Michigan State University AgBioResearch In Cooperation With Michigan Potato Industry Commission Michigan Potato Research Report Volume 51 2019 M i c h i g a n P o t a t o I n d u s t r y C o m m i s s i o n 3515 West Road - Suite A www.mipotato.com email:info@mipotato.com East Lansing, Michigan 48823 517.253.7370 fax 517.253.7373 January 03, 2020 To all Michigan Potato Growers an d Shi ppers, The Michigan Potato Industry Commission continues to provide over $180,000 in direct funding on an annual basis for potato research. This research is the one of the core component s that contin ue to move the Michigan p otato industry forward. Ex pand ing re search has p rovided increased insights into varieties, diseas e, soil fertility, and storage management . Research outco mes continue to provide a competitive advantage for the industry i n Michigan and to provide Michigan with a highly respected rep utation among the nati onal industry professionals. The following research report wa s compiled with the help of the Michigan State University AgBioResearch and Michigan State Univers ity Extens ion. On behalf of all parties, we are proud to present you with the results of the 2019 potato research projects. We hope that each of you see value in the investment made in these projects and can apply some of the results directly to strengthen you r own operat ion. We would like to thank our many supplie rs, researc hers , and industry partners who are involved in making this year s research season a success. As the ind ustry faces new challenges and strives to i mprove upon best practices, we are inspired by the level of cooperation within the industry and look forward to future suc cess together . Sinc ere ly, Kelly T urner, CAE Execu tive Director Table of Contents Page Introduction and Acknowledgements 1 2019 Potato Breeding and Genetics Research Report D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, D. Zarka, N.Manrique, D. Kells, K. Shaw , C. Zhang and S. Nadakuduti 5 2019 Potato Variety Evaluations D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, D. Kells, M. Zuehlke, A.Sardarbekov, K. Shaw , C. Zhang, C. Long, J. Wilbur, and N. Rosenzweig 22 2019 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials C.Long, K. Zavislan, D. Kurzer , and D . S. Douches 47 Evaluating Synergistic Interactions Between HPPD Inhibiting Herbicides and Atrazine for Volunteer Potato Control E.Burns 82 Impact of I ncreased Cropping System Diversity as Measured by Improved Productivity and Sustainability in a Michigan Potato Production S ystem C.Long, L . Tiemann, N . Rosenzweig, E. Hill, M. Quintanilla - Tornel , M. Jean, and K . Zavislan 93 Re-Examnining Potato Phosphorous Use Guidelines in Michigan J. Rutan, K . Steinke 108 In-furrow and Foliar Treatment Programs for Control of Potato Early Die S.Desotell, J. Calogero, N. Stanko, S. Mambetova, and N. Rosenzweig 109 Evaluation of Management Programs for Pythium Leak in Michigan Potato Production B.Stine, S. Desotell, J. Calogero, S. Mambetova, and N. Rosenzweig 113 New Strategies for Managing Colorado Potato beetles in Michigan Z. Szendrei 116 Survey of Postharvest Disease in Michigan Potato Storages E.Schlachter, R. Hammerschmidt, N. Rosenzweig, J.F. Willbur, C. Bloomingdale 118 Diagnostic Optimization of Viral Detection and Characterization for the Michigan Seed Potato Certification Program S. Rhodes, E. Schlachter, C. Blo omingdale, C. Pincumbe, E. Dorman, and J.F. Willbur 121 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides to Manage White Mold of Potato In Michigan C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur 123 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides to Manage Late Blight of Potato In Michigan C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur 125 Remote sensing to Quantify Spatial Variability o f Crop Nitrogen (N) Status and Optimize N Fertilizer in Potato Fields. B. Basso 126 Improving Productivity and Sustainability in Potato Production Systems by Increasing Soil Biodiversity and Health M. Quintanilla -Tornel, E . Cole, and K . Poley 135 2018-2019 Michigan Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report Introduction C. Long, K . Zavislan, and D. Kurzer New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report C. Long, K. Zavislan, D. Kurzer , and B . Sackett Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report C. Long, K. Zavislan, D. Kurzer , and B . Sackett 139 139 151 156 2019 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2019 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by Michigan State University (MSU) potato researchers at several locations. The 2019 report is the 51st volume, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Potato Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), Project GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principle source of funding for each project has been noted in each report. We wis h to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Potato Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude of potato related research in Michigan . Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed , supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on- farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism o f the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this c ommittee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research . Special thanks goes to Mathew Klein for his management of the MSU Montcalm Research Center (MRC ) and the many details which are a part of its operati on. We also want to recognize Trina Zavislan , MSU for organizing and compiling this final draft. WEATHER The overall 6 -month average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 2019 growing season were consistent with the 15 year averages at 7 2oF and 52 oF respectively (Table 1). April, May, and June were slightly cooler than the 15 year average. The average minimum temperature in July, 69 oF was much warmer than the 15 year average temperature of 59 oF. Daytime e xtreme heat events were slightly less than average in 2019 (Table 3) with five hours over two days in which temperatures exceeded 90 oF during the enti re summer. Extreme high nighttime temperatures were slig htly higher than average in 2019, with 177 hours of nighttime temperatures above 70 oF over 31 days, compared to the seven -year average of 154 hours over 33 days. Rainfall for A pril through September was 22.07 inches, which was 4.47 inches above the 15- year average (Table 2). A total of 7.5 inches of irrigation water over 15 application timings was applied to Comden 3 between early June and mid -August. In general, May and September had more precipitat ion than average while April and July were drier months. Table 1. The 15- year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures ( F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center .* YearMax. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 20056236654182608258815877517551 20066236614678548361805868487251 20075333734782548156805876507450 20086133674077568058805473507349 20095633674576547553765674497148 20106433704977578362826169507452 20115333684877568562795870487251 20125833734884539062825574467750 20135133734877558158805473487349 20145533684578577754795672477249 20155833714876548056775777547351 20165332704578538260856078547451 20176139674478558158775477507450 20185533814684588864846376527853 20195535654575548469805573547252 15-Year Average 5734694679558259805774507450 Average April MayJune July August September Table 2. The 15- year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing seas on at the Montcalm Research Center .* Year April MayJuneJulyAugust September Total 20050.691.393.573.651.853.9015.05 20062.734.452.185.552.253.1520.31 20072.641.601.582.432.341.1811.77 20081.591.692.953.073.035.0317.36 20093.942.152.432.074.741.4916.82 20101.593.683.212.142.631.8815.13 20113.423.082.381.632.571.8414.92 20122.350.980.993.633.310.7612.02 20137.984.522.261.354.061.3321.50 20144.245.513.253.711.782.3520.84 20153.712.964.791.722.423.9019.50 20162.252.771.333.425.353.0518.17 20174.451.986.370.921.360.7015.78 20182.045.513.641.197.732.6522.76 20192.645.462.92.043.315.7222.07 15-Yea rAverage 3.083.182.922.573.252.6017.60 Table 3. Seven -year heat stress summary (from May 1 st Œ Sept. 30 th)* HoursDaysHoursDays 201314 314028 201400 5815201500 11431 201626 724850 201712 312429 201826 821546 201952 17731 Average12 315433 Year Temperatures > 90 oF Night (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70 oF GROWING DEGREE DAYS Table 4 summarizes the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) for 2019 while providing historical data from 2007-2019. GDD are presented from May 1 st Œ September 30 th using the Baskerville- Emin method with a base temperature of 40 oF. The total GDD base 40 by the end of September in 2019 was 4073 (Table 4), which is 285 GDD higher than the 13-year average of 3788. Table 4 . Growing Degree Days* - Base 40 F. YearMay JuneJulyAugust September 20076391503237932773966 20084471240214729733596 20095191264200428003420 20106101411242434023979 20115671354238832703848 20126521177228031533762 20136371421233431793798 20145221340212029773552 20156041353223030513789 20165471318226332744053 20174801279220229903695 20186891487242333734073 20194571189217930243731 Average 5671334225931343789 *2007-2019 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Center fiEnviro -weatherfl, Michigan Weather Station Network, Entrican, MI. PREVIOUS CROPS, TILLAGE AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area utilized in 2019 was Montcalm Research Center property in the field referred to as ‚Comden 3 .™ This acreage was planted to wheat in the s pring of 2018 with crop residue disked into the soil in f all and sprayed off in the spring of 2019. In the spring of 2019, the recommended rate of potash was broadcast applied following deep-chisel plowing. The ground was vertical tilled and direct planted to potatoes. The area was not fumigated with Vapam prior to potato planting, but Admire Pro ® was applied in-furrow at planting. The soil test analysis for the general crop area (taken in November 2018 ) was as follows: lbs/A pH P K Ca Mg 7.2 356 (178 ppm) 222 (111 ppm) 1612 (806 ppm) 184 (92 ppm) The fertilizers used in the ge neral plot area are as follows (fertilizer variations used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports). Application Analysis Rate Nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O-Ca/Mg/S/Zn) Broadcast at plow down 0-0-22-11Mg -22S 0-0-0-21Ca-16S 0-0-0-21Ca-12Mg 10%B 0-0-62 0-0-0-9Zn 200 lbs/A 150 lbs/A 300 lbs/A 6 lbs/A 350 lbs/A 1 qt/A 0-0-44-22Mg -44S 0-0-0-32Ca-24S 0-0-0-63Ca-36Mg 0.6 lb. B 0-0-217 0.3 lb. Zn At-planting 28-0-0 10-34-0 24 gpa 12 gpa 72-0-0 14-49-0 At-cultivation 28-0-0 10-34-0 24 gpa 12 gpa 72-0-0 14-49-0 At-hilling 46-0-0 120 lbs/A 55-0-0 Late side dress (late varieties) 46-0-0 100 lbs/A 46-0-0 HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL A pre -emergence application of Linex at 1.25 qts /A and Brawl II at 1.0 pts /A was made in late May . Admire Pro® was applied in-furrow at planti ng at a rate of 8.7 fl oz/A. Echo 720 (24 oz/A), Equus 720 (24 oz /A), Koverall (2.0 lbs/A) , Oranil 6 L (24 oz /A), Coragen (6 oz/A), and Mustang Maxx (4 oz /A) fungicides were applied alone or in combination on eleven dates between June and mid-August. Potato vines were desiccated with Reglone in early September at a rate of 32 oz/A. 2019 MSU POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT January 2020 David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zue hlke , D. Zarka, N. Manrique, D. Kells , Kate McGlew, Chen Zhang and Swathi Nadaku duti Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Cooperators: Robin Buell, Ray Hammerschmidt , Noah Rosenzweig, Jaime Willbur and Chris Long INTRODUCTION At Michigan State University , we have been dedicated to developing improved potato varieties for the chip-processing and tablestock markets since 1988. The program is one of four integrated breeding programs in the North Central region supported through the USDA/NIFA Potato Special Grant . At MSU , we conduct a comprehensive multi -disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety development to meet MichiganÕs needs. Our program integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches to breed for disease and insect resistance that is positioned to respond to scientific and technology opportunities that emerge . We are also developing more efficient methods to breed improved potato varieties. In Michigan, variety development requires that we primarily develop high yielding round white potatoes with excellent chip-processing from the field and/or storage. In addition, there is a need for table varieties (russet, red, yellow, and round white). We conduct variety trials of advanced selections and field experiments at MSU research locations (Montcalm Research Center, Lake City Experiment Station, Clarksville Research Center , and MSU Agronomy Farm), we ship seed to other states and Canadian provinces for variety trials, and we cooperate with Chris Long on grower trials throughout Michigan. This testing is crucial in determining the commercial potential of the lines. Through conventional crosses in the greenhouse, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and also screen and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties (e.g. combining chip-processing, scab resistance, PVY resistance, late blight resistance and higher specific gravity ). We continue to see the increase in scab, late blight and PVY resistance in the breeding material and selections. We need to continue to combine these traits in long-term storage chip-processing lines. It has been 10 years since we started the SolCAP project and we are benefiting from the SolCAP SNP array DNA marker technology as we can now query 35,000 SNPs (compared to 8,303 SNPs in the past) . This SolCAP translational genomics project ha s finally giving us the opportunity to link genetic markers to important traits (reducing sugars, starch , scab resistance , etc. ) in the cultivated potato lines and then breed them into elite germplasm. The SNPs also allow us to accurately fingerprint the varieties (DNA ID database) . In add ition, our program has been utilizing genetic engineering as a tool to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm for traits such as insect resistance, late blight and PVY resistance , lower reducing sugar , nitrogen use efficiency and drought. In 2020, we plan to test potatoes with late blight resistance, drought tolerance, invertase silencing and gene editing for PPO and self -compatibility . Furthermore, PotatoesUSA is supporting national early generation trials called the National Chip Processing Trial (NC PT) which will feed lines into the SNAC (SFA) trial s and also F ast Track lines into commercial testing (NexGen testing) . This national cooperative testing is the key! We are leveraging the NCPT fast track to have seed increased for promising chip-processing lines. This has led to the release of Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1) , Manistee (MSL292- A), Huron Chipper (MSW485-2), Mackinaw (MSX540-4), and Petoskey (MSV030-4) . We also have funding to develop genome editing technologies that may not be classified as genetic engineering through a USDA/BRAG grant. This technology can be used to introduce lower sugars, bruising and asparagine as well a number of other traits in the future . We also have a USDA/AFRI diploid breeding grant to develop some foundational diploid breeding germplasm . In 2015 we were awarded the USAID grant to generate late blight resistance potatoes for Bangladesh and Indonesia. This project brings us into cutting edge GM work with Simplot and the International Potato Cen ter (CIP) . Lastly we have NSF-funded grants to better understand the potato genome and study wound-healing in potato. We feel that these in-house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate advanced technologies with the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. The breeding goals at MSU are based on current and future needs of the Michigan potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, disease resistance (scab, late blight, early die , and PVY), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out- of-the- field, storage, and extended cold storage) and cooking quality, bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality, and appearance. If these goals can be met, we will be able to reduce production input costs, keep potato production profitable as well as reduce the reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance through new potato varieties. Over the years, key infrastructure changes have been established for the breeding program to make sound assessments of the breeding selections moving through the program. In 2016 year we constructed a greenhouse to expand our breeding and certified minituber seed production. This greenhouse is at the MSU Crops facility on south campus. In 2016 we began to upgrade the grading line and this was completed with funding from MPIC and AgBioResearch. Variable speed drives control: a new lift; custom built barrel washer; grading table; and Kerian speed sizer are all part of the set up as of 2019. Incorporation of bar-coded labels, and scales synchronized to computer hot keys, have improved the speed, accuracy and efficiency of the grading process. All entities of the potato group: Potato Breeding and Genetics; Potato Outreach Program; pathologists and soil fertility researchers have access to this new equipment. Thank you! Varietal Development Breeding The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for long-term storage chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2019 field season, progeny from about 400 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for ye llow flesh, long/russet types, red skin, and novelty market classes. During the 2019 harvest, about 1,000 selections were made from the 45,000 seedlings produced. All of these first -year selections are segregating for PVY resistance . All second, third or fourth - year potential chip-processing selections will be tested in January and April 2020 directly out of 45 ¡F (7.2 ¡C) and 50 ¡F (10 ¡C) storages . Atlantic, Lamoka and Snowden are chip- processed as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection cycle that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chip-processing potential. At the 12-hill and 30-hill evaluation state, about 3 00 and 100 selections were made , respectively; based on chip quality, specific gravity, scab resistance, late blight resistance and DNA markers for PVY and Golden nematode resistance . Selection in the early generation stages has been enhanced by the incorporation of the scab and late blight evaluations of the early generation material. Unfortunately, in 2019 we were unable to get effective late blight infection to collect useful data. We are pushing our early generation selections from the 30- hill stage into tissue culture to minimize PVY issues in ou r breeding and seed stock. We are now using a cryotherapy method as well as the traditional methods that was developed in our lab to remove viruses. This technique predictably as well as quickly remove virus from tissue culture stocks. Our results show that we are able to remove both PVY and PVS from lines , but PVS can still be difficult to remove in certain lines . We test ed the removal of PLRV and succeeded. Over 1700 lines are maintained in tissue culture for the breeding and genetics program. Chip -Processing Over 80 % of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their pedigree. Our most promising advanced chip-processing lines are Mackinaw (MSX540- 4) (scab, late blight and PVY resistant) , Petoskey (MSV030-4) (scab resistant), Huron Chipper ( MSW4 85-2) (late blight resistant), MSW075-2 (scab resistant), MSZ242-13 (scab resistant) and MSZ219-1, MSZ219-13 and MSZ219-14 ( all three sibs are scab, late blight and PVY resistant). We have some newer lines to consider, but we are removing virus from those lines. We are using the NCPT trials to more effectively identify promising new selections. Manistee was licensed to Canada and Chile. Saginaw Chipper and Mackinaw are being tested in Australia and Korea. Tablestock Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance with an attractive skin finish, low internal defects, good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab , late blight and PVY . Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue to improve the frequency of scab resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more russet , red -skinned, and yellow -fleshed lines. We have also been s electing some pigmented ski n and tuber flesh lines that fit some specialty markets. There is also interest in some additional specialty mini -pota toes for the ÒTasteful selectionsÓ market. We have interest from some western specialty potato growers to test and commercial these line s. From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have a number of yellow- fleshed and red -skinned lines, as well as some purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. We are also select ing for round white, red-skin, and improved Yukon Gold-type yellow-fleshed potatoes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on -farm trials in 2019, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Center . Promising tablestock lines include MSV093-1Y (yellow, scab resistant) , MST252-1Y (scab resistant), MSV179-1 (scab resistant) , Isle Royale (MSX569- 1R) (scab resistant) and MSX324- 1P (scab resistant). MSZ109-8PP and MSZ109-10PP (Blackberry) are purple-fleshed chippers with deep purple flesh, round shape and attractive skin as well as scab resistance . Jacqueline Lee (late blight resistant) was licensed to Australia and is being grown in Central America for its late blight resistance. Spartan Splash, Raspberry, Blackberry, MSQ558-2RR and our PVY resistan t Red Marker #2 potato are being marketed in the specialty markets. Blackberry is also being chip- processed by the Great Lakes Chip Co. in Traverse City, MI and receiving local and national press. Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Scab : In 2019 we had two locations to evaluate scab resistance: a commercial field with a history of severe scab infection (we thankfully acknowledge the support of Sackett Potatoes for this important trial) and a highly infected site at the Montcalm Research Center. In 2019 the commercial site and the Montcalm Research Center both gave us very high scab infection levels. The susceptible checks of Snowden and Atlantic were highly infected with pitted scab. Promising resistant selections were MST252-1Y, MSV179-1 , MSX324-1P, MSW474-01, MSZ219-1, MSZ219-13, MSZ219-14, as well as the Z-series selections from the commercial scab site . If you examine the Advanced Chip trial you will notice that almost all the lines are scab resistant. We need to continue in this direction of many selections with scab resistance so we can find the great scab resistant chipper. The high level of scab infection at the on-farm site with a history of scab infection and MRC has significantly helped with our discrimination of resistance and susceptibility of our lines. The MRC scab site was used for assessing scab susceptibility in our advanced breeding lines and early generation material and is summarized below (Figure 1). All susceptible check plots (Snowden and Atlantic) were scored as susceptible. Fig. 1. Scab Disease Nursery Ratings from MRC trials Based upon this data, scab resistance is strong in the breeding program. We lead the nation in scab resistant lines. This is evident in the NCPT. These data were also incorporated into the early generation selection evaluation process at Lake City. We are seeing that this expanded effort is leading to more scab resistant lines advancing through the breeding program. The ability to select under commercial settings at Sackett Potatoes is accelerating our ability to select for highly scab resistant varieties. MSZ052-14, MSZ219-1, MSZ219-13, MSZ219-14, MSZ022-07, MSZ242-09 and MSZ242-13 are some of the first scab resistant chippers to advance through this effort. Late Blight: Our specific objective is to breed improved cultivars for the industry that have foliar and tuber resistance to late blight using a combination of conventional breeding, marker-assisted strategies and transgenic approaches. Through conventional breeding approaches, the MSU potato breeding and genetics program has developed a series of late blight resistant advanced breeding lines and cultivars that have div erse sources of resistance to late blight. In 2019 we conducted late blight trials at the MSU campus. We inoculated with the US23 genotype but the infection levels were not successfully established for data collection. We are not reporting late blight trial results this year. We will continue with late blight trials in 2020 on the MSU campus. !"#$% &'()'&)'(*'&*'(+'&+'(,'&,'( !-.$% !"#$%&'()#$"* ++,-.,-./+0 1+/ +2+3"#*'(4%5%#"&$65 +1 .7.2-187+/ ,+ +2-9$:*6$; .+087+,+2+/ 288 +//<#%%;$5=(>6#(?@"A(B%C$C&"5@% /010"0230 4$"#0.5 63$78/$.#29 D$E% +F. G"H6E" +F2 ?56I;%5 8F, J&*"5&$@ 8F, 63$78:#;0$;08/$.#298<& =(>PVY: We are using PCR-based DNA markers to select potatoes resistant to PVY. The gene is located on Chromosome 11. In our first round we made crosses in 2013 to generate over 7,000 progeny segregating for PVY resistance. Each year since 2013 we are making new crosses, making selections and expanding the germplasm base that has PVY resistance (Fig. 2). We are also using DNA markers to also screen for PVX resistance, PLRV resistance, late blight resistance and Golden nematode resistance. As a result of this work, Mackinaw has PVY resistance as well as MSZ219-1,13 and 14. More PVY resistant advanced selections are in the queue. We have identified an advanced bre eding line, MSCC725-232 that combines three virus resistance genes (PVY, PVX and PLRV) . Fig. 2 PVY resistant selections in the breeding program !"#$%#&'%()(&*+&,,&,"-./.%(&0%/%1)%2&3#*-&0.+4/% 56.//(&7 !"#$#%&'(" )&*+"* ),-./01 !2345678 -.9!/1 !6-9:1 ;<=>4&?@A"#> B"#%"C 89:;:;< ;><=>4&?@A"#>D$%E> %E">)&*+"* 9=>?<>< 70"-@/%(&(%/%1)%2&.+&3.%/2&,"//&9=?;&"+2&-"#$%#&)%()(&1*-@/%)%2&.+&/"A&%"#/B&9=?: FF)455GH7 IHJH>K*"#$#%&'(">%<>./0L>./M>&'C>.9!/ MSU Lines with Commercial Tracking ____________________________________________________ Manistee (MSL292- A) Parentage: Snowden x MSH098-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Applied for. Strengths: Manistee is a chip-processing potato with an attractive round appearance with shallow eyes. Manistee has a full-sized vine and an early to mid-season maturity. Manistee has above average yield potential and specific gravity similar to Snowden. This variety has excellent chip-processing long-term storage characteristics and a similar to better tolerance to blackspot bruise than Snowden. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality with long-term storage characteristics, above average yield, specific gravity similar to Snowden, and good tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ Saginaw Chipper ( MSR061-1) Parentage: Pike x NY121 Developers: Michigan State University and the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Plant Variety Protection: Trademark Strengths: MSR061-1 is a chip-processing potato with resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies ) and moderate foliar late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) resistance. This variety has medium yield similar to Pike and a 1.079 (average) specific gravity and an attractive, uniform, round appearance. MSR061-1 has a medium vine and an early to mid-season maturity. Incentives for production: Chip-processing quality with common scab resistance similar to Pike, moderate foliar late blight resistance (US8 genotype), and uniform, round tuber type. ________________________________________________________________________ MSV093-1Y Parentage: McBride x MSP408-14Y Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For Strengths: MSV093-1Y is a high yield potential yellow-flesh breeding line with an attractive, round tuber shape. This line has demonstrated excellent high yield potential in replicated trials at the MSU Montcalm Research Center and on grower field trials throughout Michigan. This yellow flesh line has excellent internal quality (few defects) and a low incidence of blackspot bruise. MSV093-1Y also has moderate scab tolerance. MSV093-1Y has a strong vine and a mid-early season maturity. Incentives for production: High yield potential with an attractive tuber shape with good yellow flesh with excellent internal quality. _______________________________________________________________________ Mackinaw (MSX540-4) Parentage: Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSX540-4 is a chip- processing potato with resistance to potato virus Y (PVY), late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ), tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies ), and demonstrated tolerance to Verticillium wilt . This variety has average yield with a high specific gravity, and a high percentage of A-size tubers with an attractive, uniform shape. MSX540-4 has a strong vine and a mid- to late-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSX540-4 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT). Incentives for production: Long-term chip-processing quality with resistance to PVY and late blight, and tolerance to common scab. Morphological Charact eristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a creamy-white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid - to late-season maturity. Tubers: Smooth shaped tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and a creamy-white flesh. Yield: Average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform A-size tubers. Specific Gra vity: Averages similar to above Snowden in Michigan. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short to long-term storage. Diseases: Resistant to PVY and late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ), tolerant to common scab ( Streptomyces scabies ). ____________________________________________________ Petoskey (MSV030-4) Parentage: Beacon Chipper x MSG227-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: Petoskey is a chip- processing potato with resistance to common scab ( Streptomyces scabies ). This variety has high specific gravity and yield potential, with attractive, uniformly round tubers. Petoskey has a medium vine and a mid-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip- processing quality. MSV030-4 has performed well in Michigan and multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT) and national SFA (SNaC) trials. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality out of the field and long- term chip quality with high specific gravity and resistance to common scab, and a good size profile of uniform, round tubers. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Uniform, smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid -full season maturity. Tubers: Smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and white flesh. Yield: Above average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform tubers. Specific Gravity: Averages higher than Atlantic and Snowden. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short and long-term storage. Diseases: Resistant to common scab ( Streptomyces scabies ). ____________________________________________________ Huron Chipper (MSW485-2) Parentage: MSQ070-1 x MSR156-7 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSW485 is a chip- processing potato with resistance to and late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ), and stronger tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies ) than Atlantic. This variety has high yield and good specific gravity, with attractive, uniformly round tubers. MSW485-2 has a strong vine and a mid-season maturity, and has demonstrated excellent long- term storage chip-processing quality. MSW485-2 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT) and national SFA (SNaC) trials. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality out of the field and long- term chip quality with resistance to late blight and a good size profile. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Uniform, smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid -season maturity. Tubers: Smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and a white flesh. Yield: Above average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform tubers. Specific Gravity: Averages similar to above Atlantic and Snowden. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short to long-term storage. Diseases: Res istant to late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) and tolerant to common scab (Streptomyces scabies ). ____________________________________________________ Blackberry (MSZ109-10PP) Parentage: COMN07- W112BG1 x MSU200-5PP Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: Blackberry is a tablestock variety with unique purple skin and a deep purple flesh. The tubers have an attractive, uniform, round shape and a purple flesh with common scab resistance and low incidence of internal defects. Yield can be high under irrigated conditions. Blackberry will also chip-process out of the field. Incentives for production: The unique purple skin and purple flesh of the tubers of Blackberry offer a unique potato that could lend itself to the specialty variety market, such as gourmet restaurants and food stores, as well as farm and road-side markets. The primary market for this clone will be farm market and direct retail sale growers, and home gardeners. This variety is also used as a gourmet chip processing variety. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Full-sized vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Round tubers with a smooth skin and unique purple skin and purple flesh color. Tubers have a deep purple flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Maturity: Mid -season. Tubers: Round tubers with unique purple skin and deep purple flesh. Yield: Above average yield. Specific Gravity: Averages 1.065 in Michigan. Culinary Quality: Gourmet specialty with deep purple flesh and also chip-processes. Diseases: Good common scab resistance. ____________________________________________________ MSX569-1R (Ilse Royale) Parentage : MSS002 -2R x MSS544-1R Developers : Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection : To Be Applied For. Strengths : MSX569-1R is a fresh market variety with an attractive red skin, bright white flesh, excellent round tuber shape, and tolerance to common scab ( Streptomyces scabies ). This variety has average yield with a high percentage of A-size tubers with an attractive, uniform shape. The bright red skin is highly desirable in the fresh market, and also maintains good red color in storage. This line has demonstrated good marketable yield potential in replicated trials at the MSU Montcalm Research Center, on grower field trials throughout Michigan, as well as in North Central Regional Trials, and trials in Florida and North Carolina. MSX569-1R has excellent internal quality (few defects) and a low incidence of blackspot bruise. Incentives for production : Fresh market variety with a bright red skin, attractive tuber size and shape, excellent internal quality, and tolerance to common scab. Morphological Characteristics : Plant : Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers : Round tubers with a smooth, bright red colored skin. Tubers have an attractive white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics : Maturity : Mid -season maturity. Tubers : Round tubers with a red skin and an attractive white flesh. Yield : Average yield under irrigated conditions, similar or better than Red Norland. Specific Gravity : Good fresh market specific gravity (1.055 in Michigan). Culinary Quality : Excellent culinary quality. Diseases : Tolerance to common scab ( Streptomyces scabies ). Application of Molecular Markers in MSU Potato Breeding With the development of molecular markers for potato breeding, marker- assist selection has been incorporated into our routine breeding practice and greatly facilitate the selection process. Some of the main markers that are used at MSU include: RYSC3 and M6, Potato virus Y (PVY) resistance markers; RxSP , a Potato virus X (PVX) resistance marker; TG689 , a Golden Nematode resistance marker; RB and R8, Late Blight resistance marker . PVY markers have been the most frequently used tools to as sist selection in our program due to the importance of PVY resistance. According to the pedigrees, selections from our single-hill trial (1 st year of field selection) are screened for PVY markers every year. This allowed for a prioritization of the space in the field, and for earlier, more informed decisions in variety selection. The trait mapping populations have been a major research focus for us over the previous four years as we try to correlate the field data with the genetic markers. We now have DNA SNP markers linked to late blight resistance, scab resistance, chip color, tuber asparagine and specific gravity. We will now start using this linkage information to assist us in breeding. Our first SNP marker is linked to a gene for late blight resistan ce on Chr. 9 and the second is located on Chr. 10 with new ones recently identified on Chr. 4 and Chr. 5. The ability to use the DNA markers to stack a set of late blight resistance genes will lead to durable late blight resistance. We are now bringing in late blight resistance genes from germplasm from Europe and China. Decoding S. chacoense -derived Colorado potato beetle resistance Introgression of Colorado potato beetle resistance from S. chacoense -derived diploid recombinant inbred lines into cultivated backgrounds is being conducted through GREEEN funding. Subsequent marker assisted selection will yield diploid breeding lines with beetle resistance and desirable tuber traits. The spatio-temporal durability of this glycoalkaloid-based host plant resistance will be assessed using Colorado potato beetle populations from potato growing regions across the nation and examining 10 successive generations of beetles grown on host plant resistant material. Furthermore, the development of cross-resistance by beetles grown on host plant resistant material to commercial insecticides will be examined to inform the most sustainable deployment of this germplasm. We have made crosses to introgress the beetle resistance. We will be able to use DNA markers to track the resistance genes as we continue to breed. Overcoming self-incompatibility in diploid potato using CRISPR-Cas9 The aim of this project was to generate a targeted knock-out (KO) of the S-RNase gene, involved in gametophytic self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in an effort to avoid self-pollen degradation. We identified S-RNase alleles with flower-specific expression in two diploid self-incompatible lines using genome resequencing data. S-RNase gene mapped to chromosome 1 within a low recombination region. S-RNase KO lines were obtained causing premature stop codons. Fruits were set in selected KO and produced viable T1 seeds, and a Cas9-free KO line. Our results suggest that creating S-RNase KO can contribute to generation of self- compatible lines as a first step for the generation of commercial diploid cultivars. Gene editing in diploid potato MSUÕs breeding program has developed diploid germplasm with important agronomic qualities. These lines can be further characterized on traits for the use of gene editing. Thus, the first objective of this project is to characterize the MSU diploid germplasm for important molecular and morphological traits such as regeneration capability. The second major objective is to use gene editing, namely, CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout vacuolar invertase ( VInv ) and PPO in select diploid lines. The overall goal is to further advance the diploid breeding program by introducing economically important traits and proving the utility of gene editing in potato. Dihaploid Potato Production at Michigan State University The benefits of developing a richer germplasm of dihaploid potatoes brings the industry ever closer to the expansive changes that would come with diploid potatoes. Many of the difficulties associated with tetraploid potatoes, such as problems with seed storage, would be greatly reduced if the potato had a lower, and therefore less complicated, ploidy. Our goal is to develop a broad-based dihaploid germplasm that can be used in diploid potato breeding. We started by crossing currently established MSU tetraploid germplasm with a known haploid inducer, S. phureja IVP 1 01. Parent lines were selected based on traits such as high yield, disease resistance, and good chip quality, among others. Resulting seeds were inspected for a purple embryo spot and grown in tissue culture before transplanting in the greenhouse. Chloroplast numbers in guard cells were counted to determine ploidy level. Plants that we determined to be diploid were also SNP genotyped with the Infinium 22K Potato SNP array for ploidy determination. These dihaploids were then tested for disease resistance markers: RYSC3+ (Potato Virus Y extreme resistance), GN (Golden Nematode) resistance, and PVX resistance. Those with a Jacqueline Lee lineage were also tested for presence of late blight resistance via a SNP KASP assay. Confirmed dihaploids were crossed with a diploid self-compatible inbred line of S. chacoense , M6 to introgress self-compatibility. Of the hundreds of seeds produced in the past 6 years from these dihaploid crosses with 24 breeding lines or varieties, about 200 progeny have been confirmed as diploid. These dihaploids (diploids derived from tetraploid varieties) are the foundation of our diploid breeding program for round white potatoes for the chip and table markets. We have also now selected some russet dihaploids and will be selecting some red dihaploids in 2020. Introgressing Self-compatibility to Solanum tuberosum Dihaploids for Diploid Variety Development Dihaploids of cultivated potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) have been produced for over 50 years to reduce the breeding and genetic challenges of autopolyploidy. Most dihaploids are male sterile (MS) that reduces the benefit of lower ploidy level of cultivated tetraploid potato. In this study, we used three se lf-compatibility (SC) donors to introgress SC into a wide range of dihaploid germplasm through a series of crosses to dihaploids which we refer to as S. tuberosum backcrossing. The SC increased from 11% in the F 1 generation to 33% in the BC 2 generations. Over 6,000 genome-wide SNPs were used to characterize the germplasm diversity, heterozygosity, and structure in two backcrossing generations. The BC 3 generation was significantly improved regarding maturity, scab resistance, average tuber number, however, the yield in BC 3 was not greater than the F 1 and BC 2 generations. Certified NFT Minituber production at Michigan State University For 3 years, the MSU Potato Breeding program has operated its own certified NFT minituber production greenhouse. The ability to produce certified seed allows faster introduction of early generation material to the potato industry. It also helps position the program for participation in international trials. Germplasm Enhancement The diploid genetic material represent material from South American potato species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to Colorado potato b eetle, late blight, potato early die, and ability to cold- chip process. We are now placing more emphasis on the diploid breeding effort because of the advantages the breeding system brings when we introduce the ability to self- pollinate a line . Features of diploid breeding include 1) a simpler genetic system than current breeding methods, 2) t remendous genetic diversity for economic traits, 3) minimal crossing barriers to cultivated potato, 4) the ability to r educe genetic load (or poor combinations) through selfing and 5) the ability to creat e true breeding lines like wheat, soybeans and dry beans. We are also using some inbred lines of S. chacoense that have fertility and vigor (also a source of Verticillium wilt resistance to initiate our efforts to develop inbred lines with our own diploid germplasm. We have over 40 populations that we have cycled 5 generations to improve for self- compatibility and tuber traits. We have also been crossing self-compatible donors to the !"