PROCEEDINGS of 1951 TURF CONFERENCE Sponsored by the and PURDUE UNIVERSITY LAFAYETTE, INDIANA March 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1951 T a b l e of C o n t e n t s Attendance..•.••••...•.•.•...•..••••••..•••..•...I-XII W e l c o m e to P u r d u e U n i v e r s i t y . . . . . . . . . . F . L . H o v d e 5 P r o b l e m s in T u r f T o d a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F r e d V . G r a u 7 Turf Maintenance in W a r t i m e , ..... .0. J. Noer 12 R e c o r d s and L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t , . . . . Don Strand 19 L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t on M y C o u r s e . . . . . . . . W . Ii. G l o v e r 22 Superintendents 1 Relations•.....,....Frank Dunlap 28 Roadsides and Airports...............H. B . Musser 33 Athletic Fields M. E . F a r n h a m IlO Shade Tree Care Carl Fenner l\$ R e c o g n i z i n g a n d C o m b a t i n g D i s e a s e s . . . J* C . C a r t e r If. 9 Tree Habitat.... .T. E . S h a w 56 Athletic Field Turf Management......M. E . Farnham 59 P l a n t F o o d S u p p l i e s for 1 9 5 1 . 6I4, .A. H . B o w e r s C h e m i c a l Outlook for Turf Fertilizers .«...•...•.•...•.. J. L. Marzak 65 .....G-. E . L e h k e r 69 C o n t r o l of T u r f D i s e a s e s in M i c h i g a n . J . R . V a u g h n 72 The 1950 Turf Fungicide Trials....E. G . Sharvollè 75 PMAS on T e e s , My Experience.........M. M . Parsons S u m m a r y of C h e m i c a l C o n t r o l M e a s u r e s f o r C r a b g r a s s ..........B. H . Grigsby J8 T e s t i n g f o r B e t t e r G r a s s e s . . . . . . . . . . .Fred V . G r a u 81+ G o l f G r e e n s , G o o d and B a d . . . . ...R. H . Davis 85 Experiences with U~3 Bermuda. .Al L i n k o g e l 87 Testing F a i r w a y Grasses..........t...,D. E . Likes 89 C h i o k w e e d C o n t r o l in L o u i s v i l l e . . . . . . . P a t R u s s e l l 91 I n s e c t s of Tutff..... 80 C h i c k w e e d and C l o v e r C o n t r o l on O u r F a i r w a y s at L a n s i n g C o u n t r y C l u b . . • • . . • . . » • . . . • • • • . L e r o y Jones 92 Chemical Control, A Summary.............0. J. Noer 93 Breeding Turf Grasses.................H. B . Musser 99 C o m p i l e d C o u r t e s y of WEST POINT LAWN PRODUCTS West Point, Pa. ATTENDANCE MIDWEST REGIONAL TURF FOUNDATION CONFERENCE March ¿fame 1. Adams, George E . 2. Allen, Joe 3. Appleberry, Elbert U. Arcand, George J. 5. Bailey, H. S. 6. Baker, A . S. 7. Becker, Richard 8. Beckstrom, Carl 9. Bell, C. A . 10. Bennett, Wayne F . 11. Benson, Arthur 12. Bertucci, Adolph 13. Bertucci, Elmor 1U. Bild, Peter 15. Bishop, Lester L. 16. Bockoski, Chester 17. Boone, Howard 18. Borchart, Gordon 19. Borgj Gus 20. Borgmeier, C. 0 . 21. Born, Willard 22. Bowden, G. L . 6, 7 and 8 , 1951 Address and Country Club or Company R . 2«,1 Fulton Rd., E St., Canton, Ohio Tarn 0 Shanter Country Club 50 Ferndale St., Cincinnati 15, Ohio Cincinnati Municipal G C lokh Buena Vesta Cir., Chicago Heights Bloom Township High School 111. 2721 W . 38th Place, Chicago 32, 111. Chicago Park District 2015 Colfax Street, Evanston, Illinois George A . Davis, Inc. 2529 Catalpa Drive, Dayton, Ohio Jacobson Mfg. Company Wolworth, Wisconsin Big Foot C C R.l, Box 62 E , St. Charles, 111. St. Charles C C 1508 High Street, Logansport, Indiana Dickenyan R . R . 6, Box 39, Kokomo, Indiana Kokomo C C Aurora, Illinois Aurora C C 1825 S. Telegraph, Lake Forest, 111. Lake Shore C C 3^5 Highwood Avenue, Highwood, 111. Old Elm G C Box 103, Lisle9 Illinois Woodridge G C R . R . 2, North Canton, Ohio Edgewood G C 61*33 Broadway, Indianapolis 20, -4id. Willow Brook G C Cincinnati, Ohio Hamilton County Park District Camp Atterbury, Indiana U . S. Army Springfield, Illinois Illini C C 1126 N . Grove Ave., Oak Park, 111. George A . Davis Company 28U1 Consaul St., Toledo, Ohio City of Toledo Wilford, Ohio Terrnra Park C C 23. Bowman, Oscar W . 2k. Bowers, A , H . 25. Boyd, Taylor 26. Boyer, Harry C . 27. Brandt, James W . 28. Bretzlaff, Carl 29. Brinkworth, W . H . 30. Brown, Agar M . 31. Buckles, Clinton 32. Budin, Danny 33. Buettner, Valentin 3h. Burdette, Paul E . 35. Bush, Edwin F . 36. Butler, Albert 37. Butz, E . L . CO Cagle, J. C. 39. Cahill, Jim ho. Canale, Joseph hi. Carter, J.C. h2. Cassier, E . W . U3. Chamberlin, Robert L . uu. Chamber, Ardy H . U5. Chaplin, R . C . Chord, Edward K . 1*7. Clarke, William U8. Clauss, Walter L . U9. Coble, Clem 7 Algonquin Lane, Webster Grove 19, Mo. Algonguin G C Chicago, Illinois Swift & Co., Plant Food Division Box 21, Sta. M . , Cincinnati 27, 0 . Camargo Club Cincinnati, Ohio Losantiville C C 101 E . 27th St., Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis % n i . Golf Courses R # 16, Box 6I4I, Indianapolis hh> ^nd. Meridian Hills C C Minneapolis, Minne sota Toro Mfg. Company St. 1 Charles, Illinois ! N a t 1 Greenkeeping Supt. A s s n . E . R . 2, Champaign, Illinois University of Illinois 12805 Shaker Blvd., Cleveland, 0 . Hawthorne Valley C C 20782 Murwood, Detroit 19, Mich. Plum Hollow G C Lombard, Illinois Seed, Fertilizer & G C Supply 903 N . Jefferson St., Hartford City, Ind. Blackford C C R . 1, Michigan City, Indiana Pottawattomie C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University, Dept. of Ag. Econ. Indianapolis, Indiana Speedway G C Covington, Kentucky Summit Hills k22 E . Walnut St., Oglesby, 111. Deer Park G C Urbana, Illinois State Natural History Survey Division Box 1^22, Sycamore, Illinois Sycamore G C 1169 S. Schuyler, Kankakee, 111. Kankakee C C 736 S. Humphrey, Oak Park, Illinois O'Hare Field, Park Ridge, Illinois R . 2, LaGrange, Illinois Edgewood Valley C C lOltOO S . Christiana Ave., Chicago U3, • Chicago Park District 111. 251*1 Prospect Avenue, Evanston, 111. Northwestern G C 529 Marquette Ave., Peoria, 111. Madison Park New Augusta, Indiana Broadmoor C C 50. Coghill, John E . 51. Cornwell, Ward 52. Covai, Pete 53. Dalman, George 5k. Daniel, William H. 55- Darrah, John 56. Davis, Raymond C. 57. Davis, R 58. Dearie, Gerald M . 59. Dettling, T. J. 60. Didier, Ray 61 Dienhart, A . P. 62. Dinelli, Frank J. 63. Donat, J. Donald 6k. Doud, Don A . 65. Dowell, Earl 66. Drachman, P. E . 67. Dryfoos, Sidney L . 66. Duehr, Edward J. 69. Duguid, Robert 70. Dunlap, Frank 71. Dunn, Andrew C. 72. Engelhardt, Peter 73. Eichar, William G . 7k. Eley, Ernest 75. Enfi eld, Ge or ge R. Orland Park, Illinois Silver i*ake G C 1358 Anita, Grosse Pointe 30, Mich. Lochmoor Country Club 3158 N . Layman Ave, Indianapolis, Ind. Country Club of Indianapolis Lemont, Illinois Coghill Country Club Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind. Purdue University R . 1, Matteson, 111. Turf Development Co., Inc. Medinah, Illinois Medinah C C Wooster, Ohio Ohio Experiment Station 20U5 Pratt Blvd., Chicago, 111. Edgewater G C k3 E . Market St., Akron, Ohio Dettling Brothers Seed Store 6780 Howard Ave., Niles, 111. 1 Tam 0 Shanter C C R . R . #10, Lafayette, Indiana Elks C C 1302 Clavey Rd., Highland Park, 111. Northmoor C C R . D . 