), MSV358-3 (scab resistant), MSW075-2 (scab resistant), MSZ222-19 (scab resistant), MSZ242-09 (scab resistant) and MSZ219-1 and MSZ219-14 (both are scab, late blight and PVY resistant). We have some newer lines to consider, but we are removing virus from those lines. We are using the NCPT trials to more effectively identify promising new selections. Tablestock Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance, low internal defects, good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab, late blight and PVY. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet and yellow-fleshed lines. We have also been selecting some pigmented skin and tuber flesh lines that fit some specialty markets. We are proposing the release of MSX001-4WP as ‘Purple Soul.’ There is also interest in some additional specialty mini-potatoes for the emerging small size, “mini” market. We have interest from some western specialty potato growers to test and commercial these lines. 7 From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of promising yellow-fleshed and red-skinned lines, as well as some purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also selecting for a table russet, round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on-farm trials in 2016, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Center. Promising tablestock lines include MSS576-05SPL, MSV093-1Y, MST252-1Y, MSV179-1, MSW343-2R, MSX324-1P and MSV111-02. We have a number of tablestock selections with late blight resistance (MSS576-5SPL and MST145-02). MSZ109-8PP and MSZ109- 10PP are purple-fleshed chippers with deep purple flesh, round shape and attractive skin. We are increasing seed of Missuakee for international markets due to its late blight resistance and Golden nematode resistance. Jacqueline Lee was licensed to Australia. Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Scab: In 2016 we had two locations to evaluate scab resistance: a commercial field with a history of severe common scab infection (kindly provided by Sackett Potatoes) and a highly infected site at the Montcalm Research Center in the commercial production area. The commercial site and the Montcalm Research Center both gave us high infection levels. The susceptible checks of Snowden and Atlantic were highly infected with pitted scab. Promising resistant selections were MSR127-2, MSU383-A, MST252-1Y, MSV179-1, MSW474-01, MSV383-B, MSZ219-1, MSZ219-14, MSU379- 1, MSW509-5, MSZ222-19 as well as the Z-series selections from the commercial scab site. The high level of scab infection at the on-farm site with a history of scab infection and MRC has significantly helped with our discrimination of resistance and susceptibility of our lines. The MRC scab site was used for assessing scab susceptibility in our advanced breeding lines and early generation material and is summarized below (Table 1). All susceptible checks were scored as susceptible. Table 1. Scab Disease Nursery Ratings from MSU Montcalm Research Center trials. Trial Variety Trial Early Generation Diploid Note: Lines with a scab rating of 1.5 or less are considered resistant to common scab. Scab Rating (0-5 High) 2.0 72 82 30 2.5 39 33 14 3.0 17 11 0 0.5 5 28 36 1.0 31 70 20 1.5 66 80 30 3.5 3 4 0 4.0 0 0 0 Total 233 308 124 Based upon this data, scab resistance is increasing in the breeding program. These data were also incorporated into the early generation selection evaluation process at Lake City. We are seeing that this expanded effort is leading to more scab resistant lines advancing through the breeding program. We conducted a three-year selection study at Sackett Potatoes to select scab- resistant chip-processors. Starting with about 5,000 progeny from elite crosses we narrowed the population to about 40 selections that had commercial potential based upon shape, yield, scab resistance, chip-processing quality and high solids. In 2015 we made 18 selections from 40 scab-resistant chip-processing selections. The most most- 8 promising selections have been advanced to replicated trials at MRC and also the NCPT trials. These lines are all in tissue culture but some lines need virus cleanup. MSZ219-1 and MSZ219-14 are the first lines advancing from this cohort. Late Blight: Our specific objective is to breed improved cultivars for the industry that have foliar and tuber resistance to late blight using a combination of conventional breeding, marker-assisted strategies and transgenic approaches. Through conventional breeding approaches, the MSU potato breeding and genetics program has developed a series of late blight resistant advanced breeding lines and cultivars that have diverse sources of resistance to late blight. In 2016 we conducted late blight trials at the Clarksville Research Center. We inoculated with the US23 genotype and the results are summarized in Table 2. Over fourteen sources of resistance can be traced in the pedigrees of these resistant lines. This data infers that we have a broad genetic base to combine resistance genes and also should be able to respond to changes in the pathogen. Table 2. Advanced Breeding lines with foliar late blight resistance in inoculated (US23) field trials at the MSU Clarksville Research Center. 9 PVY: We are using PCR-based DNA markers to select potatoes resistant to PVY. The gene is located on Chromosome 11. In our first round we made crosses in 2013 to generate over 7,000 progeny segregating for PVY resistance. These crosses were planted in 2014 and 715 progeny were selected in the fall. DNA was isolated from those lines in the winter and 45% of the lines were positive for the DNA marker. In 2015 we planted these lines and selected 105 for further study. Each year since 2013 we are making new crosses, making selections and expanding the germplasm base that has PVY resistance (Table 3). We are also using DNA markers to also screen for PVX resistance, PLRV resistance, late blight resistance and Golden nematode resistance. Table 3. Third year selections with both PVY and scab resistance. 10 MSU Lines with Commercial Tracking _______________________________________________________________________ McBride (MSJ126-9Y) Parentage: Penta x OP Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Trademark Strengths: McBride is a chip-processing potato with an attractive round appearance with shallow eyes. McBride has a medium vine and an early to mid-season maturity. This variety has resistance to Streptomyces scabies (common scab) stronger than Pike. McBride also has excellent chip-processing long-term storage characteristics and better tolerance to blackspot bruise than Snowden. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, common scab resistance superior to Pike, and good tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ Manistee (MSL292-A) Parentage: Snowden x MSH098-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Applied for. Strengths: Manistee is a chip-processing potato with an attractive round appearance with shallow eyes. Manistee has a full-sized vine and an early to mid-season maturity. Manistee has above average yield potential and specific gravity similar to Snowden. This variety has excellent chip-processing long-term storage characteristics and a similar to better tolerance to blackspot bruise than Snowden. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, above average yield, specific gravity similar to Snowden, and good tuber type. 11 ________________________________________________________________________ Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1) Parentage: Pike x NY121 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Trademark Strengths: MSR061-1 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and moderate foliar late blight (Phytophthora infestans) resistance. This variety has medium yield similar to Pike and a 1.079 (average) specific gravity and an attractive, uniform, round appearance. MSR061-1 has a medium vine and an early to mid-season maturity. Incentives for production: Chip-processing quality with common scab resistance similar to Pike, moderate foliar late blight resistance (US8 genotype), and uniform, round tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ MSV093-1Y Parentage: McBride x MSP408-14Y Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For Strengths: MSV093-1Y is a high yield potential yellow-flesh breeding line with an attractive, round tuber shape. This line has demonstrated excellent high yield potential in replicated trials at the MSU Montcalm Research Center and on grower field trials throughout Michigan. This yellow flesh line has excellent internal quality (few defects) and a low incidence of blackspot bruise. MSV093-1Y also has moderate scab tolerance. MSV093-1Y has a strong vine and a mid-early season maturity. Incentives for production: High yield potential with an attractive tuber shape with good yellow flesh with excellent internal quality. 12 ________________________________________________________________________ MSR127-2 (Spartan Chipper) Parentage: MSJ167-1 x MSG227-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSR127-2 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). This variety yields greater than Atlantic and Snowden, has a 1.086 (average) specific gravity, and an attractive, uniform, round appearance. MSR127-2 has a strong vine and a full-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip- processing quality. Incentives for production: Long-term chip-processing quality with common scab resistance similar to Pike, and uniform, round tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ Purple Soul (MSX001-4WP) Parentage: ARS10091 x MSL211-3 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: Trademark Strengths: Purple Heart is a very unique potato variety with a smooth, bright white skin and a surprisingly deep purple flesh. This line has excellent agronomic features for yield, tuber size, and maturity. 13 ________________________________________________________________________ MSX540-4 Parentage: Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSX540-4 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to potato virus Y (PVY), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). This variety has average yield with a high specific gravity, and a high percentage of A-size tubers with an attractive, uniform shape. MSX540-4 has a strong vine and a mid- to late-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSX540-4 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT). Incentives for production: Long-term chip-processing quality with resistance to PVY and late blight, and tolerance to common scab. ________________________________________________________________________ MSW485-2 Parentage: MSQ070-1 x MSR156-7 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSW485 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to and late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and stronger tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) than Atlantic. This variety has high yield and good specific gravity, with attractive, uniformly round tubers. MSW485-2 has a strong vine and a mid-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long- term storage chip-processing quality. MSW485-2 has performed well in multiple locations in the Potatoes USA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT) and national SFA (SNaC) trials. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality out of the field and long- term chip quality with resistance to late blight and a good size profile. 14 ________________________________________________________________________ MSZ219-14 Parentage: Saginaw Chipper x MSR127-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSZ219-14 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to potato common scab (Streptomyces scabies), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and potato virus Y (PVY). This variety has a high yield with a high specific gravity, and a high percentage of A-size tubers with an attractive, uniform shape. MSZ219-14 has a strong vine and a mid- to late-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSZ219-14 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT). Incentives for production: Long-term chip-processing quality with resistance to common scab, late blight, and PVY. II. Germplasm Enhancement mapping populations) for late blight resistance, scab resistance, virus resistance, insect resistance and also for tuber quality traits. We have been characterizing these populations for their traits and have conducted the linkage analysis studies using the SNP marker genotyping. The mapping populations have been a major research focus for us over the previous four years as we try to correlate the field data with the genetic markers. We now have DNA SNP markers linked to late blight resistance, scab resistance, chip color, tuber asparagine and specific gravity. We will now start using this linkage information to assist us in breeding. Our first SNP marker is linked to a gene for late blight resistance on Chr. 9 and the second is located on Chr. 10. species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to Colorado potato beetle, late blight, potato early die, and ability to cold-chip process. We are now placing more emphasis on the diploid breeding effort because of the advantages the breeding system brings when we introduce the ability to self-pollinate and develop inbred lines. Features of diploid breeding include 1) a simpler genetic system than current breeding methods, 2) tremendous genetic diversity for economic traits, 3) minimal crossing barriers to cultivated potato, 4) the ability to reduce genetic load (or poor combinations) through selfing and 5) the ability to create true breeding lines like wheat, soybeans and dry beans. We are also using some inbred lines of S. chacoense that have fertility and vigor (also a source of Verticillium wilt resistance) to initiate our efforts to develop inbred lines with our own Since 2010 we developed six tetraploid genetic mapping populations and six diploid The diploid genetic material represent material from several South American potato 15 diploid germplasm. We have over 40 populations that we are cycling to make selections and we also selected Atlantic dihaploids (maternal progeny from Atlantic) to cross to this material so we can develop inbred chip-processing diploid lines. This new diploid potato breeding project is expanding to develop promising lines to use as parents in the future. I am including some pictures to demonstrate the progress we have made in breeding diploid potatoes (Figures 1 and 2). Cycles two and three MSDD808'10)) (MSCC809'02)X)Bulk1)) MSDD829'09)) (MSCC825'02)X)Bulk1)) MSEE741'18)) MSEE739'04)) (MSDD855'01)X)Bulk1)) Fig. 1. Diploid selections from Recurrent Selection Cycles 2 and 3. (MSDD857'03)X)Bulk1)) Backcross to dihaploids MSCC864'17* (ATL.M.403*X*Bulk3)* MSCC864'19* (ATL.M.403*X*Bulk3)* MSEE872'03* (VT_SUP_96*X*(ATL.M.403*X*M6)* Fig. 2. Diploid selections from Backcross breeding with S. tuberosum dihaploids. (VT_SUP_96*X*(ATL.V.024*X*MSBB912)* MSEE823'05* 16 We have used lines with Verticillium wilt resistance, PVY resistance, and cold chip- processing. We are monitoring the introgression of this germplasm through marker assisted selection. Through previous GREEEN funding, we were able to continue a breeding effort to introgress leptine-based insect resistance using new material selected from USDA/ARS material developed in Wisconsin. With our new diploid breeding initiative we have developed a mapping population to link the beetle resistance with SNP markers. We will continue conducting field screening for resistance to Colorado potato beetle at the Montcalm Research Center. These lines are being used crosses to further transmit insect resistance. III. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding PVY resistance to three PVY strains (O, N and NTN) of the MSE149-5Y, Classic Russet, Silverton Russet and Russet Norkotah lines were initially evaluated by Jonathan Whitworth in inoculated greenhouse studies. A number of lines with PVY resistance to all strains were identified. Following seed production, we conducted a PVY resistance field tests in 2015 and 2016. In the inoculated field tests at MSU the MSE149-5Y line was resistant to PVY as well as the Classic Russet line (Figure 3). We identified a number of Silverton Russet lines with increased PVY resistance but none with complete resistance to all three PVY strains. The Russet Norkotah lines were not highly resistant. Detection of PVY Infection in Foliage MSE149-5Y MSE149.87.22 a b a b Detection of PVY Infection in Foliage Classic Russet A95.87.05 b b a a Fig. 3. Detection of PVY infection in foliage in PVY resistance field studies at MSU. Regarding late blight resistance, we have many lines with the RB gene for late blight resistance transformed into MSU lines. The addition of the RB gene allows us to test the effect of multiple resistance genes on the strength of resistance. Our data supports the need to pyramid the late blight resistance R-genes to achieve the best levels of resistance. We have also generated lines with the genes for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). Field trials with reduced fertilizer and non-irrigated conditions were conducted for a subset of these lines in 2014, 2015 and 2016, for NEU and WUE, respectively. The best subset of lines will continue to be tested in 2017. Lastly, we have some lines with the vacuolar acid invertase (VInv) silencing. There are three MSE149-5Y lines with good silencing that maintain low reducing sugars in 40 °F 17 (4 °C) storage. We have made crosses with these lines to study the inheritance of the invertase silencing trait. We will report on these results next year. We have generated a few Kalkaska invertase silencing lines and one line Kal91.03, has resistance to accumulating reducing sugars in 40 °F (4 °C) storage (Figure 4). We tested the agronomic characteristics of Kal91.03 in 2016. The initial results are suggesting that the invertase silencing line has good tuber type, size and similar specific gravity. We will evaluate yield in 2017. Fig. 4. Kalkaska tubers (left) and chip samples (right) of Kal.91.3 processed directly from 3 months storage at 40 °F (4 °C). 18 Funding: Fed. Grant/MPIC 2016 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, D. Kells, M. Zuehlke, A. Sardarbekov, K. McGlew, C. Zhang, C. Long and N. Rosenzweig Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Each year, the MSU potato breeding and genetics team conducts a series of INTRODUCTION variety trials to assess advanced potato selections from the Michigan State University and other potato breeding programs at the Montcalm Research Center (MRC). In 2016, we tested over 200 varieties and breeding lines in the replicated variety trials, plus over 150 lines in the National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT). The variety evaluation also includes disease testing in the scab nursery (Montcalm Research Center) and foliar and tuber late blight evaluation (Clarksville Research Center). The objectives of the evaluations are to identify superior varieties for fresh or chip-processing markets. The varieties were compared in groups according to market class, tuber type, skin color, and to the advancement in selection. We added a trial to focus on specialty market classes. Each season, total and marketable yields, specific gravity, tuber appearance, incidence of external and internal defects, chip color (from the field, 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) storage), as well as susceptibilities to common scab, late blight (foliar and tuber), and blackspot bruising are determined. We would like to acknowledge the collaborative effort of the Michigan Potato Industry and research colleagues Bruce and Tim Sackett and the MSU Potato Breeding Team (especially N. Garrity, M. Alhashany, S. Islam, E. Pawa, F. Enciso, N. Kirkwyland, M. Bloehm, J. Fischer, G. Billings and M. Forbush) for helping to get the field research done. PROCEDURE Entrican, MI. They were planted as randomized complete block designs with two to four replications. The plots were 23 feet (7 m) long and spacing between plants was 10 inches (25.4 cm). Inter-row spacing was 34 inches (86.4 cm). Supplemental irrigation was applied as needed. Nutrient, weed, disease and insect management were similar to recommendations used by the commercial operations in Montcalm County. The field experiments were conducted on a sandy loam soil that has been out of potato production for 12 years. Oats were grown in 2015 on this ground. The field variety trials were conducted at the Montcalm Research Center in 19 The most advanced selections were tested in the Advanced chip and tablestock trials, representing selections at an advanced stage after the preliminary trials. The other field trials were the North Central, Russet, Preliminary (chip-processors and tablestock), Preliminary Pigmented, the NCPT and the early observational trials. 2016 was the sixth year of the National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT). The purpose of the trial is to evaluate early generation breeding lines from the US public breeding programs for their use in chip-processing. The NCPT has 9 trial locations (Northern sites: NY, MI, WI, ND, OR and Southern: NC, FL, CA, TX) in addition to a scab trial in MN. For 2016, the scab trial was conducted in Wisconsin instead of Minnesota. In each of these trials, the yield was graded into four size classes, incidence of external and internal defects in >3.25 in. (8.25 cm) diameter (or 10 oz. (283.5 g) for Russet types) potatoes were recorded. Samples were taken for specific gravity, chip- processing, disease tests and bruising tests. Chip quality was assessed on 25-tuber composite sample from four replications, taking two slices from each tuber. Chips were fried at 365°F (185°C) for 2 minutes 15 seconds or until fully cooked. The chip color was measured visually with the SFA 1-5 color chart and a Minolta colorimeter using crushed chips. Tuber samples were also stored at 45°F (7.2°C) and 50°F (10°C) for chip- processing out of storage in January and April. Advanced selections are also placed in the MPIC B.F. Burt Cargill Commercial Demonstration Storage in Entrican, MI for monthly sampling. The lines in the agronomic trials were assessed for common scab resistance at the scab disease nursery at the Montcalm Research Center. There has been very strong scab disease pressure at the new Montcalm Scab Disease Nursery since 2010. The 2016 late blight trial was conducted at the Clarksville Research Center. Maturity ratings (1 early - 5 late) were taken for all variety trial plots in late August to differentiate early and late maturing lines. The simulated blackspot bruise results for average spots per tuber have also been incorporated into the summary sheets. RESULTS A. Advanced Chip-Processing Trial (Table 1) A summary of the 35 entries evaluated in the trial results is given in Table 1. Overall, the yields for the Advanced trial (140 days) were average to above. The check varieties for this trial were Snowden, Atlantic, and Pike. The highest yielding lines were Snowden, MSU379-1, MSZ222-19, MSR127-2 and MSZ219-1. Vascular discoloration, internal brown spot and hollow heart were the predominant internal defects. Specific gravity was very low with a trial average of 1.073. Snowden and Atlantic had a specific gravity of 1.075 and 1.077 respectively. All chip-processing entries in the trial had excellent chip-processing quality out of the field, with an SFA score of 1.0. Many of the MSU breeding lines have good scab resistance. Ten top chipping lines were classified as having scab resistance scores better than Lamoka (see Table 1). Overall, the most promising lines in the trial were MSZ222-19 (scab resistant), MSR127-2 (scab resistant), 20 North Central Regional Trial Entries (Table 2) The North Central Trial is conducted in a wide range of environments (6 regional MSZ219-1 and MSZ219-14 (both scab, PVY and late blight resistant), MSZ242-09 (scab resistant) and MSW485-02 (late blight resistant). B. locations) to provide adaptability data for the release of new varieties from Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Canada. The trial was reformatted to focus on table potatoes. Twenty-seven entries were tested in Michigan in 2016. The results are presented in Table 2. The reference varieties for this trial were Red Norland, Yukon Gold and Russet Norkotah. The highest yielding line in the trial was MSV093-1Y. MSV093-1Y produces a high percentage of oversize tubers that with no internal defects moderate scab tolerance. Certified seed for this line is being produced in the greenhouse for larger commercial testing. Other MSU lines that looked promising were MSW316- 3PY, MSX324-1P (top appearance plus scab resistance), MSX540-4 and MSZ219-14 (both scab, PVY and late blight resistant chip-processors). There are some promising red- skinned entries from North Dakota and Wisconsin. C. We continue to increase our russet breeding efforts to reflect the growing interest in russet types in Michigan. In 2016, 19 lines were evaluated after 126 days. The results are summarized in Table 3. The Russet trial includes entries from the North Central Regional Trial (NCR). Russet Norkotah and Silverton Russet were the reference varieties used in the trial. In general, the yields were average for many russet lines while both references had below average yields. Specific gravity average for the trial was 1.065 reflecting the hot season. There was not a high level of internal defects nor cull tubers. Bruise incidence was also low. The highest yielding lines were Caribou Russet, WND8625-2RUS, ND050032-4Rus and CW08221-5Rus. Mountain Gem suffered from 40% hollow heart in the large tubers. Scab resistance was common among the lines but susceptibility was observed in a number of the russet lines (see Table 3). No late blight resistance was observed in these lines at the inoculated late blight field trial (Clarksville Research Center). D. The Adaptation Trial of the tablestock lines was harvested after 136 days and the results of 21 lines are summarized in Table 4. The majority of the lines evaluated in the Adaptation Trial were tested in the Preliminary Trial the previous year. Three reference cultivars (Reba, Yukon Gold and Onaway) and 18 advanced breeding lines are reported in the tablestock trial. In general, the yields were above average and internal defects were low, but Lehigh had 23% hollow heart incidence. MSV111-02 had 37.5% brown center. The highest yielding lines were MSV093-1, MSW501-5121-5R, MSV111-02 and MST191-2Y. MSV093-1Y is an attractive yellow-fleshed table selection high yield potential and moderate scab tolerance. The challenge remains to combine scab and late blight resistance together. The lines with scab tolerance were MSV093-1Y, MSV179-1, Russet Trial (Table 3) Adaptation Trial (Table 4) 21 MSW343-2R, MST252-2Y and MSX324-1P. Other promising late blight resistant lines were MST191-2Y and Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1). Purple Soul (MSX001-4WP) offers a unique visual combination (white skin with a purple flesh) but the yield was low in this trial. E. Preliminary Trials (Tables 5, 6 and 7) evaluating new advanced selections from the MSU potato breeding program. The division of the trials was based upon pedigree assessment for chip-processing and tablestock utilization. In 2016, there were 143 lines trialed in the three Preliminary trials. The Preliminary trials (chip, table, pigmented) are the first replicated trials for The chip-processing Preliminary Trial (Table 5) had 46 entries was harvested after 133 days. Most lines chip-processed well from the field but specific gravity values were very low with Atlantic at 1.080 and Snowden at 1.079. Internal quality was predominantly hollow heart and internal brown spot. Internal defects were lower than some years, with little hollow heart observed in Atlantic or Snowden. Promising MSU lines are MSY156-02, MSX245-2Y, MSW075-1, MSX495-02, and MSX105-01 combining yield, specific gravity, scab resistance and chip quality. We continue to make progress selecting for chip-processing with scab resistance with 20 lines in the trial with scab ratings equal or lower than Pike (1.5). We are also combing chip-processing quality and late blight resistance, with 5 selections demonstrating strong foliar late blight resistance, and 2 lines with moderate late blight resistance. Table 6 summarizes 49 tablestock entries evaluated in the Preliminary Tablestock Trial. Reba and Superior were the check varieties. This tablestock trial was harvested and evaluated after 127 days. MSY111-1, MSQ086-3, MSU161-01, MSX503-05 and MSV502-05 were the promising highest yielding lines. MSY111-1 combines high yield potential with scab resistance and good internal quality. MSU161-01 combines PVY and late blight resistance with moderate scab tolerance. This trial also had a number of lines with higher levels of internal brown spot. The number of tablestock selections with scab resistance (19) and late blight resistance (13) continue to increase. The interest in the specialty market continues to increase. In 2016, 49 lines were evaluated in a targeted Preliminary Pigmented Trial (Table 7), which was harvested at 127 days. This trial evaluated breeding lines with unique skin and flesh colors. These lines have commercial agronomic performance and specialty characteristics, as well as some scab and late blight resistance. The most promising lines were MSZ109-08PP, MSZ109-10PP, MSZUNK-07PP, MSX569-1R and MSZ416-08RY. The purple-fleshed lines are noted for their intense dark flesh color combined with round tuber shape and bright skins. Scab resistance was noted in 19 of the entries. Also, five lines had foliar resistance to late blight in the CRC late blight trials. 22 Potato Common Scab Evaluation (Tables 8 and 9) Each year, a replicated field trial is conducted to assess resistance to common F. scab. The scab trial is now located at the Montcalm Research Center where high common scab disease pressure was observed in the previous six years. This location is being used for the early generation observational scab trial (432 lines) and the scab variety trial (233 lines). We use a rating scale of 0-5 based upon a combined score for scab coverage and lesion severity. Usually examining one year's data does not indicate which varieties are resistant but it should begin to identify ones that can be classified as susceptible to scab. Our goal is to evaluate important advanced selections and varieties in the study at least three years to obtain a valid estimate of the level of resistance in each line. The 2014- 2016 scab ratings are based upon the Montcalm Research Center site. Table 8 categorizes many of the varieties and advanced selections tested in 2016 over a three-year period. The varieties and breeding lines are placed into six categories based upon scab infection level and lesion severity. A rating of 0 indicates zero scab infection. A score of 1.0 indicates a trace amount of infection. A moderate resistance (1.2 – 1.5) correlates with <10% infection. Scores of 4.0 or greater are found on lines with >50% surface infection and severe pitted lesions. The check varieties Russet Norkotah, GoldRush, Red Norland, Yukon Gold, Onaway, Pike, Atlantic, and Snowden can be used as references (bolded in Table 8). The table is sorted in ascending order by 2016 scab rating. This year’s results continue to indicate that we have been able to breed numerous lines with resistance to scab. Scab ratings ranged from 0.4 -3.6 for the variety trial A total of 102 lines, of the 233 tested, had a scab rating of 1.5 or lower in 2016. The lines listed in Table 8 also note whether the line has late blight and PVY resistance as well as a 2 or 3-year scab rating average. Most notable scab resistant MSU lines are found in the trial summaries (Tables 1-7). blight resistance and PVY resistance such as Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1), MSU161- 01, MSX540-4, MSZ219-1, MSZ219-13 and MSZ219-14. We also continue to conduct early generation scab screening on selections in the breeding program beginning after two years of selection. Of the 432 early generation selections that were evaluated, 258 had scab resistance (scab rating of ≤ 1.5) (Table 9). The early generation selections also include diploid selections. H. Late Blight Trial (Tables 10 and 11) entries were planted in early June for late blight evaluation. These include lines tested in a replicated manner from the agronomic variety trials (150 lines) and 228 entries in the early generation observation plots. The trials were inoculated in late July and early August with the US-23 genotype of P. infestans. Late blight infection was identified in the plots about 3 weeks after the first inoculation due to the hot dry weather. The plots In 2016, the late blight trial was planted at the Clarksville Research Center. 378 There are also an increasing number of scab resistant lines that also have late 23 were evaluated 1-2 times per week over a 50-day period following inoculation. In 2016 the replicated variety trial 32 lines had late blight resistance (Table 10), while 61 lines in the early generation observation plots had late blight resistance (Table 11). These were from various late blight resistance sources in the pedigree of the selections (LBR9, Malinche, Kenya Baraka, Monserrat, Torridon, Stirling, NY121, Tollocan, B0718-3, Chaposa, S. bulbocastanum, S. microdontum, Muruta, Enfula, Perkoz, Basadre, etc.). Most notable lines with late blight resistance include MSR061-1, MSX540-4, MSZ219- 01, MSZ219-13, MSZ219-14, MSS576-05SPL, MSW485-2, MSW121-2R and MSV235- 2PY. I. Blackspot Bruise Susceptibility (Table 12) Evaluations of advanced seedlings and new varieties for their susceptibility to blackspot bruising are also important in the variety evaluation program. Based upon the results collected over the past years, the non-bruised check sample has been removed from our bruise assessment. A composite bruise sample of each line in the trials consisted of 25 tubers (a composite of 4 replications) from each line, collected at the time of grading. The 25 tuber sample was held in 50°F (10°C) storage overnight and then was placed in a hexagon plywood drum and tumbled 10 times to provide a simulated bruise. The samples were peeled in an abrasive peeler in October and individual tubers were assessed for the number of blackspot bruises on each potato. These data are shown in Table 12. The bruise data are represented in two ways: percentage of bruise free potatoes and average number of bruises per tuber. A high percentage of bruise-free potatoes is the desired goal; however, the numbers of blackspot bruises per potato is also important. Cultivars which show blackspot incidence greater than Atlantic are approaching the bruise-susceptible rating. In addition, the data is grouped by trial, since the bruise levels can vary between trials. In 2016 the bruise levels were lower than previous years. There are many lines with lower blackspot bruise potential across the trials. Some of our advanced selections are similar to or less than Atlantic and Snowden in their level of bruising. A few lines will high susceptibility to bruise were identified and will be discontinued from testing. J. National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) data available on-line The Potatoes USA-funded National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) is an effort to synergize the strengths of the public breeding programs in the U.S. to identify improved chip-processing varieties for the industry. Cooperating breeding programs include the USDA (Idaho and Maryland) and land grant universities (Colorado, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, New York, Oregon, Wisconsin and Texas). The coordinated breeding effort includes early stage evaluation of key traits (yield, specific gravity, chip color, chip defects and shape) from coordinated trials in 11 locations. Since the inception of the trial in 2010, over 700 different potato entries, including reference varieties, have been evaluated. The data for all the lines tested are summarized on a searchable, centralized database housed at North Carolina State University. More than 40 promising new breeding lines from the trials have been fast- tracked for larger-scale commercial trials and processor evaluation. The NCPT is also a 24 feeder for the national SNaC International trials. The data from all trials are available in a searchable, on-line database (https://potatoes.ncsu.edu/ncptsrch.php). We are using the NCPT trials to more effectively identify promising new selections. These are MSV301- 2, MSV358-3, MSW485-2, MSW509-5 and MSX540-4. MSZ219-1, MSZ219-14 and MSW075-1 have been added to the mini-fast track. Minituber production and/or commercial seed have been produced of these lines and will be tested in Michigan in 2016. 