Michigan State University AgBioResearch In Cooperation With Michigan Potato Industry Commission Michigan Potato Research Report Volume 54 2022 Michigan Potato Industry Commission • 3515 West Rd. Ste. A, East Lansing, MI, 48823 517-253-7370 • info@mipotato.com • mipotatoindustry.com December 12, 2022 To all Michigan Potato Growers and Shippers, The Michigan Potato Industry Commission continues to provide over $179,000 in direct funding on an annual basis for potato research. This research is the one of the core components that continue to move the Michigan potato industry forward. Expanding research has provided increased insights into varieties, disease, soil fertility, and storage management. Research outcomes continue to provide a competitive advantage for the industry in Michigan and to provide Michigan with a highly respected reputation among the national industry professionals. The following research report was compiled with the help of the Michigan State University AgBioResearch and Michigan State University Extension. On behalf of all parties, we are proud to present you with the results of the 2022 potato research projects. We hope that each of you see value in the investment made in these projects and can apply some of the results directly to strengthen your own operation. We would like to thank our many suppliers, researchers, and industry partners who are involved in making this year’s research season a success even on the heels of a global pandemic. As the industry faces new challenges and strives to improve upon best practices, we are inspired by the level of cooperation within the industry and look forward to future success together. Sincerely, Dr. Kelly Turner, Ed. D, CAE Executive Director i Table of Contents Page Introduction and Acknowledgements 1 2022 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials C. Long, T. VanAtta, A. Sardarbekov, I. Smith, J. Marx, K. Hussein, D.S. Douches, J. DeDecker 5 Evaluating New Potato Varieties for Herbicide Sensitivity E. Burns 53 Layering Soil Residual Herbicides for Troublesome Weed Control in Potatoes E. Burns 57 Enhancing Soil health in Michigan Potato Cropping Systems K. Steinke, L. Tiemann, M. Celovsky, A. Chomas 61 Verticillium spp, Potato Field Survey Across Michigan M. Quintanilla, J. Willbur, L. Parrado Guevara, M. Satoh-Cruz 76 Understanding the benefits of Sensor-Based Irrigation Scheduling Methods in Irrigated Potato Fields Y. Dong, J. Willbur, J. Check 2022 Potato Research, Outreach, and Education Report G. W. Bird 84 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicide Timing to Manage White Mold of Potato in Michigan, 2022 C. Bloomingdale, J.F. Willbur 94 Assessment of Postharvest SaniDate Application and Variety Resistance for Management of Storage Diseases of Potato in Michigan, 2022 E. Schlachter, C. Dmytryszyn, M. Satoh-Cruz, C. Bloomingdale, D. Kurzer, T. VanAtta, D.S. Douches, R. Hammerschmidt, C. Long, S. Ruth, J.F. Willbur 96 Diagnostic Optimization of Viral Detection and Characterization of Potato Virus Y for the Michigan Seed Potato Certification Program, 2022 M. Satoh-Cruz, S. Rhodes, J. Axford, D. Kurzer, E. Dorman, J.F. Willbur 100 Evaluation of Seed Treatments and In-Furrow and Banded Fungicides to Manage Rhizoctonia Canker and Black Scurf of Potato in Michigan, 2022 C. Bloomingdale, J.F. Willbur 104 iii 88 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides to Manage Late Blight of Potato in Michigan, 2022 C. Bloomingdale, J.F. Willbur 106 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides to Manage Pythium leak of Potato in Michigan, 2022 C. Bloomingdale, J.F. Willbur 108 Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides to Manage Foliar Diseases of Potato in Michigan, 2022 C. Bloomingdale, J.F. Willbur 109 2022 Michigan Potato Breeding and Genetics Research Report D.S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, D. Zarka, K. Shaw, W. Behling Developing a Colorado Potato Beetle Degree Day Model on the MSU Enviroweather Website Z. Szendrei 2021-2022 Michigan Potato Demonstration Storage Annual Report 111 126 128 Introduction C. Long, T. VanAtta, and D. Kurzer 128 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report C. Long, T. VanAtta, D. Kurzer, and B. Sackett 133 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report C. Long, T. VanAtta, D. Kurzer, and B. Sackett 143 iii 2022 MICHIGAN POTATO RESEARCH REPORT C. M. Long, Coordinator INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The 2022 Potato Research Report contains reports of the many potato research projects conducted by Michigan State University (MSU) potato researchers at several locations. The 2022 report is the 54th volume, which has been prepared annually since 1969. This volume includes research projects funded by the Potato Special Federal Grant, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC), Project GREEEN and numerous other sources. The principal source of funding for each project has been noted in each report. We wish to acknowledge the excellent cooperation of the Michigan potato industry and the MPIC for their continued support of the MSU potato research program. We also want to acknowledge the significant impact that the funds from the Potato Special Federal Grant have had on the scope and magnitude of potato related research in Michigan. Many other contributions to MSU potato research have been made in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, seed, supplies and monetary grants. We also recognize the tremendous cooperation of individual producers who participate in the numerous on-farm projects. It is this dedicated support and cooperation that makes for a productive research program for the betterment of the Michigan potato industry. We further acknowledge the professionalism of the MPIC Research Committee. The Michigan potato industry should be proud of the dedication of this committee and the keen interest they take in determining the needs and direction of Michigan's potato research. Special thanks goes to Mathew Klein for his management of the MSU Montcalm Research Center (MRC) and the many details which are a part of its operation. We also want to recognize Trina VanAtta, MSU for organizing and compiling this final draft. WEATHER The overall 6-month average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 2022 growing season were consistent with the 15-year averages at 72oF and 50oF respectively (Table 1). May and September had slightly cooler temperatures than the maximum average. All other months were consistent with the 15-year averages. Daytime extreme heat events were average in 2022 with 11 hours over two days in which temperatures exceeded 90oF during the summer. Extreme high nighttime temperatures were below average in 2022, with 123 hours of nighttime temperatures above 70oF over 26 days, compared to the seven-year average of 138 hours over 30 days (Table 3). Rainfall for April through September was 19.82 inches, which was 1.34 inches above the 15-year average (Table 2). A total of 7.5 inches of irrigation water over 12 application timings was applied to MRC 1 between late May and late August. In general, May, June, and September were drier than average while April, July, and August had more precipitation than average. 1 Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* April May June July August September Average Year Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 2008 60.6 33 66.6 40 77 56 80.1 58 79.9 54.4 72.9 50.1 73 49 2009 56 33 67 45 76 54 75 53 76 56 74 49 71 48 2010 64 33 70 49 77 57 83 62 82 61 69 50 74 52 2011 53 33 68 48 77 56 85 62 79 58 70 48 72 51 2012 58 33 73 48 84 53 90 62 82 55 74 46 77 50 2013 51 33 73 48 77 55 81 58 80 54 73 48 73 49 2014 55 33 68 45 78 57 77 54 79 56 72 47 73 49 2015 58 33 71 48 76 54 80 56 77 57 77 54 72 49 2016 53 32 70 45 78 53 82 60 85 60 78 54 73 51 2017 61 39 67 44 78 55 81 58 77 54 77 50 74 50 2018 55 33 81 46 84 58 88 64 84 63 76 52 78 53 2019 55 35 65 45 75 54 84 69 80 55 73 54 72 52 2020 56 29 76 35 77 54 81 68 78 60 70 48 73 49 2021 58 35 69 41 80 58 81 58 85 59 76 50 75 50 2022 51 33 71 45 79 55 81 58 79 58 71 52 72 50 15-Year Average 56 33 70 45 78 55 82 60 80 57 74 50 73 50 Table 2. The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center* Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 15-Year Average April 1.59 3.94 1.59 3.42 2.35 7.98 4.24 3.71 2.25 4.45 2.04 2.64 3.49 1.71 3.44 May 1.69 2.15 3.68 3.08 0.98 4.52 5.51 2.96 2.77 1.98 5.51 5.46 4.75 2.18 2.67 June 2.95 2.43 3.21 2.38 0.99 2.26 3.25 4.79 1.33 6.37 3.64 2.9 1.40 5.58 1.59 July 3.07 2.07 2.14 1.63 3.63 1.35 3.71 1.72 3.42 0.92 1.19 2.04 4.07 4.79 3.37 August 3.03 4.74 2.63 2.57 3.31 4.06 1.78 2.42 5.35 1.36 7.73 3.31 2.21 3.52 6.56 September 5.03 1.49 1.88 1.84 0.76 1.33 2.35 3.9 3.05 0.70 2.65 5.72 3.12 3.71 2.19 Total 17.36 16.82 15.13 14.92 12.02 21.5 20.84 19.50 18.17 15.78 22.76 22.07 19.04 21.49 19.82 3.26 3.33 3.00 2.61 3.64 2.65 18.48 2 Table 3. Seven-year heat stress summary (from May 1st – Sept. 30th)* Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Average Temperatures > 90oF Hours Days 26 7 14 3 11 4 0 0 12 3 0 0 11 2 11 3 Night (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70o F Hours 248 80 123 104 123 168 123 138 Days 50 18 31 20 30 35 26 30 GROWING DEGREE DAYS Table 4 summarizes the cumulative growing degree days (GDD) for 2022 while providing historical data from 2010-2021. GDD are presented from May 1st – September 30th using the Baskerville-Emin method with a base temperature of 40oF. The total GDD base 40 at the end of September in 2022 was 3892 (Table 4), which is 51 GDD higher than the 13-year average of 3841. Table 4. Growing Degree Days* - Base 40°F. Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Average Cumulative Monthly Totals May June July August September 610 1411 2424 3402 3979 567 1354 2388 3270 3848 652 1177 2280 3153 3762 637 1421 2334 3179 3798 522 1340 2120 2977 3552 604 1353 2230 3051 3789 547 1318 2263 3274 4053 480 1279 2202 2990 3695 689 1487 2423 3373 4073 457 1189 2179 3024 3731 488 1298 2331 3241 3809 494 1362 2276 3269 3956 625 1434 2345 3240 3892 567 1340 2292 3188 3841 *2008-2022 data from the weather station at MSU Montcalm Research Center “Enviro-weather”, Michigan Weather Station Network, Entrican, MI. 3 PREVIOUS CROPS, TILLAGE AND FERTILIZERS The general potato research area utilized in 2022 was Montcalm Research Center property in the field referred to as ‘MRC1.’ This acreage was planted to rye in the spring of 2021 with crop residue disked into the soil in fall and sprayed off in the spring of 2022. In the spring of 2022, the recommended rate of potash was broadcast applied following deep-chisel plowing. The ground was vertical tilled and direct planted to potatoes. The area was not fumigated with Vapam prior to potato planting, but Admire Pro® was applied in-furrow at planting. The soil test analysis for the general crop area (taken in November 2021) was as follows: pH 6.3 P 300 (150 ppm) K 226 (113 ppm) lbs/A Ca 1164 (582 ppm) Mg 190 (95 ppm) The fertilizers used in the general plot area are as follows (fertilizer variations used for specific research projects are included in the individual project reports). Application Broadcast at plow down At-planting At-cultivation At-hilling Late side dress (late varieties) Analysis Rate 0-0-22-11Mg-22S 0-0-0-21Ca-16S 0-0-0-21Ca-12Mg 10%B 0-0-62 0-0-0-9Zn 28-0-0 10-34-0 28-0-0 10-34-0 46-0-0 46-0-0 200 lbs/A 150 lbs/A 300 lbs/A 6 lbs/A 350 lbs/A 1 qt/A 40 gpa 40 gpa 70 gpa 70 gpa 100 lbs/A 100 lbs/A Nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O-Ca/Mg/S/Zn) 0-0-44-22Mg-44S 0-0-0-32Ca-24S 0-0-0-63Ca-36Mg 0.6 lb. B 0-0-217 0.3 lb. Zn 72-0-0 14-49-0 72-0-0 14-49-0 55-0-0 46-0-0 HERBICIDES AND PEST CONTROL A pre-emergence application of Linex4l/Dual II at 1.25 qts/A was made inearly June. Admire Pro® was applied in-furrow at planting at a rate of 8.7 fl oz/A. Post emergence, Tricor/Dual II was applied in early July at 1.25 qts/A. Manzate was applied at 1 qt/A three times in July, and six times at 2 qt/A six times between late July and early September. Oranil 6l was applied in late July at 1 pt/A. Potato vines were desiccated with Reglone in late August and early September at a rate of 32 oz/A. 4 Funding: Federal Grant, MPIC and Potatoes USA/SNAC 2022 On-Farm Potato Variety Trials Chris Long, Trina VanAtta, Azamat Sardarbekov, Ian Smith, Jamie Marx, Karen Hussein, Dr. Dave Douches Cooperator: James DeDecker (Presque Isle Co.) INTRODUCTION Our main objectives for on-farm potato variety trials are to: 1) identify promising lines for further testing and evaluation, 2) conduct larger scale commercial agronomic and processing trials through multi-acre block plantings, and 3) use trial data to encourage the commercialization of new varieties in the state of Michigan. We share our results with growers, breeders, and processors across the country to aid in the development of new varieties. In 2022, we conducted 35 on-farm potato variety trials with 13 growers in 11 counties. Processing trial cooperators were: 4-L Farms (Kalamazoo), Black Gold Farms (St. Joseph), Hampton Potato Growers (Bay), Lennard Ag. Co. (Branch, St. Joseph), Main Farms (Montcalm), Sandyland Farms (Montcalm), Verbrigghe Farms (Delta), and Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph). We also conducted processing trials at the Michigan State University (MSU) Montcalm Research Center (Montcalm). The Potatoes USA/Snacking Nutrition and Convenience International (SNAC Int.) chip trial was conducted at Sandyland Farms (Montcalm). Fresh market trial cooperators were: 4-L Farms (Kalamazoo), Elmaple Farms (Kalkaska), Horkey Bros. (Monroe), Jenkins Farms (Kalkaska), Kitchen Farms, Inc. (Antrim), Lennard Ag. Co. (St. Joseph), Styma Potato Farms (Presque Isle), Verbrigghe Farms (Delta), and Walther Farms, Inc. (St. Joseph, Tuscola) PROCEDURE A. Processing Variety Trials We evaluated 80 chip processing varieties in 2022. To evaluate selected processing lines, we used the following check varieties: Atlantic, Lamoka, and Snowden. For all trials, we used 10” in-row seed spacing and 34” rows (Table 2). Most of our processing trials were strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 75’ strip for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23-ft section. For each variety in the Walther Farms, Inc. trials, we planted three, 15-ft long rows and harvested the center row. We also conducted multi-acre block plantings of promising, non-commercialized trials at Sandyland Farms, Thorlund Bros., Lennard Ag. Co., and Walther Farms Three Rivers and Cass City locations. Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower’s production system. 5 B. Processing Variety Trials We conducted the Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Trial for Michigan at Sandyland Farms, LCC (Montcalm County). We planted ten varieties in 300’ strips and harvested three, 23-ft sections of row for each variety. Our check varieties were ‘Lamoka’ and ‘Snowden’ (Tables 3 to 7). For more details on this trial, please reference the 2022 annual report published by Potatoes USA. C. Fresh Market Trials Within the fresh market trials, we evaluated 148 primary entries (this does not include entries from Potatoes USA/NFPT trial) which included: 59 russet, 35 red, 40 yellow, 4 novelty, and 10 round white types (Tables 9 and 10). To evaluate selected table-stock lines, we used the following check varieties: Red: Dark Red Norland Round White: Reba, Superior Russet: Russet Norkotah, Silverton Russet, Russet Burbank Yellow: Yukon Gold Novelty: Blackberry We planted all trials with 34” wide rows and 10” in-row seed spacing. We evaluated most of the fresh market trials as strip trials. These trials consisted of a single 75’ strip for each variety of which we harvested and graded a single 23-ft section. We planted the NFPT trial at Walther Farms, Inc. as single 15’ long strips and harvested the entire strip (Table 11). 2022 was the fourth year conducting an early generation tablestock variety trial with red skin white flesh and yellow skin potato varieties. This trail was planted and harvested like the NFPT trial, and took place at Walther Farms, Inc (Table 12). We planted Walther Farms, Inc. trials trial with three, 15-ft rows and harvested the middle row. We also conducted multi-acre block plantings of promising, non-commercialized trials at Kitchen Farms and Walther Farms Cass City. Agronomic production practices for these block plantings varied based on each grower’s production system. RESULTS A. Processing Variety Trial Results We recorded general descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all varieties tested in 2022 (Table 1) and evaluated these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and maturity (Table 2). Below are five superior processing varieties from 2022. N174: This Cornell variety was evaluated at ten locations in 2022. It had the fourth highest US#1 yield of 580 cwt/A and a total yield of 620 cwt/A. The size breakdown was 93% A sized tubers, six percent B sized tubers, and one percent pickouts. The specific gravity was 1.086, above the trial average of 1.080. Internal quality was good with all defects below ten percent. The fresh chip score was 1.1 with a stem end score of 0.6, below the trial average. The vine vigor and vine maturity were consistent with the trial averages, with scores of 3.8 and 2.8, respectively. The tubers had a flattened oval type and light netted skin. 6 MSAA260-03: This Michigan State University variety was evaluated at ten locations in 2022. It had a high US#1 yield of 558 cwt/A and high total yield of 592 cwt/A. There were more A-sized tubers present than the trial average, and only four percent B-sized tubers. The specific gravity of 1.082 was slightly above the trial average. The fresh chip quality was good with a color score of 1.2. Internal quality was acceptable with some vascular discoloration, internal brown spot, and brown center observed in 2022. MSAA260-03 had a moderately vigorous vine and mid-season vine maturity. The tubers were blocky with deep apical eyes. It will be evaluated in storage at the Montcalm Research Center during the 2022-2023 storage season. MSBB008-3: This variety was evaluated at eight locations in 2022. It had a very high US#1 and total yield of 520 cwt/A and 577 cwt/A, respectively. It had a high percentage of A sized tubers, no oversized tubers and few pickouts. The specific gravity of 1.083 was above the trial average of 1.080. The fresh chip score and stem end defect score were both at or below the trial average with good chip quality observed. The tubers had an oval type with thin skin. The vine type was slightly smaller than average with a mid-season maturity. It will be evaluated in storage at the Montcalm Research Center during the 2022-2023 storage season. MSAA076-6: This Michigan State University variety was evaluated at ten locations in 2022. It had an above average yield of 514 cwt/A and total yield of 611 cwt/A. There were slightly more B sized tubers than average but no oversized tubers, which is an acceptable size profile for the processing industry. Specific gravity was 1.087, above the trial average. Internal quality was acceptable with defects at or slightly above average. The fresh chip color score of 1.1 was good, and the stem end defect score of 0.4 was below the trial average. This variety has a moderately vigorous vine and mid-season vine maturity. The tubers had thin skin, moderate growth crack, and some deeper apical eyes. Some sticky stolons were observed. It will be evaluated in storage at the Montcalm Research Center during the 2022-2023 storage season. AF6206-3: This University of Maine variety was evaluated by the POP for the first time in 2022 at three locations. It had an above average US#1 yield of 507 cwt/A and total yield of 538 cwt/A. It had 92% A sized tubers, two percent oversized tubers and one percent pickouts. Internal quality was excellent, with only one percent hollow heart observed in 2022. The specific gravity of 1.085 was slightly above the trial average. Chip color and stem end defect ratings were both acceptable. This variety had slightly more common scab tolerance than average, 0.6 vs 0.8. The tubers were uniform with a blocky round to oval type. 7 B. Potatoes USA/SNAC Int. Chip Trial In 2022, we conducted the Potatoes USA / SNAC Int. Michigan chip trial at Sandyland Farms, LLC in Montcalm County. We compared yield, size distribution, and specific gravity of eight test varieties to Lamoka and Snowden (Table 3). We also evaluated at-harvest raw tuber quality (Table 4) and sent samples to Herr Foods, Inc. (Nottingham, PA) where potatoes were processed and scored for out of the field chip quality (Table 5). We assessed blackspot bruise susceptibility (Table 6) and conducted pre-harvest panels for each variety (Tables 7A and B). The varieties with the highest US#1 yields were W15125-4 and MSZ242-13, with us#1 yields of 566 cwt/A and 379 cwt/A. These two varieties also had the highest percent of US #1 tubers, 93%. The average specific gravity of the trial was 1.082 (Table 3). W15NYR11-13 has the highest incidence of internal defects, with three percent hollow heart and 20% vascular discoloration (Table 4). Samples collected on October 20th were processed by Herr’s Foods, Inc. on November 7th. NY163 was ranked second by Herr’s (Lamoka, a check variety was ranked first) and had a SFA color of 2 and 8.5% total defects. MSZ242-13 was also ranked highly, with a SNAC color of 3 and 15.4% total defects. W15125-4 was ranked last with a SFA color of 5, 100% total defects, stem end defects, edge color, and scab (Table 5). Black spot bruise assessments demonstrated that W15NYR11-13, MSZ242-13, and MSAFB609-12 were most resistant to black spot bruising, while MSW474-1 and Snowden were most susceptible (Table 6). C. Fresh Market and Variety Trial Results We recorded general descriptions, pedigrees, and scab ratings for all fresh market varieties evaluated in 2022 (Table 8) and assessed these varieties based on yield, specific gravity, internal quality, common scab ratings, and maturity (Tables 9 and 10). The NFPT and Early Generation Tablestock trials screen potato selections under initial evaluation. In 2022, 56 NFPT-designated russet varieties and an additional 10 russet selections were evaluated (Table 11). Continued evaluation of these varieties are determined based on national performance. In total, 85 red skin potato varieties from Cornell University, University of Maine, Michigan State University, Colorado State University, Texas A & M University, and North Dakota State University potato breeding programs were grown in Michigan. Of these, 43 varieties were chosen for continued evaluation in Michigan (Table 12). They were be grown in 15-foot plots in 2023. Below are top performing russet, yellow, red, white, and novelty fresh pack varieties. Russets A12327-5VR: This USDA Idaho variety was evaluated at nine locations in 2022. It had the highest yield in the trial, 570 cwt/A US#1 tubers, and 671 cwt/A total yield. The tuber size profile was very large with 34% oversize tubers, much higher than the trial average of 10%, but this may be successfully managed with cultural practices during the growing season. Internal quality was acceptable, with the higher than average hollow heart incidence related to the higher proportion of oversize potatoes. The specific gravity was average for the trial. The tubers were attractive with an appealing russet skin. A few pointed tubers were observed. AF5707-1: This University of Maine variety was evaluated at eight locations in 2022. It had a very high US#1 yield of 525 cwt/A, with a high percentage of A-sized tubers. The specific gravity was slightly above the trial average. Eleven percent hollow heart and one 8 percent vascular discoloration were observed in 2022. The common scab rating was slightly higher than the trial average, suggesting potential susceptibility to the pathogen. The tubers had an attractive type and appearance as well as a flattened oblong type. W13A11229-1rus: This variety also had a high total yield of 473 cwt/A with 74% US #1 tubers. Tuber appearance was good with fewer pickouts than average. It had an above average specific gravity of 1.085 and a common scab rating of 0.6. Slightly more hollow heart than average was observed in 2022. This variety had a flattened oblong tuber type and medium russet skin. It was evaluated at eight locations around the state. CO10085-1RUS: While this variety had a slightly below average yield of 357 cwt/A US#1 tubers, it has continued to display excellent characteristics under evaluation by the Potato Outreach Program. It has a higher than average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, and a vigorous vine. The russet skin and tuber type are consistently appealing. Depending on seed availability, this variety will be evaluated in bulk plantings in 2023. Yellow Flesh Columba: This yellow-fleshed variety had the third highest total and US#1 trial yield of 499 and 566 cwt/A, respectively. It produced 82% A-sized tubers and had a lower specific gravity of 1.052. Internal quality was very good with six percent vascular discoloration observed. Columba had a more vigorous vine that matured earlier than average. This variety had a common scab rating of 0.8, and medium yellow flesh. It had smooth, waxy skin, but did not have a consistently uniform tuber type. Golden Globe: This variety has a consistent attractive appearance with a smooth skin finish and medium yellow flesh. With a US#1 yield of 454 and total yield of 538 cwt/A, this variety produced 82% US#1 tubers. It had an average rating for skin waxiness and yellow flesh color. It had a larger vine type and earlier vine maturity than the trial averages. Golden Globe had good internal quality with 14% vascular discoloration and no other defects observed. Floridana: This variety had an above average total and US#1 yield, with 83% A-sized tubers. The specific gravity of 1.063 was below the trial average. Internal quality was good with two percent hollow heart and 11% vascular discoloration. Floridana is susceptible to common scab but had a bright appearance and a flattened oval to oblong tuber type. Both skin waxiness and yellow flesh color were higher than the trial averages. A trace of heat knobs was observed in 2022. Constance: This variety was first evaluated at seven locations in 2022. It has an above average US#1 and total yield, and a high percentage of A-sized tubers. The size profile was consistent with the average of all yellow flesh tubers evaluated in 2022. Internal quality was excellent, with only two percent vascular discoloration observed. The vine vigor and maturity were consistent with the trial averages. The tubers had a flattened oval type and attractive appearance. 9 Red Skin NDAF113484B-1: This North Dakota selection was the highest yielding variety in the 2022 red skin potato trial with a US #1 yield of 431 cwt/A and a total yield of 473 cwt/A. It was evaluated at seven locations in 2022 and had 90% US #1 tubers, well above the 75% average for red skin varieties. NDAF113484B-1 had a specific gravity of 1.061, lower than the trial average of 1.069. It had good internal quality with only ten percent vascular discoloration and no other defects. This mid-season variety had a larger vine type and a common scab rating consistent with the trial average. It had a round to oval tuber type, consistent dark red skin color, and slightly prominent eyes. NDA050237B-1R: This variety had the third highest US #1 yield of 417 cwt/A and a specific gravity of 1.064. It had a high proportion of A-sized tubers and fewer B-sized tuber than average. Its internal quality was generally good with eleven percent vascular discoloration. This variety had a flattened round tuber type with uniform skin color and slight skinning. It had a late season maturity and moderately vigorous vine. Skin color was a deep, attractive red, and was moderately waxy. Slight sticky stolons were observed, likely due to full season maturity requirements. CO99076-6R: This early maturing Colorado variety produced attractive, uniform tubers with deep red skin. It had a US #1 yield of 399 cwt/A, above the trial average of 325 cwt/A. CO99076-6R had a larger size profile with only seven percent B size tubers. It had good internal quality with six percent vascular discoloration when observed at seven locations in 2022. Skin color and skin color uniformity were both rated above average, while silver scurf was lower than average. NDAF13296Y-4: This variety had a high US#1 yield of 351 cwt/A and total yield of 379 cwt/A in 2022 at three locations. It had a high proportion of A-sized tubers, and fewer pickouts than average. The specific gravity of 1.076 was above average for 2022. Internal quality was excellent, with only seven percent vascular discoloration observed and no other defects. The tubers were blocky and round to oval. Some sticky stolons were observed, although the variety displays mid-season maturity. Skin color was rated very uniform, and waxiness and color scores were consistent with the average. Round White Volare: This variety had the highest yield in 2022with 614 cwt/A US#1 tubers and a total yield of 789 cwt/A. It also had the highest yield of round white varieties in 2021.Volare produced 88% A-sized tubers, significantly higher than the trial average. It had an attractive type and skin, with an above average skin waxiness rating. The tubers were bright and thin skinned, and were round to oval. Internal quality was acceptable with internal defects near the trial average. The specific gravity of 1.056 was very low. Sifra: This variety was evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program for the first time in 2022. It had the second highest yield of round white potatoes, with 580 cwt/A US#1 tubers and 690 cwt/A total yield. Sifra displayed a bright appearance with thin skin, although a trace of knobs and misshapen tubers was observed at three locations. Common scab 10 susceptibility was average for 2022. The specific gravity of 1.073 was higher than the trial average. AF6735-2: This University of Maine selection had a lower than average yield in 2022, but a very good appearance with bright skin and a consistent round type when evaluated at two locations. While the US#1 yield of 355 cwt/A was lower than average, there were 87% Asized tubers. The specific gravity and common scab score were consistent with the trial averages. Internal quality was variable, with 15% vascular discoloration and ten percent internal brown spot. Further evaluation will determine if this variety has commercialization potential in Michigan. Novelty Blackberry: This Michigan State University selection had purple skin and flesh, and an above average yield of 487 cwt/A US #1 tubers. It produced 79% A sized tubers and 16% B sized tubers. Blackberry had no internal defects but was only evaluated at three locations in 2022. The purple skin was a uniform dark color, but severe silver scurf was observed. Some tubers had chimeral eyes with white pigmentation, while most other tubers had consistent purple skin. Blackberry is less susceptible to common scab than average and had mid-season maturity. 11 Table 1. 2022 Chip Processing Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* AC13126-1Wadg USDA Idaho 1.0 Heavier skin, inconsistent type AF5933-4 Eva x AF4386-16 0.9 Round to oval type, good internal quality AF5973-3 Pike x Mainechip 0.6 Bright thin skin, moderate hollow heart, good specific gravity AF6165-9 Beacon Chipper x AF290-5 1.2 Moderate hollow heart, average yield, common scab susceptible AF6200-4 Sebec x Tundra 1.7 Above average yield, good internal quality, lower specific gravity AF6200-7 Sebec x Tundra 0.2 Blocky round type, deep apical ends, high specific gravity, earlier vine maturity AF6206-3 AF4386-16 x Lamoka 0.6 Above average yield, good specific gravity and internal quality AF6206-5 AF4386-16 x Lamoka 1.3 Very high specific gravity, good internal quality, severe growth crack AF6522-1 Lamoka x NY121 1.5 Low specific gravity, earlier vine maturity, average yield AF6526-7 Pike x AF5040-8 2.3 Below average yield, thin skin, smaller vine type AF6550-2 NDAF102629C-4 x AF5040-8 0.9 Less uniform type, moderate growth crack, below average yield 12 Characteristics 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics AF6552-2 NY148 x Lamoka 1.2 Above average yield, blocky round type, smaller vine type AF6555-2 NY148 x MSR127-2 0.7 Recessed stem ends, deeper apical eyes, stem end defect apparent when chipped AF6565-8 WAF10131-19 x MSR127-2 0.5 High yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type AF6567-4 WAF10192-3 x MSR127-2 0.8 Above average specific gravity, slight hollow heart, moderate growth crack AF6601-2 NY121 x Lamoka 1.2 Below average specific gravity, nice round shape, light skin, good internal quality AF6603-5 NY121 x MSR127-2 1.4 Smaller vine type, deeper eyes, compressed shape, average yield AF6717-1 AF4573-2 x MSAFB26-5 1.5 Very low yield, low specific gravity, small vine type Atlantic Wauseon x Lenape 0.5 B3296-3 Mirton Pearl x B1416-2 1.3 Thin skin, sticky stolons, lower specific gravity, slight pinkeye B3317-1 BNC318-9 x B2869-15 1.3 Bright thin skin, nice appearance, moderate hollow heart and vascular discoloration 13 Check for fresh chip varieties, severe hollow heart, blocky flattened type 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics BNC816-7 Lamoka x NC41-1 0.3 Below average yield, low specific gravity, flattened round type CO12293-1W CO02024-9W x ND7519-1 1.1 Bright thin skin, blocky round type, lower specific gravity, average yield CO13232-25W AC00206-2W x CO02024-9W 0.2 Flattened round to oval type, good internal quality, average yield COTX12235-2W AC00206-2W x AC03433-1W 1.0 Smaller size profile, low yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type, earlier vine maturity Lady Liberty (NY152) B38-14 x Marcy 0.9 Above average yield, lower specific gravity, small flattened round type, bright appearance, trace pink pigmentation around some tuber eyes Lamoka (NY139) NY120 x NY115 1.3 Check for storage chipping varieties, oval type, some pointed tubers, good specific gravity Mackinaw (MSX540-4) Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka 0.5 Flat round type, deeper eyes, good internal quality, high specific gravity, average yield Manistee Snowden x MSH098-2 0.3 Very high yield, good specific gravity, excellent internal quality, smaller vine type MSAA076-6 MSR127-2 x MSS297-3 0.7 Above average yield and specific gravity, moderate growth crack, thin skin, slight internal brown spot 14 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSAA252-7 NY148 x MSQ089-1 1.0 Very high yield, low specific gravity, moderate internal brown spot, full season vine maturity MSAA260-03 MSQ086-3 x Atlantic 1.1 High yield, blocky type, average specific gravity, moderate sheep nose MSAFB609-12 NY148 x MSQ086-3 1.1 Good internal quality, below average yield, attractive type and appearance MSAFB635-15 NYH15-5 x MSS297-3 1.3 Blocky round type, smaller tuber size profile, good internal quality, above average specific gravity MSBB008-03 Atlantic x MSR127-2 0.9 Light netted skin, above average yield, smaller vine type, oval type MSBB058-1 NY148 x MSR127-2 0.9 Very high specific gravity, average yield, moderate growth crack, less uniform type MSBB610-13 NY148 x MST096-2Y 0.4 Smaller vine type, flattened blocky round tuber type, good internal quality, average yield MSBB614-11 Saginaw Chipper x MSR127-2 1.0 Below average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality, smaller vine type, common scab susceptible MSBB614-15 Saginaw Chipper x MSR127-2 0.4 Blocky oval type, netted skin, average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality 15 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics Entry Pedigree MSBB626-11 Saginaw Chipper x Kalkaska 0.2 Thin skin, variable tuber type, above average yield, above average stem end reaction when chipped MSBB630-2 Lady Liberty x Kalkaska 0.5 Good internal quality, nice type and appearance, average yield and specific gravity MSBB636-11 Lady Liberty x MST096-2Y 0.6 Average yield, below average specific gravity, smaller vine type, moderate vascular discoloration MSCC009-1 Michigan State University 0.3 Severe growth crack, high yield, lower specific gravity, severe internal brown spot, larger vine type MSDD084-19 NY148 x M5 0.6 Flat blocky oval type, severe internal brown spot, above average yield, lower specific gravity 0.4 High yield, very low specific gravity, smaller vine type, moderate vascular discoloration, light netted skin MSDD088-1 NY154 x MSQ086-3 MSDD089-2 NY154 x MSR127-2 0.5 Below average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality, very small vine type, early vine maturity MSDD219-2 Michigan State University 0.4 Below average yield and specific gravity, attractive skin, variable type, darker than average chip color 16 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSDD244-05 Mackinaw x MSR127-2 0.5 Average yield, attractive type, above average specific gravity, less common scab susceptible than average MSDD249-9 Michigan State University 0.7 Average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality, medium netted skin, flat blocky round type MSDD372-07 NY148 x Missaukee 0.6 Very high specific gravity, above average yield, moderate black scurf, uniform tuber type, stem end defect present in chips Entry Pedigree MSDD376-4 NY148 x MSV033-1 0.4 Heavier netted skin, average yield, good internal quality, above average specific gravity MSDD553-01 Mackinaw x MSQ086-3 0.7 Flat round type, thin skin, above average yield and specific gravity, slight vascular discoloration MSEE031-3 MSZ219-14 x Lamoka 0.2 Attractive blocky tuber type, average yield and specific gravity, less common scab susceptible MSFF097-6 MSR127-2 x MSCC725-174 0.4 Uniform round tuber type, above average yield, average specific gravity, darker chips than average MSW474-1 MSN190-2 x MSP516-A 0.6 Attractive round shape, consistent type, good internal quality, average yield, smaller tuber size profile 17 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. Entry MSZ242-13 Pedigree MSR169-8Y x MSU383-A NDAF14188-5 ND860-2 x Waneta NDTX14362AB-1W ND102809AB-2 x ND028984B-1 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.5 Medium netted skin, blocky round type, good internal quality, smaller vine type, average yield, very high specific gravity, earlier vine maturity 1.0 Very high yield, below average specific gravity, moderate hollow heart, very large vine type, recessed stem ends, flattened tuber type 1.5 Very low yield with smaller tuber size profile, good internal quality, large vine type, early maturing plants, attractive tubers with bright skin NDTX1482YB-1W Eva x Missaukee 1.8 Low yield and small tuber size profile, excellent internal quality, small early maturing vines, above average specific gravity NY163 NYE50-8 x NYE48-2 0.7 Bright thin skin, trace sticky stolons, average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality NY168 NY148 x E48-2 1.1 Flat round type, above average specific gravity, below average yield, good internal quality, more common scab susceptible than average NY174 NY148 x E48-2 0.3 Above average yield and specific gravity, larger vine type, flat round to oval tubers with bright netted skin 18 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics NY175 Lady Liberty x NYF31-1 0.8 Round blocky type, thin skin, good internal quality, average yield, below average specific gravity, nice appearance NYR1-7 Andover x Lady Liberty 1.0 Bright thin skin, average yield and specific gravity, larger vine type, mid-season vine maturity, common scab susceptible NYS18-4 NY156 x F31-3 0.6 Moderate hollow heart, light netted skin, above average yield, below average specific gravity Entry Pedigree NYS37-2 K31-4 x F31-3 0.7 Below average yield, average specific gravity, good internal quality, earlier vine maturity, flat round tuber type NYT11-3 Lady Liberty x M18-2 0.6 Average yield, below average specific gravity, smaller vine type, mid-season vine maturity, bright skin with slight skinning 0.5 Blocky round type, average yield, good internal quality, less stem end defect than average, earlier vine maturity NYT19-1 L1-7 x NY158 NYT22-1 L8-12 x Atlantic 0.9 Above average yield, average specific gravity, very early vine maturity, uniform tuber type, slight vascular discoloration NYT3-3 Lamoka x L2-12 0.7 Average yield, very low specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration, less uniform type, light netted skin 19 2022 Processing Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics NYT7-5 McBride x NY158 0.3 Below average specific gravity, good internal quality, smaller tuber size profile, high yield, slight alligator hide Petoskey (MSV030-4) Beacon Chipper x MSG227-2 0.7 Below average yield, trace growth crack, heavier netted skin, smaller vine type, good internal quality Sinatra Hanse Seed 1.5 Very low yield and small tuber size profile, full season maturity, oval to oblong tuber type, good internal quality 1.9 Check variety for storage trials, above average yield and specific gravity, uniform round type with medium netted skin, common scab succeptible 0.5 Above average yield and average specific gravity, prominent lenticels, flat blocky type, moderate internal defects Snowden (W855) B5141-6 x Wischip TX12484-2WCZ TX08402 x NDTX059828-2W TX12484-3WCZ TX08402 x NDTX059828-2W 0.0 Below average yield and specific gravity, oval to oblong type, thin skin, moderate vascular discoloration TX17846-1W CO07070-10W x 0.0 Below average yield and specific gravity, good internal quality, smaller type, thin skin 2.0 Above average yield, larger vine type, blocky round type, moderate sticky stolons, common scab susceptible W15125-4 NDTX091908AB-2W Atlantic x W10670-3 20 2022 Processing varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree W15NYR11-13 NY158 x NYF31-3 WAF16107-2 MSX540-4 x Tundra 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 1.3 Above average yield, attractive type, moderate growth crack, larger vine type, moderate hollow heart 0.6 Below average yield, good internal quality, inconsistent type, prominent eyes, average specific gravity *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale: 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by various potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following Evaluations at various trial locations throughout Michigan. 