2, ^orth Canton, Ohio Edgewood G C 3lj.02 Blvd. Place, Indianapolis, Ind. Crown Hill Cemetery lllil State St., Lafayette, Ind. Lafayette C C Evansville, Indiana Evansville C C 3108 Mayfield Rd., Cleveland 18, Ohio Oakwood Club Midlothian, Illinois Midlothian C C Skokie, Illinois Evanston G C 902 Caledonia, Cleveland 12, Ohio The Country Club 389 N . Delaplaine, Riverside, Illinois Catholic Ceineteries Box 273, Worth, Illinois Westgate Valley G C 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, il.Y. American Cyanamid Company Greenville, Ohio Greenville C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University 76. Esterline, Walter 77. Fannin, Howard 78. Farnham, Marshall E . 79. Fenner, Carl 80. Ferguson, Ken 81. Ferreiro, Angelo 82. Fifield, E . 83. Fix, Harold ¥ . 81*. Fontaine, L . L . 85. Ford, 0. C. 86. Forste, Clifford 87. Foster, D . A . 88. Futerer, Jack 89. Gabriel, Sam. J. 90. Genovese, Vince 91. Gerber, Raymond 92. Gilley, Angus 93. Gillie, David 9k. Glissmann, Harold W . 95. Glover, W . H . 96. Gräffis, Joe 97. Grant, Gilmore 98. Grau, Fred V . 99» Graves, Stan 100. Green, D . C . 101. Greenwald, Taylor C . R . I,. 5* Kuncie, Indiana Delaware C C Cleveland 21, Ohio Mayfield C C West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania Philadelphia C C Lansing, Michigan City Forester Eau Claire, Michigan Ferguson & Sons 1312 Cedar, Kent, Ohio Twin Lakes C C 1236 Rutledge St., Gary, Indiana Gary Parks Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Box 636, Cherokee Sta., Louisville 5, Big Spring G C Ky. Fowler, Indiana Cincinnati, Ohio Losantiville C C 215 Stewart St., Rossville, H i . Hubbard Trail C C Solon, Ohio Hawthorne Valley C C Harlem Ave. & Lake Ave., River Forest, Cook County Forest Preserve 111. 309 South 21st, Murphysboro, 111, Jackson C C Glen Ellyn, Illinois Glen Oak C C K . R . 6, Connersville, Indiana Connersville C C Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Wayne Park Dept. Boys Town, Nebraska 1 Father Flanagan s Eoys Fairfax, Virginia Fairfax C C b07 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 5, 111. Golf dora 3265 Robin Rd., Louisville 13, Ky. Audubon C C Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md. U . S. G, A . Green Section Clevelans, Ohio Westwood C C R.R. 1, Hoopeston, Illinois Hubbard Trail C C Wyoming, Ohio Wyoming, G C 102. Griener, Clarence 103. Griesenauer, Gregory J lOii. Grigsby, H . B. 105. Grotti, Dominic 106. Gruber, Calvin 107. Habenicht, Carl B . 108. Hall, F . R . 109. Hall, Ray 110. Hamblen, Floyd 111. HammerSchmidt, T. F . 112. Hannemann, H . R . 113. Hanson, Harry H. lilt. Harasty, Louis 115. Hardy, Percy 116. Hasbargen, Harry II. 117. Harter, Charles E . 118. Hayes, Thomas V . 119. Helmbold, George 120. Herbstreit, Harold G. 121. Hewitt, Edwin 122. Hinz, Alvin 123. Hjort, Carl H . I2ii. Hoover, James 125. Hosfeld 3 A . 126. Hoyt, Walter 127. Hovde, F. L . k3 S. Delaware St., Indianapolis, Ind. C. E . Griener Co,, Inc. Room 330, Muni. Courts Bldg., St. Louis, City of St. Louis Mo. East Lansing, Michigan Michigan State College Winnetka, Illinois Sunset Ridge C C Cincinnati, Ohio Hamilton County Park District Box 258, Tinley Park, Illinois H & E Sod Nursery Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Pekin, Illinois Pekin C C Tipton, Indiana Tipton G C Lisle, Illinois Woodridge G C Menesha, Wisconsin North Shore G C R . 2, Benton, Illinois Benton C C Cleveland 22, Ohio Canterbury Golf Club River Grove, Illinois Indian Boundry G C 2000 Coff Blvd, Kankakee, Illinois Kankakee C C Logansport, Indiana Dykeman Park G C Overland, Missouri Meadow Brook C C McArthur Ave., Dayton, Ohio Madden G C Cleves & Warsaw Pike, Cincinnati 0. Western Hills C C Cincinnati 31, Ohio Hamilton County Park District Church Rd., Bensenville, 111. White Pines Michigan City, Indiana Long Beach C C Pontiac, Luinois Elks C C 813 N. Main St., Rockford, Illinois Sinn'issippi G C LaGrange, Illinois Timber Trails C C Lafayette, Indiana Pres., Purdue University 128. Huber, Lawrence 129. Jackiewic z , J0 seph 130. Jackson, Wallace 131. Janssen, Eimer 132. Johnsen, John M . 133. Johnson, E . F . 13h. Jones, Fred G. 135. Jones, LeRoy 136. Jury, Ira W . 137. Kavanaugh, Marty 138. Kingsley, Duane G. 139. Kirchdorfer, Joe,Jr. 1U0. Klauke, Fred IUI. Kramer, Francis J. 11*2. Kramer, Michael J. 11*3. Kramer, John F . 11*1*. Kramer, Norman W . 11*5. Kurek, William E . 11*6. Lamboley, H . T. 11*7. Lammert, Joseph F . 11*8. Lange, Henry 11*9. Lapp, Arnos 150. Lawson, Charles C . 151. Lawson, Jimmie S. 152. Lee, 0. C. 153. Leonard, Herman 0. 2605 Tremont Rd., Columbus, Ohio Ohio State G C 5900 Leader Ave., Chicago, Illinois Billy Caldwell G C Rockford Park Dist., Rockford, ill. Ingersoll G C Rock Falls, 111. Rock River C C Chicago ^eights, 111. Bloom Township High School Winetka, Illinois Indian Hill C C 6025 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis 20, Sarah Shank G C Ind. 190U W . Kt. Hope, Lansing, Michigan Lansing C C Rockford, Illinois Forest Hills C C Cincinnati 32, Ohio Hamilton Park District Box 3^2, Arlington ^eights, 111. 922 Baxter Ave., Louisville i|, Ky. Dixie Lawn Supply Co. Hillside, Illinois The Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago 1008 Sherman, Evanston, 111. Kramer & Co., Inc. 1008 Sherman, Evanston, 111. Kramer oc Co., Inc. 1008 Sherman, Evanston, 111. Kramer & Co., Inc. 1)47 St & 82 Ave., °rland Park, 111. Silver Lake G C U12 W . McClure, Peoria, ¿11. Worthmoor G C Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort W a yne Park Board Normandy 21, Missouri Norwood Hills C C Golf, Illinois Glen View Club Elgin, Illinois St. Andrews C C Rushville, Indiana Elks C C LaPorte, Indiana Elks C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Bedford, Indiana Otis Park 155. Likes, Don 156. Lindenschmidt, Robert L # £CO 157. Linkogel, Albert Longheinrich, Fred 159. Logan, Ralph G. 160. Lundblad, ^els 161. Lyle, Samuel 162. Lyons, Don 163. Lyons, William E . 16U. MacGregor, John 165. Malpede, William E . 166. Marchi, Gene 167. Marczinski, Lawrence 168. Marzak, J. L . 169. Mascaro, Tom 170. Maschmidt, Fred W . 171. Mashie, Emil 172. McCoy, John S. 173. HcDermott, Joseph nh. McLaren, Malcolm 175. McMullen, Malcolm H . 176. McNabb, Dean E , 177. Meetz, Ted 178. Mendenhall, Chester 179. Mendenhall, Marion 180. Meyer, Frederick G. Cincinnati 8, Ohio Hyde Park C C 1513 Dana Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio Hartwell Club R . 1, Conway Fed., Clayton 5 , Mo. Westwood C C R . 6, Sappington 23, Missouri Sunset C C 53 S. Perry St., Hagerstovn, m d . Hartley Kills C C Wheaton, Illinois Chicago G C Normandy 21, Missouri Glen Echo C C Brook, Indiana Hazeldon C C 1200 Firestone Parkway, Akron 17, 0. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. Chicago, Illinois Chicago Fence & Equipment Co. R . R , 1, McHenry, Illinois Pistakee G C Dayton, Ohio Miami Valley G C Arlington Heights, Illinois Rolling Green C C St. Louis, Missouri Mallenckrodt Chemical Co. West Point, Pennsylvania West Point Lawn Products St. Louis lit, Mo. Normandie G C Lake Forest, Illinois Onwentsia C C Cincinnati 8, Ohio Cincinnati C C Louisville, Kentucky Seneca G C Cleveland 21, Ohio Oakwood C C Columbus, Indiana Harrison Lake C C Wilmington, Delaware Du Pont Company Michigan City, Indiana Michigan City G C 5301 State Line, Kansas City 2, Mo. Mission Hills C C Sta. M , Madisonville P.O., Cincinnati 27 Kenwood C C Ohio Clifton, New Jersey 0. E . Linde Company 181. Michaud, H. 11. 182. Miller, Charles E . 183. Miller, Congress 181*. Miller, Robert 185. Mitchell, Vertus 186. Midlin, Frank J. 18?. Monier, C. F . 188. Mueller, H . W . , Jr. 189 o Musser, H . B . 190. Muzik, E . J„ 191. Needham, A . A . 192. Newkirk, Edward 193. Newton, W . Creighton 19U. Noer, 0. J . 195. Nuessle, Fred 196. Nugent, W . C. 197. Oyer, E . B . 198. Parsons, M . M., Sr. 199. Payne, Kenyon T. 200. Peck, Harold 201. Peck, Roy 202. Pelcher, Fred 203. Petersen, C, A . 201*. Peterson, J. B. 205. Phillips, Raymond 206. Pieper, Walter Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Carmel, Indiana W . H. Diddel Pekin, Illinois Park View G C Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Wayne Park Board West Frankfort, 111. Franklin Country Club Toledo, Ohio Bayview G C Charleston, Illinois Eastern 111. State College Box 217, Montgomery, Ohio Gate of Heaven Cemetery State College, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania ^tate College 31*12 Harlem, Riverside, Illinois Armour Fertilizer Division 2500 Oxford Street, Rockford, 111. Rockford C C 3235 Sutherland, Indianapolis, Ind. Coffin G C 6623 Estele Ave., Louisville, Ky. Swift & Company, Plant Foods Div. P. 0. Box 2079, Milwaukee, Wise. Sewerage Commission Flossmoor, Illinois Flossmoor C C Brook, Indiana Hazelden C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana Highland G Sr. C C Lafayette, Indiana u Purdue niversity Battle C r eok, Michigan Battle Creek C C Kalamazoo, Michigan Kalamazoo C C Burnham, Illinois Burnham Woods G C 7059 S. Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. South Shore C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University, Agron. Dept. Head Louisville 6, Kentucky Louisville C C Maiteson, Illinois Flossmoor C C 207. Plein, Clarence 208. Polillo, George 209. Quarandillo, Louis 210. Ragan, Walter 211. Ray, Robert C. 212. Reat, William A. 213. Reed, H. E . 21U. Rees, James D., Jr. 215. Reynolds, A . J. 216. Reynolds, George II. 217. Riley, William F. 218. Riddle, James B. 219. Roach, W . J. 220. Roby, Lewis 221. Rohmann, Carl A . 222. Roseman, Warren J. 223- Rosset, Gabriel 22ii. Rost, Bert 225. Rowe, D. A . 226. Runyan, C. R . 227. Russell, George P. 228. Ryan, John 229. Sartoretto, Paul 230. Schacht, Robert 231. Schmatzmeyer, August E. 232. Schneider, E . 8901 Page, Overland, Mo. Lakeside G C Galesburg, Illinois Soagetaha C C Logansport, Indiana Logansport C C West Big Bend Rd., Kirkwood, Mo* Green Brior Hills C C Michigan City, Indiana Michigan City G C Charleston, Illinois Charleston C C 6601 W . Gunnison, Chicago 31, H I . Ridgemoor C C 1*701 N . Keystone Ave., Indianapolis, Willowbrook G C, Inc. Indiana Dayton, Ohio Miami Valley G C Dayton Ohio City of Dayton 2121 Madison Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. Riley Lawn & Golf Equipment Columbus 15, Ohio State of Ohio, Dept. of Highways Cincinnati 15, Ohio Wyoming G C Anderson, Indiana Edgewood C C 1000 Mile Rd., Greenhills 18, Ohio Hamilton County Park District 2610 Ridge Road, Evanston, 111. Sunset Ridge Rd., North Brook, ill. Green Acres C C Park Ridge, Illinois Park Ridge C C 601 W . Jackson Blvd., Chicago, 111. Vaughan's Seed Company Sta. W . , Cincinnati 32, Ohio Cemetery of Spring Grove Louisville, 'Kentucky Big Spring G C Columbiana, Ohio Valley G C l$9h Met. iive., New York 62, -.X. W . A . Cleary Corporation Terre Haute, Indiana Country Club of Terre Haute Normandy, Mo. Bellerive C C Stringtown Rd., Evansville, Ind. Evansville C C 233. Schneider, R. J. 23h* Schroeder, Clarence J, 235. Schultz, W . J. 236. Seaney, William L. 237. Sellers, Everett 238. Sharvelle, Eric 239. Shaw, T. E . 2k0. Shock, Earl 2l|l. Shryack, Lawson G. 2k2. Simmons, Howard E- 2U3. Simon, E . J. 2hh* Skinner, John R . 216. Smith, Colin 2i*6. Smith, William 2kl. Smith, William R . 2]|8. Snyder, D. E . 2h9. Sopko, Mike 250. Soutar, Jim 251. Sprenger, Fred 252. Stafford, Dwight E . 253- Stampfl, John J. 25k» Staten, Earl 255. Staudt, Albert J. 256. Stewart, Edward N . 257. Stewart, Peter 258. Stitz, Adrian P. 1725 S. Washington, Peoria, 111. L. R. Nelson Mfg. Co. R. 1, Meenah, Wisconsin Graybrook Lane, New Albany, Ind. New Albany C C 809 Fairview Ave., Crawfordsville, Ind. Swift & Co. Glenview, Illinois North Shore C C Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University Lafaye tte, Indiana Purdue University Dayton, Ohio Community C C Macomb, Illinois Western 111. State College Cleveland 22, Ohio Highland Park G C Rockford, Illinois Rockford Park District 6929 Carnegie, Cleveland, Ohio Jacobsen Power Lawn ^ower Company 19512 Kings Highway, Warrensville Heights 22, Ohio Shaker Heights C C Box 1109, Royal Oak, Michigan Red Run G C 1127 Miller Ave., Oak Park, 111, George A . Davis, Inc. 910 S. Mich. Ave., Chicago, 111. Standard Oil Company 29007 Euclid Ave., Wickliffe, Ohio Pineridge C C Bloomington, Indiana National Greenkeepers 709 Bigelow St., Peoria, Illinois Peoria Park Board 376 N. Holmes Ave., Indianapolis 22, South Grove G C Ind. 810 N . Rangeline Rd., Milwaukee 9, Milwaukee C C Wise. Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University 20i£ W . Pratt Ave., Chicago 1|5, 111. Edgewater G C R . R . 2, LaGrange, Illinois Acacia C C Hinsdale, Illinois Butterfield C C R. R . #1, Canton, °hio Shady Hollow C C 259. Strand, Donald G. 2.60. Strauss, Robert J. 261. Stupple, William H. 262. Sylvester, E . J. 263. Tait, Dave 26U. Teuber, Robert 265. Thalheimer, Wilfred 266. Thode, Reuben, H. 26?. Thompson, Jack 268. Uebele, Herman 269. Updegraff, W . E . 270. Urzzlinski, Frank 271. Valandingham, Robert L. 272. Valandingham, Rube 273. Vaughn, J. H. 27U. Vaughn, J. R . 275. Verhaalen, Lester 276. Vial, R . G. 277. 'Warren, 3. 0. 278. Weitzel, Cpl. James E . 279. Wells, R. Lee 280. Wessel, Arnold 281. Wheeler, J. A. 282. Whitcomb, James E . 283. White, LeRoy H . 28U. White, Maurice U5U0 Harrison St., Skokie, 111. Westmoreland C C Cincinnati, Ohio Public Recreation Commission Highland Park, Illinois Exmoor C C Box 133, R . R . 2, Piqua, Ohio City -of Piqua Paris, Illinois Elks C C 756 Elizabeth St., Flint h, Michigan Flint G C k05 Western Ave., Batesville, Indiana Hillcrest G & CC Chicago, Illinois Chicago Park District R. 2, Tippecanoe Rd., Canfield, 0. Tippecanoe C C 1708 Michigan Ave., LaPorte, Ind. Beechwood G C 1022 N . Roosevelt, Wichita, Kansas Wichita C C Toledo, Ohio City of Toledo Hammond, Indiana Woodmar C C Hammond, Indiana Woodmar C C 1016 Parker Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. Riverside G C East Lansing, Michigan Michigan State College 6800 W . Good Hope Rd., Milwaukee 9, Brynwood C C Wise. Rt. 2, LaGrange, Illinois Timber Trails G C Palos Park, Illinois Warren Turf Nursery Camp Atterbury, Indiana U . S. Army 6729 Lovett Ave., Dallas, Texas Worthington Mower Company R . 