25 Table 1 CWT/A N US#1 LINE 4 563 Snowden 546 4 MSU379-1 486 4 MSZ222-19 458 4 MSR127-2 458 4 QSMSU10-02 4 457 MSZ219-01 450 4 MSW509-5 450 4 MSW353-03 436 4 MSW044-01 434 4 MSX540-4 425 4 MSZ242-09 4 415 MSZ219-14 403 4 ND7519-1 401 NY153 4 396 COTX09022-3RusRE/Y 4 396 3 MSW485-02 Atlantic 4 395 394 4 MSW474-01 375 4 Manistee 367 4 MSV358-3 359 4 Lamoka MSV030-4 4 357 341 3 NY157 334 4 W6822-3 329 4 AF4648-2 328 4 MSV301-2 324 4 W5955-1 MSV498-1 4 305 294 4 MSV313-2 288 4 MSV383-B 276 4 Pike 266 4 MSV380-1 MSV507-040 4 264 240 MSZ242-13 4 383 MEAN 182 HSD0.05 TOTAL 604 564 503 496 467 463 486 461 478 452 450 433 437 438 431 427 417 453 403 413 378 390 372 377 357 359 345 348 306 343 309 305 279 284 413 187 LBR LBR LBMR TUBER QUALITY4 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP OTF Late Blight US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR SCORE2 SED3 HH VD IBS BC SCAB5 MAT6 BRUISE7 Resistance 93 97 97 92 98 99 93 98 91 96 94 96 92 91 92 93 95 87 93 88 95 91 91 88 92 91 94 87 96 84 89 87 95 85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 - 2.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 20 22 9 40 46 10 61 21 11 9 29 9 6 18 15 16 7 15 5 20 16 9 10 18 7 29 9 36 10 3 1 11 7 85 77 74 84 59 52 82 36 70 85 86 67 83 85 74 78 78 80 78 83 75 75 83 78 74 84 65 78 60 74 86 86 83 78 18 0 0 5 3 0 23 8 13 8 3 20 5 8 0 13 5 0 3 3 10 8 0 10 0 0 13 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 6 3 2 7 1 1 7 2 7 4 5 4 7 8 8 7 5 12 6 11 4 8 9 11 4 8 6 13 3 7 10 11 5 14 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 3 15 0 0 13 0 10 3 3 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 25 0 20 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 9 1 1 0 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LBMR LBR LBR LBR 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.2 1.2 0.1 3.5 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 5.0 0.2 0.7 2.3 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.3 2.8 1.8 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.8 3.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 2.3 2.3 2.5 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.8 1.8 2.3 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.6 2.3 2.9 1.8 2.8 1.1 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.075 1.066 1.078 1.072 1.065 1.074 1.074 1.061 1.076 1.080 1.079 1.069 1.078 1.077 1.069 1.078 1.077 1.072 1.071 1.072 1.072 1.075 1.070 1.078 1.074 1.071 1.071 1.068 1.063 1.078 1.075 1.070 1.079 1.077 1.073 0.011 ADVANCED CHIP-PROCESSING TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 26, 2016 (140 days) DD Base 40°F 34598 PERCENT (%) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 378 - - 418 - - 406* - - 365* - - - - - - 338 362* 257 329* 313 336* 340* - 318* - 328 - 373* 272* - 264* - - 339 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED 4QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 5SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 6MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test, average number of spots per tuber. * Two-Year Average Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/2016 9/9/2016 123 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 26 Table 2 LINE Yellow Flesh and Pigmented MSV093-1Y Yukon Gold ND6961B-21PY W10114-3R Red Norland MSW316-3PY ND6002-1R W10209-2R ATND99331-2PintoY MN13089PLWR-01 ND7834-2P MSX324-1P ND7818-1Y ND7982-1R Purple Soul Russet W10612-8rus CW08221-5rus W10074-3rus CW08071-2rus Russet Norkotah W9523-1rus MN13072PLWR-01Rus MN13063PLWR-01Rus MN13070PLWR-02Rus Round White MSX540-4 MSZ219-14 MEAN HSD0.05 NORTH CENTRAL REGIONAL TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 13, 2016 (127 days) DD Base 40°F 34598 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO CHIP SP GR SCORE2 OTF SED3 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 Late Blight HH VD IBS BC SCAB5 MAT6 Bruise7 Resistance 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 514 444 408 401 382 379 375 334 328 290 285 259 258 249 191 460 431 382 364 339 329 301 278 191 415 357 344 184 551 462 462 428 393 497 398 455 343 318 339 312 371 336 201 488 465 453 426 398 357 322 308 227 428 386 389 174 93 96 88 94 97 76 94 73 95 91 84 83 69 74 95 94 93 84 85 85 92 93 90 83 97 92 7 3 12 6 3 10 5 20 5 7 14 14 20 23 4 6 7 6 10 15 8 6 7 17 3 5 75 65 83 69 78 66 84 73 75 79 83 81 68 74 71 85 69 66 67 83 78 81 66 81 84 70 18 31 6 24 19 11 10 0 20 12 1 2 1 0 24 9 23 18 18 2 14 12 24 2 13 23 0 1 0 1 0 13 1 7 0 2 2 3 10 4 1 0 0 10 5 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 1.065 1.066 1.068 1.054 1.051 1.065 1.059 1.061 1.057 1.069 1.060 1.068 1.060 1.062 1.054 1.065 1.054 1.067 1.070 1.060 1.058 1.069 1.062 1.064 1.075 1.071 1.063 0.019 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 5 15 0 0 20 10 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 15 10 0 0 10 0 5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.3 1.8 2.6 0.3 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.3 0.8 2.3 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 3.0 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.16 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 475* 345 402* 327* 319 - 384* 332* - - - 304* 251* 247* 262* 307* - - - - - - - - LBR LBR 355 - 332 * Two-Year Average 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED 4QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 5SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 6MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test, average number of spots per tuber. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/16 9/9/16 123 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 27 Table 3 RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 12, 2016 (126 days) DD Base 40°F 32366 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 LINE Caribou (AF3362-1Rus) WND8625-2RUS ND050032-4Rus CW08221-5Rus Mountain Gem (A03158-2TE) AF5091-8Rus W9433-1Rus AF4872-2Rus AF4124-7Rus Reveille (ATX91137-1Rus) COTX09052-2Rus TX08352-5Rus A096305-3Rus Russet Norkotah Dakota Russet (ND8229-3) MSW496-1RUS Silverton Russet W9742-3Rus AC96052-1Rus MEAN HSD0.05 N US#1 416 4 410 4 406 4 402 3 4 385 378 4 377 4 372 4 4 371 361 3 344 4 342 3 4 337 334 4 308 4 295 3 294 4 4 293 252 4 351 160 TOTAL 445 430 433 433 456 420 409 433 414 421 412 388 400 402 345 362 333 344 307 399 142 US#1 93 95 94 93 84 90 91 85 90 85 83 88 84 83 89 81 88 85 82 Bs 4 4 4 7 9 5 5 8 3 8 15 10 10 14 9 15 8 7 17 As OV PO 3 75 0 70 2 78 0 78 65 7 5 58 3 49 7 60 63 8 6 69 2 75 3 78 70 6 4 76 2 75 4 65 4 69 63 9 1 74 18 26 16 15 19 32 42 25 27 17 8 9 14 7 14 16 19 22 8 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY2 SP GR HH VD IBS BC SCAB3 MAT4 1.0 1.063 1.5 1.068 1.3 1.073 1.0 1.051 1.070 2.3 1.0 1.055 2.3 1.068 1.3 1.069 1.070 1.5 1.3 1.058 1.0 1.061 1.0 1.059 1.072 1.3 1.0 1.060 2.0 1.071 2.0 1.061 1.5 1.059 1.083 1.3 2.3 1.063 1.065 1.4 0.009 1.6 1.6 1.0 0.5 1.3 2.3 1.9 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.1 3.6 2.1 1.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 0.5 1.6 1.7 10 3 18 0 3 3 3 3 8 3 15 0 5 3 5 13 0 5 5 0 15 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 10 10 3 3 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3-YR AVG US#1 CWT/A BRUISE5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 357 - - - - - 361 - - 393 - - - 214 - 254* 291 259* - 323 * Two-Year Average 1SIZE: B: < 4 oz.; A: 4-10 oz.; OV: > 10 oz.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 5BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. *A few plots had no data due to a lightening strike. Plant Date: 5/9/16 9/2/16 116 6Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 28 Table 4 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES DD Base 40°F 32366 MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 22, 2016 (136 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 LINE 4 MSW501-05 4 MSV093-1Y 4 MSV111-02 3 MST191-2Y 4 Yukon Gold 4 MSV507-007 Reba 3 3 MSW343-2R 4 MSV179-1 4 Lehigh (NY126) 4 Onaway 4 MST252-1Y 2 MST186-1Y 4 MSS576-5SPL Satina 3 Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1) 4 MSW502-3 4 4 Purple Soul 4 MSX324-1P 3 MSV505-02 QSMSU10-15 3 MEAN HSD0.05 US#1 483 467 458 435 429 411 387 370 366 357 342 338 337 330 325 317 311 268 259 258 237 356 148 TOTAL US#1 Bs 4 5 7 11 3 5 4 5 1 3 5 12 7 6 6 8 3 5 19 8 18 96 95 92 89 97 95 96 95 98 96 92 88 93 94 94 92 97 95 80 86 82 505 492 495 491 444 431 404 389 372 370 374 382 361 352 347 345 320 284 317 298 286 384 144 As OV 15 81 23 72 12 81 76 12 26 71 11 84 22 73 8 87 77 22 34 63 28 63 6 82 81 12 25 69 15 78 11 80 75 22 22 73 2 78 27 60 80 2 PO 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 SP GR 1.060 1.062 1.063 1.076 1.069 1.068 1.062 1.049 1.056 1.066 1.055 1.060 1.062 1.061 1.055 1.067 1.070 1.055 1.065 1.069 1.074 1.063 0.009 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY2 HH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 15 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 VD IBS 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 15 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 0 5 0 0 3 0 3 10 0 BC 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 SCAB3 2.3 1.8 1.0 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 0.9 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.9 2.8 1.3 1.7 1.7 MAT4 2.0 3.0 1.3 2.7 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.3 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.6 BRUISE5 Late Blight Resistance - - LBMR LBR - - - - - - - - - LBR - LBR - - - - - - 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.2 - 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.3 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 5BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. *A few plots had no data due to a lightening strike. Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/16 9/2/16 116 6Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 29 Table 5 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES DD Base 40°F 34598 MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 19, 2016 (133 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL LINE 2 MSY156-02 2 MSX129-01 2 Snowden 2 MSX245-2Y 2 MSX177-7Y 2 MSX150-01 2 MSW075-01 2 MSX495-02 2 MSX225-02 AF5040-8 2 NDTX081648CB-13W2 2 MSX111-03 AF5432-5 2 2 MSX542-02 2 MSX526-01 2 MSX105-01 W8822-1 2 2 MSY008-03 2 MSX345-6Y 2 MSX417-01 Atlantic 2 2 MSZ219-13 2 MSV507-198 2 MSX172-07 MSW537-06 2 2 NC0349-3 2 MSZ062-10 2 MST441-01 B2727-2 2 2 MSV507-073 2 MSX420-4Y 2 MSW159-03 MSW399-02 2 585 578 530 529 476 449 443 441 434 430 427 419 419 412 412 398 386 385 384 383 382 380 377 372 366 365 360 353 340 330 327 313 309 638 591 558 548 513 475 484 447 467 455 459 432 457 441 430 448 418 423 398 416 411 398 413 401 400 411 395 399 360 350 372 351 354 US#1 92 98 95 97 92 95 91 98 93 95 93 97 92 93 96 89 92 91 97 92 93 95 91 92 91 89 91 88 94 94 87 89 87 Bs 3 2 5 3 7 5 9 2 5 5 7 3 8 6 4 11 7 5 2 7 7 4 9 8 9 11 8 10 6 6 13 11 12 As 90 54 90 64 72 72 86 52 67 81 81 62 74 70 76 84 80 54 57 90 87 75 82 78 82 77 85 78 94 80 86 83 71 OV 2 43 5 32 21 22 5 47 25 14 12 35 18 23 20 5 12 37 39 2 6 21 10 15 9 12 6 10 1 14 1 6 16 PO 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.3 4.1 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 SP GR 1.074 1.071 1.079 1.074 1.069 1.069 1.059 1.067 1.067 1.071 1.070 1.080 1.071 1.070 1.065 1.080 1.077 1.056 1.072 1.074 1.080 1.061 1.072 1.068 1.086 1.072 1.071 1.072 1.074 1.075 1.071 1.078 1.073 CHIP SCORE2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - - - 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 10 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 20 0 0 45 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 VD IBS 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 15 20 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 10 10 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OTF SED3 3.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 - - - 2.0 0.0 - 0.0 - - - 1.0 - - 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 - 2.0 - - 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Late Blight SCAB5 MAT6 BRUISE7 Resistance 1.3 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.3 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.8 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.8 0.9 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.9 0.6 1.0 3.0 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.4 2.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 3.0 2.3 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.4 - - - 0.7 0.5 - 3.4 - - - 0.5 0.7 - 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.7 2.1 - 0.2 - - 2.5 0.2 1.0 1.3 - - - - - - - LBR - - - - - LBR LBMR - - LBMR - - - LBR - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Table 5 LINE MSX050-01 CO07070-13W MSX042-03 MSX255-01 Pike MSY012-02 MST443-01 CO07070-10W MSX240-03 MSW163-03 MSW324-01 MSW464-3 MSW502-04 MEAN HSD0.05 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES DD Base 40°F 34598 MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 19, 2016 (133 days) CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 308 290 286 280 277 269 257 241 238 221 205 200 173 364 222 323 360 303 334 308 330 303 311 297 232 271 223 214 398 215 US#1 96 79 94 84 90 81 84 78 80 95 75 90 80 Bs 4 21 6 16 10 19 14 22 20 5 22 10 20 As 81 79 86 81 86 81 72 78 72 85 59 72 80 OV 15 0 8 2 4 0 12 0 8 10 16 18 0 PO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 SP GR 1.060 1.071 1.076 1.076 1.078 1.062 1.064 1.083 1.063 1.068 1.065 1.065 1.067 1.071 0.014 CHIP SCORE2 1.0 - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - OTF SED3 0.0 - - 2.0 - - - 0.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 - PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH 5 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 VD IBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED 4QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 5SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 6MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Late Blight SCAB5 MAT6 BRUISE7 Resistance 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.9 0.5 - - 0.6 - - - 1.2 - 0.9 - 0.0 - 1.0 2.0 2.9 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.3 2.4 2.3 1.1 2.3 2.5 1.1 1.8 1.7 - - - - - - - - - - LBR LBR - Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/16 9/9/16 123 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 31 Table 6 LINE MSW259-05 MSQ086-3 MSY111-01 MSV502-05 MSX120-5Y MSW119-02 MST145-02 MSU161-01 MSX503-05 Reba MSY089-02 MSW237-4Y Soraya MSU403-03 MSW455-03 MSV434-01Y MSV331-3 Superior MSV434-04 MSY193-01 MSU088-01 MSW042-01 MSX501-05 MSV507-052 Smart MSW154-04 MSX293-1Y MSX497-06 MSV177-04 MSV507-012 Alegria MSX137-06 MSU358-02 MSV427-2Y MSQ131-A MSV507-003 MSV507-001 MSV081-04 MSU016-02 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES DD Base 40°F 32368 MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 12, 2016 (127 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR CHIP SCORE2 OTF SED3 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH VD IBS BC SCAB5 MAT6 Late Blight BRUISE7 Resistance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 567 552 532 516 493 468 464 451 442 434 403 391 390 389 387 386 379 378 377 377 367 366 348 343 342 342 336 328 327 325 322 316 315 311 306 303 303 298 293 597 591 552 541 518 486 510 468 458 447 423 431 434 431 405 405 405 384 404 390 406 406 377 379 404 364 355 344 352 335 360 382 334 326 314 362 388 319 337 95 93 96 95 95 96 91 96 96 97 95 91 89 90 95 95 93 98 94 97 91 90 91 90 85 94 95 95 93 97 89 83 94 95 98 84 78 94 87 3 5 3 5 5 3 8 3 3 3 4 9 5 10 5 5 6 2 6 3 9 10 9 10 14 2 5 5 7 3 7 17 6 4 1 16 22 6 9 49 68 69 77 76 68 70 72 73 64 75 73 80 80 78 66 81 70 77 95 87 78 81 86 84 38 75 93 85 75 74 73 87 59 37 80 74 83 74 47 26 27 18 19 28 21 25 23 33 20 17 9 10 17 30 12 29 16 2 3 12 11 4 1 56 20 3 8 22 15 10 7 36 61 4 4 11 13 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 1.066 1.069 1.061 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.058 1.057 1.063 1.062 1.072 1.068 1.047 1.071 1.057 1.057 1.068 1.064 1.060 1.070 1.076 1.062 1.074 1.069 1.059 1.058 1.070 1.060 1.067 1.074 1.064 1.056 1.080 1.063 1.057 1.084 1.080 1.057 1.074 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 15 5 5 10 0 10 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 5 5 0 10 0 0 0 10 5 15 15 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.6 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.1 0.6 1.6 1.1 1.3 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.0 2.3 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.9 0.9 1.1 2.1 1.9 2.5 1.1 2.4 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 3.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.7 0.0 5.0 1.1 0.1 0.3 - LBR - - - - LBR - - - - - LBMR - - - - - - - LBMR LBR - - - LBR LBR - - - - - - LBMR LBR - - - LBMR 32 Table 6 LINE MSV394-3 MST437-01 MSV242-7 Wega MSW423-13 MSY022-02 MSS164-06 MSV205-04 MSV393-01 MSW248-02 MEAN HSD0.05 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 291 291 286 264 261 260 239 237 216 205 357 229 308 342 300 385 318 353 285 254 270 225 391 221 95 85 95 67 82 73 83 93 80 91 5 14 5 32 18 27 16 6 20 9 As 79 73 73 67 75 72 74 75 80 59 OV PO SP GR 16 12 22 0 7 1 9 18 0 32 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.070 1.072 1.088 1.048 1.065 1.069 1.072 1.073 1.069 1.069 1.066 0.015 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.0 2.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 5 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED 4QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 5SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 6MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES DD Base 40°F 32368 MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 12, 2016 (127 days) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CHIP SCORE2 OTF SED3 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH VD IBS BC SCAB5 MAT6 Late Blight BRUISE7 Resistance 2.0 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 3.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 - - - LBMR - LBR LBR - - - Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/15 9/2/15 116 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 33 Table 7 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 13, 2016 (127 days) DD Base 40°F 32368 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS LINE N US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CHIP SCORE2 OTF SED3 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH VD IBS BC Late Blight SCAB5 MAT6 Bruise7 Resistance Red Lasoda Red LaSoda NY Strain MSN230-1RY MSZ109-08PP ND6002-1R QSNDSU07-04R MSZ427-01R AF4985-1R AF4831-2R MSZ109-10PP Modoc Dakota Ruby Red Norland MSZUNK-07PP MST075-1R MSZ107-06PP MSZ436-02Spl MSU202-1P ND7132-1R MSW239-03SPL MSX569-1R NorDonna MSX517-3SPL Dark Red Norland CO00291-5R MSW273-3R MSZ427-03R MSY517-8YSPL MSXUNK-3P MSW148-1P MSZ416-08RY QSNDSU07-12R Merlot MSX426-1RR MSU616-3PP MSQ558-2RR Dark Red Chieftain CO098012-5R MSX514-1P 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 560 492 486 484 451 450 448 447 426 424 416 415 408 402 402 392 392 389 389 375 373 371 362 346 343 343 342 333 333 326 318 305 302 301 291 291 290 275 266 591 524 521 543 472 474 612 505 505 562 492 520 425 439 437 513 416 444 421 440 420 405 415 389 376 382 406 354 392 401 376 349 444 373 363 356 332 372 332 95 94 93 89 96 95 73 88 84 75 85 80 96 92 92 77 94 88 92 85 89 92 88 89 91 90 84 94 85 81 84 87 68 81 80 82 87 73 80 5 3 7 10 4 5 26 9 14 24 15 17 3 6 8 22 6 8 6 6 11 8 12 8 8 5 11 5 12 17 11 13 23 19 15 16 13 25 18 71 64 82 86 78 86 72 74 83 74 82 80 66 72 78 73 83 82 77 63 86 70 82 82 87 63 78 91 81 79 72 83 68 80 80 75 87 73 79 24 30 12 3 18 9 1 14 1 1 3 0 30 20 14 4 11 6 15 22 3 22 6 7 4 26 7 3 4 3 13 5 0 1 0 7 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 4 2 8 0 0 0 3 1 5 5 1 3 1 5 0 9 1 5 2 0 2 2 1.056 1.057 1.081 1.055 1.060 1.057 1.069 1.056 1.058 1.056 1.055 1.066 1.050 1.046 1.060 1.067 1.050 1.058 1.052 1.043 1.049 1.055 1.064 1.053 1.055 1.064 1.051 1.062 1.065 1.069 1.057 1.058 1.063 1.074 1.067 1.063 1.053 1.057 1.054 - - - 1.5 - - - - - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 - - - - - 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - 1.5 - - - 2.0 - - - - - 2.0 - - - 2.0 - 2.0 - - - - - - - - - - - 2.0 - - - - - 0.0 2.0 1.0 - - 2.0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 15 0 5 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 10 0 5 5 10 5 0 5 0 0 10 10 10 0 15 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.3 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 2.1 0.9 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.9 1.9 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 LBMR LBR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LBR 34 Table 7 LINE MSX035-1WP MSX001-9WP MSZ443-1PP MSZ107-01PP MSZ424-01R MSZ433-3P MSZ602-02PP MSR226-ARR AmaRosa MSZ109-05RR MEAN HSD0.05 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH FARM May 9 to September 13, 2016 (127 days) DD Base 40°F 32368 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 N US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs 79 74 74 72 79 55 77 65 49 18 7 21 26 24 21 44 23 32 50 82 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 251 249 240 240 231 227 209 194 81 33 341 197 319 335 322 328 293 411 271 299 169 185 409 206 As 61 55 70 70 76 55 75 64 49 18 OV PO SP GR 18 19 4 2 3 0 2 1 0 0 14 4 0 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 1.043 1.064 1.055 1.071 1.071 1.070 1.060 1.063 1.057 1.058 1.059 0.011 CHIP SCORE2 OTF SED3 PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY4 HH VD IBS BC Late Blight SCAB5 MAT6 Bruise7 Resistance 1.5 - 1.5 1.5 - - 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 - 2.0 3.0 - - 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 2.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.5 1.9 0.9 3.4 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.9 0.4 1.7 1.7 LBR LBMR - - - - - - - - 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED 4QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 5SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 6MATURITY RATING: August 31, 2016; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test, average number of spots per tuber. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. Plant Date: Vine Kill: Days from planting to vine kill: 5/9/16 9/2/16 116 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 35 Table 8 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 3-YR* AVG. RATING WORST N RATING WORST N RATING WORST N 2014 2014 2014 - - - - - 0.9* 1.0* 0.9* 1.0* - - - - - - - 1.0 0.8 0.9* 1.1* 1.3* LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Average Rating; MSZ109-05RR AC96052-1Rus CW08221-5Rus Goldrush Russet QSNDSU07-12R MSV331-3 MSZ062-10 QSMSU10-02LBR MST386-1P MSV383-B MSW509-5 MSY022-2LBR MSZ219-14LBR, PVYR MSU358-02 MSW100-1LBR MSW353-3LBR MSX324-1P MSX426-1RR MSZ107-01PP MSZ219-01LBR, PVYR MSZ219-13LBR, PVYR Satina AF4648-2LBMR, PVYR MSN230-1RY MSS164-06LBR MST252-1Y MST441-1 MSU202-1P MSU616-3PP MSV111-02LBMR MSV507-052 MSZ109-08PP MSZ242-13 MSZ416-08RY ND050032-4Rus Purple Soul (MSX001-4WP) MSU403-03 MSV081-04 MSV313-2 MSV380-1 MSV393-1 MSV427-2YLBMR - - 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.5* 1.3* 1.0* - 1.1 1.4* 1.0* 0.9* 1.4* - - - - - 1.1* - 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - - - - - - 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.4 1.9 - - 1.1 0.9 1.1 - - 1.1 - - 0.9 - 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.0 - - - - - 1.8 - 1.1 - 1.3 1.8 - - - - - - - - 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 - - 1.5 1.0 2.0 - - 1.5 - - 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 - - - - - 2.0 - 1.5 - 1.5 2.0 - - - - - - - - 4 4 4 4 4 - - 4 4 8 - - 4 - - 4 - 4 4 4 4 - - - - - 4 - 4 - 4 4 - - - - - - - - 1.0 1.0 - - - - 0.8 - - - - - - - - - - 0.8 0.9 1.1 - 1.6 1.0 - - - - - - - - 0.9 - - - - - - - - - 1.0 1.5 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1.0 1.5 1.5 - 2.0 1.5 - - - - - - - - 1.5 - - - - - - - - - 4 4 - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - 4 4 4 - 4.0 3 - - - - - - - - 4 - - 36 Table 8 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2016 2015 2015 2016 2016 3-YR* AVG. LINE MSV434-04 MSV498-1 MSV507-040 MSV507-128 MSV507-143 MSW163-03 MSW474-01 MSW496-1Rus MSW502-4 MSX105-01 MSX503-5 MSZ242-09 TX08352-5Rus Pike AF4985-1R Dark Red Norland Granola Mountain Gem (A03158-2TE) MSR127-2 MST443-01 MSU383-A MSV205-04 MSW119-2 MSW394-1 MSX035-1WP MSX177-7Y MSX225-2 MSX255-1 MSX540-4PVYR, LBR MSY156-02 MSY193-1 MSZ222-19 MSZ443-01PP QSMSU10-15 Silverton Russet W5955-1 MSV179-1 MSZ602-02PP MSR226-ARR MSV177-04 MSV507-198 MSW159-03 MSW399-2 MSW455-03 MSZUNK-07PPLBMR - 1.3* 1.2* - 1.2* 1.3* 1.1* 1.6* 1.2* - 1.1* - - 1.3 - - 1.0 - 1.3 1.3* 1.2* 1.2* 1.4* - - - 1.1* 1.3* 1.4 - 1.4* 1.3* - 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6* - - - 1.3* - 1.6* - 1.5* RATING WORST N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 RATING WORST N - - - - 4 4 4 2 4 - 4 - - 4 - - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 4 - - 4 4 4 - 4 4 - 4 4 4 4 - - - - - 4 - 4 - - - - 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 - 2.0 - - 1.5 - - 1.5 - 1.5 - 2.0 - 1.5 2.0 - - 1.5 1.5 2.5 - 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 - - - - - 2.0 - 2.0 - - - - 1.3 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 - 1.0 - - 1.5 - - 1.1 - 1.3 - 1.1 - 1.1 1.5 - - 1.0 1.4 2.0 - 1.5 1.3 - 1.6 0.9 1.5 1.9 - - - - - 1.9 - 1.6 2014 2014 2014 RATING WORST N - 4 4 - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - 4 - 4 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - 4 4 4 - - - - 4 - - - - - 1.6 1.3 - - - - - - - - - - 1.3 - - 0.8 - 1.4 1.4 - - - - - - - - 0.9 - - - - 1.8 1.6 1.6 - - - - 1.3 - - - - - 2 1.5 - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 - - 1.0 - 2.0 2 - - - - - - - - 1.0 - - - - 2.5 2.0 2.0 - - - - 2 - - - - 37 Table 8 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2015 2016 2015 2016 2016 3-YR* AVG. - - 1.8* 1.6* 1.5* 1.6* 1.6* 1.5* - - - 1.5 - LINE NorDonna Dark Red Chieftain Lehigh (NY126) MST186-1Y MST437-01 MSV292-1Y MSV507-012 MSW044-1 MSX001-9WPLBR MSX172-7 MSX245-2Y MSY008-3LBMR MSZ436-02SplLBR SorayaLBMR 1.6* 1.8* W9742-3Rus AF3362-1Rus (Caribou Russet) 1.3 - CO00291-5R 1.6 Lamoka MST075-1R 1.8* 1.6 MSV307-02 1.6* MSW075-1 1.6* MSW509-1 MSX495-2LBR 1.7* MSX526-1LBMR 1.4* MSY012-02 MSY111-1 ND7519-1 Onaway Reveille (ATX91137-1Rus) Superior WND8625-2Rus Alegria COTX09052-2Rus MSV030-4 MSV093-1LBMR MSV241-2 MSV242-7 MSV301-2 MSV502-5 MSV507-073 MSW239-3SPL MSW248-02 MSW259-05 MSW343-02R - 1.6 1.8* 1.7* 2.1 1.9* - 1.8 1.6 1.6* 1.8* 1.5 1.6* 1.6* 1.8* - - - - - RATING WORST N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 RATING WORST N - - - 4 - 4 - 4 - 4 4 4 - 4 4 4 - 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 - 4 - - 4 4 - - - 4 8 4 - 4 4 - 4 4 - - - - - 1.5 - 2.5 - 2.0 - 2.5 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 3.5 1.5 - 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 - 1.5 - - 2.0 2.0 - - - 2.0 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 2.5 - - - - - 1.3 - 2.0 - 1.5 - 1.8 1.6 1.5 - 1.6 2.0 1.3 - 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.3 - 1.5 - - 1.6 1.6 - - - 1.6 1.7 1.5 - 1.5 1.9 - 2.3 2.0 - - 2014 2014 2014 RATING WORST N - - - 4 - - - 1.6 - - - 2.0 - 1.8 - - - - - - - - 1.0 - 1.5 1.5 - - - - - - - 2.0 1.1 - - 1.8 - 1.9 1.4 - - 1.5 - 1.6 2.4 - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1.0 - 2.0 2.0 - - - - - - - 2.5 2.0 - - 2 - 2.0 2.0 - - 2.0 - 2.5 3.0 - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - 4 4 - - - - - - - 4 4 - - 4 - 4 4 - - 4 - 5 4 - - - 38 Table 8 LINE MSW485-2LBR MSX042-03 MSX345-6Y MSZ427-03R Red Norland W8822-1 MSZ107-6PP AF4124-7Rus Amarosa Dakota Russet (ND8229-3) Modoc MSU161-1LBMR, PVYR MSV033-1 MSV358-3 MSV507-003 MSW316-3PY MSW502-3 MSX120-5Y MSX137-6 MSX417-1 MSX514-1P MSX517-3SPLLBR MSX569-1R MSY517-8YSPL MSZ109-10PP MSZ433-3PLBMR QSNDSU07-04R W9433-1Rus Dakota Ruby MSQ086-3LBR MSQ558-2RR MSV394-3 MSV507-007 MSW273-03R MSX050-01 MSX293-1YLBR MSX501-05 MSX542-2LBR MSXUNK-3P NY157 Saginaw Chipper LBR,PVYR WegaLBR Merlot MSQ131-ALBR 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014 2014 2014 RATING WORST N - - - - 9 - - 4 - - - 4.0 4 3 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - 4 - 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - 7 - - - - 1.4 - - 1.8 - - - 1.8 2.0 1.5 2.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.3 - 1.9 - 1.6 - - - - - - - - 1.0 - - 1.9 - - - - 2.0 - - 2 - - - 2.0 2.5 2.5 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.0 - 2 - 2.0 - - - - - - - - 1.5 - - 2.5 3-YR* AVG. 1.9* - 1.8* - 1.6 - 1.8* 1.8* - - - 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9* 1.8* 1.8* 1.8* - - - 2.1* 1.9* - - - - 1.7 2.0* 1.9* - 1.8 - - - 1.8* - 1.9* - 2.1* 1.7 - 2.3* 2.0* RATING WORST N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 RATING WORST N 4 - 4 - 8.0 - 4 - - - - 4 4 4 - - 4 - 4 4 - 4 2 - - - - 4 4 - - 4 - - - 4 - 4 - 4 3 - 4 - 2.0 - 1.9 - 1.5 - 1.8 - - - - 2.3 1.9 1.6 - - 1.6 - 1.8 1.6 - 2.4 2.0 - - - - 1.9 2.0 - - 1.8 - - - 1.6 - 1.9 - 2.1 2.0 - 2.4 - 2.0 - 2.5 - 2.0 - 2.0 - - - - 2.5 2.0 2.0 - - 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 2.0 - - - - 2.0 2.0 - - 2.0 - - - 2.0 - 2.0 - 2.5 2.0 - 3.0 - 39 Table 8 LINE MST145-02LBR MSV434-01Y MSW537-6 MSX420-4Y MSX497-6LBR MSY089-02 ND6002-1R NDTX081648CB-13W NY152 Reba Russet Norkotah W6822-3 AF4831-2R AF5091-8Rus MSS576-05SPLLBR MSU088-01LBMR MSU379-1LBMR MSW042-1LBR MSW182-1Y MSW324-01LBR MSW501-05 MSX129-1 MSX240-03 MSZ427-01R ND7132-1R NY153 Smart CO07070-10W MSU016-2LBMR MSW237-4Y Snowden AF4872-2Rus MSV235-2PYLBR MSV507-001 MSW148-01P MSW464-3LBR MSX111-03 Manistee MST191-2YLBR MSW154-04LBR MSX150-01 Red Marker #2 Yukon Gold 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2015 2016 2015 2016 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014 2014 2014 RATING WORST N 4 4 - - - - 2 - 5 6 7 4 - - 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 - 4 4 - - - 4 4 - - - 8 2.8 1.5 - - - - 1.5 - 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.8 - - 1.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.6 - 2.8 1.9 - - - 1.9 2.9 - - - 2.3 3 2.0 - - - - 2 - 3.5 2.5 2.5 2 - - 2.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3.0 - 3.0 2 - - - 2.0 3.0 - - - 3.5 3-YR* AVG. 2.4* 1.8 1.9* 2.3* 2.5* - 1.8* - 2.4* 2.2 2.0 1.9* - - 1.9 - 1.8* 2.3* 2.2* 2.0* 1.9* - - - - - - - 2.3* 2.1* 2.6 - 2.6 2.2* - 2.2* - 2.2 2.7 - - - 2.4* 2016 RATING WORST N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8.0 4.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 RATING WORST N - 4 4 4 4 - - - - 8 4 - - - 4 - 4 4 4 4 - 4 - - - - - - 4 4 8 - 4 - - 4 - 4 4 - - - - - 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 - - - - 3.0 2.5 - - - 2.5 - 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 - 2.0 - - - - - - 2.5 2.0 3.5 - 3.0 - - 2.5 - 2.5 3.0 - - - - - 1.9 1.6 2.4 2.9 - - - - 2.1 2.1 - - - 1.8 - 1.3 2.4 2.1 1.8 - 1.6 - - - - - - 2.1 1.8 2.8 - 2.6 - - 1.9 - 2.1 2.5 - - - - 40 Table 8 LINE AF5432-5 Atlantic MSV505-2 AF5040-8 CO07070-13W CO098012-5R COTX09022-3RusRE/Y MSW432-13 NC0349-3 B2727-2 Red LaSoda Ny Strain Red LaSoda MSZ424-01R A096305-3Rus HSD0.05 = 2014-2016 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI 2015 2016 2015 2016 2016 2015 3-YR* AVG. - 2.7 1.8 - - - - - - - - - - 3.0 * RATING WORST N 4 8.0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.6 1.7 RATING WORST N - 8 4 - - - - - - - - - 3.5 2.0 - - - - - - - - - 2.8 1.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.4 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2014 2014 2014 RATING WORST N - 8 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - - 3.0 1.0 - - - - - - - - 3.5 - - - 2.6 0.9 - - - - - - - - 2.9 - - 1.5 SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery plot rating of 0-5; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%, no pitted leisions; 3: Intermediate >20%, some pitted leisions (Susceptible, as commonly seen on Atlantic); 5: Highly Susceptible, >75% coverage and severe pitted leisions. N = Number of replications. *2-Year Average. 41 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB910-07 MSBB914-03 MSBB920-03 MSBB933-01 MSBB952-11 MSBB029-02Y MSBB036-01 MSBB038-01 MSBB045-02 MSBB058-02 MSBB089-02 MSBB090-02 MSBB144-01 MSBB148-1 MSBB212-02 MSBB362-1 MSBB606-05 MSBB610-09 MSBB614-10 MSBB617-04 MSBB617-08 MSBB620-02 MSBB620-09 MSBB626-03 MSBB628-04 MSBB634-07 MSBB635-07 MSBB635-14 MSBB635-15 MSBB635-18 MSBB636-11 MSBB636-14 MSBB636-16 MSBB902-05 MSBB902-07 MSBB902-10 MSBB902-13 MSBB902-18 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSBB903-03 MSBB905-03 MSBB913-03 MSBB918-16 MSBB919-02 MSBB919-03 MSBB919-07 MSBB919-10 MSBB919-11 MSBB920-04 MSBB921-01 MSBB932-05 MSBB933-06 MSBB934-03 MSBB938-01 MSBB944-21 MSBB945-08 MSBB946-02 MSBB946-04 MSBB947-02 MSBB949-05 MSBB952-06 MSBB953-01 MSBB953-03 MSBB953-11 MSBB963-03 MSBBUNK-2PP MSBB004-01 MSBB008-03 MSBB018-1 MSBB024-02Y MSBB029-01 MSBB036-1 MSBB038-02 MSBB038-04 MSBB043-01 MSBB051-01 MSBB051-03 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 42 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB067-01 MSBB068-1 MSBB073-03 MSBB073-05 MSBB075-1Y MSBB079-01 MSBB079-02 MSBB089-01 MSBB090-01 MSBB107-02 MSBB109-1 MSBB120-02 MSBB142-1 MSBB144-02 MSBB145-1 MSBB146-1 MSBB173-1 MSBB176-01 MSBB177-02 MSBB179-1 MSBB193-01 MSBB193-02Y MSBB195-01 MSBB196-01 MSBB207-01 MSBB208-1 MSBB209-01 MSBB213-1 MSBB222-01 MSBB233-1 MSBB240-1P MSBB250-1PP MSBB251-1 MSBB286-1 MSBB305-02PY MSBB308-02P MSBB343-01 MSBB351-1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSBB364-1 MSBB371-1 MSBB602-05 MSBB610-02 MSBB610-25 MSBB613-04 MSBB618-08 MSBB618-09 MSBB618-10 MSBB620-10 MSBB620-19 MSBB623-05 MSBB623-06 MSBB625-01 MSBB625-02 MSBB626-02 MSBB630-02 MSBB633-08 MSBB633-17 MSBB634-08 MSBB637-06 MSBB905-01 MSBB906-04 MSBB907-01 MSBB909-04 MSBB913-04 MSBB917-01 MSBB917-03 MSBB921-02 MSBB921-04 MSBB921-08 MSBB932-03 MSBB934-04 MSBB935-03 MSBB936-01 MSBB936-02 MSBB942-12 MSBB947-01 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB948-01 MSBB953-04 MSBB953-10 MSBB963-08 MSBB007-04 MSBB012-01 MSBB012-02 MSBB014-1 MSBB024-01 MSBB036-02 MSBB038-03 MSBB039-04 MSBB042-01 MSBB045-01 MSBB051-02 MSBB058-01 MSBB058-03 MSBB058-04 MSBB071-01 MSBB073-04 MSBB074-1 MSBB078-01 MSBB078-02 MSBB079-03 MSBB080-1 MSBB087-01 MSBB087-02 MSBB087-03 MSBB094-1 MSBB114-01 MSBB116-02 MSBB118-01 MSBB120-01 MSBB120-03 MSBB120-04 MSBB131-02 MSBB152-01 MSBB156-02 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSBB165-01 MSBB165-02 MSBB166-1 MSBB168-02 MSBB176-02 MSBB177-01 MSBB183-1 MSBB190-01 MSBB209-02 MSBB210-01 MSBB210-02 MSBB212-01 MSBB222-04 MSBB238-01RY MSBB270-1SPL MSBB276-02P MSBB281-1PY MSBB306-01R MSBB306-02R MSBB308-01R MSBB313-1 MSBB322-1 MSBB349-01 MSBB349-02 MSBB365-1 MSBB368-02 MSBB604-04 MSBB604-06 MSBB609-11 MSBB610-07 MSBB610-12 MSBB610-13 MSBB610-15 MSBB610-24 MSBB611-11 MSBB611-12 MSBB611-14 MSBB613-07 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB617-02 MSBB618-02 MSBB620-01 MSBB623-12 MSBB626-06 MSBB626-11 MSBB635-01 MSBB637-17 MSBB906-06 MSBB907-02 MSBB908-02 MSBB915-02 MSBB918-08 MSBB920-02 MSBB922-01 MSBB930-01 MSBB934-02 MSBB934-05 MSBB935-01 MSBB935-04 MSBB935-07 MSBB935-09 MSBB936-06 MSBB941-18 MSBB943-03 MSBB943-05 MSBB945-04 MSBB947-04 MSBB948-05 MSBB949-03 MSBB963-07 MSBB963-09 MSBB004-02 MSBB007-01 MSBB007-02 MSBB007-03 MSBB008-01 MSBB008-02 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSBB016-01 MSBB017-1 MSBB019-1 MSBB020-1 MSBB028-01 MSBB028-02Y MSBB032-01 MSBB037-1 MSBB041-01 MSBB041-02 MSBB047-01 MSBB055-01 MSBB060-01 MSBB061-01 MSBB064-1 MSBB067-02 MSBB069-1 MSBB072-01 MSBB072-02 MSBB072-03 MSBB073-02 MSBB116-01 MSBB121-1 MSBB131-01 MSBB141-1 MSBB144-03 MSBB147-1 MSBB153-1 MSBB156-01 MSBB168-01 MSBB172-1 MSBB188-02 MSBB190-02 MSBB194-1 MSBB196-02 MSBB211-01 MSBB217-1 MSBB220-1Y 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB221-01 MSBB221-02 MSBB222-2 MSBB225-01 MSBB230-1 MSBB262-1YSPL MSBB263-1PP MSBB266-01RP MSBB268-1 MSBB271-2YSPL MSBB272-1P MSBB276-03P MSBB277-1PP MSBB284-1P MSBB294-01 MSBB305-01 MSBB323-1 MSBB343-02 MSBB346-1 MSBB348-1 MSBB353-1 MSBB354-1 MSBB372-01 MSBB375-1 MSBB605-1 MSBB610-03 MSBB610-26 MSBB611-13 MSBB612-04 MSBB614-12 MSBB618-04 MSBB620-08 MSBB621-03.1 MSBB631-04 MSBB635-02 MSBB719-1 MSBB721-1 MSBB903-01 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MSBB904-02 MSBB904-03 MSBB904-08 MSBB909-03 MSBB913-09 MSBB914-06 MSBB918-02 MSBB918-07 MSBB930-06 MSBB932-07 MSBB933-03 MSBB934-06 MSBB936-03 MSBB941-04 MSBB941-06 MSBB941-29 MSBB942-03 MSBB942-10 MSBB943-01 MSBB943-02 MSBB943-06 MSBB943-13 MSBB943-14 MSBB943-16 MSBB944-25 MSBB946-03 MSBB946-14 MSBB949-02 MSBB963-04 MSBB028-03 MSBB039-02 MSBB039-03 MSBB073-01 MSBB084-01 MSBB100-1 MSBB107-01 MSBB190-03 MSBB195-02 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46 Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI 2016 RATING LINE Sorted by ascending 2016 Rating: MSBB216-1 MSBB229-1 MSBB248-1R MSBB269-01RY MSBB279-1R MSBB294-02 MSBB331-2 MSBB332-1 MSBB333-1 MSBB338-1 MSBB342-1 MSBB350-1 MSBB352-1 MSBB368-01 MSBB604-01 MSBB609-12 MSBB610-01 MSBB611-15 MSBB631-01 MSBB633-18 MSBB702-1 MSBB703-1 MSBB722-01 MSBB722-02 MSBB930-03 MSBB935-08 MSBB936-07 MSBB936-10 MSBB941-02 MSBB943-04 MSBB944-02 MSBB944-22 MSBB945-06 MSBB952-03 MSBB952-05 MSBB952-07 MSBB952-10 MSBB039-01 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2016 N LINE 2016 RATING 2016 N MSBB110-1 MSBB225-02 MSBB266-02PP MSBB269-02RY MSBB276-01P MSBB320-1 MSBB372-02 MSBB604-02 MSBB604-03 MSBB616-01 MSBB930-02 MSBB935-06 MSBBUNK-1 MSBB188-01Y MSBB604-05 MSBB717-1 MSBB722-03 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47 Table 10 2016 MSU LATE BLIGHT VARIETY TRIAL CLARKSVILLE RESEARCH CENTER, MI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Late Blight Resistance LINE Late Blight Resistance Select lines out of 152 total entries (3 reps) LINE MSAA120-01 MSAA176-03 MSAA252-07 MSQ086-3 MSQ131-A Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1) MSS164-6 MSS576-5SPL MST145-02 MST191-2Y MSW042-01 MSW154-04 MSW324-1 MSW353-3 MSW464-3 MSW485-02 MSX001-9WP MSX293-1Y MSX495-02 MSX517-3SPL MSX540-4 MSX542-02 MSY022-02 MSZ219-01 LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR MSZ219-13 MSZ219-14 MSZ436-02SPL MSZ510-04 MSZ513-02 MSZ551-01 MSZ616-01Y MSZ620-01 MSAA100-01 MSAA131-02 MSAA373-03 MSAA376-03 MSU016-02 MSU088-1 MSU379-1 MSV111-02 MSV427-2Y MSX526-01 MSY008-03 MSZ433-3P MSZUNK-07PP Soraya Wega LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR Ratings indicate resistance based on foliar late blight disease reaction. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. LB Isolate: US-23 48 Table 11 2016 MSU LATE BLIGHT EARLY GENERATION TRIAL CLARKSVILLE RESEARCH CENTER, MI Select lines out of 228 total entries (1 rep) LINE MSAA168-01 MSAA196-01 MSAA240-05 MSAA252-07 MSAA376-03 MSAA556-3Y MSBB067-2 MSBB073-03 MSBB168-1 MSBB188-2 MSBB190-01 MSBB229-1 MSBB230-1 MSBB276-3P MSBB279-1R MSBB284-1P MSBB286-1 MSBB322-1 MSBB323-1 MSBB331-2 MSBB346-1 MSBB352-1 MSBB364-1 MSBB372-1 MSBB602-05 MSBB604-01 MSBB604-02 MSBB604-03 MSBB604-04 MSBB604-05 MSBB604-06 MSBB609-11 MSBB609-12 MSBB613-04 MSBB614-12 MSBB617-02 MSBB617-08 MSBB618-08 MSBB618-09 MSBB620-01 MSBB620-02 Late Blight Resistance LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LINE MSBB620-08 MSBB620-09 MSBB620-19 MSBB623-05 MSBB623-06 MSBB625-01 MSBB626-03 MSBB631-01 MSBB637-17 MSBB930-02 MSBB930-06 MSBB941-29 MSBB946-03 MSBB949-02 MSBB949-05 MSBB953-01 MSBB953-01 MSBB953-03 MSBB953-04 MSBB953-11 MSZ424-01 MSZ547-03 MSZ610-03 MSZ615-02 MSZ705-03 MSZ706-01 MSZ706-05 MSAA091-01 MSAA513-01 MSAA725-03 MSAA745-01 MSBB073-04 MSBB073-05 MSBB277-1PP MSBB333-1 MSBB614-10 MSBB628-04 MSBB953-10 MSZ407-2Y MSZ552-2P MSZ562-04 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS Late Blight Resistance LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR LBMR Ratings indicate resistance based on foliar late blight disease reaction. Late blight resistance (LBR) or late blight moderate resistance (LBMR) based on inoclauted foliar late blight trials. LB Isolate: US-23 49 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES QSMSU10-02 AF4648-2 MSU379-1 MSW353-03 W5955-1 MSV380-1 MSZ242-13 Pike COTX09022-3RUS NY157 MSZ219-01 MSZ219-14 NY153 MSV030-4 MSW485-02 MSV358-3 MSV383-B ND7519-1 MSV498-1 MSZ222-19 Lamoka WND8625-2RUS Manistee MSV301-2 MSZ242-09 W6822-3 MSR127-2 Atlantic MSX540-4 Snowden MSW474-01 MSW509-5 MSV313-2 MSW044-01 MSV507-040 1.065 1.074 1.066 1.061 1.071 1.070 1.077 1.075 1.069 1.070 1.074 1.069 1.077 1.075 1.078 1.072 1.078 1.078 1.068 1.078 1.072 1.068 1.071 1.071 1.079 1.078 1.072 1.077 1.080 1.075 1.072 1.074 1.063 1.076 1.079 24 23 23 23 22 21 21 22 21 15 19 21 21 19 15 19 20 19 20 18 18 16 16 18 16 15 14 11 12 9 11 13 6 1 0 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES Lehigh (NY126) MSV111-02 MSW343-2R MSX001-4WP (Purple Soul) MSV179-1 QSMSU10-15 MSS576-5SPL 1.066 1.063 1.049 1.055 1.056 1.074 1.061 25 24 19 24 18 18 23 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 4 6 2 3 5 2 4 4 5 3 5 5 7 5 4 6 6 5 10 7 10 5 6 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 5 2 3 5 3 1 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96 96 92 92 92 84 84 88 88 79 76 84 84 76 79 76 80 76 80 72 72 64 67 72 64 60 56 44 48 36 44 52 24 4 0 100 100 100 96 95 95 92 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.7 3.5 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 50 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MSW502-3 Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1) Satina MST252-1Y MSX324-1P MST186-1Y Yukon Gold Onaway MSV093-1Y MST191-2Y Reba MSV505-02 1.070 1.067 1.055 1.060 1.065 1.062 1.069 1.055 1.062 1.076 1.062 1.069 23 23 17 23 22 11 20 19 19 10 12 1 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSW464-3 MSZ062-10 MSX420-4Y MSV507-198 MSX245-2Y MSX177-7Y AF5040-8 MSX050-01 MSX105-01 MSX255-01 MSX172-07 MSX225-02 MSX417-01 W8822-1 Atlantic MSZ219-13 MSW163-03 MSW159-03 MSX129-01 Snowden CO07070-10W MSW399-02 MSX345-6Y MSW537-06 MSY156-02 MSV507-073 MSX111-03 1.065 1.071 1.071 1.072 1.074 1.069 1.071 1.060 1.080 1.076 1.068 1.067 1.074 1.077 1.080 1.061 1.068 1.078 1.071 1.079 1.083 1.073 1.072 1.086 1.074 1.075 1.080 25 21 22 20 20 17 17 17 17 13 11 14 15 14 14 13 12 10 13 11 10 8 7 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 1 0 4 2 2 2 6 5 4 5 9 6 6 5 7 4 6 8 7 4 8 7 7 7 9 2 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 5 1 3 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 2 4 3 2 6 1 3 5 6 3 3 6 3 2 10 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 0 1 3 3 5 6 8 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 5 12 92 92 89 92 88 85 80 79 76 53 63 14 100 84 88 83 83 68 68 68 68 52 55 56 60 56 56 57 48 40 52 44 40 32 28 12 8 12 8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.5 3.4 51 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 1 4 2 3 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MSQ131-A MSV434-01Y MSW455-03 Soraya MSQ086-3 MSV502-05 MSW119-02 MSW423-13 MSX501-05 Wega MSV507-052 Alegria MST145-02 MSU088-01 MSV081-04 MSV434-04 MSX137-06 MST437-01 MSW042-01 MSX293-1Y MSY022-02 MSW248-02 MSV394-3 MSW154-04 MSV177-04 MSU161-01 MSY111-01 Reba Superior MSU016-02 MSS164-06 MSY193-01 MSU403-03 MSX497-06 MSW259-05 MSV393-01 Smart MSV427-2Y MSV242-7 MSX503-05 MSY089-02 MSV507-001 MSU358-02 1.057 1.057 1.057 1.047 1.069 1.066 1.066 1.065 1.074 1.048 1.069 1.064 1.058 1.076 1.057 1.060 1.056 1.072 1.062 1.070 1.069 1.069 1.070 1.058 1.067 1.057 1.061 1.062 1.064 1.074 1.072 1.070 1.071 1.060 1.066 1.069 1.059 1.063 1.088 1.063 1.072 1.080 1.080 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 22 23 24 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 11 22 21 20 22 19 18 20 19 19 21 17 19 19 17 15 16 13 15 14 10 12 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 4 1 5 7 4 4 5 1 7 3 3 5 6 4 8 6 3 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 3 3 4 2 0 2 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 4 5 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 92 96 92 92 92 92 88 88 88 88 85 88 84 80 88 76 72 80 79 76 84 68 76 76 68 60 64 52 60 56 42 48 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 52 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MSX120-5Y MSW237-4Y MSV331-3 MSV205-04 MSV507-012 MSV507-003 1.066 1.068 1.068 1.073 1.074 1.084 12 9 8 4 7 0 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES Dark Red Chieftain Dark Red Norland MST075-1R MSW239-03SPL MSW273-3R MSX569-1R MSZ109-08PP MSZ109-10PP MSZ424-01R MSZ436-02Spl NorDonna QSNDSU07-04R QSNDSU07-12R Red Norland AF4831-2R AmaRosa Dakota Ruby Modoc MSU202-1P MSXUNK-3P MSZ433-3P MSZ109-05RR MSR226-ARR MSX514-1P MSY517-8YSPL MSZ107-01PP MSZ443-1PP MSZ602-02PP MSZUNK-07PP ND7132-1R MSX001-9WP MSZ107-06PP ND6002-1R Red LaSoda (NY Strain) AF4985-1R MSU616-3PP 1.053 1.053 1.060 1.043 1.064 1.049 1.055 1.056 1.071 1.050 1.055 1.057 1.058 1.050 1.058 1.057 1.066 1.055 1.058 1.065 1.070 1.058 1.063 1.054 1.062 1.071 1.055 1.060 1.046 1.052 1.064 1.067 1.060 1.057 1.056 1.067 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 18 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 21 2 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 3 6 5 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 10 13 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 36 32 16 28 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 88 88 88 84 84 1.4 1.5 1.7 3.1 3.1 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 53 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 4 3 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 80 76 80 88 72 76 72 68 68 72 62 52 100 96 96 92 92 88 88 88 88 84 80 76 68 63 74 64 52 24 96 92 88 84 71 68 68 72 52 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 ENTRY SP GR PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MSZ427-03R CO098012-5R MSX035-1WP MSZ427-01R Red Lasoda (10-3) MSN230-1RY MSW148-1P MSX517-3SPL Merlot MSQ558-2RR MSZ416-08RY CO00291-5R MSX426-1RR 1.051 1.057 1.043 1.069 1.056 1.081 1.069 1.064 1.063 1.063 1.057 1.055 1.074 RUSSET TRIAL CW08221-5Rus Reveille (ATX91137-1Rus) Silverton Russet COTX09052-2Rus AF5091-8Rus AF4872-2Rus Russet Norkotah W9742-3Rus AC96052-1Rus AF4124-7Rus A096305-3Rus AF3362-1Rus Mountain Gem (A03158-2TE) TX08352-5Rus MSW496-1RUS W9433-1Rus ND050032-4Rus Dakota Russet (ND8229-3) 1.051 1.058 1.059 1.061 1.055 1.069 1.060 1.083 1.063 1.070 1.072 1.063 1.070 1.059 1.061 1.068 1.073 1.071 22 20 19 20 22 18 19 18 17 17 18 8 13 25 24 24 23 22 22 22 22 22 21 20 19 17 12 14 16 13 6 2 4 5 3 1 6 5 6 6 5 4 4 8 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 4 3 9 7 USPB/SFA TRIAL CHECK SAMPLES (Not bruised) 24 W6822-3 AF4648-2 23 22 NDA081453CAB-2C 21 NDTX081648CB-13W 17 NY157 MSR127-2 17 17 NCO349-3 18 Lamoka MSW485-2 13 1.082 1.075 1.078 1.084 1.079 1.082 1.072 1.081 1.086 1 2 3 4 7 7 6 5 11 54 Table 12 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* ENTRY SP GR NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 3 4 1 2 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER USPB/SFA TRIAL CHECK SAMPLES (Not bruised) 15 Snowden AF5040-8 14 11 W8822-1 12 B2727-2 9 TX09396-1W CO07070-10W 8 3 NY152 1.086 1.080 1.084 1.079 1.080 1.088 1.076 USPB/SFA TRIAL BRUISE SAMPLES NDA081453CAB-2C W6822-3 NDTX081648CB-13W AF4648-2 Lamoka MSW485-2 MSR127-2 NY157 AF5040-8 NCO349-3 B2727-2 W8822-1 CO07070-10W TX09396-1W Snowden NY152 1.078 1.082 1.084 1.075 1.081 1.086 1.082 1.079 1.08 1.072 1.079 1.084 1.088 1.08 1.086 1.076 North Central Region Trial (MSU) ATND99331-2PintoY CW08221-5rus Red Norland MSW316-3PY MSX540-4 ND6002-1R ND7818-1Y ND7982-1R Russet Norkotah (NCR seed) MSZ219-14 MSV093-1Y ND6961B-21PY ND7834-2P Purple Soul W10612-8rus Yukon Gold MN13072PLWR-01Rus 1.057 1.054 1.051 1.065 1.075 1.059 1.060 1.062 1.060 1.071 1.065 1.068 1.060 1.054 1.065 1.066 1.069 18 14 13 13 11 9 2 7 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 24 22 18 14 5 6 10 7 10 9 13 6 6 6 7 8 8 14 5 9 8 6 6 3 4 4 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 5 5 4 3 5 5 6 1 3 6 3 3 5 6 7 2 6 7 5 6 5 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 3 3 5 3 5 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 2 1 4 5 2 4 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 56 44 48 36 33 12 72 56 52 52 44 36 8 30 25 16 16 24 24 16 8 24 100 100 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 92 92 92 96 92 90 88 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 55 Table 12 ENTRY North Central Region Trial (MSU) MN13089PLWR-01 W10074-3rus W10209-2R MN13063PLWR-01Rus W10114-3R MN13070PLWR-02Rus MSX324-1P W9523-1rus CW08071-2rus 2016 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER 0 5+ 2 1 3 4 PERCENT (%) BRUISE FREE AVERAGE SPOTS/TUBER 21 21 20 20 19 19 20 20 7 3 4 4 3 5 4 2 3 4 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 88 84 83 80 76 76 80 80 28 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.8 SP GR 1.069 1.067 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.064 1.068 1.058 1.070 * Twenty to twenty-five A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored 11/2 & 21/2016. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. 56 Funding: Federal Grant, MPIC and Potatoes USA/SNAC 2016 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Anna Busch, John Calogero, Aaron Yoder, Dr. Dave Douches Cooperators: Christian Kapp (UPREC), James DeDecker, (Presque Isle Co.), Monica Jean (Delta Co.), and Ashley MacFarland (UPREC) INTRODUCTION Our main objectives for the on-farm potato variety trials are to: 1) identify promising lines for further testing and evaluation, 2) conduct larger scale commercial agronomic and processing trials through multi-acre block plantings, and 3) use trial data to encourage the commercialization of new varieties in the state of Michigan. We share our results with growers, breeders, and processors across the country to aid in the development of new varieties. In 2016, we conducted 53 on-farm potato variety trials with 17 growers in 11 counties. Processing trial cooperators were: 4-L Farms, Inc. (Allegan), Crawford Farms, Inc. (Montcalm), Crooks Farms, Inc. (Montcalm), Lennard Ag. Co. (LeGrange, IN and St. Joseph), Main Farms (Montcalm), Sackett Potatoes (Mecosta), Sandyland Farms (Montcalm), and Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph). We also conducted processing trials at the Michigan State University (MSU) Montcalm Research Center (Montcalm). The Potatoes USA/Snacking Nutrition and Convenience International (SNAC Int.) chip trial was conducted at Sandyland Farms, LLC (Montcalm). Fresh market trial cooperators were: Crawford Farms, Inc. (Montcalm), Elmaple Farm LLC (Kalkaska), Horkey Bros. (Monroe), Kitchen Farms, Inc. (Antrim), Lennard Ag. Co. (LaGrange, IN), Lippens Potato Farm (Delta), Maple Ridge Farms (Presque Isle), R & E Farms (Presque Isle), T.J.J. VanDamme Farms (Delta), Walther Farms, Inc. (Antrim, St. Joseph, and Tuscola), Wilk Farms (Presque Isle). PROCEDURE A. Processing Variety Trials Within the processing variety trials, we evaluated 46 primary entries (this does not include multi-acre block plantings). To evaluate selected processing lines, we used the following check varieties: ‘Snowden’, ‘Pike’, and ‘Lamoka’. For all trials, we used 10” in-row seed spacing and 34” rows. We evaluated the majority of our processing trials as strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 75-95’ strip for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23-ft section. At Crooks Farms, Inc., we planted 15’ long strips and harvested the entire strip. For each variety in the Walther Farms, Inc. trials, we planted three, 15-ft long rows and harvested the center row. We also conducted multi-acre block plantings of promising, 57 non-commercialized trials at Sackett Potatoes, Crooks Farms, Inc., and Sandlyalnd Farms, LCC. Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower’s production system. B. Processing Variety Trials We conducted the Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Trial for Michigan at Sandyland Farms, LCC (Montcalm County). We planted 16 varieties in 300’ strips and harvested three, 23-ft sections of row for each variety. Our check varieties were ‘Lamoka’ and ‘Snowden’. For more details on this trial, please reference the 2016 annual report published by Potatoes USA. C. Fresh Market Trials Within the fresh market trials, we evaluated 92 primary entries (this does not include entries from Potatoes USA/NFPT trial) which included: 38 russet, 23 red, 19 yellow, 9 novelty, and 3 round white types. To evaluate selected table-stock lines, we used the following check varieties ‘Silverton Russet’ (russet), ‘Russet Norkotah’ (russet), ‘GoldRush Russet’ (russet), ‘Dark Red Norland’ (red), ‘Red Norland’ (red), ‘Yukon Gold’ (yellow), ‘Lehigh’ (yellow), and ‘Reba’ (round white). We planted all trials with 34” wide rows and 10” in-row seed spacing. We evaluated the majority of our fresh market trials as strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 60-100’ for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23-ft section. We planted the NFPT trial at Walther Farms, Inc. as single 15’ long strips and harvested the entire strip. For each variety in the Elmaple Farm LCC trial, we planted three, 30-ft long rows and harvested 23-ft of the center row. We planted Walther Farms, Inc. trials similarly to the Elmaple trial except the rows were 15-ft long and we harvested the entire center row. We also conducted multi-acre block plantings of promising, non- commercialized trials at Elmaple Farm LCC, Kitchen Farms, Inc., Lippens Potato Farm, Maple Ridge Farms, R & E Farms, and Walther Farms, Inc. Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower’s production system. RESULTS A. Processing Variety Trial Results We recorded general descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all varieties tested in 2016 (Table 1) and evaluated these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and maturity (Table 2). Below we listed our top six processing varieties for 2016 in order by yield and trial performance, highest to lowest. MSX540-4; this Michigan State University selection ranked sixth overall in US#1 yield at 547 cwt/A. We observed a higher than average specific gravity at 1.080 and great internal quality except for vascular discoloration at 41%. This variety had mid to full season vine maturity and excellent chip quality. MSX540-4 is common scab, late blight, and PVY resistant. 58 MSR127-2; this Michigan State University clone has a heavy netted skin, uniform tuber type and excellent resistance to potato common scab. We have evaluated this variety for multiple years in the Potato Outreach Program. In 2016, it ranked eighth overall for US#1 yield, coming in at 527 cwt/A and the specific gravity was slightly above average at 1.076. MSR127-2 had great internal quality with average vascular discoloration and low incidence of hollow heart and brown center. MSW485-2; developed at Michigan State University, this variety had nice overall tuber appearance. For 2016, the US#1 yield was 512 cwt/A. We observed an above average specific gravity at 1.080. This variety appears to be full season maturity. Incidence of internal defects was slightly above average across the board, but chip quality was excellent at recording a 1.0 SFA score. MSW485-2 also has common scab and late blight resistance. NY152; this Cornell line had a US#1 yield of 493 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.073. We observed a small overall tuber size profile with 15% Bs, 82% As, and 2% oversize. This mid-season variety had excellent internal quality with zero hollow heart, minimal internal brown spot and brown center, and average vascular discoloration. NY152 appears to be scab tolerant with an average rating of 0.8 and had excellent chip quality. MSV358-3; this early maturity selection was developed at Michigan State University. We observed uniform tubers and netted skin. It had above average US#1 yields at 454 cwt/A and a specific gravity of 1.073. MSV358-3 had excellent common scab tolerance with a 0.1 rating and great chip quality. Vascular discoloration was the only defect in internal quality at 25%, which was still below the trial average. (Hodag) W5955-1; this selection was developed at the University of Wisconsin and was recently named ‘Hodag’ in 2016. We have evaluated ‘Hodag’ for four years in the Potato Outreach Program. This variety produces quality chips from out-of-the- field and from early to mid-season storage. Average marketable yields of the clone were lower than average in 2016, producing a US#1 yield of 423 cwt/A with 25% oversize. The specific gravity was average at 1.074. We observed below average internal quality on this line in 2016, with moderate levels of hollow heart, vascular discoloration, and internal brown spot. There was also severe brown center in some trials. However, this line exhibited common scab resistance. B. Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Chip Trial In 2016, we conducted the Potatoes USA / SNAC Int. Michigan chip trial at Sandyland Farms, LLC in Montcalm County. We compared yield, size distribution, and specific gravity of 14 test varieties to ‘Lamoka’ and ‘Snowden’ (Table 3). We also evaluated at- harvest raw tuber quality (Table 4) and sent samples to Herr Foods, Inc. (Nottingham, PA) where potatoes were processed and scored for out-of-the-field chip quality (Table 5). We assessed blackspot bruise susceptibility (Table 6) and pre-harvest panels for each variety (Table 7). 59 The top four US#1 yielding varieties in order were NY152, MSR127-2, W8822-1, and NY157 with US#1 yields over 500 cwt/A (Table 3). TX09396-1W had the largest percentage of oversized tubers at 26% and CO0707-10W highest specific gravity at 1.088 (Table 3). We observed an overall average specific gravity of 1.081. Due to warm summer nights in 2016, internal quality across the trial was higher than usual (Table 4). Hollow heart was severe in NC0349-3 (60%) with lower levels of incidence (≤ 7%) in MSW485-2, Snowden, TX09396-1W, B2727-2, and W6822-3. We recorded an average vascular discoloration score of 35% with NC0349-3 (83%) and W6822-3 (50%) exhibiting the highest incidence. B2727-2 exhibited substantially higher levels of internal brown spotting at 13% compared to the 4% average. We collected samples on October 13th and sent them for processing at Herr Foods, Inc. on October 17th. NY152 had the highest Agtron Color score at 57.2 followed by NY157 and NC0349-3 at 56.5 (Table 5). Herr Foods, Inc. ranked the chips based on chip quality scores with W6822-3, NY157, and NY152 at the top. Black spot bruise assessments found NDA081453CAB-2C was least susceptible to black spot bruising with an average of 0.3 bruises per tuber (Table 6) and NY152 was the most susceptible. C. Fresh Market and Variety Trial Results We recorded general descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all fresh market varieties evaluated in 2016 (Table 8) and assessed these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and maturity (Table 9). Below are our top russet, yellow, red, white, and novelty fresh pack varieties in order of highest US#1 yield, from highest to lowest. Russet-type W9433-1Rus; in 2016, this University of Wisconsin selection had the second highest US#1 yield at 504 cwt/A with an average specific gravity of 1.069. It had a relatively large size profile with 28% of tubers classified as oversized. Tubers had light russeted skin with oblong to blocky shape. This variety had minor hollow heart (3%) with moderate vascular discoloration (22%) and internal brown spot (13%). Vine maturity was medium and it showed common scab resistance with a rating of 0.6. Mountain Gem Russet (A03158-2TERus); this variety was crossed and selected in Aberdeen, ID and was ranked number three for US#1 yield at 498 cwt/A. It had an average specific gravity of 1.071 and exhibited common scab resistance with a rating of 0.3. Tuber appearance was blocky to long with dark russeted skin. For internal quality, Mountain Gem had moderate hollow heart (9%), vascular discoloration (30%), and internal brown spot (3%). We observed mid to full season vine maturity for this variety. ND050032-4Rus; this North Dakota clone was ranked number four for US#1 yield at 494 cwt/A. It had a high specific gravity at 1.076 and light russeted skin type. Internal quality was okay with 11% hollow heart, 33% vascular discoloration, and 10% internal brown spot. We observed mid-season maturity and scab resistance. 60 CW08221-5Rus; this variety was crossed in Colorado and selected in Wisconsin. It had a dark russeted skin and blocky oval shape. CW08221-5Rus yielded 486 cwt/A for US#1 yield with a specific gravity of 1.057. Although there was a high incidence of hollow heart (13%) and moderate incidence of vascular discoloration (12%), there was no incidence of internal brown spot or brown center. We observed excellent scab resistance and medium maturity. Reveille Russet (ATX91137-1Rus); this variety was crossed in Aberdeen, ID, selected by the Texas A&M breeding program in 1993, and named Reveille Russet in 2014. Over the 2016 season, we evaluated Reveille Russet in nine locations across Michigan. This variety was among the top ten highest yielding lines in 2016 with a US#1 yield of 479 cwt/A. We observed very little common scab in Reveille Russet with a rating of 0.2 and a specific gravity of 1.059. Of the total yield, we classified 79% as US#1 with 20% oversize. This variety appears to be broadly adapted with higher than average yields at all locations except LaGrange, IN. Reveille Russet had moderate vascular discoloration (24%) and minimal internal brown spot (1%). Caribou Russet (AF3362-1Rus); in 2016, this University of Maine selection had a US#1 yield of 478 cwt./A with the second highest oversize at 38%. Caribou Russet had an average specific gravity of 1.065 with no incidence of hollow heart. The tuber appearance was long and blocky with a netted russet skin. We observed severe vascular discoloration (39%) and internal brown spot (20%) with moderate brown center (3%). Vine maturity was mid to full season. Caribou Russet yielded well across all geographic latitudes and has common scab resistance. W10612-8Rus; this Wisconsin variety was only evaluated at one location in 2016. This selection had a US#1 yield of 456 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.061. We observed early season maturity and scab resistance. For internal quality, it had 10% vascular discoloration and 20% internal brown spot. We also observed a smaller size profile with 19% Bs and 72% As. WND8625-2Rus; this Wisconsin cross and North Dakota selection had a dark russeted skin and a US#1 yield of 440 cwt/A. We observed moderate internal defects with 6% hollow heart, 31% vascular discoloration, and 13% internal brown spot. This variety had medium maturity and scab resistance. W9742-3Rus; this Wisconsin clone had a US#1 yield of 420 cwt/A with the highest specific gravity at 1.084. We observed a light russeted skin and scab tolerance with a rating of 0.9. This variety had moderate vascular discoloration at (20%) and internal brown spot (7%). A06021-1TRus; this Idaho selection had a high specific gravity at 1.070 and yielded 391 cwt/A. We observed mid-season maturity and scab resistance. Incidence of internal defects included 8% hollow heart, 30% vascular discoloration, 1% internal browns spot, and 1% brown center. 61 TX08352-5Rus; this Texas variety had a US#1 yield of 386 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.057. It exhibited 1% hollow heart and 26% vascular discoloration. This variety had a medium russeted skin with scab resistance and early to mid-season maturity. W10594-16Rus; this Wisconsin clone was evaluated at one site this year. It yielded a 356 cwt/A US#1 yield and exhibited a small size profile with 33% Bs and 64% As. We observed excellent internal quality with only internal brown spot (10%) defects. It had excellent common scab resistance and showed early season maturity. COTX09052-2Rus; this variety was crossed in Colorado and selected by the Texas A&M breeding program. It had a US#1 yield of 315 cwt/A and a small size profile with 26% Bs and 62% As. This variety had a specific gravity of 1.063. We observed severe vascular discoloration at 54%, but no other internal defects. This selection appears to be common scab resistant and had mid-season maturity. Yellow Flesh W9576-11Y; this mid-season maturity Wisconsin selection was the top yielding yellow variety in 2016 with a US#1 yield of 465 cwt/A. It had a specific gravity of 1.053. We observed common scab tolerance with a rating of 1.5. The only internal defect was vascular discoloration at 18%. Soraya; this Norika America, LLC variety ranked third for US#1 yield at 447 cwt/A. This variety has dark yellow flesh and medium maturity. It had a specific gravity of 1.056 and exhibited 24% vascular discoloration and 1% internal brown spot defects. We observed excellent common scab resistance with a rating of 0.2. Soraya is also late blight resistant. Jelly; this variety from SunRain ranked among the top yellow varieties with a US#1 yield of 439 cwt/A. These oblong tubers have medium yellow flesh with full season vine maturity. We observed some moderate internal quality defects including 34% vascular discoloration and 8% brown center, but no hollow heart or internal brown spot. Jelly is common scab tolerant with a rating of 0.6 and had a smaller size profile compared to Lehigh and Yukon Gold. MSV093-1Y; this Michigan State selection had medium yellow flesh and round tuber shape. It yielded well with a US#1 yield of 437 cwt/A with a 1.064 specific gravity. The only internal defect observed was vascular discoloration at 30%. This variety exhibited full season maturity and common scab resistance. Allora; this variety from Norika America, LCC had a US#1 yield of 425 cwt/A with excellent internal quality and a specific gravity of 1.063. Other than 1% hollow heart, there were no internal defects. This variety appears to be scab resistant with a common scab rating of 0.7. We observed uniform oval tuber shape. Allora also had a smaller size profile compared to Lehigh and Yukon Gold with mid-season vine maturity. 62 Red Skin ND7132-1R; this full season North Dakota variety had a US#1 yield of 434 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.056. It has oval tuber shape and nice red skin color. The only internal defects observed were vascular discoloration (29%) and internal brown spot (2%). We observed scab tolerance with a rating of 0.9. Dark Red Chieftain; the Chieftain selection originated in Iowa in 1966. It has a good overall appearance with netted, dark red skin. In 2016, Dark Red Chieftain was in our top yielding red varieties with a US#1 yield of 426. This full season maturity clone is also common scab tolerant with a rating of 0.7. Red Norland; this clone had a US#1 yield of 378 cwt/A with a 1.054 specific gravity. It had fair internal quality with 16% vascular discoloration, 1% internal brown spot, and 1% brown center. This variety exhibited common scab resistance at 0.7 and was an early season variety. Dakota Ruby; this North Dakota selection had small, round, uniform tubers. It has a lower US#1 yield at 356 cwt/A. However, it has a smaller size profile with 27% Bs and 70% As. It had a specific gravity of 1.067 and exhibited common scab resistance. We observed several minor to moderate internal defects with hollow heart (2%), vascular discoloration (18%), and internal brown spot (1%). Dakota Ruby had mid-season maturity. W8890-1R; this mid-season maturity Wisconsin variety produced tubers with deep red skin. In the 2016 fresh pack variety trials, this variety had a US#1 yield of 328 cwt/A. Although the US#1 yield was below the 364 cwt/A average, this variety may be of interest to growers because of its smaller size profile with 73% As and 26% Bs. W8890-1R also exhibited tolerance to common scab with a scab rating of 0.8. Round White MSV179-1; this Michigan State University variety has uniform, round tubers with cream colored flesh. It yielded well in three out of four locations with an average US#1 yield of 424 cwt/A with 27% oversize. It performed well in Montcalm, Antrim, and Presque Isle Counties, but not in Monroe County, which suggests that MSV179-1 is more adaptable to northern locations. Internal quality was excellent. There was moderate vascular discoloration (18%), but no other internal defects. This variety also appears to be common scab tolerant with a rating of 1.0. Novelty CO8155-2Rus/Y; this Colorado selection was tested as a Russet Variety this year at one location. Due to its yellow flesh and pink eyes, we are reclassifying it as a novelty variety. It had the highest US#1 yield compared to all other russet varieties at 519 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.066. The size profile was on the smaller end with 18% Bs and 78% As. It had excellent internal quality with zero internal defects and exhibited common scab resistance. We observed medium vine maturity. 63 Table 1. Variety information for 2016 MSU Processing Potato Variety Trials Entry Atlantic Pedigree Wauseon X B5141-6 (Lenape) Lamoka (NY139) NY120 X NY115 Manistee (MSL292-A) Snowden X MSH098-2 Pike (NYE55-35) Snowden (W855) Allegany X Atlantic B5141-6 X Wischip AF4648-2 NY132 X Liberator AF5040-8 B2727-2 B2869-29 B2904-2 AF2376-5 X Lamoka B0766-3 X B2135-163 Harley Blackwell X B1316-5 B1873-6 X Coastal Chip BNC182-5 Tacna X B0766-3 BNC311-4 CO07070-10W BNC41-7 X NCB2489-5 B0766-3T X CO00188-4W 2016 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.0 0.8 1.6 0.5 2.0 0.7 2.7 2.4 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.8 High yield, early maturing, high incidence of internal defects, high specific gravity High yield, mid-late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type, low internal defects, long term chip quality Average yield, scab resistance similar to Snowden, medium specific gravity, long storage potential, uniform, flat round tuber type, heavy netted skin Average yield, early to mid-season maturity, small tuber size profile, early storage, some internal defects, medium specific gravity High yield, late maturity, mid-season storage, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity Moderate yield potential, common scab resistant, high specific gravity, low internal defects High yield, high specific gravity, medium maturing, vigorous vines, pale yellow flesh, round to oblong shape, common scab susceptible Early vine maturity, oval tuber shape Medium vine maturity, round tuber shape Medium vine maturity, round tuber shape - - High yield, medium vine vigor and maturity, high gravity. 64 (Processing Varieties cont.) Entry CO07070-13W MSM246-B MSR127-2 MSV033-1 MSV241-2 MSV301-2 Pedigree B0766-3T X CO00188-4W MSE274-A X NY115 MSJ167-1 X MSG227-2 Beacon Chipper X MSJ147-1 Marcy X MegaChip MSN105-1 X MSP197-1 2016 Scab Rating* 1.7 1.4 0.7 1.9 1.4 0.5 MSV313-2 MSN238-A X OP 0.3 MSV383-B Pike X MSN238-A 0.5 MSV358-3 MSP239-1 X OP 0.1 MSV507-40 MSW474-1 MSW485-2 Tundra X Kalkaska MSN190-2 X MSP516-A MSQ070-1 X MSR156-7 1.0 0.5 0.8 Characteristics Vigorous vine, early maturing, medium yield and specific gravity Medium maturity, round tuber shape Scab resistant, high specific gravity, good chip quality from storage, above average yield potential, medium-late maturity. Currently in SNAC, NCPT, and Fast Track Trials – on commercial track. High yield potential, common scab susceptible, high specific gravity Scab resistant, high yield potential and specific gravity Scab resistant with high yield potential and specific gravity. Currently in Potatoes USA Fast Track Program High yield potential, large round tubers with smooth shape, scab resistant, potential storage chipper. Currently in Fast Track. High specific gravity, smooth, round attractive tuber, scab resistant with storage potential. Dropping due to GC. Scab resistant with high specific gravity. Has chip storage potential from 50oF. In Fast Track program Highly scab resistant long-term storage chipper with high specific gravity. Dropping due to bruise. Scab resistant with storage potential. Dropping due to low SG. High specific gravity and attractive tuber shape, scab resistant with moderate late- blight resistance. In SNAC and Fast Track. 