21 Table 2. 2022 Michigan Statewide Chip Processing Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages ‐ Thirteen Locations PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A RAW TUBER QUALITY4 (%) 2 LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR MSAA252‐7bdl Manisteeef NDAF14188‐5a NY174abcdefghlm MSDD088‐1hm AF6565‐8m MSAA260‐03abcdefghlm W15125‐4cdjm NYS18‐4agm TX12484‐2WCZf W15NYR11‐13abfhjlm MSBB008‐3abcdfhlm MSAA076‐6abcdefghlm AF6200‐4m MSCC009‐1bdl NYT22‐1cdfg Lady Libertyabcdefglm AF6206‐3agm AF6552‐2agm NYT7‐5bfg MSDD084‐19abcdefghklm MSDD553‐01agh Snowdenacefghjkm MSBB626‐11abcdel MSDD372‐07gm MSFF097‐6hm MSDD249‐9abcdfglm NY175abcdefghlm MSEE031‐3aghlm Mackinawabcdefghiklm MSAFB635‐15abcdefghijklm NYT3‐3blm MSBB636‐11bcdefghlm MSBB630‐2h MSBB610‐13fhm NYT19‐1fg MSBB058‐1acfhlm MSW474‐1acefghjm B3296‐3bd CO13232‐25Wafg AF6603‐5ghm MSZ242‐13abcdefghjklm CO12293‐1Wadgabcdfghlm NY168abcdefghijklm AF6555‐2agm 711 711 613 580 564 558 558 557 556 551 532 520 514 512 510 507 507 507 500 494 493 492 490 489 482 478 474 468 464 464 463 463 463 461 458 456 456 454 454 450 448 445 442 436 435 744 744 637 620 624 610 592 609 597 607 613 577 611 557 567 593 576 538 528 594 547 559 560 533 545 533 510 547 507 504 568 547 507 525 481 528 506 538 528 516 501 481 494 504 478 96 95 96 93 90 92 95 92 93 90 86 91 84 92 89 84 87 94 95 82 89 88 86 91 88 90 93 84 91 91 81 85 91 88 95 86 90 83 87 86 89 92 90 86 90 4 4 4 6 9 8 4 7 6 4 12 8 13 6 8 14 12 5 4 18 10 12 13 7 12 9 7 15 8 8 19 12 7 9 4 13 7 16 8 13 10 6 7 12 10 88 95 93 93 90 91 93 91 91 88 86 91 84 91 89 83 87 92 93 82 87 87 86 91 88 89 92 84 91 90 81 85 89 88 93 85 89 83 84 85 89 88 89 82 90 8 0 3 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 6 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 3 2 0 1.072 1.086 1.076 1.086 1.071 1.082 1.082 1.082 1.076 1.079 1.075 1.083 1.087 1.078 1.074 1.079 1.076 1.085 1.081 1.073 1.075 1.083 1.088 1.079 1.092 1.082 1.078 1.077 1.080 1.085 1.085 1.072 1.073 1.083 1.079 1.078 1.090 1.083 1.077 1.075 1.083 1.092 1.074 1.086 1.081 OTF CHIP 3 SCORE 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 HH VD IBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING5 3 0 20 1 0 0 0 3 22 10 1 1 4 0 3 5 1 1 0 0 7 7 7 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 8 3 1 4 1 20 0 0 8 18 0 10 5 0 20 13 9 9 0 20 13 14 0 7 10 8 10 13 8 2 10 6 3 10 9 6 17 11 0 0 5 6 3 20 7 17 4 12 6 8 30 0 0 8 0 0 14 8 0 0 4 8 14 0 30 0 5 0 0 0 33 0 1 5 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 10 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 2 0 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.1 2.0 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.7 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.9 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.2 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.7 22 SED 6 SCORE VINE 7 VIGOR VINE 8 MATURITY 0.5 0.5 3.3 1.8 5.0 3.8 2.5 2.2 3.3 3.6 3.5 4.5 3.5 2.9 3.3 2.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.8 3.2 3.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.7 2.4 2.8 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.3 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.0 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 1.9 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.7 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.4 COMMENTS moderate pink eye, medium netted skin, round type uniform blocky round type, heavier netted skin flat type, recessed stem ends flat round to oval type, light netted skin flat round to oval type, light netted skin uniform round type, light skin blocky type, deep apical eyes, moderate sheep nose blocky round type, moderate sticky stolons flattened round type, light netted skin prominent lenticels, flat blocky type, anthocyanin pigmentation attractive type, moderate growth cracks light netted skin, oval type moderate growth crack, thin skin, deeper apical eyes flat oval type, heavier netted skin severe growth crack, trace alligator hide round to oval type, trace growth crack, uniform type small flat round type, medium netted skin, bright appearance round to oval type blocky round type, medium netted skin small round type, slight alligator hide flat blocky oval type, moderate skinning flat round type, thin skin uniform round type, medium netted skin inconsistent appearance, thin skin moderate black scurf, uniform type smaller uniform round type flat blocky round type, medium netted skin round blocky type, light thin skin, bright appearance nice blocky appearance, thin skin flat round type, slight deep apical eyes blocky round type, slight growth crack non uniform type, light netted skin slight alligator hide, blocky round type medium round tuber type, light netted skin, nice appearance flattened blocky round type blocky round type, trace skinning moderate growth crack, less uniform type nice round type, consistent skin, trace pointed tubers thin skin, sticky stolons, slight pinkeye flat round to oval type, light netted skin deep apical eyes, slightly compressed shape medium netted skin, blocky round type bright thin skin, blocky round type flat round type, some purple pigmentation recessed stem ends, deeper apical eyes 1 CWT/A 4 PERCENT OF TOTAL RAW TUBER QUALITY (%) 2 LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR MSDD244‐05efgh AF6200‐7agm AF6206‐5agm AF6601‐2agm MSDD376‐4hm NYR1‐7abcdefghlm NYT11‐3blm AF6567‐4agm B3317‐1bd MSBB614‐15ghm Atlanticbdl AF6522‐1agm AF5973‐3agm AF6550‐2agm NY163abcdefghijklm WAF16107‐2agm Petoskeyabcdefglm Lamokaacefgjm MSAFB609‐12abcdfghijklm MSBB614‐11g AF6165‐9agm AF5933‐4agm AC13126‐1Wadgafg MSDD219‐2abcgl MSDD089‐2gh AF6526‐7ghm NYS37‐2ghm BNC816‐7bd TX12484‐3WZCf TX17846‐1Waf NDTX1482YB‐1Wcf COTX12235‐2Wf NDTX14362AB‐1Wcf AF6717‐1g Sinatrah 429 429 427 427 422 420 417 414 407 407 405 402 396 395 393 386 381 377 365 363 354 339 338 333 328 319 308 299 297 212 212 198 169 141 132 433 467 452 517 482 467 489 474 482 469 441 466 535 441 462 475 423 434 417 439 401 427 404 376 394 353 366 345 378 360 349 307 353 250 208 308 495 92 95 82 88 91 85 86 85 87 92 87 75 89 84 81 91 87 90 82 91 82 82 89 84 93 85 90 80 82 62 66 56 64 68 43 86 7 4 9 10 8 14 13 8 11 3 9 24 10 9 17 7 11 8 18 9 16 17 8 11 6 14 9 17 17 35 32 44 35 32 53 12 92 92 82 88 90 85 86 84 86 90 86 75 88 84 80 90 87 90 82 91 82 82 88 84 91 85 90 80 82 62 66 56 64 68 43 85 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 7 2 5 4 1 1 7 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 3 5 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 0 1 0 4 2 1.083 1.091 1.094 1.074 1.084 1.080 1.077 1.087 1.080 1.082 1.082 1.075 1.085 1.081 1.081 1.078 1.084 1.083 1.082 1.071 1.086 1.082 1.077 1.073 1.076 1.081 1.083 1.070 1.069 1.071 1.084 1.074 1.077 1.070 1.089 1.080 MEAN 2022 Chip Variety Trial Sites a 4‐L Farms, Storage Trial b Black Gold Farms, Fresh Trial c Hampton Potato Growers, Storage Trial d Lennard Ag. Co., Fresh Trial e Lennard Ag. Co., Select Trial f Lennard Ag. Co., Storage Trial g Main Farms, Storage Trial h Montcalm Research Center Box Bin Trial i Sandyland Farms SNAC Replicated Storage Trial j Sandyland Farms, Set 1 Storage Trial k Verbrigghe Farms, Fresh Chip Trial l Walther Farms, Fresh Trial m Walther Farms, Replicated Storage Trial 1 OTF CHIP 3 SCORE 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 HH VD IBS BC COMMON SCAB RATING5 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 12 20 2 57 0 13 7 0 1 1 1 0 0 26 0 10 2 0 11 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 3 4 0 0 10 10 16 7 20 7 20 3 2 2 11 1 8 10 8 0 3 0 7 4 0 7 0 15 20 0 5 10 5 20 0 8 0 7 0 0 0 6 7 0 1 0 7 3 3 0 0 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.2 1.3 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.5 2.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.8 SED 6 SCORE VINE 7 VIGOR VINE 8 MATURITY 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.5 2.6 3.3 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.6 2.9 3.2 3.3 1.9 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.5 2.7 3.2 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.5 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.0 1.5 2.4 2.6 4.0 2.5 4.0 2.3 2.5 4.3 2.0 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 2.6 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.7 COMMENTS nice appearance, slight deep apical eyes blocky round type, deep apical ends severe growth crack, moderate alligator hide attractive round shape, light skin flat round tuber type, medium to heavy netted skin nice appearance, light skin, round to oval type bright skin, slight skinning, oval to oblong type misshapen tubers, moderate growth crack bright thin skin, nice appearance blocky oval type, heavy netted skin non‐uniform type, blocky flattened tubers flaky skin, trace sticky stolons bright thin skin, uniform blocky tubers moderate growth cracks, less uniform type bright thin skin, round type, trace sticky stolons inconsistent type, prominent eyes trace growth crack, moderate alligator hide, heavy skin oval type, pointed tubers in pickouts attractive uniform round tuber type, light netted skin small round type, uniform medium netted skin flat round type, light netted skin nice round to oval type heavier skin, inconsistent tuber type attractive skin, less uniform type, trace pointed tubers blocky type, medium netted skin thin skin, flat oval type flat round type, slight growth crack flattened round type oval to oblong type, thin skin small round type, thin skin round type, thin skin, nice appearance small, uniform round type smaller round type, bright appearance round type, light netted skin flat oval to oblong tuber type, thin skin SIZE 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3 OUT OF THE FIELD CHIP COLOR SCORE 4 RAW TUBER QUALITY 5 Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" ‐ 3 1/4" OV: > 3 1/4" PO: Pickouts Data not replicated (SNAC Scale) Ratings: 1 ‐ 5 1: Excellent 5: Poor (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 6 SED (STEM END DEFECT) SCORE 0: No stem end defect 1: Trace stem end defect 2: Slight stem end defect 3: Moderate stem end defect 4: Severe stem end defect 5: Extreme stem end defect 7 COMMON SCAB RATING VINE VIGOR RATING 8 Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Slow emergence 5: Early emergence (vigorous vines, some flowering) Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) 23 VINE MATURITY RATING 24 25 26 Table 8. 2022 Russet and Tablestock Variety Descriptions Russet Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree Goldrush ND450-3Rus x Lemhi Russet 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.0 Below average yield, lower specific gravity, smaller tuber size profile, common scab resistant, earlier vine maturity, longer type, heavier skin 0.8 Long tubular type, deeper eyes, above average specific gravity, high total yield, common scab susceptible, many small tubers Ranger Russet (A7411-2) Butte x A6595-3 Reveille Russet (ATX91137-1Rus) Bannock Russet x A83343-12 0.1 Above average yield, below average specific gravity, good internal quality, uniform oblong type Russet Burbank Unknown 0.1 Check variety, high percentage of pickouts, excellent internal quality, common scab resistant, many misshapen tubers Russet Norkotah ND9526-4Rus x ND9687-5Rus 0.2 Check variety, below average yield and specific gravity, smaller vine type, dark russet skin, some deeper eyes Silverton Russet (AC83064-6) A76147-2 x A7875-5 0.3 Check variety, flat oblong type, attractive appearance, above average yield, higher percentage oversized tubers, larger vine type Butte x A77268-4 0.4 Medium russet skin, variable type, average yield, higher proportion of pickouts, good internal quality, smaller vine type Umatilla 27 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics Entry Pedigree Vanguard (TX08352-5RUS) TXA549-1Ru x AOTX98137-1Ru 0.1 Very low specific gravity, average yield, good internal quality, common scab resistant, attractive tuber type A06030-23 Premier Russet x A99113-6 0.1 Below average yield and specific gravity, moderate hollow heart, earlier vine maturity, attractive type A08433-4STO A02611-1 x AOND95249-1 0.2 Average yield and specific gravity, full season vine maturity, flat oblong type, lighter skin, nice appearance A09119-4LB A00472-20LB x Premier Russet 1.0 Average yield, above average specific gravity, common scab susceptible, nonuniform type, variable skin, larger vine type A10071-1 Targhee Russet x AO02183-2 0.0 Average yield, moderate alligator hide, attractive skin, bellow average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, high proportion A-sized tubers A10595-13sto A96953-13sto x A0125-4 0.8 Average yield and specific gravity, light russet skin, earlier vine maturity, slight hollow heart A11175-12TE USDA ID 0.3 Oblong blocky type, attractive appearance, average yield, below average specific gravity, high proportion A-sized tubers A11737-1LB A96814-65LB x A05084-11 1.0 Smaller size profile, darker skin, below average yield and specific gravity, excellent internal quality 28 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* A12303-4sto A96953-13sto x A06176-4 0.3 Long type, pointed ends, medium russet skin, above average yield and specific gravity A12304-1sto A96953-13sto x Clearwater Russet 0.4 Attractive appearance, oblong type, above average yield and specific gravity, moderate internal brown spot A12327-5VR A06862-11VR x La Belle Russet 0.2 Very high yield, many oversized tubers, below average specific gravity, nice appearance, moderate hollow heart and vascular discoloration A13036-1 A08014-9TE x AO02183-2 0.5 Below average yield and specific gravity, variable tuber type, good internal quality, earlier vine maturity A13085-2 A08069-3 x A061071-3CSR 0.2 Above average yield and specific gravity, tubular type, heavier skin, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity, higher proportion oversized tubers A15008-2TE A09001-14TE x A09004-2TE 0.1 Below average yield, very low specific gravity, attractive dark russet skin, very low specific gravity AAF14025-2 AF3317-15 x PALB03035-7 0.8 Oval to oblong type, below average yield, smaller tuber size profile, very high specific gravity, full season vine maturity AAF15010-1 AO9001-14TE x AF4116-9 0.8 Above average yield and specific gravity, high proportion A-sized tubers, full season vine maturity 29 Characteristics 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics AAF15086-5 AF4320-7 x Mountain Gem Russet 1.3 Above average yield, high percentage Asized tubers, good internal quality, more scab susceptible than average, full season maturity AAF16069-1 AF5060-27 x Dakota Trailblazer 1.3 Oblong to long type, below average yield, smaller tuber size profile, below average specific gravity, moderate internal brown spot AAF16069-2 AF5060-27 x Dakota Trailblazer 0.0 Attractive appearance, average yield, above average specific gravity, acceptable internal quality, common scab resistant AF5707-1 A93575-4 x Dakota Trailblazer 1.2 Nice type and appearance, above average yield, slight hollow heart, larger vine type, flat oblong tuber type AF5735-2 AF3317-15 x AF4342-3 1.2 Smaller tuber size profile, below average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, early vine maturity AF5735-8 AF3317-15 x AF4342-3 1.2 Below average yield and specific gravity, flattened oblong to long type, above average common scab incidence AF5762-8 AF4320-17 x Dakota Trailblazer 0.1 Nice dark russet skin, high percentage Asized tubers, average yield, moderate internal brown spot AF6298-2 A8469-5 x Gemstar Russet 0.8 Above average yield, earlier vine maturity, average specific gravity, flattened oblong tuber type Entry Pedigree 30 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.8 Flattened blocky oblong tuber type, bellow average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, above average yield 0.0 Nice russet skin, above average yield, larger tuber size profile, blocky oblong type, below average specific gravity AF6377-13 A03921-2 x Gemstar Russet 0.0 Blocky type, above average yield, very high specific gravity, moderate hollow heart, common scab resistant AF6465-7 AAF09014-2 x AF4296-3 0.1 Heavy russet skin, marginal appearance, below average yield, good internal quality, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity AF6749-3 A96949-4 x Dakota Trailblazer 0.8 Moderate growth crack, average yield and specific gravity, higher proportion pickouts, smaller vine type AF6750-3 Targhee Russet x AF5179-4 0.0 Blocky oblong type, below average specific gravity, good internal quality, above average yield AF6814-1 AF4953-6 x Ranger Russet 1.0 Oblong to long type, above average yield and specific gravity, excellent internal quality, smaller vine type, full season vine maturity AF6855-4 AF5071-2 x AF4296-3 0.5 Blocky oblong type, very high yield, slight hollow heart, nice appearance, fewer pickouts than average Entry Pedigree AF6340-6 Caribou Russet x Russet Norkotah AF6377-10 A03921-2 x Gemstar Russet 31 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics AOR07781-5 OA92A08-17 x PALB03035-6 0.0 Low yield and below average specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration, very large vine type, earlier vine maturity AOR10204-3 CCOA05110-3 x A05066-9 0.1 Average yield, below average specific gravity, moderate skinning, larger tuber size profile, common scab tolerance 0.2 Blocky oblong type, trace pointed tubers, above average yield and specific gravity, moderate hollow heart and vascular discoloration AOR13064-2 A06029-4T x AO02183-2 ATTX10007-3RU A02060-3TE x A05013-5TE 0.3 Very low yield, smaller tuber size profile, below average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, poor appearance ATX15097-1RU Castle Russet x A98345-1 0.5 Light russet skin, below average yield, above average specific gravity, full season maturity, slight hollow heart ATX15120-1RU Dakota Russet x A06084-1TE 0.0 Oblong type, below average yield, moderate hollow heart and internal brown spot, common scab resistance, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity CO10085-1RU CO03364-5RU x Silverton Russet 0.7 Attractive appearance, average yield, above average specific gravity, good internal quality, larger vine type COA15494-8 CO10091-1RU x CO03276-5RU 0.0 Average yield, below average specific gravity, longer tuber type, moderate hollow heart and internal brown spot 32 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.0 Average yield, oblong type, excellent internal quality, smaller vine type, larger tuber size profile 0.8 Longer type, below average yield, very high specific gravity, excellent internal quality, large vine type W13008-1Rus University of Wisconsin 0.4 Above average yield, longer type, pointed tubers, very large vine type, average specific gravity, slight vascular discoloration W13A11229-1RUS A01325-1 x A06131-19 0.6 Flat oblong type, above average yield, high percentage A-sized tubers, very high specific gravity, moderate hollow heart W17079-16rus University of Wisconsin 0.4 Flat oblong type, heavy russet skin, high yield, moderate hollow heart, smaller vine type W17081-2rus University of Wisconsin 1.2 Light russet skin, common scab susceptible, high yield, severe internal brown spot, tubular type, higher percentage pickouts W17091-12rus University of Wisconsin 0.7 Smaller tuber type, below average specific gravity, good internal quality, common scab susceptible, full season maturity W17094-3rus University of Wisconsin 0.3 Poor type and appearance, high total yield but many pickouts, average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, very small vine type Entry Pedigree COAF16277-4 CO11150-4RU x ORO5039-4 COTX08063-2RU Premier Russet x A99073-1 33 2022 Russet Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.7 High total yield but many pickouts, average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, tubular type, heavy russet skin, marginal appearance W17098-43rus University of Wisconsin 0.5 Variable russet skin, smaller tuber size profile, slight hollow heart, below average specific gravity W17099-6rus University of Wisconsin 1.3 Common scab susceptible, high proportion pickouts and B-sized tubers, excellent internal quality, tubular type 0.0 Nice dark russet skin, above average yield, moderate hollow heart, excellent internal quality, smaller vine type, oblong flattened tuber type Entry Pedigree W17098-19rus University of Wisconsin WAF17079-2 Payette Russet x AW07791-2RUS * Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at trial locations throughout Michigan. 34 2022 Yellow Flesh Variety Descriptions Entry Acoustic Pedigree Meijer 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 1.5 Flat oval type, above average yield, lighter yellow flesh, second growth, sticky stolons, common scab susceptible Alaska Gold Solanum Int. 1.7 Very high yield, high percentage A-sized tubers, severe internal brown spot, pointed tubers, less waxy, lighter yellow flesh Allora Apart x Borwina 0.8 Oval to oblong type, good internal quality, netted skin, high percentage A-sized tubers Ballerina Parkland Seed Potatoes 0.5 Lower yield, smaller tuber size profile, very low specific gravity, excellent internal quality, large vine type, early vine maturity, waxier skin Belmonda Hanse Seed 0.0 Below average yield, excellent internal quality, very large vine type, full season vine maturity, lighter yellow flesh color Bonafide (MSV093-1Y) McBride x MSP408-14Y 0.4 High yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, slight vascular discoloration, vigorous vines, inconsistent tuber shape 1.3 Less uniform tuber type, high yield, dark yellow flesh, waxy skin, common scab susceptible 0.7 Flat oval tuber type, average yield, moderate vascular discoloration and internal brown spot, dark yellow flesh, less waxy skin, large vine type Camelia Christel HZPC Norkia America 35 2022 Yellow Flesh Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Score* Characteristics Columba Carerra x Agata 0.8 Above average yield, very low specific gravity, good internal quality, high proportion A-sized tubers, large vine type, lighter yellow skin Constance Marabel x AR93-1243 0.7 Average yield and specific gravity, flat oval type, attractive appearance, good internal quality Danina SunRain 1.4 Average yield and specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration, waxy skin, dark yellow flesh, common scab susceptible Erika Marabel x AR 88-156 0.8 Low yield, smaller size profile, smooth waxy skin, oval to oblong type, good internal quality Floridana SunRain 1.7 Bright appearance, above average yield, slight vascular discoloration, trace heat knobs Golden Globe (US 624-95) Berber x 2.6 720-86 0.5 Above average yield, uniform oval type, moderate vascular discoloration, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity Honey Ryder SunRain 0.7 Attractive waxy skin, lower specific gravity, average yield, oblong type 0.6 Above average yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, slight vascular discoloration, full season vine maturity, sticky stolons, oval to oblong type Jelly SunRain 36 2022 Yellow Flesh Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Score* Characteristics Mary Ann Norkia America 1.1 Low yield, smaller tuber size profile, good internal quality, full season vine maturity, waxy skin, dark yellow flesh, a few pointed tubers Montana E 99/73/126 x E 99/89/130 1.2 Bright smooth skin, deep yellow flesh, good internal quality, common scab susceptible, below average yield Natascha Hanse Seed 1.8 Above average yield, average specific gravity, common scab susceptible, attractive bright skin, oblong tuber type Paroli (24 205-06) 569 102-99 x 774 105-99 0.7 Above average yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, below average specific gravity, inconsistent type, large vine type Queen Anne (05-043-1) 99-002-14 x Gala 0.7 Oval to oblong type, smooth waxy skin, good internal quality, below average yield, smaller tuber size profile Sound Meijer 1.2 Smaller tuber size profile, good internal quality, larger vine type, common scab susceptible Tyson HZPC 1.2 Bright round to oval type, trace pointed tubers, moderate vascular discoloration, lighter yellow flesh, average yield Yukon Gold Norgleam x W5279-4 1.8 Blocky round type, pink eyes, smaller vine type, high proportion A-sized tubers 37 2022 Yellow Flesh Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics AF6194-4 University of Maine 0.5 Flat round type, below average yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, smaller vine type, earlier vine maturity, high specific gravity AF6582-1 AF2376-5 x WAF10192-3 1.1 Flat oval type, lighter yellow flesh, larger vine type, good internal quality, average yield 2.0 Uniform round tuber type, high proportion Asized tubers, above average yield, severe vascular discoloration, common scab susceptible, large vine type AF6664-9 NY132 x AF5040-8 ATX052025-3W/Y A00286-3Y x A99433-5Y 1.8 Flat uniform tuber type, average yield, common scab susceptible, above average specific gravity CO09128-3 W/Y Colorado State University 1.0 Very low yield, small tuber size profile, marginal appearance, good internal quality, smaller vine type CO09128-5W/Y Colorado State University 2.2 Uniform round type, smaller tuber size, high specific gravity, dark yellow flesh, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity CO14226-3W/Y Colorado State University 0.5 Very low yield, smaller tuber size profile, high specific gravity, good internal quality, very dark yellow flesh MSBB343-2Y MSQ341-8Y x MSL211-3 1.2 High yield, larger vine type, lighter yellow flesh, marginal appearance, blocky round to oval tubers 38 2022 Yellow Flesh Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSBB371-1Yspl Michigan State University 0.0 High yield, purple splashes around eyes, higher specific gravity, good internal quality, larger vine type, rougher skin, lighter yellow flesh MSZ615-2 Michigan State University 0.6 Deeper eyes, slight skinning, high yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, larger vine type, earlier vine maturity, lighter yellow flesh TX17763-2Y/Y ATTX00289-4W x NDTX05977s-1W 1.0 Low yield, smaller tuber size profile, very small vine type, flattened oblong to long type, smooth waxy skin TX177975-11Y/Y ATTX98500-3Pu/Y x CO07370-1W/Y 1.5 Inconsistent type, below average yield, very high specific gravity, moderate hollow heart, full season vine maturity W13103-2Y University of Wisconsin 0.8 High yield, good internal quality, light netted skin, blocky round type W15234-5Y University of Wisconsin 0.7 Below average yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type, very early vine maturity, very dark yellow flesh W15240-2Y NW64-6 x W9576-11Y 0.8 Above average yield, good internal quality, bright thin skin, oval to oblong type, some pointed tubers W15248-17Y University of Wisconsin 0.3 Below average yield, very low specific gravity, good internal quality, common scab tolerant 39 2022 Red Skin Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Autumn Rose Solanum 0.3 Below average yield, good internal quality, larger vine type, lighter red skin color Colorado Rose NDTX9-1068-11R x DT6063-1R 1.3 High yield, good internal quality, larger vine type, full season vine maturity, dark red skin color, slight skinning Characteristics Dark Red Norland Redkote x ND626 0.1 Check variety for red potatoes, high yield, lower specific gravity, good internal quality, variable red skin color Flamenco HZPC 0.1 High yield, lower specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration, poor appearance Lollipop Solanum 0.8 Very low yield, smaller tuber size profile, good internal quality, smaller vine type, earlier vine maturity AAF11546-3 NDA050237B- x ND8555-8R 0.1 Above average yield, lower specific gravity, common scab tolerant, flat oval type, deeper eyes AF6289-2 NY136 x Dark Red Norland 1.6 Sticky stolons, nice skin color, above average yield, good internal quality, common scab susceptible AF6692-1 Nordonna x AF4831-2 2.0 High yield and specific gravity, good internal quality, common scab susceptible, blocky round to oval type AF6693-1 Nordonna x AF4985-1 0.5 Below average yield, good internal quality, flat round to oval type, darker red skin 40 2022 Red Skin Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* AF6694-8 Nordonna x MSAFB607-5 0.0 Above average yield and specific gravity, larger vine type, full season vine maturity, uniform round to oval type BNC559-1 NC313-3 x NY129 0.3 Above average yield, slight internal brown spot, smaller vine type, very dark red skin BNC839-5 NC201-3 x Strawberry Paw 0.3 Average yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, good internal quality, smaller vine type, nice round shape BNC917-2 BNC203-3 x Super Red Norland 1.0 High yield, severe vascular discoloration, moderate skinning, flat oval tuber type, earlier vine maturity BTX2332-1R Texas A&M University 0.5 Low yield, good internal quality, flat round type, unform red skin color CO099076-6R AC91848-1 x Rio Colorado 0.8 Uniform round type, slight skinning, high proportion A-sized tubers, good internal quality, larger vine type CO14040-3R CO99256-2R x CO05211-4R 0.0 Low yield, smaller tuber size profile, high specific gravity, good internal quality, smooth skin, round type CO15084-4R Colorado State University 0.0 Lower yield, high specific gravity, good internal quality, smaller vine type, very dark red skin CO15113-1R Colorado State University 0.4 Lower yield, round type, smaller vine type, mid-season vine maturity 41 Characteristics 2022 Red Skin Varieties Cont. Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* CO15115-2R Colorado State University 0.3 Very low yield with few tubers, smaller size profile, small vine type and early vine maturity, trace growth crack CO15211-5R NDA050237B-1R x CO05228-4R 0.5 Low yield, round to oval type, moderate skinning, smaller vine type, good internal quality COTX15111-1R Colorado State University 0.5 Very low yield, small vine type, dark waxy red skin, good internal quality, variable skin color MSCC553-1R Michigan State University 0.3 Average yield, moderate vascular discoloration, larger vine type, darker red skin color, sticky stolons NDA050237B-1R ND028678-1RY x ND028770B-4R 0.6 High yield, lower specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration, full season vine maturity, dark red skin color, slight skinning 0.3 Average yield, good internal quality, earlier vine maturity, flat round to oval type, poor appearance Characteristics NDA8512C-1R USDA ID NDAF113484B-1 ND060570B-1R x ND8555-8R 0.4 High yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, lower specific gravity, larger vine type, prominent eyes NDAF12143-1 University of Maine 0.7 Above average yield, moderate vascular discoloration, less waxy skin, moderate skinning, some pointed tubers 42 2022 Red Skin Varieties Cont. 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics Entry Pedigree NDAF12238Y-2 793101.3 x AND00272-1R 0.4 Blocky round type, high yield, good internal quality, larger vine type, lighter red skin, above average specific gravity NDAF13296Y-4 ND081783-1R x 95043.11 0.9 High yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, good internal quality, attractive blocky round to oval type, slight sticky stolons NDAF141Y-3 793101.3 x Dakota Ruby 0.5 High yield and specific gravity, full season vine maturity, deeper apical eyes, moderate skinning, good internal quality NDTX12248Y-1R 95043.11 x Dakota Ruby 0.0 Low yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type, very early vine maturity, light red skin, poor appearance W16025-5R University of Wisconsin 1.0 Average yield, good internal quality, small uniform round tubers, light red skin, earlier vine maturity W16030-4R University of Wisconsin 0.7 Flat oval type, average yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type W17005-3R University of Wisconsin 0.0 Below average yield, moderate vascular discoloration, oval type W17026-4R University of Wisconsin 0.2 Below average yield, good internal quality, less waxy skin, trace growth crack W17027-2R University of Wisconsin 0.0 Below average yield, good internal quality, smaller vine type, variable shape 43 2022 Round White Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2022 Scab Rating* Reba (NY 87) Monona x Allegany 1.1 Check for round white varieties, average yield, high proportion A-sized tubers Sifra HZPC 0.8 Thin skin, bright appearance, high yield, full season vine maturity Superior USDA96-56 x M59.44 0.0 Check for round white varieties, larger vine type, oval to oblong tubers, deeper eyes Volare Parkland Seed Potatoes 1.2 Very high yield, lower specific gravity, bright appearance, light skin AF5819-2 Dakota Crisp x AF4552-5 0.9 Above average yield, blocky round type, earlier vine maturity, recessed apical ends AF5931-1 Eva x Lamoka 2.1 Lower yield, high proportion A-sized tubers, higher specific gravity, moderate vascular discoloration AF6194-4 Waneta x AF4648-2 0.5 Lower yield, good internal quality, blocky round tuber type AF6551-4 NDAF102629C-4 x MSR127-2 0.6 Higher yield, above average specific gravity, excellent internal quality, full season vine maturity AF6735-2 B3054B-2 x AF5635-8 0.8 Below average yield, moderate vascular discoloration and internal brown spot MSZ513-2 Michigan State University 0.3 Blocky round type, some pointed tubers, average yield, larger vine type 44 Characteristics 2022 Novelty Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree Blackberry (MSV109-10PP) COMN07-W112BGA BNC833-2 MSZ109-8PP Purple #10 x MSU200-5PP Purple Majesty x Adirondack Red COMN07-W112BGA x MSU200-5PP 2022 Scab Rating* Characteristics 0.3 Trace pointed tubers, chimeral white eyes on some tubers, high yield, good internal quality 2.5 Non-uniform type, oblong tuber shape, heavier skin, common scab susceptible 0.5 Prominent deep eyes, high yield, larger vine, full season maturity, less unform skin color 0.0 Below average yield, full season vine maturity, less waxy skin, oval to oblong tuber type * Scab rating based on 0-5 scale: 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data provided by Potato Outreach Program. Line descriptions provided by potato breeding programs and updated by Potato Outreach Program following evaluations at trial locations throughout Michigan. 45 Table 9. 