#$%&'()*+*',%-'',%.(/,01)*/2 !"#$ %&'$() *$+,(-) 345167'((8%% 9:-;#"$ <#"..=>?@@ &/4/2*54%.0(A4' @>"B0(/2%&C*AA'(%9:-D@EF :-&&G!" <#D. F?@.')/N6'8%9:-O">" <@=$$#J'KL'2 :-I>!@ <#.>#G:-;#"$ <"FMM#"$!:-;#"$ <"G.. ?>FM5NA7'((8 #""!M',%:5(6'(%P! #>E!!"#$ %&'$() *$+,(-) Q)452)*1 $$ER-QST M52U'(%M0NN') #!@$R-QST T*5V52) #@@GR-QST R3%#"%WX'2)N YE""%'5Z R-QST L(52/45 @@$R-QST RL%#"%WX'2)N Y!""%'5Z R-QST dihaploids of Atlant ic, Superior, Manistee, MSZ219-14, Kalkaska, MSR127-2, MSS576- 5SPL and others so we can develop inbred chip -processing diploid lines. This new diploid potato breeding project is expanding to develop promising lines to use as parents in the future as well as to think about F1 hybrid varieties. Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding MSU conducts genetic engineering research to introgress and test economically important traits into potato. We have a USAID-funded project to create and commercialize 3-R-gene potato varieties in Bangladesh and Indonesia. This a partnership with Simplot Plant Sciences. Simplot has been creating the plants for the target countries. 2019 greenhouse and field trials show that a high level of resistance to late blight has been achieved in events that have no backbone and are single inserts. Trials are further planned for the fall of 2020 . We have also generated lines with the genes for water use efficiency. The XERICO gene is showing the most promise. In 2018 and 2019 we conducted preliminary trial s at MRC with Ranger Russet events. These results are indicating that we are not seeing a yield reduction from the XERICO gene and the XERICO events also had a higher specific gravity than Ranger Russet. Meanwhile the greenhouse experiments are showing an ability to refrain from wilting under sub-optimal soil water levels. In 2020 we will continue field trials at MRC. Lastly, we have generated and selected a Kalkaska invertase silencing line (Kal91.03) that has resistance to accumulating reducing sugars in cold (40 ¡F) storage. We test ed the agronomic characteristics of Kal91.03 from 2016- 2019. The initial results are suggesting that the invertase silencing line has good tuber type, size and similar specific gravity . This suggests that we can correct sugar issues in a chip processing lines with this genetic engineering strategy. In 2020 we will be producing XERICO events and Kal91.03 in the NFT greenhouse to run larger trials in 2021. !"#$%&'()*' &+,)-./'0-*1++'2)31*45/1 6.137'2*.43 89.137 80:1/.(./';*4<.-= Total Yield (cwt/a) and SpeciÞc Gravity TOTAL YIELD (cwt/a) SPGR100150200 2503001.0551.0601.0651.070 1.075 1.0801.0851.090RR.120.4RR.120.3 RR.120.2RR.120.1RR.120.5RR.98.37RR.98.32RR.98.24Rangerp7D2A::Xerico35S::XericoControl Construct / Line ordered by TOTAL (descending) TOTAL Mean(TOTAL) SPGRMean(SPGR)Chipped directly after 3 months at 40F Funding: Fed. Grant/MPIC/Potatoes USA 2019 POTATO VARIETY EVALUATIONS D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere , D. Kells, M. Zuehlke, A. S ardarbekov , K. McGlew, C. Zhang, C. Long , J. Wilbur and N. Rosenzweig , Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 INTRODUCTION Each year, the MSU potato breeding and genetics team conducts a series of variety trials to assess advanced potato selections from the Michigan State University and other potato breeding programs at the Montcalm Research Center ( MRC ). In 2019, we tested over 150 varieties and breeding lines in the replicated variety trials, plus over 150 lines in the National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) . The variety evaluation also includes disease testing in the scab nursery (Montcalm Research Center) and foliar late blight evaluation ( MSU Campus Plant Pathology Farm). The objectives of the evaluations are to identify superior varieties for fresh or chip-processing markets (chip, round white/yellow table, specialty/red and russet). The varieties were compared in groups according to market class, tuber type, skin color, and to the advancement in selection. Each season, total and marketable yields, specific gravity, tuber appearance, incidence of external and internal defects, chip color (from the field as well as from 45¡F (7.2 ¡C) and 50¡F (10 ¡C) storage at 3 and 6 months ), along with susceptibilities to common scab, late blight (foliar and tuber), and blackspot bruising are determined. We would like to acknowledge the collaborative effort of the Michigan Potato Industry and research colleagues Matthew Klein and the MSU Potato Breeding Team (especially M. Al sahlany, N. Kirkwyland, Mathilde Iop and Will Behling) for helping to get the field research done. PROCEDURE The field variety trials were conducted at the Montcalm Research Center in Entrican, MI. They were planted as randomized complete block designs with two to four replications. The plots were 23 feet (7 m) long and spacing between plants was 10 inches (25.4 cm). Inter-row spacing was 34 inches (86.4 cm). Supplemental irrigation was applied as needed. Nutrient, weed, disease and insect management were similar to recommendations used by the commercial operations in Montcalm County. The field experiments were conducted on a sandy loam soil that has been out of potato production for 5 years. Oats were grown in 2018 on this ground. The most advanced selections were tested in the Advanced chip and tablestock trial s, representing selections at a stage after the preliminary t rial s. The other field trials were the Russet, Preliminary (chip-processors and tablestock) , Preliminary Pigmented, the NCPT and the early observational trials. 2019 was the eighth year of the National Chip Processing Trial (NC PT). The purpose of the trial is to evaluate early generation breeding lines from the US public breeding programs for their use in chip-processing. The NCPT has 9 trial locations (Northern sites : NY, MI, WI, ND , OR and South ern : NC, FL, CA , TX ) in addition to a scab trial Wisconsin. In each of these trials, the yield was graded into four size classes (pick outs, Bs, As, oversize) using the new Kerian sizer on the grading line, incidence of external and internal defects in >3.25 in. (8.25 cm) diameter potatoes were recorded. Samples were taken for specific gravity, chip-processing , disease tests and bruising tests. Chip quality was assessed on 25-tuber composite sample from four replications, taking two slices from each tuber. Chips were fried at 345 ¡F (174¡C) for 2 minutes 15 seconds or until fully cooked. The chip color was measured visually with the SFA 1-5 color chart . Tube r samples were also stored at 45 ¡F (7.2 ¡C) and 50 ¡F (10 ¡C) for chip-processing out of storage in January and April . Select a dvanced selections are also placed in the MPIC B.F. Burt Cargill Commercial Demonstration Storage in Entrican, MI for monthly sampling. The lines in the agronomic trials were assessed for common scab resistance at the nursery at the Montcalm Research Center. There has been very strong scab disease pressure at the new Montcalm Scab Disease Nursery for seven years now . The 2019 late blight trial was conducted at the MSU campus Plant Pathology Farm. The simulated blackspot bruise (from 50 ¡F tuber temperature) results for average spots per tuber have also been incorporated into the summary sheets. RESULTS A. Advanced Chip -Processing Trials (Table 1) A summary of the 30 entries evaluated in the trial results is given in Table 1 . Overall, the yields for the Advanced trial (140 days) were above average . The check varieties for this trial were Lamoka, Snowden and Atlantic . The highest yielding and most promising lines were MSZ120-4, MSZ219-14, MSZ219-13, Lady Liberty and MSAA076-6 . Internal defects were minimal for 2019 . S pecific gravity was good with a trial average of 1.086 . Snowden and Atlantic had a specific gravity of 1.087 and 1.089, respectively. All chip-processing entries in the trial had excellent chip-processing quality out of the field, with an SFA score of 1.0. Almost all of the MSU breeding lines have good scab resistance . Nineteen MSU chipping lines were classified as having scab resistance scores equal or better than Lamoka. Mackinaw (MSX540-4) has PVY and late blight resistance while MSZ219-13 and MSZ219-14 (all three are scab, PVY and late blight resistant) . MSZ120-4 is also noted to have strong Verticillium wilt resistance. B. Russet Trial (Table 2) In 2019, 11 lines were evaluated after 125 days . The results are summarized in Table 2 . Russet Norkotah, GoldRush and Silverton Russet were the reference varieties used in the trial . In general, the yields were below average for many russet lines while Silverton Russet , Reveille Russet and A071012-4BFRUS were the top tier for yield. In most cases specific gravity was average with 1.080 average for the trial. Hollow heart was only observed in A071012-4BFRUS and AO02183-2 . Bruise incidence was average, but a couple of Aberdeen lines stood out as blackspot susceptible . Scab resistance was variable with susceptibility was observed in a number of the russet lines . D. Adaptation Trial (Table 3) The Adaptation Trial of the tablestock lines was harvested after 125 days and the results of 24 lines are summarized in Table 3 . The many of the lines evaluated in the Adaptation Trial were tested in the Preliminary Trials the previous year. Three reference cultivars (Red Norland, Yukon Gold and Superior) are reported in the tablestock trial. In general, the yields were below average and internal defects were low. The highest yielding lines were MSX156-1Y, MSV093-1Y, MSAA196-06 and MSZ551-1 . S cab tolerance is becoming more prevalent among the advanced selections but the challenge remains to combine scab and late blight resistance together. Promising lines in the trial are MSZ416-8RY, MSV179-1, MST252-1Y and Blackberry. Blackspot bruising was low for most lines. E. Prel iminary Trials (Tables 4, 5 and 6) The Preliminary trials (chip, table, pigmented) are the first replicated trials for evaluating new advanced selections from the MSU potato breeding program. The division of the trials was based upon pedigree assessment for chip-processing and tablestock utilization. In 2019, there were 90 entries trialed in the three Preliminary trials. The chip-processing Preliminary Trial ( Table 4 ) had 30 entries and was harvested after 141 days. Many of the lines chip-processed well from the field but specific gravity values were below average with Snowden at 1.081 . Internal quality weakness was predominantly vascular discoloration . Promising MSU lines are MSZ269-01Y, MSBB610-24Y, MSBB613-07, MSB079-2, MSBB635-14 and MSBB058-04 combining yield, specific gravi ty, scab resistance and chip quality. Some of these lines also contain PVY resistance. We continue to make progress selecting for chip-processing with scab resistanc e with 18 lines in the trial with scab ratings equal or lower than 1.7, whereas Snowden had a scab rating of 3.0 . We are also combing chip-processing quality and late blight resistance, but we did not collect late blight results in 2019 to validate the 2017 results. Table 5 summarizes 30 tablestock entries evaluated in the Preliminary Tablestock Trial . Onaway, Reba and Yukon Gold were the check variet ies . This tablestock trial was harvested and evaluated afte r 1 32 days . MSY022-02, MSZ407-7 and MSZ169-1 all have high yield potential, low internal defects and scab resistance, as well as low blackspot bruising. In general, the level of scab resistance and internal quality are improving in this pool of lines. We are working towards better skin finish also. This trial also included some European varieties. None of the lines were promising due to poor shape or scab susceptibility. The interest in the specialty market continues to increase. In 2019, 30 entries were evaluated in a targeted Preliminary Pigmented Trial ( Table 6 ), which was harvested at 1 32 days. This trial evaluated breeding lines with unique skin and flesh colors. Many of these lines have commercial agronomic performance and specialty characteristics, as well as some scab resistance. Eighteen lines were scored as scab resistance. Blackspot bruising is low and internal defects were almost non-existent. MSBB213-1Spl and MSBB 305-2Spl combine high yield and scab resistance. MSAA161-04RY is a promising red skin with yellow flesh line. MSX443-3P is an attractive ÒminiÓ potato while MSCC282-01WR is a potato with a white skin and an attractive red pigmented flesh. Some of the purple flesh lines have an attractive purple flesh with random patterns of white flesh that looks like a Òtie dyeÓ pattern. F. Potato Common Scab Evaluation (Tables 7 and 8) Each year, a replicated field trial is conducted to assess resistance to common scab. The scab trial is now located at the Montcalm Research Center where high common scab disease pressure was observed in the previous seven years. This location is being used for the early generation observational scab trial ( 177 lines) and the scab variety trial (171 lines) and diploid scab trial (385). In 2019, the scab infection was aggressive with the susceptible controls having a high coverage of pitted scab. We use a rating scale of 0-5 based upon a combined score for scab coverage and lesion severity. Usually examining one year's data does not indicate which varieties are resistant but it should begin to identify ones that can be classified as susceptible to scab. Our goal is to evaluate important advanced selections and varieties in the study at least three years to obtain a valid estimate of the level of resistance in each line. The 2017- 2019 scab ratings are based upon the Montcalm Research Center site. Table 7 categorizes many of the varieties and advanced selections tested in 2019 over a three-year period. The varieties and breeding lines are placed into nine categories based upon scab infection level and lesion severity. A rating of 0 indicates zero scab infection. A score of 1.0 indicates a trace amount of infection. A moderate resistance (1.2 Ð 1.5) correlates with <10% infection. Scores of 4.0 or greater are found on lines with >50% surface infection and severe pitted lesions. The check varieties Russet Norkotah, GoldRush, Red Norland, Yukon Gold, Onaway, Pike, Atlantic, and Snowden can be used as references (bolded in Table 7 ). The table is sorted in ascending order by 2019 scab rating. This yearÕs results continue to indicate that we have been able to breed numerous lines with resistance to scab. Scab ratings ranged from 0.3 - 4.0 for the variety trial. A tota l of 76 lines, of the 171 tested, had a scab rating of 1.5 or lower in 2019. Most notable scab resistant MSU lines are found in the trial summaries (Tables 1-6) . There are also an increasing number of scab resistant lines that also have late blight resistance and PVY resistance such as Saginaw Chipper , Mackinaw, MSZ219-1, MSZ219-13,MSZ219-14, MSBB613-07, MSBB610-24Y and MSBB635-14 . Blackberry also has a consistent level of scab resistance over the three years of testing. We also continue to conduct early generation scab screening on selections in the breeding program beginning after two years of selection. Of the 171 early generation selections that were evaluated, 85 had scab resistance (scab rating of ! 1.5) ( Table 8 ). H. Late Blight Trial In 2019, the late blight trial was planted at the East Lansing campus Plant Pathology farm . 206 entries were planted in early June for late blight evaluation . These include lines tested in a replicated manner from the agronomic variety trial (144 lines) and 62 entries in the early generation observation plots . The trials were inoculated four times in August and September with the US-23 genotype of P. infestans . Late blight infection was identified in the plots in late September which was too late to assess foliar symptoms for resistance . As a result, we did not collect data that could discriminate resistant from susceptible lines. I. Blackspot Bruise Susceptibility (Table 9) Evaluations of advanced seedlings and new varieties for their susceptibility to blackspot bruising are also important in the variety evaluation program. Based upon the results collected over the past years, the non-bruised check sample has been removed from our bruise assessment. A composite bruise sample of each line in the trials consisted of 25 tubers (a composite of 4 replications) from each line, collected at the time of grading. The 25-tuber sample was held in 50 ¡F (10 ¡C) storage overnight and then was placed in a hexagon plywood drum and tumbled 10 times to provide a simulated bruise. The samples were peeled in an abrasive peeler in October and individual tubers were assessed for the number of blackspot bruises on each potato. These data are shown in Table 9 . The bruise data are represented in two ways: percentage of bruise free potatoes and average number of bruises per tuber. A high percentage of bruise-free potatoes is the desired goal; however, the numbers of blackspot bruises per potato is also important. Cultivars which show blackspot incidence greater than Atlantic are approaching the bruise-susceptible rating. In addition, the data is grouped by trial, since the bruise levels can vary between trials. In 2019, the bruise levels were average compared to previous years. There are many lines with lower blackspot bruise potential across the trials. Some of our advanced selections are similar to or less than Atlantic and Snowden in their level of bruising. A few lines will high susceptibility to bruise were identified and will be discontinued from testing. All the bruise ratings are also found in the variety trial tables (Tables 1-6 ). J. National Chip Processing Trial ( NCPT ) data available on- line The Potatoes USA-funded National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) is an effort to synergize the strengths of the public breeding programs in the U.S. to identify improved chip-processing varieties for the industry. Cooperating breeding programs include the USDA (Idaho and Maryland) and land grant universities (Colorado, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, New York, Oregon, Wisconsin and Texas). The coordinated breeding effort includes early stage evaluation of key traits (yield, specific gravity, chip color, chip defects and shape) from coordinated trials in 10 locations. Since the inception of the trial in 2010, over 1,000 different potato entries, including reference varieties, have been evaluated. The data for all the lines tested are summarized on a searchable, centralized database housed at Medius Ag (https://potatoesusa.mediusag.com/trials/ncpt). More than 40 promising new breeding lines from the trials have been fast-tracked for larger-scale commercial trials and processor evaluation. The NCPT is also a feeder for the national SNAC International tri als and Potatoes USA Fas t Track and NexGen programs. We are using the NCPT trials to more effectively identify promising new selections. These are MSW485-2, MSX540- 4, MSV030-4, MSZ219-13, MSZ219-14 and MSW075-1, MSW474-1, MSZ063-2 and MSZ242-13 have been added to the mini- fast track. Minituber production and/or commercial seed have been produced of these lines and will be tested in Michigan in 2020. Table 1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR AVG CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1CHIP OTF US#1 LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR SCORE 2SED 3HHVDIBS BCSCAB 5MAT 6BRUISE 7CWT/A MSZ120-4 4416477871387001.088 1.0 1.0 00001.7 4.5 1.2 -MSZ219-14 4345395871287001.080 1.0 1.0 03301.8 3.6 1.8 378MSZ219-13 434437392891001.087 1.0 1.0 03001.7 3.8 4.0 359Lady Liberty (NY152) 4317407782177011.082 1.0 1.0 00001.8 3.3 1.2 394*MSAA076-6 4299385782278001.095 1.0 1.0 00002.0 2.8 4.0 -MSZ222-19 4290383762476011.093 1.0 1.0 33000.8 2.8 2.4 475MSZ200-6 3281365772277011.081 1.0 1.0 07001.5 3.3 2.2 -MSV498-1 4280345811881001.082 1.0 1.0 023001.2 3.0 2.0 341MSZ242-09 4273347782278001.100 1.0 1.0 03001.5 3.3 1.7 315MSZ101-7 4272316861486001.087 1.0 1.0 00001.3 3.9 2.5 -MSX225-2 4271355762476001.082 1.0 1.0 030001.3 2.8 2.0 306*MSZ200-3 4254298851485011.076 1.0 1.0 30002.0 3.9 1.3 -MSZ052-13 4254304831783001.087 1.0 1.0 00000.8 2.8 2.9 -MSZ020-10 4245299821882001.094 1.0 1.0 03001.8 3.8 4.6 -MSZ219-01 4238274861086041.085 1.0 1.0 00000.5 2.4 1.2 369Huron Chipper (MSW485-2) 4230315732773001.087 1.5 2.0 33032.0 3.3 1.6 389Lamoka 4230296772377011.084 1.0 1.0 00001.5 2.0 1.7 320Atlantic 3221273811881011.089 1.0 1.0 03002.5 2.5 2.0 339MSZ242-13 3218265821681111.105 1.0 1.0 03001.3 3.2 3.2 271Petoskey (MSV030-4) 4198284693069011.090 1.0 1.0 03301.8 2.6 1.6 -BNC182-5 2191258742674001.085 --00000.0 2.3 --MSW044-1 4189298643664001.089 1.0 1.0 03001.5 3.4 1.7 272MSX193-1Y 4187260703070001.069 --00002.0 2.6 --Snowden 4186315594159001.087 --0000322.6 316Manistee 4180254703070001.078 1.0 1.0 00003.0 1.4 0.5 317Mackinaw 4177278633563021.096 1.0 1.0 010301.5 3.3 3.2 272MSZ052-14 3166252633663011.083 1.0 1.0 00001.3 2.5 2.3 280*MSZ022-07 4153226673367001.081 1.0 1.0 00000.8 2.1 1.2 225*B2869-29 2109201544654001.085 --00003.3 1.8 1.8 -MEAN 2423141.086 1.6 2.9 2.2 338HSD 0.05 1311290.007 * Two-Year Average 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED Plant Date: 5/7/194QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. Vine Kill: 9/11/195SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. Days from planting to vine kill: 1276MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill May 7 to September 24, 2019 (140 days) PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY 4ADVANCED CHIP-PROCESSING TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER DD Base 40¡F 3211 8Table 2 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR AVG US#1 LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4BRUISE 5CWT/A ATX91137-1Rus (Reveille Russet) 4274322851085051.075 023002.0 2.6 0.9 -Silverton Russet 4263334792079021.076 010000.5 3.1 1.3 405A071012-4BFRUS 4262349752075051.097 2513003.2 3.5 2.2 289*AO02183-2 4235303771777061.090 2015002.7 3.6 2.0 -Payette Russet 4234309741874071.091 010001.2 3.5 2.3 -A07061-6RUS 4217312702670041.075 08002.8 3.0 1.6 329AOR07781-5 4162228712271071.083 815000.5 2.1 1.2 -POR06V12-3 (Castle Russet) 4147219673267021.088 85001.5 2.6 0.9 -TX08352-5Rus (Vanguard) 4146229643464021.066 03001.3 1.0 1.6 172Goldrush Russet 4137269514551041.068 018000.8 1.1 0.9 264Russet Norkotah / Texas 112 4102218475047031.070 318002.2 1.0 0.8 280MEAN 1982811.080 1.7 2.5 1.4 290HSD 0.05 90790.007 * Two-Year Average 1SIZE: B: < 4 oz.; A: 4-10 oz.; OV: > 10 oz.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Plant Date: 5/7/195BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Vine Kill: 9/4/196Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill Days from planting to vine kill: 120TUBER QUALITY 2PERCENT (%) RUSSET TRIAL MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 07 to September 9, 2019 (125 days) PERCENT OF TOTAL 1CWT/A DD Base 40¡F 3056 6Table 3 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4BRUISE 5MSX156-1Y 439741097396101.070 03002.7 3.0 1.9 MSV093-1Y 336639592792011.074 010001.2 3.7 0.2 MSAA196-06 4350463752275031.068 05002.3 3.1 1.4 MSZ551-1 434837992790211.080 023001.8 3.0 1.7 MSX245-2Y (Chip) 4303347871387001.084 020002.0 3.4 2.5 MSV443-1PP 4287371782278001.063 00001.3 2.3 0.4 MSZ416-08RY 4286329871387001.065 018001.0 2.0 0.8 MSV179-1 427229393693011.071 03001.5 2.9 0.7 MSAA174-1 4260311841584011.062 060301.5 2.9 1.3 Yukon Gold 4247278891189001.076 035033.0 1.1 0.5 MSZ107-01PP 4234404584258001.080 00001.3 5.0 -Blackberry (MSZ109-10PP) 4222363613961001.066 00001.2 3.1 0.4 MSAA157-2PY 4218311703070001.071 08003.2 3.5 0.8 MST252-1Y 4175256683068021.067 015001.7 1.3 1.2 MSX497-6 416918691991001.067 00002.2 1.8 1.4 Dark Red Norland 4169248683268001.060 015001.2 1.0 0.7 Superior 4163227722772011.069 035351.7 1.0 0.8 Pike (Chip) 4156223703070011.085 08001.5 2.3 0.8 MSX324-2R 4148215692969021.069 08031.5 1.4 0.7 MSX324-1P 4141240594059011.082 00001.0 1.0 0.7 MSZ598-2 4135190693169001.068 033001.5 1.5 0.6 MSAA182-3R 4121250485248001.078 010001.7 3.5 0.4 Isle Royale (MSX569-1R) 4109184613861011.048 015002.0 1.0 0.2 Queen Anne 466241267426001.060 05001.8 1.1 0.8 MEAN 2232961.070 1.7 2.3 0.9 HSD 0.05 1281310.005 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Plant Date: 5/7/195BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Vine Kill: 9/4/196Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill Days from planting to vine kill: 120ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 07 to September 9, 2019 (125 days) TUBER QUALITY 2PERCENT (%) DD Base 40¡F 3056 6Table 4 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1CHIP OTF LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR SCORE 2SED 3HHVDIBS BCSCAB 5MAT 6BRUISE 7MSBB621-03 238342490990011.076 1.5 1.0 0351001.8 4.3 3.5 MSBB610-24Y 237539495592301.087 1.0 1.0 250001.2 4.8 2.5 MSBB075-1Y 237340293690311.079 1.5 1.0 010002.2 3.5 2.6 MSBB107-1 234737592792001.076 1.0 1.0 00002.2 3.8 0.3 MSBB613-07 230934390990011.079 1.5 2.0 515001.0 4.8 1.0 MSBB079-2 2305377811981001.081 1.0 1.0 05001.3 3.8 1.6 MSBB190-03 2295340871387001.087 1.0 1.0 00002.0 2.8 3.6 MSAA342-02 229531294691301.072 1.0 1.0 010002.0 3.8 1.9 MSBB018-1 2289346841684011.078 1.0 1.0 010001.2 3.8 2.1 MSAA240-05 2285325871387001.086 1.0 1.0 55002.5 3.5 3.8 MSBB230-02 2280379742674001.077 1.0 1.0 00001.7 5.0 2.3 MSBB058-04 2274315871186131.085 1.0 1.0 50001.5 4.8 1.5 MSBB635-14 2267353752475001.079 1.0 1.0 05001.2 3.8 -MSBB210-A 2261296881288001.076 1.0 1.0 045001.5 2.8 2.3 MSAA036-01 2251294861486001.080 1.0 1.0 0152001.2 3.0 2.3 MSAA228-1Y 2228268851485011.080 1.5 1.0 05001.5 4.3 1.8 MSBB190-01 2226261871387001.069 --010002.0 2.5 -MSBB038-01 2224257871387001.071 1.0 1.0 065001.0 2.8 0.8 MSAA056-03Y 2214246871387001.070 1.5 1.0 50002.2 2.3 1.3 MSAA498-07 2211241871387001.081 1.0 1.0 030002.0 2.0 2.3 MSAA218-03 2210326643664001.079 1.5 2.0 00002.8 3.0 2.2 MSAA072-05 2208244851285031.084 --010001.5 2.0 2.4 MSBB020-8 2187222851585001.072 1.0 1.0 015050.8 2.8 -MSBB165-1 2186245761976051.075 1.5 1.0 010001.5 1.8 0.7 MSBB032-1 2186273683268001.082 1.0 1.0 50002.8 3.0 1.0 Snowden 2180310584258001.081 1.0 1.0 050003.0 2.0 2.6 MSAA392-03 2158201792179001.064 --015001.0 2.5 -MSBB634-8 2129172752575001.079 1.5 2.0 030001.5 2.3 3.0 MSAA392-05 2115146792179001.073 --010002.0 1.0 -MSAA061-7 2112200564356011.084 1.0 1.0 00001.5 2.3 1.1 MEAN 2452961.078 1.7 2.0 HSD 0.05 1561520.012 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 25, 2019 (141 days) TUBER QUALITY 4PERCENT (%) DD Base 40¡F 3211 8Table 4 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1CHIP OTF LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR SCORE 2SED 3HHVDIBS BCSCAB 5MAT 6BRUISE 7PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 25, 2019 (141 days) TUBER QUALITY 4PERCENT (%) DD Base 40¡F 3211 81SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2CHIP SCORE: SNAC Scale (Out of the field); Ratings: 1-5; 1: Excellent, 5: Poor. 3SED: Stem End Defect, Based on Paul Bethke's (USDA/UWisconsin - Madison) 0 - 5 scale. 0 = no SED; 3 = significant SED; 5 = severe SED Plant Date: 5/7/194QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. Vine Kill: 9/11/195SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. Days from planting to vine kill: 1276MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). 8Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill 7BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Table 5 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4BRUISE 5MSY022-02 242344196489701.079 5550.0 1.2 4.0 1.0 White Beauty 2365439831683011.077 02000.0 2.0 4.0 0.6 MSZ407-7 2363438831683011.081 0500.0 1.5 4.0 1.5 MSZ169-1 233837889989011.080 0000.0 0.8 4.3 2.0 Onaway 231134690890021.062 01000.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 MSBB375-1 2307355861386011.084 03000.0 1.8 3.0 0.6 MSAA085-1 2302351861386011.080 04500.0 1.8 3.0 0.6 MSZ242-07 2269315851585001.101 0000.0 1.3 3.8 2.5 Harmony 2257356722472041.062 0000.0 2.2 3.0 0.1 Reba 2256287891189001.076 0000.0 2.5 2.5 1.3 MSX526-1 2235291811981001.080 01000.0 1.2 2.8 0.4 MSBB364-1 223525492591131.059 0000.0 1.3 3.3 0.2 Obama 2232325722872001.064 03500.0 1.8 1.3 0.9 NY162 2228275831683011.083 0000.0 2.2 3.0 2.1 Nadine 2214367584158001.060 00100.0 2.7 1.8 0.6 MSZ615-2 2210253831783001.069 01000.0 1.2 1.3 1.0 MSZ513-2 2191219871387001.067 01500.0 1.7 1.8 0.7 Yukon Gold 2188216871287011.072 01000.0 3.0 1.3 0.5 NY149 2186278673367001.075 07500.0 1.8 3.3 0.4 Fioretta 2169336514451041.067 02500.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 MSBB719-1 2167301554555001.068 0000.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 MSDD085-13 2153230673367001.085 02000.0 1.3 2.3 1.6 MSZ101-6 2119224534753001.082 0000.0 1.3 4.0 0.9 W8893-1R 259186326832001.059 01000.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 MEAN 2413111.074 1.8 2.7 1.0 HSD 0.05 1201520.008 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY 2PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 16, 2019 (132 days) DD Base 40¡F 3056 6Table 5 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4BRUISE 5PERCENT (%) TUBER QUALITY 2PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 16, 2019 (132 days) DD Base 40¡F 3056 62QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. 4MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Plant Date: 5/7/195BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test average number of spots per tuber. Vine Kill: 9/4/196Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill Days from planting to vine kill: 120Table 6 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4Bruise 5MSBB213-1Spl 2389440881288001.077 030001.3 3.5 1.0 MSBB305-2SPL 2362429841684001.062 010001.5 3.0 0.5 MSZ443-01PP 2319409782278001.065 00001.5 2.3 0.3 MSBB308-2PP 2251305821882001.061 05001.2 1.5 0.2 MSCC553-1R 2243277881188011.076 55002.0 3.3 0.6 MSAA161-04RY 2242307782078021.079 00001.3 3.5 0.6 MSZ107-06PP 2234413574257011.076 00052.3 3.0 0.5 Dark Red Norland 2222314712971001.058 00001.2 1.0 0.2 MSBB371-1SPL 2218309703070001.071 00001.8 1.8 0.6 MSAA127-1PP 2212273782278001.054 00002.5 1.8 1.1 MSAA706-7PP 2202243831783001.063 00001.3 2.5 1.1 NDAF113484B-1 2182249732773001.058 00002.2 1.0 0.4 MSBB262-1YSpl 2182300613861011.067 00002.5 1.3 0.1 MSZ427-03R 2181270673367001.049 00001.3 1.0 0.5 MSAA161-01RY 21762946029600111.068 00000.7 1.8 1.5 MSZ413-6P 2159274583958031.070 00001.8 1.8 0.7 MSAA127-7PP 2154257594159001.054 00001.8 1.8 0.0 MSBB238-01RY 2148268554455001.059 010000.8 1.0 0.5 MSAA101-1RR 2145275534753001.078 00000.8 2.0 0.3 Red Sunset 2138276505050001.060 00002.2 1.0 0.6 MSX443-3P (mini) 2137307455545001.081 00002.0 4.0 0.7 MSZ109-07PP 2103214485148021.060 00001.5 3.3 0.5 MSZ427-01R 290237386238001.062 00000.7 1.0 0.5 MSZ413-7PP 280169475347001.063 00001.5 1.5 0.3 MSCC282-01WR 272183396139001.073 00003.2 2.0 0.7 MSZ107-02PP 258186316831011.075 00001.8 3.3 0.9 MSBB270-1Spl 243204217921001.070 010002.0 1.0 0.6 MEAN 1832841.066 1.7 0.6 TUBER QUALITY 2PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 16, 2019 (132 days) DD Base 40¡F 3056 6PERCENT (%) Table 6 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1LINE NUS#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR HHVDIBS BCSCAB 3MAT 4Bruise 5TUBER QUALITY 2PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER May 7 to September 16, 2019 (132 days) DD Base 40¡F 3056 6PERCENT (%) HSD 0.05 1311460.014 1SIZE: B: < 2 in.; A: 2-3.25 in.; OV: > 3.25 in.; PO: Pickouts. 2QUALITY: HH: Hollow Heart; BC: Brown Center; VD: Vascular Discoloration; IBS: Internal Brown Spot. Percent of 40 Oversize and/or A-size tubers cut. 3SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%; 3: Intermediate; 5: Highly Susceptible. Plant Date: 5/7/194MATURITY RATING: August 20, 2019; Ratings 1-5; 1: Early (vines completely dead); 5: Late (vigorous vine, some flowering). Vine Kill: 9/4/195BRUISE: Simulated blackspot bruise test, average number of spots per tuber. Days from planting to vine kill: 1206Enviroweather: Entrican Station. Planting to vine kill Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* 201920192019201820182018201720172017LINE AVG.RATING WORST NRATING WORST NRATING WORST NSorted by ascending 2019 Average Rating; AOR07781-5 -0.3 0.5 3MSZ219-01 PVYR 0.7 0.5 0.5 30.5 0.5 31.0 1.5 3Silverton Russet 0.8* 0.5 0.5 31.2 1.5 3Goldrush Russet 0.8 0.7 1.0 30.3 0.5 31.5 2.0 3MSAA161-1PY 1.2* 0.7 1.0 31.7 2.0 3MSZ052-13 -0.7 1.0 3MSZ219-13 PVYR 0.7 0.7 1.0 30.8 1.0 30.5 0.5 3MSZ427-1R 0.9* 0.7 1.5 31.2 1.5 3MSBB020-8 -0.8 1.0 2MSZ022-07 1.0 0.8 1.0 21.2 2.0 31.0 2.0 3MSAA101-1RR 0.7* 0.8 1.5 30.5 0.5 3MSBB238-01RY -0.8 1.0 3MSZ169-1 -0.8 1.5 3MSZ219-14 PVYR 0.8 0.8 1.5 30.8 1.0 30.7 1.0 3MSZ222-19 0.9 0.8 1.0 31.2 1.5 30.8 1.0 3MSAA392-03 -1.0 1.5 3MSBB038-01 -1.0 1.5 3MSBB613-07 -1.0 1.0 2MSZ416-08RY -1.0 1.5 3W8893-1R -1.0 2.0 3Blackberry (MSZ109-10PP) 1.3 1.2 1.5 31.2 1.5 31.7 3.0 3Dark Red Norland 1.3 1.2 2.0 61.3 1.5 61.4 2.0 6MSAA036-01 -1.2 1.5 6MSBB018-1 -1.2 1.5 3MSBB308-2P -1.2 1.5 3MSBB610-24Y -1.2 1.5 3MSBB635-14 -1.2 1.5 3MSV093-1Y 1.4* 1.2 1.5 31.7 2.0 3MSV498-1 1.4 1.2 2.0 31.8 2.0 31.2 1.5 3MSX194-3 1.2* 1.2 1.5 31.2 1.5 3MSX324-2R 1.6* 1.2 2.0 32.0 2.0 3MSX526-1 -1.2 1.5 3MSY022-02 -1.2 1.5 3MSZ242-13 1.3 1.2 1.5 31.3 1.5 31.5 2.0 3MSZ615-2 1.3 1.2 1.5 31.7 2.0 31.2 1.5 3MSZ709-14 -1.2 2.0 3Payette Russet -1.2 1.5 3MSBB213-1Spl -1.3 1.5 2MSX225-2 1.3 1.3 1.5 21.5 2.0 31.2 1.5 3MSX472-2 1.3* 1.3 1.5 21.3 2.0 3MSZ101-6 -1.3 1.5 2MSAA061-7 1.3* 1.3 1.5 31.2 1.5 3MSAA161-4RY 1.1* 1.3 1.5 30.8 1.0 3MSAA706-7PP 1.6* 1.3 1.5 31.8 3.0 3MSBB079-2 -1.3 1.5 3MSBB364-1 -1.3 1.5 3MSDD085-13 -1.3 2.0 3MSV030-4 -1.3 2.0 3MSV443-1PP 1.4* 1.3 1.5 31.5 2.0 3MSW119-2 1.3* 1.3 1.5 31.3 1.5 32017-2019 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* 201920192019201820182018201720172017LINE AVG.RATING WORST NRATING WORST NRATING WORST N2017-2019 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI MSX324-1P 1.0 1.3 1.5 30.8 1.0 30.8 1.5 6MSZ052-14 1.4* 1.3 1.5 31.5 2.0 3MSZ101-7 -1.3 1.5 1MSZ107-01PP 1.1 1.3 1.5 31.0 1.0 31.0 1.5 3MSZ242-07 1.4 1.3 1.5 31.5 2.0 31.3 2.0 3MSZ407-7Y -1.3 1.0 3MSZ427-3R 1.7* 1.3 2.0 32.0 2.5 3MSZ590-1 1.2 1.3 1.5 31.0 1.0 31.3 1.5 3Vanguard (TX08352-5Rus) 1.5 1.3 1.5 31.8 2.5 31.3 1.5 3Castle Russet -1.5 2.0 3Lamoka 1.7 1.5 2.0 32.0 2.5 31.7 2.0 3Mackinaw (MSX540-4) PVYR, LBR 1.8 1.5 2.0 31.8 2.0 32.2 2.5 3MSAA174-1 1.5* 1.5 1.5 31.5 2.0 3MSAA228-1Y 1.8* 1.5 2.0 32.0 2.5 3MSBB058-04 -1.5 1.5 3MSBB165-1 -1.5 2.0 3MSBB210-A -1.5 1.5 3MSBB305-2SPL -1.5 1.5 2MSBB634-8 -1.5 2.0 3MSV179-1 1.6 1.5 2.0 21.5 1.5 11.8 2.0 3MSW044-1 1.6* 1.5 1.5 31.7 2.0 3MSX398-2 1.7* 1.5 2.5 31.8 2.0 3MSZ109-07PP 1.7* 1.5 2.0 31.8 2.0 3MSZ200-6 1.6* 1.5 2.0 31.7 2.0 3MSZ242-09 1.3 1.5 1.5 20.7 1.0 31.7 2.0 3MSZ413-07PP -1.5 1.5 3MSZ443-1PP 1.5 1.5 2.0 32.2 2.5 30.8 1.5 3MSZ598-2 1.5* 1.5 2.0 31.5 2.0 3Pike 1.3 1.5 2.0 31.8 2.0 60.7 1.0 3MSAA072-05 -1.7 2.0 3MSAA182-3R 1.6* 1.7 2.0 31.5 2.0 3MSAA578-7 -1.7 2.5 3MSBB230-02 -1.7 2.0 3MSBB343-2Y -1.7 2.0 3MSBB621-03 -1.7 2.0 3MST252-1Y 1.6* 1.7 2.0 31.5 1.5 3MSZ120-4 1.7* 1.7 2.0 31.7 2.0 3MSZ513-2 1.5 1.7 2.0 31.3 2.0 31.5 1.5 3Reveille Russet (ATX91137-1Rus) 1.8 1.7 2.5 32.0 2.5 31.7 2.5 3Superior -1.7 2.0 3MSZ107-02PP -1.8 2.0 2Lady Liberty (NY152) 2*1.8 2.0 32.2 2.5 3MSAA076-6 1.6* 1.8 2.5 31.3 1.5 3MSAA085-1Y 1.8* 1.8 2.0 31.8 2.0 3MSAA127-7PP 2*1.8 2.0 32.2 2.5 3MSAA342-02 -1.8 2.5 3MSAA498-07 -1.8 2.5 3MSBB270-1SplY -1.8 2.5 3MSBB371-1SPL -1.8 2.0 3MSBB375-1 -1.8 2.0 3MSZ020-10 -1.8 2.0 3Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* 201920192019201820182018201720172017LINE AVG.RATING WORST NRATING WORST NRATING WORST N2017-2019 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI MSZ413-6P 1.6* 1.8 2.0 31.3 2.0 3MSZ436-2SPL 1.8* 1.8 2.0 31.8 2.0 3MSZ551-01 -1.8 2.0 3NY149 1.8 1.8 2.5 31.8 2.0 31.8 2.0 3Obama -1.8 2.5 3Queen Anne 1.5 1.8 2.0 31.7 2.0 31.0 1.5 3Huron Chipper (MSW485-2) 1.8 2.0 2.5 31.7 2.0 31.8 2.5 3MSBB190-01 -2.0 2.0 3MSBB190-03 -2.0 2.5 3MSCC553-1R -2.0 2.5 3MSX193-1Y -2.0 2.5 2MSX245-2Y 1.8 2.0 2.0 32.0 2.0 31.5 1.5 3MSX443-3P 2.3* 2.0 2.5 32.5 4.0 3MSY733-1 -2.0 2.5 3MSZ200-3 -2.0 2.5 2White Beauty -2.0 2.5 3Harmony -2.2 2.5 3MSAA056-03Y -2.2 2.5 3MSAA392-05Y -2.2 2.5 3MSBB075-1Y -2.2 2.5 3MSBB107-1 -2.2 2.5 3MSBB719-1 -2.2 2.5 3MSX497-6 LBR 2.6 2.2 3.0 33.0 3.5 32.5 3.0 3MSZ578-1Y -2.2 2.5 3NDAF113484B-1 -2.2 2.5 3NY162 -2.2 2.5 3Red Sunset -2.2 2.5 3Russet Norkotah 2.3 2.2 3.0 32.8 4.0 31.9 2.5 6MSZ107-6PP 2.3 2.3 2.5 22.0 2.5 32.7 3.0 3BNC182-5 2.5* 2.3 2.5 32.7 3.0 3Isle Royale (MSX569-1R) 1.7 2.3 3.5 31.3 2.0 31.5 2.5 6MSAA196-6 2.2* 2.3 2.5 32.0 2.5 3MSBB232-3 -2.3 2.5 3MSL211-3 2.2* 2.3 2.5 32.0 2.0 3Mystery Splash 1.6* 2.3 3.0 30.8 1.5 3Atlantic 2.7 2.5 2.5 33.0 3.5 32.5 3.0 4Fioretta -2.5 3.0 3MSAA127-1PP 2.4* 2.5 3.0 32.3 3.0 3MSAA183-2PY 2.1* 2.5 3.0 31.7 2.0 3MSAA240-05 -2.5 3.0 3MSBB262-1YSpl -2.5 3.0 3MSZ552-2P -2.5 2.5 2Onaway 2.3 2.5 2.5 22.5 3.0 32.0 2.0 3Reba 2.4 2.5 2.5 22.5 2.5 32.2 3.0 6AO02183-2 -2.7 3.0 3MSAA218-03 -2.7 3.0 3MSBB281-1PY -2.7 3.0 3MSX156-1Y 2.4* 2.7 3.0 32.1 2.5 5Nadine -2.7 3.0 3A07061-6RUS 2.6 2.8 3.0 22.5 3.0 32.7 3.0 3Snowden 2.8 2.8 3.5 63.0 3.5 32.5 3.0 6Table 7 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 3-YR* 201920192019201820182018201720172017LINE AVG.RATING WORST NRATING WORST NRATING WORST N2017-2019 SCAB DISEASE TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER , MI MSBB032-1 -2.8 3.5 3Manistee 2.5 3.0 3.5 32.2 2.5 32.3 2.5 3MSZ705-03 -3.0 3.5 3Yukon Gold 2.6 3.0 3.5 62.6 3.5 62.2 2.5 6A071012-4BFRUS 3*3.2 3.5 32.8 3.0 3MSCC282-01WR -3.2 4.0 3MSY719-01 -3.2 3.5 3B2869-29 3.3* 3.3 3.5 33.3 4.0 3MSAA157-2PY 2.8* 3.3 3.5 32.3 2.5 3HSD0.05 = 1.7 !"