65 (Processing Varieties cont.) Entry MSW509-5 Pedigree Kalkaska X Marcy MSX540-4 Saginaw Chipper X NY139 MSZ219-1 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127-2 MSZ219-14 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127-2 MSZ222-19 NC0349-3 ND7519-1 MSR127-2 X Tundra Snowden X B0564-9 ND3828-15 X W1353 NDA081453CAB-2C Dakota Diamond X ND039173CAB-22 NDTX081648CB- 13W ND8456-1 X ND7377CB-1 2016 Scab Rating* 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.3 2.4 0.9 2.0 1.3 NY152 (NYH15-5) B38-14 X Marcy 0.8 Characteristics Smooth attractive tubers, scab resistant with high yield potential. Not for long-term storage. Currently in Fast Track program Medium/high yield potential, common scab, late blight and PVY resistant, high specific gravity. Currently in Fast Track program Scab, PVY and late-blight resistant with high specific gravity. Tuber appearance is smooth and round. Currently in NCPT and Fast Track. Scab, PVY and late-blight resistant with high specific gravity. Potential long-term storage chipper. Tubers are smooth and round. Currently in NCPT and Fast Track. Scab resistant with high yield potential and specific gravity. Long-term storage potential. Currently in NCPT Medium to late maturity, round tuber shape, medium specific gravity, netted skin, good chip color, some potential susceptibility to internal defects High specific gravity, medium to high yield potential, medium vine maturity, round smooth skinned tubers High yield potential, some resistance to common scab Medium maturity, oval shaped tubers High yield potential, medium specific gravity, moderate resistance to common scab, medium-late maturity NY153 Waneta X Pike 1.1 Medium maturity, round tuber shape NY154 (NYH15-17) B38-14 X Marcy 0.0 High yield potential, high specific gravity, moderate common scab resistance, late maturing 66 (Processing Varieties cont.) Entry NY157 NY162 (NYK31-4) NYK27-1 Pedigree White Pearl X Marcy NYE106-2 X NYE48-2 Ivory Crisp X E48-2 NYL1-7 NYD40-35 X Pike NYL7-2 NYE50-8 X NYE48-2 2016 Scab Rating* 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.9 TX09396-1W Atlantic X Lamoka 1.9 W5955-1 (Hodag) W6822-3 Pike X C31-5-120 White Pearl X Dakota Pearl 0.8 1.7 W8822-1 Fasan X Tundra 0.4 Characteristics High yield potential, low internal defects, medium specific gravity, moderate common scab resistance - Medium maturity, oval shaped tubers Medium maturity, light yellow flesh, round tubers Medium maturity, round shaped tubers Large tuber size, nice skin, moderate to high yield potential Average yield, high specific gravity, size profile similar to Atlantic, long storage potential, pear-shaped Average yield, medium-late maturity, high specific gravity, susceptible to internal defects, moderate common scab resistance High specific gravity, tolerant to PVY, late maturity, long storage potential, cream to yellow colored flesh depending on environmental conditions *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided from the Potato Outreach Program (POP) as an average across trials. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by POP following evaluations at various trial locations. 67 Table 2. 2016 Michigan Statewide Chip Processing Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages - Fourteen Locations CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs Atlanticf BNC182-5l B2904-2m W8822-1ghkli NY153cdeghil MSX540-4acdeghijl MSV033-1ghim MSR127-2acdeghijkln TX09396-1Wik MSW485-2cdeghikl NYL1-7ghim NY152acdeghijkln NY162ghim NC0349-3bfghikm Lamokaadeghikm MSZ219-14l Manisteeaghim Snowdenacghijklmn NYL7-2ghim MSV313-2il MSV301-2ghim MSV358-3ghim MSZ222-19l NY154i MSW474-1cdeghijl Continued on Next Page 658 630 585 563 548 547 527 527 513 512 496 493 483 481 473 468 467 467 465 457 455 454 449 444 431 734 672 619 616 593 589 602 579 548 575 533 578 529 532 524 531 514 538 502 482 503 517 504 497 514 90 94 94 91 92 93 88 91 93 89 93 84 91 90 90 88 91 87 92 95 90 88 89 89 83 3 6 6 7 6 5 6 7 4 11 7 15 6 10 7 4 7 12 6 2 8 10 5 7 15 As 63 77 92 87 78 82 71 78 65 84 90 82 82 76 79 81 83 82 81 33 83 86 67 72 76 OV 27 17 3 4 14 11 18 13 28 5 3 2 9 14 12 8 8 5 11 62 7 2 22 17 7 PO SP GR OTF CHIP SCORE3 7 0 0 2 2 2 6 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 4 1 1.086 1.077 1.073 1.078 1.080 1.080 1.070 1.076 1.080 1.080 1.069 1.073 1.073 1.067 1.075 1.067 1.071 1.076 1.072 1.067 1.072 1.073 1.076 1.076 1.071 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 RAW TUBER QUALITY2 (%) HH 30 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 3 7 0 0 0 53 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 VD 0 57 40 29 36 41 45 34 43 40 30 34 35 68 43 43 30 47 25 17 33 25 23 50 18 IBS BC 60 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 12 6 0 2 3 0 1 0 4 4 0 12 0 0 17 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COMMON SCAB RATING4 VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.9 0.7 1.9 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.1 2.4 0.8 0.5 1.6 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.9 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.7 3.3 4.0 2.4 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 3.0 3.2 4.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 1.9 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.2 3.2 2.1 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.5 3.5 3.7 COMMENTS misshapened tubers and pickouts heavy netted skin, yellow flesh color round, flattened shape heat sprouts and gc in pickouts heavy netted skin, gc in pickouts, sl alligator hide sticky stolons nice overall tuber appearance, sl alligator hide, tr sticky stolons small overall tuber size slightly flattened shape, severe scab flattened, pear shaped tubers heat sprouting, non-uniform tuber type flattened apical to stem end, netted skin light, smooth skin, round tuber type round tuber shape, tr sheep nosing uniform tuber type, netted skin heavy netted skin, deep apical eye 68 LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs OV As PO SP GR OTF CHIP SCORE3 NY157ghikl MSZ219-1l MSW509-5ghim W5955-1acdeghijln ND7519-1bcdefghil B2869-29m NYK27-1ghim AF4648-2ghikm MSV241-2il MSM246-Bghijm BNC311-4m W6822-3ghikl Pikeaghl MSV507-040ghil NDA081453CAB-2Ck NDTX081648CB-13Wghikl B2727-2bcdefghikl CO07070-13Wbfghim AF5040-8k MSV383-Bcdeghil CO07070-10Wcdeghikl 428 426 425 423 412 410 402 400 395 378 364 358 355 352 335 314 305 304 303 275 273 MEAN 440 479 488 483 464 466 510 453 439 426 412 495 443 396 388 386 402 362 382 376 362 358 498 88 87 88 91 87 80 89 91 93 92 74 77 89 91 82 79 83 78 81 76 75 87 11 3 11 7 11 20 9 6 6 7 9 23 9 3 11 17 15 21 18 8 24 9 81 84 83 66 81 80 80 74 85 84 74 72 85 71 73 79 81 77 77 67 74 77 6 3 5 25 7 0 9 16 8 8 0 4 4 21 8 1 3 1 4 9 1 10 1 9 1 2 2 0 2 3 1 1 1.070 1.068 1.068 1.074 1.079 1.077 1.070 1.076 1.079 1.078 17 1.069 1 2 5 2 4 2 2 1 1.078 1.073 1.075 1.078 1.075 1.077 1.069 1.080 16 1.075 1 3 1.082 1.075 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 RAW TUBER QUALITY2 (%) HH 2 0 0 16 0 0 5 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 10 1 4 VD 37 40 60 42 32 50 23 45 27 32 20 43 23 34 27 33 14 10 13 19 10 33 IBS BC 1 0 3 6 10 0 0 1 7 0 0 14 7 13 7 0 1 2 7 2 1 5 2 0 0 11 7 0 8 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 COMMON SCAB RATING4 VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.4 1.4 0.0 1.7 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.3 2.4 1.7 2.7 0.5 1.8 1.0 3.0 4.3 3.0 2.6 3.2 3.0 3.4 2.3 2.0 2.9 4.0 3.7 1.9 2.5 5.0 3.3 2.6 3.8 4.5 2.5 3.4 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.1 1.2 4.5 2.6 1.5 2.9 COMMENTS shatter bruise gc in pickouts tr points, nice round tuber shape circular, flattened tuber shape gc in pickouts, heat sprouts sl sheepnosing small, non uniform tuber type heavy eyebrowing, deep apical eye, tr heat sprouts small size profile, severe heat sprouts oblong tuber shape round tuber shape, bright skinned severe gc in pickouts, heavy netted skin round tuber shape 2016 Chip Variety Trial Sites 1SIZE 3CHIP COLOR SCORE - Snack Food Association Scale a4-L Farms; Allegan Co. bCrooks Farms; Set #1; Montcalm Co. c Crooks Farms; Set#2; Montcalm Co. d Crooks Farms; Set#3; Montcalm Co. e Crooks Farms; Set#4; Montcalm Co. f Lennard Ag. Company (Early Trial); St. Joseph Co. g Lennard Ag. Company (Chip Trial); Howe, IN h Main Farms; Montcalm Co. i MSU Box Bin Trial; Montcalm Co. j Sandyland Farms; Set #1; Montcalm Co. k Sandyland Farms; SFA Trial (replicated); Montcalm Co. l Walther Farms (replicated); St. Joseph Co. mWalther Farms (Strip Trial); St. Joseph Co. nCrawford Farms; Montcalm Co. Bs: < 1 7/8" (Out of the field) As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" Ratings: 1 - 5 OV: > 3.25" 1: Excellent PO: Pickouts 5: Poor 4COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 2TUBER QUALITY (percentage of tubers) HH: Hollow Heart 5VINE VIGOR RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 6VINE MATURITY RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 VD: Vascular Discoloration 1: Slow Emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) tr = trace, sl = slight, N/A = not available gc=growth crack 69 Table 3. Yield , size distribution*, and specific gravity at harvest for the SNAC trial (Sandyland Farms). Entries organized highest to lowest by US#1 yield. Yield (cwt/A) Percent Size Distribution Entry US#1 TOTAL US#1 Small Mid-Size Large Specific Culls Gravity NY152 MSR127-2 W8822-1 NY157 MSW485-2 Lamoka Snowden NC0349-3 TX09396-1W CO07070-10W NDA081453CAB-2C B2727-2 AF5040-8 AF4648-2 NDTX081648CB-13W W6822-3 MEAN 578 543 515 504 483 441 438 420 407 368 335 304 303 301 287 198 402 664 600 583 560 575 489 524 472 437 468 386 352 376 347 359 295 468 87 90 88 90 84 90 83 89 93 79 82 86 81 87 80 67 85 10 9 11 9 15 9 16 11 7 20 11 13 18 11 20 32 14 85 76 84 83 83 85 81 80 67 77 78 81 77 73 79 66 78 2 14 4 7 1 5 2 9 26 2 9 5 4 14 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1.076 1.082 1.084 1.079 1.086 1.081 1.086 1.072 1.080 1.088 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.075 1.084 1.082 1.081 ANOVA p-value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.495 <0.0001 LSD 58.4 57.0 4.9 3.7 5.4 4.5 - 0.002 *small <1 7/8"; mid-size 1 7/8"-3 1/4"; large >3 1/4" 70 Table 4. Summary of at-harvest internal tuber quality for the 2016 SNAC trial (Sandyland Farms). Entries organized by US#1 yield, highest to lowest. Raw Tuber Quality1 (%) Entry NY152 MSR127-2 W8822-1 NY157 MSW485-2 Lamoka Snowden NC0349-3 TX09396-1W CO07070-10W NDA081453CAB-2C B2727-2 AF5040-8 AF4648-2 NDTX081648CB-13W W6822-3 MEAN ANOVA P-value LSD HH 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 60 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 VD 23 47 43 47 40 30 43 83 27 27 27 13 13 33 20 50 35 IBS 7 0 0 3 3 7 0 0 3 7 7 13 7 3 0 3 4 BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 <0.0001 <0.0001 7.8 21.2 0.67 - 0.57 - 1Internal Defects. HH = hollow heart, VD = vascular discoloration, IBS = internal brown spot, BC = brown center. 71 Table 5. Post-harvest chip quality1 for the 2016 SNAC trial (Sandyland Farms). Entries organized by processor rankings from highest to lowest. Entry W6822-3 NY157 NY152 MSW485-2 NDA081453CAB-2C B2727-2 Lamoka Snowden CO07070-10W AF5040-8 TX09396-1W AF4648-2 NDTX081648CB-13W MSR127-2 NC0349-3 W8822-1 Agtron Color 53.7 56.5 57.2 50.6 53.1 54.9 55.5 53.6 52.7 54.2 NA 56.7 53.1 53.8 56.5 53.1 SFA2 Specific Color Gravity Percent Chip Defects3 Internal External Total 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 1.076 1.076 1.076 1.078 1.074 1.074 1.077 1.080 1.085 1.074 1.077 1.074 1.078 1.077 1.071 1.079 5.1 4.9 11.4 11.9 7.7 14.0 9.7 11.0 14.4 10.1 7.5 14.5 14.4 27.8 20.1 18.2 3.7 10.4 7.9 7.7 2.4 7.9 7.5 14.5 15.8 11.7 18.9 7.2 6.7 5.7 6.8 8.2 8.8 15.3 19.3 19.6 10.1 21.9 17.2 25.5 30.2 21.8 26.4 21.7 21.1 33.5 26.9 26.4 1 Samples collected October 13th and processed by Herr Foods, Inc., Nottingham, PA on October 17th, 2016. Chip defects are included in Agtron and SFA samples. 2 SFA Color: 1 = lightest, 5 = darkest 3 Percent Chip Defects are a percentage by weight of the total sample; comprised of undesirable color, greening, internal defects and external defects. Table 6. Black spot bruise testing for 2016 SNAC trial entries (Sandyland Farms) A. Check Samples1 Percent Bruise Bruises Per Average Total # of Bruises Per Tuber 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tubers Free Tuber B. Simulated Bruise Samples2 # of Bruises Per Tuber 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tubers Total Percent Bruise Bruises Per Average Free Tuber Entry NDA081453CAB-2C 22 3 0 0 0 0 W6822-3 24 1 0 0 0 0 NDTX081648CB-13W 21 4 0 0 0 0 AF4648-2 23 2 0 0 0 0 Lamoka 18 5 1 1 0 0 MSW485-2 MSR127-2 NY157 AF5040-8 NCO349-3 B2727-2 W8822-1 CO07070-10W TX09396-1W Snowden NY152 13 11 1 0 0 0 17 7 1 0 0 0 17 7 0 0 0 0 14 6 5 0 0 0 17 6 2 0 0 0 12 7 3 3 0 0 11 10 4 0 0 0 8 9 5 2 0 0 9 10 5 1 0 0 15 5 5 0 0 0 3 13 6 2 1 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 25 25 24 25 25 25 88 96 84 92 72 52 68 71 56 68 48 44 33 36 60 12 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.6 1.4 18 6 14 6 13 6 13 7 11 8 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 8 9 5 1 1 1 2 14 6 0 1 1 7 0 1 3 7 2 3 2 2 6 4 6 3 2 2 7 5 2 1 4 5 3 1 4 6 6 6 5 0 5 5 9 8 6 6 3 4 2 6 4 4 1 5 7 3 2 8 4 3 4 2 4 3 9 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 72 56 52 52 44 36 8 30 25 16 16 24 24 16 8 24 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 1Tuber samples collected at harvest and held at room temperature for later abrasive peeling and scoring. 2Tuber samples collected at harvest, held at 50ºF for at least 12 hours, then placed in a 6 sided plywood drum and rotated 10 times to produce simulated bruising. They were then held at room temperature for later abrasive peeling and scoring. 72 Table 7. Pre-harvest panels for SNAC trial (Sandyland Farms). A. 8/22/16 Entry W6822-3 NY157 NY152 MSW485-2 NDA081453CAB-2C B2727-2 Lamoka Snowden CO07070-10W AF5040-8 TX09396-1W AF4648-2 NDTX081648CB-13W MSR127-2 NC0349-3 W8822-1 B. 8/31/2016 Entry W6822-3 NY157 NY152 MSW485-2 NDA081453CAB-2C B2727-2 Lamoka Snowden CO07070-10W AF5040-8 TX09396-1W AF4648-2 NDTX081648CB-13W MSR127-2 NC0349-3 W8822-1 % Specific Glucose1 Sucrose2 Gravity Rating 0.626 1.077 0.295 1.079 0.090 1.078 1.085 0.993 0.931 1.077 0.449 1.076 0.535 1.074 1.082 0.378 0.710 1.092 0.565 1.074 0.327 1.076 1.067 0.503 0.890 1.072 0.845 1.073 1.086 1.074 1.085 0.415 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.005 0.003 % Specific Glucose1 Sucrose2 Rating Gravity 0.735 1.073 0.439 1.074 1.076 0.402 0.52 1.079 0.727 1.070 0.482 1.072 1.079 0.544 0.51 1.080 0.692 1.085 0.512 1.075 1.082 0.54 0.492 1.064 0.538 1.077 0.492 1.076 0.561 1.073 1.085 0.492 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.003 Canopy Rating3 Uniform.4 Number of Hills Stems Average5 Tuber Weight 75 50 75 75 25 50 100 50 25 75 100 75 100 100 25 75 75 75 100 100 75 75 100 100 100 100 75 100 100 100 75 100 5 3 2 3 3 5 3 3 4 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 11 18 11 7 11 11 12 5 21 7 8 10 11 9 11 15 2.90 3.69 3.81 4.27 4.46 4.31 4.26 4.16 2.96 3.41 6.28 2.95 1.85 3.09 3.59 4.11 Canopy Rating3 Uniform.4 Number of Hills Stems Average5 Tuber Weight 25 25 50 100 25 25 75 75 0 25 75 75 50 100 25 50 75 75 100 75 100 75 75 75 100 75 75 75 100 100 100 75 4 3 4 3 6 5 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 10 9 21 8 15 10 19 17 12 10 13 12 24 12 13 15 2.67 3.80 3.75 3.88 3.04 4.70 4.54 4.32 3.49 4.13 5.21 3.57 2.90 3.89 4.55 4.40 1 Percent Glucose is the percent of glucose by weight in a given amount of fresh tuber tissue. 2 Sucrose Rating is the percent of sucrose by weight in a given amount of fresh tuber tissue X10. 3 The Canopy Rating is a percent rating of green foliage (0 is all brown, dead foliage, 100 is green, vigorous foliage). 4 The Canopy Uniformity is a percentage of how uniform the foliage health is at the date of observation. 5 The Average Tuber Weight is the total tuber weight collected, divided by the number of tubers reported in ounces. 73 Table 8. Variety information for 2016 MSU russet type potato variety trials *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided from the Potato Outreach Program (POP) as an average across trials. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by POP following evaluations at various trial locations. Russet Type Entry Pedigree 2016 Scab Rating* Caribou Russet (AF3362-1Rus) Reeves Kingpin X Silverton Russet 0.6 Dakota Russet Marcy X AH66-3 0.7 Goldrush Russet (ND1538-1Rus) ND450-3Rus X Lemhi Russet 0.0 Mountain Gem Russet (A03158-2TE) A98292-2 X A98104-4 0.3 Payette Russet (A02507-2LB) EGA09702-2 X Gemstar Pioneer Russet SunRain Variety Russet Norkotah (ND534-4Rus) ND9526-4Rus X ND9687-5Rus Reveille Russet (ATX91137-1Rus) Bannock Russet X A83343-12 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 Characteristics A long russet with excellent yield, processing potential and generally good appearance, common scab tolerance, early bulking potential, medium russet skin, tolerant to Sencor & Linuron, some internal browning from heat stress observed in 2015, PVY susceptible Multi-purpose russet potato, high yield of uniform tubers, resistance to sugar ends and cold induced sweetening, medium late vine maturity Medium maturity, oblong-blocky to long tubers, bright white flesh, common scab resistance, average yield potential High yield potential, common scab and tuber late blight resistance, medium maturity, nice dark russet skin, blocky to long shape High yield potential, high specific gravity, late blight and PVY resistance, late maturing Medium to high yielding, mid-season maturity, common scab resistant Average yield, mid-season maturity, long to oblong tubers, heavy russet skin, low specific gravity Excellent yield potential, common scab tolerant, early bulking, and nice uniform dark russeted skin with good general tuber appearance, occasional misshaped tubers observed 74 (Russet Type cont.) Entry Pedigree Silverton Russet (AC83064-6) A76147-2 X A 7875-5 A03141-6Rus A98083-9 X Premier Russet A06021-1TRus A99031-1TE X A96013-2 2016 Scab Rating* 0.3 1.0 0.3 A06862-18VRus PA98V1-2 x A98345-1 1.0 A09001-12TERus A03293-2 X A98345-1 1.2 A096305-3Rus AC96052-1Rus AF4124-7Rus - - A8469-5 X SC9512-4 AF4872-2Rus Reeves Kingpin X Western Russet 1.8 0.3 0.3 2.0 AF5091-8Rus AF4116-9 X AF4185-1 1.5 Characteristics High yield, oblong to long blocky tuber type, medium netted russet skin, masks PVY, medium specific gravity, PVY, Sencor & Linuron susceptibility Light russet with high yield potential, cold-sweetening resistant with very high post-harvest ratings and processing merit ratings Medium yield potential, prominent lenticels, common scab tolerance, nice blocky tuber type, light to medium russet skin Russet-skin (light) with a larger tuber profile and a high yield potential; resistant to PVY, Verticillium wilt, and Early Blight Moderate yield potential, round to oval tuber type, medium russet skin, eyebrowing - - Average yield potential, good internal quality, early to mid-season maturing, nice overall appearance, light to medium russeted skin. A medium-late maturing russet with better marketable yields than Russet Burbank in Maine trials. Tubers are lightly russeted, long to oblong, and tend to be quite large. It has moderate blackspot bruise resistance A mid-season russet with better marketable yields than Russet Burbank in Maine trials. Tubers are russeted, long to oblong, and tend to be quite large. Resistance to blackspot bruise 75 (Russet Type cont.) Entry Pedigree 2016 Scab Rating* AF5179-4Rus A01601-4 X Highland Russet 1.7 AO03123-2Rus - CO05068-1Rus AWN86514-2 X CO98009-3RU CO05175-1Rus CO08065-2Rus CO08231-1Rus Mesa Russet X AC96052-1RU - - COTX09052- 2Rus* CO03202-1Ru X CO98067-7Ru COTX09022- 3RuRE/YRus CW08221-5Rus ND050032-4Rus TX08352-5Rus A00286-3Y X CO99100-1Ru - - TXA549-1Ru X AOTX98137-1Ru WND8625-2Rus - 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 Characteristics A medium-late maturing russet with better marketable yields than Russet Burbank in Maine trials. Tubers are russeted, long to oblong, and tend to be quite large. It has resistance to verticillium wilt Oblong tuber shape, medium vine maturity High yield potential, high specific gravity, oblong tuber shape, medium vine maturity, resistant to blackspot bruise, growth crack, second growth, and hollow heart, processing potential High yield potential, medium specific gravity, long tubers, medium vine maturity, resistant to blackspot bruise, processing potential - - Medium maturity, vigorous vines, good storage, nice shape, smooth and light- skinned with smaller tuber size and slightly pointed shape Nice yellow flesh, reddish eyes, good tuber shape, vigorous vines, late maturing Fresh market russet - Nice slightly blocky shape, larger size profile, medium vine vigor and maturity, semi-erect vines - 76 (Russet Type cont.) Entry Pedigree W9433-1Rus W9523-1Rus W9742-3Rus W9850-5Rus W10074-3Rus W1059-16Rus W10612-8Rus Calwhite X A96023-6 - A99134-1 X AOND95249 - - - - 2016 Scab Rating* 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 Yellow Flesh Type Entry Alegria Pedigree 2016 Scab Rating* Norika America, LLC 0.8 Allora Norika America, LLC 0.7 Elfe SunRain 1.0 Jelly SunRain 0.6 Characteristics Light russet skin type, high yield potential, tolerance to verticillium wilt and early blight, medium-late maturity, oblong to long blocky tuber type Medium/late maturity, high specific gravity, pear shaped tubers - Fresh market russet - - Characteristics High yield potential, long-oval tuber shape, resistant to Ro1 Ro4 cyst nematodes, PVY, and leaf roll High yield potential, oval-oblong tuber shape, light to medium yellow flesh, early to medium maturity, resistant to Ro1 cyst nematodes, PVY, and leaf roll High yield potential, smooth light yellow skin with medium yellow flesh, early season maturity, resistant to common scab, blackleg, and Rhizoctonia High yield potential, oblong tubers, medium yellow flesh, medium to late maturity, resistant to common scab, PVY, Rhizoctonia, blackleg, and late blight 77 (Yellow Flesh Type cont.) Entry Julinka Lehigh Malou Pedigree SunRain Keuka Gold X Pike Oasis X INRA94T146.43 Oneida Gold (W6703-1Y) Satina X W2275-2Y Satina Smart Soraya Solana - Norika America, LLC Viviana SunRain 2016 Scab Rating* 1.4 0.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.2 1.1 Wega Norika America, LLC 0.6 Yukon Gold W5279-4 X Norgleam 1.2 MSV093-1Y MSW182-1Y McBride X MSP408- 14Y MSI005-20Y X POR02PG7-5 0.5 1.5 Characteristics High yield potential, yellow skin with bright yellow flesh, oval tuber shape, early season maturity, resistant to common scab High yield potential, round to oblong tuber shape, blackspot bruise resistance, common scab tolerance Oval shape, medium yellow flesh, small size profile Good yield, medium maturity, slightly better shape than W6703-5Y, common scab tolerant, medium yellow flesh, buff to slightly netted skin type High yield potential, oval-round tubers, smooth netted skin, medium maturity, resistant to Ro1 potato cyst nematode and common scab - High yield, late maturity, large oval- oblong tubers with yellow skin and yellow flesh, low specific gravity High yield potential, smooth yellow skin with light yellow flesh, oval tuber shape, early season maturity, resistant to common scab, black leg, and late blight Very high yield potential, medium yellow flesh, oval-oblong tuber shape, resistant to PVY and Ro1 Cyst nematodes Moderate yields, medium maturity, oval shape with yellow-white skin and light yellow flesh, common scab susceptible High yield potential, tolerance to common scab, round shape, nice yellow flesh, medium maturity Potato for the “small potato market”. Gold skin with pink eyes and yellow flesh. High tuber set of small potatoes 78 (Yellow Flesh Type cont.) Entry NY149 Pedigree Yukon Gold x Keuka Gold NYL30-5 - W9576-11Y Dakota Pearl X Gala Red Skin Type Entry Ciklamen Pedigree SunRain Dakota Ruby ND7188-4R X ND5256-7R 2016 Scab Rating* 0.7 1.0 1.5 2016 Scab Rating* 1.9 0.3 Dark Red Chieftain LA1354 x LA1027-18 0.7 Dark Red Norland Redkote x ND626 0.4 Merlot Modoc French Fingerling X Red Gold ND1196-2R X ND2225-1R 1.0 0.9 Characteristics Mid to late season, slightly-textured skin and pink eyes, oval shape, medium yellow flesh, resistance to Ro1 cyst nematode, moderate common scab resistance - Medium maturity, high yield potential, buff skin type, nice yellow flesh color Characteristics High yield potential, medium to late maturity, oval shaped tubers, resistant to common scab, PVY and blackleg Uniform round, smooth tubers with white flesh, vigorous vine, nice dark red skin, some possible issues with skin set Broadly adapted, high yield potential, medium maturity, oblong to round tubers, moderate resistance to common scab Broadly adapted, low to moderate yields, early season maturity, smooth, oblong, slightly flattened tubers, common scab tolerant High yield, small to medium oval tubers, medium to late maturity, red skin yellow flesh Average yield potential, smaller size profile, early maturity, round to oval tubers, retains red skin color in storage, susceptible to late blight 79 (Red Skin Type cont.) Entry Pedigree NorDonna ND206-1R X ND821-6R NY159 B13-1 X Chieftain Red Carolina Red Endeavor - - Red La Soda Triumph X Katahdin Red La Soda 10-3 Red La Soda NY Red Norland - - ND 626 X Red Kote AF4831-2R ND028946B X ND8555-8R AF4985-1R ND8555-8R X ND4756-1R CO00291-5R CO098012-5R CO94019-1R X NDC5281-2R - 2016 Scab Rating* 1.6 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.8 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.5 1.4 Characteristics Moderate to high yield potential, attractive dark red skin retains color in storage, common scab tolerant, susceptible to common potato viruses and diseases - - - High yield potential, round to oblong tubers, susceptible to blight, scan, and bacterial wilt - - Early maturity, medium yield, low specific gravity, smooth round to oblong tubers, medium red skin color A mid-season, red-skinned, white- fleshed variety for fresh market. Tubers tend to be oblong are typically bright and attractive. It has moderate common scab and verticillium resistance. Cooking quality is very good A mid-season, red-skin, white- fleshed variety for fresh market. Tubers are round, quite large, and are typically bright and attractive; can have growth cracking and greening in some conditions. Moderate common scab resistance. Cooking quality is very good Medium maturity, round tubers that retain color in storage - 80 (Red Skin Type cont.) Entry Pedigree ND6002-1R NorDonna x Bison NDCO08165-1R MSW343-2R ND7132-1R - MSQ440-2 X NDTX4172-5R ND5002-3R X ND5438-1R W8890-1R - Round White Type Entry Reba (NY 87) MSQ131-A Pedigree Monona X Allegany MSF373-8 X Missaukee MSV179-1 LBR8 X MSL211-3 Novelty Type Entry Pedigree AmaRosa PA97B23-2 X Red Bulk Pollen 2016 Scab Rating* 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 2016 Scab Rating* 0.9 3.0 1.0 2016 Scab Rating* 0.3 Characteristics Uniform tubers, bright red skin, good yield potential, medium vine maturity and specific gravity, common scab susceptible - Early bulking red skin potato with some scab tolerance Medium maturity and yield potential, bright red skin with white flesh, oval to oblong shape, common scab susceptible Fresh market, dark red skin color and smaller size profile Characteristics High yield, bright tuber appearance, low incidence of internal defects, mid to late season maturity, medium specific gravity High yielding, large tuber size, round-oval tuber type, good internal quality, bright white skin Average yield, round white potato with bright skin, scab resistance Characteristics Red skin and red flesh, mid-season maturity, resistant to common scab and late blight, can be used for chipping (chips retain rosy color) 81 (Novelty Type cont.) Entry Blue Belle Pedigree SunRain CO8155-2Rus/Y - MSR226-1RR MSR226-ARR MST386-1P MSW316-3PY MSX001-4WP MSX324-1P PoorpG1-4 x Durango Red PoorpG1-4 x Durango Red Michigan Purple X Liberator POR04PG6-3 x Colonial Purple ARS10091WP X MSL211-3 MSN105-1 X Colonial Purple 2016 Scab Rating* 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.3 Red skin and red flesh, oval shape, moderate scab resistance, can be used for chipping Characteristics Average yield, oval tuber shape, yellow skin with purple splashes around the eyes, yellow flesh, medium maturity, small size profile Yellow flesh and pink eyes Red skin and red flesh, oval shape, moderate scab resistance, can be used for chipping High yield potential, bright purple skin with white flesh, uniform round tubers, color fades in storage Purple skinned and yellow fleshed potato with some scab tolerance White skinned round potato with deep purple flesh, some scab tolerance, specialty market Attractive purple skin, white fleshed potato with some scab tolerance *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided from the Potato Outreach Program (POP) as an average across trials. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by POP following evaluations at various trial locations. 82 Table 9. 2016 Statewide Russet Fresh-pack Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages - Ten Locations LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs OV As PO SP GR HH VD IBS BC RAW TUBER QUALITY2(%) COMMON SCAB VINE VINE RATING3 VIGOR4 MATURITY5 W9433-1Rusbcdefghij Mountain Gem Russetbcdfghij ND050032-4Rusbcdefghj CW08221-5Rusbdefgij AF5091-8Rusj Reveille Russetbcdefhijg Caribou Russetabcdefghij W10612-8Rusi A03141-6Rusbcdeghij WND8625-2Rusbcdfghij A06862-18VRRusbcdefghij W9742-3Rusbcdefghij CO08065-2Rusei A06021-1TRusabcdefghij AF5179-4Rusbcdefgj TX08352-5Rusabcdefghj A09001-12TERusabcdefghij A096305-3Rusabcdefghij COTX09022-3RusRE/Yabcdfij Dakota Russetcdghjbef W9850-5Ruse W10074-3Ruseij W10594-16Rusi CO08231-1Ruseij A02507-2LBRusabcdefghij Silverton Russetabcdefghj AF4124-7Rusabcdefghij Pioneer Russetacdghijf COTX09052-2Rusabcdefghj AC96052-1Rusabcdefghij GoldRush Russetbdh Russet Norkotahabcdefghj CO05068-1Rusd AF4872-2Rusj CO05175-1Rusd AO03123-2Rusacdfghij W9523-1Rusi MEAN 504 498 494 486 479 479 478 456 454 440 423 420 399 391 390 386 385 382 376 370 367 364 356 355 353 349 341 336 315 305 302 297 282 275 271 265 224 380 651 602 601 621 613 585 558 591 588 536 609 531 565 483 508 491 464 504 487 474 698 549 555 589 463 462 485 418 441 420 431 407 447 428 429 415 377 516 79 83 82 76 78 81 85 77 77 82 71 78 70 81 79 78 80 76 76 79 52 66 64 60 75 78 72 80 72 72 69 71 63 65 63 64 60 73 7 11 10 15 5 9 6 19 7 14 19 7 23 14 14 18 14 14 20 15 13 17 34 25 15 12 8 11 25 24 21 24 35 10 32 27 39 17 52 68 63 59 30 62 47 72 49 60 61 54 66 66 57 66 63 56 70 64 46 52 64 54 65 53 49 59 62 65 54 62 63 48 59 55 55 58 27 15 19 17 48 19 38 5 28 22 10 24 4 15 22 12 17 20 6 15 6 14 0 6 10 25 23 21 10 7 15 9 0 17 4 9 5 15 14 6 8 9 17 10 9 4 16 4 10 15 7 5 7 4 6 10 4 6 35 17 2 15 10 10 20 9 3 4 10 5 2 25 5 9 1 9 1.069 1.071 1.076 1.057 1.053 1.059 1.065 1.061 1.078 1.065 1.072 1.084 1.080 1.070 1.076 1.057 1.076 1.072 1.067 1.071 1.067 1.061 1.064 1.073 1.073 1.059 1.072 1.063 1.063 1.068 1.066 1.061 1.083 1.066 1.081 1.074 1.055 1.068 3 9 11 13 0 0 0 0 10 6 6 0 15 8 0 1 4 11 1 2 7 0 0 31 0 9 5 3 0 4 0 11 10 0 30 14 0 6 22 30 33 12 50 24 39 10 25 31 29 20 3 30 23 26 28 30 28 17 13 10 0 26 31 33 29 26 54 23 23 33 60 60 50 21 0 27 13 3 10 0 0 1 20 20 1 13 6 7 12 1 0 0 1 4 3 4 0 0 10 10 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.5 0.2 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.7 0.3 1.2 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.5 2.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.6 3.7 3.0 2.7 4.0 4.0 2.2 4.1 4.0 3.5 3.3 4.1 3.6 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.6 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.3 2.2 3.7 3.8 3.0 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.0 4.5 2.5 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.4 3.5 3.0 3.2 2.0 4.1 3.2 4.5 3.6 3.0 2.3 3.6 2.2 3.4 3.6 2.5 3.5 4.5 2.2 2.0 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.0 2.3 2.6 3.8 2.3 1.7 4.5 1.5 4.0 3.8 2.0 3.1 COMMENTS heat sprouts, knobs in pickouts alligator hide alligator hide, light russeted skin, flat blocky tuber shape dark russeted skin, oval blocky shape, alligator hide, heat sprouts eyebrowing sl skinning, severe gc and knobs in pickouts sl alligator hide, light russeted skin, moderate pinkeye light russeted skin, skinning, knobs and heat sprouts in pickouts dark russeted skin, sl skinning moderate alligator hide, light russeted skin, non-uniform tuber shape pointed tuber shape, light russeted skin dark russeted skin eyebrowing, dark russeted skin alligator hide, heat sprouts medium russeted skin, moderate pinkeye, nice tuber shape moderate pinkeye, oval blocky shape light russeted skin, oblong tuber shape pink colored eyes, yellow flesh, round tuber shape heavy russeted skin, severe pinkeye, alligator hide bottle-necking, heat sprouts, knobs in pickouts moderate alligator hide dark russeted skin, knobs in pickouts alligator hide, pinkeye light russeted skin, points and knobs in pickouts medium russeted skin, moderate pinkeye heat sprouts, blocky shape, sl alligator hide dark russeted skin, moderate pinkeye, nice tuber shape sl alligator hide medium russted skin, nice tuber shape, alligator hide, pinkeye non-uniform tuber type, tr sticky stolons, tr = trace, sl = slight, N/A = not available gc=growth crack 2016 Russet Variety Trial Sites a Horkey Brothers, Monroe Co. b Elmaple Farm; Kalkaska Co. c Crawford Farms; Montcalm Co. d Kitchen Farms; Antrim Co. e Walther Farms (Norkotah); St. Joseph Co. (Replicated) f Walther Farms (Silverton); St. Joseph Co. (Replicated) g VanDamme Farms; Delta Co. h Wilks Farm, Presque Isle Co. j NFPT (selected lines replicated); Walther Farms; St. Joseph Co. j Lennard Ag. Co.; LaGrange Co. IN 1SIZE Bs: < 4.0 oz. 2TUBER QUALITY (percentage of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart As: 4.0 - 10.0 oz. VD: Vascular Discoloration OV: > 10 oz. PO: Pickouts IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 3 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 4VINE VIGOR RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Slow Emergence 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 5VINE MATURITY RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) 83 Table 10. 2016 Statewide Table-stock Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages - Ten Locations LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs OV As W9576-11Yeg Yukon Goldcfh Sorayaabcdegij Jellyceg MSV093-1Yabcdfgj Lehighabcfjh Allorafhi Satinaabcfhj Alegriaabcfhij Vivianaacdeg NY149abcegj Elfeceg Julinkaabcdeg Oneida Goldacfhij Wegaabcfhij NYL30-5abcegj Smartacfhj Malouabcdeg MSW182-1Yfh Rebaabcj MSV179-1abcj MSQ131-Ab Red Carolinaaceg Red La Sodaacfhj Red La Soda 10-3acegij Red La Soda NYacfhj NY159acegj ND7132-1Racegj Dark Red Chieftainacfhj Dark Red Norlandacdegij Red Endeavoracfhij AF4985-1Raceg Red Norlandacfhij ND6002-1Racegj MSW343-2Racfh Nordonnaacfhj Dakota Rubyacdegj W8890-1Reg AF4831-2Raceg CO098012-5Raceg Merlotacfhij Modocacfhj NDCO08165-1Re CO00291-5Rcegj Ciklamenaceg CO8155-2Rus/Yk MST386-1Pa W9962-1RY/Yacfhij MSX324-1Pacfh MSX001-4WPacfhj MSW316-3PYafh MSR226-1RRacfh Blue Belleabcdeg MSR226-ARRacfh Amarosaacfhij YELLOW SKIN TYPE ROUND WHITE TYPE RED SKIN TYPE NOVELTY TYPE 465 457 447 439 437 428 425 422 420 393 380 369 364 337 334 315 293 282 271 453 424 342 567 538 496 474 448 434 426 403 394 391 378 377 377 376 356 328 328 309 286 283 255 246 148 519 478 468 314 292 261 231 203 201 106 MEAN 367 573 498 552 520 507 463 531 494 478 521 488 546 495 415 496 454 448 386 517 477 441 346 659 582 554 520 505 504 468 463 501 465 439 423 428 472 491 443 452 435 465 414 396 304 332 666 545 532 437 318 381 422 314 353 286 466 81 92 79 85 84 93 81 83 87 75 76 66 73 81 65 67 65 71 52 95 96 99 86 92 89 91 88 85 91 87 79 84 86 89 86 79 71 73 73 69 60 68 64 78 43 78 88 88 72 91 69 55 64 55 33 77 17 4 8 12 9 3 14 8 9 20 19 28 19 18 28 26 31 29 47 4 2 1 9 6 7 6 9 8 9 10 21 9 11 10 13 15 27 26 26 30 32 30 34 19 55 18 2 10 23 7 19 44 30 44 65 19 80 77 71 83 70 72 78 78 81 73 73 66 69 79 65 66 65 70 52 70 69 45 83 72 77 74 80 78 83 83 75 81 79 81 84 71 70 73 73 69 60 68 64 76 43 78 53 80 71 68 68 55 61 54 33 70 1 15 8 2 14 21 3 5 6 2 3 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 0 25 27 54 3 20 12 17 8 7 8 4 4 3 7 8 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 35 8 1 23 1 0 3 1 0 7 RAW TUBER QUALITY2(%) SP GR HH VD IBS BC COMMON SCAB VINE VINE RATING3 VIGOR4 MATURITY5 1.053 1.074 1.056 1.069 1.064 1.066 1.063 1.055 1.064 1.059 1.063 1.063 1.063 1.065 1.054 1.067 1.059 1.056 1.079 1.062 1.061 1.044 1.055 1.057 1.058 1.055 1.051 1.056 1.058 1.059 1.056 1.056 1.054 1.059 1.053 1.058 1.067 1.059 1.055 1.063 1.068 1.053 1.072 1.053 1.075 1.066 1.070 1.052 1.073 1.056 1.064 1.062 1.057 1.064 1.061 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 13 24 34 34 28 1 33 31 18 41 24 39 17 24 39 29 51 15 25 18 40 31 28 18 26 17 29 50 19 15 12 16 26 20 16 18 22 11 19 29 20 7 31 39 0 30 43 15 24 20 35 40 35 26 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 40 3 2 4 4 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 1 3 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.061 0.5 25.2 1.6 0.5 1.5 1.