2022 Michigan Statewide Russet Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages ‐ Thirteen Locations PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A RAW TUBER QUALITY3 (%) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR2 HH VD IBS BC abcefgijm 570 542 525 500 491 487 486 485 474 473 463 460 455 449 448 447 441 440 439 438 435 434 428 427 421 418 412 408 405 403 403 399 394 377 373 364 364 357 357 342 339 339 330 320 311 671 636 661 591 625 576 526 697 586 595 529 518 586 529 555 522 553 586 536 533 530 546 608 534 500 734 827 524 551 495 499 519 494 404 498 495 556 507 609 474 622 632 524 696 503 85 86 78 84 79 86 92 70 79 79 87 88 78 85 79 84 81 73 82 84 85 78 70 80 84 57 42 77 73 82 78 76 81 94 76 74 64 69 57 72 54 53 64 48 61 6 10 19 12 11 5 4 9 17 17 10 7 11 13 12 12 12 24 12 12 11 17 23 12 13 28 24 15 18 14 16 9 13 3 18 22 14 20 26 18 15 21 20 20 29 51 72 72 72 64 54 56 63 69 74 66 62 63 79 62 67 66 67 64 79 77 66 65 67 74 56 39 73 68 76 65 53 73 67 72 69 59 61 55 65 46 50 62 43 61 34 14 6 12 15 32 36 7 10 5 21 26 15 6 17 17 15 6 18 5 8 12 5 13 10 1 3 4 5 6 13 23 8 27 4 5 5 8 2 7 8 3 2 5 0 9 4 3 4 10 9 4 21 4 4 3 5 11 2 9 4 7 3 6 4 4 5 7 8 3 15 34 8 9 4 6 15 6 3 6 4 22 11 17 10 31 26 16 32 10 1.076 1.082 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.081 1.072 1.075 1.094 1.085 1.068 1.067 1.070 1.066 1.081 1.075 1.087 1.082 1.084 1.072 1.078 1.075 1.082 1.075 1.076 1.073 1.067 1.068 1.075 1.061 1.080 1.068 1.084 1.070 1.084 1.076 1.076 1.083 1.083 1.084 1.079 1.081 1.079 1.077 1.071 13 10 11 0 15 0 7 0 13 17 10 0 5 0 3 0 17 1 23 0 6 6 3 15 0 10 2 15 7 1 0 9 12 0 10 20 10 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 5 0 0 3 0 0 5 6 6 0 0 4 7 0 4 12 0 8 6 7 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 6 3 5 0 0 7 0 2 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 0 0 5 1 0 0 4 1 3 19 5 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 2 16 0 15 0 0 3 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A12327‐5VR AF6855‐4fl AF5707‐1abcefijm AAF15086‐5el W17079‐16ruskm AF6814‐1fl AF6377‐10cim W17081‐2ruskm AAF15010‐1aekm W13A11229‐1rusabcdfgim Silverton Russetabcefggimh Reveille Russetabcefggijmh AF6750‐3fl AF6340‐6cim A13085‐2abcfikm W13008‐1Rusabcdfgim AF6377‐13fikm A12304‐1stoabcdfgikm AOR13064‐2abefm A10071‐1am AF6298‐2bikm A08433‐4stoabcdfgijm A12303‐4stoabcefggikm WAF17079‐2fl A11175‐12TEbcefim W17098‐43rusm W17099‐6ruskm COA15494‐8km A10595‐13stom Vanguardabcefghim A09119‐4LBabcefim AOR10204‐3abcefm AF5762‐8abcfggikm COAF16277‐4fl AAF16069‐2el AF5735‐8abcegi AF6749‐3fl CO10085‐1RUabcefggijm Ranger Russetbfikm ATX15097‐1RUae W17094‐3ruskm Umatillafgm AF6465‐7im W17098‐19ruskm A11737‐1LBm 46 COMMON SCAB 4 RATING 0.2 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.0 VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 COMMENTS 3.6 3.0 3.9 3.5 2.7 2.5 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.8 2.8 2.8 3.7 4.1 4.2 3.3 3.4 4.5 4.6 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.3 3.9 3.5 3.8 2.8 3.5 3.1 4.4 3.8 3.1 2.5 3.0 3.3 2.5 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.1 2.3 4.0 3.3 2.5 3.2 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.5 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.3 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.3 attractive russet skin, nice appearance, trace pointed tubers blocky oblong type, nice appearance nice type and appearance, flat oblong type nice appearance, oblong, medium russet skin flat oblong type, heavy russet skin oblong to long type, medium netted skin blocky oblong type, nice russet skin light russet skin, tubular type variable type, heavy russet skin flat oblong type, medium russet skin flat oblong type, nice appearance uniform oblong type, moderate skinning, blocky blocky oblong type, acceptable appearance flattened blocky oblong type tubular type, heavier skin long type, pointed tubers, moderate alligator hide blocky type, nice skin, trace growth crack nice appearance, oblong type, slight skinning blocky oblong type, dark skin, trace pointed tubers moderate alligator hide, nice skin flattened oblong type flat oblong type, light russet skin, nice appearance pointed ends, long type, medium russet skin dark skin, nice appearance, flat oblong type oblong blocky type, nice appearance tubular type, variable skin misshapen tubers, tubular type longer type, heavy russet skin variable tuber type, light russet skin medium skin, nice shape, trace misshapen tubers non uniform type, variable skin moderate skinning, heavy russet skin nice dark russet skin, oblong type, deeper eyes oblong type, medium russet skin nice appearance, trace growth crack, nice skin flattened oblong to long type, medium russet skin growth crack, marginal appearance nice appearance, medium russet skin long tubular type, bottlenecks, deeper eyes inconsistent type, light russet skin poor type and appearance medium russet skin, variable type heavy russet skin, marginal appearance, deep eyes tubular type, heavy russet skin, marginal appearance smaller type, darker skin CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 3 RAW TUBER QUALITY (%) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR2 HH VD IBS BC el 311 304 300 299 293 291 290 289 279 276 249 243 159 107 386 533 448 493 386 590 394 350 382 502 563 399 369 251 550 537 58 64 62 78 50 73 84 71 55 48 64 63 63 21 72 35 26 20 16 43 24 11 19 34 34 34 26 33 32 18 55 55 56 67 49 67 74 64 50 45 63 59 59 21 62 3 9 6 11 1 6 10 7 5 3 1 4 4 0 10 7 10 18 6 7 3 5 10 11 18 2 11 4 47 10 1.073 1.072 1.066 1.081 1.072 1.065 1.073 1.073 1.092 1.064 1.091 1.072 1.073 1.068 1.076 5 10 1 15 0 7 17 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 6 5 2 10 0 0 3 5 10 0 0 0 7 0 0 3 20 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 AAF16069‐1 Russet Norkotahabcefgijm Goldrushabcefgim ATX15120‐1RUae AF5735‐2m A15008‐2TEabcfgmi A06030‐23abcfim AOR07781‐5ab AAF14025‐2aem W17091‐12rusm COTX08063‐2RUak A13036‐1abfgkmi ATTX10007‐3RUai Russet Burbankfkm MEAN 2022 Russet Variety Trial Sites a 4‐L Farm b Horkey Farms c Jenkins Farms d Kitchen Farms, Mini Bulk Trial e Kitchen Farmss, Strip Trial f Lennard Ag. Co., Russet Trial g Lennard Ag. Co., Russet Select Trial h Sandyland Farms i Styma Potato Farms j Verbrigghe Farms k Walther Farms, NFPT Trial l Walther Farms, NFPT Add On Trial m Walther Farms, Replicated Norkotah Trial 1 SIZE Russets Bs: < 4 oz As: 4 ‐ 10 oz OV: > 10 oz PO: Pickouts 6 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY Data not replicated VINE MATURITY RATING Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) 4 3 COMMON SCAB 4 RATING 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.5 VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 3.5 2.8 3.3 4.3 3.2 3.7 3.1 5.0 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.2 2.3 3.9 3.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.8 COMMENTS oblong to long, variable type, growth crack darker russet skin, moderate pinkeye, deeper eyes longer type, heavy skin oblong type flattened type, medium russet skin nice dark russet skin, oblong type nice oblong type, slight growth crack misshapen tubers, trace pinkeye flattened oval to oblong type, misshapen tubers moderate alligator hide, variable type longer type, misshapen pickouts variable tuber type, nice skin variable skin, poor appearance long type, severely misshapen tubers COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions RAW TUBER QUALITY (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 5 VINE VIGOR RATING Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Slow emergence 5: Early 47 Table 10. 2022 Michigan Statewide Tablestock Potato Variety Trials Overall Averages ‐ Ten Locations PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A LINE MSBB343‐2Y abcefi abccefi Alaska Gold abcdfgi Columba fi Camelia abcefgi Paroli abfj Bonafide abcdfgi Golden Globe b AF6664‐9 abcefi MSZ615‐2 abcdfgi Allora abcdfgi W13103‐2Y abcefi Floridana abcefgi W15240‐2Y ej MSBB371‐1Yspl abcdei Acoustic abcdfgi Constance abcefgi Jelly abcdfi Natascha bgj Yukon Gold abcdi YELLOW Christel SKIN TYPE Honey Ryderabcfi abcfi Danina ej ATX052025‐3W/Y abcefi AF6582‐1 bcei Tyson c Belmonda abcefi Montana abcefi W15248‐17Y j AF6194‐4 ej TX177975‐11Y/Y abcefi Queen Anne abcefi Ballerina abcdefi Sound i W15234‐5Y abcdfgi Erika i CO14226‐3W/Y befi CO09128‐5W/Y bcefi Mary Anna fj TX17763‐2Y/Y abefi CO09128‐3W/Y MEAN RAW TUBER QUALITY 3 (%) YELLOW FLESH US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR 2 HH VD IBS BC 534 527 499 473 457 455 454 443 443 436 422 412 409 408 392 388 388 380 366 363 349 347 341 340 340 316 310 310 286 276 274 270 255 244 192 191 172 146 74 44 343 585 618 566 545 539 511 538 470 481 486 474 494 519 517 510 476 447 521 394 490 536 483 452 409 412 384 498 391 310 386 439 406 538 307 404 314 349 344 182 171 448 91 85 87 86 84 89 83 94 91 89 88 83 78 79 74 81 86 71 94 72 65 73 74 83 80 82 63 78 92 72 62 67 47 80 44 58 50 41 42 23 74 5 8 11 11 7 7 12 4 8 8 11 15 19 21 21 16 8 26 6 23 27 24 23 14 14 16 33 20 8 23 33 28 47 20 51 41 50 53 50 76 22 87 85 82 86 81 87 82 94 91 85 86 83 78 79 74 78 83 71 88 72 65 73 74 82 80 82 63 78 92 72 62 67 47 80 44 58 50 41 42 23 73 4 0 5 0 3 2 1 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 2 3 9 4 5 2 1 3 1 2 3 0 5 3 6 3 0 5 8 3 3 3 6 2 4 2 0 5 5 5 6 0 5 1 0 6 8 1 4 1.074 1.078 1.054 1.069 1.055 1.067 1.067 1.075 1.067 1.068 1.061 1.063 1.065 1.078 1.054 1.064 1.076 1.066 1.077 1.058 1.055 1.069 1.074 1.077 1.066 1.062 1.062 1.052 1.080 1.098 1.060 1.055 1.070 1.065 1.063 1.087 1.078 1.072 1.078 1.061 1.068 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 6 6 13 9 10 14 50 6 9 6 11 5 0 13 2 12 7 10 15 6 15 10 5 19 0 3 4 13 0 3 2 5 0 5 0 8 3 10 4 8 2 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COMMON SCAB 4 RATING 1.2 1.7 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.5 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.7 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 2.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 VINE 5 VIGOR VINE 7 6 WAXINESS MATURITY 4.4 3.8 4.5 3.2 4.7 4.0 4.3 4.0 4.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.6 4.5 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.7 2.8 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.0 4.1 3.5 5.0 3.5 3.6 2.0 3.3 3.3 4.4 4.1 2.7 3.3 3.5 4.3 3.1 1.8 2.9 3.7 2.9 3.4 2.3 2.8 2.2 3.3 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.7 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.3 2.3 3.5 2.6 2.4 2.0 3.8 2.8 1.8 2.9 1.3 2.4 2.0 2.0 3.8 2.3 2.4 2.6 48 2.8 2.6 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.0 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 2.9 3.8 4.0 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.5 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.5 4.2 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.1 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.3 FLESH 8 COLOR 2.4 2.3 2.7 4.4 4.1 3.0 3.1 2.0 2.6 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 1.5 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.5 2.7 4.4 3.6 4.5 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 4.7 3.9 3.0 2.3 4.6 3.4 3.0 5.0 3.8 5.0 4.5 4.5 3.8 3.7 3.4 RED SKIN WAXINESS7 SKIN COLOR9 UNIFORMITY10 SILVER 11 SCURF COMMENTS blocky round to oval type, moderate growth cracks, poor appearance pointed tubers, light netted skin, variable type flat blocky round type, light skin non uniform type, medium netted skin less uniform type, pointed tubers inconsistent shape, medium netted skin bright appearance, uniform round to oval type uniform round tuber type, medium netted skin deeper eyes, large round to oval type, slight skinning oval to oblong type, netted skin blocky round type, light netted skin bright appearance, flat oval to oblong type, trace heat knobs bright thin skin, oval to oblong type, pointed tubers purple splashed eyes, flat to round oval type flat oval type, sticky stolons, second growth flat oval type, nice appearance light netted skin, oval to oblong type, sticky stolons nice bright skin, pointed tubers, oblong type blocky round type, pink eyes flat oval tuber type, trace pointed tubers nice skin, oblong type, sticky stolons round to oval type, slight netted skin, pointed tubers flat uniform type, some pointed tubers flat oval type, inconsistent skin bright round to oval type, trace points and knobs poor appearance, flaky netted skin bright smooth skin, trace pointed tubers, nice appearance nice oval type, bright appearance, thin skin flat round type many pointed tubers, non‐uniform type nice smooth skin, waxy, oblong to long, bright flat oblong type, light netted skin flat oval to oblong type, bright appearance, trace points misshapen tubers, blocky round type smooth waxy skin, flat oval to oblong type, trace pointed tubers uniform small round type small round uniform type, pink eyes smooth bright skin, trace pointed tubers less uniform type, flattened oblong to long shape very small, thin skin, marginal appearance PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A RAW TUBER QUALITY 3 (%) YELLOW FLESH US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR NDAF113484B‐1 ce Colorado Rose abcefgi NDA050237B‐1R abcdfgi CO099076‐6R abi AAF11546‐3 aci AF6289‐2 efi NDAF12238Y‐2 f AF6692‐1 efi NDAF13296Y‐4 abcefgi Dark Red Norland bi Flamenco i BNC917‐2 efi NDAF141Y‐3 abcdefgi NDAF12143‐1 i BNC559‐1 abcefi MSCC553‐1R f AF6694‐8 RED SKIN i W16030‐4R TYPE i W16025‐5R fhij CO15113‐1R fij NDA8512C‐1R i BNC839‐5 fj CO15084‐4R fh AF6693‐1 abcei Autumn Rose i W17005‐3R fij CO15211‐5R i W17027‐2R i W17026‐4R fj BTX2332‐1R fj CO14040‐3R j NDTX12248Y‐1R fij Lollipop j COTX15111‐1R fj CO15115‐2R MEAN 431 417 417 399 371 368 359 353 351 348 345 341 333 311 300 297 295 286 280 274 270 252 221 217 211 173 163 147 141 141 120 108 57 23 13 261 473 508 493 432 458 443 424 384 379 408 479 435 455 377 370 355 397 357 347 338 336 277 324 286 308 285 194 243 241 159 228 115 186 45 42 331 92 80 85 91 79 83 84 92 92 85 72 78 73 83 81 83 74 80 80 80 80 91 68 76 66 61 83 60 57 89 50 94 30 51 30 75 5 18 13 7 18 16 14 6 7 12 14 20 25 14 17 14 24 19 19 19 17 7 29 20 27 34 14 31 43 4 50 6 70 43 69 22 90 80 82 88 78 83 84 92 92 85 72 78 73 74 81 83 74 80 80 80 80 91 68 76 66 61 83 60 57 89 50 94 30 51 30 75 2 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 14 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 7 5 3 9 0 7 0 0 0 6 1 3 1.061 1.071 1.064 1.075 1.057 1.060 1.076 1.079 1.076 1.059 1.062 1.069 1.085 1.069 1.074 1.074 1.074 1.069 1.065 1.076 1.073 1.073 1.082 1.070 1.072 1.067 1.072 1.063 1.062 1.067 1.080 1.064 1.071 1.068 1.069 1.070 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 11 6 10 0 3 0 7 4 17 23 1 9 0 10 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 9 17 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COMMON SCAB 4 RATING 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.1 1.6 0.4 2.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 Volareabcfi cei Sifra efi AF6551‐4 abcefhi AF5819‐2 abcef Reba abccefj MSZ513‐2 bcef Superior bh AF6735‐2 efi AF5931‐1 ef AF6194‐4 MEAN 614 580 484 480 467 435 405 355 341 329 449 689 690 512 541 490 482 470 403 426 363 507 88 82 94 89 95 90 86 89 80 91 88 10 16 6 11 4 8 11 9 18 8 10 88 82 78 86 94 87 86 87 80 91 86 0 0 16 3 1 3 0 2 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 1.056 1.073 1.079 1.070 1.070 1.064 1.073 1.071 1.078 1.076 1.071 4 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 10 8 1 9 10 5 15 15 19 5 10 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 10 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 MEAN 548 487 324 256 404 604 598 409 393 501 91 82 79 65 79 8 16 20 33 19 91 79 79 65 79 0 3 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 1.070 1.068 1.062 1.084 1.071 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TRIAL MEAN 325 411 76 21 75 1 3 1.069 0 7 1 LINE abcdfgi ROUND WHITE TYPE MSZ109‐8PP e aeg NOVELTY Blackberry e TYPE BNC833‐2 Purple #10 e 2022 Russet Variety Trial Sites a 4‐L Farm b Horkey Farms c Jenkins Farms d Kitchen Farms, Mini Bulk Trial e Kitchen Farmss, Strip Trial f Styma Potato Farms g Verbrigghe Farms h Walther Farms Early Generation Seletion i Walther Farms Replicated Trial j Walther Farms Strip Trial 1 SIZE Non‐russet tablestock Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" ‐ 3 1/4" OV: > 3 1/4" PO: Pickouts 2 7 8 FLESH COLOR 1: White 5: Dark WAXINESS RATING 1: Heavy netting, buff 5: Waxy, smooth 2 HH VD IBS BC VINE 5 VIGOR 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.0 3.2 3.8 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.6 4.5 2.0 2.5 2.6 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.5 2.0 2.3 1.5 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.8 2.1 0.5 0.8 3.9 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.8 4.6 4.6 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.9 2.3 3.2 3.2 2.2 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.3 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.3 2.5 0.0 0.8 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 4.0 3.7 0 0.8 3.4 3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY Data not replicated RAW TUBER QUALITY (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 9 SKIN COLOR 1: Light pink 5: Dark red VINE 7 6 WAXINESS MATURITY FLESH 8 COLOR 2.5 3.3 3.9 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.7 3.5 2.6 1.7 2.4 1.8 3.5 2.8 2.0 3.0 3.5 1.5 1.8 2.3 1.3 2.0 3.0 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.0 1.8 2.6 RED SKIN WAXINESS 7 SKIN COLOR9 UNIFORMITY10 2.9 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.8 3.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.9 4.0 3.3 3.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.0 2.3 1.4 1.1 2.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.3 3.2 COMMENTS uniform round to oval type, consistent skin color, prominent eyes flocky oval type, moderate growth crack, slight skinning nice dark red skin color, flat round type, slight skinning uniform round type, slight skinning nice skin, deeper eyes, skinning, flat oval type attractive skin color, sticky stolons, slight skinning blocky round type, acceptable appearance moderate skinning, blocky round to oval type nice blocky round to oval type, slight sticky stolons prominent eyes, less uniform type, variable skin color slight alligator hide, non‐uniform type, poor appearance skinning, flat oval type deeper apical eyes, moderate skinning round uniform type, moderate skinning, pointed tubers blocky oval type, dark red to almost purple skin sticky stolons, moderate skinning, round type uniform round to oval type, netted skin flat oval type small uniform round tubers, light red skin round type, acceptable appearance flat round to oval type, skin cracking, poor appearance attractive round shape, variable skin very dark skin, attractive type and appearance deeper eyes, flat round to oval type pointed tubers, moderate growth crack, inconsistent color oval type, misshapen tubers round to oval type, moderate skinning pointed tubers, variable shape, acceptable appearance trace growth crack, small round type uniform flat round type nice appearance, smooth skin, round type poor appearance small round to oval type variable skin color trace growth crack, small round type round to oval type, bright appearance, light skin thin skin, bright appearance, trace knobs uniform blocky round type blocky round type, light netted skin, recessed apical ends netted skin, deeper eyes, blocky round type flat blocky round to oval type, deep eyes, pointed tubers marginal appearance, oval to oblong type, deep eyes bright skin, nice appearance, round type flat round to oval tuber type, bright appearance blocky round type, medium netted skin 3.4 1.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 4.3 3.1 3.7 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 11 SILVER SCURF 0: No incidence of silver scurf 5: High incidence of silver scurf 49 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.2 4.0 3.9 3.2 4.0 4.1 2.5 3.0 4.0 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.1 3.0 3.7 2.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 5.0 4.0 3.1 3.0 3.8 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.5 2.5 2.8 3.5 2.0 3.5 3.2 2.3 2.5 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.6 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.9 4 10 UNIFORMITY OF SKIN COLOR 1: Highly variable, non‐uniform 5: Highly uniform, color throughout 4.1 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.9 2.6 4.0 3.4 3.3 2.9 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.8 2.7 3.9 4.3 4.0 5.0 4.0 2.6 3.3 3.8 3.2 3.8 4.0 3.3 2.5 2.8 4.0 3.0 3.6 SILVER 11 SCURF 5 1.0 2.3 4.0 1.0 2.1 3.0 0.3 3.0 1.0 1.8 3.4 1.3 VINE VIGOR RATING Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Slow emergence 5: Early emergence chimeral white splash, prominent and deep eyes trace pointed tubers, white splashes on some tuber eyes non‐uniform tuber type, oblong, heavier skin poor tuber shape, variable skin, oval to oblong type 6 VINE MATURITY RATING Date: Variable Rating 1‐5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) Table 11. 2022 Russet Potato Variety Trial Walther Farms NFPT and Added Lines Planting: 4/29/22 Vine Kill: 8/31/22 Harvest: 9/28/22 GDD40: 3573 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A RAW TUBER QUALITY3 (%) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR2 HH VD IBS BC A15053‐17 A10861‐3CR AAF15010‐1 A12303‐4sto A12305‐2adg AF5736‐16 A15041‐13 W17079‐16rus W17081‐2rus ND1412Y‐5Russ AF6377‐12 A15102‐11 A13085‐2 A13036‐1 A15094‐11 AF6441‐3 A15094‐13 W17099‐6rus A12304‐1sto AF6314‐12 A15057‐2TE A09136‐9LB A11887‐5adg A16117‐4 A13074‐1TE A15175‐1 A13038‐3 AF6377‐13 A16051‐3 A15082‐9 AF5521‐1 AF6298‐2 A12327‐5 A16088‐1 AF6384‐2 COA15494‐8 CO13003‐1RU W17094‐3rus Ranger Russet AF6434‐1 AFA5661‐8 NDAF13242B‐3 W17098‐19rus 669 611 611 593 589 571 555 543 538 534 528 517 511 504 499 499 490 488 476 475 466 460 440 430 426 423 421 411 404 398 394 390 389 384 381 376 370 365 362 361 359 358 357 821 700 739 744 779 597 602 667 754 630 611 650 606 648 820 599 711 911 654 563 528 556 599 570 607 697 560 568 573 511 473 530 703 435 534 453 491 657 620 637 514 558 735 82 87 83 80 76 96 92 81 71 85 86 80 84 78 61 83 69 54 73 84 88 83 73 75 70 61 75 72 70 78 83 74 55 88 71 83 75 56 58 57 70 64 49 9 8 23 26 5 3 4 11 9 7 10 14 15 29 21 10 11 29 32 11 12 12 13 7 15 20 10 13 15 13 14 16 8 8 17 15 21 16 34 8 19 34 19 70 74 70 70 61 86 50 61 67 71 68 72 59 65 59 74 66 32 57 64 79 56 69 46 63 60 70 74 64 74 74 73 41 71 54 72 71 44 51 54 68 64 46 12 14 1 3 15 10 42 19 6 14 19 7 9 0 2 9 3 1 1 20 9 27 5 29 7 1 5 3 7 3 10 10 14 17 18 3 5 7 0 3 2 0 8 9 4 6 1 19 1 4 9 18 8 3 7 17 6 18 7 20 38 10 5 0 5 13 18 15 19 15 10 14 10 2 1 37 4 11 10 3 33 15 35 11 2 27 1.068 1.077 1.100 1.081 1.072 1.092 1.071 1.079 1.077 1.085 1.078 1.084 1.073 1.080 1.067 1.071 1.065 1.065 1.079 1.077 1.068 1.089 1.064 1.080 1.083 1.077 1.071 1.080 1.063 1.072 1.085 1.076 1.076 1.063 1.063 1.067 1.070 1.080 1.083 1.070 1.076 1.078 1.076 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 30 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 40 30 20 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 COMMON SCAB 4 RATING 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 COMMENTS 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 light russet skin, knobs, alligator hide, flat tubular type variable skin color, misshapen pickouts moderate alligator hide, less uniform type heavy russet skin, flat oblong pointed type long tubular type, points, slight alligator hide, growth cracks silverton type, flat blocky oblong, nice oblong blocky type, deeper eyes, acceptable appearance flat oblong tuber type, heavy russet skin light russet, tubular, bottlenecking points, medium russet skin slight alligator hide, apical growth cracks, dark russet skin moderate silver scurf, light russet, tubular acceptable appearance, medium russet skin, tubular nice skin, heat sprouts, misshapen pickouts, prominent eyes misshapen, growth cracks, light variable skin, poor appearance apical sprouting, dark russet skin, flat long type, poor appearance very tubular type, bottlenecking, growth cracks, light russet skin very tubular type, misshapen, poor appearance flattened tubular type, growth cracks in pickouts, good appearance variable skin, moderate alligator hide, marginal appearance flat blocky oblong type, very nice appearance flat oblong type, silverton type, medium netted skin, good appearance variable tubular tuber type, bottlenecking, poor appearance tubular, growth crack, marginal appearance nice skin, poor type, apical growth cracks and allligator hide tubular type, bottlenecking, light variable russet skin very tubular type, too many eyes heavy russet, less uniform type, apical alligator hide and growth crack light russet skin, growth cracks, alligator hide, bottlenecking moderate silver scurf, misshapen tubers, tubular type good appearance non uniform type, pointed tubers medium to heavy netted skin, growth crack, bottlenecks, moderate alligator hide, nice skin, flat oblong type variable type, slight alligator hide, growth cracks alligator hide, heavy russet skin, elongated type oblong tuber type, medium russet skin, good appearance very poor type and appearance tubular, bottlenecks, light skin knobs, misshapen, uneven light russet skin, tubular light russet skin, apical growth cracks, alligator hide tubular type, light russet skin very tubular type, poor appearance, growth cracks, alligator hide CWT/A PERCENT OF TOTAL 1 3 RAW TUBER QUALITY (%) LINE US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO SP GR2 HH VD IBS BC COMMON SCAB 4 RATING A15258‐1 ND1413YB‐1Russ A15254‐5 A15399‐2LB A15121‐2TE A15190‐8CR A16137‐6sto AF6338‐6 AAF10596‐1 COTX08063‐2Ru AF5762‐8 AC12090‐3RU A15051‐1T A16048‐3 Russet Burbank AAF15086‐5 AF6855‐4 AF6814‐1 AF6750‐3 WAF17079‐2 AAF16069‐2 COAF16277‐4 AAF16069‐1 AF6749‐3 A10611‐3adg MEAN 351 350 338 335 329 321 296 277 277 264 235 229 221 168 77 602 540 455 421 366 363 328 323 249 192 409 542 434 662 755 542 653 429 655 495 463 376 433 616 408 471 712 653 533 538 485 544 356 576 500 529 592 65 81 51 44 61 49 69 42 56 57 62 53 36 41 16 85 83 85 78 75 67 92 56 50 36 69 14 10 11 24 17 22 28 22 29 43 17 31 29 23 37 11 12 5 8 15 22 3 32 19 26 17 60 58 46 44 61 47 68 38 52 57 75 52 34 38 24 69 76 69 60 73 65 75 50 48 36 60 5 23 5 0 0 2 1 4 4 0 5 1 2 3 0 16 7 17 18 3 2 17 6 2 0 8 21 9 38 32 22 29 3 36 15 0 3 16 35 36 39 4 5 9 14 9 11 5 12 31 38 15 1.062 1.078 1.075 1.074 1.092 1.070 1.065 1.056 1.078 1.089 1.069 1.061 1.074 1.060 1.067 1.077 1.081 1.081 1.065 1.072 1.080 1.069 1.065 1.073 1.077 1.074 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 40 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1 SIZE Russets Bs: < 4 oz As: 4 ‐ 10 oz OV: > 10 oz PO: Pickouts 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY Data not replicated 3 RAW TUBER QUALITY (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center 5 VINE VIGOR RATING Date: 6/10/22 Rating 1‐5 1: Slow emergence 5: Early emergence (vigorous vine, some flowering) 4 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 6 VINE MATURITY RATING Varieties below the dashed line are added lines Date: 8/18/22 Rating 1‐5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) VINE VIGOR5 VINE MATURITY6 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.7 FIELD DATA Planting Date Vine Kill Date Harvest Date Days (planting to vine kill) Days (planting to harvest) GDD40 MAWN Station GDD40 (planting to vine kill) Seed Spacing 51 COMMENTS long tubular type, light russet skin, bottlenecking oblong tubular type, light to medium russet skin tubular, misshapen, medium russet skin growth cracks, heat sprouts, points, misshapen tubers heavy russet skin, tubular, not uniform, bottlenecking, growth cracks tubular, bottlenecks, light skin oblong tuber type, light russet skin, trace of alligator hide very tubular type, bottlenecking, growth cracks variable russet skin and type, silver scurf moderate alligator hide, long tubular type, medium russet skin flat blocky oblong type, medium russet skin, deeper eyes not uniform tubular type, heavy russet skin, pink blush on skin very tubular, bottlenecks, misshapen tubers tubular, rough, alligator hide, light skin long tubular type, severe bottle necking blocky oblong tuber type, medium russet skin, good appearance nice appearance, blocky oblong type flat oblong to long type, medium netted skin, pointed tubers blocky oblong to long type, pointed tubers, acceptable appearance dark russet skin, nice appearance, flat oblong type good appearance, tubular, trace growth crack and alligator hide blocky oblong type, medium netted skin, trace growth crack not uniform, tubular, growth cracks growth crack, alligator hide, rough tubular appearance growth crack, tubular, less uniform, bottlenecks 4/29/22 8/31/22 9/28/22 124 152 Mendon 3573 10" Table 12. 2022 Tablestock Potato Variety Trial Walther Farms Cass City Planting: 5/13/22 Vine Kill: 9/6/22 Harvest: 10/5/22 GDD40: 3342 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 CWT/A 3 RAW TUBER QUALITY (%) YELLOW FLESH US#1 TOTAL US#1 Bs As OV PO 2 SP GR HH VD IBS BC MSII323‐07 MSII346‐02 MSII323‐06 MSII320‐04 MSII319‐02 MSII309‐03 MSII344‐05 MSII309‐08 MSII320‐03 MSII309‐06 WAF13058‐1 YELLOW MSII323‐04 SKIN TYPE MSII308‐05 MSII306‐08 MSII344‐02 MSII306‐04 MSII330‐03 MSII306‐06 NYT61‐2 NYT61‐3 MSII328‐3 MSII311‐02 MSII344‐06 MEAN 613 453 441 366 316 301 290 261 249 245 242 242 240 218 216 207 172 139 137 129 119 106 83 252 688 577 516 402 386 396 396 312 314 315 288 279 348 307 308 313 227 235 250 169 121 235 249 332 89 79 85 92 82 76 73 84 79 78 84 87 69 71 70 66 76 59 55 76 98 45 33 74 10 21 14 6 16 23 25 16 19 20 14 10 31 29 28 34 22 41 45 16 2 54 67 24 70 79 85 89 82 76 73 84 79 78 84 87 69 71 70 66 76 59 55 76 98 45 33 73 19 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 8 0 1 0 1 1.067 1.078 1.061 1.057 1.066 1.083 1.075 1.079 1.069 1.080 1.071 1.062 1.067 1.070 1.075 1.062 1.071 1.066 1.077 1.079 1.076 1.080 1.076 1.072 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COMMON SCAB RATING4 1.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.1 CO15113‐1R MSII418‐12 MSII415‐01 MSII417‐02 COTX15083‐1R MSII425‐01 MSII419‐05 AF6693‐1 RED SKIN ND14220B‐9R TYPE ND14325B‐7R ND14324B‐7R TX17802‐5R MSII419‐03 MSII432‐01 MSII421‐10 MSII432‐03 MSII421‐05 MEAN 359 336 261 251 248 246 218 186 184 157 144 139 129 126 115 65 40 189 415 392 314 326 296 286 263 238 266 238 208 198 193 196 161 164 98 250 86 86 83 77 84 86 83 78 69 66 69 70 67 64 72 40 41 72 13 12 16 23 14 14 12 19 31 32 31 27 24 35 17 60 57 26 86 86 83 77 84 86 83 78 69 66 69 70 67 64 72 40 41 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 0 5 3 0 2 0 3 9 1 11 0 2 2 1.072 1.073 1.076 1.067 1.071 1.061 1.067 1.068 1.064 1.071 1.076 1.071 1.066 1.061 1.051 1.055 1.057 1.066 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AF6735‐2 AF5819‐2 AF6541‐3 302 299 252 284 341 331 305 326 89 90 83 87 10 10 17 12 85 90 83 86 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1.079 1.071 1.075 1.075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229 299 74 24 74 1 2 1.070 0 0 0 LINE ROUND WHITE TYPE TRIAL MEAN 1 4 VINE 5 VIGOR VINE 7 6 WAXINESS MATURITY 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.5 2.2 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.3 0 0.9 2.0 1.7 3.3 SIZE Non‐russet tablestock Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" ‐ 3 1/4" OV: > 3 1/4" PO: Pickouts 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY Data not replicated 3 RAW TUBER QUALITY (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 5 VINE VIGOR RATING Date: 6/14/22 Rating 1‐5 1: Slow emergence 5: Early emergence 7 WAXINESS RATING 1: Heavy netting, buff 5: Waxy, smooth 8 FLESH COLOR 1: White 5: Dark yellow 9 SKIN COLOR 1: Light pink 5: Dark red 10 UNIFORMITY OF SKIN COLOR 1: Highly variable, non‐uniform 5: Highly uniform, color throughout 11 SILVER SCURF 0: No incidence of silver scurf 5: High incidence of silver scurf 52 FLESH 8 COLOR 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.3 RED SKIN WAXINESS 7 SKIN COLOR9 UNIFORMITY10 SILVER 11 SCURF 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.4 COMMENTS very large tubers good yield, some recessed apical eyes, slight netting bright, round, some deep eyes good size, round, uniform, slight netting very bright, smooth, oval round, uniform, light netting oval type, some skinning round, uniform, light netted skin round, uniform, flat, netted uniform, smooth, some alligator hide blocky, round, light netted skin, good size smooth, round, some pointed tubers uniform, round, light netting, medium size round type, bright skin very bright, smooth skin, oval type round to oval type, prominent lenticels bright, some netting, pink eyes, variable type small tuber size smooth, oval type, pink eyes smooth, oval type, growth crack, pointed tubers bright, round type Small, oval, light netting uniform, round, small, some netting 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.9 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 round type, acceptable appearance uniform, round, good color, some netting uniform, distinct red skin hue round, uniform, bright, lighter red skin round, uniform, good color, some netting good shape, good color, slightly deep eyes nice, bright, smooth, unique red to purple skin color acceptable color, marginal appearance, deeper eyes round, smooth, bright, heavy lenticels good color, small, round, uniform uniform, round, good color, darker eyes, small good color, some recessed apical eyes, variable size smooth, round, light red skin nice, round, bright, smooth smooth, round to oval type, good color, some growth crack smooth, very small tubers bright round, uniform, very small tubers large, round, recessed apical eyes, bright, slight netted skin round, recessed apical ends flat, round, fairly uniform 3.4 6 3.4 3.8 VINE MATURITY RATING Date: 8/17/22 Rating 1‐5 1: Early (vines completely dead) 5: Late (vigorous vines, some flowering) 3.9 1.1 FIELD DATA Planting Date Vine Kill Date Harvest Date Days (planting to vine kill) Days (planting to harvest) GDD40 MAWN Station GDD40 (planting to vine kill) Seed Spacing 5/13/22 9/6/22 10/5/22 116 145 Fairgrove 3342 10" Evaluating New Potato Varieties for Herbicide Sensitivity-2022 MPIC Research Report Erin Burns, Assistant Professor-Weed Science Extension Specialist Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University The potato research team at MSU is continually striving to introduce new potato varieties that have improved agronomic, storability, and processing qualities compared to standard commercial varieties. In recent years, varieties like Silverton Russet have been introduced to the US commercial potato industry with susceptibility to commonly used broadleaf herbicides. In the commercialization process, many growers have experienced yield losses, and therefore significant economic loss, which results in slow variety adoption or even rejection. Many times the developer of new varieties is not aware of all potential weaknesses of a variety and is unable to warn growers of potential management concerns like herbicide sensitivities. To protect the commercial potato industry in Michigan from these unforeseen impacts, the Michigan State University Weed Science and Potato Outreach Programs propose that all potato varieties nearing commercialization be screened for sensitivity to commonly used herbicide treatments. Therefore, objective one of this research was to identify varietal sensitivity to commercially used herbicides prior to release. The following list of advanced chip and russets varieties are nearing commercialization in Michigan: Lady Liberty, Mackinaw, Petoskey, Reveille, and Vanguard. These varieties were compared to the check varieties Atlantic, Lamoka, Snowden, Russet Norkotah, and Russet Silverton. This study was conducted at the Montcalm Research Center. Four replicate blocks were included in the study consisting of the following advanced chip and russet varieties that are nearing commercialization in Michigan: Lady Liberty, Mackinaw, Petoskey, Reveille, and Vanguard. These varieties will be compared to the check varieties Atlantic, Lamoka, Snowden, Russet Norkotah, and Russet Silverton. The study was planted on 5/25/22. To isolate the impact of herbicide injury on yield and keep a weed free environment a blanket preemergence herbicide application of s-metolachlor plus linuron (trade names Dual/Brawl and Lorox/Linex) was made to control grass and broadleaf weeds. To evaluate injury resulting from postemergence herbicide application rimsulfuron (1 oz/A, trade name Matrix) with and without metribuzin (0.25 lb/A) Figure 1. Variety sensitivity trial 2022 were applied on 6/23/22. Plot design followed that utilized in the Potato Outreach Program’s on-farm variety trials (Figure 1). Herbicide treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 187 L ha-1 at a pressure of 207 kPa through 11003 AIXR flatfan nozzles. Percent weed control (0% = no control, 100% = complete control) and potato injury (0% = no injury, 100% = complete injury) were evaluated 7, 14, and 21 days after herbicide application and at harvest. The study was harvested 9/21/22. Yield data are presented in Figures 2-4. Overall, potato varieties varied in their sensitivity to postemergence herbicides. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission supported this research. 53 Figure 2. US #1 Yield (% of Control) for variety sensitivity 2022 trial at the Montcalm Research Center. 54 Figure 3. Potato B-size yield (%) for variety sensitivity 2022 trial at the Montcalm Research Center. 55 Figure 4. Potato pickouts (%) for variety sensitivity 2022 trial at the Montcalm Research Center. 56 Layering soil residual herbicides for troublesome weed control in potatoes-2022 MPIC Research Report Erin Burns, Assistant Professor-Weed Science Extension Specialist Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University Many troublesome weeds (horseweed/marestail, waterhemp, palmer amaranth, common lambsquarters, and foxtails) in MI are shifting emergence patterns from a single early flush in the spring to extended emergence throughout the summer, therefore outlasting preemergence residual herbicide activity. Later emerging weeds can not only have yield impacts, but also be a harvest nuisance. Layering a residual soil-applied herbicide along with the postemergence herbicide pass is one way to maintain a barrier to weeds emerging later in the growing season. Therefore, objective two was to evaluate layering different group 14 (example Reflex), 15 (example Dual), and 3 (example Prowl) herbicides for season long weed control. All treatments except the control provided greater than 90% weed control 24 days after application after which postemergence herbicides were applied. Treatments that contained Dual postemergence (treatments 1, 3, 6, and 8) provided greater than 90% weed control throughout the duration of this study. Treatments that contained Prowl postemergence (treatments 2, 4, 7, and 9) did not control broadleaf weeds (palmer amaranth) later into the season, which was to be expected as Prowl does not control small seeded broadleaf weeds. Overall, results suggest both group 14 and 15 herbicides provide residual control and layering Dual postemergence will improve season long weed control. Treatment rates and plot photos (24 days after application) are presented in the table below. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission supported this research. 57 Michigan State University Layering residuals for palmer amaranth control- SJ289 Location: SJ289 Walther Farms Trial Year: 2022 Trial ID: P01-22 Protocol ID: P01-22 Investigator (Creator): Erin Burns Project ID: Study Director: Sponsor Contact: Form Form Rate Trt Treatment No. Name Conc Type Rate Unit 1 Dual II Magnum 7.64 L 1.33 pt/a Lorox DF 50 DF 2 lb/a Dual II Magnum 7.64 L 1.33 pt/a Appl Appl Rep Timing Code 1 2 3 4 Notes CRACK A 101 209 304 401 CRACK A POST B 2 Dual II Magnum 7.64 L Lorox DF 50 DF Prowl H2O 3.8 L 1.33 pt/a 2 lb/a 1.6 pt/a CRACK A CRACK A POST B 102 204 302 408 3 Reflex 2L Lorox DF 50 DF Matrix 25 DF Dual II Magnum 7.64 L 1 pt/a 2 lb/a 1.5 oz/a 1.33 pt/a CRACK A CRACK A CRACK A POST B 103 206 303 402 4 Reflex Lorox DF Matrix Prowl H2O 1 pt/a 2 lb/a 1.5 oz/a 1.6 pt/a CRACK A CRACK A CRACK A POST B 104 201 307 403 2L 50 DF 25 DF 3.8 L 5 Untreated 105 203 301 406 6 Valor SX 51 WG 1.5 oz/a Matrix 25 DF 1.5 oz/a Dual II Magnum 7.64 L 1.33 pt/a CRACK A CRACK A POST B 106 208 309 407 7 Valor SX Matrix Prowl H2O CRACK A CRACK A POST B 107 205 308 404 8 Zidua SC 4.17 L Lorox DF 50 DF Dual II Magnum 7.64 L 2.5 fl oz/a CRACK A 2 lb/a CRACK A 1.33 pt/a POST B 108 207 305 409 9 Zidua SC Lorox DF Prowl H2O 2.5 fl oz/a CRACK A 2 lb/a CRACK A 1.6 pt/a POST B 109 202 306 405 51 WG 25 DF 3.8 L 4.17 L 50 DF 3.8 L 1.5 oz/a 1.5 oz/a 1.6 pt/a Sort Order: Replicate 1 58 Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5 Treatment 6 Treatment 7 Treatment 8 59 Treatment 9 60 Enhancing Soil Health in Michigan Potato Cropping Systems Participating Researchers Year End Report 2022 Kurt Steinke, Associate Professor, Dept. of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University Lisa Tiemann, Associate Professor, Dept. of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University Madelyn Celovsky, Graduate Research Assistant (M.S.) Michigan State University Andrew Chomas, Research Specialist, Michigan State University Introduction The Potato Soil Health Project is a collaboration between 10 major potato growing states in the US. The collaboration’s overall objective is “to determine how best to measure soil health in potato cropping systems, identify the tools (cover crops, soil amendments, rotation schemes) that may enhance soil health and potato production, and communicate our findings to potato growers”. To improve soil health in these systems is to improve the soil’s ability to support tuber production as well as support carbon sequestration, water quality, pathogen suppression, and other important services. Across potato cropping systems, improving soil health can be difficult because of the mechanical and chemical disturbances utilized in production and due to much of the acreage occurring on coarse textured soil with a lower capacity for supporting SOM, retaining nutrients, soil aggregation, and microbial activity. Aside from drought, soilborne diseases represent the largest limitation to yield. In Michigan and nationally, Potato Early Die (PED) caused by Verticillium fungi and root lesion nematodes are particularly difficult to control and often require fumigation and/or nematicides. Carbon amendment may be able to mitigate the effects of fumigation and tillage on beneficial microbes. Differences in climate, soil type, disease pressure, and economics across the US influence what kind of soil health building “tools” growers may have to utilize. In Michigan, manure applications and cover crops are increasingly used by growers to improve soil health, prevent erosion, and reduce nutrient leaching. Preplant applied manure contributes carbon along with other nutrients and supports microbial activity during the early stages of crop growth. A cover crop planted after corn harvest in a potato rotation can reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching with the living roots and residues contributing carbon that supports microbial activity later into the season. Evaluating how soil health building tools are influencing soil health can be difficult and changes may be slow. There are many emerging metrics and it is important to understand how soil health metrics may or may not be helpful in Michigan potato systems. The Potato Soil Health Project in Michigan is supported by funding from a USDA NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) grant, with additional funding support from the Michigan Potato Industry Commission and Michigan State University’s AgBioResearch Project GREEEN. Two experimental trials were established at the Clarksville Research Station in 2019 with differing potato crop rotation length but with the same set of 61 soil health management strategies, The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the impacts of rotation length, soil fumigation, and organic amendments on soil health, soil borne pathogens, potato yield, and tuber quality across four years. Treatment Design Field trials were established in Clarksville, MI on Lapeer sandy loam soils in May 2019. Soil health management and control treatments were designed to represent a range of management strategies for production potato varieties in Michigan (Table 1). Rotations consisted of corn, winter wheat, and potatoes every two (2-y rotation) or three (3-y rotation) years (Fig. 1). Center pivot irrigation applied around 8” of water throughout the potato growing seasons in 2019, 2020, and 2022. In rotation years, corn and wheat were supplemented with irrigation as needed. The Michigan-specific soil health management strategies included manure application (poultry litter; MANURE), a cover crop (cereal rye; COVER) or a combination of manure and a cover crop (MAN/CC) and a control with no soil health management included (GRSTAND). A non-fumigated control treatment with no other soil health improvement practices (NOFUM) was also included. For MANURE, MAN/CC, and GRSTAND, ‘Superior’, a disease susceptible round white tuber, was the variety planted. “Snowden’, a chipping variety that is Scab susceptible though more tolerant to PED, was planted for the COVER treatment. The remaining treatment was a national control (NATCTRL) using ‘Russet Burbank’ which for this Michigan specific report we will not present results for or discuss. In treatments with a cover crop (COVER and MAN/CC), cereal rye was planted after corn harvest at 55 lb A-1 seed and terminated by spring incorporation before planting potato. Manure treatments (MANURE and MAN/CC) contained poultry litter applied annually preplant incorporated at a rate of 1 ton A-1 for wheat and corn or 2 ton A-1 for potato. The fertility program between treatments varied. NATCTRL and COVER treatments both received 275, 100, and 300 lb A-1 of N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively, between planting and harvest. NOFUM and GRSTAND received 299, 100, and 300 lb A-1 with additional late season N for managing PED. MANURE and MAN/CC treatments received 344, 188, and 300 lb A-1 with 110, 128, and 96 lb A-1 coming from a first-year estimate of available nutrients from poultry litter. Fumigation was done before planting the first year of potatoes with either metam sodium (Vapam, 45 gal A-1) or chloropicrin (Strike, 117 lb A-1). Plot dimensions across studies were 11’ wide by 50’ long and utilized a five replicate randomized complete block design. Methods To track changes in soil biological, physical, and chemical soil properties, soil samples (0-6 inch) were taken post-harvest in rotation years and pre-plant and 60 days after planting (DAP) in potato years. Soil biological metrics represent a subset of the commercially available soil health tests. Autoclaved citrate extractable (ACE) protein is an estimate of soil protein and potentially mineralizable organic N. Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX-C) is a management sensitive pool of microbially available C. C mineralization potential (Solvita 24 hr CO2 respiration) captures general microbial activity. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile estimates total microbial biomass along with fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratio. Outside of commercially available lab tests, microbial community structure was also analyzed using sequenced bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) regions of DNA in the soil. Soil physical metrics included compaction measured by a penetrometer to 18 inch and wet aggregate stability measured pre-plant potato, 62 data not reported here. Standard nutrient analyses were performed at all sampling dates by a commercial lab. Soil pathogen levels of Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans were quantified from 06” soil samples pre-plant potato and post-harvest rotation crops by a commercial lab. Percent green cover at vine kill was determined by visual evaluation in 2019 and 2020. In 2022, reported green cover was measured 1 month prior to study-wide early maturity and senescence. For wheat and corn, yield was measured utilizing a plot-combine with potato yields graded and weighed. Tuber quality was evaluated for specific gravity as well as infection of common scab (Streptomycetes scabies) and Verticillium. Statistical analyses were performed in R using the lme4 package for mixed model ANOVA. Poisson distribution was used to model Verticillium propagule counts and non-parametric testing was conducted using glmer in lme4. Estimates are reported on the count scale, though the estimated differences are modelled on the log scale. For microbial community analysis, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients were used to perform unconstrained Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and permutational ANOVA using the vegan package. Sequencing data from preplant and 60 DAP samples taken in 2019 and 2020 are presented with data from 2021 and 2022 samples forthcoming. Data from both sample dates within each year have been combined as no treatment by year interaction was found. To control for possible differences among varieties (Snowden and Russet are both longer season varieties) and fumigant in potato years, post-hoc hypothesis testing was conducted between treatments with Superior var. potatoes only (Table 1). Multiple degree of freedom contrast NOFUM vs MANURE compares the main effect of chloropicrin fumigation followed by annual application of manure to no fumigation and mineral fertilizers. MAN/CC and GRSTAND vs MANURE and MAN/CC compares the main effect of supplementing mineral fertility with annual poultry litter applications. Cereal rye cover crop establishment after corn in the MAN/CC treatment was poor so differences between MANURE and MAN/CC are not expected, especially in 2022. Contrasts were constructed using the emmeans package. Results First potato plantings- Fumigation by chloropicrin was effective in producing greater tuber yields compared to the nonfumigated control despite generally low initial soil pathogen levels in 2019 and 2020 (Table 2, p = 0.0001, Table 3). Attributing greater yields following fumigation to effective Verticillium and root lesion nematode control is difficult as fumigation did not impact Verticillium or root lesion nematode levels in the soil (Table 3). Further, the rate of tubers infected with Verticillium was not greater in the nonfumigated control compared to the chloropicrin treatments (Table 4). Percent green cover at vine kill was greater in chloropicrin fumigated treatments than in the nonfumigated control which may suggest less severe PED though green cover is also a metric of general plant vigor and may not be directly caused by Verticillium or root lesion nematode infection (Table 4). Manure applications did not impact yield when compared to the fumigated control, nor did manure impact the Verticillium or root lesion nematode levels. MANURE and MAN/CC treatments had similar soil pathogens levels and yielded the same as GRSTAND in 2019 and 2020 (Tables 2 and 3). Biological and physical soil metrics can be used to capture changes across a wide range of soil functions including nutrient cycling and disease suppression that are vital to tuber production. It is important to identify which metrics are sensitive to management in potato production systems and at which point it is most informative to test each one. The results identify the effects of fumigation and annual poultry litter application on metrics tested preplant and 60 days after planting (DAP) potatoes. 63 Chloropicrin fumigation resulted in lower bacterial and fungal diversity at both preplant and 60 DAP in the 2-year study (Table 5, p = 0.0026 and p = 0.0074 for bacteria, p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0117 for fungi). No fumigation effect was observed in the 3-year study in the weeks and months following fumigation except for a slight decrease in bacterial diversity at 60 DAP (Table 5, p = 0.0004). To compliment the alpha diversity estimate, principal components analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA estimate the beta diversity of the microbial communities using 16S and ITS sequencing data from soil DNA extracted from 2019 and 2020 soil samples. Figure 2 shows divergence in the bacterial and fungal communities sampled from the nonfumigated treatment (NOFUM) and all chloropicrin fumigated treatments (GRSTAND, COVER, MANURE, MAN/CC) in both the 2-year and 3-year study though the separation is less apparent in the 3-year study. In both the 2-year and 3-year study, the effect of chloropicrin fumigation on the microbial community structure seems to be weaker on bacteria than fungi. To quantify the separation of microbial community structures beyond illustration, a PERMANOVA was conducted. Confirming the PCoA results, chloropicrin fumigation resulted in altered bacterial and fungal communities in the weeks (preplant) and months (60 DAP) following fumigation and planting in the 2year study (Table 6). No fumigation effect was seen on the bacterial community in the 3-year study and only the GRSTAND and MAN/CC fungal communities diverged from the NOFUM (Table 7). Manure application did not impact microbial diversity or community structure in either study. Shannon diversity and pairwise comparison of Bray-Curtis differences reveal no difference between GRSTAND, MANURE and MAN/CC treatments (Table 5, Figure 2, Table 6, Table 7). Though the effect of fumigation on microbial community quantified by sequence data was consistently observed in the 2-year study across treatments in 2020, the same cannot be said for other metrics of soil health. Fumigation and manure had no effect on preplant soil nutrient levels or pH in 2019 or 2020 (Table 8). Preplant levels of ACE protein, POX-C, and Solvita, indicators of microbial function, were not impacted by fumigation or manure application (data not shown). At 60DAP (90 days after fumigation) in 2020, chloropicrin fumigated treatments had POX-C lower than the nonfumigated treatment, though only in the 2-year rotation study (Table 9, p=0.0015). Manure application in the 2-year study resulted in higher microbial respiration rates (Solvita) at 60DAP (Table 9, p=0.0138). Neither fumigation or manure impacted ACE protein, Solvita, or POX-C levels at 60DAP in the 3-year study. Second potato planting- To measure the carryover effects from the initial fumigation, all treatments were planted without fumigation in 2022. In both the 2-year and 3-year studies, Superior tubers yielded better in 2022 than in 2019/2020 overall with the exception being the 2-year GRSTAND in 2022 did not yield as well as the GRSTAND in 2020 (Table 2). The yield increase can most likely be attributed to earlier planting date in 2022. The fumigation advantage seen in the first round of potatoes in treatments with Superior did not extend to 2022. Treatments that were fumigated with chloropicrin in 2019/2020 (GRSTAND, MANURE, and MAN/CC) yielded the same as the NOFUM treatment in both the 2-year and 3-year rotation sites (Table 2, p>0.05). Similar yields across fumigated and nonfumigated treatments were preceded by similar soil pathogen levels. In the 2-year rotation, only the GRSTAND plots had elevated root lesion nematode values which may explain why these plots didn’t yield better than 2020, even with the earlier planting date (Table 3). No differences in soil Verticillium or root lesion nematode levels were seen between NOFUM and the MANURE and MAN/CC treatments. Further, the 2019/2020 fumigation did not result in reduced Verticillium infection on tubers in 2022. In fact, the chloropicrin fumigated treatments had higher Verticillium infection compared to the nonfumigated control in 2022 (Table 3). 64 The cumulative effect of annual C amendment had a positive effect on total tuber yield in both the 2- and 3-year rotation. MANURE and MAN/CC treatments yielded on average 46 and 60 cwt A-1 higher than GRSTAND in the 2-year and 3-year rotations sites, respectively, in 2022 (Table 2, p =0.0356, p =0.0008). The impact of manure on soil pathogen levels and disease severity was variable in 2022. In both the 2-year and 3-yar studies, no difference were observed in green cover at vine kill between GRSTAND, MANURE, and MAN/CC in 2022. Verticillium infection rates were consistent amongst GRSTAND, MANURE and MAN/CC in the 2-year rotation. However, in the 3-year rotation, GRSTAND and MANURE tubers had surprisingly high Verticillium infection (44% and 48% of tubers infected), both greater than the NOFUM and MAN/CC (7% and 8% of tubers) (Table 4). Fumigation showed no residual effect on soil nutrient levels or pH in 2022 (Table 8). Phosphorus levels in the soil measured at potato planting in both the 2-year and 3-year studies were higher in 2022 than when initially measured in Spring 2019/2020 (Table 8). Accumulation of P in treatments with annual application of poultry litter was not greater than in treatments without manure as may be expected with the higher P application rates received by treatments with manure (MANURE and MAN/CC) (Table 8). Treatments with manure were being supplied about 60 and 80 lbs P A-1 more than the mineral fertilizer treatments in rotation and potato years, respectively. The extra P could have contributed to the higher tuber yields in manure treatments compared to the GRSTAND and NOFUM (Table 2), though P levels should not have been limiting yield with 100 lbs P A-1 being applied in-furrow as 10-34-0 to GRSTAND and NOFUM. The similar P concentrations despite higher rates of applied P in manure treatments compared to treatments without manure could be because of the relatively low CEC (3.4-6.3 meq/100 g-) of the soils across the studies with little potential for adsorption or due to the relatively low rates of manure being applied annually. By 60DAP in 2019 and 2020, there was still no difference in nutrient levels between treatments. Soil nutrient data for 60DAP in 2022 are forthcoming. In the 3-year rotation site, the PLFA analysis from 2022 60DAP samples revealed MANURE and MAN/CC treatments resulted in a higher F:B and higher total microbial biomass compared to the NOFUM and GRSTAND though only the MANURE was significantly higher (Table 10). No difference was observed in the F:B in the 2-year rotation. Though this can be interpreted simply as a change in microbial community, a higher F:B is often associated with a change in soil function as well. Fungi are important for residue breakdown and may have an important role in pathogen suppression, but fungi are sensitive to the disturbances of managed systems like tillage and fumigation. An increase in F:B ratio is often used as an indication of healthy soil. Forthcoming alpha and beta diversity data from 2021 and 2022 along with the soil health data will be important in understanding fumigation’s lasting impact on the diversity, community structure, and function of soil microbes in this system. 65 Appendix Table 1. Experimental treatments in both the 2-y and 3-y rotation experiments. Fumigation was done only once prior to potato planting, in year 2 of the 2-y rotation and in year 1 of the 3-y rotation. Manure applications were done each year and cover crops were planted only once per rotation, between years 1-2 in the 2-y rotation and between years 3-4 in the 3-y rotation (Fig. 1). Manure Metam sodium Cover Crop N N None N N Superior Chloropicrin N N MANURE Superior Chloropicrin N Fumigated/cover crop COVER Snowden Poultry litter Chloropicrin N Cereal rye “Kitchen Sink” MAN/CC Superior Chloropicrin Poultry litter Cereal rye Treatment Abbreviation Variety Fumigation National control NATCTRL NOFUM Russet burbank Superior No fumigation control Grower Standard GRSTAND Fumigated/manure PED susceptible PED susceptible PED susceptible PED tolerant PED susceptible 66 Table 2. Potato and rotation crop yield from 2-year and 3-year rotation sites in Clarksville, MI. Potato Wheat Corn Total Yield Yield Yield (cwt A-1) (bu A-1) (bu A-1) Rotation Site 2 Year 2020 2019 a 2022 2021 2020 2019 2021 57 a† 156 b 175 b 260 c 167 b <0.0001 185 ab 144 a 198 bc 245 c 228 bc 0.0116 89 abc 92 bc 96 c 82 ab 90 bc 0.0332 121 119 122 117 121 ns +109 - - - 0.0001 ns‡ ns ns - +46 - - Pr>t ns 0.0356 ns ns Superior Superior Superior Snowden Superior 80 a 146ab 122a b 191 b 180 b 0.024 233 a 219 a 309 b 264 ab 248 a 0.0178 91 bc 83 abc 95 c 75 a 81 ab 0.0403 208 215 221 222 233 ns +70 - - - <0.0001 ns ns ns - +60 - - ns 0.0080 ns ns Treatment Variety NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr > F Superior Superior Superior Snowden Superior NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, and b MAN/CC. Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & MAN/CC c 3 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr > F NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, and b MAN/CC. Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & MAN/CC c Pr>t 2Y rotation 2019 corn, 2020 potato, 2021 wheat, 2022 potato. 3Y rotation 2019 potato, 2020 wheat, 2021 corn, 2022 potato. b Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares yield of Superior tubers planted without fumigation to all those fumigated with chloropicrin before planting in 2019/2020. c Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares treatment that received mineral fertilizer only to those that were supplemented with annual application of poultry litter. † Values within the same site and year followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. a 67 Table 3. Verticillium dahliae and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) levels from preplant potato soil samples. Verticillium propagules per gram soil Pratylenchus penetrans per 100 cc soil Rotation Site Treatment Variety Preplant 2020/ 2019 a 60DAP 2020/ 2019 Preplant 2022 60DAP 2022 Preplant 2020/ 2019 60DAP 2020/ 2019 Preplant 2022 60DAP 2022 2 Year NOFUM Superior 1 ab† 0a 0a 1 ab 0a -b 0a 0a 0a 1a 0a - 3a 1a 1a 1a 0a - 12 a 20 b 21 b 13 a 20 b 1 ab 0a 1 ab 3c 2 bc - 12 ab 17 b 12 ab 15 ab 8a 4b 0 ab 1 ab 0a 0a - 74 50 79 79 47 ns 76 68 51 83 59 ns 68 37 84 68 26 ns - 670 a 999 b 772 a 610 a 682 a 0.015 101 54 99 54 139 ns 389 ab 676 c 531bc 465 ab 342 a 0.015 250 565 441 423 390 ns GRSTAND Superior MANURE Superior COVER Snowden MAN/CC Superior Pr > F 3 Year NOFUM Superior GRSTAND Superior MANURE Superior COVER Snowden MAN/CC Superior Pr > F 2 Year rotation study was potatoes planted in 2020 and 2022, 3 Year rotation study potatoes planted 2019 and 2022. Verticillium propagule count modeled with Poisson distribution and compared using nonparametric hypothesis testing c Verticillium and Pratylenchus levels not sampled from 2 Year rotation study 60DAP in 2019. † Values within the same column and site followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. a b 68 Table 4. Potato tuber quality and green cover at vine kill from 2-Year and 3-Year Rotation. % Tubers with Verticillium Rings Rotation Site Treatment 2 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr > F 3 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC a Pr > F Variety Superior Superior Superior Snowden Superior Superior Superior Superior Snowden Superior 2020/ 2019a 2022 - 2 ab 3 abc 7 bc 14 c 2a 16 ab 5a 7 ab 16 ab 7 ab 7a 44 b 48 b 38 b 8a - - Green Cover at Vine Kill (%) 2020/ 2019a 2022 5a 14 ab 15 ab 6a 18 b -‡ 0.0009 - <0.0001 8a 15 a 13 a 32 b 13 a % Tubers with Scab 2022 5a 17 b 18 b 30 c 13 ab 26 ab 8a 14 a 52 b 7a 21 ab 18 a 29 bc 33 c 25 abc 6a 54 b 57 b 58 b 12 a 0.0001 <0.0001 - - 2Y Rotation potatoes harvested in 2020 & 2022, 3Y Rotation potatoes harvested 2019 & 2022. Verticillium infection rate not observed in 2020 tubers (2 Year rotation). † Values within column and site followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ Verticillium and scab infection rates modeled with negative binomial distribution and compared using nonparametric hypothesis testing 69 Table 5. Shannon diversity estimated from 16S (bacterial) and ITS (fungal) gene sequencing. Data for 2021 and 2022 forthcoming. Bacterial Shannon Fungal Shannon Rotation Treatment Site Diversity Diversity 2 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr > F NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, COVER, and b MAN/CC Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & c MAN/CC Pr>t 3 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr > F NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, COVER, and b MAN/CC Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & c MAN/CC Pr>t Preplant 2020 2019 60DAP 2020 2019 Preplant 2020 2019 60DAP 2020 2019 8.0 b 7.7 a 7.6 a 7.7 ab 7.5 a 8.1 c 7.9 bc 7.8 ab 7.9 bc 7.6 a 4.8 b† 4.4 a 4.5 a 4.6 a 4.4 a 4.8 c 4.4 abc 4.2 a 4.4 ab 4.1 a 0.0061 0.0060 0.0003 -0.48 -0.256 -0.36 -0.49 0.0026 0.0074 0.0004 0.0019 - - - - ns‡ 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0 ns ns 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.5 0.0131 ns 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.8 ns 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 - -0.348 - - ns 0.0004 ns ns - - - - ns ns ns ns ns 0.0117 ns 2Y Rotation potatoes planted in 2020, 3Y Rotation potatoes planted 2019. Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares yield of Superior tubers planted without fumigation to all those fumigated with chloropicrin before planting in 2019/2020. c Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares treatment that received mineral fertilizer only to those that were supplemented with annual application of poultry litter. † Values within the same site and year followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. a b 70 Figure 2. Ordination by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots of amplicon sequence variant level soil bacteria, (A) and (B), and fungi, (C) and (D), illustrating clustering of community structure by treatment. Soil DNA extracted from samples taken in 2019 (3 Year rotation) and 2020 (2 Year rotation). The principal coordinates analysis plot was built based on Bray–Curtis distances. The percentage of total variance explained by each axis of the first two defined axes is shown. A B C D 71 Table 6. P-values of pairwise PERMANOVA comparison of bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) communities by treatment from 2 Yr rotation study. Bray Curtis distances. Samples from 2020 preplant and 60DAP following fumigation in May. ns, not significantly different at α=0.05. 2 Yr 16S NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC 2 Yr ITS NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC 0.0003 0.0001 ns 0.0013 ns ns 0.0001 ns ns ns NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 ns ns ns ns ns ns Table 7. P-values of pairwise PERMANOVA comparison of bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) communities by treatment from 3 Yr (Year) rotation study. Modeled with Bray-Curtis distances. Samples from 2019 preplant and 60DAP following fumigation in May. ns, not significantly different at α=0.05. 3 Yr 16S NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC 3 Yr ITS NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC NOFUM ns ns ns ns NOFUM 0.0216 ns ns 0.0092 GRSTAND MANURE ns ns ns ns ns GRSTAND MANURE ns ns ns ns ns 72 COVER MAN/CC ns COVER ns MAN/CC Table 8. Pre-plant soil nutrient levels and chemical properties from potato years 2-Year and 3Year Rotation sites. N-Nitrate Rotation Site 2 Year 2020 2019 a NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC P>F 3 Year ppm Treatment NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC P>F P (Mehlich-3) ppm K pH ppm OM CEC % meq 100g- 2022 2020 2019 2022 2020 2019 2022 2020 2019 2022 2022b 2022 b 34.5 33.8 36.9 31.3 31.9 ns‡ 6.6 7.2 6.6 5.5 5.4 95 102 96 92 90 115 109 127 132 109 137 128 121 123 108 171 166 168 156 156 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6a† 6.5a 6.8bc 6.5a 6.8c 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 6.2 6.0 5.7 6.2 5.8 ns ns ns ns ns ns 0.001 ns ns 5.8 5.4 6.8 5.3 5.9 5.5 7.8 6.3 4.8 7.3 149 151 135 154 117 223 221 217 209 194 81 82 90 68 83 124 131 109 98 122 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.9 5.8 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 4.9 4.0 4.7 4.2 4.1 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 2Y Rotation potatoes planted in 2020 & 2022, 3Y Rotation potatoes planted 2019 & 2022. OM and CEC did not significantly change over the 4 years of the study, only 2022 values reported. † Values within the same site and year followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. a b 73 1 Table 9. Carbon mineralization (Solvita), active carbon (POX-C) and soil protein (ACE protein) measured at 60DAP in the first round of potatoes (2YR July 2020, 3YR July 2019). Results from the 2022 planted potatoes forthcoming. Rotation ACE Treatment Solvita POX-C Site Protein ppm ppm mg g-1 NOFUM 2 Year 70ab† 406b 3.6 GRSTAND 65a 368ab 4.0 MANURE 78b 354a 3.9 COVER 66a 336a 3.8 MAN/CC 77ab 351a 3.7 0.0242 0.0268 ns - -53.8 - ns 0.0015 ns +12.9 - - Pr>t 0.0138 ns ns NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr>F 147 155 152 133 167 319 331 356 255 333 4.6 4.0 4.5 3.9 4.3 ns ns - - - ns ns ns - - - ns ns ns Pr>F NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, COVER, and a MAN/CC. Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & MAN/CC b 3 Year NOFUM vs GRSTAND, MANURE, COVER, and a MAN/CC. Pr>t GRSTAND vs MANURE & MAN/CC b Pr>t ns ‡ Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares nonfumigated to all chloropicrin fumigated treatments b Multiple degree of freedom contrast. Compares treatment that received mineral fertilizer only to those that were supplemented with annual application of poultry litter. † Values followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. a 74 Table 10. Total microbial biomass and ratio fungi:bacteria (F:B) estimated by PLFA biomarkers. Measured from samples taken 60 DAP in second round of potatoes (2022). Rotation Site 2 Year Treatment NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Pr> F 3 Year NOFUM GRSTAND MANURE COVER MAN/CC Total Microbial Biomass ng/g soil 3104 2595 2380 2010 2905 0.19 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.21 ns‡ ns 1491 a† 1628 a 2119 b 1511 a 1542 a 0.08 ab 0.04 a 0.16 c 0.07 ab 0.12 bc F:B Pr> F 0.0456 0.0094 † Values followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at α=0.05. ‡ ns, not significant. 75 Michigan Potato Industry Commission Grant Proposal 2022 Report Project Title: Verticillium spp. potato field survey across Michigan Investigator: Marisol Quintanilla Collaborator: Dr. Jaime Willbur Introduction Historically, effective control of PED has been accomplished with broad-spectrum fumigants such as Metam sodium (Vapam; AMVAC) or 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II, Corteva Agriscience). However, in recent years, growers have become more interested in non-fumigant control to reduce costs and improve soil health. Therefore, many new nematicides and fungicides have been produced. For the control of V. dahliae, synthetic fungicides like fluopyram (Velum® Prime, Bayer) and azoxystrobin and benzovindiflupyr (Elatus®, Syngenta) have been developed and for P. penetrans management, oxamyl (Vydate® L, Corteva Agriscience) has been used to reduce the effects of the root-lesion nematode. However, it is important to establish the effectiveness of different products on the different representative isolates found on Michigan potato fields. With the funds and comments provided by the MPIC, we determined the response of two Michigan isolates and one isolate from Wisconsin to two chemical-based fungicides and 7 biological control agents that are available in the market for Verticillium wilt control in potatoes. Materials and Methods Two different Verticillium isolates were obtained from two different locations in Michigan potato fields. Stem tissue was plated on verticillium media until pure cultures were obtained (Figure 1). Later, each colony was submitted to the MSU diagnostics lab for molecular analysis to confirm that those pure cultures were indeed Verticillium dahliae. Meanwhile, 7 different microbial antagonists (Table 1) were isolated from their respective formulation and once pure cultures were obtained, DNA was extracted and submitted for sequencing. Lastly, a BLAST search was conducted to confirm that those Figure 1. V. dahliae isolate 1 (right) and V. dahliae isolate 2 (left) colonies were what we expected (Figure 2). Table 1. Products evaluated for V. dahliae growth suppression with their respective active ingredient/s Product Active Ingredient Elatus Azoxystrobin & benzovindiflupyr Quadris Azoxystrobin Minuet Bacillus subtilis Double Nickel Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 76 Lalstop Actinovate AG Tenet Tenet MeloCon Gliocladium catenulatum Streptomyces lydicus Trichoderma gamsii Trichoderma asperellum Paecelomyces lilacinum After confirmation, each microorganism was cultured on PDA for mass production for the bioassays. Once ready, dual culture assays were established on PDA media (fungi) and LB media (bacteria) to determine the effect of the antagonists and chemical-based fungicides on the different Verticillium isolates. As controls, each microorganism was cultured alone on PDA media. Radial growth of Verticillium and the antagonists was done every other day for 15 days and % of inhibition was calculated with the following formula 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = (𝐷𝐷 − 𝑑𝑑)/𝐷𝐷) ∗ 100 PI = Inhibition of pathogen growth (%); D = diameter of pathogen growth in control plates (mm); d = diameter of pathogen growth for the tests (mm). A C B 77 D F E G Figure 2. A. B. subtilis, B. B. amyloliquefaciens, C. G. catenulatum, D. S. lydicus, E. T. gamsii, F. T. asperellum and G. P. lilacinum Results and Conclusions A. V. dahliae isolate 1 response to the different antagonists and fungicides evaluated after15 days of growth Isolate 1 Antagonist Average Vert. Growth % Inhibition Control (Vert alone) 2.8 B. subtilis 1.4 49 B.amyloliquefaciens 2.1 21 S. lydicus 1.3 52 T. gamsii 1.4 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony T. asperellum 1.2 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony P. lilacinum 2.3 19 78 G. catenulatum Elatus Quadris 2.7 Grew only on PDA disk 1.3 19 100 52 B. V. dahliae isolate 2 responses to the different antagonists and fungicides evaluated after15 days of growth Isolate 2 Antagonist Average Vert. Growth % Inhibition Control (Vert alone) 2.82 B. subtilis 1.5 47 B.amyloliquefaciens 1.6 43 S. lydicus 1.6 43 T. asperellum 1.4 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony T. gamsii 1.3 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony P. lilacinum 2.27 20 G. catenulatum 2.56 10 Elatus Grew only on PDA disk 100 Quadris 2 30 C. V. dahliae isolate 3 responses to the different antagonists and fungicides evaluated after15 days of growth Isolate 3 Antagonist Average Vert. Growth % Inhibition Control (Vert alone) 3.5 B. subtilis 1.5 57 B.amyloliquefaciens 2 43 S. lydicus 1.8 49 T. asperellum 1.5 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony T. gamsii 1.5 Trichoderma colonized Vert colony P. lilacinum 2.3 34 G. catenulatum 2.6 26 Elatus Grew only on PDA disk 100 Quadris 1.9 56 The three isolates responded similarly to the different antagonists as well as to the chemical fungicides. For Vert Isolate 1, the antagonists that showed the less performance (<30%) were 79 B.amyloliquefaciens, P. lilacinum and G. catenulatum. While for Vert Isolate 2, were P. lilacinum and G. catenulatum and for Isolate 3 was G. catenulatum. For all three isolates, the antagonists that had the greatest performance (>50%) were T. asperellum, T. gamsii and B. subtili. Interestingly, for the 3 Vert isolates, the Trichorderma species started growing over the Verticillium colonies just after 4 days of inoculation. By the 15th day, the Trichoderma species had totally grown on and beyond Verticillium (Figure 3). Vert Vert T. asperellum T. gamsii Figure 3. Growth of Trichoderma species over Verticillium colonies at 15 days of incubation As for the Bacillus species, an interesting observation was that the Verticillium isolates were growing away from the bacteria colonies, avoiding to get in contact with them (Figure 4) and despite the slow growth of S. lydicus , the Verticillium growth was slowed down in comparison to the control (Figure 5) 80 Figure 4. Growth of Verticillium colonies avoiding contact with either Bacillus species Figure 5. Reduced growth of Verticillium colonies when grown with S. lydicus, in comparison to the control 81 Neither of the Vert colonies seemed to be affected by neither G. catenulatum nor P. lilacinum. Both organisms showed similar growth rates (Figure 6). Figure 6. Verticillium growth together with P. lilacinum (left) and G. catenulatum (right) On the other hand, the PDA media amended with Elatus showed the highest suppression of Verticillium growth (Figure 7). Verticillium grew only on the disk and not on the PDA media. On the contrary, in the PDA media that was amended with Quadris, Verticillium did grow outside the disk and on the amended PDA (Figure 8) Figure 7. Verticillium growth on PDA media amended with Elatus. Observe grow only on the old disk. 82 Figure 8. Verticillium growth on PDA media amended with Quadris. Future Work The next step of this work is to evaluate the performance of these products under greenhouse conditions Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Michigan Potato Industry Commission for funding this project. We would also thank Dr. Jaime Willbur and Mio Sato-Cruz for their huge collaboration and allowing us to conduct these experiments in their lab. 83 Understanding the benefits of sensor-based irrigation scheduling method in irrigated potato fields Younsuk Dong1, Jaime Willbur2, Jill Check2 1 Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering 2 Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science Introduction Potatoes benefit from irrigation management because of the significant effect of irrigation on both yield and quality. A shallow root zone combined with daily evapotranspiration makes precise irrigation of potatoes difficult. Not watering the potatoes sufficiently can result in yield loss and cause misshapen tubers, vascular necrosis, or hollow heart defects. Improper irrigation schedules or unnecessary irrigation can waste resources, but can also increase the potential risk of plant diseases. Plant disease can substantially reduce yield and quality of product, and even more importantly impact it during the storage, which are negatively affecting the sustainability and economics of production. Potatoes are impacted significantly by diseases, which can also be driven through increased relative humidity and leaf wetness durations, reduced canopy and soil temperatures, or improper irrigation. Some of the most devastating foliar and vine rotting diseases are early blight, late blight, white mold, and bacterial stem rot or blackleg. In tubers, irrigation has been shown to influence black scurf, silver scurf, and common scab diseases. Excessive soil moisture at critical points can drive foliar, vine, or root and tuber infections and promote pathogen development, reproduction, dispersal, and survival. Proper irrigation management is needed to maximize water use efficiency while minimizing the risk of plant disease. Michigan has experienced more erratic precipitation over the past decades, and the cost of fertilizer and fungicide has been increased. This has led to a demand for technologies to improve water use efficiency and disease management, optimize fertilizer use efficiency, increase crop production and quality, and maximize return on investment. Sensor technology has been utilized in many research projects to improve irrigation management. Demonstration of this sensor technology in irrigated potato fields is needed to evaluate the technology’s effectiveness. Materials and Methods The project team demonstrated the sensor-based irrigation scheduling method in two commercial potato fields. These fields were in Montcalm and Mecosta County, MI. The irrigation treatments were: T1: Producer’s existing irrigation method T2: Sensor-based irrigation treatment (Irrigate at 30% Maximum Available-water Deficit (MAD)). Multiple depths of soil moisture levels, soil temperature, leaf wetness duration, temperature, humidity, and precipitation were observed using sensor technology. Soil samples were collected to test texture, volumetric water content, organic matter, and nutrients. Disease severity and incidence were also monitored for white mold, early blight and early die disease. Figure 1. Installed a sensor monitoring system in an irrigation demonstration site in Mecosta County (left), a screenshot of the shared IoT website with the cooperative growers for irrigation management. 