# !"! SCAB DISEASE RATING: MSU Scab Nursery plot rating of 0-5; 0: No Infection; 1: Low Infection <5%, no pitted leisions; 3: Intermediate >20%, some pitted leisions (Susceptible, as commonly seen on Atlantic); 5: Highly Susceptible, >75% coverage and severe pitted leisions. N = Number of replications. *2-Year Average. Table 8 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2019201920192019LINE RATING NLINE RATING NSorted by ascending 2019 Rating: HSD 0.05 =1.7 MSDD039-01 0.0 1MSEE158-01 1.0 1MSBB613-04 0.5 1MSEE182-03 1.0 1MSCC374-1Y 0.5 1MSEE207-02 1.0 1MSDD138-02 0.5 1MSBB078-1 1.5 1MSDD457-01 0.5 1MSBB213-1Spl 1.5 1MSEE063-06 0.5 1MSBB351-1 1.5 1MSEE107-01 0.5 1MSBB614-10 1.5 1MSEE141-01 0.5 1MSBB623-12 1.5 1MSEE159-01 0.5 1MSCC168-1 1.5 1MSEE164-01 0.5 1MSCC266-1 1.5 1MSBB024-1 1.0 1MSDD040-01 1.5 1MSBB038-03 1.0 1MSDD146-01 1.5 1MSCC009-01 1.0 1MSDD372-07 1.5 1MSCC376-1 1.0 1MSDD372-15 1.5 1MSDD034-01 1.0 1MSDD505-01 1.5 1MSDD074-02RR 1.0 1MSDD516-01 1.5 1MSDD114-03 1.0 1MSDD565-01 1.5 1MSDD244-15 1.0 1MSEE010-03 1.5 1MSDD247-07 1.0 1MSEE022-12 1.5 1MSDD247-11 1.0 1MSEE031-03 1.5 1MSDD254-01 1.0 1MSEE033-02 1.5 1MSDD267-03 1.0 1MSEE063-10 1.5 1MSDD271-10 1.0 1MSEE101-02 1.5 1MSDD403-01 1.0 1MSEE105-01 1.5 1MSDD491-01 1.0 1MSEE127-01 1.5 1MSDD543-01 1.0 1MSEE127-02 1.5 1MSEE017-04 1.0 1MSEE130-02 1.5 1MSEE025-01 1.0 1MSEE137-02 1.5 1MSEE085-01 1.0 1MSEE151-04 1.5 1MSEE090-01 1.0 1MSEE155-01 1.5 1MSEE094-01 1.0 1MSEE157-01 1.5 1MSEE101-01 1.0 1MSEE163-01 1.5 1MSEE113-01 1.0 1MSEE169-01 1.5 1MSEE113-02 1.0 1MSEE171-02 1.5 1MSEE116-01 1.0 1MSEE175-01 1.5 1MSEE130-01 1.0 1MSEE180-2P 1.5 1MSEE137-01 1.0 1MSEE185-04 1.5 1MSEE137-03 1.0 1MSEE247-06WP 1.5 1MSEE138-02 1.0 1MSEE312-01 1.5 1MSEE141-03 1.0 1MSEE313-01 1.5 1MSEE149-01 1.0 1MSBB222-01 2.0 1MSEE151-02 1.0 1MSBB238-01RY 2.0 1MSEE152-01 1.0 1MSBB618-09 2.0 12019 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI Table 8 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS 2019201920192019LINE RATING NLINE RATING NSorted by ascending 2019 Rating: HSD 0.05 =1.7 2019 SCAB DISEASE EARLY GENERATION TRIAL SUMMARY SCAB NURSERY, MONTCALM RESEARCH CENTER, MI MSCC302-1 2.0 1MSEE247-2WR 2.0 1MSCC314-1 2.0 1MSEE308-01 2.0 1MSCC515-2Y 2.0 1MSEE314-01 2.0 1MSCC570-1 2.0 1MSCC081-01 2.5 1MSDD088-01 2.0 1MSCC300-1 2.5 1MSDD089-01 2.0 1MSCC614-1RYSPL 2.5 1MSDD107-01Y 2.0 1MSDD005-01 2.5 1MSDD114-06 2.0 1MSDD039-02 2.5 1MSDD219-02 2.0 1MSDD251-01Y 2.5 1MSDD483-1 2.0 1MSDD370-02 2.5 1MSDD553-01 2.0 1MSDD495-01 2.5 1MSDD847-1 2.0 1MSEE018-02 2.5 1MSEE031-01 2.0 1MSEE022-08 2.5 1MSEE038-01 2.0 1MSEE076-01 2.5 1MSEE052-05 2.0 1MSEE092-02 2.5 1MSEE079-01 2.0 1MSEE102-01 2.5 1MSEE088-01 2.0 1MSEE142-01 2.5 1MSEE092-01 2.0 1MSEE149-02 2.5 1MSEE096-01 2.0 1MSEE153-02 2.5 1MSEE099-01 2.0 1MSEE154-01 2.5 1MSEE103-02 2.0 1MSEE162-01 2.5 1MSEE115-01 2.0 1MSEE171-01 2.5 1MSEE123-01 2.0 1MSEE174-01 2.5 1MSEE131-01 2.0 1MSEE190-01 2.5 1MSEE134-01 2.0 1MSEE206-04 2.5 1MSEE135-01 2.0 1MSEE222-01R 2.5 1MSEE138-01 2.0 1MSEE246-01WP 2.5 1MSEE142-02 2.0 1MSEE319-03 2.5 1MSEE151-01 2.0 1MSCC282-02PP 3.0 1MSEE151-03 2.0 1MSDD045-01 3.0 1MSEE158-02 2.0 1MSDD350-01 3.0 1MSEE158-03 2.0 1MSEE120-01 3.0 1MSEE163-02 2.0 1MSEE173-01 3.0 1MSEE163-03 2.0 1MSEE202-04 3.0 1MSEE168-01Y 2.0 1MSEE213-01 3.0 1MSEE180-3P 2.0 1MSEE216-01 3.0 1MSEE183-02 2.0 1MSEE217-01Y 3.0 1MSEE185-03 2.0 1MSEE240-01Y 3.0 1MSEE185-05 2.0 1MSCC720-1WR 3.5 1MSEE187-01 2.0 1MSDD244-05 3.5 1MSEE216-02 2.0 1MSDD251-02Y 3.5 1MSEE224-01 2.0 1MSDD311-01 3.5 1MSEE241-01P 2.0 1MSEE307-1Y 3.5 1Table 9 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY POTATO BREEDING and GENETICS PERCENT (%) BRUISE AVERAGE ENTRY SP GR 012345+ FREE SPOTS/TUBER RUSSET TRIAL Russet Norkotah / Texas 112 1.070 1186000440.8 ATX91137-1Rus (Reveille Russet) 1.075 8124100320.9 Goldrush Russet 1.068 7135000280.9 POR06V12-3 (Castle Russet) 1.088 1194110420.9 AOR07781-5 1.083 5118100201.2 Silverton Russet 1.076 485200211.3 TX08352-5Rus (Vanguard) 1.066 3810400121.6 A07061-6RUS 1.075 0111220001.6 AO02183-2 1.090 483522172.0 A071012-4BFRUS 1.097 07892002.2 Payette Russet 1.091 23861292.3 ADAPTATION TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES Manistee 1.078 1492000560.5 MSZ219-01 1.085 6133210241.2 Niagara (NY152) 1.082 896020321.2 MSZ120-4 1.088 877300321.2 MSZ022-07 1.081 1048201401.2 MSZ200-3 1.076 795301281.3 FL2137 1.090 765501291.5 Huron Chipper (MSW485-2) 1.087 210940081.6 MSAA578-7 1.085 766321281.6 MSV030-4 1.090 757402281.6 MSW044-1 1.089 398320121.7 Lamoka 1.084 348400161.7 MSZ242-09 1.100 011701101.7 MSZ219-14 1.080 649430231.8 B2869-29 (2 reps) 1.085 103100201.8 MSX225-2 1.082 359701122.0 Atlantic 1.089 27842182.0 MSV498-1 1.082 161161042.0 MSZ200-6 1.081 16353062.2 MSZ052-14 1.083 348641122.3 MSZ222-19 1.093 15772242.4 MSZ101-7 1.087 437425162.5 Snowden 1.081 031082202.6 MSZ052-13 1.087 23393582.9 Mackinaw (MSX540-4) 1.096 11666543.2 MSZ242-13 1.105 01334203.2 MSZ219-13 1.087 012481004.0 MSAA076-6 1.095 020571104.0 MSZ020-10 1.094 011122004.6 ADAPTATION TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES Isle Royale (MSX569-1R) 1.048 2050000800.2 MSV093-1Y 1.074 1950000790.2 MSV443-1PP 1.063 1690000640.4 Blackberry (MSZ109-10PP) 1.066 14100000580.4 2019 BLACKSPOT BRUISE SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER PERCENT (%) BRUISE AVERAGE ENTRY SP GR 012345+ FREE SPOTS/TUBER SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER MSAA182-3R 1.078 1672000640.4 Yukon Gold 1.076 1582000600.5 MSZ598-2 1.068 11130100440.6 Dark Red Norland 1.060 1793200550.7 MSX324-01P 1.082 1093000450.7 MSX398-2 1.084 331000430.7 MSV179-1 1.071 10123000400.7 MSX324-02R 1.069 1293100480.7 Queen Anne 1.060 10122100400.8 Superior 1.069 1365100520.8 Pike (Chip) 1.085 1275100480.8 MSAA157-2PY 1.071 774000390.8 MSZ416-08RY 1.065 9115000360.8 MST252-1Y 1.067 895400311.2 MSAA174-1 1.062 1049120381.3 MSX497-6 1.067 866410321.4 MSAA196-06 1.068 777301281.4 MSX194-3 (Chip) 1.077 03400001.6 MSZ551-01 1.080 478230171.7 MSX156-1Y 1.070 171160041.9 MSX245-2Y (Chip) 1.084 318841122.5 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, CHIP-PROCESSING LINES MSBB107-1 1.076 1861000720.3 MSBB165-1 1.075 1383100520.7 MSBB038-01 1.071 10113100400.8 MSBB032-1 1.082 8113200331.0 MSBB613-07 1.079 8123200321.0 MSAA061-7 1.084 886200331.1 MSAA056-03Y 1.070 884410321.3 MSBB058-04 1.085 354210201.5 MSBB079-2 1.081 577510201.6 MSAA228-1Y 1.080 476611161.8 MSAA342-02 1.072 556621201.9 MSBB018-1 1.078 495234152.1 MSAA218-03 1.079 25881182.2 MSBB230-02 1.077 363732132.3 MSAA036-01 1.080 26655182.3 MSAA498-07 1.081 24954182.3 MSBB210-A 1.076 17583142.3 MSAA072-05 1.084 16592242.4 MSBB610-24Y 1.087 245342102.5 MSBB075-1Y 1.079 136105042.6 MSBB634-8 1.079 433429163.0 MSBB621-03 1.076 11465943.5 MSBB190-03 1.087 024531003.6 MSAA240-05 1.086 130441343.8 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, TABLESTOCK LINES Harmony 1.062 2230000880.1 MSBB364-1 1.059 2140000840.2 NY149 1.075 1681000640.4 MSZ590-1 1.060 912000750.4 MSX526-1 1.080 14110000560.4 PERCENT (%) BRUISE AVERAGE ENTRY SP GR 012345+ FREE SPOTS/TUBER SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER Yukon Gold 1.072 1673000620.5 Nadine 1.060 1564000600.6 White Beauty 1.077 1572100600.6 W8893-1R 1.059 12112000480.6 MSAA085-1 1.080 11122000440.6 MSBB375-1 1.084 1392100520.6 MSZ513-2 1.067 1471110580.7 Obama 1.064 8104100350.9 MSZ101-6 1.082 10103110400.9 MSBB719-1 1.068 7116000291.0 MSZ615-2 1.069 9103300361.0 Onaway 1.062 7134010281.0 MSY022-02 1.079 897100321.0 Reba 1.076 694500251.3 Fioretta 1.067 758401281.5 MSZ407-7 1.081 749211291.5 MSDD085-13 1.085 487320171.6 MSZ169-1 1.080 271022282.0 NY162 1.083 28571282.1 MSZ242-07 1.101 04781202.5 PRELIMINARY TRIAL, PIGMENTED LINES MSAA127-7PP 1.054 25000001000.0 MSBB262-1YSpl 1.067 2130000880.1 Dark Red Norland 1.058 2140000840.2 MSBB308-2PP 1.061 1960000760.2 MSAA101-1RR 1.078 1870000720.3 MSZ413-07PP 1.063 1951000760.3 MSZ443-01PP 1.065 1441000740.3 NDAF113484B-1 1.058 1642000730.4 MSBB305-2SPL 1.062 841000620.5 MSZ107-06PP 1.076 1171000580.5 MSZ109-07PP 1.060 990000500.5 MSZ427-03R 1.049 660000500.5 MSZ427-01R 1.062 1573000600.5 MSBB238-01RY 1.059 1382000570.5 MSCC553-1R 1.076 1483000560.6 Red Sunset 1.060 12121000480.6 MSAA161-04RY 1.079 1393000520.6 MSBB371-1SPL 1.071 11131000440.6 MSBB270-1Spl 1.070 10141000400.6 MSCC282-01WR 1.073 10122000420.7 MSZ413-6P 1.070 10132000400.7 MSX443-3P (mini) 1.081 490000310.7 MSZ107-02PP 1.075 544000380.9 MSBB213-1Spl 1.077 976200381.0 MSAA127-1PP 1.054 273000171.1 MSAA706-7PP 1.063 567000281.1 MSAA161-01RY 1.068 17320081.5 USPB/SFA TRIAL CHECK SAMPLES (Not bruised) ND7519-1 1.086 1960000760.2 AOR09034-3 1.086 1941000790.3 PERCENT (%) BRUISE AVERAGE ENTRY SP GR 012345+ FREE SPOTS/TUBER SIMULATED BRUISE SAMPLES* NUMBER OF SPOTS PER TUBER Mackinaw 1.090 1563100600.6 MSW075-2 1.082 1482100560.6 MSV030-4 1.092 1482010560.6 Lamoka 1.088 11104000440.7 MSZ219-14 1.084 1455100560.7 Snowden 1.086 10105000400.8 USPB/SFA TRIAL BRUISE SAMPLES ND7519-1 1.086 1274110480.9 AOR09034-3 1.086 6125200241.1 MSW075-2 1.082 4107310161.5 MSV030-4 1.092 735631281.9 MSZ219-14 1.084 547450202.0 Lamoka 1.088 547360202.0 Snowden 1.086 123133242.9 Mackinaw 1.090 124116142.9 * Thirteen to twenty-five (dependent on the number of replications used) A-size tuber samples were collected at harvest, held at 50 F at least 12 hours, and placed in a six-sided plywood drum and rotated ten times to produce simulated bruising. Samples were abrasive-peeled and scored 12/3/2019. The table is presented in ascending order of average number of spots per tuber. Funding: Federal Grant, M PIC and Potatoes USA/SNAC 2019 On- Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Trina Zavislan, Damen Kurzer , Dr. Dave Douches Cooperators: James DeDecker, (Presque Isle Co.), Monica Jean (Delta Co.) INTRODUCTION Our main objectives for on-farm potato v ariety trials are to: 1) identify promising lines for further testing and evaluation , 2) conduct larger scale commercial agronomic and processing trials through multi -acre block plantings, and 3) use trial data to encourage the commercialization of new varieties in the state of Michigan . We share our results with growers, breeders, and processors across the country to aid in the development of new varieties. In 2019, we conducted 40 on-farm potato varie ty trial s with 16 growe rs in 13 counties. Processing trial cooperators were : 4- L Farms , Inc. (Allegan), Black Gold Farms (Branch ), County Line Farms (Allegan), Hampton Potato Growers (Bay), Lennard Ag. Co. ( Cass, St. Joseph ), Main Farms (Montcalm), Sandyland Farms (Montcalm), Verbrigghme Farms (Delta), and Wal ther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph). We also conducted processing trials at the Michigan State University (MSU) Montcalm Research Center (Montcalm) . The Potatoes USA/Snack ing Nutritio n and Convenience International (SNAC Int.) chip trial was conducted at Sandyland Farms (Montcalm ). Fresh market trial cooperators were : 4- L Farms (Allegan), C rawford Farms , Inc. (Montcalm) , Elmaple Farm LLC (Kalkaska), Hampton Potato Growers (Bay), Horkey Bros. (Monroe), Jenkins Farms (Kalkaska), Kitchen Farms, Inc. (Antrim), Lennard Ag. Co. (St. Clair ), Styma Potato Farms (Presque Isle), Verbrigghe Farms (Delta), Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph, Tuscola ), and Wilk Farm s (Presque Isle). PROCEDURE A. Processing Variety Trials We evaluated 50 chip processing varieties in 2019. To evaluate selected processing lines, we used the following check varieties: Altantic, Lamoka, Pike, and Snowden. For all trials, we used 10fl in-row seed spacing and 34fl rows. The majority of our processing trials were strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 75-100 ™ strip for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23- ft section . For each variety in the Walther Far ms, Inc. trials, we planted three, 15-ft long rows and harvested the center row. We also conducted multi-acre block plantings of promising, non- commercialized trials at Sackett Potatoes, Sandyland Farms , and Walther Farms . Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower™s production system. B. Proc essing Variety Trials We conducted the Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Trial for Michigan at Sandyland Farms, LCC (Montcalm County). We planted 12 varieties in 300 ™ strips and harvested three, 23-ft section s of row for each variety . Our check varieties were ‚L amoka™ and ‚Snowden™. For more details on this trial, please reference the 2019 annual report published by Potatoes USA. C. Fresh Market Trials Within the fr esh market trials, we evaluated 74 primary entries (this does not include entries from Potatoes USA /NFPT tria l) which included: 21 russet, 15 red, 19 yellow, 9 novelty, and 19 round white types. To evaluate selected table -stock lines, we use d the following check varieties: Red : Dark Red Norland Round White: Onaway, Reba, Superior Russet : GoldRush, Russet Norkotah, Silverton Russet Yellow : Yukon Gold We planted all trials with 34fl wide rows and 10fl in- row seed spacing. We evaluated the majority of our fresh market trials as strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 60-100 ™ for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23 -ft section. We planted the NFPT trial at Walther Farms, Inc. as single 15™ long strips and harvested the entire strip. 2019 was the first year conducting an early generation tablestock variety trial with red skin white flesh potato varieties. This trail was planted and harvested like the NFPT trial, and also took place at Walther Farms, Inc. For each variety in the Elmaple Farm LCC trial, we planted three, 30-ft long rows and harvested the enti re center row. We planted Walther Farms, Inc. trials similarly to the Elmapl e trial but with 15- ft rows . We also conducted multi- acre block plantings of promising, non- commercialized trials a t Crawford Farms, Lennard Ag. Co. , Sackett Potato Growers, Sandyland Farms, Thorlund Farms, Walther Farms , and Yoder Farms. Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower™s production system. RESULTS A. Processing Variety Trial Results We recorded genera l descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all varieties tested in 2019 (Table 1) and evaluated these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and maturity (Table 2). Below are six superior processing varieties from 2019. MSZ096-3 : This Michigan State University selection was evaluated in five locations in 2019 and had the fourth highest overall and US #1 yields of 477 cwt/A US#1 potatoes . It produced mainly A -sized tuber s with 8 3% A size potatoes and 13 % B-sized potatoes, approximately average for the trial . It had an attractive, round type, and a full- season maturity. It will be further evaluated across multiple locations in 2019. This variety had an average common scab rating of 0.6, lower than the trial average of 2.0. It had a stem end defect rating of 0.6, lower than the trial average of 1.0. Compared t o the trial average of 1.084, MSZ096- 3 had a slightly lower specific gravity of 1.080. It requires full season maturity and ha s smaller vines. NY165 : This Cornell variety was evaluated across the state in ten locations. It had an above average US#1 yield of 448 cwt/A and 82% A -sized tubers. NY165 had excellent internal quality, with only four percent vascular discoloration and one percent internal brown spot observed in 2019. With a stem end defect rating of 0.6 and a fresh chip score of 1.3, it had good off-the- farm chip quality. This variety is in the box bin storage trial at the Montcalm Research Center for the 2019 -2020 storage season. Some variability in type was observed at harvest, which will be further evaluated in 2020. NY166 : This variety had thin, bright skin and attractive appearance in 2019. With 78% A- sized tubers, this variety had a slightly smaller size profile than the trial average, but a high yield of 440 cwt/A US#1 tubers. The common scab rating of 1.0 is the trial average. NY166 displayed good fresh chip color and a lower than average incidence of stem end defect. It displayed mid - to full-season maturity in 2019 when evaluated in seven locations. This variety is being evaluated for storage potential at the Montcalm Research Center. Lady Liberty (NY15 2): Thi s recently named Cornell variety was evaluated at nine locations in 2019. It had 86% US #1 tubers and a US#1 yield of 485 cwt/A , the third highest in the trial . This variety had an average specific gravity of 1.082 and an off the farm chip score of 1.4. It had an average amount of internal defects. Lady Liberty had almost no stem end defects with a score of 0.2. The tubers were uniformly shaped and round. 2019 was likely the final year of evaluation for this variety, as it has been evaluated since 2014 in on-farm trials and since 2016 in demonstration storage. This variety had demonstrated commercialization potential in Michigan BNC182 -5 : This M aryland variety was planted at nine locations, and had an average yield of 421 cwt/A US #1 tubers with 83% A-sized tubers. It had a n average specific gravity of 1.083, and an off the farm chip score of 1.6. It had a low incidence o f internal defects except for 17% vascular discoloration, approximately the trial average. This variety had average scores for both common scab and stem end defects. BNC182-5 had a moderately vigorous vine and medium maturity. It will be further evaluated in 2020 as a fresh chip variety only, as it has poor chip quality after storage. NY163 : This Cornell variety had an above average yield of 441 cwt/A at nine Michigan locations in 2019. The specific gravity of 1.085 was slightly above average. NY163 displayed excellent internal quality, with all tuber defects below the trial average. With a fresh chip score of 1.1 and stem end defect rating of 0.3, it displayed good fresh chip quality. Some anthocyanin pigmentation in the apical end of the tuber was observed in 2019, but did not affect chip quality. This will be further evaluated during the current storage season and in on- farm trials in 2020. B. Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Chip Trial In 2019, we conducted the Potatoes USA / SNAC Int. Michigan chip trial at Sandyland Farms , LLC in Montcalm County . We compared y ield, size distribution, and specific gravity of eight test var ieties to Lamoka and Snowden (Table 3). We also evaluated at -harvest raw tuber quality (Table 4) and sent samples to Herr Foods, Inc. (Nottingham, PA) whe re potatoes were processed and scored for out of the field chip quality (Table 5). We assessed blackspot bruise susceptibility (Table 6) and pre- harvest panels for each variety (Table s 7A and B ). The varieties with the highest US#1 yields were AOR09034-3, Petoskey, and Lamoka , with yiel ds ranging from 461 cwt/A to 440 cwt/A. A OR09034 also had the highest percent of US #1 tubers at 86%, while MSW0 75-2 had the lowest at 62 %. The average specific gravity of the trial was 1.0 87 (Table 3). Almost no brown spot, hollow heart, and brown center were observed in 2019. However all varieties displayed at leas t 3% vascular discoloration, with 17 % incidence in Lamoka (Table 4). Samples collected on October 16 th were processed by Herr™s Foods, Inc. on October 22nd . ND7519-1 had the lowest SFA chip color, and was ranked first by Herr™s for overall chi p quality. MSW075-2 and MSV030-4 were also ranked highly, while MSZ219- 14 and AOR09034-3 were ranked last in the trial (Table 5). Black spot bruise assessments demons trated that ND7519-1, AOR09034-3, and MSW075-2 were most resistant to black spot bruising, while Mackin aw and Snowden were most susceptible (Table 6). C. Fresh Market and Variety Trial Results We recorded general descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all fresh market varieties evaluated in 2019 (Table 8) and assessed these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and m aturity (Tables 9 and 10 ). The NFPT and Early Generation Tablestock trials screen potato selections under initial evaluation. In 2019, 33 NFPT -designated russet varieties and an additional 28 russet selections were evaluated (Table 11). Continued evaluation of these varieties are determined based on national performance. In total, 128 red skin potato varieties from Michigan, Colorado State University, and North Dakota State University potato breeding programs were grown in Michigan. Of these, 42 varieties were chosen for continued evaluation in Michigan, and 35 of these remain under evaluation by their respective breeding programs (Table 12). They were be grown in 15-foot plots in 2020. Below are top performing russet, yellow, red, white, and novelty fresh pack varieties. Russets Reveille Russet : This variety was evaluated at eleven locations in 2019, and will be planted across multiple locations in both strip trials and bulk plantings in 2020. It had the highest US#1 and total yield of all trial varieties, 5 24 and 596 cwt/A, respectively. It had excellent internal quality, with all defects occurring less than the trial average. This variety had an attractive appearance and a common scab rating of 0.4. Reveille had a larger size profile, with an average of 27% oversize tubers observed. A wider seed spacing is recommended to decrease tuber size. AOR07781-5 : This variety had an above average US#1 yield of 391 cwt/A at eleven locations. It had a medium russeted skin type and 75% US#1 tubers. This medium maturing variety has a vigorous vine type and i s resistant to common scab , with an average rating of 0.0. It had a high specific gravity of 1.087, above the trial average . AOR07781 -5 had good internal quality, excluding 20% hollow heart. A08433- 4sto: This Aberdeen, Idaho variety also had a high yield of 466 cwt/A with 81% US #1 tubers. It had a n average specific gravity of 1.079 and a common scab rating of 0.3. This ful l season variety had a moderately vigorous vine, and internal defects below the trial average , excluding hollow heart, which was at th e trial average . A08433-4sto RUS has multiple disease resistances including PVY, Verticillium Wilt, Early Blight, and tuber Late Blight. Vanguard : This variety was evaluated at twelve locations in 2019. It had a slightly above average US#1 yield of 365 cwt/A, and 78% US #1 tubers. This variety had a specific gravity of 1.067 and ex cellent internal quality, with 9 % vascular discoloration. It had a lower than average common scab rating of 0.3 and an earlier vine maturity. Vanguard has a blocky appearance and attractive type. Yellow Flesh Fioretta: This yellow -fleshed variety had a high total and US#1 trial yield of 380 and 636 cwt/A, respectively. It produced 56 % A-sized tubers and had a lower specific gravity of 1.068. Internal quality was good except for 12 % vascular discoloration , the trial average . This variety had a common scab rating of 0.8 , and medium yellow flesh. It had smooth, waxy skin, but did not have a consistently uniform tuber type. Queen Anne: This variety has a consistent attractive appearance with a smooth skin finish and medium yellow flesh. With a US#1 yield of 287 and total yield of 515 cwt/A , this variety had a smaller size profile with 44% B-sized tubers. It had high ratings for both skin waxines s and yellow flesh color. Queen Anne produces uniform, oval shaped tubers with a bright appearance. Paroli : This selection has an average yield of 383 cwt/A in 2019 with 8 4% US#1 potatoes. It had a specific gravity of 1.064, lower than the trial average of 1.071. Paroli has a larger vine type and an earlier vine maturity . It had good internal quality, with internal defects below the trial average, and a common scab rating of 0.5. Nixie : This variety was only grown at one location in 2019, and had the second lowest US #1 yield of 138 cwt/A with 47% US #1 tubers. It had a waxy skin and bright appearance, as well as a smaller tuber size profile, making it attractive as a B -sized tablestock variety. At 1.079, it had a higher than average specific gravi ty, and a common scab rating of 0.2. Nixie had no internal defects in 2019. This full season variety had oval to oblong tubers. Red Skin NDAF113484B-1 : This North Dakota selection was the high est yielding variety in the 2019 red skin potato trial with a US #1 yield of 399 cwt/A. It was evaluated at eight locations in 2019, and had 85% US #1 tubers. NDAF113484B-1 had a specific gravity of 1.063, slightly lower than the trial average of 1.069. It had good internal quality with defects at or below the trial average , excluding 20% vascular discoloration. This mid-season variety had a common scab rating of 0.6 and slight skin flaking. Roko : This variety had a high US #1 yield of 367 cwt/A and a specific gravity of 1.0 74. Its inte rnal quality was generally good , but Roko had 22% internal brown spot, higher than the 5% tri al average . This variety had an oval tuber type with uniform skin color. It had a mid- season maturity and moderately vigorous vine. CO99076-6R: This early maturi ng Colorado variety produced attractive, uniform tubers with deep red skin. It had a US #1 yield of 359 cwt/A, slightly above the trial average of 293 cwt/A . CO99076-6R ha d a larger size profile with only 5 % B size tu bers. It had good internal quality with only 10% vascular discoloration. W8893-1R : This Wisconsin selection has an attractive t uber type and skin finish, but had a higher than average silver scurf rating. It had a below average yield of 232 cwt/A and good internal quality. The common scab score was average for the trial. W8893 -1R had very early vine maturity and an average vine vigor. Round White AF5280-5 : This variety had an average yield of 372 cwt/A US #1 potatoes across seven locations in 2019. It had approximately 70% A size tubers and 20% B size tubers. This variety had good internal quality, but slightly more vascular discoloration than the trial average. It had slightly early to mid-season vine maturity, and a specific gravity of 1.066. This variety had an attractive round shape. NDAF102629C-4 : This North Dakota selection had an average yield of 267 cwt/A of US#1 tubers and 348 cwt/A total yield, both slightly below the trial average. This variety produced 72 % A-sized tubers, which were round with a bright appearance . It had good internal quality with only 5% vascular discoloration. This early maturing variety had a common scab rating of 0.3 at seven locations. AF5819-2 : This variety was evaluated at two locations in north central Michigan in 2019. It produced larger tubers, with 83 % A-sized tubers and a high yield of 495 cwt/A US #1 tubers . It had good internal qua lity, a common scab score of 1.0 , and earlier maturity . While this variety had a poor skin finish, it had an attractive, consistent shape. Novelty Blackberry : This Michigan State University selection had purple skin and flesh, and a slightly below average yield of 308 cwt/A US #1 tubers. It produced 36% A sized tubers and 62% B sized tubers. Blackberry had no internal defects, but was only evaluated at two locations in 2019. The purple skin was a uniform dark color, but moderate silver scurf was observed. MSV443- 1PP : This variety had purple skin and purple flesh, and was evaluated at four locations in 2019. It had the second highest total yield of 348 cwt/A and 67% US#1 tubers. It had excellent internal quality and slight silver scurf with a rating of 1 .5, below the trial average of 2.9. This variety tended to have deep stem ends and growth crack in the pickouts. Table 1. 2019 Chip Processing Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating * Characteristics Atlantic Wauseon x B5141 -6 (Lenape) 0.7 High yield, early maturing, high specific gravity , good internal quality. Hodag (W5955 -1) Pike x Dakota Pearl 0.7 Average to above average yield, high specific gravity, size profile similar to At lantic, management should be adjusted because this variety tends to produce large tubers, long storage potential with common scab tolerance. Lady Liberty (NY152) B38 -14 x Marcy 1.3 High yield potential, average speci fic gravity, excellent long -term storage chip quality, attractive round shape. Lamoka (NY139) NY120 x NY115 1.2 Average yield, mid -late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type, low internal defects, long -term chip quality . Mackinaw (MSX540 -4) Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka 0.9 Average yield with high specific gravity and high percentage of A -sized tubers, mid to late -season maturity, long -term chip -processing quality with resistance to PVY and late blight and tolerance to common scab , flattened oval type, netted skin Manistee (MSL292 -A) Snowden x MSH098 -2 1.7 Average yield with early to mid -season maturity, excellent chip -processing quality and long storage potential, scab tolerance and specific gravity similar to Snowden, uniform round tubers with shallow eyes and heavy netted skin, some compressed tubers apical to stem (2019 Proc essing Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Petoskey (MSV030 -4) Beacon Chipper x MSG227 -2 0.9 High yield and specific gravity, uniform round tuber type with heavy netting, good OTF chip and internal quality . Pike (NYE55 -35) Allegany x Atlantic 0.5 Average yield, early to mid -season maturity, early storage, some internal defects, medium specific gravity , tuber bottlenecking and points. Snowden (W855) B5141 -6 x Wischip 1.4 High yield, medium season maturity, mid -season storage, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity . Winterset (CO02321 -4W) NY115 x BC0894 -2W 2.8 Below average yield, good OTF chip quality, common scab susceptibility , smaller tuber size profile. AF5563 -5 0.0 Thin bright skin, lower specific gravity, common scab tolerant, good OTF chip quality. AOR09034 -3 3.0 Common scab susceptible, poor fresh chip quality, full season maturity. B2869 -29 B0564 -8 x B1316 -5 1.0 Average yield potential, higher specific gravity, light skin, smaller size profile B2904 -2 B1873 -6 x Coastal Chip 1.1 Average yield potential, susceptible to vascular discoloration and hollow heart BNC182 -5 Tacna x B0766 -3 0.9 Uniform type, skin flaking, slight growth crack. (2019 Proc essing Varieties c ont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics CO10076 -4W CO03243 -3W x CO02024 -9W 1.3 Above average yield, susceptible to vascular discoloration, full season maturity MSAA275 -3 Snowden x MSS297 -3 2.0 Oblong, compressed tuber type, sticky stolons, earlier maturity. MSAA311 -1 Elkton x Atlantic 0.5 Thinner skin, full season maturity, good internal quality. MSAA498 -18 MSV092 -2 x Elkton 0.5 Below average yield potential, earlier maturity, good fresh chip quality. MSAFB609 -12 NY148 x MSQ086 -3 0.0 Bright and uniform appearance, good internal quality, no common scab, average yield potential. MSAFB636 -1 NYH15 -5 x MST096 -2Y 1.0 Uniform, attractive type, below average specific gravity, high percentage A -sized tubers. MSBB008 -3 Atlantic x MSR127 -2 1.0 Moderate vascular discoloration, smaller tuber size profile, average specific gravity. MSBB058 -1 NY148 x MSR127 -2 0.8 Bright, round, uniform tubers, very high specific gravity, good internal quality. MSBB058 -4 NY148 x MSR127 -2 1.1 Blocky shape, poor appearance, above average yield. MSBB060 -1 NY148 x MSS297 -3 1.3 Earlier maturity, moderate vascular discoloration, larger oversize tubers. (2019 Proc essing Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSBB131 -1 MSK409 -1 x MSR127 -2 1.0 Bright skin, cream flesh, very early maturity, poor fresh chip quality, average yield. MSBB625 -2 MSW242 -1 x MSS297 -3 0.9 Full -season maturity, high specific gravity, moderate internal brown spot, above average yield. MSBB626 -11 Saginaw Chipper x Kalkaska 0.9 Slight sticky stolons, deep apical ends, poor fresh chip quality. MSW044 -1 Kalkaska x Lamoka 0.5 High specific gravity, above average yield, good internal quality, bright skin, uniform round tuber type , thin skin. MSW075 -2 MSK061 -4 x Nicolet 0.7 Higher proportion of B -sized tuber than trial average, uniform round tubers. MSX472 -2 MSQ070 -1 x MSP292 -7 0.7 Earlier vine maturity, below average specific gravity, average yield. MSZ020 -10 Kalkaska x MSM246 -B 1.3 Poor appearance, block y and flattened tubers, smaller vine type, good internal quality. MSZ052 -14 Pike x MSR127 -2 0.9 Blocky tubers, lower specific gravity, slight sheep nose. MSZ096 -3 Boulder x MSR127 -2 0.6 Round shape, netted skin, full season maturity, above average yield. MSZ120 -4 Kalkaska x MSQ086 -3 0.9 Sticky stolons, average yield, specific gravity, and chip quality. (2019 Proc essing Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSZ200 -3 MSQ070 -1 x Lamoka 1.3 Large tubers, marginal appearance, lower specific gravity. MSZ219 -13 Saginaw Chipper x MSR127 -2 0.5 Darker netted skin, moderate growth crack, good internal quality, high percentage A sized tubers, smaller vine type. MSZ219 -14 Saginaw Chipper x MSR127 -2 0.5 High yield potential with a high percentage of A- sized tubers, mid to late season maturity, long -term chip -processing quality with resistance to common scab, late blight, and PVY. MSZ222 -19 MSR127 -2 x Tundra 0.9 Deep apical ends, high specific gravity, good internal quality, above average yield. MSZ242 -13 MSR169 -8Y x MSU383 -A 0.5 Average yield potential, excellent internal quality, mid -season maturity, darker netted skin. MSZ248 -10 Snowden x MSV229 -2 1.0 Good OTF chip quality, some internal brown spot, above average yield, heavy netted skin. ND7519 -1 ND3828 -15 x W1353 0.9 Average yield potential, rhizoctonia and silver scurf observed in 2019, average size profile. NY162 NYE106 -2 x NYE48 -2 1.1 Excellent internal quality, light skin, oval tuber shape, average yield potential. NY163 NYE50 -8 x NYE48 -2 0.7 Apical anthocyanin pigmentation, good internal quality, mid -season maturity, above average yield. (2019 Proc essing Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics NY165 NY148 x NYF48 -4 0.6 Variable type and appearance, excellent internal quality, average yield, specific gravity, and size profile. NY166 (N16 -11) NY140 x E48 -2 1.0 Thin bright skin, some pear shaped tubers, most characteristics at trial average. NYP111 -9 NY148 x F48 -4 0.5 Smaller size profile, buff skin, very high specific gravity, more B sized tubers than average. NYP14 -1 Snowden x E48 -2 0.8 Deep stem ends, slight skin flaking, good fresh chip quality, average yield potential. WAF10664 -3 Superior x W6609 -3 0.2 Round tubers, thin and bright skin, minimal stem end defect, high percentage A sized tubers. *Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line d escriptions prov ided by various potato breeding pro gram s and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at various trial locations throughout Michigan . LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs AsOVPO SP GR 2OTF CHIP SCORE 3HHVDIBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING 5SED SCORE 6VINE VIGOR 7VINE MATURITY 8COMMENTS WAF10664-3 n58463592691121.078 1.5 013300.2 0.2 4.7 3.0 round, bright thin skin MSAFB636-1 n51556791891011.072 1.5 00071.0 0.3 3.2 3.5 uniform, attractive type Lady Liberty aceghijln 485559861286111.082 1.4 910001.3 0.2 3.4 3.0 round, misshapen pos MSZ096-3 bcdfm 477515861383221.080 2.0 4201000.6 1.0 2.6 4.3 round, netted skin Snowden abcdefghiklmn 471536831480331.088 1.4 715001.4 0.5 3.2 3.0 sl gc, pitted scab lesions MSBB626-11 in46855484884171.088 2.0 1020400.9 0.9 3.5 3.0 sl sticky stolons, deep ends MSZ248-10 n467546861085141.081 1.0 332771.0 0.6 3.0 3.7 heavy, dark, netted skin AOR09034-3 k461536861286021.086 2.0 013073.0 0.4 4.5 4.0 pointed tubers, moderate rhizoctonia MSZ219-14 abcdefghikmn 460512881187021.083 1.5 615030.5 0.6 3.5 3.1 bright, uniform, attractive Atlantic bdfm 45849490789131.093 1.5 33050.7 0.7 3.7 3.3 pointed tubers, gc Manistee abcdefghimn 456530841284131.085 1.5 38511.7 0.4 3.3 2.5 flattened type, deep apical ends, mod skinning NY165 abcdefghin 448543821582031.084 1.3 04100.6 0.5 2.7 3.4 variable type MSZ222-19 bdfghm 447533831383041.091 1.4 771220.9 0.6 3.4 2.3 deep apical ends, sl gc NY163 abcefghin 441502831283051.085 1.2 19000.7 0.3 2.8 3.0 apical anthocyanin pigmentation NY166 abcegin 440561781678061.081 1.4 292101.0 0.4 2.8 3.5 thin bright skin, pear shapes Hodag abcdefghimn 43949587885251.085 1.5 1413950.7 0.4 3.1 3.1 pointed tubers, bottlenecking, tr knobs AF5563-5 n43848291187481.073 1.0 717000.0 1.8 2.8 2.5 misshapen pos, thin bright skin MSBB058-4 dgin 431505851285031.085 1.4 110211.1 0.5 2.7 3.5 blocky, poor appearance in box bin BNC182-5 abcdefghn 421475841483121.083 1.6 717010.9 0.8 3.5 3.1 uniform, skin flaking, sl gc MSW044-1 abcdefghimn 421509811781021.090 1.5 38000.5 0.5 3.4 3.2 thin skin, bright, round to oval MSBB625-2 gin 419499831383131.091 1.7 0212720.9 0.6 3.2 4.1 round, heavy netted skin MSAA275-3 hin 41846390789131.077 1.7 029002.0 1.2 2.5 2.5 oblong, compressed, sticky stolons Mackinaw abcdefghijklmn 413498821480241.091 1.5 015210.9 0.5 2.9 3.0 flattened oval type, heavier skin netting Petoskey (MSV030-4) abcdefghijklmn 412474861285031.092 1.2 18010.9 0.5 2.5 3.0 heavy netting, nice shape, mod ah MSBB131-1 ci40548483779591.075 2.0 2025001.0 0.5 3.5 1.5 bright skin, cream flesh MSBB058-1 hin 403473841284041.096 1.3 011000.8 0.3 3.0 2.4 bright, uniform, round, sl gc NY162 abcdefghin 398454841084151.088 1.5 15011.1 0.7 2.4 2.7 light skin, oval type ND7519-1 abcdeghijklm 397478821581131.087 1.5 4111140.9 0.4 3.7 2.6 tr rhizoc, sl silver scurf NYP14-1 cign 396487781977131.088 1.0 148050.8 0.2 3.5 2.0 deep stem ends, sl skin flaking MSX472-2 cegi 392482791879031.073 1.3 1013350.7 0.2 2.8 2.2 small, round, attractive type CO10076-4W icghn 390487801480061.073 1.7 312201.3 0.4 1.6 3.0 light skin, deep stem ends Pike abcdgh 38142989888131.086 1.6 101213100.5 0.4 2.7 3.0 tuber bottlenecking, pointed ends MSAA311-1 fm375429881088021.078 1.8 010500.5 0.5 3.5 4.8 thinner skin, gc Lamoka abceghik 373445821482041.084 1.5 015111.2 0.6 3.4 2.5 MSZ219-13 abcdefghijmn 36439292489341.083 1.5 138110.5 0.4 1.7 3.7 darker netted skin, mod gc MSZ052-14 cfhi 363424761976051.077 1.6 318030.9 0.7 2.3 3.3 blocky, sheep nose MSZ200-3 in362416871086131.073 1.8 5300101.3 0.7 2.8 3.4 large, marginal appearance MSZ120-4 ci358435831186031.083 1.8 520000.9 0.6 2.3 3.5 sticky stolons MSAFB609-12 m354442802080001.085 1.0 00000.0 0.5 3.5 3.5 bright and uniform MSW075-2 abcdefghikmn 350435782078021.079 1.4 016000.7 0.5 2.5 3.3 uniform, round, bright, attractive type MSZ242-13 h34538390990011.101 1.0 00000.5 0.1 2.5 3.0 darker netted skin MSZ020-10 gin 343418811279271.086 1.5 012211.3 0.3 0.9 3.4 poor appearance, blocky, flattened Winterset ai326431722572031.086 1.5 5201002.8 0.4 3.0 2.5 B2869-26 abcdefghmn 323417722572031.090 1.6 814021.0 0.6 3.9 2.7 light skin, smaller, sl scurf B2904-2 abcdefghmn 321375821182161.080 1.5 2227121.1 0.8 2.9 3.3 sl gc, bright, non uniform MSBB060-1 i317387827784111.080 1.5 040001.3 0.5 2.0 2.5 nice shape NYP111-9 i282439642764091.100 1.5 0301000.5 0.2 3.0 3.0 smaller size profile, buff skin MSAA498-18 i250306821482041.080 1.5 020000.5 0.1 2.0 2.0 MSBB008-3 i218301732473031.081 2.0 040001.0 0.3 3.0 1.0 Manistee SEL i1903705137510121.078 2.0 030003.5 0.3 3.0 1.0 lots of pitted scab lesions MEAN 397471821382141.084 1.5 415321.0 133.0 2019 Michigan Statewide Chip Processing Potato Variety TrialsOverall Averages - Fourteen LocationsCWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) 2019 CHIP VARIETY TRIAL SITES 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 5COMMON SCAB RATING a 4-L Farms Bs: < 1 7/8" Data not replicated (percent of tubers out of 10) 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions b Black Gold Farms As: 1 7/8" - 3 1/4" Ratings: 1 - 5 HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions c County Line Farms OV: > 3 1/4" 1: Excellent VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low d Hampton Farms, Fresh Trial PO: Pickouts 5: Poor IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers e Hampton Farms, Storage Trial BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers f Lennard Ag. Co., Fresh Trial 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions g Lennard Ag. Co., Storage Trial h Main Farms 6 SED (STEM END DEFECT) SCORE 7VINE VIGOR RATING 8VINE MATURITY RATING i MRC Box Bin 0: No stem end defect Date: Variable Date: Variable j Sandyland Farms, Set 1 1: Trace stem end defect Rating 1-5 Rating 1-5 k Sandyland Farms, SNAC 2: Slight stem end defect 1: Slow emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) l Verbrigge Farms 3: Moderate stem end defect 5: Early 5: Late m Walther Farms, Fresh Trial 4: Severe stem end defect n Walther Farms, Storage Trial 5: Extreme stem end defect 4RAW TUBER QUALITY 3OUT OF THE FIELD CHIP COLOR SCORE (SNAC Scale) Table 8. 