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.8 1.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.3 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.9 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.8 3.2 3.7 4.3 3.1 2.6 - 3.8 4.1 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.9 3.9 2.4 3.7 3.0 2.3 3.1 2.9 3.8 2.8 2.7 3.2 2.8 3.8 2.4 3.1 4.5 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.9 4.0 2.4 3.1 2.3 2.1 3.3 2.4 2.5 3.3 4.2 3.8 3.1 2.9 4.0 3.0 1.9 3.0 2.2 2.4 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.6 3.8 3.1 3.5 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.6 3.7 3.6 1.8 2.4 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.8 3.3 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.8 1.8 2.5 3.5 3.4 2.5 4.0 2.8 2.0 1.9 3.2 2.5 4.8 2.5 3.8 2.9 PO 2 4 13 3 7 4 5 9 4 5 5 6 8 1 7 7 4 0 1 1 2 0 5 2 4 3 3 7 0 3 0 7 3 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 8 2 2 3 2 4 10 2 5 2 12 1 6 1 2 4 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" 2016 Tablestock Variety Trial Sites a Crawford Tablestock Trial, Montcalm Co. b Horkey Tablestock Trial, Monroe Co. c Kitchens Tablestock Trial, Antrim Co. d VanDamme Tablestock Trial, Delta Co. e Walther R/Y Replicated Trial, Tuscola Co. f Walther R/Y Strip Trial, Tuscola Co. g Walther R/Y Replicated Trial, St. Joseph Co. h Walther R/Y Strip Trial, St. Joseph Co. i Walther R/Y Replicated Trial, Antrim Co. j Wilks Tablestock Trial, Presque Isle Co. k NFPT (selected lines replicated); Walther Farms; St. Joseph Co. OV: > 3.25" PO: Pickouts 2TUBER QUALITY (percentage of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 4VINE VIGOR RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Slow Emergence 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some non-uniform tuber shape, pinkeye pinkish color around eyes, moderate yellow flesh COMMENTS dark yellow flesh, oblong tuber shape, sl alligator hide, misshapened pickouts medium yellow flesh, oblong tuber shape round tuber shape, medium yellow flesh medium yellow flesh, light netted skin uniform oval tuber shape, pinkeye uniform round tuber shape, alligator hide, nice yellow skin dark yellow flesh, light russeting, oblong tuber shape, tr pinkeye oval pear shaped tubers, tr pinkeye, alligator hide pinkish color around eyes, oval shape, medium yellow flesh non-uniform tuber type, some pointed tubers dark yellow flesh, oblong tuber shape, tr pinkeye small round uniform tuber shape, lightly russeted skin oblong tuber shape, moderate yellow flesh, tr pinkeye heat sprouting, pinkish colored eyes, oval tuber shape, light yellow skin dark yellow flesh, oblong oval tuber shape, nice skin small round tuber shape, bright skin pinkish color around eyes blocky oval tuber shape, bright skin cream colored flesh, nice uniform round shape pinkeye, moderate silver scurf, oblong tuber shape misshapened tubers, deep eyes, silver scurf, light red skin deep eyes, non-uniform tuber shape, skinning misshapened tubers, deep eyes, silver scurf medium red skin, severe silver scurf, moderate skinning nice red skin color, oval tuber type, silver scurf, tr pinkeye good overall appearance, silver scurf, netted skin silver scurf, non-uniform tuber shape silver scurf, skinning, light netted skin, pinkeye, uniform round tuber shape skinning, misshapened tubers, deep eyes light red skin silver scurf, sl pinkeye, skinning pink skin, sl silver scurf, uniform tuber type, deep eyed silver scurf, knobs in pickouts, heat sprouts moderate silver scurf, small uniform round tuber shape, skinning oval tuber type, nice skin set, good color silver scurf, sl skinning sl silver scurf, uniform round tuber shape medium yellow flesh, oval to oblong tuber shape, medium red skin color reddish pink skin, oblong tuber type dark red skin color, silver scurf light red skin color, silver scurf, oblong non-uniform tuber shape yellow flesh lightly netted skin, heat sprouts, yellow and red spotted skin, yellow flesh moderate silver scurf, purple skin, deep eyes grey colored, purple flesh non-uniform tuber shape, purple skin red colored flesh, pear shaped purple splash around eyes dark red skin, red flesh, non-uniform tuber type small fingerling type, red skin, red mottled flesh tr = trace, sl = slight, N/A = not available gc=growth crack 3 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 5VINE MATURITY RATING Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 84 2016 Research Report On‐Farm Soil Health Research: With Special Reference to Bio‐Based Systems George W. Bird, MSU, Department of Entomology Scientist Team (Areas of Expertise/Project Responsibility): Noah Rosenzweig (Soil Microbial Characterization), Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences. Lisa Tiemann (Soil Biology), Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Bruno Basso, (Remote Monitoring & Crop Modelling), Department of Geological Science. Roy Black (Potato Econometrics), Department. of Agric., Food and Resource Economics George Bird (Soil Health Biology/Nematology), Department of Entomology Project Cooperators: Alan, Brian and Tyler Sackett Project Site Management, Sackett Potatoes Edwin Suarez, Agronomist, Sackett Potatoes Chris Long (Data Base Management) Dept. of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences Mart Otto and Casey Carr (IPM and Soil Nutrition), Agribusiness Consultants Brad Morgan (Compost and Humic Substances Technology) Morgan Composting R.J. Rant (Soil Health) R.J. Rant Soil Health Consulting In 2012, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC) published a White Paper recommending soil health as a major research, development and education imperative. The Commission also sponsored a 96 site Michigan potato soil health survey. The results confirmed the concerns presented in the White Paper, indicating a distinct need for improvement of the soil health associated agriculture in Michigan. In 2013, an eight-year (2014-2021) on-farm, field-scale bio-based potato production trial was initiated at Sackett Potatoes in Mecosta County. The project is designed to develop and validate an economically profitable bio-based potato production system that both enhances soil health and eliminates the need for soil fumigation. The 2016 research team for this project included seven Michigan State University (MSU) scientists and eight private sector members of the Michigan potato community. The research site consists of two fields, the Defender, (SP 26N, a conventional two-year potato and seed corn rotation system and a 54 acre Challenger (SP 42), a two-year potato bio-based system including cover crops, manure and compost. The goal of the research and technology development initiative is to develop, validate and demonstrate one or more bio-based commercial‐scale Challenger potato production systems designed to enhance and maintain soil health in an economically profitable and environmentally 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%SP26-1SP26-2SP26-3SP26-4SP26-5SP26-6SP26-7SP26-8SP26-9SP26-10AveragePercentofSequencesSamplepointGemmatimonadetesFirmicutesChloroflexiVerrucomicrobiaPlanctomycetesBacteroidetesActinobacteriaAcidobacteriaProteobacteriaunclassified85 sound manner. When compared with a conventional Defender system, the economics of the Challenger system must be equal to or better than that of the Defender. The 2016 objective was to evaluate the impacts of the 2014-2015 Defender and Challenger systems on soil health throughout the research site, and continue development of the bio-based Challenger system for comparison with the Defender system during potato production in 2017. Methodology Research Site: Sackett Potatoes of Mecosta County, Michigan, is providing a 54 acre Challenger potato production site (Field SP42) for this project. In 2014, compost and manure were applied to the Challenger site. It was divided into two subsites, each planted with peal millet from a different source Table1). The Defender site (SP26N) was used for seed corn. Potatoes were grown in both sites in 2015. In 2016, the Defender site was used for seed corn production, while the Challenger will be divided into two subsites: 1) a three-species cover crop blend with black oats as the carrier and 2) a six species cover crop blend (Table 2). Potatoes will be grown in Defender and Challenger sites in 2017. Research site management will be done by Sackett Potatoes interacting with Agri‐Business Consultants, JR Rant Soil Health Consulting and Morgan Composting. 86 Soil Health Indicators: Thirty-two transect-based soil samples (12 from SP26N and 20 from SP42) taken on October 11, 2016 and sent to the Cornell University Soil Health Laboratory in Geneva, New York for soil health analysis. Each sample was analyzed for four physical indicators (available water capacity, surface hardness, subsurface hardness and aggregate stability), four biological indicators (organic matter, ACE soil protein index, soil respiration and active carbon) and four chemical indicators (pH, extractable phosphorus, extractable potassium and minor elements). Only the results from the aggregate stability, ACE soil protein index, soil respiration and active carbon are used in the results section of this report. Above Ground System Monitoring: High resolution aerial canopy transect-based analyses (drone technology) of the Defender field and two subsites in the Challenger field was used to assess the temporal and special aspects of the associated Vegetative Indices. Soil‐Borne Microbial Analysis: The thirty-two transect-based soil samples from the Defender and Challenger systems were used for nucleic acid assessment in regards to the resident bacterial taxa. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of soil from each composite soil sample using the FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals LLC, Solon, OH) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA samples were stored at -20°C until analysis. Total environmental genomic DNA from the soil sample was used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Preparation of amplicons and library construction was performed according to the previously described standard operating procedure (SOP) protocol (Kozich et al. 2013). PCR products were separated on 1% (w/v) agarose gel in 0.5×TBE stained with GelRed Nucleic Acid Stain 87 (Phenix Research Products, Chandler, NC) by electrophoresis and visualized by UV exposure using the Gel Doc 2000 apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) (Figures 2). Amplicon libraries were submitted to the Michigan State University Research and Technology Support Facility for next-generation sequencing on the MiSeq Illumina platform (San Diego, CA). The resulting sequence data were analyzed using the previously described SOP analysis pipeline (Kozich et al. 2013) with the mother v.1.33.0 software package (Schloss et al. 2009). An additional phylotype assignment was determined by analysis of processed sequence data using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) 16S rRNA gene training set (version 9) (Cole et al. 2009; Cole et al. 2011). Cover Crop Stands and Nematode Community Structure.- The 2016 cover crop stand and nematode community structure results are not available at this time. They will be made available as an addendum at a later date. Results Soil Health Indicators: The overall soil health indicator scores ranged from 57 to 74 (0-100 scale) for the Challenger and 58 to 61 for the Defender. A score of 80 can be considered the threshold for soil health. The biological indicator analysis revealed a mean score of only 43 (37- 72) for the Defender; whereas, the mean scores were 73 (56-114) and 66.9 (56-90) for the three cover crop and six cover crop blends, respectively (Table 3). Above Ground System Monitoring: The Challenger drone flights of Drone flights of June 29, 2016, July 27, 2016, and August 29 for NDVI (vegetative index commonly used to quantify canopy cover and plant health) Indicated progressive positive growth and development of the cover crops throughout the growing season (Figs. 1-3). The enhanced spectral reflectance 2016 aerial view of SP42 (Challenger) illustrates a significant difference between the east (three cover 88 crops plus oats carrier) and west (six cover crops plus oats carrier) parts of the field; with greater spatial temporal stability in the east sector, in addition to other vegetative patterns of unknown cause (Figure 4). Figure 1. Aerial NDVI (vegetative index) for SP 42 (Challenger) on June 29, 2016. 89 Figure 2. Aerial NDVI (vegetative index) for SP 42 (Challenger) on July 27, 2016. Figure 3. Aerial NDVI (vegetative index) for SP 42 (Challenger) on August 29, 2016. 90 Figure 4. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) enhanced spectral reflectance of SP42 west (left) and SP42 east (right). Soil‐Borne Microbial Analysis: The total number of DNA sequences identified to phyla, class, order, family and genus was 28, 81, 140, 300 and 814 respectively. The results provided baseline information on the bacterial ecology across potato production fields related to soil physical properties, soil disease severity and total yield. Based on numbers of DNA sequences the relative abundance of bacterial taxa was determined for each sample (Figs. 5 and 6). DNA sequence assignment was dominated by 9 of the 21 bacterial phyla recovered, comprising nearly 96% of the total bacterial community assemblage (Figs 1 and 2). These phyla were present in every soil sample from the potato production field, and consisted of major known beneficial bacterial groups including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes with unclassified bacteria representing >20% of the total bacterial phyla (Figs. 5 and 6). 91 Figure 5. Relative sequence abundance of most frequently recovered bacterial phyla from soil samples collected from field SP42. 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Average(cid:9)Percent(cid:9)of(cid:9)SequencesSample(cid:9)pointArmatimonadetesGemmatimonadetesVerrucomicrobiaFirmicutesPlanctomycetesBacteroidetesActinobacteriaAcidobacteriaunclassifiedProteobacteria92 Figure 6. Relative sequence abundance of most frequently recovered bacterial phyla from soil samples collected from field SP26. 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%SP26-1SP26-2SP26-3SP26-4SP26-5SP26-6SP26-7SP26-8SP26-9SP26-10AveragePercentofSequencesSamplepointGemmatimonadetesFirmicutesChloroflexiVerrucomicrobiaPlanctomycetesBacteroidetesActinobacteriaAcidobacteriaProteobacteriaunclassified93 References Cole, J., Wang, Q., Cardenas, E., Fish, J., Chai, B., Farris, R., Kulam-Syed-Mohideen, A., McGarrell, D., Marsh, T., and Garrity, G. 2009. The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic acids research 37:D141– D145. Cole, J. R., Wang, Q., Chai, B., and Tiedje, J. M. 2011. The Ribosomal Database Project: sequences and software for high-throughput rRNA analysis. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. Kozich, J. J., Westcott, S. L., Baxter, N. T., Highlander, S. K., and Schloss, P. D. 2013. Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79:5112-5120. Schloss, P. D., Westcott, S. L., Ryabin, T., Hall, J. R., Hartmann, M., Hollister, E. B., Lesniewski, R. A., Oakley, B. B., Parks, D. H., Robinson, C. J., Sahl, J. W., Stres, B., Thallinger, G. G., Van Horn, D. J., and Weber, C. F. 2009. Introducing mothur: Open Source, Platform-independent, Community-supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:7537-7754. 94 Funding: Project GREEEN/MPIC Impact of increased cropping system diversity as measured by improved productivity and sustainability in a Michigan potato production system Chris Long, Dr. Lisa Tiemann, Dr. Noah Rosenzweig, Dr. Erin Hill, Monica Jean, Anna Busch, John Calogero, and Aaron Yoder INRODUCTION Due to commercial production practices, soils in potato systems in Michigan experience a significant level of degradation. Mineral withdrawal, poor soil structure and disruption of the soil biology caused by intensive management practices are thought to be the primary drivers of soil degradation. Disruption of this biotic component can affect both physical and chemical soil properties because they contribute to aggregate formation and control soil organic matter (SOM) accrual, decomposition, and nitrogen (N) mineralization. Under intensive fumigation and tillage practices, soil microbes no longer function at optimal levels to maintain or improve soil structure, SOM, and N cycling. We are proposing an additive process for current potato production systems that increases cropping system diversity. We hypothesize that increasing diversity within a cropping system will lead to greater soil microbial activity, improve nutrient cycling, suppress pathogens, increase soil physical structure, and ultimately, improve soil productivity and crop yields. Results of our research will provide the potato industry with management recommendations on the efficacy of pearl millet varieties and grasses in general to improve cropping system productivity. This project will also help establish the value of added diversity in a cropping system. RESULTS In the spring of 2015 and 2016, grass species comparison trials were undertaken at the Montcalm Research Center (MRC), Montcalm County, MI to generate preliminary data regarding optimum performance of the grass varieties tested. In 2015, the following species were evaluated: common oat, (Avena sativa, ‘IDA’); pearl millet, (Pennisetum glaucum, ‘Tifleaf 3’, ‘Millex 32’, ‘CFPM 101’); proso millet, (Panicum miliaceum, ‘White’); German millet, (Setaria italica); foxtail millet, (Setaria italica, ‘White Wonder’) and; Japanese millet, (Echinochloa esculenta). It was determined that the pearl millet varieties produced the highest amounts of biomass, while being the easiest to grow agronomically (Data not shown). The crop land where the 2015 trial was conducted was planted to the potato variety ‘Superior’ in the spring of 2016. Based on previous grass crop history in 2015, potato yield, tuber quality and presence of V. dahliae and P. penetrans was evaluated. Potato production in the pearl millet treatments, although not significantly different from the other treatments, produced a slightly higher yield of US#1 tubers and recorded lower levels of internal tuber defects such as hollow heat and vascular discoloration (Table 1). Root lesion nematode numbers were not significantly different between treatments, but there were differences in Verticillium concentration. 95 In the spring of 2016, the three above mentioned pearl millet varieties, plus four other grass species [corn, (Zea mays spp.), sorham-sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese), teff (Eragrostis tef) and an additional pearl millet variety (P. glaucum ‘Wonderleaf’)] were evaluated side-by-side at MRC to compare above and below ground biomass production and their effects on V. dahlia and P. penetrans abundance (Table 2). The corn control treatment produced the highest total biomass when compared to the other grass treatments. There was no significant difference in total biomass produced between the remaining grass species. Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. Sudanese and teff ‘Dessie’, although not significant produced the least amount of biomass. In the spring of 2016 two separate cover crop plots were planted at Kitchen Farms, Elmira, MI. One plot was planted into a field containing no actively growing cover crops (bare soil), with the previous crop being potatoes in 2015. The second plot was planted into a one- year-old alfalfa crop (two year out of potatoes). Both seedings consisted of the same eight treatments. The first treatment was alfalfa alone followed by the three pearl millet varieties from the 2015 grass species trial, sorghum-sudan grass, teff, cereal rye, and annual rye grass. The grasses were co-seeded with alfalfa in the year one planting and were drilled into the standing alfalfa in the second year planting at the time of the first alfalfa cutting. From the co-seeded plot data the warm season grasses except for teff produced the most total biomass and reduced alfalfa biomass accumulation when compared to the alfalfa monoculture (Table 3a). Pearl millet ‘CFPM 101’ had the highest above ground biomass but was not significant (Table 3a). All treatment seeding rates will need to be adjusted as we proceed in order to balance the biomass production of both species. The inter-seeded plot data shows that pearl millet ‘Tifleaf 3’ outperformed all treatments in relation to total biomass production except for ‘Millex 32’ (Table 3b). This demonstrates that cultivar specificity may be important depending on relative competition with alfalfa. None of the inter-seeded grass species reduced alfalfa production. Soil samples for both the co-seeded and inter-seeded plots are currently being analyzed for soil respiration rate, potentially mineralizable C and N, extra-cellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure. Trial results were presented at both Montcalm Research Center Field day as well as the Upper Peninsula Potato Field day held on August 11th and 31st respectively. 96 Table 1. 2016 ‘Superior’ Potato Tuber Yield, Quality and Disease Evaluation 97 Table 2. 2016 Grass cover crop heights and biomass at Montcalm Research Center. Species Common name Variety Heights Season total dry biomass 7.27.16 9.12.16 10.17.16 Aboveground Belowground Total biomass inches lb/A Zea mays Corn 28 93 96 32,935 A 8,142 A 41,077 A Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet CFPM 101 29 103 17 13,125 B 753 B 13,879 B Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Millex 32 27 96 15 12,608 B 682 B 13,289 B Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Tifleaf 3 22 54 15 10,086 BC 936 B 11,022 B Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Wonderleaf 27 92 13 12,892 B 955 B 13,847 B Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanese Sorghum-sudangrass Sweet bites 28 76 11 8,728 BC 1,547 B 10,274 B Eragrosis tef Teff Dessie 13 40 22 7,838 C 1,191 B 9,028 B *Corn aboveground biomass included grain and are therefore inflated compared to what corn biomass would remain after harvest. **Treatment means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05). Table 3a. 2016 Kitchen Farms co-seeded plot cover crop biomass Grass species common name Variety Season total dry biomass Grass Alfalfa Weeds Above Below Total Above Below Total Above Below Total lb/A Alfalfa only . . . 899 500 1,399 A 4,045 582 4,627 A Pearl millet CFPM 101 9,188 692 9,880 A 316 168 485 BC 389 217 606 C Pearl millet Millex 32 8,895 705 9,600 A 387 223 610 BC 613 200 814 BC Pearl millet Tifleaf 3 7,891 906 8,797 AB 191 118 308 C 516 107 623 C Sorghum-sudangrass Sweet bites 7,864 2,144 10,009 A 245 189 434 C 484 88 572 C Teff Dessie 4,095 642 4,736 BC 222 141 363 C 1,147 180 1,327 BC Cereal rye Guardian 1,907 973 2,881 B 803 392 1,195 A 1,979 214 2,193 B Annual ryegrass Centurion 3,058 1,513 4,571 BC 657 337 995 AB 1,037 212 1,249 BC *Treatment means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).Table 3b. 2016 Kitchen Farms interseeded plot cover crop biomass Grass species common name Variety Season total dry biomass Grass Alfalfa Above Below Total Above Below Total lb/A Alfalfa only . . 3,054 1,856 4,911 Pearl millet CFPM 101 203 90 292 BC 2,982 1,657 4,639 Pearl millet Millex 32 368 161 530 AB 3,020 1,866 4,885 Pearl millet Tifleaf 3 605 171 776 A 2,592 1,501 4,093 Sorghum-sudangrass Sweet bites 235 116 303 BC 2,989 1,777 4,766 Teff Dessie 8 8 16 C 3,552 1,995 5,547 Cereal rye Guardian 183 65 248 BC 3,257 1,892 5,148 Annual ryegrass Centurion 79 47 126 C 2,752 1,656 4,408 *Treatment means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).98 Crop rotations for enhancing soil health, plant health, and disease management in potato production Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY16 N. Rosenzweig, L. Steere, A. Chomas, C. Long, and K. Steinke Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences; MSU A long-term potato crop management experimental research trial was established at MSU’s Montcalm Research Center (Figures 1 and 2). A randomized complete split-block design with four replications (4-row 50 ft plots) was used and treatment plots consist of the following crop rotations: 1) Potato (2013-16); 2) Corn (2013), Potato (2014), Corn (2015) and Potato (2016); 3) Corn (2013-14) and Potato (2015) and Corn (2016); and 4) Corn (2013-2015) and Potato (2016). The split-block included organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments (Table 1). All crop management (irrigation, fertilization, insects, weeds, nematodes, and disease control) was per conventional grower practices. Agronomic metrics of crop health such as plant stand, final yield quantity, quality and tuber health were measured. Potato crops were harvested and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Tubers were assessed for scab. Potato petiole where sampled twice during the growing season. Bulk and rhizosphere soil was sampled pre-planting and two times during the growing season from the potato and corn plots for each treatment, and transported immediately to the laboratory on ice. Experimental field trials The study was conducted on a sandy loam soil at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican at 10-inch spacing and 34-inch rows (Figures 1 and 2). The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Individual plots were 12 ft. wide by 50 ft. in length and planted with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and corn (Zea mays) cultivar “Snowden” and variety “DKC 48-12” respectively. The organic amendments were a stand-alone nutrient source to provide up to 250 lbs N (Table 1). The inorganic fertility program used a combination of urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium sulfate-nitrate to provide up to 250 lbs N at 3 application timings of pre-plant incorporated, emergence, and hilling. Plot harvest was from 50 feet from one plot row. The inorganic fertilizer treatments receive starter fertilizer banded on both sides of the seed piece and two inches away from seed pieces. Foliar applications of Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt/A was applied on a seven-day interval, total of eight applications, for foliar disease control with a R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 psi) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by cultivation and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 days after planting (DAP) and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 6 Sep). Plots (1 x 50-ft row) were harvested on 15 Sept and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Soil samples were taken prior to planting, Jul 19 (43 days after emergence [DAE]), and 18 Aug (75 DAE). Potato petiole samples were taken on Jul 6 (30 DAE). Potato tubers were harvested, graded, culled and internal defects were noted. Tuber numbers for each group and weights (CWT) were recorded. Severity of common scab was measured as surface area affected (1=1 lesion to 1%; 2= 1.1-10%; 3=10.1-20%; 4= 20.1-30%; 5= > 50% surface area). Potato early die (PED) visual assessment was done on 10 Aug (98 DAP) and 18 Aug (105 DAP) using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and treatments separated using mean separation with Fisher’s Protected LSD. Meteorological Data Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located in Entrican, MI from 1 May to 30 Sep. Average daily air temperature (°F) from 1 May to 30 Sep was 57.4, 65.7, 70.5, 72.6 and 65.9 and the number of days with maximum temperature >90°F was 0, 0, 1, 4 and 1 (May, Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep respectively). Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 67.0, 68.6, 76.0, 76.8, and 78.7. 99 Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY16 Average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (°F) over the same period was 62.8, 74.4, 77.1, 77.9, and 70.5. Average daily soil moisture at 4” depth (% of field capacity) over the same period was 14.4, 12.6, 13.6, 14.4, and 15.3. Precipitation was 2.77, 1.33, 3.42, 5.35 and 3.05 in. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./4 day period with overhead irrigation. Laboratory experiments Soil was sampled from the plots for each treatment described above three times during the season (pre- planting, emergence and prior to vine kill), and transported immediately to the laboratory on ice. 0.5 grams of soil from each sample will be used for DNA extraction, using the Mo Bio 101 DNA extraction kit (Mo Bio Laboratories Inc., Carlsbad, CA). Three soil samples per plot, consisting of three soil cores (240 DNAs in total) were used for DNA sequence analyses. After DNA extraction quantity and quality was assessed using a NanoDrop ND-2000c spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Wilmington, DE). Soil genomic DNA was used for PCR amplification of the 16S variable regions and samples were sequenced by the Illumina paired-end technique using the previously described protocol (3) with slight modifications for total bacterial community analysis. PCR products were separated on 1% (w/v) agarose gel in 0.5×TBE stained with GelRed Nucleic Acid Stain (Phenix Research Products, Chandler, NC) by electrophoresis and visualized by UV exposure using the Gel Doc 2000 apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) (Figures 3-5). Total environmental genomic DNA from the soil sample was used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Preparation of amplicons and library construction was performed according to the previously described standard operating procedure (SOP) protocol (4). Amplicon libraries were submitted to the Michigan State University Research and Technology Support Facility (RTSF) for next-generation sequencing on the MiSeq Illumina platform (San Diego, CA). The resulting sequence data were analyzed using the previously described SOP analysis pipeline (4) with the mother v.1.33.0 software package (5). An additional phylotype assignment was determined by analysis of processed sequence data using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) 16S rRNA gene training set (version 9) (1, 2). Results There was no difference in Verticillium wilt severity in plots with back-to-back potato between organic and inorganic fertility management programs (Table 1). Verticillium wilt severity was significantly lower in a four-year corn rotation with an organic fertility management program than a four-year inorganic fertility management program or either two-year rotation fertility programs (Table 1). Similarly, there was no difference in yield in plots with back-to-back potato between organic and inorganic fertility management programs (Table 1). Moreover, yield was significantly higher in organic fertility management programs from plots with either a two- or four-year rotation compared to inorganic fertility programs. Currently the remaining DNA isolated from field experiments 2013 and 2014 are in the queue awaiting sequencing and microbial community analysis at the MSU RTSF. 100 Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Literature cited Cole, J., Wang, Q., Cardenas, E., Fish, J., Chai, B., Farris, R., Kulam-Syed-Mohideen, A., McGarrell, D., Marsh, T., and Garrity, G. 2009. The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic acids research 37:D141–D145. Cole, J. R., Wang, Q., Chai, B., and Tiedje, J. M. 2011. The Ribosomal Database Project: sequences and software for high-throughput rRNA analysis. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ. Kozich, J. J., Westcott, S. L., Baxter, N. T., Highlander, S. K., and Schloss, P. D. 2013. Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Kozich, J. J., Westcott, S. L., Baxter, N. T., Highlander, S. K., and Schloss, P. D. 2013. Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79:5112-5120. Schloss, P. D., Westcott, S. L., Ryabin, T., Hall, J. R., Hartmann, M., Hollister, E. B., Lesniewski, R. A., Oakley, B. B., Parks, D. H., Robinson, C. J., Sahl, J. W., Stres, B., Thallinger, G. G., Van Horn, D. J., and Weber, C. F. 2009. Introducing mothur: Open Source, Platform-independent, Community-supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:7537-7754. 101 Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY16 Figure 1. Aerial image of rotational potato crop management experimental research trial at MSU Montcalm Potato Research Center Figure 2. Long-term rotational potato crop management experimental research trial at MSU Montcalm Potato Research Center 102 Table 1. Summary of results from long-term rotational potato crop management experimental research trial at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY15 Treatment a Potatoes, PPPP Inorganic MAP 11-52-0 K2O 0-0-62 AS 21-0-0-24 Urea 46-0-0 Potatoes, PPPP Organic Herbrucks AS 21-0-0-24 Urea 46-0-0 Rate 120 lb ai/A 150 lb ai/A 66 lb ai/A 134 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 40 lb ai/A 80 lb ai/A SPADd 44.53 P % 0.28 K % 8.62 43.18 0.24 8.05 30 DAEb, c Mg % 0.61 S % 0.32 Zn ppm Mn ppm 38.50 268.00 0.76 0.30 32.00 198.75 0.59 1.00 - - 0.61 0.86 0.32 0.30 - - 0.32 0.30 36.67 296.33 30.33 151.67 - - - - 37.50 255.00 30.00 155.50 Ca % 1.10 1.31 1.10 1.36 - - 1.07 1.41 Potatoes, CPCP Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 Potatoes, CPCP Organic Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCPC Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCPC Organic Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCCP Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 41.60 42.35 - - 44.18 43.65 0.32 0.24 - - 0.31 0.26 8.93 7.06 - - 8.37 7.09 Corn, CCCP Organic Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 aRotation treatments included: 1) Potato (2013-16); 2) Corn (2013), Potato (2014), Corn (2015) and Potato (2016); 3) Corn (2013-14) and Potato (2015) and Corn (2016); and 4) Corn (2013-2015) and Potato (2016). bDAE=days after emergance. cMeans followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.10, LSD). dSPAD=soil plant analysis development measured by chlorophyll meter indicating leaf color. 103 Table 1. Continued Rosenzweig, MPIC Funding Report FY15 Rate Cu ppm B ppm Al ppm Fe ppm Na % 8/10/16 8/17/16 Total Yield CWT Specific Gravity 30 DAEb, c PEDd 138 (DAP)e Scab Incidence Scab Severityf 165 (DAP)d % Emergence Yield (BU/A) Treatment a Potatoes, PPPP Inorganic MAP 11-52-0 K2O 0-0-62 AS 21-0-0-24 Urea 46-0-0 Potatoes, PPPP Organic Herbrucks AS 21-0-0-24 Urea 46-0-0 Potatoes, CPCP Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 Potatoes, CPCP Organic Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCPC Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCPC Organic Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCCP Inorganic Urea 46-0-0 Urea 46-0-0 Corn, CCCP Organic 120 lb ai/A 150 lb ai/A 66 lb ai/A 134 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 40 lb ai/A 80 lb ai/A 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 75 lb ai/A 120 lb ai/A Herbrucks Urea 46-0-0 2 ton/A 85 lb ai/A 5.00 31.00 6.25 62.75 0.01 1.88 b 2.86 bc 363 ab 1.08 92.50 64.70 94.75 4.00 30.25 12.50 68.50 0.01 2.50 b 3.50 ab 342 ab 1.08 96.25 71.25 91.50 5.67 32.33 12.33 71.00 0.01 2.25 b 3.25 abc 301 c 1.07 96.25 68.65 97.00 5.00 30.00 5.00 56.00 0.01 3.25 a 3.88 a 366 a 1.09 96.67 67.60 97.33 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89.88 235 91.62 233 5.00 30.75 3.75 66.00 0.01 2.25 b 3.38 abc 327 bc 1.08 88.75 67.5 89.25 4.50 31.25 12.75 58.00 0.01 2.00 b 2.68 c 378 a 1.08 97.5 68.55 95.50 - - aRotation treatments included: 1) Potato (2013-16); 2) Corn (2013), Potato (2014), Corn (2015) and Potato (2016); 3) Corn (2013-14) and Potato (2015) and Corn (2016); and 4) Corn (2013-2015) and Potato (2016). bDAE=days after Emergence. cMeans followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.10, LSD). dPED=Potato Early Die rating using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem- end. eDAP=days after planting fSeverity of common scab was measured as surface area affected (1=1 lesion to 1%; 2= 1.1-10%; 3=10.1-20%; 4= 20.1-30%; 5= > 50% surface area). 