84 Results and Conclusions Water Management Soil samples were collected and tested for soil texture, which is the most important parameter in irrigation scheduling. Table 1 shows the soil characteristic of each field at different soil depths. Overall, Field A has sandy loam, and Field B has loamy sand soil. Loamy sand is coarser than sandy loam soil, thus holding less amount of soil moisture. Figures 3 and 4 show the available soil moisture levels of each treatment for each field. Available soil moisture levels in Field B ranged from 1.8 to 2.3 inches, while Field B was between 2.5 and 3.5 inches. Table 2 shows a summary of irrigation, precipitation, and average yields of each treatment for each field. The total irrigation frequency and amount of Field A in both T1 and T2 were the same in the 2022 growing season. The average yields were 449 and 447 cwt/acres for T1 and T2, respectively. In Field B, 1 inch more irrigation was applied to T1 than to T2. The average yields were 426 and 425 cwt/acre for T1 and T2, respectively. The team found that the sensor-based irrigation scheduling saved about 1 inch of application in Field B, while maintaining a similar average yield. Overall, both fields’ existing irrigation strategies (timings and amount) were similar to the sensor-based irrigation scheduling. The average yield of the dry corner in Field B was 192 cwt/acre. Using the dry corner yield data, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was calculated. WUE (cwt/acre/in) is calculated as the difference in yield between the irrigated land and the dry corner divided by the irrigation amount applied. WUE for T1 and T2 were 28.6 and 33.2 cwt/acre/in. This data shows the justification for irrigation in potato production. In addition, this data shows the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency using sensor technology, but more fields and years of observations are needed. Table 1. Soil characteristics in each field at different depths. Field Treatment T1 Field A T2 T1 Field B T2 Soil Depth (in) 9 18 24 9 18 24 9 18 24 9 18 24 Sand (%) 79.0 78.5 79.5 77.5 78.5 76.5 82.0 83.5 83.0 80.5 80.5 83.5 Silt (%) 11.4 11.0 10.0 11.9 10.9 12.4 8.90 7.90 8.40 9.90 9.40 7.90 Clay (%) 9.60 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 11.1 9.10 8.60 8.60 9.60 10.1 8.60 Soil Type Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Table 2. Precipitation, irrigation, and average yield of each field. Farm Field A Field B Treatment T1 T2 T1 T2 Dry land Precipitation (in) 9.63 9.63 12.6 12.6 12.6 Irrigation Frequency 10 10 12 11 0 85 Irrigation Amount (in) 6.44 6.44 8.17 7.02 0 Avg. Yield (cwt/acre) 449 447 426 425 192 Figure 2. Available Soil Water based on soil moisture sensor data of each treatment in Field A. Figure 3. Available Soil Water based on soil moisture sensor data of each treatment in Field B. Disease Monitoring and Tuber Quality Evaluations End-of-season foliar disease observations and evaluations of tuber samples from sensor- and growerbased irrigation programs were conducted Sep 9 and Nov 9, respectively. Foliar disease measurements were collected only in Field A. White mold incidence (0-100%) and severity (0-3 scale where 0 is no disease and 3 is girdling leading to vine death) were collected and combined into a disease index (%): incidence (%) x severity (0-3) / maximum severity score (3). Early die index was similarly calculated using the severity scores (0-4 scale where 0 is no disease and 4 is severe necrosis in the upper canopy). At harvest, five replicate tuber samples were collected from each irrigation program. Samples were evaluated for size profile (percentage A or B class), specific gravity, internal defects vascular discoloration and brown spot that could be symptoms associated with soilborne diseases, and blemish diseases common scab and Rhizoctonia black scurf (0-5 scale where 0 is no disease and 5 is greater than 50% tuber surface 86 area impacted). A generalized linear mixed model procedure (SAS v 9.4) was used to conduct all analyses of variance and mean separations at alpha=0.05. Table 3. End-of-season foliar disease observations collected Sep 9 from (T1) grower- and (T2) sensorbased irrigation programs evaluated at Field A in 2022. Field Trt White Mold White Early Blight Early Blight Early Die Early Die Incidence Mold Index Incidence Incidence Severity Index (%)z (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) A T1 32.0 b 20.4 b 97.5 3.3 b 20.7 b 12.6 b T2 60.0 a 41.8 a 100 4.6 a 41.4 a 33.2 a P-value <0.001 <0.01 >0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 LSD 11.1 10.7 n.s. 1.3 18.6 17.7 z Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). Table 4. Tuber size profile and quality metrics assessed Nov 9 from samples collected from (T1) growerand (T2) sensor-based irrigation programs evaluated at Field A and Field B in 2022. Field Trt %A %B Specific Gravity A T1 T2 93.0 89.0 1.3 >0.05 n.s. 7.0 11.0 1.3 >0.05 n.s. T1 T2 95.4 97.1 1.4 >0.05 4.5 1.2 0.6 <0.01 St. Err. P-value LSD B St. Err. P-value a b 1.096 1.098 0.0007 >0.05 n.s. Vascular Discolorat’n (%) 8 16 5.5 >0.05 n.s. Internal Brown Spot (%) 2 0 1.4 >0.05 n.s. Common Scab (0-5) 1.2 1.3 0.3 - Rhizoctonia Black Scurf (0-5) 0.2 0.0 0.1 - 1.081 1.084 0.0009 >0.05 10 10 8.5 >0.05 5 0 2 >0.05 0 0.3 0.2 - - LSD n.s. 1.7 n.s. n.s. n.s. Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). z In Field A, significantly greater late-season incidences and indices of white mold (P < 0.01) and early die (P < 0.05) were observed under the sensor-based irrigation program. Similarly, early blight severity was significantly greater in the sensor-based program. However, minor satellite-level differences in canopy greenness (NDVI) were visible in mid-June, with the field T2 showing slightly more greenness and uniform canopy development. In September, these differences were again visible with the T2 area exhibiting considerably less intense greenness than the T1 area. The more advanced T2 maturity could have led to increased late-season disease pressure or could indicate soil conditions or history that predisposed the area to higher pathogen activity. Furthermore, no consistent differences were detected between irrigation programs based on tuber size profiles, quality metrics, or blemish diseases in samples from Field A and B. Additional field and year disease observations are required. 87 2022 Potato Research, Outreach and Education Report George W. Bird, Professor Emeritus Department of Entomology, Michigan State University The 2022 potato research, outreach and education initiatives consisted of the following six activities: - A Michigan potato soil health dynamics (2012-2022) survey funded by the Michigan Potato Industry Commission Research Committee. - Reassessment of the 2012 potato soil health survey in regards to the impact of soil fumigants on soil health indicators. - Continued development of thermal stability as a soil health indicator. - Presentation at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. - Presentation at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. - Completion of the first draft of a new e-book entitled, Potato Nematodes of North America being written for the J. R. Simplot Company. A brief statement of proposed plans for 2023 is included at the end of the report. 2012-2022 Michigan Potato Soil Health Dynamics In 2011, the Michigan Potato Industry identified soil health as a key research topic. This was followed by a soil health workshop and a survey in 2012. The survey consisted of 98 sites on eight commercial potato farms, using the Cornell University Soil Health Laboratory’s twelve soil health indicators. The results indicated the soil chemistry was optimal for potato production, while there was a distinct need to improve the physical and biological aspects of the soil Summary of the results of the 2012 Michigan potato soil health survey of 97 sites. Sites Scab Sites Early Die High Yield Soil Avail. Soil Soil Aggregates Water Hardness OM 58% 26% 56% 11% Active N Carbon Minn. 11% 32% Ext. P 98% Ext. Minor Score K Elements 0-100 94% 100% 57.6% 56% 22% 57% 10% 15% 31% 92% 95% 100% 57.5% 58% 26% 58% 10% 8% 47% 100% 98% 97% 58.2% The 10th anniversary of the survey provided a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of the soil health indicators associated with farms included in the 2012 survey. A research project for the 2022 survey submitted by G. Bird, B. Basso, R. Price and M. Otto was approved by the MPIC Research Committee for $11,765. The seventeen of the eighteen fields from the six Montcalm/Mescota County potato farms included in the 2012 potato soil health survey were sampled prior to potato planting in 2022. One field was unavailable because of spring soil fumigation. A meeting at each of these farms was 88 held prior to taking the samples to determine what soil heath improvement and nematode management practices had been ued during the past ten years. Using the 2012 geo-positioned reference points, four ten-acre subsamples were obtained from each filed and sent to the Cornell Soil Health Lab. for analysis of four physical, four chemical and four biological soil health indicators. In addition, soil from twenty-four of the sites were sent to Woods End Lab. for soil health analysis. The results of the 2022 soil health survey using the Cornell University Soil Health Laboratory data indicated that: - There was a significant positive increase in the soil organic matter associated with all sites. - There was a significant positive increase in active carbon associated with all sites. - There was a significant positive increase in soil water holding capacity associated with all sites. - Population densities of the Penetrans root-lesion nematode were lower in 2022, compared to 2012. - Nitrogen mineralization potential remained low, but was difficult to access because Cornell University changed the assay for this parameter. - Soil respiration remained low. - In most of the sites there was a decline in percent soil water stable aggregates. This change was unexpected and the parameter needs additional investigation in regards to its utility as a soil health indicator. The study clearly indicated that change in soil health indicators over the ten-year period is a more practical indicator than a single soil health score. The results Woods End Laboratory were similar to those from the Cornell Soil Health Laboratory. Analyses from the Woods End Laboratory were completed in a timely manner and appeared to be presented in a farm-friendly way. The Cornell data files were excellent for research purposes. Ten years after the Michigan potato industry identified soil health as a key topic, there is still no place in Michigan to send soil samples for a complete soil health analysis. In addition, Michigan State University closed its soil chemistry/physics public service laboratory in 2022. The on-farm interviews indicated that yield stability, soil health and farm ecosystem quality/sustainability were high priorities. Use of compost and cover crops was common. There was less soil before the 2022 potato crop, compared to the 2012 crop. In some cases, in-row soil fumigation had replaced broadcast soil fumigation. Assessment of the Impact of Soil Fumigation on Soil Health Indicators As indicate in the previous table, there were no soil health indicator differences detected in the 2012 survey among the high yielding, scab and potato early-die sites. As a result of additional data mining associated with the 2022 survey it was determined that management practices 89 impacted soil quality. Half of the eighteen fields used in the initial survey had been fumigation the fall before potato planting in the spring of 2012. Acescent of the data for this indicated that: - Sites fumigated in the fall of 2011 had significantly lower water stable aggregates than non-fumigated sites, - Sites fumigated in the fall of 2011 had significantly lower active than non-fumigated sites. - Sites fumigated in the fall of 2011 had significantly lower nitrogen mineralization than no-fumigated sites. While it may appear that these are negative changes, research has indicated that some of the first microorganisms to recolonize soil following fumigation stimulate potato plants to activate their immune systems, resulting in healthy plants with high tuber yields. This may explain a portion of the benefits of soil fumigation in potato production. Relationships Among Thermal Stability and Soil Health Indicators Recent research shows strong relationships between low tuber yields, hot thermal stability and low soil health indicators. The Bruno Basso Laboratory has produced thermal stability maps for as several of the sites included in the 2012 and 2022 soil health indicator surveys. These will be presented and discussed in the 2022 Basso Laboratory Report. Presentation at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America Relationships Among Soil Health Indicators and Potato Field Histories. George W. Bird1, Mark Otto2, Bruno Basso3 and Richard Price3, 1Department of Entomology, Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing, MI, 2AgriBusiness Consultants. Lansing, MI and 3Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing, MI. In 2011, the Michigan Potato Industry identified soil health as a key topic for research. Subsequently, a soil health survey of three fields from each of eight Michigan potato farms was conducted in 2012. The fields were selected based on their histories of high tuber yields, potato early-die or significant incidence of potato scab. Four ten-acre blocks were sampled in each of the 24 fields in accordance with the Cornell University Soil Health Laboratory (CUSHL) protocol. The samples were processed at CUSHL for four biological, four physical and four chemical soil health indicators. On a scale of 0 to 100, the mean score for the 96 samples was 57.7. Water stable aggregates, nitrogen mineralization potential and active carbon had means of 39.9%, 8.04 µN/dwtsoil/week and 241 ppm, respectively. There were no significant differences among the chemical and physical indicators for the site histories. Nitrogen mineralization was greater in the fields with histories of high tuber yields, compared to the potato early-die or potato scab sites. Carbon mineralization was lower in the high-yielding and early-die sites, compared to the scab sites. In addition, Michigan State University scientists have developed a remote sensing system for thermal stability as a potential soil health indicator. Recent studies exhibited positive relationships between tuber yields and water stable aggregates, nitrogen mineralization potential, active carbon, total CUSHL soil health scores and thermal stability. The 2012 Michigan potato 90 soil health survey is being repeated in 2022 to determine if there has been any industry-wide change in soil health the past decade. All indications are that the presentation was very well received and PAA is looking forward to an update about the project in 2023. Presentation at the 2022 Annual Meeting of the Society of Nematologists. Relationships among Pratylenchus penetrans, soil health indicators and soil fumigation in Michigan potato production. G. W. Bird, Michigan State University. Twelve soil health indicators and Pratylenchus penetrans were determined for geo-positioned soil samples taken before potato planting from three fields in each of six Michigan commercial potato farms in 2012. Most of the six farms used a two-year rotation with potato and corn or carrots. Nine of the sixteen fields were fumigated the previous fall. On a scale of 0-100, the mean soil health indicator score was 56.3. The farm with the highest soil health indicator scores used a five-year crop rotation that included two cover crops and five cash crops. Mean P. penetrans population densities were 53.3 and 4.7 per 100 cm3 soil for the non-fumigated and fumigated sites respectively. Water stable aggregates (%), active carbon (ppm) and nitrogen mineralization potential (µgN/gdwsoil/week) were significantly lower in fumigated, compared to non-fumigated fields. In fumigated fields, there was a significant negative relationship between P. penetrans and active carbon, the highest P. penetrans population densities were associated with relatively high levels of water stable aggregate stability and there was no apparent relationship between P. penetrans and nitrogen mineralization potential. The survey was repeated in 2022, using the 2012 geo-referenced soil sampling points to access changes in soil health associated with Michigan’s potato industry. In general, P. penetrans population densities were lower in 2022, compared to 2012. In addition, there were changes in nematode management including types, rates and placement of nematicides, and modifications in crop rotations. This was the only presentation at the SON meeting using the Cornell Soil Health Laboratory soil health indicators. Potato Nematodes of North America The initial draft of a new e-book entitled, Potato Nematodes of North America was completed. It is being written under contract for the J. R. Simplot Company, using the style of the MSU Field Crop Ecology publication. The objective is to have it completed for 2023 Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. The following is the book’s outline. Potato Nematodes of North America Types, Symptoms and Management Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Nematodes a. Biology 91 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. b. Habitats Potato Nematodes a. Sedentary endoparasites b. Migratory endoparasites c. Ectoparasites d. Potato virus vectors Symptoms a. Foliar b. Below ground c. Yield Diagnostics a. Field observations b. Soil/tissue sampling c. Laboratory processing d. Results e. Interpretation of results Management a. Problem avoidance b. Population reduction i. Crop rotation 1. Cash crops 2. Cover crops ii. Resistant varieties iii. Chemical 1. Fumigants 2. Non-fumigant nematicides Iv. Biologicals iv. Field mapping North America Potato Production and Nematode Issues a. Canada i. Acreage ii. Yield iii. Production areas iv. Nematode issues v. Management practices b. Mexico i. Acreage ii. Yield iii. Production areas iv. Nematode issues v. Management practices c. United States i. Acreage ii. Yield iii. Production areas iv. Nematode issues 92 v. Management practices 8. Future 9. Key references Program Plans for 2023 - Complete Potato Nematodes of North America. Give a presentation at PAA in PEI on potato nematodes of North America. Give a presentation at the annual Meeting of the Society of Nematogists on potato nematodes of North America. Present the 2012-2022 Michigan Potato Soil Health Survey data to the MPIC Research Committee. Write a paper on the impact of soil fumigation on soil health indicators for publication in the American Potato Journal. Write a paper with Bruno Basso on thermal stability as a soil health indicator. Write a paper, possibly for publication in Science or Nature on the dynamics of soil health associated with Michigan potato production systems. 93 Evaluation of foliar fungicide timing to manage white mold of potato in Michigan, 2022. Chris Bloomingdale, Jaime Willbur; Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology Program Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Science Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Montcalm Research Center (MRC): In 2022, a foliar fungicide timing trial was established at MRC in Lakeview, MI and managed by the Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology program. The trial objective was to determine the most effective timing of fungicide applications for managing white mold in potato. A randomized complete block design, with four replicates, was used. Potato seed were cut from US#1 ‘Lamoka’ and an undisclosed white mold susceptible Frito Lay variety tubers and allowed to suberize before planting. The trial was hand-planted 1 Jun. Plots were two rows wide (34-in. row spacing) by 20 ft long and a 10-in seed spacing was used. Standard grower practices were followed to manage non-target pests. Fluazinam applications (8 fl oz/A) were made at full bloom and 14-d post-bloom; treatments of full bloom, post-bloom, and full followed by post-bloom applications were compared to a grower standard control. A CO2 powered backpack sprayer, equipped with two TJ 8004XR flat fan nozzles and operating at a boom pressure of 38 psi, was used to apply fungicides at 20 gal/A. To control for late blight, weekly chlorothalonil or mancozeb applications were initiated 1 Jul and applied until vine kill. Apothecia data were collected weekly between approximately 5 Jul and 17 Aug. Disease data were collected 17 Aug and 7 and 14 Sep. Ten stems were arbitrarily rated from both rows and assigned a disease severity (0-3). The severity ratings were: 0 = no disease to 3 = infection girdling mainstem, resulting in wilting and/or death. The ratings were used to calculate a percent disease incidence (DI) and average disease severity of symptomatic plants (DS; 0-3). Disease index (DX) was calculated from the following equation: DX = DI x DS/3. The plots were harvested 28 Sep. On 7 Oct, potatoes were washed then graded for size, weight, specific gravity, and internal defects. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations at α=0.05. Mean DX values ranged between 34 and 43% at the final rating for the Frito Lay variety (Table 1) and 23 to 35% for Lamoka (Table 2). White mold indices were lower than in 2021. Across both varieties, most treatments resulted in numerically lower DX values by Sep 7 when compared to the grower standard control. In the Lamoka trial, the 14-d postbloom and two-application programs resulted in significantly lower frequencies of severely symptomatic stems observed Sep 14 (P < 0.05). No significant differences in total or marketable yield were observed (P > 0.05). In the Frito Lay variety, the greatest yields were observed in the two-application program, whereas Lamoka yields were greatest following the single 14-d post-bloom application. Apothecial observations indicated that inoculum pressure developed later in the season, likely due to the drier than normal early growing season. Apothecia were observed beginning the last week of July and peaked in early August (two to three weeks after full bloom) supporting white mold reductions in programs that included a later 14-d post-bloom application. Flowers continued to be present at low percentages in the Frito Lay variety for several weeks which could have contributed to the higher end-of-season disease indices. Overall, several site-years of observations suggest that, in varieties with longer flowering periods and when apothecia are present, fungicide applications after the full bloom period may offer more effective white mold control. 94 Table 1. White mold, yield, and marketable yield observations in treatments tested on undisclosed Frito Lay variety in small-plot research at the Montcalm Research Center in Lakeview, MI in 2022. No. Treatment, Ratez, and Timingy DX (%)x Aug 17 DX (%) Sep 7 1 2 3 4 Severe DI (%) Sep 14 21.3 16.5 13.0 11.8 Total Yield (CWT/A) Marketable Yield (CWT/A) 354.7 349.9 338.1 362.7 Grower standard treated control 20.8 43.3 376.7 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) full bloom 28.3 40.9 377.3 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) 14-d post-bloom 13.3 38.3 367.1 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) full bloom + 14-d 20.0 34.4 388.6 post-bloom z All rates, unless otherwise specified, are listed as a measure of product per acre, and all tank mixes contained MasterLock at a rate of 0.25 % v/v. y Applications were made on the following dates for Frito Lay variety: full bloom = 14 Jul and 14-d post-bloom = 27 Jul. x Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05); if no letter, then the effect was not significant. Table 2. White mold, yield, and marketable yield observations in treatments tested on Lamoka in small-plot research at the Montcalm Research Center in Lakeview, MI in 2022. No. Treatment, Ratez, and Timingy DX (%)x Aug 17 1w 2 3 4 DX (%) Sep 7 Severe DI (%) Sep 14 17.9 a 20.4 a 7.1 b 7.5 b Total Yield (CWT/A) Marketable Yield (CWT/A) 391.2 390.4 404.2 391.8 Grower standard treated control 18.4 35.0 451.1 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) full bloom 15.8 27.5 458.6 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) 14-d post-bloom 19.2 32.0 472.0 Omega 500F (8 fl oz) full bloom + 14-d 12.5 23.3 442.1 post-bloom z All rates, unless otherwise specified, are listed as a measure of product per acre, and all tank mixes contained MasterLock at a rate of 0.25 % v/v. y Applications were made on the following dates for Lamoka: full bloom = 21 Jul and 14-d post-bloom = 4 Aug. x Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05); if no letter, then the effect was not significant. w Treated control. 95 Assessment of postharvest SaniDate application and variety resistance for management of storage diseases of potato in Michigan, 2022 Emma Schlachter, Celeste Dmytryszyn, Mio Satoh-Cruz, Chris Bloomingdale, Damen Kurzer, Katrina VanAtta, David Douches, Ray Hammerschmidt, Chris Long, Sarah Ruth, and Jaime F. Willbur; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Managing disease during the postharvest storage of tubers is important for Michigan’s potato industry, due to the year-round demand for potato seed and products. SaniDate 5.0 (active ingredient peroxyacetic acid: C2H4O3) is a disinfectant used in food and water industries, which breaks down into harmless residual oxygen and hydrogen, unlike many conventional pesticides. Over two years, SaniDate 5.0 was evaluated for in-storage control of the four major postharvest diseases: Fusarium dry rot, bacterial soft rot, pink rot, and Pythium leak. Developing cultivars with genetic resistance to disease is another effective management strategy; thus, chipping, red, and yellow research lines and germplasm were assessed for resistance response to four postharvest diseases. Promising cultivars will be selected for further development based on these findings, as well as other superior traits. Materials and Methods i. Assessment of SaniDate 5.0 on storage management disease of four diseases During 2020 – 2021, efficacy of SaniDate 5.0) application in storage bins for control of four diseases was assessed. This study was performed at the MPIC Cargill Potato Demonstrations Storage Facility (95% relative humidity, 48°F). Potato tubers cv. Mackinaw were mechanically harvested and separated into plastic mesh bags (10/replicate/treatment; 800 tubers). Tubers were washed in tap water twice in mesh baskets, surface disinfested in bleach solution (10% Clorox Bleach, 90% tap water) for 30 seconds, and rinsed once in deionized water, before air-drying overnight in ambient room conditions. Tubers were inoculated with the following treatments: Fusarium dry rot, bacterial soft rot, pink rot, Pythium leak, and potato dextrose broth (control). Fusarium sambucinum, Phytophthora erythroseptica, and Pythium ultimum were inoculated at 2 x 104 spores/mL in potato dextrose broth. Pectobacterium caratovorum was inoculated at 8 x 108 cfu/mL. Inoculation using 10uL of each solution was performed no more than three hours after inoculum preparation using Hamilton® syringe (710 series, 100uL volume) at apical and basal ends of each tuber. Tubers were undisturbed for 24 hours prior to organization to prevent leakage, and then organized into four replicates within plastic mesh bags. Two days after inoculation, samples were placed into tuber piles of Bin 8 (control) and Bin 9 (treatment) during loading at approximately 4-foot increments. Bin 9 was treated post-loading with SaniDate 5.0 at 0.95 fl. oz. per ton of potatoes by fog application (Gun Valley Ag. & Industrial Services, Inc.). After the storage period, bins were emptied, and samples were collected. In 2020, bins were loaded on Oct 14, SaniDate 5.0 was applied on Oct 19, and bins were emptied on Jun 24, 2021. In 2021, bins were loaded on Oct 16, SaniDate 5.0 was applied on Nov 24, and bins were emptied on Jul 6, 2022. Tubers were evaluated for internal and external disease and internal symptom length and width were measured using digital calipers. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX), evaluating fixed effects inoculation treatment, SaniDate treatment, and interaction, defining replicate as random effect. Years were analyzed separately due to difference in inoculation treatment and protocol. ii. Assessment of chipping and red and yellow potato varieties and early-stage germplasm for resistant to four storage pathogens 96 During 2021-2022, 35 commercial chip varieties and research germplasm were assessed for resistance response to four diseases, and in 2022, 15 red and yellow varieties were also assessed. Asymptomatic tubers were obtained from Michigan commercial growers, the Michigan Potato Outreach Program, and the Potatoes USA-SNAC International Trial (Kalkaska County) (2-6 tubers/replicate/year). Inoculation was performed as described above. Tubers were placed in paper bags at ambient room temperatures for 47 days, and internal symptom length and width was measured using digital calipers. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using the generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX), evaluating inoculum treatment, variety, and interaction. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS v. 9.4 and means were compared using Fisher’s protected LSD (α=0.05). Results and Conclusions i. Assessment of SaniDate 5.0 on storage management disease of four diseases In 2020-21 and 2021-22, SaniDate 5.0 treatment did not significantly affect disease symptom length, width, or penetration (P > 0.05). In both years, greater Fusarium dry rot development was observed compared to bacterial soft rot, pink rot, or Pythium leak (P < 0.05). 2020-21 SYMPTOMATIC AREA PENETRATION (MM) 10 8 6 4 2 0 CONTROL DRY ROT Non-Treated PINK ROT Treated SYMPTOMATIC AREA PENETRATION (MM) 2021-22 10 8 6 4 2 0 CONTROL DRY ROT LEAK Non-Treated PINK ROT SOFT ROT Treated Figure 1. Mean symptomatic area measured on tubers approximately seven months post-inoculation with 2 x 104 spores/mL Fusarium sambucinum, Pythium ultimum, or Phytophthora erythroseptica or 8 x 108 cfu/mL Pectobacterium carotovorum. Each bar represents four replicates of 10-tuber subsamples. SaniDate 5.0 did not significantly affect disease development in 2020-21 or 2021-22 (α = 0.05). 97 ii. Assessment of chipping and red and yellow potato varieties and early-stage germplasm for resistant to four storage pathogens Significant variation in Fusarium dry rot resistance response was observed in red and yellow tubers during 2020-21 (Table 1). In chip entries, consistent resistance to dry rot was observed in both years in the chipping research lines MSAA260-3, MSAA570-3, and MSBB058-1 (Table 2). Identifying germplasm with superior disease tolerance will benefit the development of cultivars with excellent processing and storage qualities. Table 1. Significant variation between Fusarium dry rot symptom development was observed in red and yellow entries in disease response evaluations in 2021-22 (α = 0.05). Red-skinned lines are indicated by an asterisk (*) and standard commercial varieties are indicated in bold text. Resistance ratings are based on the highest mean observed in the year sample (S = susceptible [within 75-100% of the greatest mean]; MS = moderately susceptible [50-75%]; MR = moderately resistant [25-50%]; R = resistant [0-25%]). Blue highlighted varieties exhibited MR to R reactions across one to three locations. Entry *Dark Red Norland C099076-6R Yukon Gold *NDA050R37B-1R Paroli Gourmandine MSV093-1Y *NDAF113484B-1 Queen Anne Allora Golden Globe Constance Columba W15240-2Y P-value 2021-22 Fusarium Dry Rot Length (mm) Mean Group R/S 5.5 c R 6.2 bc R 11.4 bc MR 11.8 bc MR 12.1 bc MR 15.2 bc MR 15.3 bc MR 17.7 bc MR 18.5 bc MR 18.5 b MR 24.2 ab MS 25.8 ab MS 27.4 ab MS 40.8 a S P < 0.05 Overall Summary Over two years, experimental methods were developed and tested for screening of postharvest management practices and disease resistance in chipping, red, and yellow potato entries using Michigan pathogen isolates. Resistant reactions were identified for Fusarium dry rot and pink rot. Variable reactions were often influenced by year, location, and growing conditions and resistance to multiple diseases was rarely observed. However, ongoing screening will help to inform growing operations, management practices, and breeding efforts. Further optimized experimental protocols were implemented in 2022-23. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the grower cooperators and key industry representatives who participated in this survey, our fellow researchers and undergraduate research assistants in the Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology and USDA-ARS Sugar Beet Pathology programs, the Potato Outreach Program, the Montcalm Research Center, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission, MSU AgBioResearch, and the MSU RTSF Genomics Core for their continued support of our research. Funding also provided by the MDARD Specialty Crop Block Grant #210000000484. 98 Table 2. Significant variation between Fusarium dry rot symptom development was observed in chipping line research germplasm disease response evaluations in 2020-21 and 2021-22 (α = 0.05). Standard commercial lines are indicated in bold text. Resistance ratings are based on the highest mean observed in the year sample (see Table 1 description). Blue highlighted varieties exhibited resistant to MR to R reactions over two site-years of testing. Fusarium Dry Rot Symptom Length (mm) 2020-21 2021-22 Entry Location Mean Letters Rating Mean Letters Rating MSAA570-3 B 5.1 g R 6.0 d R NY163 (B) B 6.7 f-g R 9.1 d MR MSZ063-2 (B) B 7.9 fg R . . . Snowden (A) A 8.0 fg R . . . MSW474-1 (B) B 8.1 fg R 19.1 a-d S MSZ242-13 (B) B 8.4 fg R 12.6 a-b MS Petoskey (B) B 8.4 e-g R 11.9 a-d MR ND7519-1 B 8.7 e-g R . . . MSZ063-2 (A) A 8.7 e-g R . . . Mackinaw (B) B 9.2 e-g R . . . Snowden (B) B 9.2 e-g R 6.1 b-d MR MSAA076-6 B 9.6 d-g R . . . MSBB058-1 B 9.9 e-g R 7.2 b-d MR MSY156-2 B 10.0 e-g R . . . Lamoka B 10.2 d-f R . . . MSZ242-07 B 10.6 e-g R 16.5 a-b MS MSAFB635-3 B 11.4 e-g R . . . NY166 B 11.7 e-g R . . . MSBB610-13 B 13.0 e-g MR . . . MSZ242-13 (A) A 13.8 d-g MR . . . CO11023-9W B 14.3 d-g MR . . . MSW474-1 (A) A 15.6 d-g MR . . . MSAFB609-12 B 15.9 d-g MR 15.4 a-c MS MSAFB635-15 B 16.9 d-g MR 24.4 a-d S NY165 B 20.0 d-g MR . . . MSZ120-4 B 20.0 d-g MR . . . MSAA260-3 B 20.6 d-g MR 11.3 a-d MR B2869-29 B 20.7 d-g MR . . . NY163 (A) A 20.9 d-g MR . . . Lady Liberty B 22.0 d-f MR . . . MSZ242-09 B 23.1 d-g MR . . . Mackinaw (A) A 26.2 b-e MS . . . NYOR14Q9-9 B 27.5 b-e MS . . . MSAA373-3 B 28.1 b-e MS . . . MSAA217-3 B 29.9 b-d MS 10.8 a-d MR MSAFB605-4 B 38.8 a-c S . . . MSZ219-13 B 38.9 ab S . . . Petoskey (A) A 40.5 a S . . . CO11023-2W B 50.8 a-c S . . . MSV093-1Y B . . . 