2019 Russet and Tablestock Variety Descriptions Russet Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Alta Cloud Russet Real Potatoes 0.0 Heavier russet skin, above average yield potential. Castle Russet (POR06V12 -3) PA00V6 -4 x PA01N22 -1 0.1 Long, full season russet with dual -purpose poten tial, resistant to PVY, Pecto. and corky ring spot, moderate dormancy, susceptible to foliar late blight. Above average specific gravity in 2019. Clearwater Russet (AOA95154 -1) Bannock Russet x A89152 -4 0.5 Very high incidence of vascular discoloration in 2019, earlier vine maturity, below average yield potential. Dakota Russet Marcy x AH66 -4 0.5 Silverton Russet type and appearance, good internal quality, mid -se ason maturity. GoldRush Russet (ND1538 -1Rus) ND450 -3Rus x Lemhi Russet 0.0 Medium maturity, oblong -blocky to long tubers, bright white flesh, common scab resistance, average yield potential Pacific Russet (VO168 -3) NDA8694 -3 x Century Russet 0.6 Inconsistent type, lower specific gravity, average yield potential. Payette Russet EGAO9702 -2 x GemStar Russet 0.5 Moderate skinning, blocky tuber shape, some vascular discoloration observed in 2019, higher specific gravity. Ranger Russet (A7411 -2) Butte x A6595 -3 1.2 Tubular type, darker skin, common scab susceptible, very high specific gravity, higher proportion B -sized tubers, moderate vascular discoloration observed in 2019. (2019 Russet Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Reveille Russet (ATX91137 -1Rus) Bannock Russet x A83343 -12 0.4 Excellent yield potential, common s cab tolerant, early bulking, nice uniform dark russeted skin with good general tuber appearance, occasional misshapen tubers observed , long dormancy. Highest yielding russet variety in 2019 River Russet Solanum 0.2 Poor appearance in 2019, moderate incidence of hollow heart, lower specific gravity, higher incidence of pickouts. Russet Burbank Unknown 0.7 Oblong type, lower yield, many misshapen pickouts. Russet Norkotah ND9526 -4Rus x ND9687 -5Rus 0.7 Above average yield, mid -season maturity, long to oblong tubers, heavy russet skin, low specific gravity , highest incidence of hollow heart in 2019. Silverton Russet (AC83064 -6) A76147 -2 x A7875 -5 0.2 High yield, oblong to long blocky tuber type, medium netted russet skin, masks PVY, medium to low specific gravity, PVY, Sencor & Linuron susceptibility. High yield and good internal quality in 2019. Umatilla Russet (AO82611 -7) Butte x A77268 -4 1.5 Small tuber profile, 60% B -sized tubers in 2019, high specific gravity, earlier maturity. Vanguard (TX08352 -5RUS ) TXA549 -1Ru x AOTX98137 -1Ru 0.3 Nice slightly blocky shape, medium size profile, medium vine vigor and maturity, semi- erect vines , above average yield potential (2019 Russet Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics A07061 -6RUS Clearwater Russet x Targhee Russet 1.0 Above average yield potential, good internal quality, full season maturity , light russet skin. A071012 -4BFRUS A85331 -7 x A01054 -4 1.0 Light russet skin, low tuber set with larger tuber size profile, susceptible to blackspot bruise and hollow heart, high specific gravity , longer tuber shape. A08433 -4STO A02611 -1 x AOND95249 -1 0.3 Oblong tuber shape with medium russet skin, resistant to shatter bruise, tuber late blight, and common scab, high yield potential , full season maturity. AO02183 -2 A97236 -3 x Premier Russet 0.3 Tubular shape, moderate vascular discoloration, mid -season maturity, bottlenecking. AOR07781 -5 PA92A08 -17 x PALB03035 -6 0.0 Attractive type and appearance, moderate hollow heart, above average yield potential. CO10091 -1RUS CO03371 -4RU x CO98067 -7RU 0.1 Resistant to blackspot bruise, rounded, smaller tubers, smaller vine, below average yield potential. * Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at trial locations throughout Michigan. 2019 Yellow Flesh Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Actrice Mei jer Potato 0.6 High tuber set, resistant to leaf roll and several nematode species , deep apical eyes, oval shape, netted skin Arizona Agrico 1.8 Highest yielding yellow flesh variety in 2019, oval to long tuber shape, light yellow flesh color, good internal quality. Captain Germicopa 0.0 Poor tuber shape, blocky, early vine maturity, below average yield potential Electra C1992/42 x Picasso 0.8 Flat oval type, netted skin, above average yield, mid -season maturity. Fioretta Solanum 0.8 Smooth skin, non -uniform tuber type, good internal quality, average specific gravity. Nixie Real Potatoes 0.2 Small tuber size, bright skin, excellent internal quality, above average specific gravity. Noah - 0.7 Pointed tubers, pitted scab present in 2019, average specific gravity, above average yield potential. Obama Agriana 0.8 Oval to oblong type, buff skin, moderate alligator hide, above average yield potential. Paroli Norika 0.5 Attractive waxy skin, larger vine type, good internal quality, above average yield potential. (2019 Yell ow Flesh Varieties Cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Score* Characteristics Picobello Real Potatoes 1.7 Common Scab susceptible, many misshapen tubers, lower yield, average specific gravity, mid -season vine maturity. Queen Anne Solanum International 0.5 Oval to oblong shape, yellow flesh, yellow skin, shallow eyes, medium to high scab resistance, PVY resistance and resistance to Ro1 and Ro4 nematodes , attractive appearance, waxy skin. SF Vario Norika 1.3 Buff skin, higher percentage of pickouts, lower yield potential. Yukon Gold Norgleam x W5279 -4 1.2 Moderate yields, medium maturity, oval shaped with yellow -white skin and light yellow flesh, common scab susceptible CO10064 -1W/Y CO00412 -5W/Y x CO04099 -4W/Y 1.5 B sized tuber profile, above average specific gravity, full season maturity, moderate incidence of internal brown spot, some pointed tubers MSBB343 -2Y MSQ341 -BY x MSL211 -3 1.6 Uniform type, moderate incidence of vascular discoloration, higher specific gravity, high incidence of A -sized tubers. MST252 -1Y MSL024 -AY x MSL211 -3 0.7 Above average yield potential, good internal quality, light yellow skin color , flattened oval type. MSV093 -1Y McBride x MSP408 -14Y 0.5 Above average yield, good internal quality, rough netted skin, deep apical ends (2019 Yell ow Flesh Varieties Cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Score* Characteristics MSX156 -1Y MSI005 -20Y x Boulder 1.4 High yield potential, moderate internal brown spot, medium yellow flesh color, larger tuber size, buff skin. NY149 Yukon Gold x Keuka Gold 0.7 Mid to late season, slightly -textured skin and pink eyes, oval shape, medium yellow flesh, resistance to Ro1 cyst nematode, moderate common scab resistance , netted skin. * Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at trial locations throughout Michigan. 2019 Red Skin Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Autumn Rose Solanum 0.7 Uniform red skin, good internal quality, above average specific gravity, size profile split between A and B sized tubers. Cerata Stet Holland 0.2 Medium maturity, oval shaped tubers, white flesh and light red skin, adapted to all soil types, suitable for storage, resistant to potato cyst nematodes Ro1, moderate resistance to common scab , good internal quality. Dark Red Norland Redkote x ND626 0.5 Broadly adapted, moderate to above average yields, early season mat urity, smooth, oblong, slightly flattened tubers, common scab tolerant . Isle Royale (MSX569 -1R) MSS002 -2R x MSS544 -1R 0.3 High percentage B size tubes, early maturity and small vine type, red pigmentation in vascular ring, Uniform dark waxy skin. Red Prairie (W8405 -1R) Kankan x W2303 -9R 0.9 High yield potential, oval to oblong tuber type, mid -season maturity , lighter skin color Red Sunset NDO3503 -5 x Mazama 1.2 Variable skin color and skin finish, some vascular discoloration, average yield potential Roko Alwara x MA81 -0536 0.7 Uniform dark red skin, oval tuber shape, moderate internal brown spot, above average specific gravity, above average yield potential. CO98012 -5R A79543 -4R x AC91844 -2 1.9 Attractive tuber size profile, dark red skin, susceptible to common scab (2019 Red Ski n Varieties Cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics CO99076 -6R AC91848 -1 x NDC5281 -2R 0.0 Above average specific gravity, good internal quality, medium red skin color and highly uniform, sticky stolons, above average yield. CO99256 -2R NDC5281 -2R x CO89097 -2R 0.0 Mid -season maturity, good internal quality, high percentage A -sized tubers, attractive type, round shape, waxy skin. MSAA182 -3R MSU200 -5PP x MSS544 -1R 0.3 High specific gravity, round type, sticky stolons, smaller tuber size profile, mid -season maturity, NDAF113484B -1 ND060570B -1R x ND8555 -8R 0.6 Moderate silver scurf, skinning, moderate vascular discoloration, highest yield of red varieties in 2019, A -sized tuber prof ile. NY164 D32 -4 x C100 -2 1.0 Moderate skinning, uniform type and skin, good internal quality, average yield potential and specific gravity. W8893 -1R W1101R X Dakota Rose 0.5 Average yield potential, lower specific gravity, early vine maturity, attractive appearance and skin type. * Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at various trial locations throughout Michigan. 2019 Round White Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics AAC Hamer AC87340 -2 x ND2008 -2 (Parkland) 1.6 Small round tuber type, good internal quality, very vigorous vine, below average to average yield potential. Bridget Sinora x Agnes (Parkland) 1.1 Flaky, netted skin, long oval tuber shape, high specific gravity. Harmony Nadine x Stamina (Caithness) 0.8 Long dormancy, resistance to black dot and bruising, susceptible to dry rot, powdery scab, and silver scurf , attractive skin type Laperla Solanum 0.0 Smooth, bright skin, average yield, below average specific gravity. Libertie Harmony x Diva (Caithness) 0.8 Moderately resistant to bruising, dry rot, common and powdery scab, susceptible to PVY, variable appearance, oblong tuber shape. Nadine Caithness 0.9 Resistance to potato cyst nematode, bright skin color and appearance , light skin netting Onaway USDAX96 -56 x Katahdin 0.5 Early maturity, average specific gravity, used primarily out -of-the field for fresh market, minimal internal defects, not recommended for storage, deep eyes, very high yield. Reba (NY 87) Monona x Allegany 1.0 High yield, bright tuber appearance, low incidence of internal defects, medium specific gravity , resistance to golden nematode Ro1, common scab, verticillium wilt, and early blight, susceptible to late blight and PVY (2019 Round W hite Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Superior USDA96 -56 x M59.44 0.8 Early maturity, round to oblong tubers, deep eyes, resistant to net necrosis and common scab, susceptible to verticillium wilt, pressure bruise issues in long -term storage , dark netted skin. White Beauty New Zealand 0.9 Resistant to PVY and common scab, susceptible to late blight, high yield , anthocyanin pigmentation at apical ends. AF5280 -5 ND7799C -1 x ND860 -2 0.9 Average yield potential, susceptible to vascular discoloration, early maturity , attractive round shape. AF5819 -2 1.0 Poor skin finish, attractive tuber shape, good internal quality, high yield and specific gravity MSV179 -1 LBR8 x MSL211 -3 1.3 Large round tubers, uniform type, early season maturity, good internal quality, high yield potential. MSW407 -7 E69.6 x MSL766 -1 1.3 Attractive tuber shape, netted skin, very early maturity, very high specific gravity, high percentage A -sized tubers. MSX194 -3 Missaukee x CO95051 -7W 0.9 Rough netted skin, flattened tuber shape, good internal quality, average yield potential MSX398 -2 Lamoka x Stirling 1.9 Round tuber shape, below average yield, poor internal quality including hollow heart and brown center, high specific gravity. (2019 Round White Varieties cont.) Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSZ551 -1 MSM182 -1 x MSL268 -D 1.3 Round tuber type, sticky stolons, high specific gravity, above average yield, high percentage A -sized tubers. MSZ598 -2 MSS576 -5SPL x Superior 1.0 Below average yield and specific gravity, moderate alligator hide. NDAF102629C -4 0.3 Bright skin, round tubers, slight skinning, good internal quality, below average yield potential. WAF13058 -1 1.0 Smaller tuber sized profile, mainly B -sized tubers, good internal quality, below average specific gravity. * Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at various trial locations throughout Michigan. 2019 Novelty Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2019 Scab Rating* Characteristics Blackberry (MSV109 -10PP) COMN07 -W112BGA x MSU200 -5PP 0.5 Moderate silver scurf, very dark red/purple skin color, good internal quality, average yield potential Michigan Purple W870 x Maris Piper 1.3 Lighter purple skin, moderate skinning, severe silver scurf MSV443 -1PP MSU200 -5PP x NDTX4271 -5R 0.6 Mid to full season maturity, moderate silver scurf , dark purple skin color, recessed stem ends, good internal quality MSZ252 -2P MSS156 -2Y x W6609 -3 0.0 Variable skin color, high specific gravity, size profile split between A and B -sized tubers MSZ413 -6P Colonial Purple x MSU200 -5PP 0.6 Pointed ends, moderate skinning, smooth and waxy skin type MSZ413 -7PP Colonial Purple x MSU200 -5PP 0.5 Dark and uniform skin color, small tuber size profile, average specific gravity. MSZ416 -8R/Y MSN2301RY x NDTX4271 -5R 0.0 Rougher, netted skin texture, medium yellow flesh, moderate vascular discoloration. MSZ436 -2SPL MSS576 -5SPL x MSQ440 -2 0.9 Pinto type variety with purple and white skin, but mainly white skin observed in 2019, inconsistent t ype and appearance. MSZ552 -5P MSM182 -1 x Colonial Purple 0.0 Highest novelty yield in 2019, high incidence of hollow heart, slight skinning * Scab rat ing based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at trial locations throughout Michigan. LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs AsOVPOSP GR 2HHVDIBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR 7VINE MATURITY 8COMMENTS Reveille Russet abcdeghklmn 524596877602761.071 26300.4 2.6 3.1 mod skinning, uniform type A08433-4sto abcdeghiklmn 4665718111641781.079 165000.3 2.9 3.8 misshapen pos, points, sl gc Silverton Russet abcdefhklmn 4375398211641871.073 46610.2 3.4 3.5 mod gc, points, bottlenecking Alta Cloud Russet l4355617810726121.078 20103100.0 2.0 3.5 heavy russetting, bottlenecking Russet Norkotah abcdefhiklmn 4255357715611681.074 4315040.7 2.9 2.7 severe pinkete, mod ah A071012-4BFRUS abcdefklmn 4065147912572291.084 354011.0 3.4 3.8 tubular, knobs, misshapen, long shape A07061-6RUS abcdefhklmn 3925027815552371.078 66101.0 3.5 3.5 light russet skin, variable skin finish AOR07781-5 abcdefhklmn 39151275136114121.087 206100.0 3.6 3.7 attractive appearance, sl skinning River Russet bcefhklmn 3885187685125161.074 303610.2 3.0 3.2 poor shape and size, misshapen Vanguard abcdeghiklmn 3654507816661261.067 09100.3 2.6 2.1 blocky, attractive type, tr ah Pacific Russet bcdeghklmn 361470712563841.068 012000.6 3.3 2.4 variable type, points, deep apical ends Castle Russet abcdefhiklmn 3514287917691041.086 3611040.1 2.4 3.5 dark skin, nice appearance Payette Russet ci3144277216675121.091 1020000.5 1.5 2.8 skinning, blocky shape AO02183-2 abcdefhijklmn 313450642862281.086 1423120.3 2.8 3.4 tubular, bottlenecking, mod ah Dakota Russet ik3084047619631351.083 05000.5 2.5 3.3 silverton type, mod ah CO10091-1RUS cefhklmn 292418682866241.083 1913810.1 1.7 3.3 smaller tubers, sl skinning, rounder Goldrush Russet cef 244354662761571.076 173992.7 1.8 attract ive dark russet skin Ranger Russet ci2434844839471131.095 730001.2 3.0 3.0 tubular, dark skin, mod ah Clearwater Russet i216346623459341.087 070000.5 2.0 2.5 Russet Burbank eij1424343043291271.080 1515000.7 3.5 3.2 oblong type, misshapen pos Umatilla Russet i111378296229091.087 030001.5 2.5 2.0 smaller tubers, inconsistent shape MEAN 3394716922581191.080 1414220.2.8 3.1 2019 RUSSET VARIETY TRIAL SITES 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3RAW TUBER QUALITY 4COMMON SCAB RATING a 4-L Farms, Allegan County Russets Data not replicated (percent 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions b Crawford Farms, Montcalm County Bs: < 4 oz HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions c Elmaple Farms, Kalkaska County As: 4 - 10 oz VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low d Horkey Brothers, Monroe County OV: > 10 oz IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers e Jenkins Farms, Kalkaska County PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers f Kitchen Farms, Antrim County 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions g Kitchen Farms Mini Bulk Trial, Antrim County h Lennard Ag. Co., St. Clair County 5VINE VIGOR RATING 6VINE MATURITY RATING i Montcalm Research Center, Montcalm County Date: Variable Date: Variable j NFPT Trial Selected Varieties, St. Joseph County Rating 1-5 Rating 1-5 k Styma Potato Farm, Presque Isle County 1: Slow emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) l Verbirgghe Farms, Delta County 5: Early emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) m Walther Farms Norkotah Fertility Trial, St. Joseph County n Walther Farms Silverton Fertility Trial, St. Joseph County 2019 Michigan Statewide Russet Potato Variety TrialsOverall Averages- Fourteen LocationsCWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs AsOVPOSP GR 2HHVDIBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR 7VINE MATURITY 8WAXINESS 7FLESH COLOR 8WAXINESS 7SKIN COLOR 9UNIFORMITY 10SILVER SCURF 11COMMENTS Arizona abcdefhik 539639841376831.062 58021.8 3.1 2.2 2.3 1.5 oval to long, sl scurf MSBB343-2Y dfk 51956991791021.085 1038001.6 3.8 3.0 1.8 2.1 uniform type, gc in pos MSX156-1Y abcdegk 51755489985421.071 641941.4 3.2 3.3 2.2 2.0 larger type, buff skin Electra abcdeghik 4515827315703121.065 010000.8 2.8 3.3 2.5 2.7 flat oval type, netted skin MSV093-1Y acdefhil 423477861378721.074 11430.3 3.6 3.1 2.1 2.2 rough netted skin, deep apical ends MST252-01Y def 407523781478081.078 717000.7 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.2 flattened oval type, sl silver scurf Noah k396495801279181.071 013000.7 3.5 3.0 2.7 1.3 pointed pos, pitted scab Obama abcdeghik 392489751974251.066 026000.8 3.8 2.7 2.5 2.7 oval to oblong, buff skin, mod ah Actrice abcdeghik 384480712470151.059 213210.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.5 deep apical eyes, oval, netting Paroli k383454841084061.064 010000.5 4.0 1.5 3.3 2.3 gc in pos, attractive waxy skin Fioretta abcdeghik 380636563655181.068 012000.8 3.9 3.2 2.6 3.3 smooth skin, non uniform type Yukon Gold abdefhikl 354408851080551.082 159141.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.7 netted skin, pitted scab NY149 abcdefhik 326423722269361.081 315120.7 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.4 netted skin Captain k319397801280081.065 040000.0 3.5 1.5 2.8 1.3 poor shape, blocky Picobello fhk 290483593459071.070 011001.7 3.2 2.5 2.8 2.2 many misshapen tubers Queen Anne abcdeghijk 287515544454021.060 08000.5 3.1 2.6 3.9 3.1 oval, bright skin, smooth SF Vario abefhk 2694515523550221.065 27421.3 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.0 buff skin Nixie k138292475247011.079 00000.2 3.5 2.3 2.7 2.2 smapp, bright, points in pos CO10064-1W/Y a09207400261.075 004000.0 1.5 3.5 1.5 3.5 pointed pos, netted skin MEAN 357472692368271.071 313410.8 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 NDAF113484B-1 abcdefhi 399451851281431.063 020600.6 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.6 3.1 2.8 mod scurf and skinning, sl greening Red Prairie (W8405-1R) abdefhik 398517732271341.066 0131800.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 2.7 3.4 2.0 lighter skin color, points, flattened Dark Red Norland abcdefhikl 378449831381241.064 218700.5 3.5 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.3 mod silver scurf, variable skin color Roko acdefhik 367516672767061.074 052200.7 3.4 3.6 2.8 2.5 3.5 2.2 mod silver scurf, dark skin, oval CO99076-6R k35938593593021.076 010000.0 3.5 2.3 3.2 3.2 4.0 1.8 sticky stolons, dark skin Red Marker #2 jl34738890687341.080 020000.3 4.0 3.3 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 Cerata k332383871187021.068 07000.2 4.2 3.2 3.3 2.3 4.2 0.0 lighter skin color Red Sunset abcdeghik 325418742472221.063 020101.2 3.3 2.3 3.1 2.0 3.1 1.9 variable skin color and finish, silver scurf NY164 abdefhik 314376771977041.067 03001.0 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.3 3.4 2.1 mod skinning, uniform type and skin CO98012-5R bcek 297393552473031.073 88501.9 2.0 2.5 3.5 3.8 3.4 2.5 W8893-1R abcdeghik 232337623460241.061 614010.5 3.2 1.7 3.3 2.9 3.3 2.5 nice appearance, silver scurf, attractive skin Autumn Rose abcdefhik 216389514151171.077 012000.7 3.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 3.8 2.1 MSAA182-3R ehl 215350623562031.081 713030.3 3.0 3.5 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.3 round, sticky stolons CO99256-2R l145182792179001.072 00000.0 1.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 round type, attractive skin color Isle Royale (MSX569-1R) akj 77117643264041.054 01910170.3 2.3 2.0 3.2 3.4 3.4 1.7 nice skin, sl gc MEAN 293377732274131.069 212510.6 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.4 2.1 Onaway dh590745821281161.068 030000.5 3.5 3.0 2.8 deep eyes, non uniform AF5819-2 ef495596831683011.082 010001.0 3.8 2.3 3.0 poor skin finish, nice shape MSV179-1 adefghi 49053089580961.076 66301.3 3.3 3.8 2.0 large, round, uniform, sl ah Superior ef457590771677071.083 025000.8 4.3 2.0 3.5 dark netted skin MSZ551-1 de44649990790031.083 10101551.3 3.0 2.0 2.5 round type, sticky stolons White Beauty abcdeghi 436534801677251.079 04600.9 2.8 3.9 2.8 anthocyanins at apical ends, bottlenecking Reba bdefi 43350689681941.074 304001.0 3.2 3.0 2.2 deep eyes, variable appearance MSW407-7 de427533801580051.085 1510001.3 3.3 3.5 1.5 netted skin, nice shape Harmony abcdeghil 4055576820653121.061 871090.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 severe gc, nice skin AF5280-5 abdefhi 372448762069741.066 320100.9 3.9 2.5 2.6 attractive round shape, sl greening Nadine abdefhi 366533702369171.061 061400.9 3.4 2.8 2.4 sl netting, misshapen pos Laperla k328473692969021.061 023000.0 4.3 1.7 3.2 1.2 smooth, bright skin Bridget abcdefhik 305463603558251.081 012111.1 3.4 3.1 1.8 flaky, rough skin, netted, long oval MSX194-3 bdefhi 297395762274221.079 05000.9 3.3 3.4 2.0 rough netted skin, flattened shape AAC Hamer abcdfhik 283385692766341.077 48931.6 4.0 2.3 2.2 small round, surface scab NDAF102629C-4 abdefhi 267348722068481.073 05000.3 3.3 2.4 3.0 bright, sl skinning, round Libertie adeghik 2174164737443161.066 013000.8 2.9 2.8 3.3 variable appearance, oblong MSZ598-2 af2122925432532131.068 0102501.0 3.5 3.3 2.0 internal defects, mod ah MSX398-2 defh 171240722572031.080 25105151.9 2.3 3.0 2.3 round WAF13058-1 a491443451340151.059 010001.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 MEAN 352461722270261.073 511421.0 3.4 2.8 2.5 RED SKIN 2019 Michigan Statewide Tablestock Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages- Thirteen LocationsCWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) YELLOW FLESH YELLOW SKIN TYPE RED SKIN TYPE ROUND WHITE TYPE MSZ552-5P b416512811681031.092 600000.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 2.5 1.5 sl skinning MSV443-1PP abef 348459673464021.072 00000.6 2.3 3.6 2.4 4.5 3.5 3.0 deep stem ends, gc MSZ436-2SPL aefhl 310371791879031.065 08000.9 3.0 2.9 2.4 0.5 1.5 1.5 minimal splashing, mainly white skin Michigan Purple adefhi 308384771774361.077 210301.3 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.6 light skin, mod skinning MSZ413-6P aef 2604247026591141.078 013000.6 2.7 3.0 3.2 4.2 3.5 3.8 pointed ends, skinning Blackberry (MSV109-10PP) af225399366236021.076 00000.5 2.5 3.5 2.3 5.0 3.3 3.3 mod silver scurf MSZ252-2P aef 178350464646081.081 015000.0 2.8 3.7 2.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 misshapen pos, variable color MSZ416-8R/Y ae154242553954161.069 030500.0 3.3 3.8 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.8 2.8 rough skin texture MSZ413-7PP ae90197425442041.072 00000.5 2.8 3.5 3.0 5.0 4.3 3.3 darker skin color, silver scurf MEAN 254371613559241.076 78100.5 2.9 3.4 2.5 3.7 3.2 2.9 TRIAL MEAN 326431702468261.072 412410.8 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.3 2.4 2019 TABLESTOCK VARIETY TRIAL SITES a 4-L Farms, Allegan County 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3RAW TUBER QUALITY 4COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR RATING 6VINE MATURITY RATING b Crawford Farms, Montcalm County Non-russet tablestock Data not replicated (percent of tubers out of 10) 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions Date: Variable Date: Variable c Hampton Potato Growers, Bay County Bs: < 1 7/8" HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions Rating 1-5 Rating 1-5 d Horkey Brothers, Monroe County As: 1 7/8" - 3 1/4" VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 1: Slow emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) e Jenkins Farms, Kalkaska County OV: > 3 1/4" IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 5: Early emergence 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) f Kitchen Farms, Antrim County PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers g Kitchen Farms Mini Bulk, Antrim County 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions h Styma Potato Farms, Presque Isle County i Verbrigghe Potato Farms, Delta County 7WAXINESS RATING 9SKIN COLOR 10 UNIFORMITY OF SKIN COLOR 11 SILVER SCURF j Walther Farms Early Generation, Tuscola County 1: Heavy netting, buff 1: White 1: Light pink 1: Highly variable, non-uniform 0: No incidence of silver scurf k Walther Farms Replicated, Tuscola County 5: Waxy, smooth 5: Dark red 5: Highly uniform, color throughout 5: High incidence of silver scurf 5: Dark yellow 8FLESH COLOR NOVELTY TYPE LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 BsAsOVPOSP GR 2HH VDIBS BCCOMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR 7VINE MATURITY 8COMMENTS AOR13064-2 59464392587531.087 040000.0 4.0 2.5 good overall appearance ND113100-1Russ 5156547955524161.071 1020000.0 3.0 2.0 pointed ends ND13243B-3Russ 5038256114592251.076 001000.5 3.0 3.5 severe bottlenecking A11188-1 492542914712051.064 00001.0 3.0 3.0 trace growth crack, alligator hide A10071-1 481569851579601.071 00000.0 4.5 4.0 nice dark russet skin type, good appearance A10595-13sto 477688692561861.071 1000200.0 4.0 2.0 lighter russet, alligator hide, non uniform AF5492-6 4625558315731021.079 010000.0 3.5 3.5 nice type and appearance OR12133-10 4617546116547231.089 00000.5 3.5 4.0 pointed, misshapen, non uniform type A10594-8VR 45962474126311141.093 80100200.0 3.5 5.0 moderate to severe pinkeye, irregular tuber type COA11013-2 456460722170271.066 10201000.5 4.0 3.0 gc, misshapen ND12241YB-2Russ 44661673116013161.089 2002000.5 2.5 2.5 pointed, misshapen A10007-3 4315258211711171.063 0101000.0 4.0 4.5 moderate alligator hide, non uniform AOR11217-3 404560722171171.085 3020000.0 3.5 3.0 tubular A12115-16sto 385677573455291.075 020000.5 3.5 3.5 variable skin color, pointed ends, black dot A10508-2LB 3774987612697121.077 003000.5 3.0 3.5 knobs, points, moderate alligator hide ND13242B-8Russ 3744698015701051.077 00000.5 2.0 3.0 non uniform tuber type A10611-3adg 3635716315621221.072 020000.0 2.5 3.0 bottlenecking, misshapen A09086-1LB 35250270155713151.092 00000.5 4.0 4.5 light skin, light russetting A11194-1 3384157218711101.069 010000.0 4.0 4.0 A11326-1 3376025620560241.092 20100100.5 3.0 4.0 heat sprouting, alligator hide AOR08540-1 3335815729570141.078 50100100.5 3.0 3.0 tubular, bottlenecking CO11009-3RU 327446741970471.074 1000001.0 1.0 3.5 nice dark russet skin type, good appearance A11234-2 327477692265491.075 00000.5 3.0 4.0 light russeting ND13288-2Russ 319489652864171.083 010000.5 3.5 2.0 bottleneck A09119-4LB 3184337414713121.079 00000.5 3.5 4.0 non uniform tuber type, gc AOR12149-1 268567487444451.066 040000.5 4.0 3.0 tubular, knobby, bottlenecking, gc A07769-4 267343782077121.074 020000.5 3.0 3.0 smaller uniform tuper type Ranger Russet 2555174928490231.094 00000.5 3.0 3.5 tubular, bottlenecking A12114-7 2173426423604131.077 010000.0 3.0 3.0 gc, bottlenecking A12314-1sto 2043485825580171.078 010000.5 3.0 3.5 non uniform tuber type A11737-1LB 198283702367371.068 010001.5 3.0 3.0 AO02183-2 1895023842380201.079 1020000.0 3.0 2.5 poor type and appearance CO10094-5RU 62149415240171.075 00000.0 1.0 3.0 Russet Burbank 4954093390581.076 010000.0 3.5 3.0 poor quality, many pickouts ND13243B-14Russ 2.0 2.0 Walther NFPT and Added Lines Planting: 4/16/19 Vine Kill: 8/19/19 Harvest: 9/18/19 GDD 40: 3243 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) WAF14006-6 555655847711391.072 0101000.0 3.0 2.5 nice appearance, but severe gc in pos COAF13066-1 5546708312641951.084 010000.0 3.0 3.0 AF6073-3 5436798075030131.070 1010000.0 3.0 3.0 has pink eyes AF6104-11 5366937715581981.069 020000.5 4.0 2.5 rot, misshapen Pos AAF10736-2 489792622959391.081 030000.5 4.0 3.0 pointed, netting, light russetting WAF14010-3 481555861181531.071 0102000.0 3.5 2.0 dark skin, trace black dot AF6061-1 4696597185318211.083 050001.0 2.5 4.0 non uniform tuber type AF6075-1 4627915936332651.066 010000.0 4.5 3.0 done NDAF1316Y-1 4526956616588181.074 020000.0 3.5 2.5 pointed misshapen pos, non uniform tubers AF6075-9 4267415818535241.061 020000.0 3.0 3.0 bottleneck, misshapen, heat sprouts AF6104-6 4165277917631641.071 020000.0 3.5 3.0 attractive tuber type COTX08063-2Rus 408535762174231.102 010000.5 4.0 3.0 AF6110-3 40854575104827151.067 20100100.5 3.5 3.0 poor type and appearance AF6086-7 402519772075231.072 030000.0 3.5 1.5 smaller uniform tuber type COAF13004-1 401507791978121.082 010000.0 3.0 2.0 WAF13027-2 400450899741521.064 010000.0 3.0 1.5 very good type and appearance COAF11018-10 398458871185221.077 020000.0 2.5 1.5 nice type and appearance AF6075-8 3939624110347491.068 020000.5 4.0 3.0 many misshapen tubers AAF11263-1 390457865622491.099 010000.5 2.0 3.0 minor scurf, trace black dot AAF09137-1 3847055417513291.078 0101000.0 3.5 3.0 tubular, bottlenecking WAF14165-7 380437879711641.073 030000.0 3.0 1.5 nice dark russet skin type, good appearance AF5735-8 347497702163791.070 200001.0 2.5 3.5 AF6118-5 329677498472431.085 010000.5 2.5 3.5 bottlenecking AF6132-4 3268184013319471.069 101010200.0 4.0 3.0 light russeting, bottlnecking, misshapen COTX08322-10Rus 30144568185810141.070 030000.0 3.0 2.5 growth crack AF6079-3 277380732369441.075 00000.0 3.5 3.5 AAF10536-3 2644765517532281.089 010000.0 3.0 2.5 bottlenecking AF6073-5 4.0 3.0 MEAN 3815596818618141.077 712210.3 3.2 3.0 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR RATING Russets Data not replicated (perc ent of tubers out of 10) Date: 6/3/19 Bs: < 4 oz HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions Rating 1-5 As: 4 - 10 oz VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 1: Slow emergence OV: > 10 oz IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 6VINE MATURITY RATING FIELD DATA Date: 8/12/19 Planting Date 4/16/19 Ra ting 1-5 Vine Kill Date 8/19/19 1: Early (vines completely dead) Harvest Date 9/18/19 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) Days (planting to vine kill) 125Days (planting to harvest) 155GDD 40 MAWN Station Mendon GDD 40 (planting to vine kill) 3243Seed Spacing 10"3RAW TUBER QUALITY 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 5: Early emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs AsOVPOSP GR 2HHVDIBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR 7VINE MATURITY 8WAXINESS 7FLESH COLOR 8WAXINESS 7SKIN COLOR 9UNIFORMITY 10SILVER SCURF 11COMMENTS Queen Anne 312501623662021.064 020000.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 ATX05202S-3W/Y 257373693169001.085 00000.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 flattened oval type MEAN 285437663366011.075 0100003.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 NDAF113484B-1 50256389789031.065 030000.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 high yield, good color, some scurf ND1394-5RY 42345593593021.074 040000.5 4.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 good size, round, slight netting FC160106-1R/Y 41946091991001.071 0101000.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 2.0 ND13136Y-2R 415490851585001.081 010000.0 5.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 uniform size, netting, red purple skin ND14113Y-5R 40943095495011.073 00000.0 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 good color, oval, sl flattened, some net and scurf MSURed Marker #2 35538094588520.0 4.0 3.0 CO00277-2R 34137391791021.085 030000.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 good color and size ND14113Y-3R 338413821882001.081 00000.0 4.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 some points and scurf, good shape, some net MSAA182-3R 333474703070001.075 030000.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.5 uniform CO15205-4R 304346881188011.079 030000.0 4.5 2.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 nice color, round, netted scurf NDTX4784-7R 27329293793001.060 0201000.0 2.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 1.0 uniform round tuber type ND1438Y-6R 269338792179001.076 050000.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 1.0 sticky stolons, round, medium color ND1411Y-1R 26729192892001.095 010000.0 4.0 1.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 some net, nice shape and skin color CO15211-5R 266377702970011.068 020000.0 4.0 2.0 3.5 6.0 4.0 3.5 oblong to oval shape, nice skin ND1466CB-1R 265322821582031.072 6010000.0 3.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 some scurf, but nice type and darker red color ND13292B-3R 260332782278001.076 020002.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 dark red color, sl pitted scab, sl scurf CO14105-1R 254290881288001.064 020000.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 oval, some skinning, few gc CO14074-1R 249366683268001.074 030000.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 0.5 small/mini, some scurf, good color CO15084-6R 248406613461051.062 0101000.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 1.5 dark skin, scurf AF6027-2 23227585984061.079 00000.0 3.5 3.0 attractive shape CO14040-3R 215370584158011.071 00000.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.5 4.0 1.5 smooth waxy skin, silver scurf, small and uniform CO15219-3R 201382534753001.085 010001.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 nice shape, some scurf, mini CO14048-2R 188321594059011.074 00000.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 nice red skin, oval, consistent type,, silver scurf ND13236C-10R 152287534453031.070 030000.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 small, uniform, some rhizoc, few pears CO15084-4R 145249584258001.075 010000.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 1.5 dark red min,i some netting CO14043-2R 118208574257011.068 020000.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 some silver scurf, nice shape and type MSFF148-1R 111457732773001.074 00000.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 5.0 4.5 0.5 unique purple red, round, sl deep eyes CO15233-1R 105239445644001.076 030000.0 3.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 1.0 good color, mini, sl skinning CO15206-1R/Y 103193544654001.073 020000.0 4.0 1.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 1.0 mini, round, nice skin ND13236C-3R 91207445644001.074 020000.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 1.0 small, mini, uniform MSFF305-2R 91310881288001.082 040000.0 4.5 3.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 2.0 nice red color, sl deep eyes MSFF305-1R 82276891189001.076 0.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 1.0 good color, sl net Isle Royale (MSX569-1R) 6491703070001.053 020000.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 0.5 ND13292B-1R 56152376337001.078 030000.0 3.