2, Thiensville, Wisconsin Ozaukee C C $$6k Bartmer, St. Louis 12, Mo. Lakeside G C R . R . 15, Box 7h3, Indianapolis, Ind. Riverside G C 33k B Street, Charleston, Illinois Charleston C C 1906 Indiana Ave., Peoria, Illinois C C of Peoria 285. Whittle, J- D . 286. Wingo, Wilbur 287. Woehrle, Herman 288. Wolfe, Larry 289. Wolfrom, Clarence 2900 Wood, Howard T. 291. Wright, Alph 292. Wright, Leland 293. Wyman, Allan 29U. Wymer, Ralph R., Jr. 295. Yanaway, John F . 296. Young, 0. W . 297. Zeliner, Charles F. East River lid., Batavia, Illinois Fox Valley C C Macomb, Illinois Macomb C C R . 3> St. Anne, Illinois Hieland Lodge G & C C R . D . 7, Akron, Ohio Rosemont C C II3I1I Chicago Rd., Warren, Mich. Maple Lane G C Indianapolis, Indiana Crown Hill Cemetery R. R. Sharonville, Ohio Hamilton County Park District New Castle, Indiana Westwood C C R . R . 2, Danville, Illinois Danville C C 123rd & Bell Rd., Lemont, Illinois Glen Eagles C C Charleston, Illinois Landscaping [¿075 Southern Blvd., Dayton, Ohio Moraine C C Cincinnati 25, Ohio California G C 1 WELCOME TO PURDUE U N I V E R S I T Y F . Lo Hovde It's always nice to have one of your staff introduce y o u because they m u s t say nice things about y o u . I would first like to express to a l l of y o u who are members of the Midwest R e g i o n a l Turf Conference the appreciation of the University and staff members of this F o u n d a t i o n for the support y o u give generously to our program of research investigation in the area of grasses and better turfs. I, like most other a m a t e u r s , am keenly interested in t u r f , and as President of the U n i v e r s i t y , am m o r e than normally interested because I see in the investigations the patient attack upon the problem of understanding w h a t goes on in the life growing out of our s o i l s . I am particularly interested in the pasture improvem e n t p r o g r a m . For Indiana this m a y m e a n increased wealth« Increased w e a l t h means increased l e i s u r e . Increased leisure m e a n s a need for m o r e and better rec r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s , and particularly thoáe of the kind a l l of y o u are interested i n . We appreciate the cooperation that exists between an o r g a n i z a t i o n such as yours and the U n i v e r s i t y . People out on the a c t u a l working site in a l l the professions are inclined to look d o w n their noses at the professors in the i v o r y tower of the U n i v e r s i t y , y o u know what I mean«, But I t h i n k from your meetings h e r e , y o u have probably arrived at a better understanding of the role of the university scientist, of the w a y he attacks his problems; and certainly in your own p r o f e s s i o n a l ;ork y o u do things now as a result of investigación not only h e r e , but in m a n y other of our American experiment stations. I have m y interest in your problems because of m y position at the University5 but w h e n I'm off d u t y , I also have a keen interest in the quality of the golf f g r e e n . I suppose I m like a l l other g o l f e r s . I've probably cussed the greenkeeper just as m u c h as anybody e l s e , yet I've never done m u c h to help the poor g u y . In some r e s p e c t s , being the university president is similar to those of whom are responsible for golf g r e e n s — y o u get a l l the h e l l and none of the compliments o We at the university are genuinely g r a t e f u l for the o p p o r t u n i t y to w o r k w i t h y o u because I think m y staff in every department of the university learns by being in touch w i t h those who are out doing t h i n g s . This university certainly is not an ivory t o w e r . There is not a single department in this university in which investigations are going on that w i l l not produce something that sooner or later w i l l not be u s e f u l . D r . O p p e n h e i m e r 9 the man. who directed the scientific staff that produced the atomic b o m b , one of the greatest scientific jobs that's ever been d o n e , once said, "Sooner or later a l l knowledge becomes useful".* One of the problems of those of us engaged in investigation and research is to interpret i t , put it in form for t r i a l and use by people who can try it and use i t . And I think through the m e d i u m of these conferences w e have the m e c h a n i s m by-which there is a rapid transition from the laboratories of the university into the hands of those who h a v e the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for doing the job where it i s , regardless of where it i s . And so in a sense, y o u help us in a very concrete wnd p r a c t i c a l w a y . I think w i t h o u t these conferences there would be a much greater lag between the transformation of knowledge from the experimental groups into use than we h a v e . It is a w o n d e r f u l situation w h e n y o u have support of the people who w a n t to use and try new m e t h o d s of doing t h i n g s . This is one of the great things about our c o u n t r y . E v e r y b o d y with any get-up and . gumption and go has access to information e v e r y w h e r e , and a l l he has to do is get i t , try it and use i t . Nobody is going to stop h i m unless it be the limitations of the operating budget of your particular organization and even that won't stop a resourceful and ingenious m a n . Prom this point of v i e w , those of y o u who are citizens of the m i d w e s t area and receive some benefit from coming here m a y know that your universities are vitally concerned w i t h improving every aspect of our economic and social l i f e , and I think there is not a single aspect even in our country that cannot be improved if w e w i l l put our m i n d s , our best b r a i n s , our ability to organize and our get-up and go into i t . I think this is also the f u n d a m e n t a l w h i c h w i l l enable us to meet the problems the nation faces in the f u t u r e . As far as I have been able to d e t e r m i n e , there is not another nation that has this requisite of intellectual and economic freedom to go ahead w i t h the attack on probl e m s , not under orders from s o m e b o d y , but under the compulsion of individuals wanting to do a better job as each day goes b y . We're a h e a l t h y , friendly team here at the u n i v e r s i t y , and aside from teaching and research and s u c h , we do enjoy working w i t h y o u who come here for a short period of t i m e — to b e , shall we s a y , students once again on a university c a m p u s . Thank y o u v e r y m u c h , and I hope y o u have a grand time at your c o n f e r e n c e . - o P R O B L E M S IN TURF T O D A Y Fred V . Grau I think we are v e r y fortunate that the president of Purdue University addressed us today» These are in a w a y breathless t i m e s . I was accused r e c e