19.2 a-b S P-value P = 0.0002 P = 0.0415 99 Diagnostic optimization of viral detection and characterization of Potato virus Y for the Michigan seed potato certification program, 2022 Mio Satoh-Cruz1, Stefanie Rhodes2, Jeff Axford3, Damen Kurzer3, Elizabeth Dorman2 and Jaime Willbur1; 1Michigan State University, Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology; 2Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Pesticide and Plant Pest Management Division, Plant Pathology; 3Michigan Seed Potato Association Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major concern throughout the US, including the North Central region, and is one of the primary diseases monitored and tested for in the seed certification process. The MSU Potato and Sugar Beet Pathology (PSBP) program continues to work with the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Michigan Seed Potato Association seed inspectors to: 1) investigate improved detection options to identify accurate, timely, and cost-effective methods for use in Michigan seed potato certification, 2) monitor PVY strain prevalence in Michigan seed potatoes, and 3) investigate PVY strain by chipping potato variety responses. Materials & Methods: Tuber testing methods, which do not require breaking tuber dormancy to sample sprouts or plantlets, were used. General (Mackenzie et al. 2015) and multiplex (Lorenzen et al. 2006, 2010; Chikh-Ali et al. 2013) reverse-transcriptase (RT) high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols will be compared to existing plantlet assays involving enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to validate. In 2022, we selected six seed lots for validation of dormant tuber methods. Samples of 200 tubers were taken from each seed lot. Each variety was sampled from two lots where visual PVY was either present or absent in summer field inspections (Table 1). Dormant tuber RT-PCR testing was conducted on all tubers in 10-tuber subsamples. After treatment with Rindite to break dormancy, subsamples were planted and grown out for standard leaflet ELISA. Subsets of positive samples (from research and commercial testing) will be subject to PVY strain confirmation by RT-PCR. We also conducted growth chamber assays using characterized PVY strains with elite potato germplasm using previously reported methods by Gundersen et al. (2019). Based on our assessment of PVY strain populations in Michigan, we have selected four characterized strains (N:Wi, NTN, N:O, O) and obtained them from collaborators at the University of Idaho. Six varieties were selected for preliminary experiments: Snowden, Lamoka, Mackinaw, Lady Liberty, Petoskey and MSZ242-13. These entries represent current chip varieties used in Michigan and elite experimental varieties originating from the MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics program. Results & Conclusions: In 2022, dormant tuber methods identified higher levels of PVY than estimated from the summer field inspections in selected research lots, however, absence and presence of virus observed was equivalent between methods (Table 1). This could be due to in-field spread, varietal expression, strain differences, or variety by strain interactions. Currently, we are repeating validation experiments to verify agreement between dormant tuber and standard grow out methods. 100 Table 1. RT-PCR results from seed lots assessed for PVY incidence based on summer field inspections. Results are based on positive PVY detections (%) using dormant tuber methods in 2022 (N=number of 10-tuber subsamples tested). Variety A A B B C C Typical Symptom Expression Unreliable Unreliable Unreliable Unreliable Reliable Reliable N 20 20 20 20 20 20 Visual Summer (Jun-Jul) 0.04 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.76 0.00 Present (+) Absent (-) (Jun-Jul) + + + - Dormant Tuber RT-PCR (Oct-Nov) 6.70 0.00 14.87 0.00 9.97 0.00 Leaflet ELISA Greenhouse (Jan) In progress In progress In progress In progress In progress In progress We continued to assess the strain types prevalent in Michigan seed growing regions (N = approx. 7,150 tubers tested in 2022-23). In 2022-23 dormant tuber tests, three major PVY strains were detected, and strain O was not observed this year. Observations from the past three years suggest that PVYN-Wi remains most prevalent, however, PVYNTN, PVYN:O and PVYE continue to be detected. Strains NTN and E are tuber necrotic strains, and their frequencies must be closely monitored to best inform the seed potato industry of potential risks. We also detected one case of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) from variety trials samples during field season. Relative total tuber weight per plant (%) In preliminary experiments, potato variety responses of daughter plants were measured after mechanical infection of mother plants with four PVY strains. We observed mild to severe foliar symptom depending on strain and variety. Across varieties, reductions in total tuber weight relative to the mock-inoculated control were observed for all PVY strains and greatest (mean of 20% reduction) in plants infected with strain NTN (Figure 1). Growth chamber space and conditions limited the quality and number of plants assessed and will require further optimization and repeated experiments. Dormant tuber tests of daughter tubers showed average 91.7% (range of 85.7 to 100%) of tubers originating from PVY-infected mother plants were infected with virus except resistant varieties, Mackinaw and Lady Liberty, where no detectable levels of virus were observed in daughter tubers. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Control N:O N:Wi NTN O Figure 1. Total tuber weight per plant for mechanically-inoculated first-generation mother plants infected with PVY strains N:O, N:Wi, NTN, and O relative to the mock-inoculated control. Means across six chip potato varieties: Lady Liberty, Lamoka, Mackinaw, MSZ242-13, Petoskey, and Snowden. Bars represent two preliminary replicate plants and error bars represent standard error. 101 Relative total tuber weight per plant (%) Lady Liberty Lamoka Mackinaw MSZ242-13 Petoskey Snowden 100 80 60 40 20 0 Control N:O N:Wi NTN O Figure 2. Total tuber weight per plant of mechanically-inoculated first-generation mother plants infected with PVY strains N:O, N:Wi, NTN, and O relative to the mock-inoculated control. Means shown for six chip potato varieties: Lady Liberty, Lamoka, Mackinaw, MSZ242-13, Petoskey, and Snowden. Bars represent two preliminary replicate plants. In preliminary experiments, yield of some varieties appear generally less impacted by PVY infection of mother plants, such as Mackinaw, while others appear more sensitive to certain strains such as MSZ242-13 to strains N:Wi and NTN, Petoskey to strains NTN and O, and Snowden to strain O (Figure 2). Second-generation observations indicate infected Lamoka and Snowden seed resulted moderate to severe foliar symptoms for strains O and N:Wi whereas Mackinaw showed minimal symptoms (Figure 3, next page). Strain by variety experiments will inform the seed potato industry of the yield and quality impacts that current PVY strains may have on prevalent chip varieties. We will repeat and plan to increase the number of varieties and modify the strain panels used based on current growing practices and strain population assessments. This information will also confirm robust PVY resistance to multiple strains, further informing and directing future breeding efforts. Overall Summary: Dormant tuber methods continue to agree with relative absence and presence observations made in summer field inspections and offer an option for seed certification testing where results are available 3-4 months sooner than the typical winter grow out. Final validation experiments are in progress. Coordination between MSU, MDARD, and MSPA has enabled regular monitoring of Michigan PVY strains and indicate strain N-Wi remains most prevalent, however, tuber necrotic strains NTN and E, and other tuber necrotic viruses, require further monitoring. Furthermore, preliminary results of variety by strain screening efforts suggest tuber yield impacts and foliar symptoms may be observed in seed infected with common Michigan strains. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the Michigan potato growers, the Michigan Potato Industry Commission, the Michigan Seed Potato Association, the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as the UDSA-NIFA-SCRI Grant No. 2020-51181-32136 and national Potato Virus Initiative: Developing Solutions for the continued support and productive collaborations necessary to continue this research. 102 Figure 3. Foliar symptom images from second-generation daughter plants following grow out from mechanically-inoculated first-generation mother plants infected with PVY strains O, N:Wi and mock-inoculated control. Three potato varieties: Snowden, Lamoka and Mackinaw. Images are not scaled. 103 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum ‘Lamoka’) Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf; Rhizoctonia solani C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of seed treatments and in-furrow and banded fungicides to manage Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf of potato in Michigan, 2022. Experimental and commercially available fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy in managing Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf. A field trial was established at the Montcalm Research Center in Stanton, MI. A randomized complete block design was used, and treatments were replicated four times. Soil type is a loamy sand. US#1 ‘Lamoka’ potatoes were cut into 2-oz seed pieces and left to suberize. Once suberized, seed treatments were applied to tubers on 2 Jun using a cement mixer. The trial was hand planted 3 Jun, using 2 row (34-in row spacing) by 20 ft long plots seeded at 1.2 seed/row-ft. Before closing rows, Rhizoctonia-infested barley was placed in-furrow at 7.5 g/row-ft, and in-furrow fungicides were applied. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer, equipped with TJ4002E nozzles, was used to apply fungicides in-furrow at 10.5 gal/A (40 psi). Banded applications were applied at hilling (14 Jul), using the previously mentioned CO2 sprayer. Stand establishment was monitored through the growing season and stem canker disease ratings were collected mid-August. Plots were harvested 28 Sep and later graded. Final stem counts, stem canker index, black scurf incidence, and yield were compared among treatments. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations at the α=0.05 significance level (SAS version 9.4). Significant Rhizoctonia stem canker pressure and low black scurf pressure was observed uniformly throughout the trial. Significant differences were observed stem counts (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were observed in the stem canker index when using a lognormal distribution of means (P = 0.05). Programs 7 and 12 had significantly lower stem canker index values than the inoculated control, however, no difference was observed among black scurf incidence of programs. Finally, significant differences were observed among program total yield (P < 0.0001) and marketable yield values (P < 0.0001). 104 No. Treatment, Rate, and Timing 1 Non-treated, inoculated control 38.8 b Stem Canker Index (%) 25.9 16 Non-treated, non-inoculated control 64.8 a - - 0.05 292.0 a 262.9 a 2 Moncoat ST (0.51 fl oz/cwt) A 39.3 b 25.6 2.9 a-c 0.06 193.5 b 174.1 b 3 Proline (0.25 fl oz/cwt) A 9.5 c 22.0 2.9 a-c 0.04 82.8 c 80.1 c 4 Moncoat ST (0.51 fl oz/cwt) A; Proline (0.25 fl oz/cwt) A Moncoat ST (0.38 fl oz/cwt) A; Proline (0.1875 fl oz/cwt) A Vibrance Ultra Potato (0.5 fl oz/cwt) A 5.3 c 25.1 3.0 a-c 0.00 65.4 c 63.0 c 4.5 c 21.2 2.4 a-d 0.00 54.5 c 51.5 c 39.8 b 24.7 3.2 ab 0.03 174.5 b 155.9 b 43.8 ab 4.8 1.3 d 0.11 197.6 b 174.4 b 51.5 ab 19.4 2.5 a-d 0.06 215.6 ab 190.9 ab 33.8 b 19.1 1.9 bc 0.00 180.9 b 163.5 b 10 Double Nickel LC (8 fl oz/A) B; Double Nickel LC (8 fl oz/A) C Double Nickel LC (16 fl oz/A) B; Double Nickel LC (16 fl oz/A) C Double Nickel LC (8 fl oz/A) B; Elatus (7.7 oz/A) B Elatus (7.7 oz/A) B 50.3 ab 34.6 3.5 a 0.05 208.1 b 192.3 ab 11 Velum Prime (6.5 fl oz/A) B 41.3 b 30.2 3.1 ab 0.18 210.7 ab 189.1 ab 12 Exp (13 fl oz/A) B 39.0 b 7.0 1.7 cd 0.03 225.5 ab 206.5 ab 13 Elatus (6.4 oz/A) B 42.0 b 9.4 1.9 b-d 0.04 212.3 ab 191.0 ab 14 Quadris (5.3 fl oz/A) B 47.3 ab 24.1 3.2 ab 0.16 249.8 ab 228.2 ab 15 Velum Prime (6.5 fl oz/A) B; Elatus (6.5 oz/A) B 41.3 b 16.7 2.6 a-d 0.01 200.0 b 182.4 b 5 6 7 8 9 z z w Stem County Stem Canker Indexx (lognormal) 3.1 ab Black Scurf Incidence (%) Total Yield (cwt/A) Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 0.06 169.7 b 155.4 b Application letters code for the following dates: A (seed treatment)=2 Jun, B=3 Jul (in-furrow at plant), C=14 Jul (at hilling). y Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). x Stem canker index analyzed using a lognormal distribution of means. w Exp=Experimental compound. 105 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum ‘Lamoka’) Late Blight; Phytophthora infestans C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Science Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of foliar fungicides to manage late blight of potato in Michigan, 2022 Commercially available and experimental fungicides were tested to compare their efficacy in managing potato late blight. A field trial was established at the Michigan State University Plant Pathology Farm in East Lansing, MI. A randomized complete block design, with four replicates, was used. US#1 ‘Lamoka’ potatoes were cut into 2-oz seed pieces and left to suberize before planting. The trial was hand planted 11 Jul. Plots were four rows wide (34-in row spacing) by 20 ft long, and seeded at 1.2 seed/row-ft. All insect, weed, and fertility management was consistent with standard approaches for commercial growers in the region. Foliar fungicide programs were initiated on 9 Sep with follow-up applications made weekly until 3 Oct. A CO2 powered backpack sprayer, equipped with two TJ 8004XR nozzle, was used to apply fungicides at 20 gal/A (38 PSI). The trial was inoculated 12 Sep after sunset. P. infestans inoculum (8 x 103 sporangia/mL) was applied over plots at 20 gal/A using the previously mentioned equipment. After inoculating the trial, a misting system was used to maintain leaf wetness and facilitate disease development. Stand counts were collected at emergence. Foliar disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) ratings (0-100%) were collected regularly for each plot from 26 Aug to 3 Oct. The center two rows of plots were harvested on 9 Nov and graded 11 Nov. The final late blight DI and DS as well as estimated yield and marketable yield (cwt/A) were compared among treatments. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations (α=0.05). Differences were observed among the DI (P < 0.0001) and DS (P < 0.0001) values of programs. All treated programs had significantly lower DI and DS values than the non-treated control but did not differ from each other. Significant differences were observed among total yield (P < 0.01) and marketable yield (P < 0.01) values. 106 No. 1 Product, Ratez, Timingy Non-treated control Late Blight Incidence (%) Late Blight Severity (%) Oct 3x Oct 3 42.5 a 2 3 33.8 a Total Yield (CWT/A) Marketable Yield (CWT/A) 252 224 a a Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 PT/A) ABCDE 0.0 b 0.0 b 246 ab 224 a Expw (13.7 FL OZ/A) ABD; 0.0 b 0.0 b 184 c 161 b Reason (5.5 FL OZ/A) AB; Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 PT/A) CDE 210 bc 192 ab 4 Orondis Ultra (8 FL OZ/A) ABD; 0.0 b 0.0 b Bravo Weather Stik (1.5 PT/A) CE z All rates are listed as a measure of product per acre, and all foliar applications contained MasterLock at a rate of 0.25 % v/v. y Application timings: A=Sep 9, B=Sep 14, C=Sep 20, D=Sep 27, E=Oct 3. x Column values followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). w Exp=Experimental Compound. 107 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum ‘Lamoka’) Pythium Leak; Pythium ultimum C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of in-furrow fungicides to manage Pythium leak of potato in Michigan, 2022. A field trial was established at the Montcalm Research Center in Stanton, MI to test the efficacy of in-furrow fungicides for managing Pythium leak of potato. A randomized complete block design was used, and treatments were replicated four times. US#1 ‘Lamoka’ potatoes were cut into 2-oz seed pieces and left to suberize. The trial was hand-planted 3 Jun in loamy sand soil. Plots were two rows wide (34-in row spacing) by 20 ft long and seeded at 1.2 seed/row-ft. Inoculations and in-furrow applications were made before closing furrows. Plots were inoculated with a wet millet and rye mix infested with P. ultimum at a volume of 6.25 mL/row-ft. Fungicides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer, equipped with TJ4002E nozzles (10.5 gal/A; 40 psi). Stand establishment was monitored early season and disease data were collected after harvest. Both rows of plots were harvested 28 Sep. While grading tubers, external leak incidence was visually estimated for the entire plot and internal leak incidence was calculated from ten arbitrarily selected tubers cut longitudinally in half. Stem counts from 6 Jul, external and internal leak incidence (DI), and estimated marketable yield (cwt/A) were compared among treatments. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations at the α=0.05 significance level (SAS version 9.4). Significant differences were observed among stem counts (P < 0.0001). Stem counts in the trial ranged from 60.8 to 112.5 stems per plot, with the highest stem counts observed in programs 4, 6, and 8. No differences were observed in external DI (P > 0.05), though programs 3-8 had numerically greater incidences than the non-inoculated control (program 2) yet lower than the inoculated control (program 1). Internal DI was significantly different among treatments (P < 0.05). Programs 5 and 6 both had a DI of 1.3% and were significantly lower than the inoculated control (5.0%) but not different from the non-inoculated control (0.0%). Marketable yield was significantly different among treatments (P < 0.05). Program marketable yields ranged from 258 to 324 cwt/A; programs 4, 6, and 8 had the greatest yield in the trial. Stem Counts External Leak Internal Leak Marketable Yield (6 Jul)y Incidence (%)x Incidence (%)w (cwt/A) 1 Inoculated Control 60.8 c 13.9 5.0 ab 258 c 2 Non-Inoculated Control 64.8 c 0.4 0.0 c 263 c 3 Revus 2.09 SC (8 fl oz) 70.5 c 9.4 6.3 a 262 c 4 Orondis Gold (28 fl oz) 96.0 ab 3.5 3.8 a-c 307 ab 5 Orondis Gold DC (28 fl oz) 78.8 bc 4.0 1.3 bc 269 bc 6 Orondis Gold DC (48 fl oz) 112.5 a 3.6 1.3 bc 300 a-c 7 Elumin (8 fl oz) 67.5 c 6.0 7.5 a 280 bc 8 Ridomil Gold 465 SL (6.1 fl oz) 110.8 a 9.4 3.8 a-c 324 a z All rates are listed as a measure of product per acre applied in-furrow at planting. y Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). x During grading, external leak incidence was visually estimated from all harvested tubers per plot. w Internal leak incidence was calculated from 10 arbitrarily selected tubers cut in half. No. Treatment (Ratez) 108 POTATO (Solanum tuberosum ‘Lamoka’) Early Blight; Alternaria solani Brown Spot; Alternaria alternata C. Bloomingdale and J.F. Willbur Dept. Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Evaluation of in-furrow and foliar fungicides to manage foliar diseases of potato in Michigan, 2022. Experimental and commercially available fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy in managing potato early blight and brown spot. A field trial was established at the Montcalm Research Center in Stanton, MI. A randomized complete block design was used, and treatments were replicated four times. Soil type is a loamy sand. US#1 ‘Lamoka’ potatoes were cut into 2-oz seed pieces and left to suberize. The trial was hand planted 1 Jun, and in-furrow treatments were applied before closing rows. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer, equipped with TJ4002E nozzles, was used to apply fungicides in-furrow at 10.5 gal/A (40 psi). Plots were two rows wide (34-in row spacing) by 20 ft long and seeded at 1.2 seed/row-ft. Due to the trial’s proximity to commercial potato fields, a blanket application of Manzate Max (1.6 qt/A) was applied weekly after row-closure to the entire trial to reduce the risk of late blight developing near commercially grown potatoes. Beginning at 50% row closure, seven foliar applications (B, C, D, E, F, G, and H) were made across programs on 14 Jul, 21 Jul, 26 Jul, 4 Aug, 10 Aug, 18 Aug, and 24 Aug. Foliar fungicides were applied at a rate of 20 gal/A (38 psi) via CO2-powered backpack sprayer (TJ8004XR nozzles). Plots were inoculated on 28 Jul with an A. solani solution (9x103 conidia/mL) at 20 gal/A using the previously mentioned equipment. Stand establishment was monitored and foliar disease data (combined early blight and brown spot observations) were collected regularly throughout the growing season. The trial was harvested 29 Sep, and both rows were dug and later graded. The final disease incidence (DI), disease severity (DS), estimated yield, and estimated marketable yield (cwt/A) were compared among treatments. A generalized linear mixed model procedure was used to conduct the ANOVA and mean separations at the α=0.05 significance level (SAS version 9.4). Differences were observed among the foliar DI (P < 0.0001) and foliar DS (P < 0.0001) values of programs. All treated programs had significantly lower DI (38.8-66.3%) and DS (4.0-12.5%) values than the control (DI=80.0%, DS=21.3%). The lowest DI was observed in program 2, but it was not significantly different from several other programs. No significant differences were observed in yield or marketable yield. It is likely that the short infection duration due to late disease onset was not adequate time to observe differences among program yields. 109 No. Treatment, Ratez, and Timingy 1 2 Disease Incidence (%)x,w 80.0 a 38.8 e Disease Severity (%)w 21.3 a 4.5 c Total Yield (cwt/A) 382 372 Marketable Yield (cwt/A) 327 322 Treated Control Excalia (2 fl oz) A; Elumin (8 fl oz) B; Quash WG (2.5 oz) CF; Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) DG; Bravo Weatherstik (24 fl oz) EH 3 Excalia (2 fl oz) A; Elumin (8 fl oz) B; 46.3 c-e 4.0 c 424 376 Quash SC (2.5 fl oz) CF; Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) DG; Bravo Weatherstik (24 fl oz) EH 4 Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) CE 55.0 bc 8.5 bc 369 323 5 Propulse (10 fl oz) CE 53.8 c 5.8 c 386 342 6 Miravis Prime (10 fl oz) CE 41.3 de 4.0 c 403 351 7 Endura (5.5 oz) CE 66.3 b 12.5 b 367 318 v 8 Exp (13 fl oz) A; Delaro (6 fl oz) B; 47.5 c-e 6.3 c 391 343 Luna Tranquility (11.2 fl oz) E 9 Exp (13 fl oz) A; Delaro (6 fl oz) B; 55.0 bc 8.3 bc 383 333 Propulse (10 fl oz) E 10 Elatus (6.4 oz) A; Miravis Prime (10 fl oz) E 53.8 c 5.8 c 356 309 11 Velum Prime (6.5 fl oz) A; Endura (5.5 oz) BE 52.5 cd 5.3 c 365 313 12 Elatus (6.4 oz) A; Miravis Duo (13.7 fl oz) CE 46.3 c-e 5.8 c 409 359 z All rates are listed as a measure of product per acre. MasterLock was added to all tank mixes at a rate of 0.25 % v/v. y Application letters code for the following dates: A (in-furrow)=1 Jun, B=14 Jul (50% row closure), C=21 Jul, D=26 Jul, E=4 Aug, F=10 Aug, G=18 Aug, and H=24 Aug. x Column values followed by the same letter were not significantly different based on Fisher’s Protected LSD (α=0.05). w Final foliar disease incidence and severity ratings (combined early blight and brown spot) collected 7 Sep. v Exp=Experimental compound. 110 2022 MSU POTATO BREEDING AND GENETICS RESEARCH REPORT January 2023 David S. Douches, J. Coombs, K. Zarka, G. Steere, M. Zuehlke, D. Zarka, K. Shaw, and Will Behling Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Cooperators: Ray Hammerschmidt, Jaime Willbur and Chris Long INTRODUCTION At Michigan State University, we have been dedicated to developing improved potato varieties for the chip-processing and tablestock markets since 1988. The program is one of four integrated breeding programs in the North Central region supported through the USDA/NIFA Potato Special Grant. At MSU, we conduct a comprehensive multi-disciplinary program for potato breeding and variety development that incorporates plant pathology, entomology, biotechnology and genomics to meet the Michigan industry needs. Our program integrates traditional and biotechnological approaches to breed for disease and insect resistance that is positioned to respond to scientific and technology opportunities that emerge. We are also developing and applying more efficient methods to breed improved potato varieties at the tetraploid and diploid level. In Michigan, the primary market requires that we focus on developing high yielding round white potatoes with excellent chip-processing from the field and/or storage. In addition, there is also a need for table varieties (russet, red, yellow, and round white). We conduct variety trials of advanced selections and field experiments at MSU research locations (Montcalm Research Center, Lake City Research Center and MSU Agronomy Farm), we ship seed to other states and Canadian provinces for variety trials, and we cooperate with Chris Long on grower trials throughout Michigan. The broad testing is crucial in determining the commercial potential of the lines. Through conventional crosses in the greenhouse, we develop new genetic combinations in the breeding program, and screen and identify exotic germplasm that will enhance the varietal breeding efforts. With each cycle of crossing and selection we are seeing directed improvement towards improved varieties (e.g. combining chip-processing, scab resistance, PVY resistance, late blight resistance and higher specific gravity). We continue to see the increase in scab, late blight and PVY resistance in the breeding material and selections. We need to continue to combine these traits in long-term storage chip-processing lines. We are benefiting from the SolCAP SNP array DNA marker technology as we can now query 35,000 SNPs (compared to 8,303 SNPs in initial array). This SolCAP translational genomics project has finally giving us the opportunity to link genetic markers to important traits (reducing sugars, starch, scab resistance, etc.) in the cultivated potato lines and then breed them into elite germplasm. The SNPs also allow us to accurately fingerprint the varieties (DNA fingerprinting database with 4,000 entries). In addition, our program has been utilizing genetic engineering as a tool 111 to introduce new genes to improve varieties and advanced germplasm for traits such as insect resistance, late blight and PVY resistance, lower reducing sugar, higher specific gravity and drought. In 2023, we will continue to test our engineered potatoes for late blight resistance, drought tolerance, invertase silencing and gene editing for PPO and selfcompatibility. Furthermore, PotatoesUSA is supporting national early generation trials through the National Chip Processing Trial (NCPT) which will feed lines into the SNAC trials and also Fast Track lines into commercial testing (NexGen testing). This national cooperative testing is the key to determining the commercial potential of our advanced lines. This has led to the release of Saginaw Chipper (MSR061-1), Manistee (MSL292A), Huron Chipper (MSW485-2), Mackinaw (MSX540-4), and Petoskey (MSV030-4). The next chip-processing clone for commercialization is MSZ242-13. In the table markets, Blackberry and MSV093-1Y (Bonafide) were released. We also have funding to develop genome editing technologies that may not be classified as regulated through a USDA/BRAG grant. This technology can be used to introduce lower sugars, bruising and asparagine as well several other traits in the future. We also have a USDA/AFRI diploid breeding grant to develop some foundational diploid breeding germplasm (Potato 2.0). We are also screening for new sources of late blight resistance through a USDA grant. In 2015, we were awarded the USAID grant to generate late blight resistance potatoes for Bangladesh and Indonesia and now includes Nigeria and Kenya. This Feed the Future project brings us into cutting edge GM work with Simplot and the International Potato Center (CIP). This project has been extended another 5 years beginning in 2021. Lastly, we have NSF-funded grants to better understand the potato genome and study wound-healing in potato. We feel that these in-house capacities (both conventional and biotechnological) put us in a unique position to respond to and focus on the most promising directions for variety development and effectively integrate advanced technologies with the breeding of improved chip-processing and tablestock potatoes. The breeding goals at MSU are based on current and future needs of the Michigan potato industry. Traits of importance include yield potential, size profile, disease resistance (scab, late blight, early die, and PVY), insect (Colorado potato beetle) resistance, chipping (out-of-the-field, storage, and extended cold storage) and bruise resistance, storability, along with shape, internal quality, and appearance. If these goals can be met, we will be able to reduce production input costs, keep potato production profitable as well as reduce the reliance on chemical inputs such as insecticides, fungicides, and sprout inhibitors, and improve overall agronomic performance through new potato varieties. Over the years, key infrastructure changes have been established for the breeding program to make sound assessments of the breeding selections moving through the program. In 2016, we constructed a greenhouse to expand our breeding and certified minituber seed production. This greenhouse is located at the MSU Agronomy Farm facility on south campus. Also in 2016, we began to upgrade the potato washing and grading line. which was completed with funding from MPIC and AgBioResearch. Variable speed control drives, a new lift; custom built barrel washer; grading table; and Kerian speed sizer are all part of the set up as of 2019. Incorporation of bar-coding and scales synchronized to computer hot keys, have improved the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of the grading process. All entities of the potato group: Potato Breeding and 112 Genetics; Potato Outreach Program; pathologists and soil fertility researchers have access to this new equipment. Varietal Development Breeding The MSU potato breeding and genetics program is actively producing new germplasm and advanced seedlings that are improved for long-term storage chipping, and resistance to scab, late blight, and Colorado potato beetle. For the 2022 field season, progeny from about 300 crosses were planted and evaluated. Of those, the majority were crosses to select for round whites (chip-processing and tablestock), with the remainder to select for yellow flesh, red skin, and specialty market classes. During the 2022 harvest, about 1,000 selections were made from the 40,000 seedlings produced. Most of these firstyear selections are segregating for PVY resistance. All second, third or fourth- year potential chip-processing selections will be tested in January and April 2023 directly out of 45°F (7.2°C) storage. Atlantic, Lamoka, Manistee and Snowden are chip-processed as check cultivars. Selections have been identified at each stage of the selection cycle that have desirable agronomic characteristics and chip-processing potential. At the 12-hill and 30-hill evaluation state, about 300 and 100 selections were made, respectively; based on chip quality, specific gravity, scab resistance, late blight resistance and DNA markers for PVY and Golden nematode resistance. Most of our selections now have PVY resistance. Selection in the early generation stages has been enhanced by the incorporation of the scab and late blight (US-23) evaluations of the early generation material. We are pushing our early generation selections from the 30-hill stage into tissue culture to minimize PVY issues in our breeding and seed stock. We are now using a cryotherapy method as well as the traditional methods that was developed in our lab to remove viruses. This technique predictably and quickly removes virus from tissue culture stocks. Our results show that we can remove both PVY and PVS from lines, but PVS can still be difficult to remove in certain lines if the titer is high. We tested the removal of PLRV and succeeded. Over 1500 different varieties and breeding lines are maintained in tissue culture for the breeding and genetics program. Chip-Processing Over 80% of the single hill selections have a chip-processing parent in their pedigree. We prioritize scab resistance and PVY resistance in our chip-processing selections. Our most promising advanced chip-processing lines are MSZ242-13 (scab resistant, high solids), MSAA217-3, MSBB058-1 (scab resistant), while MSBB630-2, MSBB636-11 and MSZ614-15 all combine scab, late blight and PVY resistance). We have some newer lines to consider such as. With a successful late blight trial in 2022, we were able to confirm resistance in some of our advanced selections. We are using the NCPT trials to identify promising new selections more effectively. Manistee and Mackinaw were licensed to Canada. Saginaw Chipper and Mackinaw are in Australia and South Korea. Tablestock Efforts have been made to identify lines with good appearance with an attractive skin finish, low internal defects, good cooking quality, high marketable yield and resistance to scab, late blight and PVY. Our current tablestock development goals now are to continue 113 to improve the frequency of scab and PVY resistant lines, incorporate resistance to late blight along with marketable maturity and excellent tuber quality, and select more redskinned and yellow-fleshed lines. We have also been selecting some pigmented skin and tuber flesh lines that fit some specialty markets. There is also interest in some additional specialty mini-potatoes for the “Tasteful Selections” market. We have interest from some western specialty potato growers to test and commercial these lines. From our breeding efforts we have identified mostly round white lines, but we also have several yellow-fleshed and red-skinned lines, as well as some purple skin selections that carry many of the characteristics mentioned above. PVY resistance is incorporated into these different table market classes. Some of the tablestock lines were tested in on-farm trials in 2022, while others were tested under replicated conditions at the Montcalm Research Center. Promising tablestock lines include MSCC553-1R which is scab and PVY resistant. MSZ416-8RY (scab resistant) is being licensed by Pro-Health. MSZ109-8PP, a sib of Blackberry is a purple-fleshed chipper with deep purple flesh, round shape and attractive skin as well as scab resistance. We are working with Chris Long to select a new cohort of red-skinned and yellow-fleshed potato lines. Jacqueline Lee (late blight resistant) was licensed to Australia and is being grown in Central America for its late blight resistance. Raspberry, Blackberry, MSQ558-2RR (Ruby Rose) and our PVY resistant Red Marker #2 (Spartan Red) potato are being marketed in the specialty markets. Blackberry is also being chip-processed by the Great Lakes Chip Co. in Traverse City, MI. We are currently collecting nutritional data on the antioxidants in Blackberry tubers and chips that may enhance the marketing of this variety. Disease and Insect Resistance Breeding Scab: In 2022, we had evaluated scab resistance at a highly infected site at the Montcalm Research Center. The Montcalm Research Center site gave us very good scab infection levels. The susceptible checks of Snowden and Atlantic were highly infected with pitted scab. Promising resistant selections will be summarized in the variety report. If you examine the variety trials at Montcalm Research Center in the variety report, you will notice that many of the lines are scab resistant. We need to continue in this direction of many selections with scab resistance so we can find the great scab resistant chipper as well as table yellow and red. The high level of scab infection at the on-farm site with a history of scab infection and MRC has significantly helped with our discrimination of resistance and susceptibility of our lines. The MRC scab site was used for assessing scab susceptibility in our advanced breeding lines and early generation material and is summarized below (Figure 1). All susceptible check plots (Snowden and Atlantic) were scored as susceptible. Based upon this data, scab resistance is strong in the breeding program. We lead the nation in scab resistant lines. This is evident in the NCPT. These data were also incorporated into the early generation selection evaluation process at Lake City. We are seeing that this expanded effort is leading to more scab resistant lines advancing through the breeding program. Also, the ability to select under commercial settings at Sackett Potatoes is accelerating our ability to select for highly scab resistant varieties. Many highly scab resistant lines (score < 1.0) coming from this effort are MSBB614-15, MSCC282-3RR, MSDD085-13, MSDD247-11, MSEE101-2, MSEE207-2, MSW474-1, MSEE048-2Y, MSFF334-1Pinto, MSAA076-04, MSAA076-6, MSAA498-18, MSBB012-1Y, MSCC376-1, MSDD244-15, MSFF073-3 and MSFF178-1. 