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 2.0 good color, mini, ok shape, some scurf MSFF339-2R 40189633863001.065 020000.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 good color, some pears CO15121-1R 35145247624004.0 1.5 nice dark skin, mini, round MSFF225-04R 26153504950001.070 010000.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 4.0 2.0 unique red purple skin, sl scurf CO15121-3R 2389257425001.078 3.5 1.0 nice, uniform, small, waxy, smooth MSFF141-01R 21134465446001.079 020000.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 2.0 red to purple skin, oval MSFF138-04R 11116287228001.091 002000.0 2.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 4.0 0.5 no scurf, good shape MEAN 207306693169011.074 218100.1 3.4 2.4 3.3 3.7 3.8 1.9 TRIAL MEAN 211312693168011.074 218100.1 3.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.7 3.8 1.9 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3RAW TUBER QUALITY 4COMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR RATING 6VINE MATURITY RATING FIELD DATA Non-russet tablestock Data not replicated (percent of tubers out of 10) 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions Date: 6/25/19 Date: 8/26/19 Planting Date 5/15/19 Bs: < 1 7/8" HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions Rating 1-5 Rating 1-5 Vine Kill Date 8/26/19 As: 1 7/8" - 3 1/4" VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 1: Slow emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) Harvest Date 9/19/19 OV: > 3 1/4" IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 5: Early emergence 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) Days (planting to vine kill) 103PO: Pickouts BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers Days (planting to harvest) 1275.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions GDD 40 MAWN Station Fairgrove GDD 40 (planting to vine kill) 27817WAXINESS RATING 9SKIN COLOR 10 UNIFORMITY OF SKIN COLOR 11 SILVER SCURF Seed Spacing 10"1: Heavy netting, buff 1: White 1: Light pink 1: Highly variable, non-uniform 0: No incidence of silver scurf 5: Waxy, smooth 5: Dark red 5: Highly uniform, color throughout 5: High incidence of silver scurf 5: Dark yellow YELLOW FLESH 8FLESH COLOR YELLOW RED SKIN TYPE RED SKIN 2019 Tablestock Potato Variety Trial Walther Farms Early Generation Selection Planting: 5/15/19 Vine Kill: 8/26/19 Harvest: 9/19/19 GDD 40: 2781 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) Volunteer Potato C ontrol -2019 MPIC Research Report Erin Burns Assistant Professor -Weed Science Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University Potatoes th at are left in the field after harvest are considered volunteer potatoes. Historically harsh winter temperatures kill tubers that remain in the field after harvest. Although, in regions where winters are mild and soil temperatures are not cold enough to kil l tubers left in the field, tubers can survive overwinter and become a serious weed problem the following spring . Not only do volunteer potatoes compete with crops and reduce yield, but they also harbor insects, disea ses, and nematodes that can infest neighboring or future potato crops. Volunteer potatoes may become more problematic in the future given current climate predictions. Further complicating this problem is the fact that volunteer potatoes are difficult to co ntrol. Currently, there are no herbicides available that will completely control volunteer potato es and significantly reduce the number of daughter tubers produced per plant . Research conducted evaluating volunteer potato control in Michigan was last condu cted in 2002. Since 2002, new HPPD ( 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase , pigment inhibitors) inhibiting herbicides have been approved for use in corn and may provide additional options for volunteer potato control. Furthermore, c ombinations of HPPD and PSI I (photosystem II) inhibitors exh ibit synergistic activity. Theref ore, the objective of this demonstration was to evaluate volunteer potato control with HPPD inhibiting herbicides alone and in combination with the PSII inhibitor atrazine to explore potenti al beneficial herbicide interactions. This study was conducted at two locations, the Montcalm Research Center near Lakeview, MI and in St. Johns, MI. With the help of Chris Long (MSU Potato Extension Specialist ), v olunteer po tatoes th by scattering seed pieces by hand and working into the ground with a cultipacker. Herbicide treatments (Tab le 1) were applied on July 17 th. Volunteer potatoes that were 6, 12, and 20 inches tall at the time of application were flagged, dug on August 15 th, daughter tubers counted , and weighed. Overall, the addition of atrazine to HPPD inhibiting herbicides improved volunteer potato control and in many treatments prevented daughter tuber formation. In general, as the size of volunteer potatoes increased control decreased. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission supported this research. Table 1. Postemergence herbicid e treatment list applied July 17 th. Herbicide Trade name Rate (Formulation/A) Additives Callisto 3 fl oz 1% COC + 8.5 lb/100 gal AMS Callisto + Aatrex (atrazine) 90 WG 3 fl oz + 0.5 lb a.i. 1% COC + 8.5 lb/100 gal AMS Armezon/Impact 0.75 fl oz 1% MSO + 17 lb/100 gal AMS Armezon/Impact + Aatrex 90 WG 0.75 fl oz + 0.5 lb a.i. 1% MSO + 17 lb/100 gal AMS Laudis 3 fl oz 1% MSO + 8.5 lb/100 gal AMS Laudis + Aatrex 90 WG 3 fl oz + 0.5 lb a.i. 1% MSO + 8.5 lb/100 gal AMS Acuron Flexi 2 qt 0.25% NIS Acuron Flexi + Aatrex 90 WG 2 qt + 0.5 lb a.i. 0.25% NIS COC = crop oil concentrate, AMS = ammonium sulfate, MSO = methylated seed oil, NIS = nonionic surfactant Figure 1. Mean daughter tubers produced per plant at the Montcalm Research Center location. Mean tubers (plant -1) values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 5). Figure 2. Mean daughter tuber weight at the Montcalm Research Center location. Mean tuber weight values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 5). Figure 3 . Mean weight per daughter tuber at the Montcalm Research Center location. Mean tuber weight values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 5). Figure 4. Mean daughter tubers produced per plant at the St. Johns, MI location. Mean tubers (plant -1) values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 5). Figure 5. Mean daughter tuber weight at the St. Johns, MI location . Mean tuber weight values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 0.0 5). Figure 6. Mean weight per daughter tuber at the St. Johns, MI location . Mean tuber weight values followed by the same letter are not significantly different ( P 0.0 5). Layering soil residual herbicides for troubleso me weed control in potatoes-2019 MPIC Research Report Erin Burns Assistant Professor-Weed Science Departmen t of Plant, Soil , and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University Many troublesome weeds (horseweed/marestail, common waterhemp, palm er amaranth, common lambsquarters, and foxtails) in MI are shifting emergence patterns from a single early flush in the spring to extend ed emergen ce throughou t the summ er, therefore outlasting pre-emergence residual herbicid e activity . Later emerging weed s can no t on ly hav e yield impacts, bu t also be a harvest nuisance. Layering a residual soil-applied herbicid e along with the post-emergenc e herbicid e pass is one way to maintain a barrier to weed s emerging later in the growing season. Therefore , objectiv e two is to evaluat e layering different group 14 (examp les Tuscany/Reflex ) and 15 (examples Outlook/Du al) herbicid es at two timings for season long we ed control. Overall , year on e results suggest both group 14 and 15 herbicides provide residual control and layering dual postemergence will improve season long weed control. Data presented in the table below. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission supported this research. Impro vin g Productivity and Sustainability in Potato Production System s by Increasing Cropping System Diversity Investigators: Chris Long*, Potato Specialist ; Lisa Tiemann , Soil Microbiology ; Noah Rosenzweig, Plant Pathology ; Erin Hill, Cover Crop Specialist; Marisol Quintanilla**, Applied Nematologist ; Monica Jean ***, Field Crops Extension Educator *Dept. of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824; longch@msu.edu; 517/353-0277 ** Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State University 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 ***Michigan State University Extension, Delta County, 2840 College Ave. Escanaba, MI 49829 Abstract: Due to commercial production practices, s oils in potato systems in Michigan experience a sig nificant level of degradation. Mineral withdrawal, poor soil structure and soil microbial community disruption caused by intensive management practices are considered the primary dri vers of soil degradation. Disruption of microbial communities affect s both physical and chemical soil properties as they contribute to aggregate formation and control soil organic matter (SOM) accrual , decomposition, and nitrogen (N) mineralization . We are proposing an additive process for current potato production systems that increases cropping system diversity and rebuilds microbial co mmunity diversity and function. We propose that increas ing diversity in the cropping system will lead to greater soil microbial activity, improve nutrient cycling and pathogen suppression, increase soil physical structure , and ultimately , improve soil productivity and crop yields. We will begin by identifying grass species that can add large amounts of biomass to potato production systems, and act as non-hosts to Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans , the two interacting organisms that cause potato early die syndrome. The optimal grass species will then be added to a legume monoculture commonly used in potato produ ction systems . Results of our research will establish the value of added diversity in a cropping system and provide the potato industry with management recommendations on the efficacy of pearl millet varieties and grasses to improve cropping system productivity. We will document the additive effects of biodiversity in potato cropping system s by measuring changes in microbial community populations and activity. We will quantify t hese factors by evaluating overall potato yield and tube r quality. The potato industry in Michigan w ill then have methods to increase cropping system diversity in potato production systems. Potato growers are seeking to optimize cultural practices and biomass production for these new additive cover crop specie s. A pearl millet optimization trial will occur at Cousineau™s Potato Farm in Hardwood, MI. This demonstration trial seek s to optimize mowing timing, seeding mix diversity and rate as well as variety selection to maximize both above and below ground bioma ss accumulation . Background: Due to commercial production practices , soils in Mic higan potato cropping system s experience a significant level of degradation. Mineral withdraw al, poor soil structure and soil microbial community disruption caused by intensive management practices are considered the primary drivers of soil degradation. Disruption of microbial communities affect s both soil physical and chemical pro perties because they contribute to aggregate formation and control soil organic matter (SOM) accrual , decomposition, and nitrogen (N) mineralization (Tiemann and Grandy, 2015; Plaza et al., 2013). Under intensive fumigation and tillage practices , soil microbes no long er function at optimal levels to maintain or improve soil structure , SOM and N cycling (Mbuthia et al., 2015; Klose et al., 2006; Toyota et al., 1999). A diverse m icrobial community also facilitates compet ition , which maintain s a balance d and healthy soil ecosystem . When soil-borne plant p athogens are unchecked by other soil organisms, production system s become out-of- balance , which lead s to pathogen pervasiveness and crop failure (Garbava et al., 2004; van Elsas et al., 2002). We propose that increasing diversity in the cropping system will lead to greater soil microbial activity, improve nutrient cycling and pathogen suppression, increase soil physical structure, and ultimately, improve soil productivity and crop yields ( Tiemann et al., 2015; van Elsas et al., 2002). We will start by identifying grass species that can add relatively large amounts of biomass to potato production system s, and act as non-hosts to Verticil lium dah liae and Pratylenchu s penetrans , the two interacting organisms that cause potato early die syndrome (Phase 1) . The optimal grass species will then be added to a legume monoculture commonly used in potato production systems (Phase 2) . The addition of one grass species into a potato production system is a relatively small increase in cropping system diversity, but even this sma ll change can help maintain or increase soil health (Tiemann et al., 2015; McDaniel et al., 2014) and increase the productivity of potato cropping system s. Potato systems that include alfalfa as part of the rotation may see the greatest benefits of increa sing cropping system diversity through the addition of a grass species. Several studies have shown that the combination of a grass and legume can have positive effects on microbial community diversity, activity, N mineralization and subsequent crop yields beyond those observed with grass or legume alone (Garbeva et al., 2004; Sainju et al., 2005; Altieri et al., 1999; Wagger et al., 1998). For example, compared to either crop as a monoculture, hairy vetch combined with rye produced greater cover crop bio mas s and greater subsequent crop biomass and grain yields (Sainju et al. 2005). Additionally, these same cover crop mixtures compared to monocultures had different effects on microbial biomass (Sainju et al., 2006). In a controlled laboratory soil incubation, decomposition of legume- grass mixtures resulted in increased microbial biomass and more even release of N (McDaniel et al., 2014; McDaniel et al., in revision). We hypothesize that the mixture of legume and grass species in a potato system rotation could provide some of these same benefits. Potato cropping systems in Michigan™s Upper Peninsula offers an ideal location to explore different culture practices in cover crop species (Phase 3) . We wil l investigate the effects of mowing timing , variety , variety combinations and seeding ra te on biomass accumulation. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucu ) and associated cultivars are warm season grasses that can produ ce large amount s of biomass. Foxtail or German millet ( Setaria italic ) and Japanese millet ( Echinochloa esculenta ) are other grass species with grower interest for biomass production in the Upper Peninsula. Additionally, the effect of m owing timing can delay bolting, prolong heading and delay maturation, thus increasing bio mas s production. Phase 1: Identification of Optimal Grass Species Objective 1: Identify pearl millet varieties and other grass species that produce the greatest amount of above and below ground biomass. Objective 2 : Identify which grass species are the poorest hosts to V. dahliae and P. penetrans . In the spring of 2015, 2016, and 2018, grass species comparison trial s occurred at the Montcalm Research Center (MRC) , Montcalm County, MI comparing performance of the grass varieties . We chose the grass species used in the 2015 trial based on previous research and anecdotal evidence that these species enhance disease and pes t suppression in potato systems. The varieties were evaluated for production of above and below ground biomass, maturity (as a function of bolting), and likelihood of being a non-host or nematode- antagonistic with respect to P. penetrans root lesion nematode. In 2015, the following species were evaluated : common oat, ( Avena s ativa , ‚IDA™ ); pearl millet, ( Pennisetum glaucum, ‚Tifleaf 3™, ‚Millex 32™, ‚CFPM 101™); proso m illet, ( Panicum miliaceum , ‚White™); German millet, ( Seta ria italica) ; foxtail millet, ( Setaria italica , ‚White Wonder™) and ; Japanese millet, (Echinochloa esculenta ). It was determined that the pearl millet varieties produced the highest amounts of biomass , while the Japanese millet varieties produced the lowest amount (Table 1) . Although not statistically significant, the pear l millet varieties tend ed to have fewer nem atodes present in the soil and on the root tissue than the other grass species tested (Table 1 ). In 2016, this land was planted with the potato variety ‚Superior.™ Based on previous grass crop history in 2015, potato yield, tuber quality and presence of V. dahliae and P. penetrans were evaluated . Potato production in the pearl millet treatments , specifically Tifleaf and Mi llex 32 , although not significantly significant , produced higher total yields (Table 2 ). Root lesion nematode numbers were not significantly different between treatments, but pearl mill et CFPM 101 had the lowest Verticillium concentration. In the spring of 2016, the three p earl millet varieties and four other grass species [corn, ( Zea mays spp .), sorghum sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese) , teff (Eragrostis tef ) and one other pearl millet variety ( P. glaucum ‚Wonderl eaf™)] underwent side- by-side screen ing at MRC to compare above and below ground biomass production and their effects on V. dahlia and P. penetrans abundance. The 2016 total biomass accumulation resu lts are list ed in Table 3. The corn control treatment produced the highest total biomass , but the grains were included in weight calculation, artificially inflating it. T here was no significant difference in total biomass produced between the remaining grass species. Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. Sudanese and t eff ‚Dessie™ produced the least amount of biomass. In 2017, we proposed repeating parts 1 and 2 of phase one of this proposal. Due to a trial planting error, part one of the study was not planted and will be delayed until the Spring of 2018. No cover crop bioma ss data was collected in 2017. Part two is replanting the 2016 cover crop study to the potato variety the following season (2019). Cover crop treatment effects on potato yield and quality performance in 2017 are presented in Table 4 . In 2018 six of the same cover crop species that were planted in 2016 were grown again in 2018. Pearl Millet ‚Millex 32™ was not grown. The same experimental design from previous years was used for this trial at the MRC. As in 2016, corn produced the highest above ground and total biomass as the ears were included in the weight calculations. However, the sorghum sudangrass had the highest biomass at the first cutting and pearl millets ‚Wonderleaf™ and ‚CFPM 101™ had the highest biomass at the second cutting. In 2018, biomass was measures on July 19 th, August 14 th, and finally on October 19 th. The two initial cuttings excluded the corn control treatment. Pearl millet ‚CFPM 101™ was also the tallest cover crop at the first and second cutting. The 2018 total biomass accu mulation results are listed in T able 5. 2018 was the last year of cover crop trials in Phase 1 of this project. Summary data is presented in Table 6. Twelve different cover crop varieties were evaluated in 2015, 2016, and 2018. While dates were variable between years, there w ere significant differences in cover crop above ground biomass at each of the three cutting dates. Common oat ‚Ida™ produced the most biomass at the first cutting while pearl millet ‚Millex 32™ produced the most biomass at the second cutting. Corn had the highest biomass at the third cutting as it was excluded from the first two cuttings and grain weight was included in the biomass. Therefore, corn had the highest total biomass over all three ears, followed by Teff and pearl millet ‚Wonderleaf.™ When below ground biomass was included in the total biomass calculation, pearl millet ‚Millex 32™ had the highest total root and shoot biomass after corn. When considering only below ground biomass, common oat ‚Ida™ had the second highest root biomass after corn. In 2019, potatoes were planted for a final year. The seven cover crop treatments in the 2017 potato evaluation were used again in 2019. As in previous years, the Pearl Millet species, including Millex 32 and Tifleaf 3 had higher yields, but were not statisti cally significant (Table 7). Excluding the percentage of pick outs, there were no statistically significant differences between cover crop treatments in 2019. Summar y data of the three years of potato production is presented in Table 9 . The Japanese Millet, Foxtail Millet, German Millet, and Oats treatments were only used in 2016. Treatments used all three years include Pearl Millet CFPM 101, Pearl Millet Millex 32, and Pearl Millet Tifleaf 3. All other treatments, including Pearl Millet Wonderleaf, Teff, Corn, and Sorghum Sudangrass were used in both the 2017 and 2019 potato crop. Potatoes planted after Pearl Millet Wonderleaf had the highest average total yield in 2017 and 2019. The Pearl Millet Millex 32 and Tifleaf 3 treatments also had high total yield s. There was some segregation between treatments in Root Lesion Nematode concentration. The Pearl Millet Wonderleaf treatment also had the lowest number of nematodes present per one gram of root tissue. The Teff, Pearl Millet Tifleaf 3, Sorghum Sudangrass, and Pearl Millet Millex 32 also had lower than average concentrations of nematodes in the root tissue. Phase 2: Incorporation of a Grass into a Potato Production System Objective 1 : Determine how an increas e in cropping system diversity a ffects SOM decomposition, N mineralization, soil microbial community diversity, and soil aggregation. Objective 2 : Determine which grass species confers the greatest benefits when used to increase cropping system diversity. In the sp ring of 2016, two separate cover crop plots were planted at Kitchen Farms, Elmira, MI. One plot was planted into a bare soil field, previously potatoes in 2015. The second plot was planted into a one- year -old alfalfa crop (two years out of potatoes). This plot was planted just after the first cutting of alfalfa . Both seedings used the same eight treatments. The first treatment was alfalfa alone followed by the three pearl millet varieties from the 2015 grass species trial, sorghum -sudan grass, teff, cereal rye, and annual rye grass. The grasses were co -seeded with alfalfa in the year one planting and were drilled into the standing alfalfa in the second year planting. All treatments were no -till drilled in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In these grass plus alfalfa plots, we measured above and below ground biomass production, soil respiration, potentially mineralizable C and N, and extra -cellular enzyme activities . From the co -seeded plot data (Table 9) the warm season grasses wit h the exception of teff and annual ryegrass produced the most total biomass and reduced al falfa biomass accumulation compared to the alfalfa alone treatment. Pearl millet ‚CFPM 101™ had t he highest above ground biomass. All treatment seeding rates will be adjusted as we proceed to balance the bioma ss production of both species. The interseeded plot data (Table 10 ) shows that pearl millet Tifleaf 3 outperformed all other treatments except Millex 32 in biomass production. This demonstrates that cultivar specificity is important in relative competition with alfalfa. None of the interseeded grass species significantly reduced alfalfa production. In 2017 , planting rates were adjusted and the number of grass species and cultivars tested were reduced to the most promising. Mowing times were inconsistent among years. The 2017 treatments were planted June 14 th and included pearl millet (Canadian forage pearl millet 10, Millex 32, Tifleaf 3) and sorghum sudangrass (Super sugar), plus a control treatment with only alfalfa. In 2017, the alfalfa alone treatment in the co -seeded plot produced a significantly higher amount of biomass. In the interseeded plots, there was not significant differences, but Millex 32 and Super sugar produced the largest amount of total bioma ss in conjunction wi th alfalfa (Table 10 ). Cover crop research at Kitchen Farms concluded in 2017. The results of both the co- seeded and interseeded plots are summarized in Tables 11 and 12 , respectively. In the co -seeded trial Sorghum sudangrass produced the most belowground biomass at 1827 lb/A, while pearl millet ‚CFPM 101™ produced the least. Sorghum sudangrass and ‚CFPM101™ produced the most total biomass, although there was no statistically significant difference between the cover crop species. Alfalfa produced the highest biomass when co- seeded with pearl millet ‚Tifleaf 3™ and ‚CFPM 101.™ Finally, there was the lowest amount of weed biomass in the ‚CFPM 101,™ ‚Tifleaf 3,™ and sorghum sudangrass co- seeded plots. There was no significant diff erence in the number of nematodes present between cover crop treatments in these two years in both the co- seeded and interseeded plots. In the interseeded trial pearl millet ‚Tifleaf 3™ produced the highest above ground biomass while Teff produced the lowe st. Alfalfa produced the higest biomass when grown in conjunction with Teff, but this was likely due to the poor stand of Teff and resulted in an imbalanced grass:alfalfa biomass ratio. In all treatments, the alfalfa biomass was a factor of 10 larger than the grass biomass (Table 1 1). In 2018, ‚Superior™ potatoes were planted over the co- seeded and interseeded plots at Kitchen Farms. Potatoes grown over the co- seeded CFPM 101 pearl millet treatment had the highest yield in the co-seeded tr ial, while pota toes grown over Interseeded Tifleaf 3 had the highest total yield in the Interseeded trial (Table 13). There were no statistically significant differences in yield, size breakdown, or potato internal quality in 2018. Additionally, there was no significant difference in root lesion nematode concentration between the co -seeded and Interseeded trial or between different cover crop treatments within a trial. Table 9 : 2016 Crop Biomass (lb/A) at Kitchen Farms Table 10 : 2017 Crop Biomass (lb/A) at Kitchen Farms Table 11: 2016 and 2017 Co- Seeded Crop Biomass at Kitchen Farms Table 12: 2016 and 2017 Interseeded Crop Biomass at Kitchen Farms Table 13 : Potato Yield at Kitchen Farm Phase 3: Determine Best Management Practices for Pearl M illet Growth in the Upper Peninsula Objective 1 : Determine best management practices for optimizing pearl millet growth in the Upper Peninsula. For the past two seasons a grass cover crop demonstration trial has been planted at the Cousineau™s seed potato farm in Hardwood, MI. In addition, the Cousineau family has been planting various millet species on a larger scale in the year before potatoes. It is unclear how planting time and mowing impacts biomass production at this northern latitude. Based on observations, plants that emerged following a mid-May planting but appear ed stunted, whereas planting in late- May or early -June resulted in more vigorous growth during the shorter growing season of these warm -season grasses. Mowing could b enefit this sys tem by potentially increasing biomass accumulation and breaking up residues that can impede field operations during the potato season. At the end of the season, total biomass was calculated for each planting rate and mowing treatment. The highest yield occurred in the 22 lbs/A mowed treatment, and the lowest yield occurred in the 15 lbs/A non- mowed treatment (Table 14) . No statistical analysis was conducted. Table 14 : Planting Rate, Mowing Treatment, and Total Biomass of CFPM 101 in 2017 Materials and Methods: Phase 1 The first part of this phase of the project is the pearl millet screening study. Nine grass species were planted in 2015 in a four replication, randomized block design at the MRC in early June. . Each plot is 20 by 45 feet. Each grass species was seeded at a depth of one inch and at a rate of fifteen lbs/A. Each grass plot was evaluated for above ground biomass production using one 0.25 m 2 quadrat prior to each mowing during the growing season and prior to the killi ng frost. Below ground biomass was evaluated once just prior to a killing frost. In 2016 ‚Superior™ potatoes were planted over the cover crop plots. Root lesion nematode concentration in the soil and plant roots was evaluated, and plant stems were tested for the presence of V. dahliae . The potatoes were harvested, graded, evaluated for internal quality and common scab. Also in 2016, seven cover crop species were planted using the same experimental design in 2015. In 2017, the potato variety ‚Superior™ was planted over the 2016 grass species trial at MRC. Sixteen, 34 inch rows were planted perpendicular to the grass trial plots. The in-row seed spa cing for the ‚Superiors™ was 10 inches. Four, 15 foot plots were harvested from the potatoes in each of the gra ss plots in the fall . Each potato plot was evaluated for US#1 and total yield, internal tuber quality, specific gravity, early die syndrome, vine maturity and the abundance of V. dahliae and P. penetrans (2016 only). In 2018 six cover crop species were planted using the same experimental design as in 2017. Phase 2 This experiment was set up as a randomized complete block with eight treatments in 2016 and five treatments in 2017. The 2016 grass species were planted June 17 th and included pearl millet (Canadian forage pearl millet 101, Millex 32, Tifleaf 3), sorghum sudangrass (Super sugar), cereal rye (Guardian), teff (Dessie), and annual ryegrass (Centurion), and a no grass control treament. The 2017 treatmen ts were planted June 14 th and included pearl millet (Canadian forage pearl millet 10, Millex 32, Tifleaf 3) and sorghum sudangrass (Super sugar), plus a control treatment with no grass. In each year there were two plots, one planted at the same time as alfalfa (co -seeded) and one planted into 2 nd year, established alfalfa at the time of first cutting (interseeded). Plots received overhead irrigation per the schedule set by the Kitchens. Weeds within the plots were not controlled during the year grasses were present due to lack of herbicide options. During the alfalfa only years weeds were controlled with glyphosate on Roundup Ready alfalfa. Prior to each mowing, aboveground biomass (cut at mowing height) was measured for both the alfalfa and the grass species. Prior to frost (co -seeded) or termination (interseeded), above- and belowground biomass were recorded. We collected soil samples from the experimental plots after grasses were established. We assess ed microbial activity in two ways: extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) and respiration rates. We measure d the enzyme activity to asses the presence and concentration of microbes that make nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous available in the soil. Soil respiration rate assessment quantified the level of microbial activity, SOM content, and decomposition rate. We performed microbial community structure analyses and V. dahliae colonization on soil and potato plant tissue sample s respectively collected in 2018. Phase 3 In 2017, our experiment was designed to study the effect of planting date and mowing frequency on pearl millet biomass production. However, due to the unusually wet and somewhat cool spring, the first two planting dates (May 15 and May 31) resulted in no pearl millet stand. There were 20.37 inches of rain between May and September compared to a 24 year average of 15.78 inches. We then chose to look at the impact of planting rate and mowing frequency on pearl millet biomass production with the fin al planting date (June 13). The experiment was set up in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot factor was planting rate (treatments of 15 and 22 lbs/A) and the subplot factor was mowing regime (treatments of one mowing and not mown). B ased on previous research conducted at the MRC, ‚ CFPM 101™ was used. Cover crop emergence was recorded one month after planting by counting the number of plants in three 0.25 m 2 quadrat in each plot. At the time of mowing (August 22), aboveground biomass (cut at mowing height) was measured. Prior to termination and frost (September 11), total biomass were recorded. Outcomes: Results of this research provide the potato industry with information regarding the efficacy of pearl millet varieties and grasses to improve cropping system productivity. This project has establish ed the value of added diversity in a cropping system. Our experiment document ed the additive effects of biodiversity in a cropping system by measuring changes in microbial community populations and activity. We quantified these factors by evaluating potato yield and tuber quality. As a result of this work, the potato industry in Michigan will have strategies to increase cropping system diversity in potato production systems and understand best practices for warm season grass production in Michigan. Phase 1 In 2015, thee pearl millet varieties (Tifleaf 3, Millex 32, and CFPM 101) produced the most biomass using statistical analysis. The potato yields of ‚Superior™ the following year pa rtially support our hypothesis. There is a statistically significant higher US #1 and total yield of potatoes in 2016 grown in the Ti fleaf 3 and Millex 32 plots compared to those grown in the foxtail millet and oats plot. Potatoes grown after CFPM 101 also had a statistically higher total yield than those grown after oats. While the data does not show a fibestfl cover crop variety for increased potato yield the following year, it does indicate that the pearl millet varieties tend to support higher potato yields. This is further confirmed by the potato yield data in 2017. Potatoes grown after CFPM 101 and pearl millet Wonder Leaf had a significantly higher yield that those grown after sorghum sudangrass and corn. Future study on Tifleaf 2, CFPM 101, and Won der leaf are recommended to create best practices for planting date, spacing, and mowing time that result in the highest yield increase the following year. In 2017, we observed a statistically significant lowest incidence of V. dahliae in German millet, and the lowest amount of fungal DNA from the species in pearl millet CFPM 101 and Wonder Leaf, and teff. In 2016, there was no significant difference in the incidence of plant or soil root lesion nematode. This data was not available for 2017. Plant available nitrogen at each c over crop treatment site in 2016 was also assessed at Kitchen™s Farms . While there was not a statistically significant difference, teff and Millex 32 had the lowest amount of plant available nitrogen while annual rye, Sorghum sudangrass, and alfalfa had the highest amount (Figure 1). This indicates the presence and productivity of soil microbes producing enzymes that break down inaccessible nitrogen in the soil and make it available for plant uptake. In 2018, corn produced the highest biomass due to the inclusion of grain weight, but pearl millet CFPM produced the second highest biomass. Summary data of cover crops in 2015, 2016, and 2018 indicate that after corn, Millex 32 had a statistically significant higher total root and shoot biomass than other cover crops. CFPM 101 also had a higher total biomass than 10 other cover crop treatments. While the results varied from year to year, the summary data in Table 6 show that on average, the four pearl millet species (Millex 32, CFPM 101, Wo nderleaf, and Tifleaf) had a higher biomass than Teff, Oat, Sorghum sudangrass and the five millet species. Additionally, the pearl millet species all had a lower than average weed biomass at the second cutting, indicating that effective weed control is po ssible with these cover crops (data not shown). Limited data segregation was observed in the 2019 potato crop, with no statistical significance between treatments in total yield or size profile, excluding the percentage of pickouts (Table 8). The summary data show that Pearl Millets Wonderleaf, CFPM101, and Millex 32 had the highest US#1 yields. Wonderleaf also has a statistically significant highest total yield of 301 cwt/A, compared to the trial average of 267 cwt/A. Additionally, the Wonderleaf treatment had the lowest concentration of Root Lesion Nematodes per gram of root tissue, suggesting this treatment as the most beneficial to both act as a non-host of P. penetrans and support higher total potato yields. Wonderleaf did not produce the highest biomass in the cover crop production phase of this research, corn, CFPM 101 and Millex 32 all produced more biomass (Table 6). These three species of Pennesitum glacum display higher than average biomass production, support higher total and US#1 potato yields, and may act as a non-host for P. penetrans, especially Wonderelaf and Millex 32. Phase 2 In 2016, the co-seeded plots were dominated by the grass species with poor alfalfa establishment. Weed populations were also problematic in the poor stands of 2016. Most of the pearl millet varieties and the sorghum sudangrass produced more biomass compared to the other varieties, which were then oitted in 2017. The better establishment of alfalfa in 2017 and the 50% redu ction in planting rate reduced grass biomass accumulation by approximately 3,500-4,000 lbs/A compared to 2016. However, the grass to alfalfa biomass ratio was about 50:50. The total biomass produced in these plots (grass and alfalfa) ranged from 8,000 to 9,400 lbs/A. In 2016, the interseeded plots had very low grass biomass accumulation, ranging from 16 to 776 lbs/A (Tab le 10 ). Again, the cereal rye, annual ryegrass, and teff plantings were not competitive in this environment and were omitted in 2017. In 2017, the grass biomass accumulation ranged from 440-890 lbs/A (Table 11 ), about 10-20% of the alfalfa biomass. Significant gains were not made by increasing the seeding rates by 50% from 2016 to 2017. The data show that co -seeding is preferable to interseed ing to obtain a balanced mix of Alfalfa and a grass species. In 2018 potatoes were grown over both the co- seeded and Interseeded plots. No statistically significant difference was found within or between co -seeded and Interseeded trials in terms of yield, tuber internal quality, and size profile. No significant difference in root lesion nematode concentration was found in these plots in 2018. Phase 3 No biomass difference was observed at different planting rates in 2017, s o future plantings will be condu cted with seedings of 15 lbs/A. The data from 2017 indicate that a late r planting date is preferable, so only the latest planting date will be used in 2018. We propose the following experimental design consisting of five grass treatments (including tw o equal mixtures) and three moving treatments (no mowing, early mowing, and mid-season mowing). We predict that earlier mowing will increase millet biomass production, which in turn will support a higher potato yield. Cousineau farms has taken over this portion of the research. Additional findings are available by contacting Monica Jean, field crops educator, at atkinmon@msu.edu . Table 15: Proposed Experimental Design for Phase 3 CFPM 101 Evaluation Re-Examining Potato Phosphorus Use Guidelines in Michigan Jeff Rutan , Post- doctoral Research Associate Kurt Steinke, Associate Professor, Soil Fertility & Nutrient Management Michigan State University See soil.msu.edu for more information Locations: Montcalm Research Farm (MRF) and 6 on -farm locations Tillage: Conv., 34-in. row Planting Date: May 8, 2019 Treatments: See below Soil Type: Loamy sand; 1.8 OM; 6.7 pH; 168 ppm P; 98 ppm K; C EC: 2.9 Emerge : June 5; Hill: June 2 1 Variety: Lamoka Replicated: 4 replications Table 1. Potato (var. Lamoka) response to phosphorus (P) fertilizer application rates at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm, MI, 2019. P Tr eatment Pet. P Pet. P Total Tuber Yield Yield Specific lbs P 2O5/A 30 DAE 45 DAE Count B™s A™s Total Gravity % % tubers/A cwt/A cwt/A 0 0.370 bcƒ 0.265 b 26173 a 81.9 c 114.7 c 1.068 d 40 0.348 bc 0.238 b 30984 a 152.8 ab 193.4 ab 1.071 bc 80 0.333 c 0.235 b 38985 a 162.3 ab 216.0 a 1.072 bc 120 0.333 c 0.253 b 30932 a 134.4 b 176.6 b 1.070 c 160 0.388 b 0.258 b 27820 a 141.7 b 178.9 ab 1.075 a 200 0.448 a 0.305 a 28003 a 178.6 a 216.6 a 1.073 ab Pr > F 0.0035 0.0370 0.6299 0.0038 0.0048 0.0019 ƒMeans in each column followed by the same letter are not sig. different at P Summary: Seven research trials in total established across Michigan including Three Rivers (2) , Dundee, Entrican (MRF), Cass City, and Newberry (2) . Potato varieties at each site included either chip processing, tablestock, or chip seed production. All P 2O5 applications were twin -banded in-furrow as 2x2 at plant. Nitrogen contributions due to P- source were balanced at emergence time. At Entrican, all treatments received 225 N and 300 K 2O. Nitrogen was split into 3 application timings: emergence, hilling, and post- hilling. Potassium was split -applied as 75 units in -furrow and 225 units pre-plant incorporated. Despite overall low yields at Entrican, potato growth and yield responded to P application . Market class ‚A™ and total tuber yields were increased with 40 lbs P 2O5/A but no benefit at greater rates (Table 1) . In a simi lar manner, total and ‚A™ market class tuber numbers responded to 40 lbs P 2O5/A, while ‚B™ tuber numbers were not affected by P application . Canopy biomass at 30 and 45 DAE was increased with P rates up to 80 lbs P 2O5/A indicating increased early biomass p roduction as a result of P applications may not correspond to final tuber yield. Petiole P concentrations were greatest when P application rates were highest but did not correspond to final yield. Please visit soil.msu.edu for further details and research results. Trials will continue in 2020. Potato (Solanum tuberosum ) ‚Superior™ Potato Early Die ; Verticillium dahliae, Pratylenchus penetrans S. Desotell, J Calogero , S. Mambetova and N. Rosenzweig Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences East Lansing, MI 48824 In-furrow and foliar treatment programs for control of potato early die (PED )-Clarksville , 2019 A field trial was established 11 June (42°52'29.2 "N and longitude - 85°15'09.3 "W) at the Clarksville Research Center, Clarksville MI to evaluate selected in- furrow and foliar fungicides, fumigants and nematicides for early die control (Table 1). US#1 ‚Superior™ tubers were mechanically cut into approximately 2 oz seed pieces 28 May and allowed to heal before planting. These trials were c onducted using potato cultivar ‚Superior™ due to its susceptibility to Verticillium wilt and its commercial use throughout the state of Michigan and the Midwestern US potato growing region. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used for the experiment, with each plot consi sting of four 25-ft-long rows spaced 34 in. apart with seed pieces 10 in. apart in the row. A 5-ft not -planted alley separated the four-row beds. Fertilizer was drilled into plots before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 28 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Treatment application times included: Pre -planting/pre-plant incorporated (A); Seed treatment (B); In-furrow at planting (C); 2 in e mergence (D); 7 Days after 2 in e mergence (E). In-furrow, at -planting applications of fungicide were delivered with a hand- held R&D spray boom delivering 10 gal/A (50 p.s.i.) and using one XR8002VR nozzle per row. A no n-treated control was compared with 12 different treatment programs to evaluate thei r efficacy in controlling potato early die (PED) based on application time (Table 1). Bravo WS 6SC 1.5 pt/A was applied on a seven-day interval, total of eight applications, for foliar disease control. Weeds were controlled by cultivation and with Makaze at 2 qt/A 10 DAP, Matrix at 0.75 oz/A 20 and 40 DAP and Metribuzin 75 at 0.3 lb /A 60 DAP. Insects were controlled with Sevin 80S at 1.25 lb/A 30 and 60 DAP, Thiodan 3 EC at 2.33 pt/A 65 and 90 DAP and Pounce 3.2EC at 8 oz/A 48 DAP . Plant stand was rated 35 (16 Jul) and 42 (23 Jul) DAP and relative rate of emergence was calculated as the Relative Area Under the Emergence Progress Curve [RAUEPC from 0Œ42 DAP, maximum value = 1 .00]. Plots were not inoculated but relied on natural infestation of Verticillium dahliae for disease establishment . Severity of PED was measured using the Horsfall- Barratt rating scale . Severity of PED was rated 79 (29 Aug) , 85 (4 Sep ) and 91 (10 Sep ) days after planting and t he relative rate of disease progression was calculated as the Relative Area Under the Disease Progress Curve [RAUDPC from 0 Œ91 DAP, maximum value = 1 .00]. Plots (1 x 25-ft row) were machine -harvested on 24 Oct (135 DAP) and individual treatments were weighed and graded . Randomly selected samples of 10 tubers per plot were washed and assessed for stem end vascular beading incidence (%). Meteorological Data Meteoro logical variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located at the farm from 1 May to 24 Oct. Average daily air temperature ( ºF) was 55.5, 67.4, 73.3, 67.9, 67.2 and 51.7 (May, Jun, Jul, Aug , Sep and through 24 Oct respectively) and the number of days with maximum temperature >90 ºF over the same period was 0 for each month except July , with 2 days . Average daily relative humidity (%) over the same period was 73.5, 72.0, 68.2, 71.2, 81.2 and 74.9. Average daily soil temperature at 4 in. depth ( oF) over the same period was 56.5, 71.7, 75.3, 71.6, 68.4 and 59.3. Average daily soil moisture at (0-12) in. depth over May , Jun, Jul and Aug was 0.33, 0.34, 0.27 and 0.22. Average daily soil moisture at 8 in. depth over September and October was 0.33 and 0.37. Precipitation (in.) over the same period was 4.53, 5.22, 2.87, 2.71, 7.34 and 4.02 fl. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation to about 0.1 in./A/4-day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. Results The 2019 growing season provided environmental extremes of excessive moisture in May , Jun, Sep and Oct but, mild temperatures throughout the season . Therefore, weather of the 2019 growing season was not conducive to PED establishment and development. There was one treatment ; CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) +Aprovia 0.75 l/a (C), that had a significant ly higher final plant stand compared to the non- treated control (Table 2). Two treatments including: Nimitz 7 pt/a (A) and PicPlus 116 lb/a (A) were significantly lower final plant stand compared to treatment CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B )+Aprovia 0.75 l/a (C). There was no significant difference in PED disease severity ( 91 DAP) compared to the non-treated control (Table 1). However, treatment ; Vydate 310 SL 725 g ai/ha (C)+Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (D)+Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (E) was significantly higher in PED disease severity compared to treatment ; Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) +Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C)+Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C)+ Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D). There was no significant difference in RAU DPC values compared to the non- treated control (Table 1) . Howe ver , there were two treatments including: Vydate 310 SL 725 g ai/ha (C)+Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (D)+ Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (E) and CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B)+Aprovia 0.75 l/a (C) that had a significantly lower RAUDPC value compared to treatment s Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B)+Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C) +Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C )+Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) and Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) +Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C)+Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D)+Vydate 310 SL 724 g ai/ha (D). There were numerical differences, but no treatments were significant ly different in total and US#1 size yield (CWT) compared to the non- treated control (Table 2). However, there were two treatments including: CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) + Ap rovia 0.75 l/a (C) and Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B )+Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) +Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) that had significantly higher B size yield (CWT) compared to the non- treated control (Table 2) . There were two treatments including: Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B)+Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C)+Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D)+Vydate 310 SL 724 g ai/ha (D) and Vapam 45 gal/a (A) that had signi ficantly higher vascular discoloration compared to the non-treated control and treatment Nimitz 7 pt/a (A) (Table 2). There w as no significant difference in compared to the non- treated control (Table 2). However, four treatments including: Nimitz 7 pt/a (C) , Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B )+Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) +Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D), Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B)+Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C)+ Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C )+Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) and Vapam 45 gal/a (A) had significantly lower specific gravity vascular discoloration compared to treatment : Nimitz 7 pt/a (A) . No phytotoxicity was observed from any treatments. Table 1. Effects of in -furrow, at planting, and foliar treatments on severity of Verticillium wilt and rate of disease progression. Treatment and ratea PED b 29 Aug 79 DAP c,d PED 4 Sep 85 DAP PED 10 Sep 91 DAP RAUD PCe 0 Œ 91 DAP 1. Non -Treated 19.9 abc 25.8 abc 40.6 abc 0.7 20 abc 2. Vydate 310 SL 725 g ai/ha (C) Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (D) Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha ( E) 40.7 a 41.9 ab 54.8 a 0.55 2 c 3. Nimitz 7 pt/a (A) 20.0 abc 25.0 abc 24.9 bc 0.7 63 abc 4. Nimitz 7 pt/a (C) 16.4 bc 32.0 abc 36.7 abc 0.707 abc 5. CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) Elatus 0.5 fl oz/ 1000 row -ft (D) 35.6 ab 36.7 abc 45.3 ab 0.614 abc 6. CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) Aprovia 0.75 l/a (C) 38.9 a 46.1 a 46.1 ab 0.55 7 c 7. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D ) 17.6 bc 24.6 abc 24.6 bc 0.77 2 abc 8. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Serenade Soil 1 qt/a (C) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) 24.7 abc 31.8 abc 37.9 abc 0.68 5 abc 9. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha ( C) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D ) 15.0 bc 18.5 bc 18.5 c 0.82 4 ab 10. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) Vydate 310 SL 724 g ai/ha ( D) 12.9 c 14.1 c 23.4 bc 0.83 9 a 11. TerraGrow 137 oz/100 ga (C) 27.3 abc 43.0 ab 47.7 ab 0.59 8 bc 12. Vapam 45 gal/a (A) 12.9 c 29.7 abc 36.7 abc 0.72 8 abc 13. PicPlus 116 lb/a (A) 23.0 abc 27.3 abc 40.2 abc 0.70 6 abc a Application time; A=Pre -planting/pre -plant incorporated; B=Seed treatment; C= In-furrow at planting; D=2fl emergence; E=7 Days after 2fl emergence. b PED=Potato Early Die severity rated on a Horsfall -Barratt scale of 0 (no infection) to 11 (all foliage and stems dead). Ratings were converted to percentages. c DAP = days after planting on 11 June . d Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.10 (Fish ers LSD). e RAUDPC=r elative area under the disease progress curve from planting to 91 days after planting. Table 2. Effects of in -furrow, at planting, and foliar treatments on percent plant emergence, rate of emergence, total and marketable yield in hundred -weight per acre, vascular discoloration of tubers, and specific gravity . Treatment a, Plant stand b 42 DAP c,d (%) RAUE PCe 0 Œ 42 DAP Yield (CWT) VDf (%) Specific Gravity g Total US #1 B Size 1. Non -Treated 65.4 b 0.317 ab 112.8 ab 30.4 ab 55.2 bcd 38 abc 1.072 b 2. Vydate 310 SL 725 g ai/ha (C) Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (D) Vydate 310 SL 362.4 g ai/ha (E) 77.0 ab 0.177cd 139.0 ab 29.4 ab 70.6 a -d 34 bc 1.077 ab 3. Nimitz 7 pt/a (A) 65.7 b 0.346 a 121.9 ab 13.7 b 67.2 a -d 53 a 1.072 b 4. Nimitz 7 pt/a (C) 76.9 ab 0.185 bcd 94.0 b 15.6 ab 43.8 d 28 c 1.074 ab 5. CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) Elatus 0.5 fl oz/ 1000 row -ft (D) 74.5 ab 0.204 bcd 141.3 ab 32.6 ab 76.5 a -d 33 bc 1.075 ab 6. CruiserMaxx 0.31 oz/CWT (B) Aprovia 0.75 l/a (C) 80.9 a 0.152 d 142.3 ab 27.8 ab 92.1 a 34 bc 1.076 ab 7. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D ) 68.8 ab 0.291 a -d 164.6 a 40.2 a 89.2 a 25 c 1.077 ab 8. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Serenade Soil 1 qt/a (C) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) 72.7 ab 0.247 a -d 153.8 a 36.9 ab 87.6 ab 46 ab 1.076 ab 9. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C) Velum prime 237.5 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D ) 71.3 ab 0.264 a -d 122.0 ab 13.3 b 77.6 abc 21 c 1.077 ab 10. Emesto silver 0.31 fl oz/cwt (B) Vydate 310 SL 1450 g ai/ha (C) Luna tranquility 409 g ai/ha (D) Vydate 310 SL 724 g ai/ha (D) 74.0 ab 0.231 a -d 145.1 ab 21.4 ab 88.5 ab 38 abc 1.078 a 11. TerraGrow 137 oz/100 ga (C) 67.3 ab 0.308 abc 119.3 ab 30.3 ab 52.6 cd 30 bc 1.076 ab 12. Vapam 45 gal/a (A) 70.2 ab 0.260 a -d 131.2 ab 28.7 ab 71.8 a -d 28 c 1.078 a 13. PicPlus 116 lb/a (A) 65.5 b 0.324 ab 158.1 a 39.2 a 85.1 abc 34 bc 1.076 ab a Application time; A=Pre -planting/pre -plant incorporated; B=Seed treatment; C= In-furrow at planting; D=2fl emergence; E=7 Days after 2fl emergence. b Plant stand expressed as a percentage of the target popula tion of 120 plants/100ft. row from a samp le of 1 x 25 ft rows per plot. c DAP = days after planting on 11 June. d Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.10 (Fish ers LSD). e RAUEPC=relative area under the emergence prog ress curve from planting to 42 days after planting. f VD =Vascular discoloration of the stem end; percentage calculated from 10 tubers. g Specific gravity = (weight in air) divided by [(weight in air) - (weight in water)] . Potato (Solanum tuberosum ) ‚Silverton Russet™ Pythium Leak ; Pythium u ltimum , B. Stine, S. Desotell, J Calogero , S. Mambetova and N. Rosenzweig Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of Management Programs for Pythium Leak in Michigan Potato Production-Dowagiac, 2019 A field trial was established 22 May (42.018462, -86.073213 ) in a commercial potato field , near Dowagi ac in south west MI to evaluate selected in- furrow fungicides for post- harvest Pythium leak suppression (Table 1). US#1 ‚ Silverton Russet™ tubers were mechanically cut into approximately 2 oz. seed pieces 20 April and allowed to heal before planting. These trials were c onducted using potato cultivar ‚Silverton Russet™ due to its susceptibility to Pythium leak and its commercial use throughout the state of Michigan and the Midwestern US potato growing region. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used for the experiment, with each plot consisting of four 50- ft-long rows spaced 34 in. apa rt with seed pieces 10 in. apart in the row. Fertilizer was spread as needed for the commercial field surrounding the plot before planting, formulated according to results of soil tests. Additional nitrogen (final N 50 lb/A) was applied to the growing crop with irrigation 45 DAP (days after planting). Treatment application times were in- furrow at planting and for two of the treatments a d ribble over the hill application occurred at potato e mergence . In-furrow, at -planting applications of fungicide were delivered with a hand- held R&D spray boom delivering 10 gal/A (50 p.s.i.) and using one XR8002VR nozzle per row. A no n-treated control was compared with 6 different treatment programs to evaluate thei r efficacy in suppression of pythuim leak in storage after harvest as well as any agronomic benefits that may be provided to the plant (Table 1) . Protectant fungicides such as Bravo WS and Manzate were applied at labeled rates to the commercial field and plot on a seven -day interval, a total of 10 applications were made by air , for foliar disease control. Weeds were controlled by with Dual 8E at 1.5 pt/A 10 DAP, Metribuzin at 4 oz/A 10 and 45 DAP an d Matrix at 1.5oz/A 45 DAP. Insects were controlled with Admire Systemic Pro at 7 oz/A at planting , Baythroid xL 1.5oz/A 45 DAP, and Bifen thrin 3 oz/A 70 DAP. A vine kill application of Reglone at 16 oz/A was made by a commercial ground ri g applicator 27 Aug 104 DAP and 2 Sept 110 DAP completely desiccating the crop 10 days prior to harvest. Plots (1 row x 25-ft row) were machine -harvested on 12 Sept (120DAP) and individual treatments were graded by size, weighed , bagged and transported to Clarksville Re search Center . At the Carksville Re search Center all bag samples were opened , tubers counted and placed into plastic individual plastic crates and stored on shelving at 65 ºF for three week s. After the storage peri od of three weeks, each tuber was evaluated for symptoms of P ythium leak and counted to calculate % incidence of tuber infection. Meteorolo gical Data Meteorological variables were measured with a Campbell weather station located in the Dowagiac area from 1 May to 13 Sept. Average daily air temperature ( ºF) was 56.9, 67.1, 74.6, 69.2 and 67.1 (May, Jun, Jul, Aug , and 13 Sep respectively) and the number of days with maximum temperature >90ºF over the same period was 0 for each month except July with 6 days. Average daily soil temperature at 4 in. depth ( oF) over the same period was 59.6, 69.7, 79.1, 74.3 and 70.0. Precipitation (in.) over the same period was 4.1, 3.75, 3.0, 2.6 and 2.3fl. Plots were irrigated to supplement precipitation for a n accumulative total of .5 in/4-day period with overhead sprinkle irrigation. Results The 2019 growing season provided environmental extremes of excessive moisture in May and June and cool temperatures over most the growing season. However, a period of dry weather in Aug and Sept resulted in environmental conditions that were not conducive to Pythium u ltimum establishment and development resulting less % incidence of tuber infection than seen by the grower in past years. There was no significant difference in final plant stand compared to the non- treated control (Table 1). However, plots treated with Ultra Fourish (grower standard ) 13 oz/A had significantly higher tubers per plant compared to Elumin 8oz/A (A) + 8 oz/A (B) . There were no significant differences in yield for size USA1 (cwt/A) between treatments . Ultra Flourish at 13 oz/A (A) had the highest size B yield (cwt/A) being significantly higher than all treatments except Tifi 1 lb/A (A) . The only significant difference in total yield (cwt/A) was Tifi 1lb/A (A) being higher than Orondis Go ld 6.5 oz/A + Ultra Flourish 9.6 oz/A (A) . The only significant difference in % incidence in tuber infection after the three -week storage period was Tifi 1lb/A (A) having higher % incidence compared to Ultra Flourish 13oz/A (A) .Table 1. Evaluation of management treatments on suppression of pythium leak in storage of potatoes. Treatment and ratea Emergence (%) Tubers per Plant Yield USA1 Yield B size Yield Total Incidence Tuber Infection (%) 1. Non -Treated 94.5 a 6.86 ab 151.9 a 158.4 c 310.3 ab 0.17 a 2. Ultra Flourish 13 fl oz/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .08 fl oz/1000 row -ft (A) 93.4 a 7.8 a 129.1 a 210.1 a 339.2 ab 0.0 b 3. Ranman 5.8 fl oz/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .8 fl oz/1000 row ft (A) Ranman 2.75 fl oz/A (B) 91.4 a 7.1 ab 160.0 a 169.0 bc 329.0 ab 0.24 ab 4. Elumin 8 fl oz/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .8 fl oz/1000 row- ft (A) Elumin 8 fl oz/a (B) 94.8 a 6.7 b 142.9 a 169.1 bc 312.0 ab 0.18 ab 5. Tiffi 1 lb/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .08 fl oz/1000 row -ft (A) 91.4 a 7.4 ab 158.2 a 191.6 ab 349.8 a 0.49 a 6. Orondis Gold 200 6.5 fl oz/a (A) Ultra Flourish 9.6 fl oz/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .08 fl oz/1000 row -ft (A) 89.0 a 7.1 ab 132.7 a 172.3 bc 305.0 b 0.17 ab 7. Previcur Flex 19.2 fl oz/a (A) Admire Pro 281.3 g ai/ha (A) Quadris .08 fl oz/1000 row -ft (A) 91.6 a 6.8 ab 160.1 a 157.8 c 317.9 ab 0.12 ab a Application time; A= In-furrow at planting; B= E mergence dribble over row . b Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 (Fish ers LSD) . Project title: New strategies for m anaging Colorado potato beetles in Michigan Principal Investigator: Zsofia Szendrei, Associate Professor, szendrei@msu.edu , 517 -974 -8610 , Department of Entomology In Michigan, Colorado potato beetle s (CPB) are managed with insecticides that rel y on an at -planting neonicotinoid treatment followed by foliar applications throughout the growing season . The potato industry ™s priorit y is to maintain the efficacy of neonicotinoids for CPB management. The registration of neonicotinoid insecticides in 1995 saved millions of dollars for the potato industry in control costs against CPB. Currently, imidacloprid or thiamethoxam are used on ~80 % of Michigan™s potato acreage annually as either an in -furrow or seed treatmen t. The high selection pressure provided by the repeated application of neonicotinoids is the cause for the gradual loss of the effectiveness of this insecticide class for CPB control. Without alternative solutions, the current situation could have serious impacts. Here we tested strategies that rotate insecticide classes to provide longevity to particular insecticides . O ur goal is to generate informat ion on the performance of insecticide programs that do not rely on neonicotinoids. In order to avoid creating populations of beetles that are resistant to a particular toxin , it is recommended that growers rotate insecticide classes (mode of action). Here we compare d the efficacy of different programs that combine in -furrow applications with foliar insecticides or just use foliar insecticides without at -planting treatments to explore alternative insecticide programs for Colorado potato beetle management . We tested the efficacy of insecticide programs that do not contain neonicotinoid insecticides. Evaluate insecticide programs in field tests for CPB control We evaluate d the efficacy of insecticide programs for CPB control in field trials at the Montcalm Potato Research Farm during the 2019 growing season. The trial was focused on managing the overwintered or early season population. Some of the tested insecticides are alternatives to neonicotinoids and therefore may be of great value to growers in the future. The field trials were set up in 20 -foot long, 3 row wide plots, and replicated 4 times with buffer rows between plots . Insecticides were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single nozzle, and the field was managed for weeds and diseases using a grower -standard spray program. Insecticide s were applied at the recommended label rates and were timed for 50% egg hatch, or 1 large larva per plant. Rimon was applied as a series of two, successive applications spac ed 7Œ10 d apart . Weekly counts of Colorado potato beetles on 5 plants per plot were conducted to compare the efficacy of each program. We use d analysis of variance followed by Tukey™s means separation to determine statistically significant differences among treatments. Insect s counted on July 2 , 22 Rimon and Exirel timed for 50% egg hatch (June 26) Rimon applied twice 7 days apart (June 26 , July 3) No insecticide Admire Pro, 5 gal/A, 8.7 fl oz/A Average of large Colorado potato beetle larvae per plant Admire Pro, 5 gal/A, 8.7 fl oz/A Verimark, 5 gal/A, 13 fl oz/A Verimark, 20 gal/A, 13 fl oz/A Verimark, 5 gal/A, 6.75 fl oz/A Verimark, 20 gal/A, 6.75 fl oz/A Verimark, 5 gal/A, 10 fl oz/A Verimark, 20 gal/A, 10 fl oz/A Exirel, 30 gal/A, 13 fl oz/A Rimon, 30 gal/A, 12 fl oz/A A B BC BC BC C C C C C C Average of potato leafhoppers per three leaves per plant Control plants were too defoliated by CPB larvae to count leafhoppers A AB AB AB BC BC BC CD D CD At planting insecticides: Verimark - FMC Admire Pro - Bayer Foliar insecticides: Exirel - FMC Rimon - Arysta Lifescience all applications were made with a b ackpack sprayer using a flat fan nozzle bars with the same letters are not statistically different Survey of postharvest disease in Michigan potato storages, 2019 Emma Schlachter, Ray Hammerschmidt, Noah Rosenzweig, Jaime F. Willbur , Chris Bloomingdale ; 1Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Tuber shrinkage and loss in storage can result in substantial economic consequences in Michigan , making postharvest disease management a priority. Persistent rainfall throughout the growing season and warm temperatures during late harvest favor fungal and bacterial developmen t in the field and storage. Preliminary surveys performed by MSU researchers in 2012 -2014 found that growers were concerned with dry rot (Gachango et al. 2012a,b), bacterial soft rot and blackleg (caused by Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp.), and Pythium leak (Long and Hammerschmidt 2014) contributing to tuber breakdown in storage. Through this survey we will: 1) characterize postharvest diseases impacting Michigan growers, 2) identify disease progression of prevalent pathogens in storage, and 3) devise integ rated pest management strategies to minimize loss. Materials and Methods: In 2019, tubers were received from 12 fields across six counties after harvest from September - October. Tubers were collected from five areas of a field and separated into two samples of 50 tubers for monitoring in storage and 5 0 tubers for pre -storage destructive sampling. Destructive preharvest sampling was performed in the laboratory from September Œ October. Storage samples were placed in the Montcalm Research Center Storage Facility in standard storage conditions (48 F) after harvest and will be monitored at four timepoints for disease progression and shrinkage. In April Œ May 2020, these samples will be destructively sampled. At the time of destructive sampling, external a nd internal tissues were examined for abiotic and biotic symptoms and signs of disease. A scrape was defined as an injury that removed layers of the periderm but did not extend into the cortex. A wound was an injury which extended into the cortex and may h ave included complete removal of portions of the tuber. Symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues were chosen for further isolations. Tissues exhibiting abiotic or biotic symptoms, signs of disease, damage or injury, or asymptomatic tissue were excised as 1 cm 2 samples. Samples of epidermal and vascular tissue were taken for all tubers and surface disinfested and plated on 1.5% water agar. Fungal growth was isolated by hyphal tipping after three to five days. Tubers with visible soft rot symptoms were streaked using an inoculation hoop onto crystal violet agar media (CVA) and observed for pitting (common characteristic of pectolytic bacteria, e.g. Dickeya and Pectobacterium spp.). Morphological characteristics of fungi were observed through microscopic observati on and assigned putative genera. Molecular characterization will be performed on randomly selected representatives of each sample isolated in order to confirm identities . Further characterization of pathogenicity will be conducted through inoculated tuber experiments. Results and Conclusions: A total of 679 tubers underwent preharvest destructive sampling. Eight tubers were asymptomatic and undamaged. The following interna l and external abiotic symptoms were observed: 48 % scrape, 3 1% wounding, 12% bruising, 3% pink eye, 2% vascular discoloration, 2% asymptomatic, 1% internal brown spot, 1% hollow heart (Figure 1) . Symptoms and signs of the following diseases were also obser ved: 60% scab, 17% black dot, 6% black scurf, 6% soft rot, 4 % silver scurf, 4% dry rot, 2% leak , 1% asymptomatic (Figure 2) . Figure 1. Abiotic damage and physiological disorders observed on tubers selected for at -harvest destructive sampling. Figure 2. Biotic signs and symptoms of disease observed on tubers selected for at- harvest destructive sampling. The following relative frequencies of known pathogenic genera have been observed from 570 tubers: Fusarium (25%), Rhizoctonia (24%), Pythium (17%), Alternaria (15%), Colletotrichum (7%), Streptomyces (3 %), Phytophthora erythroseptica (0.3%), and Geotrichum (0.3%). Putative bacterial 48% 31% 12% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2019 VISUAL ABIOTIC SYMPTOMS (%) (n=679) Scrape Wound Bruising Pink Eye Vascular Discoloration Asymptomatic Internal Brown Spot Hollow Heart 60% 17% 6% 6% 6% 4% 2% 1% 2019 VISUAL BIOTIC SYMPTOMS (%) (n=679) Scab Black Dot Black Scurf Soft Rot Silver Scurf Fusarium Dry Rot Leak Asymptomatic pathogens (9 %) are currently being characterized with the help of the MSU Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic and Dr. Noah Rosenzweig (Figure 3). Figure 3. Relative frequencies of known pathogenic genera isolated from tubers, excluding samples without identified pathogens. Correlations between abiotic and biotic symptoms were calculated using Kendall™s tau B coefficient (SAS . Highly significant correlations were found between dry rot and wound ( r = 0.2082, P < 0.0001 ) and dry rot and internal bruising ( r = 0.3726. P < 0.0001). These results support that da mage inflicted upon tubers increases susceptibility to disease . Signs and symptoms of disease were low in initial samples, however, pathogen genera were detected on 83% of the tubers sampled at- harvest. W e hypothesize that correlations between symptom s and genera observed will be higher at postharvest sampling due to advanced disease progression. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the grower cooperators and key industry representatives and researchers who participated in this survey. We specifical ly thank other MSU Extension programs, Agri- business Consultants, Inc., Walther Farms, and MSU AgBioResearch for their contributions and support. 24.4%24.0%16.7%15.0%8.7%7.2%3.3%0.3%0.3%2019 GENERA (%) (n=570) Fusarium Rhizoctonia Pythium Alternaria Bacteria Colletotrichum Streptomyces Geotrichum Phytophthora Diagnostic optimization of viral detection and characterization for the Michigan seed potato certification program , 2019 Stefanie Rhodes 1, Emma Schlachter 2, Chris Bloomingdale 2, Cameron Pincumbe 2, Elizabeth Dorman 1 and Jaime Willbur 2; 1Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Pesticide and Plant Pest Management Division, Plant Pathology; 2Michigan State University , Dept . Plant, Soil and Microbial Science , Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of th e primary diseases monitored and tested for in the seed certification process and is one of the top Michigan potato industry research priorities. The industry has expressed interest for in -state screening of tuber testing for seed certification, however, c urrent protocols for viral testing in Michigan are both time and labor intensive. Current methods rely on winter grow out assays which detect viruses in sprouts or plantlets after breaking tuber dormancy. While effective, the current seed certification staff and facilities are limited by the time and space necessary to process large qua ntities of samples. To enable the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) to increase handling capacity and efficiency, the Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology (PSBP) program proposed to assist in optimizing the viral detection and dia gnostic protocols used in winter testing. Through this work we : 1) investigated improved detection options to identify accurate, timely, and cost -effective methods for use in the Michigan seed potato certification and 2) monitored PVY strain prevalence in Michigan seed potatoes. The results of this work will help develop standard protocols for high- throughput, in-state tuber testing. Future stud ies will focus on improving virus and vector management in Michigan potato crops. Materials & M ethods: Tuber testi ng methods which do not require breaking tuber dormancy to sample from resulting sprouts or plantlets were investigated . General (Mackenzie et al. 2015 ) and multiplex (Lorenzen et al. 2006) r everse -transcriptase (RT) high -fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) protocol s were tested and compared to existing plantlet assays involving enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four samples of 300- 400 tubers each taken from a single seed potato lot with high levels of visual foliar symptoms of PVY in the fiel d. Samples were divided into 10- tuber subsamples (N=number of subsamples) and subjected to the following tests: 1) dormant tuber (RT-PCR), 2) standard Michigan grow out with leaflets (ELISA), 3) dormant tuber (RT -PCR) and standard grow out (ELISA), and 4) standard Hawaii grow out with leaflets (ELISA). ELISA and RT -PCR methods were compared in leaflets from samples 2, 3, and 4. Sensitivity, accuracy, and agreement of the various methods, as well as the time and labor costs involved, were compared with existing methods. Strain prevalence was determined using p reliminary observations collected from nine PVY positive lots (19 subsamples, 265 individual plants) tested in 2018-19. In 2019, testing will be conducted using five seed potato lots. Positive samples will be subjected to strain analysis. Results & Conclusions : Dormant tuber and standard grow out methods both identified high levels of PVY (75-87%) in tested subsamples (Table 1). Michigan and Hawaii grow out tests were very similar, 87 and 89% positive f or PVY respectively. Testing is in -progress for test method 3, where the tubers and leaflets of the same plants were tested using different methods. Cost estimates are being developed based on these experiments. Table 1. Comparison of ELISA and RT- PCR results based on positive PVY detections (%) using dormant tuber and standard leaflet grow out methods (in- progress). # Test method N ELISA (+) RT-PCR (+) 1 Dormant tubers 32 NA 75% 2 Standard leaflet grow out 32 89% (in -progress) 3 Dormant tubers and leaflet grow out 36 NA; 44% (in -progress) 64% (in -progress); (in -progress) 4 Hawaii leaflet grow out 53 87% (in -progress) In 2018, 12% of plant samples tested positive for PVY ( strains O, N:O, N -Wi) and 2% tested positive for PVY N (strains N, NTN). A subset of positive samples from five lots were sent for test ing (Karasev); 90% of samples were positive for PVY N- Wi and 10% were positive for PVY N:O . In 2019 testing, the PVY strain types from potato tubers and leaves were successfully identified using a multiplex RT -PCR . As in 2018, the majority of tested samples were positive for PVY N:O/N -Wi , however, testing is ongoing. Evaluation of foliar fungicides to manage white mold of potato in Michigan, 2019. Chris Bloomingdale and Jaime Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University A foliar fungicide efficacy trial was established at the Montcalm Research Center in Lakeview, MI. The trial objective was to determine the efficacy of commercially available fungicides for managing white mold. A randomized complete block design, with four replicates, was used. Potato seed were cut from US#1 ‚Lamoka™ tub ers and treated with Cruiser Maxx Potato Extreme (0.31 fl oz/100 lb seed), then allowed to suberize before planting. The trial was hand-planted 14 May. Plots were four rows wide (34 -in. row spacing) by 20 ft long and a 10-in seed spacing was used. Standard grower practices were followed to manage non -target pests. The first fungicide applications were made 26 Jun, with a 7-d spray interval until 13 Aug. A CO 2 powered backpack sprayer, equipped with two TJ 8004XR flat fan nozzles and operating at a boom pressure of 38 psi, was used to apply fungicides at 20 gal/A. A standard fungicide program was also applied to control plots to prevent creating an entry point for late blight in a major potato producing region of MI. While in flower, plots were inoculated wit h S. sclerotiorum -infested millet at a rate of 0.0125 lb/rw -ft on 12 Jul and 25 Jul. Disease data were collected regularly until a chemical vine kill 30 Aug. Twenty stems were arbitrarily rated from the center two rows of plots and assigned a disease sever ity (0 -3). The severity ratings were: 0 = no disease, 1 = infection on secondary stem or petiole, 2 = infection on main stem but not girdling, 3 = infection girdling mainstem, resulting in wilting and/or death. The ratings were used to calculate a disease index and mean severity, which were then used to calculate a plot disease index. The center two rows of plots were harvested 27 Sep, potatoes were washed, and the marketable yield (cwt/A) determined. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations at Mean disease index (DX) values ranged between 19 and 24%, but were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). Estimated marketable yields (range: 114-166 cwt/A) were not different among tested fu ngicide programs (P>0.05). Numerically, program 1 (treated control) had the highest DX and lowest marketable yield, with values of 24.2% and 114.8 cwt/A, while program 4 had the lowest DX and highest marketable yield of 19.0% and 166.0 cwt/A, respectively. The lack of differences among treatments is believed to be caused by a large infestation of potato leafhoppers ( Empoasca fabae ), which resulted in an early vine kill. In the first week of Aug, leafhoppers infested the research field and surrounding grower fields. Insecticide applications were made, but hopper pressure remained high as insects migrated in from external fields. If insect pests had not caused vines to prematurely senesce , disease may have continued to develop enough for differences to be observed. Other pathology trials for potatoes in Michigan, 2019. A second trial was conducted at the Montcalm Research Center to investigate the management of potato early die using different russet varieties with and without a fall fumigation program. Methods were similar to those previously described here. These experiments are still in early stages, but results are available upon request. Table 1. No. Treatment, Rate z, and Timing y Disease Index (%) x, w Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 1v Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) ACEG + Manzate Max (1.6 qt) BDF 24.2 114.8 2 Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) ABCDEFG + Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) DF 20.0 159.5 3 Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) ACDFG + Previcur Flex (19.2 fl oz) BE + Serenade ASO (32 fl oz) BE + Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) DF 21.2 142.3 4 Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) ACEG + LifeGard WG (4.5 oz/100gal) ACEG + Manzate Max (1.6 qt) BDF 19.0 166.0 z All rates, unless otherwise specified, are listed as a measure of product per acre. y Fungicide applications were initiated at row touch. Application letters code for the following dates: A = 26 Jun, B = 9 Jul, C = 15 Jul, D = 23 Jul, E = 30 Jul, F = 8 Aug, G = 13 Aug. x Disease index was calculated by multiplying the disease incidence (0 -100%) by the mean severity (0-3), then dividing by 3. w Column values followed by the same letter were no letter, then the effect was not significant. v Treated control. Evaluation of foliar fungicides to manage late blight of potato in Michigan, 2019. Chris Bloomingdale and Jaime Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University Commercially available fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy for managing potato late blight. A field trial was established at the Michigan State University Plant Pathology Farm in Lansing, MI. A randomized complete block design was used, and treatments were replicated four times. US#1 ‚ Lamoka™ potatoes were cut into 2-oz seed pieces , treated with Cruiser Maxx Potato Extreme (0.31 fl oz/100 lb seed), and then left to suberize. The trial was planted 27 Jun. Plots were two rows wide (36 -in row spacing) by 20 ft long (10- in seed spacing) and were planted by hand. Equipment was used to open and close furrows. Potatoes and non -target pests were managed following standard grower practices. First fungicide applications occurred the morning of 20 Sep , and were repeated weekly until 8 Oct. A CO 2 powered backpack sprayer, equipped with two TJ 8004XR flat fan nozzles and operating at a boom pressure of 38 psi, was used to apply fungicides at 20 gal/A. Inoculations were postponed until 20 Sep , pending an earlier in-state detection. At sunset on 20 Sep , liquid P. infestans inoculum (2.0 x10 3 sporangia /mL) was applied using the previously mentioned spray equipment , which was sanitized before and after use . To document disease progression, disease ratings were conducted regularly until vines were chemic ally killed 8 Oct. The plot disease incidence (0- 100%) and plot disease severity (0 -100) were estimated and then used to calculate a plot disease index. Tubers were harvested from both rows 24 Oct and washed and graded to determine marketable yield (cwt/A). A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the End of season disease incidence and disease severity ratings were used to calculate a disease index (DX) value for each treatment. Mean index values for treated plots ranged from 0.02% to 10.13% and, though not different from each other, were significantly lower than the non- treated control (85.06%; P<0.001). Marketable yield was not different among treatments ( P>0.05), and ranged between 265 and 300 cwt/A. The lack of differences among treatments, despite strong disease pressure , was likely due to the short period of disease progress ion. At the reques ts of Michigan potato growers, the trial was terminated within 3 wk of the first late blight detection. Had disease onset occurred earlier, or disease continued to progress, it is possible significant differences among treatment yields would have been observed. Table 1. No. Treatment, Rate z, and Timing y Disease Index (%) x, w Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 1 Non -Treated Control 85.06 a 273.9 2 Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) ABC 10.13 b 300.4 3 Orondis Opti (2.5 pt) A + Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) BC 5.01 b 262.4 4 Orondis Opti (2.5 pt) A + Revus Top (5.5 fl oz) B + Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 pt) C 0.02 b 265.7 z All rates are listed as a measure of product per acre, and all tank mixes contained MasterLock at a rate of 0.25 % v/v. y Application letters code for the follow ing dates: A= 2 0 Sep , B= 25 Sep , C= 4 Oct . x Disease index was calculated by multiplying the disease incidence (0 -100%) by the mean severity (0-100), then dividing by 100. w Column values followed by the same letter were no letter, then the effect was not significant. Other pathology trials for potatoes in Michigan, 2019. Another trial was conducted at the Plant Pathology Research Farm to investigate the efficacy of a foliar applied experimental compound at managing early blight. Methods are similar to those described here. These experiments are still in early stages, but results are available upon request. Remote Sensing to Quantify Spatial Variability of Crop Nitrogen (N) Status and Optimize N Fertilizer in Potato Fields (Third year Ð continuation grant) Michigan Potato Industry Commission Report Bruno Basso, PhD. University Foundation Professor Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences Michigan State University Rationale Precision agriculture (PA) technologies have been shown to benefit producers by utilizing systems built into traditional row-crop machinery. High accuracy global positioning systems (GPS) coupled with on-board computers continuously record quantifiable variables like implement speed, direction, seeding-rates, fertilizer and pesticide applications, and grain yield. These data allow producers to visualize trends of productivity from their fields that help them understand the causes of these spatial variations that are inherent to every field in Michigan. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a high-value crop that is an important component in MichiganÕs diverse agricultural system. It is commonly rotated with corn, soybeans, wheat, peas, dry-edible beans and others. Nitrogen (N) is an important resource that drives the production of these crops, notably potato, corn, and wheat. However, each crop reacts differently to the various types of N application method, amount, and formulation. van Evert et al. (2012) reported using the index weighed difference vegetation index (WDVI) as a novel method for determining N side-dress rates. This proposalÕs primary objective was to use data available from Michigan potato producers to test the ability of remotely sensed imagery to determine N uptake in their crop. Additionally, farmers know that PA must play a vital role in driving the knowledge behind management decisions in Michigan potato production, and PA encourages adoption of these practices to further enhance their productivity. Objectives The goal of this proposal is to link PA tools such as remote sensing and variable rate application into a protocol that is available for potato farmers to use to monitor crop N uptake, apply N in a spatially variable manner, and improve their productivity. Methodology Field Descriptions Two fields in Pine Township were selected to use as experimental trials in cooperation with Main Farms. The field ÒP_38Ó is located in Montcalm County. It is an irrigated field totaling 17.4 acres. The field contains 3 soil types, but is dominated by Plainfield-Spinks sands, 0-6 percent slopes, making up 15 acres (86.1%). The remaining soil types are classified as Plainfield- Spinks sands, 6-18 percent slopes at 1.6 acres (9.4%) and Tekenink-Elmdale loamy sands, 2-6% slopes at 0.8 acres (4.5%). The field ÒP_01Ó is located adjacent to P_38 with two center pivots pulling from a large waste area in the middle of the field totaling 37.9 acres. It contains 5 soils types and is dominated by Plainfield-Spinks sands, 0-6 percent slopes at 20.0 acres (52.8%). The other major soil types are Tekenink-Elmdale loamy sands, 2-6 percent slopes at 11.8 acres (31.1%) and Tekenink-Spinks loamy sands, 6-12 percent slopes at 6.0 acres (15.7%). Table 1 contains the field names, rotation, and field size. Experimental Design Yield monitor data provided by the cooperator led to the creation of yield stability maps (YSM). First, areas of high, medium, and low levels of production were mapped with an algorithm to determine yield productivity levels. Second, a temporal variance map was created to show areas of stable and unstable production. The combination of these maps led to the YSM that shows how these areas perform across the field (spatially) and year after year (temporally) (Figure 1). The field trial was setup accounting for these patterns of yield level variability present and visible from the YSMs. Varied Plant Populations & Varied Nitrogen Management At planting, seed piece densities were varied in coordination with the farm-standard (17,000 pl ac-1 ) for that particular farm. A low density (14,500 pl ac-1 ) and high density (19,500 pl ac-1 ) were also included as treatments. Planting densities were counted by hand a few weeks after emergence. Both fields received consistent rate of N at pre-plant (dry Urea/AMS blend) and planting (liquid). A consistent rate in combination of dry and liquid was applied at hilling. Lastly, a 50/50 blend of urea and AMS was spread at both fields in coordination with a prescription from the Basso Lab (Table 2). The prescription was varied with multiple rates fitting the yield stability zones to determine the yield response. (Figure 2). Remotely Sensed Imagery & Field Sampling Remotely sensed imagery was collected throughout the season using UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), airborne systems (AirScout¨), and satellites in order to assess plant health based on multiple vegetation indices (VIs). Remote sensing is a tool that captures plant and soil reflectance which is an indication of plant health at the field-scale. The VIs related to potato production, like the weighted difference vegetation index (WDVI), are important because potatoes are planted in wide rows and they achieve full canopy later in the season, so typical VIs like normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized red edge index (NDRE) are not optimal (Table 3). Petiole samples were collected at various point within the population trial and at 2 sample dates: 7/23/19 & 9/9/2019. Shortly before machine harvest, a single 7-ft row was hand dug at 3 replicates at 48 sample points across both fields, and the potatoes were weighed by each grade, or the size of the tuber. A subsample of potatoes was brought back to the MSU Agronomy Farm where their specific gravity was measured and processed for N accumulation. Unfortunately, due to the delayed planting in the spring, the field was projected to be harvested in late fall and the effects of a hard frost in November rendered the field damaged, so it was not machine harvested. Yield monitor data from machine harvested potato fields has proven very valuable in getting a complete picture of field-scale variability. Results Yield Stability Analysis An unusually wet spring impacted every farm in the Midwest. These fields were the selected for this study after the original fields were abandoned due to conditions that delayed planting. Yield stability analysis revealed a trend of the low and stable zones being found around the field borders. This is consistent with the findings of Basso and Maestrini, 2018. High and stable zones in the middle of the field consistently produce the highest yields, while the unstable zones fluctuate based on the particular year and are typically dominated by unique positions in the landscape, i.e. hilltops, slopes, and depressions. Remotely Sensed Imagery Imagery collected via UAVs and airborne systems reveals spatial patterns of variability in potato vegetation growth. These patterns reflect the inherent nature in differences of potato vegetation and not any difference in management. Eight images collected via AirScout¨ remote sensing service show the pattern of plant health through their advanced difference vegetation index (ADVI¨) (Figure 3). Imagery captured after the varied N application on July 23 shows no signs of differences related to N (Images on July 31, August 19, and September 14). The plants began to senesce, and vine-kill took place shortly after the final image on September 14. The final image at October 7 shows the field with no living vegetation. The capability of remote sensing to detect differences in N uptake in plants is well documented in the literature, however there is no visible response to the varied N in these later images. This indicates that there was no response by the plants to the 3 varied rates, 0, 100, and 200 lb N ac-1 . The WDVI imagery captured from the UAV reveals similar patterns of variability in vegetation that is not in response to the N treatments at P_01 and P_38 (Figures 4 and 5). Yield, Nitrogen, and Potato Grades Petiole samples collected in July and September revealed a difference in mean N concentration by date, but no significant differences in the means by either field, planting density, or yield stability zone (Table 4). These results indicate that varying N in potatoes needs to be taken into consideration before hilling, since the effect is not represented in both remotely sensed imagery and samples taken by hand. Results from the hand digs show that potato yields were slightly lower at the 0 lb N ac-1 side-dress, but the differences were not significant (Figure 6). Each treatment produced around the same amount of No.1 graded potatoes (39-45). The results did not show any significant differences when analyzed by their position in the field. Conclusions Each year brings new opportunity and new challenges that the grower faces if they wish to have successful and profitable crop growth. Large precipitation events, like spring 2019, cause delays in completing field work like spreading fertilizer, tillage, and planting. These delays also deter what would normally be expected of the crop N cycle. Yield stability maps provide the visual representation of field scale variability regardless of management practices. Here, planting densities, variable rate nutrients, and irrigation scheduling decisions are made from a more informed perspective that saves producers valuable input costs. References Maestrini, B. & Basso, B. (2018). Drivers of within-field spatial and temporal variability of crop yield across the US Midwest. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2045-2322. van Evert, Frits & Booij, Remmie & Jukema, Jan & M, Berge & Uenk, Dik & Meurs, E.J.J. & Van Geel, Willem & Wijnholds, Klaas & Slabbekoorn, J.J. (2012). Using crop reflectance to determine sidedress N rate in potato saves N and maintains yield. European Journal of Agronomy 43 (58-67). Field Name Yrs. of Yield Data Cropping History Field Size (ac) P_01 5 Corn-Soybean-Corn-Potato 37.88 P_38 5 Corn-Soybean-Corn-Potato 17.39 Table 1. Field names, available field data, rotation, and field size for the 2 studied potato fields. Treatment Pre-Plant June 3 (lb N/ac) Planting June 4-5 (lb N/ac) Hilling July 8 (lb N/ac) Post-Hilling July 23 (lb N/ac) Total N Low 33.0 55.1 110.0 0 198.1 Conventional 33.0 55.1 110.0 100 298.1 High 33.0 55.1 110.0 200 398.1 Table 2. Nitrogen management information related for the 2019 season. Index Equation Description Reference NDVI !"#$%&!$'(')" *&!$'+')" * Estimates leaf area index (LAI) as a proxy for biomass accumulation NDRE !"')%&!$'(')" ,)"-) *&!$'+')" ,)"-) * Sharma et al. 2017 WDVI ."#$%!$'/01234 (&!$'5267 *&-'))!5267 *,-'))!/01234 Removes soil reflectance before plant canopy is covered Clevers 1992 GC 89%:;<=<,>,."#$,$?,."#$@A=B; 89%(C=AD+BBC=D,>,."#$,$?,."#$EA=B; Estimates amount of ground cover Bouman et al. 1992 Table 3. Remotely sensed imagery is transformed into vegetation indices (VIs) that describe the spatial variability of potato growth. Figure 1. Historical cropping yield reveals trends of yield stability in both potato fields. ! Figure 2. Experimental design of both fields encompassing 3 planting densities and 3 different N rates. ! Figure 3. AirScout ¨ imagery of ADVI from 6/21/19 to 10/7/19 of P_01. ! Figure 4. WDVI created from UAV imagery at P_01. Figure 5. WDVI captured at P_38. !Sampling Date Field Planting Density Yield Stability Zone Percent N in Petiole 7/23/19 P_01 14,500 High and Stable 4.02 7/23/19 P_01 14,500 Medium and Stable 4.02 7/23/19 P_01 17,000 High and Stable 3.72 7/23/19 P_01 17,000 Medium and Stable 4.32 7/23/19 P_01 17,000 Unstable 3.17 7/23/19 P_01 19,500 High and Stable 3.65 7/23/19 P_01 19,500 Medium and Stable 3.39 7/23/19 P_01 19,500 Unstable 2.32 Sampling Date Field Planting Density Yield Stability Zone Percent N in Petiole 7/23/19 P_38 14,500 High and Stable 4.54 7/23/19 P_38 14,500 Medium and Stable 4.26 7/23/19 P_38 17,000 High and Stable 4.35 7/23/19 P_38 19,500 High and Stable 4.24 Sampling Date Field Planting Density Yield Stability Zone Percent N in Petiole 9/9/19 P_01 14,500 High and Stable 1.15 9/9/19 P_01 14,500 Medium and Stable 1.14 9/9/19 P_01 17,000 High and Stable 1.22 9/9/19 P_01 17,000 Medium and Stable 1.11 9/9/19 P_01 17,000 Unstable 1.07 9/9/19 P_01 19,500 High and Stable 1.06 9/9/19 P_01 19,500 Medium and Stable 1.12 9/9/19 P_01 19,500 Unstable 1.08 Sampling Date Field Planting Density Yield Stability Zone Percent N in Petiole 9/9/19 P_38 14,500 High and Stable 1.11 9/9/19 P_38 14,500 Medium and Stable 1.07 9/9/19 P_38 17,000 High and Stable 1.17 9/9/19 P_38 19,500 High and Stable 1.25 Table 5. Petiole results from each field, planting density, and yield stability zone at 2 sampling dates. Figure 6. Yield results from hand -digs at the multiple population densities and side -dress amounts. Improvi ng Productivity and Sustainability in Potato Production Systems by Increasing Soil Biodiversity and Health Two field trials were conducted in 2019 , o ne at the Montcalm Research Center in Entrican, MI and the other at Walther™s Farms in Cassopolis, Michigan to evaluate the effects of nematicides and compost/manures on potato early die complex for a second year. Ten treatments were tested at the Montcalm site which included: Untreated Control, Poultry Manure High (5 tons/acre), Poultry Manure Low (1.25 tons/acre), Layer Ash Blend High (5 tons/acre), Layer Ash Blend Low (1.25 tons/acre), Layer Ash Blend Low (1.25 tons/acre) plus Vydate (oxamyl) and a grower standard which was Vydate. At Montcalm, composts and manures were applied 1 day prior to plantin g and plots were planted on May 16th, 2019. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in 12™x50™ plots. On October 4 th, 2019, one 25ft was harvested from each plot and subsequently weighed and graded to determine yield on a per acre basis. At Walthers, plots were planted on May 24th, 2019 and twenty treatments were tested. The compost treatments were the same as in Montcalm but in addition, nematicides available on the market which included: Salibro (sulfonamide) low plus three applications of Vydate low, Sal ibro high plus three applications of Vydate high, two applications of Salibro low plus an application of Vydate low, Salibro low plus two applications of Vydate low, four applications of Vydate low, Velum Prime plus Movento, Emesto Silver plus Velum Prime and Luna Tranquility, Emesto Silver plus Velum Prime and Serenade, Emesto Silver plus Velum Prime and Vydate, and an Untreated Control. Again, all treatments were replicated four times. In furrow nematicide and compost/manure treatments were applied one day prior planting. On September 27th, 2019, one 25ft row was harvested from each plot, weighed and graded to determine yield on a per acre basis. At Montcalm, data collected included nematode population s at pre -planting and at harvest. As for Walthers, dat a was collected pre -planting, mid -season and at harvest for both chemical and compost trials. In addition, during mid-season stems were collected from ten random plants in each plot to establish Verticillium dahliae incidence at Walthers. Finally, for both sites, yield was recorded in CTW/ac. We are currently still processing nematode samples from Walthers and statistics are forthcoming but preliminary data is shown below. The 2019 trials have demonstrated that poultry m anure and Layer Ash Blend at both rates have high effectiveness in controlling root lesion nematode, for a second year. It i s important to mentioned that, regarding potato yield, there was significant differences between locations. The yields recorded at Walthers were significantly higher than in Montcalm, this could be due to better cropping techniques, high disease pressure and frequent potato cropping in the same fields. Results from these trials were recently presented at the Great Lakes Expo in Grand Rapids, Michigan in the form of a talk and poster (see attached poster). For 2020, we are looking to determin e if the mechanism by which these organic amendments suppress root- lesion nematode is by the presence of antagonistic microorganisms and establish if there is a significant impact o n soil nutrient availability. Also, we are planning to integrate these organic amendments with biological nematicides available in the market and see if there is an improvement in efficacy . Lastly , we intend on producing extension materials to provide reco mmendations to growers. Figure 1 . Average number of P. penetrans per 100 cc of soil at Montcalm. The recorded data is from post -planting and at harvest. There was not significant different among treatments, however, there was significant differences between sample dates for LAB low, PM high and LAB low+Vydate. Error bars indicates the standard error of the mean. Figure 2. Average yield in CTW/acre at Montcalm. There were no significant differences between treatment. Error bars indicates the standar d error of the mean. Figure 3 . Average yield in CTW/acre at Walthers for the compost trial. There were no significant differences between treatments. Error bars indicates the standard error of the mean. Figure 4. V. dahliae incidence in stems under chemical treatment at Walthers. There were no significant differences between treatments. Error bars indicates the standard deviation of the mean. Figure 5. V. dahliae incidence in stems under compost treatment at Walthers. The re were no significant differences between treatments. Error bars indicates the standard error of the mean. 2018-2019 MICHIGAN POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE ANNUAL REPORT MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION Chris Long, Coordinator, Trina Zavislan, and Damen Kurzer Introduction and Acknowledgements Round white potato production for chip processing continues to lead the potato market in Michigan. Michigan growers continually look for promising new round white varieties that meet necessary production and processing criteria. There are many variety tria ls underway in Michigan that are evaluating chipping varieties for yield, solids, disease resistance, desired tuber size profile and chipping quality with the hope of exhibiting the positive attributes of these lines to growers and processors. Extended sto rage chip quality and storability are of extreme importance in round white potato production. Therefore, any new chip processing varieties with commercialization potential will have storage profiles developed. Examining new varieties for long -term storage and processing quality keeps the Michigan chip industry at the leading edge of the snack food industry. The information in this report allows the industry to make informed decisions about the value of adopting these varieties into commercial production. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC) Potato Demonstration Storage Facility currently consists of two structures. The first building, the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Building, constructed in 1999, allows the Michigan potato industry to generate stor age and chip quality data on newly identified chip processing clones. This information helps to establish the commercial potential of new varieties. This demonstration storage facility utilizes six, 550 cwt. bulk bins (bins 1 -6) that have independent venti lation systems. The Ben Kudwa Building, built in 2008, has three independently ventilated, 600 cwt. bulk bins. The first of these bulk bins, bin 7, was converted to box bin storage that holds 36, 10 cwt. box bins to provide storage profiles on early genera tion potato varieties. The box bin is an entry point into storage profiling that allows the industry to learn about a varieties™ physical and chemical storability before advancing to the bulk bin level. A variety is evaluated for 4 -6 years before entering box bin testing. In the variety development process, little information has been collected about a varieties™ physical storability or chemical storage profile prior to being included in the box bin trial. A storage profile consists of bi -weekly sampling of potatoes to obtain: sucrose and glucose levels, chip color and defect values. In addition, we evaluate each variety for weight loss or shrinkage and pressure bruise. With this information, we can create the storage profile of a variety, providing the indu stry with a clearer picture of where a line can or cannot be utilized in the snack food industry. The Michigan potato industry hopes to use these storage profiles to improve in areas such as long -term storage quality, deliverability of product and, ultimat ely, sustained market share. The two remaining 600 cwt. bulk bins in the second structure are used to evaluate the post -harvest physiology of potatoes. The facility can be used to evaluate stor age pathology or sprout inhibito r products. The Michigan industry recognizes the importance of controlling disease and sprout developmen t in storage and is committed to doing research in these areas. This sixteenth annual Demonstration Storage Report contains the results of the storage work conducted in th e faci lity during the 2018 -2019 storage season. Section I, fi2018 -2019 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Reportfl, contains the results and highlights from our 10 cwt. box bin study. Section II, fi2018 -2019 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. bin) Reportfl, shows bulk bin results, including information from commercial processors regarding these new varieties. The storage facility, and the work done within it, is directed by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee and Michigan State University (MSU) faculty. The funding and financ ial support for this facility , and the research conducted within it, is largely derived from the MPIC. The committee occasionally receives support for a given project from private and/or public interests. We wish to acknowledge all the support and inves tment we receive to operate and conduct storage research. First, we express our gratitude for the partnership we enjoy between the MPIC and Michigan State University. Thank you to the MPIC Storage & Handling Committee for their investment of time, guiding the decisions and direction of the facility. Steve and John Crooks, Crooks Farms, Inc.; Brian Sackett, Sackett Potatoes ; Kyle Lennard, Lennard Ag. Co., and Karl Ritchie and Brice Stine of Walther Farms for provided the material to fill the bulk bins this year; and without their willingness to be involved, we could not have accomplished our objectives. Equal in importance are the processors who invested in this research. They are Mitch Keeney, Jim Fitzgerald and Jack Corriere of UTZ Quality Foods, Inc., Hanover, PA; Gene Herr and Elis Cole of Herr Foods, and Al Lee and Phil Gusmano of Better Made Snack Foods, Detroit, MI. It has been a great pleasure to work with all of you. Special thanks to Butch Riley (Gun Valley Ag. & Industrial Services, Inc.) for his annual investment in the sprout treatment of the storage facility. We would also like to acknowledge a long list of additional contributors who invested much time to help foster a quality storage program: Dr. Dave Douches and the MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Todd Forbush (Techmark, Inc), Mathew Klein (Farm Manager, MSU Montcalm Research Center), and Tim and Matt Wilkes (Potato Services of Michigan). All played a role in making this facility usefu l to the Michigan potato industry. Overview of the 2018 Production Season The overall 6 -month average maximum and mini mum temperatures during the 2018 growing season in central Michigan were slightly warmer than the 15 -year average of 73 oF and 50 oF respectively (Table 1). Temperatures were slightly cooler than average in A pril and warmer than average in May, July, and September . Extreme heat events were higher than average in 2018 (Table 2), with 26 hours over 8 days exceeding 90 oF during the entire summer. H igh nighttime temperatures (over 70 oF) were also higher than average with 215 hours over 46 days. Rainfall for A pri l through September was 22.76 inches, 5.49 inches above the 15-year average (Table 3 ). August had a high rainfall of 7.73 i nches, more than twice the 15 -year average of 3.16 inches for the month. The remaining months had more typical precipitation in line with the 15 -year averages. Table 1. The 15 -year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures ( F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* Table 2 . Six -year heat stress summary (from May 1 st Œ Sept. 30 th)* HoursDaysHoursDays 14314028 00 5815 00 11431 26724850 23312429 26821546 15415033 Temperatures > 90 oF Night (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70 oF Year Max. Min. Ma x.Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Ma x.Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 20046237674674547957765378497349 20056236654182608258815877517551 20066236614678548361805868487251 20075333734782548156805876507450 20086137674077568058805473507349 20095634674576547553765674497149 20106438704977578362826169507453 20115334684877568562795870487251 20125834734884539062825574467750 20135133734877558158805478487349 20145533684578577754795672477249 20155834714876548056775777547351 20165332704578538259856078547451 20176139674478558158775477507450 20185431754878568262796077517551 15-Year Average5835694678558158805775507350 6-Month Average April May June July August September Table 3 . The 15 -year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center. * Year April MayJuneJulyAugust September Total 20041.798.183.131.721.990.3217.13 20050.691.393.573.651.853.9015.05 20062.734.452.185.552.253.1520.31 20072.641.601.582.432.341.1811.77 20081.591.692.953.073.035.0317.36 20093.942.152.432.074.741.4916.82 20101.593.683.212.142.631.8815.13 20113.423.08 2.381.632.571.8414.92 20122.350.980.993.633.310.7612.02 20137.984.522.261.354.061.3321.50 20144.245.513.253.711.782.3520.84 20153.712.954.791.722.423.9019.49 20162.252.771.333.425.353.0518.17 20174.451.986.370.921.360.7015.78 20182.045.513.641.197.732.6522.76 15-Y ear Average 3.033.362.942.553.162.2417.27 *Weather data collected at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. I. 2018-2019 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report (Chris Long, Trina Zavislan, Damen Kurzer , an d Brian Sackett) Introduction This project evaluated new chip processing varieties from national and private breeding progr ams for processing quality after storage conditions. We evaluated a variety™s response to pile temperature, as reflected in sucrose and glucose levels, as well as w eight loss and pressure bruise susceptibility. Bin 7 contained 36 10 cwt. b oxes. We organized the 36 boxes in to six stacks of six . The box design allows air t o travel in from a header , or plenum wall , through the fork lift holes of each box and up throu gh the potatoes within it. The air continues to flow up through the next box until it reaches the top and is drawn off the top of the chamber. The air is then rec onditioned a nd forced back through the header wall plenums a nd up through the boxes again. Each box contains a sample door facing the center aisle from wh ich we sampled t ubers for bi-weekly or monthly quality evaluations. Procedure In 20 18, we evaluated and compared 32 new varieties to the check varieties Manistee, Snowden , and Lamoka. Once the varieties were chosen, 1 cwt. of each variety was planted in a single 34 -inch wide row, on April 27 th at the MSU, Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. We planted the varieties at a 10fl in -row seed spacing. All varieties received fertilizer in the rates of: 273 lb. N/A, 99 lb P 2O5/A and 261 lb K 2O/A. The vari eties were vine killed after 131 days and allowed to set skins for 37 days before harvest on Octo ber 12 th, 2018; which was 168 days after planting. We did not account for variety maturity in harvest timing due to storage and handling restrictions. We placed approximately 10 cwt. of each variety in a box bin and stacked the boxes in bin 7. The average storage temperature for all the box bins (box bin 7) was 54.0ºF for the 2018 -2019 season. At harvest, we collected nine, 20 lb. samples from each vari ety for weight loss and pressure bruise evaluation. We describe the varieties, their pedigree and scab ratings in Table 4. We also recorded yield, size distribution, chip quality, and specific gravity at harvest (Table 5). We graded the varieties to remov e all fiBfl size tubers and pick -outs, ensuring the tubers began storage in good physical condition. The storage season began October 8, 2018, and ended Ju ly 1 , 2019 . Bin 7 was gassed with CIPC on November 7, 201 8. We began variety evaluations on October 8, 2018 , followed by a bi-weekly sampling schedule until early June. We randomly selected forty tubers from each box every two weeks and sent them to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. We also evaluated pressure bruising by placing nine pressure sample bags for each variety in one of the bulk bins at the storage facility. We placed three bags at each of 3™, 8™ and 14™ from the pile floor. When that bin was unloaded, we weighed the sample bags and calculated percent weight loss. We evaluated a 25 -tuber sample from each of the nine bags for the presence or absence of pressure bruise. We recorded the number of tubers and severity of bruise. All pressure bruises were evaluated for discoloration. This report is not an archive of all the data that we generated for the box bin trial, but rather a summary of the data from the most promising lines. The purpose of this report is to present a summary of information from the best performing lines from thi s trial that will be moved along the commercialization process. If more detailed information is desired, please contact Chris Long at Michigan State University in the Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences for assistance at (517) 355 -0277 or longch@msu.edu . Additional data is available on the program website, https://www. canr.msu.edu/potatooutreach. Table 4. 2018 -19 MPIC Demonstration Box Bin Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2018 Scab Rating* Characteristics Lamoka (NY139) NY120 X NY115 0.0 High yield, mid - late season maturity, medium specific gravity, oval to oblong tuber type, low internal defects, long term chip quality Manistee (MSL292 -A) Snowden X MSH098 -2 1.0 Average yield, scab resistance similar to Snowden, medium specific gravity, long storage potential, uniform, flat round tuber type, heavy netted skin Snowden (W855) B5141 -6 X Wischip 2.0 High yield, late maturity, mid -season storage, reconditions well in storage, medium to high specific gravity AC00206 -2W AC87340 -2 X Dakota Pearl 0.5 Below average yield, earlier maturity, lower than average specific gravity AC03452 -2W A98423 -1C X COA96141 -2C 2.0 Above average yield, deep apical ends, common scab succeptible AC05153 -1W A91814 -5 X Chipeta 0.0 Smaller size profile with more B -sized tubers than average, good internal quality AF5040 -8 AF2376 -5 X Lamoka 2.5 Large pitted scab lesions visible in 2018, below average yield potential B2869 -29 B0564 -8 X B1316 -5 0.0 High specific gravity, flatter tuber type, very early maturity B2904 -2 B1873 -6 X CoastalChip 0.0 Attractive, round tubers, very high specific gravity, susceptible to vascular discoloration BNC311-4 BNC41- 7 X NCB2489 -5 0.5 Below average yield and specific gravity, smal ler vine type CO02033 -1W A91790 -13W X S440 0.0 Smaller tuber size profile, earlier vine maturity, above average specific gravity CO10076 -4W CO03243 -3W X CO02024 -9W 0.0 High yield, susceptible to vascular discoloration, lower specific gravity Huron Chipper (MSW485 -2) MSQ070 -1 X MSR156 -7 0.5 Scab resistant with moderate late -blight resistance, high specific gravity and attractive tuber shape Lady Liberty (NY152) B38- 14 X Marcy 0.0 High yield potential, medium specific gravity, moderate resistance to common scab, medium -late maturity Mackinaw (MSX540 -4) Saginaw Chipper X Lamoka 0.5 Medium/high yield potential, common scab, late blight and PVY resistant, high specific gravity, currently in Fast Track program MSV111 -2 MSJ316 -A x MSN105 -1 0.0 Later vine maturity, lower specific gravity, mild vascular discoloration MSV498 -1 Snowden X MSQ283 -2 0.0 Deep apical ends, low specific gravity, earlier vine maturity MSW044 -1 Kalkaska X Lamoka 0.0 Bright skin, attractive round tuber profile, high specific gravity, common scab tolerant MSY156 -2 MSK061 -4 X Kalkaska 0.0 High percentage A -sized tubers, good internal quality MSZ062 -10 MSR127 -2 X McBride 0.0 Darker netted skin, high yield, susceptible to vascular discoloration, early vine maturity MSZ 096-3 Boulder X MSR127 -2 0.0 Flattened tuber shape, full season maturity, very high yield MSZ120 -4 Kalkaska X MSQ086 -3 0.0 High yield, bright skin, common scab tolerant, full season maturity MSZ219 -1 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127 -2 0.0 Average yield, good off the farm chip score, darker netted skin MSZ219 -13 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127 -2 0.0 High yield potential, some skinning, high proportion A -sized tubers MSZ219 -14 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127 -2 0.5 Average yield, susceptible to vascular discoloration, mid - to full season maturity MSZ219 -46 Saginaw Chipper X MSR127 -2 0.0 Above average yield, smaller vine type, below average specific gravity MSZ222 -19 MSR127 -2 X Tundra 0.0 Misshapen tubers in pickouts, good internal quality, high yield potential MSZ242 -13 MSR1 68-8Y X MSU383 -A 0.0 Very high specific gravity, moderate skinning, high yield potential MSZ242 -7 MSR168 -8Y X MSU383 -A 0.0 Slight vascular discoloration, common scab tolerant, average yield MSZ242 -9 MSR168 -8Y X MSU383 -A 1.0 Very high specific gravity, good internal quality, high yield potential MSZ248 -10 Snowden X 1.5 Small vine type and early vine maturity, below average yield and specific gravity NY162 NYE106 -2 X NYE48 -2 0.0 High percent US #1 tubers, good internal quality, misshapen tubers in pickouts Petoskey (MSV030 -4) Beacon Chipper X MSG227 -2 0.0 Above average yield and specific gravity, slight pink eyes, flattened round tuber type W9968 -5 Fasan X Nicolet 1.5 High yield, pear shaped tubers, oval to oblong tuber type with heavier netting Winterset (CO02321 -4W) NY115 X BC0894 -2W 1.0 Good internal quality, below average yield, good fresh chip quality *Scab rating based on 0 -5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data and qualitative descriptions provided by Potat o Outreach Program (P.O.P.), MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program and other potato breeding programs. LINE US#1 TOTA LUS#1 Bs AsOVPOSP GR 2OTF CHIP SCORE 3HHVDIBS BCCOMMON SCAB RATING 5VINE VIGOR 6VINE MATURITY 7COMMENTS AC00206-2W 187295633663011.072 1.000000.5 2.0 2.5 AC03452-2W 575700821782011.068 1.0 0101002.0 2.0 3.0 deep apical ends AC05153-1W 159233683268001.079 1.0 00000.0 2.0 2.0 AF5040-8 245318772275211.078 1.0 00002.5 2.0 2.5 large pitted scab lesions B2869-29 302410742574011.087 1.0 020000.0 1.5 1.0 flatter tuber type B2904-2 333386861386011.092 1.5 1050000.0 1.5 1.5 round tubers BNC311-4 225278811981001.073 1.0 00000.5 1.5 3.0 CO02033-1W 270382712971001.087 1.0010000.0 1.5 1.5 smaller tuber size profile CO02321-4W 292368792079011.086 1.0 00001.0 3.0 2.0 CO10076-4W 432515841684001.074 1.5 040000.0 2.5 3.5 Lamoka 368419881188011.080 1.0 00000.0 1.5 1.5 pointed tubers in POs Mackinaw (MSX540-4) 282357792179001.086 1.0 010000.5 1.0 2.5 smaller tuber size profile Manistee 292334871287011.079 1.0 00001.0 1.5 1.0 deep apical ends, mod skinning MSV030-4 352415851485011.078 1.0 010000.0 1.0 2.0 MSV111-2 389486802080001.070 1.5 020000.0 1.0 4.0 missahpen Pos MS V498-1 297338881088021.065 1.5030000.0 1.5 2.5 deep apical ends MSW044-1 371494752574101.089 1.0 010000.0 2.0 3.0 bright skin, attractive round tuber profile MSW485-2 55862190990011.089 1.0 0400100.5 1.5 3.0 mod alligator hide MSY156-2 404452901090001.079 1.0 010000.0 1.5 3.0 bright skin, attractive round tuber profile MSZ062-10 44549191991001.087 1.0 060000.0 1.5 1.0 darker netted skin MSZ096-3 73178793693011.081 1.5 010001.5 1.5 5.0 some flatter tubers MSZ120-4 530587901090001.086 1.0 020000.0 1.0 4.5 bright skin MSZ219-1 39641696394211.079 1.0 030000.01.5 2.5 darker netted skin MSZ219-13 55358794694001.081 1.0 010000.0 1.0 2.5 mod alligator hide MSZ219-14 43547691891011.075 1.0 020000.5 1.5 4.0 MSZ219-46 45948994693101.076 1.5 030000.0 1.0 3.0 MSZ222-19 528598881088021.087 1.5 00000.0 1.0 2.0 misshapen POs MSZ242-13 41747188887141.096 1.0 00000.0 1.0 2.0 mod skinning, GC in POs MSZ242-7 36840591891011.092 1.0 020000.0 1.5 2.5 misshapen POs MSZ242-9 462519891089011.094 1.0 00001.0 1.5 3.0 misshapen POs MS Z248-10 34638590990011.079 1.000001.5 1.5 1.5 Niagara (NY152) 47853390990011.076 1.0 00000.0 1.0 2.0 NY162 42248387887051.077 1.0 00000.0 1.0 1.5 misshapen POs Snowden 49454091890111.085 1.0 00002.0 1.5 2.5 W9968-5 470540871387001.083 1.5 00001.5 1.0 3.0 mod alligator hide MEAN 396460851485011.081 1.1 013000.5 1.5 2.5 1SIZE 2SPECIFIC GRAVITY 5COMMON SCAB RATING Bs: < 1 7/8" Data not replicated 0. 