n t l y of conducting a rather breathless program in the Green Section These turf conferences.are practically continuous now from November through March and then field days start again in M a y . This highlights and emphasizes one of the great problems in turf t o d a y . And that i s , everything is subservient to the m a n , to the individual• The m a n is the uppermost thing in a l l m i n d s whenever we're dealing with anything in our particular f i e l d . T h B r e w e r e golf courses and playing fields before there was any research«. We're doing a better job tod a y , we're doing it m o r e easily with better things, better m a c h i n e s , better grasses and better methods thanks to the research and extension that has been d o n e . But we still m u s t keep in mind that the m a n is the important t h i n g . We m u s t recognize that y o u are h e r e because y o u want to improve your m i n d , improve yourself for the job at h a n d . W h a t we need today is better training at various l e v e l s . As the national coordinating agency in t u r f , we have stressed training at the highest l e v e l , and that is at the graduate l e v e l . You know that we have been solidly behind a program of developing funds so that we could set up graduate f e l l o w s h i p s . W e . have set them up at Penn S t a t e , at T i f t o n , G e o r g i a , at Purdue and at M i c h i g a n . D r . B i l l D a n i e l , of c o u r s e , is a product of one of those f e l l o w s h i p s , joint between the Green S e c t i o n , the Midwest R e g i o n a l Turf F o u n d a t i o n and the Detroit District Golf A s s o c i a t i o n . That is the l e v e l that we have been stressing because we realize that in order to develop training at the other l e v e l s , f i r s t y o u have to h a v e your top l e v e l men« T h e y h a v e to be in the p i c t u r e to do your t r a i n i n g of other g r o u p s . T h e r e is a t r e m e n d o u s need for college t r a i n e d m e n , college g r a d u a t e s , in this field of turf b e c a u s e , as we h a v e p o i n t e d out b e f o r e , t u r f is big b u s i n e s s . It is t r e m e n d o u s w h e n y o u b e g i n to review it in the aggregate and find o u t w h a t is i n c l u d e d . Golf courses and golf turf are o n l y a s m a l l part of the t o t a l , a h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t part b e c a u s e the m e n int e r e s t e d and c o n c e r n e d w i t h golf turf h a v e led the way°5 t h e y h a v e t a k e n the r o c k y r o a d , have smoothed it o u t , improved i t , and t o d a y it is far easier for turf m e n to get the e d u c a t i o n , the t r a i n i n g that is needed to h e l p t h e m . W e n e e d , in a d d i t i o n to the top l e v e l t r a i n i n g of the g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t , c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s w h o w i l l devote t h e m s e l v e s to the h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t job of doing pract i c a l w o r k . T h e n , we need some sort of a training system for the i n - b e t w e e n , for the p r a c t i c a l m a n , w h o has not had a c h a n c e to go to c o l l e g e . He should receive from h e r e on a g r e a t d e a l of a t t e n t i o n . A conf e r e n c e like this is! e x t r e m e l y v a l u a b l e as a r e f r e s h e r but it s t i l l d o e s n t do the big job of e d u c a t i o n that needs to be d o n e . T a l k i n g about the challenge t h a t exists in t u r f , I am quite sure that m a n y of y o u are in the p o s i t i o n in w h i c h y o u find y o u r s e l f by r e a s o n of your love for turfo You p r o b a b l y could go out and g e t m o r e m o n e y at other j o b s , but the w o r k y o u are doing p r e s e! n t s a c h a l l e n g e to y o u that y o u m u s t m e e t and y o u c a n t t u r n it d o w n . T h a t challenge is encouraging some of your sons to enter into the w o r k . 1 W e r e c o n t i n u a l l y broadening the h o r i z o n , b r o a d e n i n g the o p p o r t u n i t i e s for young m e n in the f i e l d of t u r f . T h e r e are o! p p o r t u n i t i e s t o d a y in the field of turf that d i d n t exist t e n or f i f t e e n years a g o . P r o b a b l y o n e of the g r e a t e s t t h i n g s that has h a p p e n e d in the f i e l d of turf has been the o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n by the A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y of A g r o n o m y — setting up two turf sections w h i c h are an i n t e g r a l part of the affairs of the A m e r i c a n Society of Agronomy<> T u r f is a g r i c u l t u r e . T h a t is h o w w e sold it to a l l of the a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of the e x p e r i m e n t stations and c o l l e g e s in the country. And that one thing has m a d e it easier for us to gain the c o o p e r a t i o n of the e x p e r i m e n t s t a t i o n s . R e s e a r c h has c o m e a long w a y since w e started 3 0 years a g o . 0 n F e b r u a r y 1 0 t h , just a m o n t h p a s t , the G r e e n Section attained its t h i r t i e t h b i r t h d a y . 1 Last year we published "Turf Research Review' , 1950 i s s u e , the first o n e , listing the w o r k e r s , the proj e c t s , some of the financing and some of the publications of turf all over the United S t a t e s . The second i s s u e , the 1 9 5 1 i s s u e , is almost r e a d y for the printe r . W e had w o n d e r f u l cooperation from some 27 experim e n t stations w h i c h includes A l a s k a . In 19*+0, just 10 years a g o , there w e r e less than 12 workers in turf research in the United S t a t e s . In 1950 there w e r e over 76 workers spending all or part time on turf !r e s e a r c h . W e t h i n k that is a remarkable number and i t s one of the reasons w h y y o u have better things today for turfbetter i n s e c t i c i d e s , better f u n g i c i d e s , better weed k i l l e r s , better m a c h i n e r y , better grasses and better m e t h o d s . A l l in a l l , there are 1 6 1 specific turf projects in progress at 2 1 experiment s t a t i o n s . S e v e r a l hundred turf publications have been w r i t t e n and1 m o s t of y o u m a y have a few in your l i b r a r y . What w e r e trying to do is o r g a n i z e , coordinate and docum e n t a l l that information w h i c h is scattered in these hundreds of publications and bring it together into a condensed v e r s i o n for y o u . That was attempted in this book Turf Management w h i c h the United States Golf A s s o c i a t i o n s u p p o r t e d . Burt Musser was the editor with h e £ p from 0 . J . N o e r , M a r s h a l l F a r n h a m , Herb Graffis and o t h e r s . S o m e of the recent outstanding results in turf recent1 ly have been Richard D a v i s thesis on p h y s i c a l characteristics of putting green s o i l s , B i l l Daniel's f a i r w a y s t u d i e s , Jim W a t s o n ' s irrigation and compaction