114 Fig. 1. Scab Disease Nursery Ratings from Montcalm Research Center Trials Late Blight: Our specific objective is to breed improved cultivars for the industry that have foliar and tuber resistance to late blight using a combination of conventional breeding, marker-assisted strategies, and transgenic approaches. Through conventional breeding approaches, the MSU potato breeding and genetics program has developed a series of late blight resistant advanced breeding lines and cultivars that have diverse sources of resistance to late blight. In 2022 we conducted late blight trials at the MSU campus. We inoculated with the US23 genotype and obtained infection. The infection progressed and we were able to confirm late blight resistance for Mackinaw, Huron Chipper and numerous breeding lines such as MSBB058-4. The late blight trial results are summarized in the variety report. We will continue with late blight trials in 2023 on the MSU campus. PVY: We are using PCR-based DNA markers to select potatoes resistant to PVY. The gene is located on Chromosome 11. Each year since 2013 we are making new crosses, making selections, and expanding the germplasm base that has PVY resistance (Fig. 2). In the past year we tested over 1,000 progeny for the PVY resistance marker. The 400 that were marker positive were evaluated at Lake City. With the development of molecular markers for potato breeding, marker-assisted selection has been incorporated into our routine breeding practice and greatly facilitate the selection process. At times we are using DNA markers to also screen for PVX resistance, PLRV resistance, late blight resistance and Golden nematode resistance. DNA markers allow for a prioritization of the space in the field, and for earlier, more informed decisions in variety selection. 115 Fig. 2 PVY resistant selections in the breeding program MSU Lines with Commercial Tracking ________________________________________________________________________ MSV093-1Y (Bonafide) Parentage: McBride x MSP408-14Y Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To be applied for Strengths: MSV093-1Y is a high yield potential yellow-flesh breeding line with an attractive, round tuber shape. This line has demonstrated excellent high yield potential in replicated trials at the MSU Montcalm Research Center and on grower field trials throughout Michigan. This yellow flesh line has excellent internal quality (few defects) and a low incidence of blackspot bruise. MSV093-1Y also has moderate scab tolerance. MSV093-1Y has a strong vine and a mid-early season maturity. Incentives for production: High yield potential with an attractive tuber shape with good yellow flesh with excellent internal quality. _______________________________________________________________________ 116 Mackinaw (MSX540-4) Parentage: Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSX540-4 is a chipprocessing potato with resistance to potato virus Y (PVY), late blight (Phytophthora infestans), tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies), and demonstrated tolerance to Verticillium wilt. This variety has average yield with a high specific gravity, and a high percentage of A-size tubers with an attractive, uniform shape. MSX540-4 has a strong vine and a mid- to late-season maturity and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSX540-4 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT). Incentives for production: Long-term chip-processing quality with resistance to PVY and late blight, and tolerance to common scab. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a creamy-white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid- to late-season maturity. Tubers: Smooth shaped tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and a creamy-white flesh. Yield: Average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform A-size tubers. Specific Gravity: Averages similar to above Snowden in Michigan. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short to long-term storage. Diseases: Resistant to PVY and late blight (Phytophthora infestans), tolerant to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). _______________________________________________________________________ 117 Petoskey (MSV030-4) Parentage: Beacon Chipper x MSG227-2 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: Petoskey is a chipprocessing potato with resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). This variety has high specific gravity and yield potential, with attractive, uniformly round tubers. Petoskey has a medium vine and a mid-season maturity and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSV030-4 has performed well in Michigan and multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT) and national SFA (SNaC) trials. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality out of the field and longterm chip quality with high specific gravity and resistance to common scab, and a good size profile of uniform, round tubers. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Uniform, smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid-full season maturity. Tubers: Smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and white flesh. Yield: Above average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform tubers. Specific Gravity: Averages higher than Atlantic and Snowden. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short and long-term storage. Diseases: Resistant to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). _______________________________________________________________________ 118 Huron Chipper (MSW485-2) Parentage: MSQ070-1 x MSR156-7 Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch. Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: MSW485-2 is a chipprocessing potato with resistance to and late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and stronger tolerance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) than Atlantic. This variety has high yield and good specific gravity, with attractive, uniformly round tubers. MSW485-2 has a strong vine and a mid-season maturity and has demonstrated excellent long-term storage chip-processing quality. MSW485-2 has performed well in multiple locations in the PotatoesUSA National Chip Processing Trials (NCPT) and national SFA (SNaC) trials. Incentives for production: Excellent chip-processing quality out of the field and longterm chip quality with resistance to late blight and a good size profile. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Medium height vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Uniform, smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin. Tubers have a white flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Vine Maturity: Mid-season maturity. Tubers: Smooth, round tubers with lightly netted, tan colored skin and a white flesh. Yield: Above average yield under irrigated conditions, with uniform tubers. Specific Gravity: Averages similar to above Atlantic and Snowden. Culinary Quality: Chip-processes from short to long-term storage. Diseases: Resistant to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and tolerant to common scab (Streptomyces scabies). _______________________________________________________________________ 119 Blackberry (MSZ109-10PP) Parentage: COMN07W112BG1 x MSU200-5PP Developers: Michigan State University and the MSU AgBioResearch Plant Variety Protection: To Be Applied For. Strengths: Blackberry is a tablestock variety with unique purple skin and a deep purple flesh. The tubers have an attractive, uniform, round shape and a purple flesh with common scab resistance and low incidence of internal defects. Yield can be high under irrigated conditions. Blackberry will also chip-process out of the field. Incentives for production: The unique purple skin and purple flesh of the tubers of Blackberry offer a unique potato that could lend itself to the specialty variety market, such as gourmet restaurants and food stores, as well as farm and road-side markets. The primary market for this clone will be farm market and direct retail sale growers, and home gardeners. This variety is also used as a gourmet chip processing variety. Morphological Characteristics: Plant: Full-sized vine, semi-erect with a balance between stems and foliage visible, and flowers. Tubers: Round tubers with a smooth skin and unique purple skin and purple flesh color. Tubers have a deep purple flesh with a low incidence of internal defects. Agronomic Characteristics: Maturity: Mid-season. Tubers: Round tubers with unique purple skin and deep purple flesh. Yield: Above average yield. Specific Gravity: Averages 1.065 in Michigan. Culinary Quality: Gourmet specialty with deep purple flesh and also chip-processes. Diseases: Good common scab resistance. ____________________________________________________ 120 Decoding S. chacoense-derived and other new sources for Colorado Potato Beetle Resistance Our goal is to provide durable Colorado potato beetle management in an integrated,sustainable manner. With this research we should be able to move towards developingresistant diploid parental lines for commercial breeding purposes. Our current objectiveis to evaluate the transmission of S. chacoense host plant resistance in a set of diverse cultivated diploid clones. We made crosses with the best CPB resistant inbred line ‘431”. Using inbred 431 will more likely transmit resistance to a greater percentage of the progeny because the genes related to insect resistance are more likely fixed. Selfing will then recover the homozygous condition of recessive loci contributing to beetle resistance. In 2022 the beetle pressure was weak after the first emergence, so we made selections in the families for tuber appearance. We will run detached leaf bioassays in the winter to screen the progeny for resistance. We also have four hybrids between our diploid germplasm and other wild potato species with non-leptine-based resistance were identified to have an extremely high level of resistance to Colorado potato beetle. Two of the lines were hybrids that are 50% cultivated diploid germplasm. These lines we tested attracted the beetles (both large larvae and adults) but after a small amount of feeding, the beetles dropped from the plant 121 and died. These lines offer opportunities to pyramid the resistance mechanisms as we move forward with our breeding for Colorado potato beetle resistance. Dihaploid Potato Production at Michigan State University The benefits of developing a richer germplasm of dihaploid potatoes brings the industry ever closer to the expansive changes that would come with diploid potatoes. Our goal is to develop a broad-based dihaploid germplasm that can be used in diploid potato breeding. We started by crossing currently established MSU tetraploid germplasm with a known haploid inducer, S. phureja IVP 101. Parent lines were selected based on traits such as high yield, disease resistance, and good chip quality, among others. Confirmed dihaploids are crossed with a diploid self-compatible lines to introgress selfcompatibility. From the crosses produced in the past 8 years from these dihaploid crosses with over 60 breeding lines or varieties, about 900 progeny have been confirmed as diploid. These dihaploids (diploids derived from tetraploid varieties) are the foundation of our diploid breeding program for round white potatoes for the chip and table markets. We have also now selected some russet dihaploids and red dihaploids and well as more chippers, table and russets in 2022. Right now we have about 100 good female fertile dihaploids that are forming the core of our varietal diploid breeding program. Diploid Breeding The diploid genetic material represent material from South American potato species and other countries around the world that are potential sources of resistance to Colorado potato beetle, late blight, potato early die, and ability to cold-chip process. We are now placing more emphasis on the diploid breeding effort because of the advantages the breeding system brings when we introduce the ability to self-pollinate a line. Features of diploid breeding include 1) a simpler genetic system than current breeding methods, 2) tremendous genetic diversity for economic traits, 3) minimal crossing barriers to cultivated potato, 4) the ability to reduce genetic load (or poor combinations) through selfing and 5) the ability to create true breeding lines like wheat, soybeans and dry beans. We are also using some inbred lines of S. chacoense that have fertility and vigor (also a source of Verticillium wilt resistance to initiate our efforts to develop inbred lines with our own diploid germplasm. We have over 40 populations that we have cycled 5 generations to improve for selfcompatibility and tuber traits. We have also been crossing self-compatible donors to the dihaploids of Atlantic, Superior, Manistee, MSZ219-14, Kalkaska, MSR127-2, MSS5765SPL and others so we can develop inbred chip-processing diploid lines. This new diploid potato breeding project is expanding to develop promising lines to use as parents in the future as well as to think about F1 hybrid varieties. In 2022, we yield tested about over 200 lines. In 2021 over 30 lines were equal or better than Lamoka and Atlantic in yield. In 2022 we saw similar results with over 100 lines equal or better than the Atlantic check. 122 Certified NFT Minituber Production at Michigan State University Since 2016, the MSU Potato Breeding program has operated its own certified NFT minituber production greenhouse. The ability to produce certified seed allows faster introduction of early generation material to the potato industry. It also helps position the program for participation in international trials. 123 Integration of Genetic Engineering with Potato Breeding MSU conducts genetic engineering research to introgress and test economically important traits into potato. We have a USAID-funded project to create and commercialize 3-R-gene potato varieties in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Africa. This a partnership with Simplot Plant Sciences. Simplot has been creating the plants for the target countries. Agronomic and late blight trials in Indonesia demonstrate their resistance to late blight and yield well under late blight pressure. We have also generated lines with the genes for water use efficiency. The XERICO gene is showing the most promise. From 2018 to 2022, we conducted trials at MRC with Ranger Russet events. These results are indicating that we are not seeing a yield reduction from the XERICO gene and the XERICO events also had a higher specific gravity than Ranger Russet. Field trials at MRC in 2022 confirm this observation. Lastly, we have generated and selected a Kalkaska invertase silencing line (Kal91.03) that has resistance to accumulating reducing sugars in cold (40°F) storage. We tested the agronomic characteristics of Kal91.03 from 2016-2022. The initial results are suggesting that the invertase silencing line has good tuber type, size, and similar specific gravity. This suggests that we can correct sugar issues in a chip processing lines with this genetic engineering strategy. Our plan is to petition the USDA for exemption from regulation. 124 125 Objective 1. Develop a Colorado potato beetle (CPB) degree day model on the MSU Enviroweather website. Enviroweather programmers used the weekly sampling of CPB conducted in 2022 by the MSU Vegetable Entomology lab to track the development of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) at 20 commercial potato fields in Michigan. Temperature data from the nearest Enviroweather station to each field were used to calculate GDDbase52 for each sample date to determine and compare when the first, peak and end of emergence occurred for CPB adults, eggs, and larvae (Fig. 1). There was not clear agreement between previous research and the current observations. Among sites in Michigan observations and GDD base52 were also inconsistent due to different planting dates, amount of pest pressure, timing of control measures, etc. Due to this variability we used the data from seven fields near Entrican, MI with heavy CPB pressure to construct smoothed lines depicting the phenologies of CPB life stages (Fig. 1). This figure shows how the model will function, and is a prototype for the model display that will appear on Enviroweather. The graphs represent the typical progression of different life stages of CPB based on degree days. The current relative abundance of a given stage is shown by solid red circles, and expected abundance based on the forecasted degree days totals are shown by green circles. Because this model predicts conditions using seven days of forecasted temperatures, growers can use this model to decide if management will be needed in the near future. The model will also be paired with a description page that will provide additional information on Figure 1.Relationship between GDD and abundance of CPB pest biology and management. Links in the Adults (top row) Eggs (middle row) and Larvae (bottom row). model will take the user to Each graph shows a typical emergence pattern for each life recommendations for control of key stage through the growing season. These graphs demonstrate developmental stages. In addition the how the model will function during the season. The model will display the current level of abundance based on current GDD model will show whether the first or second (red circles), while green circles show the estimated abundance generation is occurring so growers will based on 7 days of temperature forecasts. Example graphs of know when to switch insecticide classes for model displays during a typical Spring are shown in the left resistance management. hand column and a Summer scenario is shown in the right hand column. The CPB model will be similar to Enviroweather’s Asparagus Miner model in its form and function. As it is being developed and revised, the model will be a part of Enviroweather’s development website and will be made available to project collaborators through MSU’s firewall, but will not be available to the general public. We expect to release the model to the public for the 2023 growing season. Objective 2. Validate the Colorado potato beetle model in Michigan potato fields. We collaborated with commercial growers, extension staff, pest scouts and pest managers to locate fields with known CPB pressure. Twenty commercial fields in the main potato growing areas of Michigan (Montcalm, Saginaw, Kalkaska counties) were used for scouting for CPB life stages. We visited weekly these commercial potato fields from the time that plants started emerging from the ground to senescence at the end of the growing season. In each field, we randomly picked 50 plants and counted the number of CPB life stages on the whole plant. 126 Objective 3. Extend findings to growers and help model adoption on a wide scale. In 2023, once we are confident that the degree day model can accurately predict CPB life stages across MI potato growing areas, we will help growers and pest managers to familiarize themselves with the new CPB degree day model. We will publish news articles on the MSUE News website and in Potato Country magazine; we will talk to growers about the model at various extension meetings such as the potato field day at the Montcalm Research Center and at the Great Lakes Expo in the potato session. We will also present a talk at the Winter Potato Conference, which is the major extension meeting for commercial potato growers in MI. We will also work with the Michigan Potato Commission to release an educational article in their weekly newsletter and post it on their website. The article will also be linked on the MSU Vegetable Entomology website under the Potato subpage. 127 2021-2022 MICHIGAN POTATO DEMONSTRATION STORAGE ANNUAL REPORT MICHIGAN POTATO INDUSTRY COMMISSION Chris Long, Coordinator, Trina VanAtta, and Damen Kurzer Introduction and Acknowledgements Round white potato production for chip processing continues to lead the potato market in Michigan. Michigan growers continually look for promising new round white varieties that meet necessary production and processing criteria. There are many variety trials underway in Michigan that evaluate chipping varieties for yield, solids, disease resistance, desired tuber size profile and chipping quality with the hope of exhibiting the positive attributes of these lines to growers and processors. Extended storage chip quality and storability are highly important in round white potato production. Therefore, any new chip processing varieties with commercialization potential will have storage profiles developed. Examining new varieties for long-term storage and processing quality keeps the Michigan chip industry at the leading edge of the snack food industry. The information in this report allows the industry to make informed decisions about the value of adopting these varieties into commercial production. The Michigan Potato Industry Commission (MPIC) Potato Demonstration Storage Facility currently consists of two structures. The first building, the Dr. B. F. (Burt) Cargill Building, constructed in 1999, allows the Michigan potato industry to generate storage and chip quality data on newly identified chip processing clones. This information helps to establish the commercial potential of new varieties. This demonstration storage facility utilizes six, 550 cwt. bulk bins (Bins 1-6) that have independent ventilation systems. The Ben Kudwa Building, built in 2008, has three independently ventilated, 600 cwt. bulk bins. The first of these bulk bins, bin 7, was converted to box bin storage that holds 36, 10 cwt. box bins to provide storage profiles on early generation potato varieties. The box bin is an entry point into storage profiling that allows the industry to learn about a variety’s physical and chemical storability before advancing to the bulk bin level. A variety is evaluated for 4-6 years before entering box bin testing. In the variety development process, little information has been collected about a varieties’ physical storability or chemical storage profile prior to being included in the box bin trial. A storage profile consists of monthly or bi-weekly sampling of potatoes to obtain sucrose 128 and glucose levels, chip color and defect values. In addition, we evaluate each variety for weight loss or shrinkage and pressure bruise. With this information, we can create the storage profile of a variety, providing the industry with a clearer picture of where a line can or cannot be utilized in the snack food industry. The Michigan potato industry hopes to use these storage profiles to improve in areas such as long-term storage quality, deliverability of product and, ultimately, sustained market share. The two remaining 600 cwt. bulk bins in the second structure are used to evaluate the postharvest physiology of potatoes. The facility can be used to evaluate storage pathology or sprout inhibitor products. The Michigan industry recognizes the importance of controlling disease and sprout development in storage and is committed to doing research in these areas. This sixteenth annual Demonstration Storage Report contains the results of the storage work conducted in the facility during the 2021-2022 storage season. Section I, “2021-2022 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report”, contains the results and highlights from our 10-cwt. box bin study. Section II, “2021-2022 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. bin) Report,” shows bulk bin results, including information from commercial processors regarding these new varieties. The storage facility, and the work done within it, is directed by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee and Michigan State University (MSU) faculty. The funding and financial support for this facility, and the research conducted within it, is largely derived from the MPIC. The committee occasionally receives support for a given project from private and/or public interests. We wish to acknowledge all the support and investment we receive to operate and conduct storage research. First, we express our gratitude for the partnership we enjoy between the MPIC and Michigan State University. Thank you to the MPIC Storage & Handling Committee for their investment of time, guiding the decisions and direction of the facility. Brian Sackett, Sackett Potatoes; Todd Young, and Chase Young, Sandyland Farms; Jeff Thorlund, Thorlund Brothers Farm; and Karl Ritchie and Brice Stine of Walther Farms for provided the material to fill the bulk bins this year; without their willingness to be involved, we could not have accomplished our objectives. Equal in importance are the processors who invested in this research. They are Gene Herr and Ellis Cole of Herr Foods, Ira and Dave Middleswarth of 129 Middleswarth Potato Chips, James Lowell of Campbells Soup Company, and Jim Allan of Shearer’s Foods. It has been a great pleasure to work with all of you. Special thanks to Butch Riley (Gun Valley Ag. & Industrial Services, Inc.) for his annual investment in the sprout treatment of the storage facility. We would also like to acknowledge a long list of additional contributors who invested much time to help foster a quality storage program: Dr. Dave Douches and the MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program, Todd Forbush and Abe Bakir (Techmark, Inc), Mathew Klein (Farm Manager, MSU Montcalm Research Center), and Tim and Matt Wilkes (Potato Services of Michigan). All played a role in making this facility useful to the Michigan potato industry. Overview of the 2021 Production Season The overall 6-month average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 2021 growing season in central Michigan was consistent with the 15-year average temperatures. May had cooler minimum temperatures than average while June and August had warmer minimum temperatures than average. Maximum temperatures were higher than average in April, June, and August (Table 1). There were no daytime heat stress events in 2021 when the temperature was over 90oF. Nighttime heat stress hours and days over 70oF were both above average. In 2021 there were 168 hours over 35 days with elevated nighttime temperatures (Table 2). Rainfall for April through September was 21.49 inches, 3.55 inches above the 15-year average. June and July both had over two inches more rainfall than average. This was the highest rainfall recorded in July, and second highest in June over the past 15 years. April and May were both dryer than average, with each month’s rainfall over an inch less than the 15 year average (Table 3). 130 Table 1. The 15-year summary of average maximum and minimum temperatures (°F) during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* April May June July August September Average Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 53 33 73 47 82 54 81 56 80 58 76 50 74 50 61 33 67 40 77 56 80 58 80 54 73 50 73 49 56 33 67 45 76 54 75 53 76 56 74 49 71 48 64 33 70 49 77 57 83 62 82 61 69 50 74 52 53 33 68 48 77 56 85 62 79 58 70 48 72 51 58 33 73 48 84 53 90 62 82 55 74 46 77 50 51 33 73 48 77 55 81 58 80 54 73 48 73 49 55 33 68 45 78 57 77 54 79 56 72 47 73 49 58 33 71 48 76 54 80 56 77 57 77 54 72 49 53 32 70 45 78 53 82 60 85 60 78 54 73 51 61 39 67 44 78 55 81 58 77 54 77 50 74 50 55 33 81 46 84 58 88 64 84 63 76 52 78 53 55 35 65 45 75 54 84 69 80 55 73 54 72 52 56 29 76 35 77 54 81 68 78 60 70 48 73 49 58 35 69 41 80 58 81 58 85 59 76 50 75 50 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 15-Year Average 56 33 71 45 78 55 82 60 80 57 74 50 Table 2. Six-year heat stress summary (from May 1st – Sept. 30th)* o Temperatures > 90 F Hours Days Year 2016 10 3 2017 14 3 2018 12 4 2019 0 0 2020 12 3 2021 0 0 Average 8 2 131 Night (10pm-8am) Temperatures > 70o F Hours 147 80 123 104 123 168 124 Days 31 18 31 20 30 35 28 73 50 Table 3. The 15-year summary of precipitation (inches per month) recorded during the growing season at the Montcalm Research Center.* Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 15-Year Average April 2.64 1.59 3.94 1.59 3.42 2.35 7.98 4.24 3.71 2.25 4.45 2.04 2.64 3.49 1.71 May 1.60 1.69 2.15 3.68 3.08 0.98 4.52 5.51 2.96 2.77 1.98 5.51 5.46 4.75 2.18 June 1.58 2.95 2.43 3.21 2.38 0.99 2.26 3.25 4.79 1.33 6.37 3.64 2.90 1.40 5.58 July 2.43 3.07 2.07 2.14 1.63 3.63 1.35 3.71 1.72 3.42 0.92 1.19 2.04 4.07 4.79 August September 2.34 1.18 3.03 5.03 4.74 1.49 2.63 1.88 2.57 1.84 3.31 0.76 4.06 1.33 1.78 2.35 2.42 3.90 5.35 3.05 1.36 0.70 7.73 2.65 3.31 5.72 2.21 3.12 3.52 3.71 Total 11.77 17.36 16.82 15.13 14.92 12.02 21.50 20.84 19.50 18.17 15.78 22.76 22.07 19.04 21.49 3.20 3.25 3.00 2.55 3.36 17.94 2.58 *Weather data collected at the MSU Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. 132 I. 2021-2022 New Chip Processing Variety Box Bin Report (Chris Long, Trina VanAtta, Damen Kurzer, and Brian Sackett) Introduction This project evaluated new chip processing varieties from national and private breeding programs for processing quality after storage conditions. We evaluated a variety’s response to pile temperature, as reflected in sucrose and glucose levels, as well as weight loss and pressure bruise susceptibility. Bin 7 contains 36 10 cwt. boxes. We organized the 36 boxes into six stacks of six. The box design allows air to travel in from a header, or plenum wall, through the forklift holes of each box and up through the potatoes within it. The air continues to flow up through the next box until it reaches the top and is drawn off the top of the chamber. The air is then reconditioned and forced back through the header wall plenums and up through the boxes again. Each box contains a sample door facing the center aisle from which we sampled tubers for bi-weekly or monthly quality evaluations. Procedure In 2021, we evaluated and compared 34 new varieties to the check variety Snowden. Once the varieties were chosen, 1 cwt. of most varieties were planted in a single 34-inch wide row. Some varieties were planted in one half of a row for monthly sampling. Planting occurred on May14th at the MSU Montcalm Research Center, Entrican, MI. We planted the varieties at a 10” in-row seed spacing. All varieties received the following fertilizer: 273 lb. N/A, 98 lb. P2O5/A and 261 lb. K2O/A. The varieties were vine killed after 117 days and allowed to set skins for 40 days before harvest on October 18th and 19th, which was 157 days after planting. We did not account for variety maturity in harvest timing due to storage and handling restrictions. We placed approximately 10 cwt. of each variety in a box bin and stacked the boxes in Bin 7. For varieties sampled monthly, approximately eight trays of tubers were stacked on top of the box bins. The average storage temperature for all the box bins was 54.0ºF for the 2021-2022 season. At harvest, we collected nine, 20 lb. samples from each full row variety for weight loss and pressure bruise evaluation. We describe the varieties, their pedigree and scab ratings in Table 4. We also recorded yield, size distribution, chip quality, and specific gravity at harvest 133 in Table 5. We graded the varieties to remove all “B” size tubers and pickouts, ensuring the tubers began storage in good physical condition. The storage season began September 18th, 2021, and ended June 6th, 2022. Bin 7 was gassed with DMN and CIPC on November 16th and February 16th. We began variety evaluations on November 1st, followed by a bi-weekly or monthly sampling schedule until early June. We randomly selected forty tubers from each box every two weeks or one month and sent them to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. We also evaluated pressure bruising by placing nine pressure sample bags for each variety in one of the bulk bins at the storage facility. We placed three bags at each of 3’, 8’ and 14’ from the pile floor. When that bin was unloaded, we weighed the sample bags and calculated percent weight loss. We evaluated a 25-tuber sample from each of the nine bags for the presence or absence of pressure bruise. We recorded the number of tubers and severity of bruise. All pressure bruises were evaluated for discoloration. This report is not an archive of all the data that we generated for the box bin trial, but rather a summary of the data from the most promising lines. The purpose of this report is to present a summary of information from the best performing lines from this trial that will be moved along the commercialization process. If more detailed information is desired, please contact Chris Long at Michigan State University in the Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences for assistance at (517) 355-0277 or longch@msu.edu. Additional data is available on the program website, canr.msu.edu/potatooutreach. 134 Table 4. 2021-2022 MPIC Demonstration Chip Box Bin Variety Descriptions Entry Pedigree 2021 Scab Rating* Blackberry COMN07-W11BG1 x MSU200-5PP 2.0 Above average yield, low specific gravity, good internal quality CO11037-5W BC0894-2W x Nicolet 1.0 Average yield and specific gravity, larger vine type, medium netted skin CO12293-1W CO02024-9W x ND7519-1 2.5 Very high yield, uniform tubers with light skin, common scab susceptible COOR13270-2 Winterset x CO02024-9W 1.5 Very low yield, small tuber size profile, inconsistent skin, smaller vine type Lady Liberty B38-14 x Marcy 0.0 Above average yield, light netted skin, good chip and internal quality Mackinaw Saginaw Chipper x Lamoka 1.0 Average yield, flattened tubers with netted skin, good internal quality MSAA076-04 MSR127-2 x MSS297-3 1.0 Uniform heavy netted skin, nice appearance, good chip quality MSAA076-6 MSR127-2 x MSS297-3 1.5 Deep apical eyes, light netted skin, above average yield MSAA217-3 Beacon Chipper x Atlantic 1.5 Very high yield and specific gravity, moderate hollow heart, high proportion A-sized tubers MSAA252-7 NY148 x MSQ089-1 1.5 Large blocky round type, very high yield, high proportion A-sized tubers MSAA260-3 MSQ086-3 x Atlantic 1.5 Round blocky uniform type, high yield, good internal quality MSAA328-4 Boulder x MSR1698Y 0.5 MSAFB609-12 NY148 x MSQ086-3 3.0 135 Characteristics Less uniform blocky oval type, very low yield, large vine type with early vine maturity Less uniform pointed tubers, below average yield and specific gravity, smaller tuber size profile Entry Pedigree 2021 Scab Rating* Characteristics MSAFB635-15 NYH15-5 x MSS297-3 1.0 Average yield, higher specific gravity, good chip quality MSBB058-1 NY148 x MSR127-2 1.5 Very high specific gravity, average yield, small round type MSBB079-2 MSS927-1 x MSR127-2 0.5 Uniform round type, medium netted skin, above average yield MSBB230-1 NY148 x MSQ089-1 2.5 Below average yield, smaller round blocky type, high specific gravity MSBB614-15 Saginaw Chipper x MSR127-2 0.5 Below average yield and specific gravity, moderate internal defects, large vine type MSBB626-11 Saginaw Chipper x Kalkaska 1.0 Average yield and specific gravity, light netted skin, deeper eyes MSBB634-8 Lady Liberty x MSR169-8Y 0.5 Low yield, flattened blocky type, full season vine maturity MSBB635-14 Lady Liberty x MSS297-3 1.5 MSCC058-01 MSK061-4 x Manistee 2.0 MSCC376-01 MSR127-2 x Manistee 0.5 MSDD085-13 NY148 x MSR127-2 1.5 MSW474-1 MSN190-2 x MSP516-A 0.5 MSZ242-07 MSR169-8Y x MSU383-A 1.0 136 High yield, sticky stolons, compressed tuber shape, moderate vascular discoloration Round uniform type, medium netted skin, below average yield, high specific gravity Deeper apical eyes, netted skin, below average yield and specific gravity Very low yield, smaller tuber size profile, small vine type with early vine maturity Above average yield and specific gravity, uniform round type, good chip quality Very high yield, growth crack in pickouts, average specific gravity 2021 Scab Rating* Entry Pedigree Characteristics MSZ242-13 (Monroe) MSR169-8Y x MSU383-A 0.5 NY163 (Bliss) NYE50-8 x NYE48-2 0.5 NY172 Lady Liberty x F31-3 2.0 Slight skinning, average yield, common scab susceptible, larger vine type NY173 J110-12 x F31-3 1.5 High yield, light skin, some pitted scab lesions, smaller size profile NY174 NY148 x E48-2 1.5 Above average yield, moderate skinning, variable skin finish NYR101-2 Snowden x E48-2 1.5 Very small tubers and low US#1 yield, early vine maturity, lighter skin Petoskey Beacon Chipper x MSG227-2 1.5 Very high specific gravity, heavier netted skin, below average yield Snowden B5141-6 x Wischip 2.0 Moderate vascular discoloration, larger vine type, common scab susceptible W12078-76 Hodag x Lelah 1.0 Average yield, attractive round uniform type, good chip quality Round to oval type, highest specific gravity in the trial, high proportion Asized tubers Less uniform type, below average yield, good chip quality, moderate vascular discoloration *Scab rating based on 0-5 scale; 0 = most resistant and 5 = most susceptible. Common scab data and qualitative descriptions provided by Potato Outreach Program (P.O.P.), MSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program and other potato breeding programs. 137 Results: 2021-2022 Chip Processing Box Bin Highlights MSZ242-13 This variety has been evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program since 2016. At harvest, the specific gravity was 1.106, the highest in the trial and well above the average of 1.086. The US#1 yield was 345 cwt/A, slightly below average. Two pre-harvest samples were taken on August 15th and August 29th in which stable glucose and decreasing sucrose indicated potential chemical immaturity. This variety exhibited mid-season maturity, below average common scab incidence, and a higher percentage of US#1 tubers. It had good out of the field chip quality, with a 1.0 chip score and less stem end defect than the trial average (Table 5). Sucrose concentrations were initially high, remained elevated through February, and then decreased through May. They rose to the highest level at bin unloading on 6/6/22. Glucose concentrations were more stable, fluctuating between 0.001% and 0.003% during storage in all but the last two samples. There were only three samples with undesirable color, all below five percent. Internal chip color was also very good, with only the first and last sample displaying this defect. Total defects were generally low and three samples, including the final, had defects less than ten percent. Most samples had slight stem end color and bruising. This variety maintains good chip quality through early June and continues to demonstrate long term storage potential in Michigan. It has been named Dundee and is still under evaluation for commercialization. Figure 1. MSZ242-13 chip samples at the first processing date (10/18/21) and last processing date (6/6/22). 