0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions As: 1 7/8" - 3 1/4" Ratings: 1 - 5 HH: Hollow Heart 1.0: Presence of surface lesions OV: > 3 1/4" 1: Excellent VD: Vascular Discoloration 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low PO: POs 5: Poor IBS: Internal Brown Spot 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers Data collected by Techmark, Inc. BC: Brown Center 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 6VINE VIGOR RATING 7VINE MATURITY RATING FIELD DATA 3OUT OF THE FIELD CHIP COLOR SCORE 4RAW TUBER QUALITY (SNAC Scale) (percent of tubers out of 10) Table 5. 2018 Storage Chip Processing Potato Variety Trial MRC Box Bin Planting: 4/27/18 Vine Kill: 9/5/18 Harvest: 10/12/18 GDD 40 : 3567 CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1RAW TUBER QUALITY 4 (%) Date: 5/30/18 Date: 8/20/18 Planting date 4/27/18 Rating 1-5 Rating 1-5 Vine Kill Date 9/5/18 1: Slow emergence 1: Early (vines completely dead) Harvest Date 10/12/18 Days (planting to vine kill) 131Days (planting to harvest) 168GDD 40 MAWN Station Entrican GDD 40 (planting to vine kill) 3567Seed Spacing 10"Ro w Width 34"Harvest Length 23'5: Early emergence (vigorous vines, some flowering) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) Results: 2018 -2019 Chip Processing Box Bin Highlights Petoskey ( MSV030 -4) This Michigan State University variety has been evaluated in the Box Bin trial for four years. At harvest, the specific gravity was 1.0 78, below the trial average of 1.081 . The US#1 yield was 3 52 cwt/A, slightly below average for the trial (Table 5). Petoskey was chemically immature mature at harvest, with the sucrose rating increasing from 0. 699 to 0.854 between the two pre -harvest panels on August 13 th and August 37 th. This variety exhibited earlier maturity and scab tolerance . It had excellent out of the field chip quality, with a 1.0 chip score. At the first sample date on 10/10/18 the sucrose (X10) beg an to decrease, and continued to do so until late February, after which it began to rise until bin unloading on 6/17/19. Glucose concentrations we re somewhat variable, with 0.004 % at the first sample, which fluctuated between October and November before re maining at 0.002 for most of December to February . Between March and the end of storage in early June both glucose and sucrose concentrations increased. The box bin had a target temperature of 54ºF , and the bin was cooled to the target by early November. I t stayed between 53. 2º F and 54ºF though May , before increasing slightly to 54. 8º F in June . There was no undesirable color reported during the whole storage season . Internal color was also good, with a high of 21.3 % at bin unloading . In all but the first an d last sample, total defects were less than 20%. Petoskey has continued potential for commercialization in Michigan due to chip quality in long term storage, higher specific gravity, and good internal quality. This variety will be in the 2019 National SNAC variety trial and the 2019 -2020 Bulk Bin Trial . Figure 1. Petoskey chip samples at the last acceptable processing date, 5/20/19 (left) and at last sample date, 6/3/19 (right) . Winterset (CO02321 -4W) This Colorado State University variety was named and released as Winterset in 2017 . It has above average specific gravity, good chip color, and excellent internal quality. In 2018 it had a below average US #1 yield of 292 cwt/A comp ared to the trial average of 396 cwt/A. This variety does tend to have a smaller tuber size profile with more B sized tubers. It had early to mid -season maturity in 2018 . Winterset was physiologically and chemically mature at harvest as sucrose decreased between the first and second pre -harvest sample from 0 .484 to 0.400 . Glucose remained consistent at 0.001 at both readings. During initial bin cooling between loading and November the sucrose concentration (X10) initially rose but then decreased . It fluctuated during the winter with a general positive trend, concluding with 1.785% (x10) at bin unloading . Glucose concentrations were more stable over the season, with slight fluctuations between 0.00 2 and 0.00 4 after bin cooling , but the final glucose concentr ation at bin unloading was 0.008 . Bin cooling for this and all other varieties is described in the Petoskey variety description, as all box bin are stored together. Chip quality was excellent during storage, with internal color and undesirable color occurring at the last sample . Total defects were initially h igher, between 19% and 25% from bin loading until January, but gradually decreased. At bin unloading, total defects were 62%, suggesting storage potential until May at 54 ºF This variety will further evaluated in the 2019 -2020 Box Bin trial with bi -weekly, instead of monthly samples , as it demonstrates long -term storage potential with minimal chip defects until June. Figure 2. Winterset (CO02321 -4W) chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 5/ 6/19 (left) and last storage sample, 6/ 3/19 (right) . NY162 This Cornell University variety had a highest US#1 and total yield in the 2018 box bin trial. The US#1 yield was 422 cwt/A and total yield was 483 cwt/A, compared to the trial average of 396 cwt/ A and 46 0 cwt/A, respectively. NY162 had slightly more A- size potatoes than average, and a specific gravity below the trial average at 1.0 77. It had excellent internal quality, a good off the farm chip score, and early season maturity in 2018. It was chemically immature at harvest, with sucrose concentrations increasing from 0.372 to 0.510 between the first and second pre -harvest panel. The pre -harvest glucose levels were stable at 0.002 at both sample dates. The sucrose concentration (X10) began to decrease in mid -November and rose again in ear ly March. The highest sucrose concentration occurred at the final sample at 1.0 79 (x 10) at the final sample. Glucose concentrations were initially higher, especially between late October and early December, measuring between 0.014 and 0.0 24 during this tim e. By January, the concentrations had lowered to between 0.003 and 0.005 for the duration of storage. There were a few samples with undesirable color, split between early storage and the last few samples. Correspondingly, there were higher incidences of internal color and total defects early in storage. Chip quality was the best in March and April, suggesting re -conditioning occurred in storage. Defects were highest in the second to last sample on 5/20/19, with 62.2% total defects. Figure 3. NY162 chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 4/8/19 (left) and last storage sample, 6/3/19 (right). MSZ219 -14 This variety is the sibling of the MSU sele ction MSZ219 -13. In 2018 it had a n above than average yield, 435 cwt/A US#1 tubers, more than the trial average of 3 96 cwt/A US#1 tubers. I t had a specific gravity of 1.07 5, slightly lower than the trial average of 1.081 . Off the farm chip colo r was averag e, and was scored at 1.0 compared to the 1. 1 average for the trial. 2 0% vascular discoloration was observed in 2018 , along with a vigorous vine and mid -season maturity. While the glucose level remained the same between the two pre -harvest panels, the sucro se increased slightly from 0.449 to 0.553, indicating chemical immaturity. This variety also went into storage earlier than some other box bin varieties and had an initial temperature of 72.4 ºF, although th e te mperature was cooled to 53 .2 ºF by the second sample date. Sucrose concentra tions remained high, above 0.3 89 (X10) in all samples . Glucose concentrations were also higher, between 0.005 and 0.0 12 from October to December, an d rose again in March after a slight mid -season decline for a f inal concentration of 0.018 (X10). All samples excluding one had some i nternal color, with a high of 34 % in early November and 39.6% at the last sample. Total chip defects wer e initially high, but generally decreased at each sample date between November and March . They rose again in the last two samples , ending with 44.6 % defects. Bruise defects, combined with darker chip color, resulted in marginal chip samples. The last sample occurred on April 4th. This variety reconditions well in storage and has good chip quality until March. It wil l be evaluated again in the 2019 box bin trial. Figure 4. MSZ219 -14 chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 3/ 4/19 (left) and last storage sample, 4/ 8/19 (right). Snowden This variety was included as a commercial standard for the 2018-2019 Box Bin Trial. The yield was above average at 4 94 cwt /A US#1 with an above a verage specific gravity of 1.0 85. It had no internal defects and a common scab score of 2.0, higher than the trial average of 0.5 (Table 2) . C onsistent glucose and decreasing sucrose concentrations in the pre -harvest panel indicate chemical maturity at harvest. In early October , this variety w as unloaded into storage and analyzed for sucr ose and glucose concentration s. The bin temperature was initially very high, over 70F, but was cooled to 52.3F by the second sample date. Sucrose concentrations followed a U -shaped trend in storage, decreasing from bin loading to a low of 0. 475 (X10) in early February . Concentrations the n increased until the last sample date of April 8 th, with a concentration of 1. 030 (X10). Glucose concent rations fluctuated between 0.002 and 0.005, until they began increasing in the last two storage samples, ending at 0.0 21. Chip color was good until lat e March with minimal internal and undesirable color. The last sample, taken in early April, had 23.4% total defects. Sampling was discontinued after this date due to poor chip quality. Figure 6. Snowden chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 3/ 4/1 9 (left) and last storage sample 4/8/19 (right). II. 2018 - 2019 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report (Chris Long, Trina Zavislan, Damen Kurzer , and Brian Sackett) Overview and Objectives The goals of the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee for the 2018 -2019 bulk bin storage season were: 1. To further refine optimal storage profiles for Hodag and MSV030 -4, and 2 . To study the effects of two different storage temperatures on Lady Liberty and Mackinaw, and 3. To study the ef fects of harvest date (early vs. late) on Manistee storage. Procedure Each bin was filled under contract with potato producers in the state of Michigan. The MPIC paid field contract price for the potatoes to be delivered to the demonstration storage. Pre ssure bruise samples were collected for each bulk bin and designated bulk bins were filled. The varieties and their storage management strategies were established by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. For each bulk bin filled, a corresponding box bin containing 10 cwt. was filled and placed into bin 7. Bin 7 was held at 54ºF, which in most cases is warmer than the corresponding bulk bin of the same variety. This allowed the committee to see if the warmer storage temperature in the box bin would reduc e storage life and provided information as to how the bulk bin tubers might physiologically age. Bulk bins 1 through 6 were gassed with CIPC on October 10 th, bins 7 and 9 were gassed with CIPC on November 7 th, and bin 8 was gassed with CIPC on October 15 th. Bulk bin assignments are below : 1 and 2 : Lady Liberty (Sackett Potatoes) 3 and 4 : Mackinaw (Sackett Potatoes) 5: Hodag (Crooks Farms) 6: MSV030 -4 (Walther Farms) 7: Box Bins 8: Early Manistee (Lennard Ag. Co.) 9: Late Manistee (Lennard Ag. Co.) We began sugar monitoring the day tubers were loaded into storage and sampled tubers on a two -week schedule thereafter. Forty tubers were removed from the sample door in each bin every two weeks and sent to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color a nd defect evaluation. The sample door is located in the center back side of each storage bin and allows us to take samples from the pile three fee t above the bottom of the pile. Pressure bruise evaluation began by collecting nine, 20 to 25 lb. tuber samples as each bin was being filled. Three samples were placed at each of three different levels within the bulk bin pile at 3, 8, and 14 feet from the storage floor. We evaluated the pressure bruise samples 3 to 5 da ys after the bin was unloaded. We randomly selected a set of 25 tubers from each bag and visually inspected for pressure bruis ing. B y removing the tuber skin with a knife, we evaluated the discoloration for each flat sp ot. A visual rating established presence or absence of fles h color (blackening of flesh). We calculated percent weight loss in each tuber sample as it was removed from the storage. Lady Liberty Storage Trial (Bin 1 and 2 ) Lady Liberty , a promising variety from the Cornell University , has commercialization potential in Michigan due to excellent chip quality, resistance to common scab, PVY and stem -end defect tolerance, smaller uniform tuber size profile, and long -term cold storage poten tial. The purpose of this bulk bin experiment was to evaluate glucose and sucrose reaction during pile cooling to 46 ºF and 44ºF in bins 1 and 2, respectively . Cooling from initial pulp temperature to suberization temperature ( 68.8 ºF to 56ºF) was achieved b y direct cooling, and the bun was further cooled to 50ºF at a rate of either 0.4ºF per day or 0.6ºF per day. After reaching 50ºF, later cooling occurred at a rate of 0.2ºF per day unti l the temperature reached 46 ºF or 44ºF . This strategy and cooling rate is used in all bulk bins, which are cooled from field temperature to suberization temperature, to 50 ºF, to the target storage temperature. We filled Bin 1 with Lady Liberty on September 25th. The seed was planted in Mecosta , MI on May 18th and vine killed on September 7th ( 112 DAP, GDD 40 3295). This planting was harvested on September 24 th, 129 days after planting. The pulp temperature for tubers at the time of bin loading was 68.3 ºF. Bin 1 was gassed with CIP C on October 10 th. It was unloaded on July 1 st and shipped to Utz Quality Foods, Hanover, PA. Results Bulk Bin 1, Lady Liberty ( GDD 40 3295, 46 ºF) Chip q uality out of the field was very good with 2.6% total defects reported on the first sample date, September 25 th. Defects are reported by Techmark, Inc, and are determined using slices cut from stem to bud end. On this date, sucrose and g lucose concentrations were 1.161 percent (X10) and 0.002 percent respectivel y with a pulp temperature of 68.8 ºF. Lady Liberty was slightly physiologically and chemi cally immature at bin loading as indicated by a stable glucose concentration between two pre -harvest panels, as well as an increase in sucrose between loading and mid -November to a high of 1.041 percent (X10). During this time period, glucose levels also i ncreased once from 0.002 to 0.003 in late October. After November , sucrose levels Decreased through early April, reaching a low of 0.467 (X10). Once the bin reached the target temperature of 48ºF in early January fluctuated between 0.001 and 0.004 , and sta yed at this concentration through bin unloading on July 1 st. During storage, internal color was excellent with no undesirable color for the duration of storage. There was also no undesirable color observed, excluding the last sample at bin unloading, with 3.1% undesirable color. Total defects were low overall, with twelve storage samples that has chip defects. The highest total defect was 13.6% in mid -June. All other samples had total defects lower than 10%. Figure 7 . Bulk bin 1 o ut of the field chip sample on 9/25/18 and final chip sample on 7/1/19 . On July 1 st the Bin was unloaded (Figure 8 ) and the potatoes were processed by Utz Quality Foods, Hanover PA, on July 2 nd . The processor noted a very small tuber size profile , along w ith some pitted scab and pressure bruise . A very small amount of hollow heart was observed. Chip quality was good, with 1% internal defects and 4% external defects. There were no greening or stem end defects (Figure 9) . The Hunter Agtron score was 69.1 . Th e processor noted that the fryer operator had to adjust the slice thickness and dwell time (time spent cooking in oil) to reduce chip blistering (Figure 10) . Chip blistering was even more pronounced when Lady Liberty was kettle cooked. Due to small tuber s ize, the chips were very small and remained flat after cooking. This is a known issue in Lady Liberty chip quality, which is otherwise excellent. At bin unloading, the average weight loss of tubers was 6 .8%. 13.6% of tubers had bruising with color, while 63.6% had bruising with no color and 24.4% had no bruising (Table 6) . Lady Liberty continues to be a promising variety with commercialization potential in Michigan. It will be further evaluated in the 2019 to 2020 storage season in the box bin trial. Figure 8 . Lady Liberty potatoes at bin unloading on 7/1/19 . Figure 9 . Lady Liberty whole and chipped tubers at Utz Quality Foods, 7/2/19. Figure 10 . Lady Liberty chip blistering visible at Utz Quality Foods, 7/2/19. Bulk Bin 2, Lady Liberty (GDD 40 3295, 44ºF) Chip quality out of the field was very good with 5.6% total defects reported on the first sample date, September 25 th. Defects are reported by Techmark, Inc , and are determined using slices cut from stem to bud end. On this date, sucrose and g lucose concentrations were 1.081 percent (X10) and 0.002 percent respectivel y with a pulp temperature of 67.3 ºF. Sucrose levels initially fell in storage until early N ovember, but then increased and remained higher through early February, after which they generally decreased until closer to bin unloading in June. Glucose levels remained largely stable, between 0.002 and 0.004 for the duration of storage. The target temp erature of 44 ºF was reached in early February, and was maintained until early June. Similar to Bin 1, Bin 2 had good chip quality for most of storage. There was only one incidence of undesirable color towards the end of storage, 3.6%. Internal color was al so good, with only two samples exhibiting browning. Total Sugar defects Internal defects External defects defects were somewhat variable, with 32.6% in early October as the highest percent defects. All other samples had less than 13% total defects (Figure 12) . Bin 2 was unloaded on July 1 st and was processed at Utz on July 2 nd (Figure 11). As in Bin 1, Utz noted that the size profile was very small. The fryer operator also adjusted the slice thickness and dwell time to minimize chip blistering. The processor comments on chip quality were ide ntical to those of Bin 1. There was 1% internal defects and 2% external defects. The Hunter Agron score was 69.5 (Figure 13 ). At bin unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 6% . 12.9% of tubers were bruised with color, while 78.7% were bruised with no color and 8.4% had no bruising (Table 6) . Figure 11. Lady Liberty potatoes at bin unloading on 7/1/19. Figure 12. Bulk Bin 2 out of the field chip sample on 9/25/18 and final chip sample on 7/1/19. Figure 13. Whole and chipped Lady Liberty potatoes from Bin 2 at Utz Quality Foods, 7/2/19. Table 6. 201 8-201 9 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #1 and #2 Lady Liberty (Mecosta , MI) Location 1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color 3 14' Bin 1 6.1 7.0 11.0 4.3 2.7 28.0 64.0 8.0 8' Bin 1 8.4 7.7 8.0 6.7 2.0 30.7 60.0 14.0 3' Bin 1 6.0 3.7 7.3 8.7 5.7 14.7 66.7 18.7 OVERALL AVERAGES 6.8 24.4 63.6 13.6 14™ Bin 2 5.8 3.7 8.0 8.3 4.7 14.7 78.7 6.7 8™ Bin 3 discarded 1.3 4.3 9.0 10.3 5.3 80.0 14.7 3™ Bin 3 6.1 1.3 4.0 9.0 11.0 5.3 77.3 17.3 OVERALL AVERAGES 6.0 8.4 78.7 12.9 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". Loaded 9/25/18 (both) Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 68.3ºF ( 1) 69.4ºF ( 2) Unloaded 7/1/19 (both) Target Storage Temp. 46ºF (1) 44ºF (2) End Temp. 55.2ºF ( 1) 53.2ºF ( 2) Mackinaw Storage Trial (Bins 3 and 4 ) This Michigan State University v ariety had commercialization potential in Michigan due to PVY and Late Blight resistance and common scab tolerance. It produces a high percentage of A -sized tubers and has a high specific gravity, as well as long -term chip quality in storage. These two bulk bins were filled with potatoes grown by Sacke tt Potatoes in Mecosta, MI. The potatoes in both bins were planted on May 1 8th and vines were killed on September 7th (112 DAP, GDD40 3037). Harvest occurred on September 25 th, 130 days after plan ting. At har vest the pulp temperature was 69.4 ºF. The tubers were in good condition at bin loading, with 83% bruise free tubers. Mackinaw was slightly physiologically and chemically immature at bin loading as indicated by a decreasing glucose concentration and increasing sucrose concentration between two pre -harvest panels. The bins were loaded on September 25 th and treated with CIPC on October 10 th. These bins were designed to study chip quality and potato storability under two different storage protocols. Results Bulk Bin 3, Mackinaw (GDD 40 3 037 , 48ºF) This bin was cooled to the target temperature of 48 ºF by mid -December. Initially, the bin was going to be cooled to 46 ºF, but concerns over chip quality at this lower temperature based on initial chip defects dictated a slightly higher target temperature. The tubers were in good condition at bin loading, with 80% bruise free tubers. The initial bin temperature was 65.8 ºF at the first chip sample, and the bin was cooled to the target temperature of 48ºF by late December. This was maintained until early June, when the temperature was increased to 52.8 ºF at the final chip sample date of July 1 st. Mackinaw had a high initial sucrose (x10) concentration for the first few months of storage. Concentrations were at or above 1.000% (x10) through late January, but decreased gradually through June. In the last month of sampling, the concentration rose again. Glucose concentrations were also somewhat elevated, fluctuating between 0.002 and 0.004 for the duration of storage. Mackinaw had good internal quality, with only one sampling displaying 3.8% undesirable color. Four chip samples displayed internal color. In all but two samples, ther e were at least some total defects, with a high of 40.3% in December. Bruising was the most common defect observed during storage sampling (Figure 14). Bin 3 was unloaded on July 1 st and processed by Utz Quality Foods on July 2 nd (Figure 15). At unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 15.2%. 27.6% of tubers had no bruising, 61.3% had bruising with no color, and 11.1% were bruised with color (Table 7) . The processor noted an average tuber size profile, and good internal quality. Some pressure bruise defects were visible , and the specific gravity was 1.096 . There were 3% defects, 1% internal and 2% external. The internal defect score was due to slight stem end browning. The Hunter Agtron score was 70.7. Overall, the processor noted excellent finished chip quality, but the fryer operator had to adjust slice thickness and dwell time to maintain chip quality (Figure 16 ). Figure 14. Bulk B in 3 out of the field chip sample on 9/25/18 and last chip sample on 7/1/19. Figure 15. Bulk Bin 3 unloading on 7/1/19. Figure 1 6. Whole and chipped tubers from Bulk Bin 3 at Utz Quality Foods on 7/2/19. Bulk Bin 4, Mackinaw (GDD 40 3 037, 50 ºF) This bulk bin was initially cooled to 50 ºF, and further cooling to 44 ºF was initially planned. However, elevated sucrose and concerns over chip defects dictated maintaining the bin at 50 ºF for the duration of storage. This bin reached the target temperature by late November, and remained at or near the target until bin unloading. Sucrose levels were high at the beginning of storage, and remained over 1.000% (x10) until it began to decrease in January. Concentrations rose in June, rising to 1.107% (x10) at the last sample. Glucose concentrations were more stable, between 0.001% and 0.003% for most of storage. There was no incidence of internal color, and six samples with internal color, all below 10%. Total defects were variable, with higher chip defects through December, with evidence of reconditioning at improved chip quality later in storage. The last chip sample was collected on July 1 st, 2019 (Figure 17). Bin 4 was unloaded on July 1 st, and potatoes were shipped to Utz Quality Foods for processing (Figure 18). At bin unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 6.6%. 62.2% of t ubers were bruised with no color, 27.1% were bruise free, and 10.7 were bruised with color (Table 7). The processor noted an average size profile, good internal quality, and minor pressure bruise defect. There were 2% total defects, 1% internal and 1% exte rnal. The Hunter Agron score was 70.1 , and the specific gravity was 1.091 . The sample had excellent chip quality, and the samples displayed slight stem end defect and internal discoloration (Figure 19). Figure 17 . Bulk Bin 4 out of the field chip sample on 9/25/18 and last chip sample on 7/1/19. Figure 18 . Unloading Bulk Bin 4 on 7/1/19. Figure 19. Whole and chipped tubers from Bulk Bin 4 at Utz Quality Foods on 7/2/19. Table 7. 2018 -2019 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin # 3 and #4 Mackinaw (Mecosta , MI) Location 1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color 3 14' Bin 3 6.9 7.7 10.7 4.7 2.0 30.7 60.0 9.3 8' Bin 3 34.0 8.0 9.3 5.7 2.0 32.0 57.3 10.7 3' Bin 3 4.7 5.0 9.7 7.0 3.3 20.0 66.7 13.3 OVERALL AVERAGES 15.2 27.6 61.3 11.1 14™ Bin 4 6.5 11.7 7.7 4.0 1.3 46.7 45.3 8.0 8™ Bin 4 7.4 4.7 8.0 9.0 3.3 18.7 65.3 16.0 3™ Bin 4 6.0 4.0 11.7 5.7 3.7 16.0 76.0 8.0 OVERALL AVERAGES 6.6 27.1 62.2 10.7 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". Loaded 9/25/18(both) Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 69.4ºF (both ) Unloaded 7/1/19 (both) Target Storage Temp. 48.0ºF (3) 50.0ºF (4) End Temp. 52.8ºF (3 ) 70.8ºF ( 4) Hodag Storage Trial ( Bin 5 ) This University of Wisconsin variety was evaluated as W5955 -1. It has an above average specific gravity, tolerance to common scab, and good chip color out of storage. This Bulk Bin was filled with potatoes grown at Crooks Farms. The potatoes were planted on April 30th, and bine killed September 6 th (129 DAP, 3578 GDD 40). Harvest occurred on September 24 th, 147 days after planting. At bin loading the pulp temperature was 57.7 ºF. The tubers were in good condition at harvest with 93% bruise free tubers. No pre -harvest panels were taken for this variety. Bin 5 was loaded on September 24 th and was treated with CIPC on October 10 th. This bin study w as designed to establish a storage protocol and target temperatures based on sucrose and glucose responses to lower temperatures. Results Bulk Bin 5, Hodag (GDD 40 3578 , 47ºF) The temperature in Bulk Bin 5 was gradually cooled from field temperature to 48ºF in early December with fresh air forced through the pile. At this time, the Storage and Handling committee chose to lower the temperature further to 47 ºF by late December. This bin was maintained at this lower temperature through bin unloading. The sucrose concentration initially fluctuated in a generally upward trend, but began to decrease in February through the end of storage. The glucose concentration was largely stable, between 0.002 and 0.005%. No samples had undesirable color, and six samples had undesirable color, all below 6%. Total defects were more variable, with seven samples having no internal defects, and the other t en samples with defects at or less than 11%. The last sample was chipped on May 20 th (Figure 20). Figure 20. Bulk bin 5 first chip sample on 9/25/18 , and last chip sample on 5/20/19 On May 20 th, the bin was unloaded and the potatoes were shipped to Herr Foods, Inc., Penn sylvania for processing on May 21 st. At unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 5.5%. 39.1% of tubers were bruise free, 56.0% were bruised with no color, and 4.9% were bruised with color (Table 8). The Hunter Agron score was 49. 2. There were 19.4% total defects, mainly internal color. The size profile was inconsistent. Overall, the chip quality was good for Hodag after almost eight months (Figure 21) . Figure 21. Hodag potatoes and chips at Herr Foods on May 21 st. Table 8. 201 8-201 9 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #5 Hodag (Edmore , MI) Location 1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color 3 14' Bin 4 6.2 13.0 9.3 3.0 0.0 52.0 46.7 1.3 8' Bin 4 4.7 10.3 7.3 5.7 1.7 41.3 53.3 5.3 3' Bin 4 5.5 6.0 7.7 8.7 1.7 24.0 68.0 8.0 OVERALL AVERAGES 5.5 39.1 56.0 4.9 1Feet above the bin floor. 2A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". Loaded 9/24/18 Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 57.7ºF Unloaded 5/20/19 Target Storage Temp. 47.0ºF End Temp. 47.4ºF Petoskey Storage Trial (Bin 6) Petoskey, evaluated as MSV030 -4 is a Michigan State University variety. It has an above average specific gravity, common scab tolerance, and good raw internal quality and chip color. This variety was planted at Walther Farms on April 27 th and vine killed on August 31st (126 DAP, GDD40 3511). Potatoes were harvested on September 14 th, 140 DAP. Only one pre -harvest sample was taken on August 20 th. The sucrose rating was 0.555 with 0.002% glucose. Tuber quality was good at bin loading with 90% bruise free tubers and the pulp temperature was 64.4ºF. Bin 6 was gassed with CIPC on October 10 th. The purpose of this bin study was to refine the storage profile, and lower the bin temperature while still achieving acceptable glucose and sucrose concentrations, thereby maintaining chip quality. Results Bulk Bin 6, Petoskey (GDD 40 3511, 48 ºF) This variety was cooled to the target temperature of 48ºF by mid -December, and was maintained at this temperature until the last sample on May 6 th, when the temperature rose to 50.4ºF. Sucrose concentrations rose from bin loading until December, fluctuated until late March, and then rose until the end of the storage season. Glucose concentrations were more stable, but gradually increased after late March, similarly to sucrose. There were two samples with undesirable color, both after April. There was limited internal color, ten chip samp les had none while eight samples had 15% or less internal color. Total defects were variable, with a higher percentage of defects at the beginning and end of storage, with the best chip quality in January and February. Figure 22. Bulk bin 6 initial c hip sample on 9/25/18 and final chip sample on 5/6/19. At the beginning of storage, Petoskey was scheduled to ship in June, but declining chip quality dictated an earlier shipping date. Bin 6 was unloaded on May 6 th and shipped to Better Made Snack Foods in Detroit, Michigan where it was processed on May 7 th. It has a specific gravity of 1.088 at a Hunter Agrtron score of 63.1. There were 3.6% total defects, 1.8% internal defects and 1.8% external defects (Figure 23) . At Unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 5.6%. 41.8% of tubers had no pressure bruise, 44% had bruising with no color, and 14.2% had bruising with color (Table 6) . The Potato Outreach Program received a chip sample from Bulk Bin 6 chips processe d at Better Made and sorted the chips by defect type. 83% of tubers were acceptable, there were 6% external defects, 5% internal defects, and 6% stem end defect (Figure 24). Figure 23. Petoskey tubers and chips at Better Made Snack Foods on May 7 th. Figure 24. Petoskey chips sorted by defect type. Table 6. 2018-2019 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #6 Petoskey (Walther Farms ) Location 1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color 3 14' 7.4 10.7 9.3 5.0 0.0 42.7 37.3 20.0 8' 5.1 10.3 12.0 2.7 3.0 41.3 44.0 14.7 3' 4.5 10.3 12.7 2.0 0.0 41.3 50.7 8.0 OVERALL AVERAGES 5.6 41.8 44.0 14.2 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". Loaded 9/24/18 Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 64.4ºF Unloaded 5/6/19 Target Storage Temp. 48.0ºF End Temp. 50.4ºF Manistee Storage Trial (Bins 8 and 9) Manistee is a Michigan State University variety with good chip color and raw internal quality, and good tuber storability. These bins were filled with early planted (Bin 8) and late planted (Bin 9) Manistee to determine if ea rly planted Manistee can store for a long as later planted Manistee while maintaining chip quality. Bin 8 tubers were planted at Lennard Ag. Co. on April 26 th. It was vine killed on August 27 th (124 DAP, GDD 40 3657). Two pre -harvest panels were taken on August 15 th and August 22 nd. The glucose concentration was stable between samples, and the sucrose decreased between samples, indicating chemical maturity. The potatoes were harvested on September 14 and had a pulp temperature of 77.4 ºF. The tubers had som e damage at harvest and were 67% bruise free. This bin was gassed with CIPC on October 15 th. The Manistee tubers for Bulk Bin 9 were also grown by Lennard Ag. Co., and were planted on June 7 th. The plants were vine killed on October 1 st (117 DAP, GDD 40 3 602) and were harvested on October 16 th (132 DAP). At loading on October 17 th the pulp temperature was 45.8 ºF with 88% bruise free tubers. One pre -harvest panel was taken on September 17 th. This bin was gassed with CIPC on November 7 th. Results Bulk Bin 8, Early Manistee , (GDD 40 3657 , 48ºF) Bulk Bin 8 had initially high sucrose levels, which fluctuated between samples but remained high until late February. Concentrations then decreased before rising at the last sample date. Glucose concentrations were also variable, rising to a high of 0.012% in late February, reflecting the earlier elevated sucrose concentrations. Chip quality was variable, with all samples having at least 5% total defects. The samples in late October and late January had the highest percent total defects, 31.6% and 39.2% respectively. There was also some internal color observed in all but three chip samples. There was almost no undesirable color, excluding one 2.1% in late February. The storage season began with a temperature of 57.0 ºF that was dropped to 5 1.6 ºF and then maintained in December due to defects and free sugar. The bin was later cooled by 4/10 ºF to 50 .0ºF and then by 2/10 ºF to 48ºF. The target temperature was reached by January and maintained until late April. The last sample was taken on May 6th (Figure 25). Figure 25 . Bulk B in 8 out of the field chip sample on 9/25/18 , and last chip sample on 5/6/19. Bulk bin 8 was unloaded on May 6 th and processed by Better Made Snack Foods May 7 th (Figure 26). At unloading, the tubers had an average of 7.7% weight loss. 60.9% of tubers had no bruising, 38.7% had bruising with no color, and 0.4% had bruising with color. The Hunter Agron score was 62.8, and the specific gravity was 1.080. There were 7.7% total chi p defects. 5.1% of chips had internal sugars, 1.1% were green, 0.9% had internal defects, and 0.7% had external defects. Figure 26 . Early Manistee tubers and chipped potatoes at Better Made Snack Foods on May 7 th. The Potato Outreach Program evaluated the defects from potato chips produced at Better Made Snack Foods (Figure 27). There were 74% acceptable chips, 9% external defects, 7% internal defects, and 11% stem end defects. Figure 27. Early Manistee chips are separated into acceptable (left side), external defects, internal defects, and stem end defects (right side) by the Potato Outreach Program. Bulk Bin #9, Late Manistee , (GDD 40 3602 , 50ºF) Bulk bin 9 had a highe r target temperature than Bin 8, and was stored at 50ºF from December through early May . Similar to Bin 8, there were concerns about chip defects and free sugar, so the target temperature was set at 50 .0ºF to preserve chip quality. The s torage temperature was increased to 55.4ºF prior to bin unloading (Figure 28) . Compared t o Bin 8, Bin 9 had lower sucrose levels, which generally decreased until early April. Sucrose concentrations rose slightly through the end of storage on July 1 st. As in Bin 8, Late Manistee had elevated glucose concentrations, which rose to 0.011% in earl y January. This bin had higher total defects than Bin 8, with the most defects appearing earlier in storage. The second chip sample, taken November 5 th, had 64.5% total defects. Total defects were lowest in April and May, suggesting chip reconditioning. In ternal color followed a similar trend, with the most color appearing in earlier samples and the lowest percentage of internal color in April and May. Five chip samples had undesirable color. Figure 28 . Bulk bin 9 out o f the field chip sample on 10/ 17/18 , and last chip sample on 7/1/19 Bulk bin 9 was unloaded on July 1 st and processed by Better Made Snack Foods on July 2nd (Figure 29 ). At bin unloading, the average tuber weight loss was 7.8%. 30.7% of tubers had no bruising, 58.2% had bruising with no color, and 11.1% had bruising with color (Table 9) . The specific gravity at processing was 1.0 85 and the Hunter Agtron score was 61.0. There were 11.5% total defects, 6.7% greening and 4.8% external defects (Figure 30) . Figure 29. Bin 9 unloading on July 1 st. Figure 30. Bin 9 Late Manistee tubers and chips at Better Made Snack Foods on July 2 nd . The Potato Outreach Program evaluated chip samples from Better Made Snack Foods and sorted them by defect type (Figure 31). There were 57% acceptable chips, 18% external defects, 12% internal defects, and 13% stem end defects. Figure 31. Early Manistee chips are separated into acceptable (left side), external defects, internal defects, and stem end defects (right side) by the Potato Outreach Program. Table 9 . 2018-2019 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #8 and #9 Early and Late Manistee (Lennard Ag. Co.) Location 1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber 2 Average % of Total Tuber Number 0 1 2 3+ Without Bruise Bruised (No Color) Bruised with Color 3 14' Bin 8 7.4 18.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 72.0 28.0 0.0 8' Bin 8 9.0 14.0 10.0 1.0 0.0 56.0 44.0 0.0 3' Bin 8 6.7 13.7 10.7 0.7 0.0 54.7 44.0 1.3 OVERALL AVERAGES 7.7 60.9 38.7 0.4 14™ Bin 9 6.1 12.3 11.3 1.3 0.0 49.3 45.3 5.3 8™ Bin 9 7.6 8.7 10.7 4.7 1.0 34.7 54.7 10.7 3™ Bin 9 9.5 2.0 7.7 10.3 5.0 8.0 74.7 17.3 OVERALL AVERAGES 7.8 30.7 58.2 11.1 1 Feet above the bin floor. 2 A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color". Loaded 9/14 /18 (8) 10/17/18 (9) Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 77.4ºF (8) 45.8 ºF (9) Unloaded 5/6/19 (8) 7/1/19 (9) Target Storage Temp. 48.0ºF (8) 50.0ºF (9 ) End Temp. 50.8ºF (8) 55.6ºF (9)