104 Effect of soil fumigants on potato soilborne disease management final report: 2015-16 L. Steere, R. Schafer, and N. Rosenzweig Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences; Michigan State University A potato crop soil fumigation disease management experimental research trial was established at MSU’s Montcalm Research Center (Figure 1) in 2015. A randomized complete block design with six replications (4-row 50 ft plots) was used and treatment plots consisted of the following: 1) Untreated Check; 2) Vapam 45 gal/a; 3) Dominus 20 gal/a; 4) PicPlus 98 lb/a; 5) PicPlus 116 lb/a; and 6) PicPlus 140 lb/a (Tables 1 & 2). All management practices (irrigation, fertilization, insects, weeds, nematodes, and disease control) were according to conventional grower practices. Agronomic metrics of crop health such as plant stand, final yield quantity, quality and tuber health were measured. Potato crops were harvested and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Foliage and plants were evaluated for potato early die severity. Tubers were assessed for scab. The study was conducted on a sandy loam soil at the Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Farm, Entrican at 10-inch spacing and 34-inch rows (Figures 1). The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Individual plots were 12 ft. wide by 50 ft. in length and planted with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar “Snowden”. Foliar applications of Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt/A was applied on a seven-day interval, total of eight applications, for foliar disease control with a R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 psi) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Weeds were controlled by cultivation and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 days after planting (DAP) and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 6 Sep). Plots (1 x 50-ft row) were harvested on 28 Sept and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Potato tubers were harvested, graded, culled and internal defects were noted. Tuber numbers for each group and weights (CWT) were recorded. Severity of common scab was measured as surface area affected (1=1 lesion to 1%; 2= 1.1-10%; 3=10.1-20%; 4= 20.1-30%; 5= > 50% surface area). Potato early die (PED) visual assessment was done on 6 Aug (84 DAP) and 20 Aug (98 DAP) using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and differences among treatments were determined using mean separation with Fisher’s Protected LSD. This trial was repeated at an on-farm research trial site in White Pigeon, MI (sandy soil); 41.7780, -85.6764 deg; elevation 814 ft in 2016 using the methods described above. Meteorological Data In 2015, meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to the end of Sept. Average daily air temperature (oF) from 10 June was 66.0, 66.1, 65.2, and 65.4 and the number of days with maximum temperature >90oF was 0, 0, 0, 0 and 0 (May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, respectively). Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 71.6, 73.7, 70.5, 74.9 and 76.6%. Average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) over the same period was 63.2, 72.1, 69.7, 70.5, and 62.6. Precipitation (in.) over the same period was 0.98, 4.79, 1.72, 2.42, and 3.90. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4 day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. In 2016, meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located in Constantine, MI from 1 Apr to 30 Aug. Average daily air temperature (°F) from 1 Apr was 46.2, 61.0, 69.7, 73.2 and 74.2 and the number of days with maximum temperature >90°F was 0, 0, 2, 6 and 6 (Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, respectively). Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 64.9, 61.2, 64.7, 68.1, and 70.0. Average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (°F) over the same period was 47.2, 56.9, 62.5, 74.4, and 76.1. Average daily soil moisture at 4” depth (% of field capacity) over the same period was 13.3, 11.1, 16.4, 17.3, and 21.6. Precipitation was 2.65, 2.90, 4.87, 1.73 and 7.28 in. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./4 day period with overhead irrigation. 105 Results In 2015, scab and early die severity and was significantly lower in all PicPlus treatments (Table 1) (Figures 2-7). There was no difference in the total # of tuber per plant (Table 1). For all PicPlus treatments the total # of US1 tubers per plant was significantly higher than non-treated and the other treatments (Table 1). Total yield and US1 (cwt/A) was highest for PicPlus at 116 (lb/A) (Table 1). There was no difference in emergence and yield of b-sized tubers among treatments (Table 1). Environmental conditions were conducive to Verticillium wilt throughout the state, but heavy rainfall throughout the month of June had a negative impact on plot development. Verticillium dahliae populations were low to moderate throughout the growing season at this sight but differences between plots in PED ratings indicate that levels were sufficient to cause disease. In 2016, early die severity was significantly higher in Vapam compared to PicPlus 116 lb/A (Table 2). Scab severity was significantly lower in plots treated with PicPlus 98 lb/A and 116/A compared to the not-treated control. Furthermore, PicPlus 116 lb/A had significantly lower scab severity compared to Vapam and Dominus. No differences were seen between treatments when comparing total number of tubers per plant of US#1 tubers per plant, however, PicPlus 98 lb/A had significantly fewer undersized tubers per plant compared to Vapam. No differences were observed between treatments when comparing total yield (cwt/A) and US#1 yield (cwt/A). Analysis of b-sized tubers revealed that PicPlus 98 lb/A was significantly lower than PicPlus 116 lb/A. Environmental conditions were conducive to Verticillium wilt throughout the state, but heavy rainfall throughout the month of August had a negative impact on plot development. Verticillium dahliae populations were low throughout the growing season at this sight and may have contributed to the lack of differences between plots in PED ratings. 106 Figure 1. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research trial at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center. 107 Figure 2. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots left not-treated as a control at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 108 Figure 3. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots treated with Vapam at a rate of 45 gal/A at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 109 Figure 4. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots treated with Dominus at a rate of 20 gal/A at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 110 Figure 5. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots treated with PicPlus at a rate of 98 lb/A at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 111 Figure 6. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots treated with PicPlus at a rate of 116 lb/A at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 112 Figure 7. Potato soil fumigation disease management experimental research plots treated with PicPlus at a rate of 140 lb/A at Michigan State University Montcalm Potato Research Center in 2015. 113 Table 1. Effects of soil fumigation on emergence (%), potato early die ratings, mean # tuber/plant (Total), mean # of tuber/plant (US1), mean # of tuber/plant (B-size), total yield (cwt/A), US1 yield (cwt/A), B-size yield (cwt/A) at MRC in 2015. Treatment Rate Emergence Potato Early Potato Early Diea,b 8/6/15 Diea,b 8/20/15 Potato Common Scab (%)a,c Tuber/ Plant Mean # (Total)a Tuber/ Plant Mean # (US1)a Mean # Tuber/ Plant (B-size)a Total Yield (cwt/A)a US1 Yield (cwt/A)a B-size Yield (cwt/A)a Non- treated Check N/A 81.7 3.5 a 4.0 a 69.1 a 8.1 2.8 c 5.2 ab 271.6 c 141.9 d 129.8 Vapam 45 (gal/A) Dominus 20 (gal/A) 84.3 3.0 a 3.7 a 74.1 a 10.2 3.9 b 6.2 a 367.7 b 226.3 bc 141.4 84.8 3.2 a 3.8 a 65.8 a 9.9 3.6 bc 6.2 a 349.1 b 192.3 c 156.8 PicPlus 98 (lb/A) 83.0 2.2 b 2.7 b 44.5 b 9.4 4.6 ab 4.8 b 379.7 ab 253.1 ab 126.7 PicPlus PicPlus 116 (lb/A) 140 (lb/A) 82.8 2.3 b 2.8 b 44.6 b 9.7 4.8 ab 4.8 b 426.9 a 287.6 a 139.3 81.8 1.8 b 2.3 b 45.4 b 10.3 4.9 ab 5.4 ab 398.5 ab 266.9 ab 131.6 aMeans followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.10, LSD) b PED=Potato Early Die rating using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end eSeverity of common scab was measured as surface area affected (1=1 lesion to 1%; 2= 1.1-10%; 3=10.1-20%; 4= 20.1-30%; 5= > 50% surface area) 114 Table 2. Effects of soil fumigation on emergence (%), potato early die ratings, mean # tuber/plant (Total), mean # of tuber/plant (US1), mean # of tuber/plant (B-size), total yield (cwt/A), US1 yield (cwt/A), B-size yield (cwt/A) at White Pigeon in 2016. Treatment Rate Emergence Potato Early Potato Early Diea,b 8/10/16 Diea,b 8/17/16 Potato Common Scab (%)a,c Tuber/ Plant Mean # (Total)a Tuber/ Plant Mean # (US1)a Mean # Tuber/ Plant (B-size)a Total Yield (cwt/A)a US1 Yield (cwt/A)a B-size Yield (cwt/A)a Non- treated Check N/A 60.3 ab 2.17 ab 2.70 50.5 a 6.5 4.4 2.0 ab 274.7 210.4 60.0 ab Vapam 45 (gal/A) Dominus 20 (gal/A) 65.0 a 2.33 a 2.92 39.6 ab 7.4 5.0 2.3 a 290.1 225.8 62.0 ab 58.0 b 2.00 ab 2.83 39.1 ab 6.7 4.9 2.0 ab 278.3 211.6 62.0 ab PicPlus 98 (lb/A) 58.0 b 1.92 ab 2.75 26.5 bc 6.6 5.1 1.5 b 266.0 211.6 47.1 b PicPlus PicPlus 116 (lb/A) 140 (lb/A) 58.0 b 1.75 b 2.83 22.7 c 6.4 4.6 1.7 ab 295.2 208.9 85.6 a 60.0 ab 1.92 ab 2.75 38.2 abc 6.6 4.5 2.0 ab 275.2 214.8 55.3 ab aMeans followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.10, LSD) b PED=Potato Early Die rating using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end eSeverity of common scab was measured as surface area affected (1=1 lesion to 1%; 2= 1.1-10%; 3=10.1-20%; 4= 20.1-30%; 5= > 50% surface area) 115 In-furrow and foliar treatment programs for management of potato early die (PED), 2016. L. Steere, R. Schafer, and N. Rosenzweig Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. In-furrow and foliar combinations of the chemical fluopyram were applied at the an on- farm research trial site in White Pigeon, MI (sandy soil); 41.7780, -85.6764 deg; elevation 814 ft. Potato seed (“Snowden”) was prepared for planting by cutting two days prior to planting. Seed pieces were planted on 27 Apr into two-row by 25-ft plots (~10-in between plants to give a target population of 60 plants/plot at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. A 5-ft not-planted alley separated the two-row beds. A not-treated control was compared with 7 different treatment programs to compare their efficacy in controlling potato early die (PED). Timings in the trial were in-furrow at planting (Timing A), at 2” emergence (Timing B), and 7 days after 2” emergence (Timing C).The 7 treatments were: Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timing B alone; Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timing C alone; Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timing B and C; Luna Privilege 4.16SC (0.442 oz/1000 row-ft) at timing A followed by Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timings B and C; Seranade ASO 1.34%F (4.16 oz/1000 row-ft) at timing A followed by Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timings B and C; Vydate 3.77SC (2.21 oz/1000 row-ft) at Timing A followed by Luna Tranquility 4.16SC (11.2 oz/A) at Timings B and C; Vydate 3.77SC (17 oz/A) at Timings B and C. Irrigation was applied to each plot immediately after the applications of Timing treatment B and Timing treatment C to allow the chemical to get into the root system. At- planting applications (Timing A) were delivered in 8 pt water/A in a 7 in. band using a single XR11003VS nozzle at 30 psi. Foliar applications of (Timings B and C) were applied with an R&D spray boom delivering 25 gal/A (80 psi) and using three XR11003VS nozzles per row. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 280 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP. Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt/A was applied on a seven-day interval, total of eight applications, for foliar disease control. Weeds were controlled by cultivation and with Dual 8E at 2 pt/A 10 DAP, Basagran at 2 pt/A 20 and 40 DAP and Poast at 1.5 pt/A 58 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire 2F at 1.25 pt/A at planting, Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 31 and 55 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 87 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP. Vines were killed with Reglone 2EC (1 pt/A on 20 Aug). Plots (1 x 25-ft row) were harvested on 13 Sep (139 DAP) and individual treatments were weighed and graded. Sampling Soil was sampled on 13 Jun (47 DAP) and 21 Jul (85 DAP) and sent to the MSU Plant Diagnostic Clinic to determine populations of Verticillium dahliae colony forming units (CFUs) in each plot. Similarly, soil was sampled on 27 Apr (AP), 13 Jun (47 DAP) and 21 Jul (85 DAP) and sent to the MSU Plant Diagnostic Clinic to determine populations of Pratylenchus penetrans (Root-Lesion Nematode (RLN)) in each plot. Unfortunately, RLN were not detected in the plot at any of the sampling times. Potato early die (PED) visual assessment was done on 10 Aug (105 DAP) and 17 Aug (112 DAP) using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are 116 yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end. Randomly selected samples of 10 tubers per plot were washed and assessed for stem end vascular beading incidence (%) on 13 Sep (139 DAP) at harvest. Meteorological Data Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located in Constantine, MI from 1 Apr to 30 Aug. Average daily air temperature (°F) from 1 Apr was 46.2, 61.0, 69.7, 73.2 and 74.2 and the number of days with maximum temperature >90°F was 0, 0, 2, 6 and 6 (Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, respectively). Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 64.9, 61.2, 64.7, 68.1, and 70.0. Average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (°F) over the same period was 47.2, 56.9, 62.5, 74.4, and 76.1. Average daily soil moisture at 4” depth (% of field capacity) over the same period was 13.3, 11.1, 16.4, 17.3, and 21.6. Precipitation was 2.65, 2.90, 4.87, 1.73 and 7.28 in. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./4 day period with overhead irrigation. Results (Table 1.) Weather was conducive for disease. No treatment had significantly more emergence (%) compared with the not-treated control (NTC). However, Luna Tranquility at application time B alone, Luna Tranquility at application time C alone, Luna Tranquility at application times B & C, and Vydate at application time A followed by Luna Tranquility at application times B & C had significantly lower emergence (%) compared to the NTC. Evaluation of soil sampled 7 days after the application of treatment B (47 DAP) revealed that no treatment reduced the number of CFU/g soil compared to the NTC. Conversely, Vydate at application times A & B had significantly higher CFU/g soil compared to the NTC. Verticillium dahliae CFU/g soil at the sampling time of 14 days after time C applications (85 DAP) ranged from 2.8-7.2 CFU/g soil with no significant differences. Additionally, RLN were not found in the plots at any sampling times. Analysis of disease severity (wilt symptoms) on a 0-5 scale revealed no difference on 10 Aug (105 DAP) however, disease severity rating on 17 Aug (112 DAP) showed that Luna Tranquility at application time C alone (2.3), and Serenade ASO at application time A followed by Luna Tranquility at application times B & C (2.4) had significantly lower disease severity compared to the NTC (3.0). Assessment of yield in CWT/A from each treatment revealed no treatment was significantly better compared to the NTC (418.9), however, Luna Tranquility at application time C alone (313.6) and Serenade ASO at application time A followed by Luna Tranquility at application times B & C (315.2) had significantly lower yields compared to the NTC. No treatment had significantly lower B size tubers or vascular discoloration compared to the NTC. Conclusions Environmental conditions were conducive to Verticillium wilt throughout the state. Verticillium dahliae populations were low throughout the growing season at this sight but differences between treatments in visual assessment of PED indicate that levels were sufficient to cause disease. Lack of RLN populations is most likely attributed to sampling technique and previous cropping history at this location. Luna Tranquility as a foliar treatment at Timing B does seem to have an impact on PED. The manufacturers of Luna Tranquility have reason to 117 believe that one of the chemistries in the product (fluopyram) has a significant nematicidal property. Since potato early die is manifested via the conjunction of root-lesion nematodes and V. dahliae, further work needs to be conducted to better determine the meaning of the results found through this trial. Furthermore, in vitro assessment of the active ingredients in Velum Prime and Luna Tranquility should take place to determine what effect the active ingredients may be having in the stem of potato plants which may be contributing to decreased wilt symptoms. 118 Table 1. Effects of in-furrow, at planting, and foliar treatments on emergence percent, Verticillium dahliae colony forming units (CFU) in soil, potato early die ratings, marketable yield in hundred-weight per acre, and vascular discoloration of tubers. PEDd Rating 10 Aug 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 3.1 a 2.3 c 2.9 ab 2.9 ab 2.4 bc 4.6 2.9 7.2 4.7 2.8 6.8 5.2 2.8 3.3 4.5 3.1 5.8 3.4 5.9 5.7 PED Rating 17 Aug 3.0 a US #1 Yield in CWT/A 418.9 a B Size Yield in CWT/A 45.3 abc % VDe in Tubers 58.0 ab 329.8 ab 47.0 abc 68.0 ab 313.6 b 38.7 c 330.5 ab 51.7 ab 389.0 ab 41.4 abc 315.2 b 39.0 bc 33.0 b 38.0 ab 58.0 ab 45.0 ab 45.0 ab 2.6 abc 399.7 ab 44.5 abc Average Average CFU/g of Soilbc CFU/g of Soil 13 Jun 21 Jul 4.5 Treatment Not-treated Control Luna Tranquility Luna Tranquility Luna Tranquility Luna Privilege Luna Tranquility Serenade ASO Luna Tranquility Vydate Luna Tranquility Application Timinga Emergence % 61.7 af 52.9 b 52.5 b 52.5 b 63.4 a 58.8 ab 53.3 b B C B & C A B & C A B & C A B & C B & C 57.6 ab Vydate a In-furrow at planting (Timing A), 2” Emergence (Timing B), 7 Days after 2” Emergence (Timing C) b Soil sampled from each plot and plated on Verticillium dahliae selective media and incubated for 21 days. Work done at MSU Diagnostic Clinic. c CFU=colony forming units seen on selective Verticillium dahliae media dPED=Potato Early Die rating using the following scale: 0=No potato early die seen; 1=Small amounts of yellow and flagging of petioles; 2=Moderate amounts of yellowing and flagging of petioles, some of the the flagged petioles becoming necrotic; 3=Symptomatic plants are start to have stems stand straight up while the rest of the plant is laying down, the upright stems are yellow and petioles are wilted and necrotic; 4=Majority of the plot has upright necrotic stems; 5=Entire plot is necrotic, upright stems are brown and petioles are wilted and necrotic, tuber may have brown speckling throughout the stem-end eVD=Vascular discoloration of the stem end; percentage calculated from 40 tubers f Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (α=0.10, LSD) 380.5 ab 48.0 ab 2.6 abc 52.8 a 2.3 119 Field and greenhouse seed treatment trials for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans in a range of cultivars and advanced breeding lines, 2016. S. Mambetova, R. Schafer, L. Steere, and N. Rosenzweig Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Field trial: Five commercial potato cultivars (Atlantic, Snowden, Russet Norkotah, Missaukee and Jacqueline Lee), and seven advanced breeding lines (ABL) from the Michigan State University Potato Breeding and Genetics Program were evaluated for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans in a field trial. Potato seed tubers were cut into two or three sections longitudinally (depending on the size of tuber) ensuring the presence of viable sprouts on each seed-piece. The cut seed pieces were immersed in a mixture of mycelium and zoospores of Phytophthora infestans [US-23 biotype (sensitive to mefenoxam, A1 mating type)] for 30 min then dried for 1 h prior to treating with fungicides. Three fungicides Nubark Mancozeb (NM), Reason and Emesto Silver were used in this experiment. Treatments applied to seed pieces were (i) non-inoculated, non-treated, (ii) inoculated, non-treated, (iii) inoculated, seed treated. Seed pieces were planted at the Michigan State University Clarksville Research Center (CRC), Clarksville, MI (Capac loam soil); 42.8733, -85.2604 deg; elevation 895 ft. on 31 May into two- row by 10-ft plots (ca. 10-in between plants to give a target population of 10 plants at 34-in row spacing) replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Weeds were controlled by hilling and with Dual 8E (2 pt on 5 Jun), Poast (1.5 pt on 17 Jul). Insects were controlled with Admire 2F (20 fl oz at planting), Sevin 80S (1.25 lb on 17 and 31 Jul), Thiodan 3EC (2.33 pt on14 Aug) and Pounce 3.2EC (8 oz on 17 Jul). The number of emerged plants was recorded over a 42-day period after planting, final plant stand (%) and the relative area under the emergence progress curve (RAUEPC) was calculated. The RAUEPC was calculated by dividing the AUEPC by the maximum AUEPC (100 X duration of emergence period) from planting to full emergence. Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to 31 Oct. Average daily air temperature (oF) from May to Sep was 57.6, 66.8, 71.3, 62.3, and 62.7 and the number of days with maximum temperature >90oF was 4 (July 23, August 3, 4 and 10). Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 63.1, 62.5, 70.5, 63.1, and 72.4. Average daily soil temperature at 4” depth (oF) over the same period was 60.9, 71.4, 76.8, 76.5, and 68.9. Precipitation was 0.36, 0.09, 0.05, and 1.17 in. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./4 day period with overhead irrigation. Results: Data was analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using Tukey’s HSD test (alpha=0.05). Two ABLs were statistically different from each other in plant stand; MSV235- 2PY had significantly higher plant stand (83.5%) than MSQ131-A (58.0%), but all other ABL lines were not significantly different from each other (Table 1). Among potato cultivars Jacqueline lee (75.5%) and Missaukee (73.5%) had significantly higher plant stand compared to Snowden (49.5%), Russet Norkotah (46.5%) and Atlantic (32.0%). Reason+NM treatment (79.7%) and non-inoculated non-treated control (79.4%) had significantly greater plant stand in comparison to all other treatments. Tubers treated with Emesto Silver+NM (65.4%) and Nubark Mancozeb (NM) (62.7%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to the inoculated control (39.9%) (Table 1). Advanced breeding line MSV235-2PY (39.2) had significantly greater RAUEPC than MSS576-5SPL (29.4), MSS487-2 (25.4), MSS206-2 (22.5), and MSQ131-A (19.5), but it was not significantly different from the three other ABLs. Advanced breeding lines MSL211-3 (34.2) and MSS176-1 (33.3) had significantly greater RAUEPC than MSS206-2 and MSQ131-A, but they were not significantly different from other ABLs. Advanced breeding line MSS576-5SPL had significantly greater RAUEPC than MSQ131-A, but it was not significantly 120 different from other ABL lines. RAUEPC values for treatments showed similar result as the final plant stand (Table 1). Greenhouse trial: The same cultivars and ABL were used for a greenhouse trial. In the greenhouse trial seed preparation, inoculation technique and three fungicide treatments were similar to the field trial. In the greenhouse trial, four genotypes of Phytophthora infestans were used; [US-8 biotype (resistant to mefenoxam, A2 mating type)], [US-22 biotype (sensitive to mefenoxam, A2 mating type)], [US-23 biotype (sensitive to mefenoxam, A1 mating type)] and [US-24 biotype (sensitive to mefenoxam, A1 mating type)]. Treated seed pieces were planted in the greenhouse at the Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI on 12 Jan in 4 inch pots with four replications in a completely randomized design. Pots were irrigated as needed. The number of emerged plants was recorded over a 21-day period after planting, final plant stand (%) and the relative area under emergence progress curve (RAUEPC) was calculated. The RAUEPC was calculated by dividing the AUEPC by the maximum AUEPC (100 X duration of emergence period) from planting to full emergence. Results: Data was analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using Tukey’s HSD test (alpha=0.05). In the US-8 genotype trial ABLs MSV235-2Y (36.5%) and MSL211-3 (34.6%) had significantly greater final plant stand than MSQ131-A (21.0%). The other ABLs were not significantly different from each other. Among potato cultivars Snowden (38.0%) and Atlantic (32.0%) had significantly higher plant stand compared to Jacqueline lee (18.5%), but they were not significantly different from other two cultivars (Table 2). Treatment Reason+NM had significantly greater plant stand (39.6%) compared to Emesto Silver+NM (29.0%) and the inoculated control (1.7%). All treatments were significantly greater than the inoculated control when comparing plant stand (Table 2). Advanced breeding lines MSV235-2PY (16.8) and MSL211-3 (13.7) had significantly greater RAUEPC values compared to five ABLs. Other ABLs were not significantly different from each other. Four treatments RAUEPC values were significantly greater than the inoculated control, but not significantly different from each other (Table 2). In the US-22 genotype trial ABLs MSL211-3 (35.5%), MSS176-1 (35.5%) and MSV235-2PY (34.0%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to MSQ131-A (22.0%), but they were not significantly different from other ABLs. All potato cultivars had similar plant stand and were not significantly different from each other (Table 3). Treatments Reason+NM (44.6%), the non- inoculated, non-treated (40.0%) and NM (40.0%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to Emesto Silver+NM (31.7%) and the inoculated control (2.9%). The inoculated control had significantly lower plant stand compared to all other treatments (Table 3). Advanced breeding lines MSV235-2PY (12.8) and MSL211-3 (12.0) had significantly greater RAUEPC values compared to MSS576-5SPL (5.3) and MSQ131-A (2.8), but they were not significantly different from other ABLs. Among potato cultivars Snowden (13.7) and Russet Norkotah (11.0) had significantly greater RAUEPC compared to Jacqueline Lee (4.4), but they were not significantly different from other two cultivars. Four treatments RAUEPC values were significantly greater than the inoculated control, but not significantly different from each other (Table 3). In the US-23 genotype trial ABLs MSV235-2PY (47.0%), MSL211-3 (43.5%), MSS206-2 (43.0%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to MSQ131-A (30.5%), but they were not significantly different from other ABLs. Among potato cultivars Snowden (46%) and Atlantic (41.5%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to Jacqueline lee (35.5%), but they were not significantly different from other two cultivars. Plant stand values for the four treatments were significantly greater than the inoculated control, but were not significantly different from 121 each other (Table 4). Advanced breeding line MSV235-2PY (21.6) had significantly greater RAUEPC value compared to all other ABLs, except MSL211-3 (16.8). Advanced breeding line MSL211-3 had significantly greater RAUEPC value compared to MSS576-5SPL (9.8) and MSQ131-A (6.7), but it was not significantly different from other ABLs. Among potato cultivars, Snowden (19.9) had significantly greater RAUEPC value compared to Russet Norkotah (12.0) and Jacqueline lee (8.5), but it was not significantly different from other two cultivars. Atlantic (16.0) and Missaukee (15.3) were significantly greater compared to Jacqueline lee, but they were not significantly different from other three cultivars. Treatment NM (15.7) had significantly greater RAUEPC compared to Reason+NM (12.9) and the inoculated control (9.1). The inoculated control had significantly lower RAUEPC compared to all other treatments (Table 4). In the US-24 genotype trial ABL MSV235-2PY (44.0%) had significantly greater plant stand compared to MSS428-2 (28.5%) and MSQ131-A (4.9%), but it was not significantly different from other ABLs. MSQ131-A had significantly lower plant stand compared to all other ABLs, except MSS428-2. All potato cultivars had similar plant stand and were not significantly different from each other (Table 5). Treatment NM (44.8%) had significantly greater final plant stand than the non-inoculated and non-treated control (38.7%) and the inoculated control (9.4%). The inoculated control had significantly reduced plant stand compared to all four treatments (Table 5). Advanced breeding line MSV235-2PY had significantly greater RAUEPC value (25.5) compared to all other ABLs. Advanced breeding line MSL211-3 (15.3) had significantly greater RAUEPC value than MSQ131-A (4.9), but it was not significantly different from other ABLs. Four treatments RAUEPC values were significantly greater than the inoculated control, but not significantly different from each other (Table 5). 122 Table 1. Field trial (2016) on effect of seed treatments for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans US-23 genotype in different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL), plant stand (%), relative area under emergence progress curve values (RAUEPC 0-100). Final Plant Stand (Treatments) ( %) Reason+NMb Non-inoculated non-treated control Emesto Silver+NM Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Inoculated control 79.7 a 79.4 a 65.4 b 62.7 b 39.9 c RAUEPC (Treatments ) (%)c Non-inoculated non-treated control Reason+NMb Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Emesto Silver+NM Inoculated control 31.4 a 31.4 a 25.9 b 25.7 b 16.4 c Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY MSS176-1 MSL211-3 Jacqueline lee MSS576-5SPL Missaukee MSS487-2 MSS206-2 MSQ131-A Snowden Russet Norkotah Atlantic Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY MSL211-3 MSS176-1 MSS576-5SPL Missaukee Snowden MSS487-2 Jacqueline lee MSS206-2 MSQ131-A Atlantic Russet Norkotah Final Plant Stand (%) 83.5 aa 77.5 ab 76.0 ab 75.0 ab 74.5 ab 73.5 ab 73.5 ab 65.5 abc 58.0 bc 49.5 cd 46.5 cd 32.0 d RAUEPC (%)c 39.2 a 34.2 ab 33.3 abc 29.4 bcd 29.2 bcd 26.5 bcde 25.4 bcde 24.2 cdef 22.5 def 19.5 ef f 15.3 15.3 f a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Least Square Means Tukey HSD). b NM- Nubark Mancozeb c Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 42 days after planting. 123 Table 2. Greenhouse trial (2016) on effect of seed treatments for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans US-8 genotype in different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL), plant stand (%), relative area under emergence progress curve values (RAUEPC 0-100). Final Plant Stand (Treatments) ( %) Reason/NMb Non-inoculated non-treated control Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Emesto Silver/NM Inoculated control 39.6 a 38.1 ab 31.9 bc 29.0 c 1.7 d Variety/ABL Snowden MSV235-2PY MSL211-3 Atlantic MSS176-1 Russet Norkotah Missaukee MSS487-2 MSS206-2 MSS576-5SPL MSS428-2 MSQ131-A Jacqueline lee Final Plant Stand (%) 38.0 aa 36.5 ab 34.6 ab 32.0 abc 30.0 abcd 29.0 abcd 26.3 abcd 26.0 abcd 25.0 bcd 24.0 bcd 24.0 bcd 21.0 cd 18.5 d 12.1 a 11.9 a 11.6 a 9.7 a 0.7 b RAUEPC (%)c 16.8 a 14.5 ab 13.7 abc 12.2 abcd 12.2 abcde 8.9 bcdef 8.2 cdefg 7.4 defg 7.2 defg 6.3 efg 5.3 fg 4.8 fg 2.4 g RAUEPC (Treatments ) (%)c Non-inoculated non-treated control Reason+NMb Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Emesto Silver+NM Inoculated control Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY Snowden MSL211-3 Russet Norkotah Atlantic Missaukee MSS487-2 MSS428-2 MSS176-1 MSS576-5SPL MSS206-2 Jacqueline lee MSQ131-A a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Least Square Means Tukey HSD). b NM- Nubark Mancozeb c Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 21 days after planting. 124 Table 3. Greenhouse trial (2016) on effect of seed treatments for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans US-22 genotype in different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL), plant stand (%), relative area under emergence progress curve values (RAUEPC 0-100). Final Plant Stand (Treatments) ( %) Reason+NMb Non-inoculated non-treated control Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Emesto Silver+NM Inoculated control 44.6 a 40.0 a 40.0 a 31.7 b 2.9 c Variety/ABL Snowden MSL211-3 MSS176-1 Atlantic MSV235-2PY Missaukee MSS206-2 MSS487-2 Russet Norkotah Jacqueline lee MSS428-2 MSS576-5SPL MSQ131-A Final Plant Stand (%) 40.0 aa 35.5 ab 35.5 ab 35.0 ab 34.0 ab 32.5 abc 31.5 abc 31.5 abc 31.5 abc 29.0 abc 28.5 bc 27.5 bc 22.0 c 11.3 a 11.3 a 11.0 a 8.6 a 0.8 b RAUEPC (%)c 13.7 aa 12.8 ab 12.0 ab 11.0 abc 10.3 abcd 9.7 abcd 7.9 abcde 7.6 bcde 7.4 bcde 7.0 bcde 5.3 cde 4.4 de 2.8 e RAUEPC (Treatments ) (%)c Non-inoculated non-treated control Nubark Mancozeb (NM)b Reason+NM Emesto Silver+NM Inoculated control Variety/ABL Snowden MSV235-2PY MSL211-3 Russet Norkotah Atlantic Missaukee MSS176-1 MSS487-2 MSS428-2 MSS206-2 MSS576-5SPL Jacqueline lee MSQ131-A a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Least Square Means Tukey HSD). b NM- Nubark Mancozeb c Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 21 days after planting. 125 Table 4. Greenhouse trial (2016) on effect of seed treatments for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans US-23 genotype in different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL), plant stand (%), relative area under emergence progress curve values (RAUEPC 0-100). Final Plant Stand (Treatments) ( %) Emesto Silver+NMb Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Reason+NM Non-inoculated non-treated control Inoculated control 45.6 a 45.2 a 41.7 a 41.0 a 26.7 b Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY Snowden MSL211-3 MSS206-2 Atlantic Missaukee MSS487-2 MSS176-1 Russet Norkotah MSS576-5SPL MSS428-2 Jacqueline lee MSQ131-A Final Plant Stand (%) 47.0 aa 46.0 ab 43.5 ab 43.0 ab 41.5 ab 41.0 abc 40.5 abc 39.5 abc 38.5 abc 37.5 abc 36.5 abc 35.5 bc 30.5 c 15.7 a 15.3 ab 14.7 ab 12.9 b 9.1 c RAUEPC (%)c 21.6 a 19.9 ab 16.8 abc 16.0 bc 15.3 bc 14.2 cd 12.6 cde 12.0 cdef 11.4 cdef 11.4 cdef 9.8 def 8.5 ef f 6.7 RAUEPC (Treatments ) (%)c Nubark Mancozeb (NM)b Emesto Silver/NM Non-inoculated Check Reason/NM Inoculated Check Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY Snowden MSL211-3 Atlantic Missaukee MSS176-1 MSS487-2 Russet Norkotah MSS428-2 MSS206-2 MSS576-5SPL Jacqueline lee MSQ131-A a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Least Square Means Tukey HSD). b NM- Nubark Mancozeb c Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 21 days after planting. 126 Table 5. Greenhouse trial (2016) on effect of seed treatments for management of seed-borne Phytophthora infestans US-24 genotype in different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABL), plant stand (%), relative area under emergence progress curve values (RAUEPC 0-100). Final Plant Stand (Treatments) ( %) Nubark Mancozeb (NM)b Reason+NM Emesto Silver+NM Non-inoculated non-treated control Inoculated control 44.8 a 44.6 a 42.9 ab 38.7 b 9.4 c Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY Snowden MSS206-2 Russet Norkotah Atlantic MSS176-1 MSL211-3 Jacqueline lee Missaukee MSS487-2 MSS576-5SPL MSS428-2 MSQ131-A Final Plant Stand (%) 44.0 aa 44.0 a 39.0 ab 38.5 ab 38.0 ab 38.0 ab 36.5 ab 36.0 ab 36.0 ab 36.0 ab 34.5 ab 28.5 bc 20.0 c 17.2 a 16.8 a 16.0 a 15.2 a 3.9 b RAUEPC (%)c 25.5 a 20.9 ab 16.2 bc 15.5 bcd 15.3 bcd 13.9 cde 13.9 cde 13.0 cde 12.0 cde 10.5 cdef 9.1 def 8.7 ef f 4.9 RAUEPC (Treatments ) (%)c Emesto Silver/NMb Nubark Mancozeb (NM) Reason/NM Non-inoculated Check Inoculated Check Variety/ABL MSV235-2PY Snowden Atlantic Missaukee MSL211-3 MSS206-2 MSS176-1 Russet Norkotah MSS487-2 MSS428-2 MSS576-5SPL Jacqueline lee MSQ131-A a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 (Least Square Means Tukey HSD). b NM- Nubark Mancozeb c Relative area under the emergence progress curve measured from planting to 21 days after planting. 