138 NY163 This Cornell University variety has been evaluated for five years by the Potato Outreach Program. It had a below average yield potential of 325 cwt/A US#1 tubers, partially due to small tuber size. It also had an average specific gravity of 1.088 and good chip quality with no stem end defect observed during chipping right after harvest (Table 5). Between the two pre-harvest samples, stable glucose and decreasing sucrose indicate chemical maturity. During initial bin cooling the sucrose was stable and remained consistent until the last two samples in May. Glucose remained low and stable until late April, after which it rose in the final four samples. Chip color was excellent during storage, with only one incidence of undesirable color in November. However, internal color was initially excellent but then sharply rose in the last two samples, ending at 84.9% internal color defects. Correspondingly, total defects were low during most of storage, but rose in the final chip samples. Chip quality was good from September to early April but quickly decreased through May. This variety will be further evaluated in the 2022-2023 Box Bin trial, as it demonstrates long-term storage potential with minimal chip defects until April. NY163 has been named Bliss and is still under evaluation. Figure 2. NY163 chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 4/18/22 (left) and last storage sample, 5/17/22 (right). 139 MSW474-1 This Michigan State University variety was first evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program in 2015. It had an above average US#1 yield of 446 cwt/A and higher than average total yield of 540 cwt/A in the 2021 Box Bin trial. It had 83% A-sized tubers, consistent with the trial average. The specific gravity and chip color were also consistent with the trial average, while both the common scab score and stem end defect rating were lower than average. Internal quality was excellent with no defects observed in 2021 (Table 5). Decreasing sucrose indicates chemical maturity at harvest. Sucrose concentrations were stable for much of harvest, but rose in May and June, ending at 1.150%X10 at the last sample. Glucose concentrations were more variable, reaching the highest concentration, 0.012%, in early February. There was no undesirable color observed for the duration of storage. Slight internal color was present but was below ten percent in all but one sample. Total defects were also variable, with some samples below ten percent defects and some over 45% defects. Most samples had bruising, and some had slight stem end color. MSW474-1 has long term storage potential at 54ºF through June. It will be further evaluated in the 2022-2023 Box Bin trial. Figure 3. MSW474-1 chip quality on the first (10/18/21) and last sample dates (6/6/22). 140 MSBB058-1 This Michigan State University variety has been evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program since 2019. It had an average US#1 yield of 370 cwt/A and total yield of 446 cwt/A. The size profile was consistent with the trial average. The specific gravity was very high, 1.096, well above the trial average of 1.086. Chip color, common scab rating, and stem end defect were also consistent with the trial average (Table 5). Between the two harvest samples, increasing glucose and sucrose indicated potential chemical immaturity at harvest. Sucrose was initially elevated, but decreased through May, reaching the lowest value of 0.277%X10 that month. At the final sample in June the sucrose rose again. Glucose concentrations were more variable, with initially high levels that decreased and remained low from December to May. Corresponding to the rising sucrose in the final sample, the glucose concentration was also elevated in June. Only two samples displayed undesirable color, both below five percent. Three samples also had slight internal color. Total defects were variable. Three samples in December, February, and April had few defects, but the sample in March had 100% defects. The final chip sample in June had 25.2% defects. This variety will be further evaluated in the Box Bin with bi-weekly sampling instead of the monthly sampling that occurred in 2021-2022. Figure 4. MSBB058-1 chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 4/4/22 (left) and last storage sample, 6/6/22 (right). 141 Snowden This variety was included as a commercial standard for the 2021-2022 Box Bin trial. It had a slightly below average US#1 and total yield. The size profile and specific gravity were consistent with the trial average, but 20% vascular discoloration was observed, higher than average. Chip quality was good, with a SNAC color score of 1.0 and no stem end defect observed (Table 5). In 2021 this variety had a larger vine type and earlier vine maturity than average. Snowden was chemically mature at harvest, with an increasing glucose concentration and decreasing sucrose rating. In storage, sucrose concentrations fluctuated but decreased by early January, and remained low until May. At the end of storage the concentrations rose, ending at a high of 1.232%X10 in late May. Glucose concentrations were elevated in November but decreased and remained low through May. Concentrations rose in the last two samples, with a final value of 0.010%. Snowden had good chip quality though most of storage, with no undesirable color, and limited internal color excluding the last two samples. Total defects were also generally low but rose in May. The final sample had 60% defects, caused by bruise and sugar browning due to elevated free sugars. Snowden continues to be grown and stored in Michigan and remains the standard for the Box Bin trials. Figure 6. Snowden chip quality on last acceptable sample date, 4/4/22 (left) and last storage sample 5/16/22 (right). 142 II. 2021 - 2022 Bulk Bin (500 cwt. Bin) Report (Chris Long, Trina VanAtta, Damen Kurzer, and Brian Sackett) Overview and Objectives The goals of the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee for the 2021-2022 bulk bin storage season were: 1. To study storage quality of MSZ242-13 and determine if storage quality merits further variety evaluation 2. To refine optimal storage profiles for NY163, specifically to determine optimal target temperature and storage duration 3. To determine a storage profile for MSW474-1 4. To evaluate the rate of bin cooling on tuber sugar conversion and chip quality in Petoskey. Procedure Each bin was filled under contract with potato producers in the state of Michigan. The MPIC paid field contract price for the potatoes to be delivered to the demonstration storage. Pressure bruise samples were collected for each bulk bin and the designated bulk bins were filled. The varieties and their storage management strategies were established by the MPIC Storage and Handling Committee. For each bulk bin filled, a corresponding box bin containing 10 cwt. was filled and placed into Bin 7. Bin 7 was held at 54ºF, which in most cases is warmer than the corresponding bulk bin of the same variety. This allowed the committee to see if the warmer storage temperature in the box bin would reduce storage life and provided information as to how the bulk bin tubers might physiologically age. All bulk bins were treated with DMN and CIPC on November 16th and February 16th. Bulk bin assignments are below: 1: MSZ242-13 (Walther Farms) 2: NY163 (Sandyland Farms) 3 and 4: MSW474-1 (Thorlund Brothers) 5 and 6: Petoskey (Walther Farms) 7: Box Bins 8 and 9: Mackinaw Pathology Study (Sackett Potatoes) 143 We began sugar monitoring the day tubers were loaded into storage and sampled tubers on a two-week schedule thereafter. Forty tubers were removed from the sample door in each bin every two weeks and sent to Techmark, Inc. for sucrose, glucose, chip color and defect evaluation. The sample door is located in the center back side of each storage bin and allows us to take samples from the pile three feet above the bottom of the pile. Pressure bruise evaluation began by collecting nine, 20 to 25 lb. tuber samples as each bin was being filled. Three samples were placed at each of three different levels within the bulk bin pile at 3, 8, and 14 feet from the storage floor. We evaluated the pressure bruise samples 3 to 5 days after the bin was unloaded. We randomly selected a set of 25 tubers from each bag and visually inspected for pressure bruising. By removing the tuber skin with a knife, we evaluated the discoloration for each flat spot. A visual rating established presence or absence of flesh color (blackening of flesh). We calculated percent weight loss in each tuber sample as it was removed from the storage. MSZ242-13 Storage Trial (Bin 1) MSZ242-13, a promising variety from Michigan State University, has commercialization potential in Michigan due to a high specific gravity and good internal quality. However, there are fewer tubers on reduced stem numbers compared to current commercially available varieties. This results in fewer and larger tubers, which is a concern for chip processors. Growers can manage tuber size with agronomic practices and overcome the tuber size issues if tuber quality in storage is excellent. The purpose of this bulk bin experiment was to evaluate glucose and sucrose reaction during pile cooling to 48ºF. The initial pulp temperature was 60.0ºF during loading on 10/27/21. The bins were cooled to 52ºF by early November. The original target temperature was not met, as the storage and handling committee chose to hold the bin at 52ºF and ship to a processor when the tubers reached acceptable quality. 144 The seed was planted in Three Rivers, MI on 4/14/21 and vine killed on 8/30/21 (138 DAP, GDD40 3717). This field was harvested on 10/23/21, 192 days after planting. At loading, there were 32% bruise free with an average of 1.4 bruises per tuber. Results Bulk Bin 1, MSZ242-13 (GDD40 3717, 48ºF) MSZ242-13 was grown at Walther Farms, Three Rivers Michigan (Figure 7). The Potato Outreach Program conducted a test dig prior to vine kill, in which ten feet of potatoes were harvested and graded. A US#1 yield of 472 cwt/A and total yield of 514 cwt/A were calculated from this test dig. Specific gravity was 1.090. There were 6.1 tubers per plant, 1.8 tubers per stem, and an average tuber weight of 5.9 oz. There were 65% A-sized tubers, 8% B-sized tubers, 27% oversize tubers, and no pickouts (Table 6). One preharvest panel was done on 8/30/21, just before vine kill (Table 7). The sucrose concentration in tubers sampled during bin loading was 0.608%X10, and concentrations fluctuated until the January 4th sample. Sucrose then rose sharply to a high of 1.692%X10 on February 7th, but then dropped to 0.688%X10 at the last sample on February 21st. The glucose concentrations followed a similar trend, and rose through December, fell through January, and then greatly increased on the February 7th sample. The final glucose concentration was 0.004%. Total chip defects were elevated during storage, always above 20% (Figure 8). This was due to the physical condition of the tubers, which caused rotten chips and dark chip color (Figure 10). There were 33.3% defects in the final sample on February 21st (Figure 8). The bin was unloaded on February 24th due to severe wet breakdown (Figure 9). Tuber quality deteriorated such that a processor would not accept them. Pressure bruise and weight loss in storage data could not be calculated due to poor tuber quality. 145 Table 6. 2021 Chip Process Potatoes Bulk Planting Test Digs CWT/A US#1 TOTAL 562 593 593 609 333 456 291 427 472 514 484 597 456 533 LINE NY163 Sandyland Farms Manistee Sandyland Farms MSW474‐1 Thorlund Bros. FL2137 Thorlund Bros. MSZ242‐13 Walther Farms Three Rivers Manistee Walther Farms Three Rivers MEAN 1 SIZE Bs: < 1 7/8" As: 1 7/8" ‐ 3 1/4" OV: > 3 1/4" PO: Pickouts 2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY Data not replicated US#1 95 98 73 68 92 81 85 3 PERCENT OF TOTAL1 Bs As OV 4 64 31 3 54 44 27 73 0 32 68 0 8 65 27 18 73 8 15 66 18 RAW TUBER QUALITY (percent of tubers out of 10) HH: Hollow Heart VD: Vascular Discoloration IBS: Internal Brown Spot BC: Brown Center PO 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 SP GR 1.083 1.081 1.091 1.089 1.090 1.079 1.086 Stand Count 11 9 10 10 15 11 11 Stem Count 35 31 40 46 50 40 40 4 Bs 15 10 78 93 25 81 50 As 66 55 86 69 54 85 69 OV 15 22 0 0 12 4 9 COMMON SCAB RATING 0.0: Complete absence of surface or pitted lesions 1.0: Presence of surface lesions 2.0: Pitted lesions on tubers, though coverage is low 3.0: Pitted lesions common on tubers 4.0: Pitted lesions severe on tubers 5.0: More than 50% of tuber surface area covered in pitted lesions 146 PO 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 Total Tubers 98 87 164 162 91 172 129 Tubers Average per Tubers Tuber Plant per Stem Weight 8.9 2.8 6.3 9.7 2.8 7.3 16.4 4.1 2.9 16.2 3.5 2.7 6.1 1.8 5.9 15.6 4.3 3.6 12.1 3.2 4.8 RAW TUBER QUALITY3 (%) HH VD IBS BC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COMMON SCAB RATING4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.4 Table 7. 2021 Chip Process Potatoes Bulk Planting Pre‐Harvest Panels Sugar Profile LINE MSZ242‐13 Walther Farms, Bin 1 NY163 Sandyland Farms, Bin 2 MSW474‐1 Thorlund Bros., Bins 3 and 4 Petoskey Walther Farms, Bins 5 and 6 Glucose % Sucrose %X10 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 147 0.651 0.514 0.651 0.654 Specific Gravity 1.084 1.088 1.086 Date 8/30/21 8/18/21 9/1/21 8/17/21 Figure 7. Manistee plants (left) and MSZ242-13 plants (right), and a close up of tuber initiation, both at Walther Farms, Three Rivers MI on 6/9/21. 148 Figure 8. Sucrose concentration, glucose concentration, and total defects in Bin 1, Walther Farms Three Rivers MSZ242-13 compared to the same box bin variety from 2021 to 2022. Sucrose Concentration Sucrose %X10 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 Date Bulk Bin 1 Box Bin 7 Glucose Concentration 0.010 Glucose % 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 Date Bulk Bin 1 Box Bin 7 Total Defects 100 Defects % 80 60 40 20 0 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 Date Bulk Bin 1 149 Box Bin 7 Figure 9. MSZ242-13 tubers during bin unloading on 2/24/22. Figure 10. Bulk Bin 1 chips on the first sample date (10/27/21), sample with highest defect incidence (12/6/22), and final sample date (2/21/22). 150 NY163 Storage Trial (GDD40 3369, 45ºF) NY163 was developed at Cornell University and has been evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program since 2016. While the yield is typically average to below average, it has a high tuber set and a smaller tuber size profile, which is appealing to the current needs of chip processors. NY163 is tolerant to both common scab and stem end defects and has an earlier vine maturity than Snowden. The thin skin makes it attractive to chip processors. It has good fresh chip quality and long-term storage potential. Some chip blistering has occurred, so this variety may be best suited for wavy or kettle chips. At bin loading the tubers were 72% bruise free with an average of 0.4 bruises per tuber. The tubers were planted at Sandyland Farms, Howard City, Michigan on 5/11/21, and were vine killed on 9/8/21, 120 days after planting. The potatoes were harvested on 10/8/21, 150 days after planting. The pulp temperature was 64.4ºF at bin loading. The NY163 seed was planted in a field with Manistee (Figure 11). Results The Potato Outreach Program conducted a ten-foot test dig of NY163 (Table 6). US#1 yield was 562 cwt/A and total yield was 593 cwt/A. Unusually for the variety, there were 31% oversize tubers, and the specific gravity was 1.083. The internal quality was good with no defects observed. One pre-harvest panel was taken on 8/18/21. The glucose concentration was 0.003%, and the sucrose concentration was 0.514%X10 (Table 7). The bin was initially cooled to 48ºF at 0.4ºF per day and was further cooled to 45ºF at 0.2ºF per day. This temperature was maintained from December to bin unloading on 3/14/22. The glucose concentrations in NY163 from October to March were variable, with a range of 0.000% (not actually 0, but a value too low to be detected by Techmark, Inc.) to 0.009% at bin unloading on 3/14/22. The sucrose concentrations were less variable, and followed a trend of increasing through January, then decreasing through bin unloading. Most samples 151 had good chip quality, excluding three samples on 11/1/21, 1/4/22, and 2/21/22 with defects over 20% (Figure 12). The bin was unloaded on 3/14/22 when the pile temperature was 44.8ºF. The Storage and Handling committee had hoped to store NY163 until June but rising glucose concentrations made chip quality after continued storage uncertain (Figure 13). Therefore, the potatoes were unloaded (Figure 14) and sent to Herr Food for processing on 3/15/22 (Figure 15). Sackett Potatoes chipped a sample of tubers and calculated a specific gravity of 1.081 (Figure 16). Herr Foods sent a sample of unsorted chips to the Potato Outreach Program, where chips were categorized as internal defects, external defects, sugar defects, or acceptable chips (Figure 17). There were 92.3% acceptable chips and 7.7% total defects. The defects were composed of 1.8% internal, 3.5% external, and 2.4% sugar defects. Pressure bruise evaluations were conducted on March 23rd according to the protocol described earlier in the report. Most tubers were bruised, with only 18% bruise free tubers after storage. However, most bruises did not discolor the tubers, and only 24% of the tubers had bruises with color (Table 6). NY163 continues to exhibit many good traits that make it an Atlantic or Pike replacement for out of the field and mid-season storage. This storage season continued to demonstrate the cold chipping potential of this common scab tolerant variety. As processors move towards smaller bags of chips, the above average tuber set per plant and generally smaller tuber type continue to be attractive to the industry. Unfortunately, moderate susceptibility to storage rots, including Pink Rot, Pythium Leak, and Bacterial Soft Rot, as well as thinner skin, remain challenging for growers and processors. 152 Figure 11. NY163 potato plants (right) in a field with Manistee plants (left). Close up of NY163 tubers, both at Sandyland Farms, Howard City, MI on 6/29/21. 153 Figure 12. Glucose concentration, sucrose concentration, and total defects in Bin 2, Sandyland NY163 compared to the same box bin variety from 2021 to 2022. Glucose Concentration 0.010 Glucose % 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 3/15 3/21 4/4 2/21 3/7 3/15 3/21 4/4 2/21 3/7 3/15 Date Bulk Bin 2 Box Bin 7 Sucrose Concentration 1.400 Sucrose %X10 1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 Date Bulk Bin 2 Box Bin 7 Total Defects 100 Defects % 80 60 40 20 0 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 Date Bulk Bin 2 154 Box Bin 7 Figure 13. NY163 chips from the first (10/18/21) and last (3/14/22) sample dates. Figure 14. NY163 tubers at bin unloading on 3/14/22. 155 Figure 15. Bulk Bin 2 NY163 tubers (left) and chips (right) at Herr Foods on 3/15/22. Figure 16. NY163 chipped by Sackett Potatoes on 3/14/22. 156 Figure 17. NY163 chips from Herr Foods sorted by Potato Outreach Program staff. Table 6. 2021-2022 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #2 NY163 (Howard City, MI) Location1 14' Bin 1 8' Bin 1 3' Bin 1 OVERALL AVERAGES Average Weight Loss (%) 3.70 4.16 8.63 Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber2 0 1 2 3+ 11 2 0 9 6 1 5 9 7 0 8 16 5.50 Without Bruise 45 8 1 18 Average % of Total Tuber Number Bruised Bruised with (No Color) Color3 55 0 83 9 37 61 58 24 Feet above the bin floor. A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color.” Loaded 10/8/2021 Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 64.6ºF 1 2 Unloaded 3/14/2022 Target Storage Temp. 157 45ºF End Temp. 44.8ºF MSW474-1 Storage Trial (Bins 3 and 4) This Michigan State University variety has continued commercialization potential in Michigan due to an above average specific gravity, common scab resistance, May storability from 46ºF, and a vine maturity similar to or later than Snowden. The yield potential continues to be lower than that of Snowden, and MSW474-1 displays variable chip quality in early storage with a higher proportion of chip defects when processed out of the field. These two bulk bins were filled with potatoes grown by Thorlund Brothers in Greenville, MI in a field with Manistee potatoes (Figure 17). The Potato Outreach Program conducted a ten-foot test dig prior to vine kill and calculated 333 cwt/A US#1 yield and 456 cwt/A total yield. The specific gravity was 1.091 and no internal defects were observed. There were 16.4 tubers per plant and 4.1 tubers per stem. The average tuber weight was 2.9 ounces. The tuber size profile was 73% A-sized tubers, 27% B-sized tubers, and no oversize or pickout tubers. Given the high tuber set and proportion of undersized tubers, a wider seed spacing of 12 to 13 inches may optimize yield. The potatoes in both bins were planted on April 26th and vines were killed on September 4th (131 DAP, GDD40 3436). Harvest occurred on October 27th, 184 days after planting. Two pre-harvest panels were conducted on August 18th and September 1st. Stable glucose and increasing sucrose indicates potential chemical immaturity prior to vine kill. At harvest the pulp temperature was 53ºF for both bins. The tubers were damaged at bin loading, with 12% bruise free tubers in Bin 3 and 20% bruise free tubers in Bin 4. The bins were loaded the day of harvest and were treated with CIPC on November 16th and February 16th. These bins were designed to study chip quality and potato storability under two different storage protocols. 158 Figure 17. MSW474-1 potatoes (right) with Manistee potatoes (left) at Thorlund Brothers on 6/29/21. Results Bulk Bin 3, MSW474-1 (GDD40 3436, 46ºF) This bin was cooled from 54ºF to 50ºF by mid-November by cooling at a rate of 0.4ºF per day and was further cooled to 48ºF at 0.2 ºF per day through December. The initial target temperature was 46ºF, but high free sugars contraindicated further cooling beyond 48ºF. Beginning in April the temperature increased and ended at 52.8 ºF at bin unloading on May 2nd. MSW474-1 displayed a stable but generally decreasing sucrose concentration. The sucrose trended down from bin loading through later April, after which it rose until bin unloading in early May. Glucose concentrations were more variable, with concentrations above 0.025% from November to January. Concentrations were again high on March 7th at 0.028% but were below 0.020% at all other samples. The variable glucose indicates that higher free sugars were present in the tubers at several points in the storage season. While the sugar was metabolized, indicated by the more stable sucrose, the MSW474-1 chip samples would have produced more brown chips had the storage temperature been further reduced to the original target temperature of 46ºF. Total defects were variable, with defects 159 between 0% and 91.8%. All but three samples at the beginning of storage had over 25% defect incidence (Figure 18). Raising the temperature of the bin from April to May was an attempt to recondition the potatoes and prevent further starch to sucrose conversion. Unfortunately, two samples (April 26th and May 2nd) indicated that reconditioning was unlikely to succeed. At bin unloading, the potatoes in Bin 3 were sold to Campbells Soup Company. No further process data is available. At bin unloading, most tubers had bruises. This was expected, given that only 12% were bruise free at bin loading. However, 87% of the tubers were bruised with no color, indicating that the bruises were less likely to negatively impact chip quality by causing discoloration in finished chips (Table 7). 160 Figure 18. Glucose concentration, sucrose concentration, and total defects in Bins 3 and 4 Thorlund MSW474-1 compared to the same box bin variety. Glucose Concentration Glucose % 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/27 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 3/21 4/4 4/18 4/26 5/2 4/4 4/18 4/26 5/2 4/4 4/18 4/26 5/2 Date Bulk Bin 3 Bulk Bin 4 Box Bin 7 Sucrose Concentration Sucrose %X10 1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/27 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 3/21 Date Bulk Bin 3 Bulk Bin 4 Box Bin 7 Total Defects 100 Defects % 80 60 40 20 0 10/27 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 12/27 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/21 Date Bulk Bin 3 Bulk Bin 4 161 Box Bin 7 Figure 18. MSW474-1 chip images on 10/27/21 (top left), 11/1/21 (top right), 4/26/22 (bottom left), and 5/2/22 (bottom right). Bulk Bin 4, MSW474-1 (GDD40 3436, 48ºF) This bulk bin was cooled like Bin 3 above and reached the target temperature of 48ºF by December. No further cooling was attempted, as Bulk Bins 3 and 4 were initially filled to observe differences in chip quality between tubers stored at 46ºF and 48ºF. The sucrose concentrations in Bin 4 were more variable than those of Bin 3. While concentrations were stable to decreasing in Bin 3, they rose from the beginning of storage to January, when they reached a high of 1.026%(X10). After this date, sucrose generally decreased with each sample. The rise in sucrose from April 26th to the end of storage indicates higher reducing sugars and decreased chip quality. Glucose concentration in Bin 4 was also variable, with the highest concentration of 0.037% observed on December 27th. As in Bin 3, these concentrations were higher than those of the 162 Thorlund MSW474-1 tubers kept in the Box Bin trial at 54ºF. Three chip samples had defects over 80%, December 6th, February 21st, and April 26th. All other chip samples had defects over 20%. Declining chip quality and rising sucrose necessitated the sale of the potatoes in Bin 4 on the same date as Bin 3. No additional processor data is available. The pressure bruise evaluation produced similar results to that of Bin 3. Only 4% of tubers were bruise free, but 78% of tubers that did have bruising did not have discoloration. 18% of tubers were bruised with color, higher than the 2% in Bin 3. There is continued processor interest in further evaluating MSW474-1 given its many strong agronomic qualities. The storage and handling committee had concerns of variable maturity in the field at harvest. Potential chemical immaturity may have played a role in poor storage quality from 2021 to 2022. Figure 19. MSW474-1 from Bin 4 chip samples taken on 10/27/21 (top left), 2/21/22 (top right), 4/4/22 (bottom left), and 5/2/22 (bottom right). 163 Table 7. 2021-2022 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #3 and #4 MSW474-1 (Greenville, MI) Location1 14' Bin 3 8' Bin 3 3' Bin 3 OVERALL AVERAGES 14’ Bin 4 Average Weight Loss (%) 22.06 20.59 22.13 Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber2 0 1 2 3+ 3 3 3 7 12 11 9 8 7 6 2 4 21.59 Without Bruise 11 11 12 Average % of Total Tuber Number Bruised Bruised with (No Color) Color3 88 1 85 4 88 0 11 87 2 20.10 2 14 6 2 8 85 7 8’ Bin 4 20.78 1 6 10 8 4 81 15 3’ Bin 4 OVERALL AVERAGES 22.57 0 1 4 19 0 68 32 4 78 18 Feet above the bin floor. A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color." Loaded 10/27/21(both) Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 53.0ºF (both) 46.0ºF (3) 52.8ºF (3) Unloaded 5/4/22 (both) Target Storage Temp. End Temp. 48.0 ºF (4) 53.0ºF (4) 1 2 164 Petoskey (Bins 5 and 6) This Michigan State University selection has been evaluated by the Potato Outreach Program since 2016. It has an above average specific gravity, common scab resistance, vine maturity like that of Snowden, and can be stored until May at 46ºF. However, the yield potential is typically less than that of Snowden and it may display a post emergence herbicide stress response. Petoskey is not suited for shipping from early storage, but chip quality typically improves after four months in storage. The tuber shape is round to occasionally slightly compressed with a heavier netted skin. This variety was planted on April 10th at Walther Farms, Cass City MI with a 9.5 inch in row spacing. Vine kill occurred on September 3rd (146 DAP, 3702 GDD40). The potatoes were harvested on September 20th (163 DAP, 4146 GDD40). At harvest, the pulp temperature was 63.6ºF, and at bin loading the pulp temperature was 61.2ºF in Bin 5 and 62.8ºF in Bin 6. Tubers were 44% and 52% bruise free, with 0.9 and 0.7 bruises per tuber, respectively. One pre-harvest sample was taken for Petoskey on August 17th (Table 7). The specific gravity was 1.086, glucose was 0.002%, and the sucrose rating was 0.645% (X10). The sample was chipped and had an SFA color of 1.0 with some bruising noted. Both bins 5 and 6 were gassed with DMN and CIPC on November 16th and February 16th. 165 Figure 20. Petoskey (left) and Lamoka (right) grown at Walther Farms Cass City on 6/22/21, 73 days after planting with 1430 GDD40 Figure 21. Close up of Petoskey tubers at Walther Farms Cass City on 7/19/21, 100 days after planting with 2254 GDD40 Results Bulk Bin 5, Petoskey (GDD40 3702, 48ºF) The target temperature in Bulk Bin 5 was achieved by November 11th through cooling from 52ºF to 48ºF at 0.4ºF per day. This temperature was maintained until bin unloading on March 15th. 166 The sucrose concentration was initially high at 1.189% (X10) but decreased through November during initial bin cooling. The concentrations fluctuated until early February, then decreased to 0.363% (X10) at bin unloading. Glucose concentrations were more stable and decreased from bin loading until early December. The glucose was highest at 0.008% on December 20th, but then decreased to 0.003% at the end of storage. Petoskey had variable chip defects, with all samples containing between 10% and 30% defects from bin loading until December. Defects then increased above 40% for the next three samples, before chip quality increased for the final three evaluations. No sample was taken on March 7th, but the final sample had 15.7% defects (Figure 22). Bruise, slight stem end color, and dark chips caused chip defects in Bin 5. A dashed line is used between the 2/21/22 and 3/15/22 data points to estimate the missing data series. Both Bin 5 and Bin 6 were unloaded on 3/15/22 when rising chip defects indicated that the variety would not likely store until April or May as was initially planned (Figure 24). At unloading, some internal sprouting was observed, confirming that chip quality would not improve with additional storage (Figure 25). Both bins were shipped to Middleswarth Potato Chips, Middleburg, PA. A sample of tubers was also processed by Sackett Potatoes, Mecosta MI (Figure 26). The specific gravity was 1.081 and Frito Lay solids was 16.94. A sample of cooked chips from Middleswarth Potato Chips was sent to East Lansing MI for evaluation by Potato Outreach Program staff. There were 90.38% acceptable chips, 9.22% of chips with external defects, mainly due to sprouting, and 0.39% of chips with internal defects (Figure 27). Average weight loss was 4.27% with 26% bruise free tubers. 54% were bruised with no color, and only 20% were bruised with color (Table 8). 167 Figure 22. Glucose concentration, sucrose concentration, and total defects in Bins 5 and 6 Walther Petoskey compared to the same box bin variety Glucose Concentration 0.025 Glucose % 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 9/20 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 2/21 3/7 3/15 4/4 2/21 3/7 3/15 4/4 2/21 3/7 3/15 4/4 Date Bulk Bin 5 Bulk Bin 6 Box Bin 7 Sucrose %X10 Sucrose Concentration 1.400 1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 9/20 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 Date Bulk Bin 5 Bulk Bin 6 Box Bin 7 Total Defects 100 Defects % 80 60 40 20 0 9/20 10/8 10/18 11/1 11/15 12/6 12/20 1/4 1/17 2/7 Date Bulk Bin 5 Bulk Bin 6 168 Box Bin 7 Figure 23. Bulk bin 5 first chip sample on 9/20/21 (left), and last chip sample on 3/15/22 (right). Figure 24. Petoskey tubers in Bin 5 at unloading on 3/15/22. Figure 25. Some internal sprouting was observed in the Petoskey tubers at bin unloading (left), with a section cut off the tuber (right) on 3/15/22. 169 Figure 26. Tubers from Bin 5 were chipped by Sackett Potatoes on 3/15/22. Figure 27. Chips from Middleswarth Potatoes Chip after sorting by defect type. Acceptable chips are on the left, chips with internal defects are on the top right, and chips with external defects are on the bottom right. 170 Bulk Bin 6, Petoskey (GDD40 3702, 50ºF) This bin performed like Bin 5 in terms of total chip defects, internal color, and undesirable color. Sucrose followed a generally decreasing trend at each sample but was slightly lower than the sucrose concentration in Bin 5. Glucose concentration was consistent with that of Bin 5, ending at 0.002% at bin unloading on November 30th. There was one incidence of undesirable color on November 16th, 8.6%. Internal color was always above nine percent, with the highest incidence in the first sample. Total defects were also elevated, with each sample containing over 33% defects. This bin was also unloaded on November 30th. As the tubers from Bin 5 and Bin 6 were mixed for processing, no separate data exists for Bin 6. See Bin 5 for results from Better Made Snack Foods. Sackett Potatoes processed a sample from Bin 6 on November 30th and found a specific gravity of 1.077 and Frito lay Solids of 16.2 (Figure 33). Average weight loss in Bin 6 was 2.22%. 83% of tubers were bruise free, 16% were bruised with no color, and one percent was bruised with color (Table 8). Figure 28. Bulk Bin 6 first chip sample on 9/21/21, and last chip sample on 3/15/21. 171 Figure 29. Unloading Bin 6 on 3/15/22. Figure 30. Chips made at Sackett Potatoes from Bin 6 tubers on 3/15/22. 172 Figure 31. Chips from Middleswarth Potato Chips sorted by the Potato Outreach Program on 7/27/22. Acceptable chips are on the left side, with external, vascular, internal, and greening defects in descending order on the right side. 173 Table 8. 2021-2022 PRESSURE BRUISE DATA Bulk Bin #5 and #6 Petoskey (Cass City, MI) Location1 Average Weight Loss (%) Average Number of External Pressure Bruises Per Tuber2 0 1 2 3+ 11 6 2 7 10 9 5 7 9 1 2 5 14' Bin 5 8' Bin 5 3' Bin 5 OVERALL AVERAGES 14’ Bin 6 4.45 8.17 14 9 2 8’ Bin 6 4.12 8 13 3’ Bin 6 OVERALL AVERAGES 4.88 9 13 468 3.67 4.27 5.72 Without Bruise 44 24 9 Average % of Total Tuber Number Bruised Bruised with (No Color) Color3 52 4 56 20 55 36 26 54 20 0 55 43 3 3 1 33 64 3 3 0 37 61 1 42 56 2 Feet above the bin floor. A Sample of 25 tubers randomly selected. Each tuber was first evaluated for the number of visual pressure bruises: 0, 1, 2, 3+. 3 A cut slice was removed just below the skin of each bruised area. If any flesh was darkened, it was scored as a tuber "with color.” 61.2ºF (5) Loaded 9/21/21(both) Pulp Temp. (at Filling) 62.8ºF (6) 47.8ºF (5) 48.0ºF Unloaded 3/15/22 (both) Target Storage Temp. 48.4ºF (6) End Temp. (both) 1 2 Mackinaw Storage Pathology Trial (Bins 8 and 9) Dr. Jaime Willbur used Bins 8 and 9 to study Mackinaw performance after a stressful growing season in 2021 and evaluated the disease susceptibility to various storage pathogens. Commercial applications of SaniDate were also evaluated as a method of reducing storage disease incidence. For further information on the pathology results from this study, please see the research report from the Willbur lab. This report deals with storge and chip quality. The potatoes for bins 8 and 9 were grown at Sackett Potatoes, Mecosta, MI. The field was planted on May 4th, 2021, and vines were killed on September 10th (129 DAP, 3457 GDD40). Tuber were harvested on October 15th (164 DAP, 4248 GDD40) and had a harvest 174 pulp temperature of 57F. One pre-harvest panel was taken on August 13th, 28 days prior to vine kill. At this time, the specific gravity was 1.099, glucose was 0.001%, and sucrose concentration was 1.195 (X10). The sample was chipped at Techmark and has a SFA color of 1.0 and 5.5% total defects. Results Bulk Bins 8 and 9, Mackinaw, (GDD40 4248, 48ºF) Results from Bins 8 and 9 are discussed together as the tubers were grown in the same field and both bins had the same management strategy. Bulk Bins 8 and 9 were loaded on October 16th and cooled to the target temperature of 48ºF by December, where it remained for the duration of storage (Figure 34). CIPC was applied on November 16th and February 16th. Sucrose concentrations remained elevated during storage in both bins. Bulk bins 8 and 9 had sucrose concentrations above 0.008%X10 until late February, with concentrations generally decreasing through the end of storage on July 6th. Glucose concentrations fluctuated, with values between 0.001% and 0.006% (bin 9) and 0.005% (bin 8). Total defects were variable during storage and were generally lower in bin 9. Bin 9 had the highest total defect incidence of 49.9% total defects in early May. Bin 8 had the highest total defect incidence of 35.4% in early March (Figure 34). No pressure bruising was conducted on this bin. See Figures 35 and 36 for images of the first and last chip sample in each bin. Both bins were unloaded on July 6th (Figures 37 and 38). Final bin temperatures were 49ºF for Bin 8 and 49.2ºF for Bin 9. During bin unloading, a representative sample of tubers from each bin was evaluated by Sackett Potaotes. Tubers from Bin 8 had a specific gravity of 1.088 and 18.17 Frito-Lay solids. Tubers from Bin 9 had a specific gravity of 1.089 and 18.19 Frito Lay solids. POP staff photographed the chip samples at the MSU Agronomy farm (Figures 39 and 40). 175 The tubers were shipped to Shearer’s Food Inc., and were chipped on July 7th. Tubers from each bin were chipped as flat chips and wavy chips (Figures 41 and 42). Bin 8 produced chips with 11% total defects and an Agtron score of 58.6. Chips from Bin 9 had 12% total defects and an Agron score of 62. Shearer’s Food Inc. found the chip quality acceptable and accepted both loads. Figure 34. Glucose concentration, sucrose concentration, and total defects in Bins 8 and 9 Sackett Mackinaw compared to the same box bin variety Glucose Concentration Glucose % 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 -0.001 Date Bulk Bin 8 Bulk Bin 9 Box Bin 7 Sucrose %X10 Sucrose Concentration 1.400 1.200 1.000 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 Date Bulk Bin 8 Bulk Bin 9 176 Box Bin 7 Total Defects Defects % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Date Bulk Bin 8 Bulk Bin 9 Box Bin 7 Figure 35. Bulk Bin 8 first chip sample on 10/18/21 and last chip sample on 7/6/22. Figure 36. Bulk Bin 9 first chip sample on 10/18/21 and last chip sample on 7/6/22. 177 Figure 37. Tubers from Bulk Bin 8 unloading on 7/6/22. Figure 38. Tubers from Bulk Bin 9 unloading on 7/6/22. 178 Figure 39. Chips produced at Sackett Potatoes from Bin 8 on 7/6/22. Figure 40. Chips produced at Sackett Potatoes from Bin 9 on 7/6/22. 179 Figure 41. Flat and wavy chips produced by Shearer’s Food Inc. on 7/7/22 with tubers from Bin 8. Figure 42. Flat and wavy chips produced by Shearer’s Food Inc. on 7/7/22 with tubers from Bin 9. 180