s t u d i e s , B o b H a g e n , D a v i s , C a l i f o r n i a , summary of irrigation practices as it applies to t u r f , and Ferguson's nutrition studies of Z - 5 2 Z o y s i a . Seven m e n received advanced degrees in turf in 1 9 5 0 , and so m u c h of this has been accomplished on a shoe s t r i n g . The finances to operate the turf research program have been v e r y meager as m o s t of y o u k n o w . But more people and firms are becoming so deeply interested that it is no longer a r e a l problem to finance a w o r t h while project, We h a v e been r e m a r k a b l y w e l l pleased by the dev e l o p m e n t of our Green Section's service subscrip-'. t i o n s . F o r m e r l y we were faced with a complete lack of funds to support cooperative research and the developm e n t of G r e e n Section's service subscriptions among Industry and organizations has provided funds w h i c h have been the backbone of cooperative turf r e s e a r c h . Now just a listing of a few of the problems that are being attacked a l l over the c o u n t r y . There are seven stations working on c o o l - s e a s o n , w a r m - s e a s o n grass c o m b i n a t i o n s . There are four aerification projects, probably m o r e . There are quite a number continuing height of cut experiments w h i c h are so v i t a l l y important because as new grasses are d e v e l o p e d , it is important to learn to which uses and to w h i c h heights of cut are these grasses a d a p t e d . There are 16 different studies on the nutrition of turf g r a s s e s . Now we are bringing a lot of that nutrition w o r k into the laboratory w h e r e w e can get at it m o r e s c i e n t i f i c a l l y . There are dates and time of fertilization w i t h relation to w e e d s 9 poa a n n u a , best u s e . W e need m u c h m o r e work, basic r e s e a r c h , on the difference in feeding v a l u e of the c o n v e n t i o n a l types of f e r t i l i z e r s , the organic and the inorganic nitrogen carriers and the so-called liquid f e r t i l i z e r s . To d a t e , there has been no data subm i t t e d on the proper use or the use of the so-called liquid f e r t i l i z e r s . There have been in the past quite a few lime and compost s t u d i e s , and they are being c o n t i n u e d . A few years ago we would not have been able to list a single water m a n a g e m e n t study because it was so difficult to c o n d u c t . It required so m u c h p l a n n i n g , preparation and d e t a i l that nobody tackled i t . Today at least 3 water m a n a g e m e n t studies are contributing to our k n o w l e d g e . At least six different stations are working on p h y s i c a l soil c o n d i t i o n s . There are 62 separate studies on grasses being c o n d u c t e d — w e l l , ! t h a t s the backbone of turf work« Musser's w o r k at itenn State w i t h the bents and the fescues and the recent information on the high quality of turf produced by the F - 7 ^ and sister fescues is v e r y o u t s t a n d i n g . Burton*s w o r k with B e r m u d a , Centipede and Dallisgrass breeding program at T i f t o n , G e o r g i a , is one of the outstanding things that has been done for S o u t h e r n t u r f . Other projects are the bentgrass breeding here at P u r d u e , as w e l l as tall fescue studies in K e n t u c k y and O r e g o n . Others include freezing resistance studies of Zoysia japónica and Z o y s i a m a t r e l l a seedlings here at Indiana and the breeding of Zoysias at B e l t s v i l l e , I w i s h y o u could see the literally acres of Z o y s i a seedlings there at Beltsville that are developing under various condit i o n s . The bermudas and the Zoysias moving north and the cool-season grasses moving south has been quite r e m a r k a b l e . Probably one of the outstanding things in the whole research picture has been the development of Merion B-27 b l u e g r a s s . There are 18 different weed c o n t r o l studies in 13 different states. The thing we are working on right now is the possibility of national coordinated crabgrass t r i a l s , taking the outstanding chemicals and putting them out at different stations under absolutely uniform conditions of rate and m e t h o d of application and evaluating r e s u l t s . Today insect problems in turf are practically nonexistent if y o u use the available i n f o r m a t i o n . I've heard people say t h i s — "What are your insect problems?" "Well, we have n o n e . We use Chlordane." I m e a n words like t h a t . The disease c o n t r o l studies have m a d e considerable progress since the days of Monteith w h e n he m a d e an everlasting name for himself in the field of disease c o n t r o l in t u r f . The price of Mercury has jumped practically out of s i g h t . W h a t the situation is going to be on some of these other 5 m a t e r i a l s , I don't know but let's look for rough times a h e a d . Most of y o u have seen or reported yellow-tufts on g r e e n s , especially in the f a l l . W e have found references in South A f r i c a , Australia and E n g l a n d that the cause of these y e l l o w tufts was n e m a t o d e s , and w o r k thatvwe have been doing at Beltsville confirms t h i s . W e have not yet w o r k e d out a c o n t r o l for i t , but it's interesting to know that w e have the a s s o c i a t i o n . A great m a n y of us today are not using the information that is already a v a i l a b l e . If w e didn't do any m o r e r e s e a r c h for another ten years but had a core of trained extension m e n to go out and <*o a bang-up job of e x t e n s i o n , we'd be w a y ahead because there is just a tremendous amount of undeveloped information that is available to y o u , to u s , that we're not utilizing because we have not been able to set up the -extension phase of the turf p r o g r a m B E x t e n s i o n — we need it w o r s e than we need anything e l s e . It's a s l o w , l o n g , d r a w n - o u t , u p h i l l b a t t l e . The big problem is m a n power and probably if we had had the extension program on as strong a basis as m a n y other phases of a g r i c u l t u r e , we w o u l d not have some of the problems that are with us today because in-the first p l a c e , those -problems would have been brought b a c k into the college s o o n e r , t h e y would have been brought to the attention of the research people s o o n e r , and something would have been done about them,; I w a n t to close w i t h the thought that it's about time that w e got our heads together a little bit better and know h o w to ask for the things that w e need because we are entitled to t h e m . The Penn State program developed the w a y it did because the people learned early that the squeaking w h e e l gets the g r e a s e . T h e y learned h o w to ask for w h a t they wanted; and today whenever t h e r e is a turf c o n f e r e n c e p r o g r a m on the c a m p u s at P e n n S t a t e , the l e a d e r s of the turf a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e