127 2016 ENTOMOLOGY POTATO RESEARCH REPORT Bee community of commercial potato fields in Michigan and Bombus impatiens visitation to neonicotinoid-treated potato plants By Zsofia Szendrei, Amanda L. Buchanan, Jason Gibbs, and Lidia Komondy Department of Entomology, MSU, East Lansing, MI 48824 Background Potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) is the fourth main food-crop in the world after corn, wheat and rice [1], but is the only one of these that is not wind pollinated. It is the leading vegetable crop in the United States in terms of production area and farm-gate value. Pollinators are not required for its commercial production because harvested tubers are vegetative plant parts and plants are effectively vegetatively propagated. Similarly to many other members in the Solanaceae, it has prominent flowers during about 2 weeks of its growing season. Flower petals can be various shades of white, purple, pink or blue, and bright yellow cone-shaped anthers in the middle of the flower release pollen when vibrated. Multiple flowers are arranged in inflorescences and flowering plants emit large amounts of methyl phenylacetate, which has a sweet floral fragrance. Since potato flowers do not produce nectar, they attract pollen-collecting insects. A few species of bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) have been recorded visiting potato flowers but information on bees that can be found in or near potato fields is generally lacking. Potatoes are grown in large-scale monocultures that lack diverse resources for pollinators. Despite agricultural landscape simplification, about 60 species of pollinators have been collected from soybean and corn monocultures, indicating that pollinators use and persist in these agroecosystems. Potato fields produce temporary flushes of flowers that may attract species of polylectic native bees nesting in nearby undisturbed areas. Native bee conservation efforts require surveys and identification of the pollinator composition found in and near under-sampled regions such as potato fields. The identification of rare bee species, for example, could warrant further detailed research into their use of potatoes which could eventually lead to changes in crop management efforts. Potatoes, like corn and soybean, are produced commercially with neonicotinoid insecticides to control several arthropod pests. This group of systemic insecticides can persist for weeks in plant tissue and is translocated to flowers. The main neonicotinoid used in Michigan commercial potatoes is imidacloprid, applied as an at-planting drench application to >80% of the acreage in the state. Imidacloprid is often cited as the most toxic of the neonicotinoids to bees and it can readily translocate from seed treatment into nectar and pollen. Neonicotinoids can often be detected in pollen samples taken from field collected bees; therefore, contact exposure and oral ingestion can both play key roles in causing lethal and sublethal effects in bees. Bumblebees (Apidae: Bombus) are one of the most common and abundant buzz- pollinators in potato growing regions, thus they are likely at a risk of pesticide exposure. Although not studied in potato specifically, pesticides can affect bumblebee physiology and behavior. For example, bumblebee foraging behavior was altered by chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid insecticide and their fecundity and colony growth was also negatively impacted by neonicotinoid consumption. While it seems from these studies that bees are negatively affected by neonicotinoids there is ample evidence in the literature to the contrary, especially from field data. Field realistic exposures to neonicotinoids often fail to show a negative effect on bees, and 128 sublethal effects do not necessarily result in lasting colony effects especially if pesticide-free alternative forage is available. Our goals in this study were to (1) survey and identify the bee community in commercial, neonicotinoid-treated potato fields in Michigan and; (2) evaluate the effect of neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) treatment on bumblebee visitation to potato flowers in field enclosures. Materials and Methods Bee community survey in neonicotinoid-treated commercial potato fields Data collection Bees in commercial potato fields were surveyed using bowl and blue vane traps in 12 potato fields (“sites”) from June 21 to July 22, 2016. The daily average maximum temperature was 27 °C, the daily average minimum was 13.5 °C, and total precipitation was 2 mm during the sampling period. All potato seeds were treated with imidacloprid (0.02 L/ha active ingredient) 5-7 days pre- planting, and foliar insecticides were applied during the growing season. Plants were 7-9 weeks post-planting at the time of sampling and all were ware potatoes used for chips. Fields were sampled when 40-100% blooms were open. Traps were collected after 48 hours in the field. Sites 1–4 were established on June 21, 2016, and traps were deployed on June 23, 2016 and again on June 25, 2016. Sites 5–8 were established July 5, 2016 and traps were deployed on July 7, 2016. Sites 9–12 were established on July 18, 2016 and traps were deployed on July 20, 2016 and again on July 22, 2016. Sites were 0.8–18.2 km apart (average minimum distance between sites = 3.6 km) and 6–42 ha in size (mean size 21 ± 4 ha, Fig. 1). Figure 1. Commercial potato fields were surveyed for bees in Montcalm County (shown in red on the state map), Michigan, USA. Red triangles represent the locations of 12 commercial potato fields, which were used to survey bees. Fields were 0.8–18.2 km apart, with an average of 3.6 km distance between sites. Each bowl trap consisted of a 40 cm diameter circular plastic platform elevated to canopy height, on which three plastic bowls (blue #181677, yellow #14260, and white #14258, Party City Corporation, Rockaway, NJ, USA; 19 cm diameter, 0.35 L) were glued. The platforms were attached to the tops of 1m metal conduits (2 cm diameter) that were pounded into the soil. At the 129 beginning of each 48-hr sampling period, bowls were filled to capacity with soapy water (Dawn® dish soap, unscented, colorless, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH, USA). Each blue vane trap (SpringStar LLC, Woodinville, WA, USA) consisted of a blue vane and 2 L collection container suspended on a metal pole at canopy height. Containers were filled with approximately 1 L of 1:1 propylene glycol:water solution. Traps were set out in transects of four traps with the first located in vegetation outside the potato field (roughly 10 m from the field edge), the second at the potato field edge, the third 10 m into the field, and the fourth 30 m into the potato field (Fig. 2). We chose potato field edges that were near mixed hardwoods (about 30 m away from the potatoes). Between the potato field and the woods was a 5-10 m wide strip of mowed grasses and forbs. Each field had one transect of bowl and one transect of blue vane traps 10 m apart. Bees were collected by pouring the trap solution through a strainer and placing all insects into zip top bags that were labeled with collection location, type of trap, and date of collection. Trapped insects were frozen initially, then placed into vials with 70% ethanol for storage. Bees were dried to restore pubescence before being pinned, databased, and labeled with collection information. Bees were identified to species using published keys [31–36] and reference material in the A. J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection (Michigan State University). Voucher specimens are deposited at Michigan State University. Figure 2. Transects of bowl traps and blue vane traps were placed in each potato field to survey the bee community. Bowl and vane transects were 10 m apart and extended from the field border to 30 m into the field; figure not to scale (A). Bowl trap platforms were elevated to canopy height on metal poles; blue vane traps were suspended at canopy height from a metal pole (B). Traps were emptied after 48 hours. Statistical analysis Bee abundance was analyzed with a generalized nonlinear mixed effects model using the glmer function in the lme4 package in R version 3.2.2. The model was fit with a Poisson distribution after visual assessment of the count data. Total number of bees collected was analyzed in response to trap type and trap location, with site and date as random factors. Inclusion of both site and date accounted for some sites receiving fewer collection periods than others, and for non-independence between sites receiving two collection deployments. Significant main effects at α = 0.05 were followed by pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s HSD. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to visualize similarities among bee communities for each trap type and field location, summed across all sites and dates. Bray-Curtis 130 distances among communities were analyzed using the adonis function in the vegan package in R. Goodness-of-fit was estimated with stress (S) and fit (adonis R) values. Species vectors were fitted to the NMDS using the envfit function in the vegan package. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were calculated for bee communities across trap types. An indicator species analysis was conducted to determine if any particular species were strongly associated with any trap type or trap location. Analysis was conducted using the indval function in the labdsv package, generating indicator values for each species. To confirm that bee communities were sufficiently sampled, species accumulation curves were generated using the specaccum function in the vegan package. Random resampling with 100 permutations estimated the number of species expected as sampling increased. Species accumulation curves were generated for the entire experiment and for each trap type. Bumblebee potato flower visitation Data collection Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. ‘Atlantic’) plants were grown in the greenhouse at Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI from seed potatoes in 12 cm diameter plastic pots in a perlite soil mix (Suremix Perlite, Michigan Grower Products Inc., Galesburg, MI). Plants were fertilized weekly with a 5g/L 14-10-14 N-P-K (Scott’s Miracle-Grow Products, Inc. Marysville, OH) solution. When plants first started emerging from the soil, each pot received 18.7µl Admire Pro® (imidacloprid, Bayer Crop Science, Monheim am Rhein, Germany; equivalent to the high label rate of 0.36 L/ha active ingredient) diluted in 20 ml distilled water. The experiment was replicated over two time periods (4 replications/period, N=8) in the summer of 2016. Half of the plants received imidacloprid on June 9, 2016, and bee visitation observations were conducted between July 11 and July 14, 2016. Half of the plants in the second time period received imidacloprid on June 24, 2016, and visitation observations were conducted between July 22 and July 27, 2016. Plants that were starting to flower (10–20% open bloom) were moved from the greenhouse to outdoor enclosures at the Entomology Research Farm at Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. Four 1.8 x 1.8 x 1.8 m mesh enclosures each contained 10 plants (5 imidacloprid- treated and 5 untreated plants placed randomly within the enclosure) and one bumblebee (Bombus impatiens Cresson, Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony. MINIPOL® colony boxes were obtained from Koppert Biological Systems™ Inc. (Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands), shipped overnight from Howell, MI. Each box contained one small colony of 10–15 individuals. Colony boxes were placed immediately into the enclosures upon arrival to Michigan State University and visitation observations began 2–5 days later when bees were acclimated to their new surroundings. Observations were conducted each morning from 8–9 with one observer rotating among the four cages for one hour, counting bee visits to flowers and noting plant treatment. Duration of observations was limited to one minute per cage before moving to the next cage to limit counting the same bee multiple times. Observations were conducted during peak bloom (50–100% open bloom) and ceased when flowers began to drop. After the 1 hr observation period, floral visit duration was recorded for 10–20 additional pollinator visits. On July 14, 2016, flowers and aboveground vegetative material were collected from two treated and two untreated plants per cage, dried, and weighed. Samples of flower and plant tissue were analyzed at Michigan State University for imidacloprid using the QuEChERS method. Statistical analysis 131 Dry biomass of flowers per plant and plant tissue per plant, visitation frequency (total visits/hour for each trial, square-root transformed), and visitation duration (seconds/visit, log- transformed) were each analyzed with a linear mixed effects model, using the lme function in the nlme package in R. Data transformation were performed so that distributions of residuals met the assumptions of linear models, confirmed by qq plots. Models included imidacloprid treatment as a fixed factor, and date and enclosure (frequency analysis only) as random factors. Results Bee community survey in commercial potato fields Fifty-eight species of bees from 16 genera and five families were captured in potato field traps. Lasioglossum spp. (Halictidae) comprised 73% of all bees captured. Most bees in our samples were host plant generalists except for four species of the family Apidae: Melissodes agilis Cresson (specialist on Helianthus spp., Asteraceae), M. desponsus Smith (specialist on Cirsium spp., Asteraceae), M. subillatus LaBerge (specialist on Asteraceae) and Peponapis pruinosa (Say) (specialist on Cucurbitaceae). In addition to the European honeybee Apis mellifera L., we found two exotic, but naturalized species, Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith) and L. leucozonium (Schrank), but all other sampled species are native in our area. Ground nesting bees comprised 74% of all species; we found just a few species that nest in cavities, plant stems or rotting wood. The proportion of eusocial (28 species) to solitary species (26 species) was about equal in our samples. Out of the 756 bees we collected, 68% were found in traps placed either at the field edge or in the border outside the field. There was an interactive effect of trap type and trap location (interaction: χ2 = 36.7, df = 9, P < 0.001; trap type: χ2 = 315.6, df = 3, P < 0.001; trap location: χ2 = 88.9, df = 4, P < 0.001). Blue vane traps caught almost 4-times as many bees than the bowls, and this effect was greatest in the bordering vegetation and at the potato field edge (Fig. 3). Blue vane traps captured 438 individuals representing 41 species. Blue bowl traps captured 103 individuals representing 27 species. White bowl traps captured 116 individuals representing 28 species. Yellow bowl traps captured 105 individuals representing 29 species. 132 Figure 3. Mean ± SEM number of bees captured in commercial potato fields in Michigan in 2016 by trap type and trap location. Bowl traps were elevated on a platform at canopy height, with one bowl of each color on each platform. A transect of four bowl trap platforms ran from bordering vegetation roughly 10m from the potato field (“border”), at the edge of the field (“edge”), 10m into the potato field (“10m”) and 30m into the potato field (“30m”). Blue vane traps were suspended from a metal pole at canopy height, and placed in a parallel transect 10m from the bowl trap transect. Different letters above bars indicate significantly different (α = 0.05) abundances in Tukey’s HSD test within locations. Bee communities did not differ across trap location within field (S = 0.2, R2 = 0.2, F = 1.1, df = 3, P = 0.4), but differed across trap types (S = 0.2, R2 = 0.3, F = 2.0, df = 3, P < 0.001). Species loading significantly in NMDS space were Apis mellifera (r2 = 0.5, P = 0.02), Bombus fervidus (Fabricius) (r2 = 0.6, P = 0.001), Lasioglossum bruneri (Crawford) (r2 = 0.4, P = 0.04), L. imitatum (Smith) (r2 = 0.4, P = 0.02), L. lineatulum (Crawford) (r2 = 0.8, P = 0.01), L. zonulum (r2 = 0.3, P = 0.05), Melissodes agilis (r2 = 0.5, P = 0.01), M. bimaculatus (Lepeletier) (r2 = 0.4, P = 0.004), and Peponapis pruinosa (r2 = 0.6, P = 0.003). All of these species were associated with blue vane traps, except L. bruneri, L. imitatum, and L. lineatulum, which were associated with white and yellow bowl traps (Fig. 4). Indicator species values showed that individual species were not significantly associated with any trap type or trap location (Holm-corrected, all species P > 0.07). Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were between 2.7–2.9 for all trap types. Species accumulation curves estimated approximately 60 bee species in these potato fields (Fig. 5a); therefore it seems unlikely that further sampling would add many new species. Bowls appear slower than blue vane traps in accumulating species (Fig. 5b). 133 Figure 4. Visualization of bee communities by trap type in non-metric multidimensional ordination space. Bowl traps were elevated on a platform at canopy height, with one bowl of each color on each platform. A transect of four bowl trap platforms ran from bordering vegetation roughly 10m from the potato field (“border”), at the edge of the field (“edge”), 10m into the potato field (“10m”) and 30m into the potato field (“30m”). Blue vane traps were suspended from a metal rod at canopy height, and placed in a parallel transect 10m from the bowl trap transect. Bee communities are the sum of individuals found in each trap type and location, summed across sites and dates. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals around communities defined by trap type: blue vane trap (black ellipse), blue bowl trap (blue ellipse), white bowl trap (grey ellipse), and yellow bowl trap (yellow ellipse). Bee communities did not differ across trap location; 95% CIs for trap location are not presented. Red vectors are species with significant (P < 0.05) effects in the adonis model (see text for values). Bumblebee potato flower visitation Visitation frequency and duration were not statistically different between imidacloprid-treated and untreated flowers (P = 0.09, P = 0.8, respectively; Fig. 6a,b). Imidacloprid levels were 2.53 ± 0.62 µg/g in leaf tissue and 2.02 ± 0.71 µg/g in flower tissue of treated plants (mean ± SEM). Imidacloprid was not present in leaves or flowers of untreated control plants. The weight of vegetative tissue and floral tissue biomass were not different between imidacloprid-treated and untreated plants (all P > 0.08). 134 Figure 5. Species accumulation curves for bees surveyed in commercial potato fields in Michigan. Bees were collected in four different trap types at 12 field sites during the 2016 growing season. Species accumulation curve for all trap types pooled together (A) and by trap type (B). Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. Figure 6. Mean ± SEM flower visits per hour (A) and seconds per visit (B) by Bombus impatiens bees in mesh field enclosures. Enclosures contained 5 imidacloprid-treated and 5 untreated flowering potato plants and a single bee colony of 10 -15 foragers. Bees were allowed to forage and were observed for 15 minutes/enclosure/day. Conclusions In our community survey, 58 species of bees were found in or near Michigan potato fields, despite the relative lack of diverse resources in these monocultures. Since most of the trapped species are host generalists, it is likely that at least some of them visit potato flowers, although 135 field visitation observations were not part of this study. Areas around potato fields likely provide nesting and foraging resource for many of these bees. Alternatively, the large flush of flowers offered by hectares of potatoes blooming at the same time may attract bees from distant areas to the field. For example, some bumblebees have a nearly 10 km long foraging range. The five bumblebee species we recorded were also found in surveys of New York potato fields, but these were associated with plants located near the fields. Bombus fervidus, one of the more abundant bumblebees in our samples, was not attracted to potato flowers in a cage experiment. As in our samples, honeybees have been observed in potato fields previously and may be initially interested in potato flowers, but due to the lack of nectar and the honeybees’ inability to buzz-pollinate, these bees are not considered pollinators of potatoes. Lasioglossum was the most diverse genus with 25 species in our samples. These bees are typically polylectic and are known to visit Solanum spp. Although Lasioglossum and some other halictid bee genera we collected are known to buzz-pollinate, Lasioglossum may be primarily pollen scavengers of Solanum, collecting accessible pollen from the flower surface, but providing little pollination benefit. Their visitation to potato flowers is supported by the fact that 27% of Lasioglossum spp. were found in traps 10 and 30 m inside the potato field. In addition, their small body size should result in a short foraging range that implies their ability to nest in and around potato fields. Two species of small Sphecodes, potentially cleptoparasites of Lasioglossum, were also found 10 m into the field. While Lasioglossum was the most diverse genus in our samples, their abundance and species richness responded negatively to pesticides in apples, indicating that these bees are sensitive to pesticide toxicity. Therefore, further studies should explore the interactions of these bees with potatoes and the potential impact of pesticides on them. Trap type, color and height can influence wild bee captures. Indeed, we captured mostly Lasioglossum spp. in bowl traps, but the only representatives of Anthophora, Peponapis and some species of Bombus and Melissodes were collected in blue vane traps. In our study, large- bodied apid bees, such as Bombus, were collected in greater numbers in blue vane traps relative to bowl traps. Blue vane traps are effective at collecting bees, especially large-bodied Apidae, which is consistent with other studies that have employed them. In fact, blue vane traps in a simple agricultural landscape (soybean) collected a surprising number of large-bodied apid bees, including oligoleges of non-crop flowers. Oligolectic bees may be positively associated with increasing field crops when blue vane traps are used. One possible explanation to this is that vane traps can reflect ultraviolet radiation that might be attracting them. The third most abundant species in our study, Peponapis pruinosa, is a cucurbit specialist, which does not visit potato for pollen but was collected in relatively high abundance in blue vane traps. The presence of oligolectic bees in non-host crop fields should not be interpreted as evidence that they use or persist in those crop fields. They may instead be far-flying species moving between sparse foraging resources that become attracted to the conspicuous traps deployed to capture them. Although oligolectic bees may be found in potato fields, the lack of nectar and suitable pollen rewards mean these bees are unlikely to forage on the neonicotinoid- treated potato plants. The field survey allowed us to identify bee species associated with Michigan potato fields over the course of a field season, and our manipulative enclosure study provided preliminary insights to potential impacts of neonicotinoid-treated potatoes on the most common potato pollinator, the bumblebee. Sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on bumblebee foraging have been observed, but in our study bumblebee visitation to potato flowers with or without neonicotinoid 136 treatment was statistically similar. This may have been due to the fact that insecticide residues in pollen were low and had no measureable impact on foraging behavior. Since the hives were supplied with sugar water and potato flowers do not contain nectar, the only exposure bees had in our study to the neonicotinoid was through contact with potato flowers and ingestion of pollen. Although we did not specifically measure imidacloprid content in pollen, previous results indicate that low levels may have been the underlying cause of the lack of neonicotinoid effect on bees. Field studies with neonicotinoid seed-treated crops, such as oil seed rape, sunflower and corn, have also concluded that exposure to these crops poses low risks to bumblebees, even over several years. Our study fills a knowledge gap by providing information on bees found in commercial potato fields in Michigan. Since much previous attention has been focused on honeybees interacting with neonicotinoids, our contribution on bumblebees adds new details in this area. In general, our findings are aligned with previous results indicating that many bee species found in potato cropping system are also represented in other field crops in North America and that bumblebee exposure to imidacloprid-treated flowers did not have significant negative impacts on foraging behavior. Acknowledgments: Thanks to the potato growers who allowed access to their fields, and to Mark Otto (Agri-Business Consultants, Inc.) who helped us locate flowering potato fields. Post- doctoral support for J.G. was made available by funding from the USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative (2012-51181-20105). 137 Potato Response to Controlled-Release N and K Fertilizers Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas, Michigan State University Location: Montcalm Research Farm Planting Date: May 11, 2016 Soil Type: Loamy sand; 1.5 OM; 6.4 pH; 342 ppm P; 191 ppm K Variety: FL 2137 Tillage: Conv., 34-in. row Trt’s: See below Emerge: June 7 Hill: June 20 Replicated: 4 replications Pet. K 30 DAE Pet. K 45 DAE Pet. K 60 DAE % 11.0 11.0 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.1 % 10.2 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.2 7.6 % 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.6 7.3 6.3 Yield A’s (cwt/A) Total Yield (cwt/A) Sp. Gravity 285 319 327 331 356 366 396 394 402 414 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 398 463 1.08 10.2 7.3 5.9 368 428 1.08 9.8 7.6 5.8 367 436 1.08 9.8 7.2 5.6 367 440 1.09 Trt. (N-P2O5- K2O) 225-80-300 175-80-300 225-80-225 225-80-300 Desc. Std. 20% less N 25% less K All SRN 175-80-300 20% less N All 225-80-300 175-80-300 225-80-225 175-80-225 SRN All SRN 50:50 blend of soluble and SRK 20% less N ALL SRN 50:50 blend of soluble and SRK 25% less K All SRN 50:50 blend of soluble and SRK 20% less N 25% less K All SRN 50:50 blend of soluble and SRK a LSD(0.10) 0.5 0.6 0.7 40 53 0.003 a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.10). SRN – Slow Release Nitrogen; SRK = Slow Release Potassium 138 Summary: Trial quality was good to excellent. Standard treatment received N at-plant, emergence, and hilling while K was applied pre-plant incorporated, at-plant, and hilling. All SRN was applied at emergence and all SRK blends were applied pre-plant incorporated and at- plant. Tissue observations included: increased 30 DAE petiole P where SRK applied, increased 45 and 60 DAE petiole Mg where SRK applied, and increased Ca concentrations where SRK applied. Treatments receiving the 50:50 blend of soluble potash and SRK produced greater total yield, greater number of A’s, and slightly greater specific gravity. Results are based on one year of preliminary data under 2016 weather conditions. Please visit soil.msu.edu for further details and other field crop research results. 139 Potato Response to Phosphorus Application 2016 Kurt Steinke and Andrew Chomas, Michigan State University Location: Montcalm Research Farm Planting Date: May 11, 2016 Soil Type: Loamy sand; 1.5 OM; 6.4 pH; 342 ppm P; 191 ppm K Variety: FL 2137 Tillage: Conv., 34-in. row Trt’s: See below Emerge: June 7 Hill: June 20 Replicated: 4 replications P Trt. (Total lb. P2O5/A) 0 – Check 40 80 120 160 200 120 total 80-at plant 40-hilling 160 total 120-at plant 40-hilling a LSD(0.20) Pet. P 30 DAE % 0.45 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.53 Pet. P 45 DAE % 0.37 0.38 0.45 0.50 0.39 0.42 0.42 Pet. P 60 DAE % 0.28 0.33 0.33 0.42 0.28 0.29 0.34 Yield A’s (cwt/A) 304 297 315 315 316 300 328 Total Yield (cwt/A) 383 390 423 416 374 403 423 Sp. Gravity 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.59 0.45 0.31a 343 427 1.07 0.05 NS NS NS 28.7 NS a LSD, least significant difference between means within a column at (α = 0.20). Summary: Trial quality was good to excellent. All treatments received 225 N and 300 K2O with all P applications banded at planting unless stated as a treatment. Both N and K applications were split into 3 application timings. Residual soil P levels and soil pH were considerably greater than previous years resulting in less response to P application. In the current study, 80 lbs P2O5/A resulted in the greatest total yield with no significant differences at rates greater than 80 lbs P2O5/A. Please visit soil.msu.edu for further details and other field crop research results. 140 2015-2016 MICHIGAN POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE ANNUAL REPORT MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION Chris Long, Anna Busch, and Aaron Yoder Introduction and Acknowledgements Round white potato production for chip processing continues to lead the potato market in the state of Michigan. Michigan growers continue to look for promising, new, round white varieties that will meet necessary production and processing criteria. There are many variety trials underway in Michigan that are evaluating chipping varieties for yield, solids, disease resistance and chipping quality with the hope of exhibiting to growers and processors the positive attributes of these lines. Extended storage chip quality and storability are areas of extreme importance in round white potato production. Due to the importance of these factors, any new chip processing varieties that have the potential for commercialization will have storage profiles developed. Being able to examine new varieties for long-term storage and processing quality is a way to keep the Michigan chip industry at the leading edge of the snack food industry. The information in this report can position the industry to make informed decisions about the value of adopting these varieties into commercial production. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC) Potato Demonstration Storage Facility currently consists of two structures. The first building, the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Building, constructed in 1999, provides the Michigan potato industry with the opportunity to generate storage and chip quality information on newly identified chip processing clones. This information will help to establish the commercial potential of these new varieties. This demonstration storage facility utilizes six, 550 cwt. bulk bins (bins 1-6) that have independent ventilation systems. The Ben Kudwa Building, built in 2008, has three, independently ventilated, 600 cwt. bulk bins. We converted the first of these bulk bins, bin 7, into box bin storage that holds 36, 10 cwt. box bins to provide storage profiles on early generation potato varieties. The box bin is an entry level point into storage profiling that allows the industry to learn about a varieties’ physical and chemical storability before advancing to the bulk bin level. We typically have 4-6 years of agronomic data on a variety before entering box bin testing. In 141 the variety development process, little information has been collected about a varieties’ physical storability or chemical storage profile prior to being included in the box bin trial. A storage profile consists of bi-weekly sampling of potatoes to obtain; sucrose and glucose levels, and chip color and defect values. In addition, we evaluate each variety for weight loss or shrinkage and pressure bruise. With this information, we can create the storage history of a variety, providing the industry with a clearer picture of where a line can or cannot be utilized in the snack food industry. The Michigan potato industry hopes to use these storage profiles to improve in areas such as long-term storage quality, deliverability of product and, ultimately, sustained market share. The two remaining 600 cwt. bulk bins in the second structure are designed to be used to evaluate the post-harvest physiology of the potato. The facility can be used to evaluate storage pathology or sprout inhibitor products. The Michigan industry recognizes the importance of being able to control disease and sprout development in storage and is committed to doing research in these areas. This fourteenth annual Demonstration Storage Report contains the results of the storage work conducted in the facility during the 2015-2016 storage season. Section I, “2015-2016 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report”, contains the results and highlights from our 10 cwt. box bin study. Section II, “2015-2016 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. bin) Report”, shows bulk bin results, including information from commercial processors regarding these new varieties. The storage facility, and the work done within it, is directed by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee and Michigan State University (MSU) faculty. The chair of the committee is Brian Sackett of Sackett Potatoes. Other members of the committee include: Duane Anderson, Steve Crooks, Todd Forbush, Dennis Iott, Larry Jensen, Chris Long, Joe Luana, Keith Tinsey, Mike Wenkel, Tim Wilkes, and Chase Young. The funding and financial support for this facility, and the research that is conducted within it, is largely derived from the MPIC. The committee occasionally receives support for a given project from private and/or public interests. We wish to acknowledge all the support and investment we receive to operate and conduct storage research. First, we express our gratitude for the partnership we enjoy between the MPIC and Michigan State University. Thank you to the MPIC Storage & Handling Committee for 142 their investment of time, guiding the decisions and direction of the facility. Steve Crooks, Crooks Farms, Inc.; Karl Ritchie and Lucas Hanks, Walther Farms; and Tim, Todd and Chase Young, Sandyland Farms; these are the growers that provided the material to fill the bulk bins this year; and without their willingness to be involved, we could not have accomplished our objectives. Equal in importance are the processors who invested in this research. They are Mitch Keeney, Jim Fitzgerald and Jack Corriere of UTZ Quality Foods, Inc., Hanover, PA; Jim Allen of Shearer’s Foods, Inc., Brewster, OH; and Al Lee and Phil Gusmano of Better Made Snack Foods, Detroit, MI. It has been a great pleasure to work with all of you. Special thanks to Butch Riley (Gun Valley Ag. & Industrial Services, Inc.) for his annual investment in the sprout treatment of the storage facility. We would also like to acknowledge a long list of additional contributors who invested much time to help foster a quality storage program: Dr. Dave Douches and the MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Todd Forbush (Techmark, Inc), Larry Jensen (Chief Wabasis Potato Growers), and Tim Wilkes (Potato Services of Michigan). All played a role in making this facility useful to the Michigan potato industry. Overview of the 2015 production season The overall 6-month average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 2015 growing season in central Michigan were similar to the 15-year average of 73 oF and 51 oF respectively (Table 1). Temperatures were slightly warmer than average in May and September and slightly cooler from June through August. Extreme heat events were minimal in 2015 (Table 2), with 3 hours over 1 day exceeding 90 oF during the entire summer. Additionally, high nighttime temperatures (over 70 oF) were much lower than the average. Rainfall for April through September was 19.5 inches, which was 1.91 inches above the 15-year average (Table 3). In general early season precipitation (April-June) was well above average, mid-season precipitation was below average (July-August) and late-season precipitation was above average (September). 