sit d o w n and v i s i t w i t h the t o p l e v e l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s of the u n i v e r s i t y and t e l l t h e m h o w m u c h t h e y a p p r e c i a t e w h a t has b e e n done and t h e n s u g g e s t that t h e y need this also» A n d since t h e y ' v e l e a r n e d h o w to a s k for i t , t h e y g e t i t . A l w a y s r e m e m b e r that t h e m a n is above e v e r y t h i n g , and w e m u s t t r a i n t h e m i n d to do a better j o b , - o TURF M A I N T E N A N C E IN W A R T I M E 0* J . Noer T h i s s u b j e c t was a s s i g n e d , not c h o s e n . I p r e s u m e the t i t l e should be e m e r g e n c y m a i n t e n a n c e , r a t h e r t h a n w a r t i m e m a i n t e n a n c e . At t h e s t a r t of W o r l d W a r '.II m a n y r e m a r k s w e r e m a d e a b o u t w h a t w a s going to b e f a l l t h e turf o n golf c o u r s e s . B y and l a r g e , t h e c o u r s e s c a m e t h r o u g h in s u r p r i s i n g l y good shape w h i c h I bel i e v e is a t r i b u t e to the golf c o u r s e superintendent. It seems to m e t h a t labor s c a r c i t y w i l l be i n e v i t a b l e this y e a r . T h o s e of y o u w h o u s e d c o l l e g e m e n during t h e summer are p r o b a b l y going to h a v e d i f f i c u l t y gett i n g t h e m b e c a u s e m o s t of t h e m w i l l be at the b e c k and c a l l of Uncle S a m . S o m e of y o u m a y h a v e to t u r n to h i g h s c h o o l b o y s , p r o v i d e d l o c a l state laws permit t h e m to w o r k . F a c e d w i t h this labor s c a r c i t y , y o u are going to e m p h a s i z e m e c h a n i z a t i o n m o r e t h a n ever b e f o r e if y o u h a v e n ' t d o n e so up to n o w . So far as s u p p l i e s are c o n c e r n e d , some w i l l be critic a l . I n o t i c e t h a t f e r t i l i z e r s and c h e m i c a l s are to be d e a l t w i t h l a t e r . W e , for e x a m p l e , did not g e t any e m p t y f r e i g h t cars w h i l e the r a i l r o a d m e n w e r e o u t o n strike. Since they resumed work we have been getting one to t h r e e cars a d a y . I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t o t h e r s are in a b o u t the same b o a t . And so it isn't always a m a t t e r of h a v i n g the m a t e r i a l to ship but h a v i n g a m o d e of t r a n s p o r t f r o m t h e p l a n t to y o u . It l o o k s as t h o u g h bags are going to be in c r i t i c a l s u p p l y ; howe v e r , as far as we are c o n c e r n e d , t h e y a r e n ' t going to be c r i t i c a l unless w e get m o r e cars to l o a d . T h e fert i l i z e r p i c t u r e , b r i e f l y , looks as t h o u g h it is dep e n d e n t on s u l p h u r . So far as t h e c h e m i c a l f e r t i l i z e r is c o n c e r n e d , it is the s u p e r - p h o s p h a t e s u p p l y that is g o i n g to be c r i t i c a l , not b e c a u s e there i s n ' t enough p h o s p h a t e but b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n ' t e n o u g h sulfuric a c i d . T h ^ r e is a fair s u p p l y of n i t r o g e n , but y o u probably aren't going to be able to buy ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda all the time because m a n y of the manufacturers are going to utilize their supplies to m a k e m i x e d fertilizers w h i c h is quite understanda b l e . In the fungicide picture I'm told that there should be enough cadmium compounds for this y e a r . With some of the other materials it is a matter of sulphur and c h l o r i n e . O n l y a few weeks ago Calo-Clor was priced at $2.25 and has now advanced to nearly $ 6 . 0 0 . High price m a y have some effect upon supply and dem a n d . With the newer i n s e c t i c i d e s , again chlorine is a problem and b e n z o l is also c r i t i c a l . I t h i n k that those of y o u who are going to need fungicides and insecticides should m a k e provision to get o n l y w h a t y o u need in order not to make a bad situation w o r s e . If y o u need m a c h i n e r y , I understand that there is some m a c h i n e r y a r o u n d , y o u , had better get your requirements. The question is r a i s e d — "What is the thing w e can do to simplify our m a i n t e n a n c e and take care of our golf course with less h e l p , etc.?" When it comes to fairways the first thing that I hear mentioned is that we can stop w a t e r i n g . T h a t , of c o u r s e , w i l l m e a n a saving of labor. W h e r e fairways have been watered rather h e a v i l y in the past and m o s t of the turf is either poa annua or creeping b e n t g r a s s , I shudder to t h i n k of w h a t m i g h t happen if y o u suddenly stop watering and let nature take its c o u r s e . I think that the fairways are going to be w o r s e before they get better again as a result of doing t h a t . It seems to m e that the wiser plan is to use enough water to keep grass alive and to water c o n s e r v a t i v e l y . Where the outlets are along the edge of f a i r w a y s , some of y o u m a y use the travel-type sprinklers such as the A d a m s o n base sprinkler or the Buckner walking-type s p r i n k l e r . They t r a v e l about four hundred feet and cover the entire fairway or at least half of it and with an automatic shutoff v a l v e , stop operating w h e n they reach the end of the l i n e . This m e t h o d saves labor and provides for a m o r e even distribution of w a t e r . It seems to me that w e can't make a rigid rule about height of cut on f a i r w a y s . Each one of y o u m u s t decide w h a t is best for your own golf c o u r s e . The faster mowers are o p e r a t e d , the less time it takes to m o w the f a i r w a y s . (Corrugations on m a n y fairways are the result of excessive speed.) Many have gone back to slow speeds and cross-mow once a w e e k . These changes are steps in the right d i r e c t i o n . The w o r k at Pennsylvania showed that f a l l is a better time to spray,broadleaf weed crop form seed in the f a l l , sometimes even great- er than in the s p r i n g . H o w e v e r , if fairways are y e l l o w in June w i t h d a n d e l i o n s , y o u had better spray them to satisfy the m e m b e r s . Then after the first y e a r , switch to f a l l spraying (provided turf does not contain creeping b e n t ) in order to k i l l both the old plants and the new ones that come from s e e d . Unless something is done to get grass in the voids left by the w e e d s , y o u are sure to have another c r o p of weeds w h i c h m a y be a different k i n d . For e x a m p l e , 2,^-D did such a fine job w h e n only plantain and dandelion were present that club members thought 2,^-D was the sole answer. A couple years later they were confronted with a clover problem w h i c h was almost w o r s e than the original broad-leaved weed p r o b l e m . Fertilizer was needed along with to produce a dense t u r f . So far as lime and fertilizer are concerned on fairw a y s , I suppose we can