143 Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* Table 2. Six-year heat stress summary (from May 1st – Sept. 30th)* HoursDaysHoursDays20100021843201114417432201270151433020131431402820140058152015316622Average17413328YearTemperatures > 90oFNight (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70oFYearMax.Min.Max.Min.Max.Min.Max.Min.Max.Min.Max.Min.Max.Min.20016137704978578358727069487253200256366342795885628158775273512003563364447752815882587248724920046237674674547957765378497349200562366541826082588158775175512006623661467854836180586848725120075333734782548156805876507450200861376740775680588054735073492009563467457654755376567449714920106438704977578362826169507453201153346848775685627958704872512012583473488453906282557446775020135133734877558158805473487349201455336845785777547956724772492015583471487654805677577754735115-YearAverage58356846785582587958734973506-MonthAverageAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptember144 Table 3. The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* *Weather data collected at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. YearAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberTotal20013.286.742.902.495.714.4325.5520022.884.163.283.627.121.5922.6520030.703.441.852.602.602.0613.2520041.798.183.131.721.990.3217.1320050.691.393.573.651.853.9015.0520062.734.452.185.552.253.1520.3120072.641.601.582.432.341.1811.7720081.591.692.953.073.035.0317.3620093.942.152.432.074.741.4916.8220101.593.683.212.142.631.8815.1320113.423.082.381.632.571.8414.9220122.350.980.993.633.310.7612.0220137.984.522.261.354.061.3321.5020144.245.513.253.711.782.3520.8420153.712.964.791.722.423.9019.5015-YearAverage2.903.642.722.763.232.3517.59145 I. 2015-2016 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report (Chris Long, Anna Busch, Aaron Yoder and Brian Sackett) Introduction The purpose of this project is to evaluate new chip processing varieties from national and private breeding programs for their processing quality after we subjected them to storage conditions. We evaluated a variety’s response to pile temperature, as reflected in sucrose and glucose levels, as well as weight loss and pressure bruise susceptibility. Bin 7 contained 36, 10 cwt. boxes. We organized the 36 boxes in to six stacks of six. The box design allows air to travel in from a header, or plenum wall, through the forklift holes of each box and up through the potatoes within it. The air continues to flow up through the next box until it reaches the top and is drawn off the top of the chamber. The air is then reconditioned and forced back through the header wall plenums and up through the boxes again. Each box contains a sample door facing the center aisle from which we can sample tubers to conduct bi-weekly quality evaluations. Procedure In 2015, we evaluated and compared twelve new varieties to the check varieties Snowden and Lamoka. Once the varieties were chosen, 1 cwt. of each variety was planted in a single 34-inch wide row, on May 2nd at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. We planted the varieties at a 10” in-row seed spacing. All varieties received fertilizer in the rates of: 297 lb. N/A, 130 lb P2O5/A and 135 lb K2O/A. The varieties were vine killed after 126 days and allowed to set skins for 21 days before harvest on October 5, 2015; this was 156 days after planting. We did not account for variety maturity in harvest timing due to storage and handling restrictions. We placed approximately 10 cwt. of each variety in a box bin and stacked the boxes in bin 7. The average storage temperature for all the box bins (box bin 7) was 54.0ºF for the 2015-2016 season. At harvest, we collected nine, 20 lb. (approximately) samples from each variety for weight loss and pressure bruise evaluation. We describe the varieties, their pedigree and scab ratings in Table 4. We also recorded yield, size distribution, chip quality, and specific gravity at 146 harvest (Table 5). We graded all of the varieties to remove all “B” size tubers and pick-outs, thus entering storage in good physical condition. The storage season began October 5, 2015, and ended June 6, 2016. Bin 7 was gassed with CIPC on October 29, 2015. We began variety evaluations on October 5th, followed by a bi- weekly sampling schedule until early June. We randomly selected forty tubers from each box every two weeks and sent them to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. We also evaluated pressure bruising by placing nine pressure sample bags for each variety in one of the bulk bins at the storage facility. We placed three bags at each of 3’, 8’ and 14’ from the pile floor. When that bin was unloaded, we weighed the sample bags and calculated percent weight loss. We evaluated a 25-tuber sample from each of the nine bags for the presence or absence of pressure bruise. We recorded the number of tubers and severity of bruise. All pressure bruises were evaluated for discoloration. This report is not an archive of all the data that we generated for the box bin trial, but rather a summary of the data from the most promising lines. The purpose of this report is to present a summary of information from the best performing lines from this trial that will be moved along the commercialization process. If more detailed information is desired, please contact Chris Long at Michigan State University in the Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences for assistance (517) 355-0277. 147 Table 4. 2015-16 MPIC Demonstration Box Bin Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2015 Scab Rating* Pike X C31-5-120 1.5 Hodag (W5955-1) Lamoka (NY139) NY120 X NY115 1.8 2.1 Manistee (MSL292-A) Snowden X MSH098-2 Snowden (W855) B5141-6 X Wischip 2.8 A01143-3C COA95070-8 X Chipeta 1.1 AF4648-2 NY132 X Liberator 0.9 AF4975-3 CO03243-3W MSR127-2 Atlantic X W1355-1 BC894-2W X A91790-13W MSJ167-1 X MSG227-2 2.3 - 1.3 Characteristics Average yield, high specific gravity, size profile similar to Atlantic, long storage potential, pear-shaped High yield, mid- late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type, low internal defects, long term chip quality Average yield, scab resistance similar to Snowden, medium specific gravity, long storage potential, uniform, flat round tuber type, heavy netted skin High yield, late maturity, mid-season storage, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity Average yielding, scaly buff chipper, smaller tuber size, late maturity, high incidence of sheep-nose High yield potential, common scab resistant, high specific gravity, low internal defects High yield potential, high specific gravity, good chip color Large vine size with medium maturity, large yield potential, medium specific gravity Scab resistant, high specific gravity, good chip quality from storage, above average yield potential, medium-late maturity High yield potential, large round tubers MSV313-2 MSN238-A X OP - with smooth shape, scab resistant, MSW474-1 MSN190-2 X MSP516-A potential storage chipper 1.0 Average yield potential, common scab resistant, moderately susceptible to late blight, high specific gravity *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data and qualitative descriptions provided by Potato Outreach Program (P.O.P.), MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program and other potato breeding programs. 148 (Table 4 Cont.) Entry Pedigree 2015 Scab Rating* MSX540-4 MSR061-1 X NY139 - NY154 B3814 X Marcy 1.8 NY157 White Pearl X Marcy 2.1 Characteristics Medium/high yield potential, common scab, late blight and PVY resistant, high specific gravity High yield potential, high specific gravity, moderate common scab resistance, late maturing High yield potential, low internal defects, medium specific gravity, moderate common scab resistance *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data and qualitative descriptions provided by Potato Outreach Program (P.O.P.), MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program and other potato breeding programs. 149 Table 5. 2015 Michigan Potato Industry Commission Box Bin Processing Potato Variety Trial 2015 MPIC Box Bin Processing Potato Variety Trial MSU Montcalm Research Center, Montcalm County, MI Harvest date 5-Oct-15 DD, Base 406 156 Days 3364 CWT/A US#1 TOTAL US#1 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs OV As CHIP SP GR SCORE3 PO RAW TUBER QUALITY (%) 2 IBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING4 VIGOR5 MATURITY6 VINE VINE HH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VD 10 20 20 60 30 0 10 10 30 20 30 20 20 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 2 0.5 1.0 0.5 3.0 0.5 0.5 2.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 1.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.1 COMMENTS7 sheep nose, nice tuber size profile and yield uniform round tuber type, large tuber size, dark russeted skin gc and tr HH, candidate for the low N trial flat oval tuber type, large yield, high tuber numbers tr pointed tubers, 3.0 alligator hide uniform round tuber type, sticky stolons gc and knobs in pickouts, tr tuber rot flat apical to stem end tubers oval tuber type, variable tuber type, tr black leg uniform round tuber type oval tuber type small uniform tuber size oval tuber type, resprouting bright appearance, oval tuber type tr = trace, sl = slight, NA = not available SED = stem end defect, gc = growth crack LINE A01143-3C MSV313-2 NY154 544 516 495 598 537 549 Snowden 450 508 W5955-1 MSW474-1 CO03243-3W Manistee 437 399 397 396 500 548 450 453 Lamoka 391 422 AF4975-3 MSX540-4 MSR127-2 NY157 AF4648-2 369 369 362 356 339 418 418 428 435 378 MEAN 416 474 91 96 90 89 87 73 88 88 93 88 88 85 82 90 88 9 3 8 9 10 27 4 11 6 10 11 15 16 10 11 91 59 88 81 79 70 64 77 91 84 88 85 82 87 81 0 37 2 7 8 2 24 10 1 4 0 0 0 3 7 0 1 2 2 3 0 8 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 2 1.086 1.084 1.089 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.089 1.0 1.091 1.090 1.080 1.084 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.087 1.0 1.086 1.099 1.093 1.080 1.083 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.087 1.1 1SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" - 3.25" OV: > 3.25" PO: Pickouts 2TUBER QUALITY (percentage of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 3CHIP COLOR SCORE - Snack Food Association Scale (Out of the field) Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor 5VINE VIGOR RATING 10-Jun-15 Date: Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Slow Emergence 5: Early Emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 14-Aug-15 6VINE MATURITY RATING Date: Ratings: 1 - 5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering) 4 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 7ALLIGATOR HIDE RATING 0.0: No incidence of raised corky skin spots 2.0: Unmarketable corky skin spots 5.0: Multiple, large corky skin lesions, covering a significant amount of surface area of the tuber Planted: 2-May-15 Vines Killed: 10-Sep-15 Days from Planting to Vine Kill: Seed Spacing: Fumigation: 131 10" No 6MAWN STATION: Entrican Planting to Vine Kill 150 Results: 2015-2016 New Chip Processing Box Bin Highlights Hodag (W5955-1) This University of Wisconsin variety, recently named ‘Hodag’, has been evaluated in the Box Bin Trial for three years. The specific gravity was above average at 1.091 and the yield was above average at 437 cwt/A US#1 (Table 5). This variety exhibited mid-season maturity and scab resistance. It had excellent out-of-the-field chip quality, with a 1.0 chip score. At the onset of storage on October 5, 2015 tuber samples tested at 0.720 (X10) percent sucrose and 0.002 percent glucose. As temperature initially cooled, sucrose and glucose levels increased, peaking at 0.858 (X10) percent and 0.011 percent respectively in mid-December at 53.8ºF. Temperature increased to 54.6ºF and sucrose and glucose concentrations decreased. As temperature decreased again in early January, sucrose fluctuated at lower levels until early May when it reached 1.208 (X10) percent. Glucose levels also stabilized (0.002-0.004%) from early January to April before rising to 0.025 percent on May 1st. The last acceptable chip quality sample from storage was on March 21, 2016 (Figure 1). To assess the commercial potential for Hodag, we will evaluate it in the 2016-2017 box bin and bulk bin trials. Hodag has exhibited many positive attributes including high yield potential, tolerance to common scab, excellent chip quality, and nice tuber shape. In pressure bruise assessments, Hodag had 26.7% bruised with 1.3% bruised with color, which outperformed Snowden at 42.2% bruised with 9.8% bruised with color. Figure 1. Storage chip sample on March 21, 2016. 151 MSR127-2 This Michigan State University (MSU) chip processing variety has repeatedly demonstrated common scab tolerance and has a uniform round tuber type. The specific gravity for this variety was 1.093, above the trial average of 1.087. In 2015, we recorded a US#1 yield of 362 cwt/A for this variety (Table 5). MSR127-2 appears to have a medium maturity with a good set of uniform size tubers. The internal quality was good with only vascular discoloration (20%) reported at harvest in the raw tubers. The out-of-the-field chip color was excellent, scoring a 1.0 SFA score. On October 5, 2015, MSR127-2 had a sucrose value of 0.477 (X10) percent and a glucose value of 0.002 percent. As temperature decreased, sucrose and levels remained stable. When the temperature stabilized at 53.8ºF in early February, concentrations gradually rose, reaching 0.866 (X10) percent in early May. Glucose levels remained stable, fluctuating between 0.002-0.005 percent for the majority of the storage period with a small peak to 0.007 percent when storage temperatures were the coldest on January 10th at 53.2ºF. Glucose levels rose again on April 3rd to 0.011 percent. MSR127-2 appears to have good mid- season chip processing quality and similar late-season chip quality as observed in the previous storage year. This variety is on track for larger scale testing in 2016 where it will be evaluated in the bulk storage bin environment. Figure 2. Storage chip sample from April 18, 2016. 152 MSX540-4 In 2015, this Michigan State University variety had a US#1 yield of 369 cwt/A with the highest specific gravity for the Box Bin trial at 1.099 (Table 5). We observed 30% vascular discoloration with no other internal defects. This variety may have some common scab susceptibility with a scab rating of 2.0. On October 5, 2015, this variety had a sucrose level of 1.051 (X10) percent and a glucose level of 0.003 percent. The sucrose levels gradually decreased to 0.596 (X10) in early January, but then increased gradually after the bulk bin reached its coldest temperature of 53.2ºF on January 10th. When the bulk bin temperature stabilized at 53.8ºF, sucrose concentrations fluctuated until early April, when they rapidly increased, reaching 2.172 (X10) percent in early June. The glucose level initially rose to 0.006 in storage, but then fluctuated around 0.001 to 0.004 percent until early June. Overall, this variety performed well in storage with acceptable chips through mid-May (Figure 3). We will continue to evaluate this variety in 2016 with the possibility of bulk bin storage in 2017. Figure 3. Storage chip sample from May 16, 2016. 153 Snowden This variety was included as a commercial standard for the 2015-2016 Box Bin Trial. The recorded yield for the Snowden variety was above average at 450 cwt./A US#1 with an above average specific gravity of 1.089 (Table 2). On October 5, 2015, this variety was unloaded into storage and analyzed for sucrose and glucose concentrations. As temperature decreased, sucrose fluctuated from 0.755-0.828 (X10) percent until late November and then fluctuated from 0.479-0.613 (X10) percent until mid-February when it steadily rose at a stabilized temperature of 53.8ºF. The glucose concentration followed a similar pattern fluctuating at higher levels until mid-January when the temperature was coldest at 53.2ºF and then fluctuating at lower levels (0.001-0.002%) until a steady increase in late March. The chip picture below depicts Snowden during its last acceptable chip quality date taken on March 7, 2016. Figure 4. Storage chip sample from March 7, 2016. 154 2015 - 2016 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report II. (Chris Long, Anna Busch, Aaron Yoder, Jolyn Rasmussen, and Brian Sackett) Overview and Objectives The goals of the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee for the 2015-2016 bulk bin storage season were: 1. to explore the effects of growing degree days on chip quality and storability, and 2. evaluate the impact of Jet-Ag® application in managing the spread of disease during potato storage. We also evaluated two Innate® varieties in conjunction with the J.R. Simplot Company with the purpose of assessing the performance of these lines in commercial storage. We evaluated the storability of Innate® Hibernate (Atlantic Gen 2, or Y9) at two different temperatures (46ºF and 44ºF). We also evaluated the general storage performance of Innate® Invigorate (Snowden Gen 1, or V11) compared to standard, non-transformed Snowden. Procedure Each bin was filled under contract with potato producers in the state of Michigan. The MPIC paid field contract price for the potatoes to be delivered to the demonstration storage. Pressure bruise samples were collected for each bulk bin and designated bulk bins were filled. The varieties and their storage management strategies were established by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. For each bulk bin filled, a corresponding box bin containing 10 cwt. was filled and placed into bin 7. Bin 7 was held at 54ºF, which in most cases, is warmer than the corresponding bulk bin of the same variety. This allowed the committee to see if the warmer storage temperature in the box bin would reduce storage life and provided information as to how the bulk bin tubers might physiologically age. All of the bulk bins except for the Jet-Ag® trial were gassed with CIPC on October 29th. 155 Bulk bin assignments are described as follows: bins 1 and 2 were filled with AF4648-2 from Walther Farms and Sandyland Farms respectively; bins 8 and 9 were filled with Pike for the Jet-Ag® trial; bins 3 and 4 were filled with Hibernate; bin 5 was filled with Invigorate while bin 6 was filled with the standard Snowden variety. All of the potatoes used in Bins 3, 4, 5, and 6 were grown at the same farm in Central Michigan. We began sugar monitoring the day tubers were loaded into storage and sampled tubers on a two-week schedule thereafter. Forty tubers were removed from the sample door in each bin every two weeks and sent to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. The sample door is located in the center back side of each storage bin and allows us to take samples from the pile three feet above the bottom of the pile. Pressure bruise evaluation began by collecting nine, 20 to 25 lb. tuber samples as each bin was being filled. Three samples were placed at each of three different levels within the bulk bin pile at 3, 8, and 14 feet from the storage floor. Samples of Hibernate, Invigorate, and Snowden were placed at 4, 10, and 16 feet from the storage floor in bulk bin 5. We evaluated the pressure bruise samples 3 to 5 days after the bin was unloaded. We randomly selected a set of 25 tubers (30 tubers for Hibernate, Invigorate, and Snowden) from each bag and visually inspected pressure bruising. By removing the tuber skin with a knife, we evaluated the discoloration for each flat spot. A visual rating established presence or absence of flesh color (blackening of flesh). We calculated percent weight loss in each tuber sample as it was removed from the storage. 156 Growing Degree Day Trial (Bins 1 and 2) We used AF4648-2 for our growing degree day trial. This University of Maine variety has a high yield potential with high specific gravity. AF4648-2 is also common scab resistant and tends to have low internal defects with mid-season maturity. We filled Bin 1 with AF4648-2 on October 5, 2015. The seed was planted in Three Rivers, MI on May 18, 2015 and vine killed on September 10, 2015 (115 DAP, GDD40 3294). This planting was harvested on October 5, 2015, 140 days after planting. We filled Bin 2 with AF4648-2 on October 15, 2015. The seed was planted in Howard City, MI on May 26, 2015 and vine killed on 9/17/2015 (114 DAP, GDD40 3075). This planting was harvested on October 15, 2015, 142 days after planting. The pulp temperature for tubers at the time of bin loading was 60ºF and 56ºF for bins 1 and 2 respectively. Bins 1 and 2 were gassed with CIPC on October 29, 2015. Bin 1 was unloaded on February 2, 2016 and shipped to Shearer’s Snack Foods, Brewster, OH. Bin 2 was unloaded on April 1, 2016 and shipped to Utz Quality Foods, Hanover, PA. Results Bulk Bin 1, AF4648-2 (GDD40 3294, 54ºF) At the Three Rivers location, AF4648-2 had a US#1 yield of 632 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.078. Chip quality out of the field was okay, with 18.8% total defects reported on the first sample date, October 5, 2015 (Figure 5). On this date, sucrose and glucose concentrations were 0.802 percent (X10) and 0.002 percent respectively with a pulp temperature of 53.8ºF. The tuber quality at bin loading was not ideal with only 58% bruise-free. 157 Figure 5. Out of the field chip sample 10/5/2015. Sucrose levels decreased gradually, reaching 0.619 (X10) percent in mid-December and then fluctuated between 0.548 and 0.666 (X10) percent through early February. Glucose levels fluctuated between 0.002-0.004 percent and began to rise with a peak of 0.008 percent in early January before decreasing to 0.004 in early February. Figure 6. Final storage chip sample 2/1/2016. 158 On February 2, 2016, we shipped the potatoes in this bin for processing to Shearer’s Snack Foods, Brewster, OH. The picture below (Figure 7) shows a finished bag sample following processing. Reviews from the processor were good, with only 3-5% total defects reported. Chip color was good with an Agtron score of 63.5. Figure 7. Shearer’s chip sample February 2, 2016. 159 Bulk Bin 2, AF4648-2 (GDD40 3075, 54ºF) At the Howard City location, AF4648-2 had a US#1 yield of 490 cwt/A with a specific gravity of 1.077. Chip quality out of the field was okay, with 25.3% total defects reported on the first sample date, October 14, 2015 (Figure 8). On this date, sucrose and glucose concentrations were 0.522 percent (X10) and 0.003 percent respectively with a pulp temperature of 56ºF. Tuber quality at bin loading was good with 83% bruise-free. Figure 8. Out of the field chip sample October 14, 2015. Sucrose levels increased from 0.522 to 0.806 (X10) percent from mid-October to early November and then gradually decreased reaching 0.365 (X10) percent by late December. Sucrose concentrations then fluctuated between 0.363-0.469 (X10) percent through early April. Glucose levels also rose from 0.003 to 0.012 percent by early November. Glucose concentrations then fluctuated around 0.008-0.009 for several months before gradually decreasing to 0.003 percent by late April. On April 25, 2016, we shipped one load of potatoes in this bin for processing to Utz Quality Foods in Hanover, PA. The picture below (Figure 7) shows a finished bag sample 160 following processing. Reviews from the processor were good, with only 4% total defects reported. Chip color was good with a Hunter Lab score of 61.4. Figure 10. UTZ chip sample April 26, 2016. Conclusion Overall, AF4648-2 had great dormancy at 54ºF. However, bulk bin 1, grown in Three Rivers, MI, had 219 more GDD and cleaned up for processing three months faster than bulk bin 2, grown in Howard City, MI. These results suggest that physical tuber maturity and GDDs affect storage time to improve chip quality, by reducing sugar concentrations, for processing. This is also true when comparing the bulk bins to AF4648-2 in the box bin. The box bin trial, grown at the Montcalm Research Center, had 63 more GDDs compared to bulk bin 1. It was held at the same temperature (54ºF) and exhibited even lower sucrose and glucose concentrations with acceptable chip quality to send to processing by later November (Figure 11). 161 Black spot bruise and pressure bruise may be indirectly affect by GDD. At bin loading, bulk bin 2 had 83% black spot bruise free potatoes compared to 58% in bulk bin 1. However, at unloading, we observed more pressure bruising with color in bulk bin 2 at 9.8% compared to bulk bin 1 at 3.6% (Table 6 and 7). This is most likely attributed to the amount of storage time with bulk bin 2 spending three more months in storage to clean up defects. Although GDD did not directly affect bruising, it did affect the amount of storage time required to reduce sugar concentrations and improve chip quality. Figure 11. Tech-mark Inc., chip sample. AF4648-2 from the box bin trial November 23, 2015. 162 Table 6. 2015-2016 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #1 AF4648-2 (Three Rivers, MI) Location1 14' 8' 3' Average Weight Loss (%) 2.86 2.36 4.10 Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color3 16.33 8.00 0.67 0.00 65.3 13.67 9.67 1.67 0.00 54.7 6.00 12.00 5.33 1.67 24.0 29.3 44.0 72.0 5.3 1.3 4.0 3.6 3.11 OVERALL AVERAGES 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". 48.4 48.0 Loaded 10/5/15 Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 60.0ºF Unloaded 2/1/16 Target Storage Temp. 54.0ºF End Temp. 53.8ºF Table 7. 2015-2016 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #2 AF4648-2 (Howard City, MI) Location1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color3 14' 8' 3' 4.48 3.93 7.89 21.00 3.67 0.33 0.00 84.0 12.00 9.33 2.67 1.00 48.0 2.00 6.33 11.33 5.33 8.0 14.7 48.0 68.0 5.43 OVERALL AVERAGES 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". 46.7 43.6 1.3 4.0 24.0 9.8 Loaded 10/15/15 Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 50.0ºF Unloaded 4/25/16 Target Storage Temp. 54.0ºF End Temp. 53.8ºF 163 Jet-Ag® Potato Pathology Trial (Bins 8 and 9) We conducted a trial at the MPIC demonstration storage facility during the 2015-2016 storage season to evaluate the impact of Jet-Ag® application in managing the spread of disease during potato storage. Jet-Ag® is a broad spectrum, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) based product, which is commonly applied as a fog to control disease organisms in fruit and vegetable crops (www.jetharvest.com/jet-ag-3/). In this study two bulk bins were filled on September 25, 2015 with tubers harvested from Crooks Farms. The variety used in this trial was ‘Pike’ due to its inherent susceptibility to post-harvest diseases. Pulp temperatures at the time of bin loading were observed at approximately 65oF, and the bins were gradually cooled to a holding temperature of 58oF for the duration of the study. Prior to bin loading, tubers were inoculated with Pythium spp. through methods recommended by the MSU potato pathology lab which provided the inoculum. Mesh bags were filled with three inoculated tubers and positioned at 16 different locations within the storage bin column, with four bags spread out at four heights (4, 8, 12, and 16 feet above the floor). At the 12’ inoculation level, 24 ‘observation’ bags were filled with 10 non-inoculated tubers each and positioned approximately 1.5’ from the inoculated bags. Following bin unloading on January 18th, 2016, data was generated from these observation bags including the total number of diseased tubers per bag and the severity of disease. Bin 8 served as the untreated control bin, while bin 9 was treated on two dates (October 2nd and 13th, 2015) with Jet-Ag®. Results Following data collection, results were summarized in table 8, below. In bin 8 (control), a total of 3 diseased tubers were observed among the 24 bags (240 tubers total). Of those tubers that were observed with disease, it was noted to be severe as can be seen in figure 12 on the right. In bin 9 (treated), there was no detection of diseased tubers in the observation bags, however there were pockets of diseased tubers observed upon unloading the bin, which can be seen in figure 13 on the right. Although the results indicate there 164 might be some potential disease control from Jet-Ag treatment, differences between the control and treatment bins were not substantial enough to draw clear conclusions on the product’s efficacy. The relatively low disease pressure that was observed among all the observation bags indicates that methods might be adjusted to better create a more ‘favorable’ environment for disease to develop; this would provide a more rigorous test for control products such as Jet-Ag® in future studies. 2015-2016 Jet-Ag® Storage Trial Data Summary # of observation Bin 8 (Control) Bin 9 (Jet-Ag) bags 24 24 # of bags with diseased tubers total # of of diseased tubers (out of 240) 3 0 3 0 Table 8. Summary of data collected from observation bags from bins 8 (control) and 9 (treated) collected on January 18th, 2016. Figure 12. Bin 8 (control) tubers on January 18, 2016 at bin unloading. Note three bags with disease (left); a close-up of a diseased tuber (right). Figure 13. Bin 9 (treated with Jet-Ag®) tubers on January 18, 2016 at bin unloading. No bags of tubers were observed with disease (left); some evidence of disease in the pile overall (right). 165 Simplot Storage Assessments (Bins 3-6) We evaluated two Innate® potato varieties in conjunction with the J.R. Simplot Company with the purpose of assessing the performance of these lines in commercial storage. In bins 3 and 4, we evaluated the storability of Hibernate (Innate® Atlantic Gen 2, or Y9) at two different temperatures (46ºF and 44ºF). In bins 5 and 6, we compared the general storage performance of Invigorate (Innate® Snowden Gen 1, or V11) to non-transformed Snowden. All of the potatoes for these storage trials were grown on the same farm in central Michigan. Hibernate Storage Results (Bins 3 and 4) On October 9, 2015, Hibernate was harvested and unloaded in bins 3 and 4. Specific gravity was 1.091 at harvest. Chip quality and sugar analysis were first tested on October 14th (Figure 14). At bin loading, sucrose levels were at 0.626 percent (X10) for bin 3 and 0.664 percent (X10) for bin 4. Glucose concentrations were 0.001 percent in bin 3 and 0.002 percent in bin 4. Initial pulp temperature for both bins was approximately 58oF. Chip quality was excellent with total defects of 2.7% for bin 3 and 13.9% for bin 4. Bins 3 and 4 were subsequently cooled to 46ºF and 44ºF respectively over several weeks. Figure 14.Out of the field chip quality for bulk bins 3 (left) and 4 (right) on October 14, 2015. Bin 3 sucrose concentrations fluctuated between 0.540-0.626 (X10) percent through early December and then gradually increased to a peak of 1.481 (X10) percent in early February. 166 Sucrose levels gradually declined again to 0.617 (X10) percent in May and were back up to 1.118 (X10) percent at the last sample date on June 6th. Glucose levels fluctuated between 0.001-0.004 percent with a slow increase to 0.005 percent in late March before slowing declining again with some fluctuations. Glucose concentrations were 0.003 percent at the last sample date on June 6th. The SFA color score of 1.0 at bin unloading per Techmark test (Figure 15). Bin 4 sucrose concentrations initially declined from 0.664 (X10) percent to 0.589 (X10) percent in late November and then gradually rose to a peak of 1.527 (X10) percent in mid- February. Sucrose levels decreased again with some fluctuations to 0.733 (X10) percent in early May and were back up to 1.677 (X10) percent at the last sample date on June 6th. Glucose levels fluctuated between 0.001-0.004 percent with a slow increase to 0.005 percent in late March before slowly declining again with some fluctuations. Glucose concentrations were at 0.004 percent at the last sample date on June 6th. SFA color score was 1.5 at bin unloading per Techmark test (Figure 15). Chips were processed at a commercial chip facility (Figure 16) on June 7, 2016. The fryer exit defects were 6.8% and the specific gravity was 1.088. Pressure bruising was lower in Hibernate compared to Snowden (Table 9). Figure 15. Bin unloading storage chip quality for bulk bins 3 (left) and 4 (right) on June 6, 2016. 167 Figure 16. Bin unloading storage chip quality for bulk bin 4 at commercial chip processor on June 7, 2016. Table 9. 2015-2016 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Invigorate, Hibernate, and Snowden Location1 Variety 16' 10' 4' Snowden SNOWDEN AVERAGES: 16' 10' 4' Invigorate INVIGORATE AVERAGES: 16' 10' 4' Hibernate HIBERNATE AVERAGES: Average Weight Loss (%) 5.5 6.4 6.5 6.1 4.4 5.0 5.3 4.9 4.2 4.9 5.1 4.8 Average Number of Average % of External Pressure Bruises per Tuber2 Pressure Bruise with Color3 0.6 1.8 2.2 1.5 0.2 1.1 1.5 0.9 0.3 1.1 1.3 0.9 2.1 9.1 7.8 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 2.0 0.6 0.9 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 30 tubers randomly selected from sample bag. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of pressure flattened spots. 168 In addition to the bulk bins, Hibernate from the same grower was included in the box bin study and stored at 53.8⁰F. The sucrose of this sample was 0.752 (X10) percent at harvest, decreased to 0.383 (X10) percent in late December, then increased to a final of 1.699 (X10) percent on May 16. Glucose was consistently 0.001 to 0.002 percent and was 0.003 percent on the last date. This study demonstrated the ability of Hibernate to store at low or high temperatures while maintaining low glucose, however, sucrose did increase at low temperatures. Further research is needed to understand implications of elevated sucrose. Processing chips at high temperature and long cook time leads to very low chip moisture content and can caramelize sucrose. J.R. Simplot is collaborating with Techmark to develop a Hibernate specific process test to more accurately demonstrate chip color in Hibernate. Future storage studies will include ramping rate comparisons, crop maturity, and how long Hibernate can store at multiple temperatures. Invigorate Storage Results (Bins 5 and 6) In bins 5 and 6, we compared the general storage performance of Invigorate (Innate® Snowden Gen 1, orV11) to non-transformed Snowden at 48oF. Potatoes were harvested and unloaded on October 9, 2015. The bulk bins were first sampled on October 14, 2015 (Figure 16). Specific gravity was 1.084 for Snowden and 1.082 for Invigorate. At bin loading, the sucrose and glucose concentrations for Invigorate (bin 5) were 0.568 (X10) percent and 0.003 percent respectively. For non-transformed Snowden, the sucrose and glucose concentrations were 0.553 (X10) percent and 0.003 percent respectively. Figure 16. Snowden chip quality one week after bin loading, bulk bins 5 Innate (left) and 6 un-transformed (right) on October 26, 2015 169 Invigorate sucrose concentrations fluctuated around 0.512 to 0.694 (X10) percent through mid-December before gradually decreasing to 0.393 (X10) percent in late February. Sucrose levels then increased, decreased, and increased again ending with 0.0731 (X10) percent sucrose at bin unloading on May 16, 2016 (Figure 17). Glucose levels remained fairly constant fluctuating at 0.002-0.003 percent for the majority of storage. There was a peak in glucose in early April of 0.012 percent, but levels decreased again. At bin unloading on May 16, 2016, glucose concentrations were 0.007 percent. Total defects at bin unloading were 14.2%. Bin 6 (non-transformed Snowden) sucrose concentrations had greater fluctuations than Invigorate, ranging from 0.462-0.720 (X10) percent throughout storage sampling. At bin unloading, sucrose concentrations were at 0.869 (X10) percent on May 16th. Glucose concentrations were stable at 0.002-0.003 percent throughout storage sampling with a drop to 0.001 percent in early January. At bin unloading, glucose concentrations peaked to 0.005 percent on May 16th. Total defects at bin unloading were 16.8% per the Techmark test. Pressure bruising was lower in Invigorate compared to Snowden (Table 9). Figure 17. Snowden chip quality at bin unloading, bulk bins 5 Invigorate (left) and 6 un-transformed (right) on May 16, 2016. Invigorate performed similarly to the un-transformed Snowden variety in storage, with pressure bruise being the only difference observed. 170