dispense with both if the supply and labor situation becomes extremely b a d . On the other h a n d , where the soils are a c i d , lime is going to help the grass on? those fairways during times of adv e r s i t y . It i s n t e x p e n s i v e , is available and can be a p p l i e d . A l s o , fertilization ought not be stopped feecause where grass is properly fertilized it economizes on the need for w a t e r . Now just a few words about g r e e n s , roughs and t e e s . During the last war m a n y clubs thought they were doing the smart thing to reduce cutting on the greens to twice a week« E v e n though the mowers were set to cut at 3/16 i n c h , an excessive m a t d e v e l o p e d . W h e n w e came into a bad year like 19*+9, there was plenty of trouble on those g r e e n s . It seems to me that greens shcuild be m o w e d at least four times a w e e k if at all p o s s i b l e . The mower should be set to m o w properly and the combs or brushes should be used often to prevent m a t format i o n . So far as topdressing is c o n c e r n e d , the tendency seems to be to top dress greens less and l e s s . Many clubs are not topdressing at all? some top dress spring and f a l l . I know m a n y of y o u have good greens w i t h o u t t o p d r e s s i n g . Mowing in such a w a y as to prev e n t m a t formation is important w h e n greens are never top d r e s s e d . A e r a t i o n — I don't care w h a t kind of machine y o u use; select the one w h i c h suits your fancy b e s t . Aeration brings up soil for topdressing provided the soil in the green is satisfactory from the p h y s i c a! l standp o i n t . As far as watering is c o n c e r n e d , d o n t use any m o r e water than is needed to keep good g r a s s . The tendency on m a n y courses is to o v e r w a t e r . Avoid such a rigid program that y o u do not permit watering when the the the ule grass turns fire out by grass alive which calls blue and starts to w i l t . Better put applying a T i t t l e bit of water to keep and forget temporarily about a schedfor watering once or twice a w e e k . Fertilization and d i s e a s e — You certainly should not neglect the greens because there is going to be enough fertilizer for them no matter how tough the situation becomes. In m y opinion you can supply plenty of potash particularly where manure isn't being used. In m y opinion you can supply plenty of potash and phosphate in a good application of complete fertilizer in the spring a n d . again in the fall. Then during the season feeding becomes simply a matter of supplying nitrogen. Of course, if preferred, you may use a little potash and phosphate each month and apply nitrogen along with them. T e e s — I notice a trend toward using the three-gang mowers on tees such as the Locke and the Professional., It is a step in the right direction. I think that there is a tendency towards enlarging the tees, making one big one rather than two or three small ones, and to design them so that the fairway units w i l l cut the sides and banks instead of having abrupt steep banks. It is another step in the right direction. To repair divots in tees I know one or two have been using ryegrass and bent seed mixed with soil. This practice seems quite satisfactory. The soil mixture should contain enough organic material to hold sufficient moisture to insure germination and initial grcwth of the grass. With these brief introductory remarks, I propose to call on the men who have been asked to speak briefly about their plans for the coming year. Carl Bretzlaff, Indianapolis, Indiana The only thing that has me stumped is the labor situation; otherwise at Meridian Hills we have all our materials to run us this next season, that is, fungicides, insecticides, etc. We will have enough equipment so run for two years. I don't believe much in hoarding. I have enough repairs for two years and that is long enough. If the situation gets so tough that we haven't any equipment, I doubt whether we will have a job. At the present time I have four college students. School boys which are young have had their parents sign a slip permitting them to work on the golf course. Vie aren't going to fertilize the fairways much this year but will take good care of the greens. B i l l G l o v e r , F a i r f a x , Virginia I h a p p e n to be on a golf course where m y o p e r a t i o n is tied e n t i r e l y to i n cf o m e . In other w o r d s , it is a d a i l y f e e c o u r s e . We c a n t spend any m o r e t h a n w e m a k e . In ! f a c t , w e d o n t intend to spend as m u c h as w e make» Set up your budgets to conform to w h a t your income is 5 b u y w h a t m a t e r i a l s are a v a i l a b l e . If y o u consider that your greens are your m o s t expensive item c a p i t a l - w i s e , I would suggest that y o u take c a r e of them the best w a y y o u know how and in an inverse w a y down the line disregarding the parts of your golf c o u r s e w h i c h are the least expensive to r e n o v a t e and bring back into p l a y . Most of the fellows h a v e r e p l e n i s h e d their inventories by buying in late f a l l and winter simply to be protected next y e a r . As far as labor is c o n c e r n e d , I refuse to get s c a r e d . W e o p e r a t e on the idea that the m a n is the t h i n g , as F r e d G r a u has s a i d . That the education of the m a n w h o w o r k s for y o u is p r o b a b l y the m o s t important thing in your labor o r g a n i z a t i o n . Make him want to p r o d u c e , h e l p him to f e e l that he is a part of your o r g a n i z a t i o n , pay him w e l l and I t h i n k y o u w i l l be f a i r l y s u c c e s s f u l , Marshall Farnham, Philadelphia Country Club I t h i n k it should be stressed that if and w h e n it becomes time for retrenchments that w e should be guided by f sound judgment and not by a p a n i c k y feeling that w e v e got to do something in a h u r r y and t h e n end up by being sorry about i t . A f e w years ago we developed a v e r y fine i n f e s t a t i o n of v a r i o u s kinds of w e e d s in our t r a p s , and one of the w o r s t infestations in the traps was c r a b g r a s s . W e had been playing w i t h sodium arsenite for a number of y e a r s , so we simply dumped k or 5 pounds of sodium arsenite in a 50 gallon sprayer, l put itx a couple of pounds of a c t u a l 2, f-D to make a shotgun m i x t u r e . Any foliage w h i c h w a s present was given a good drenching w i t h the m i x t u r e and our weed problem was cleared up w i t h o u t any d i f f i c u l t y . B i l l S t u p p l e , P r e s i d e n t , Midwest A s s o c i a t i o n I t h i n k those of us who h a v e gone through the depression and the last war on the golf course learned that f w e c a n t just let any part of t h e course go wild; we have to keep the place u p . During the last war we tried to cut the greens every other d a y or three times a w e e k and w e made a big m i s t a k e . Greens should be cut every d! a y or at least 6 times a w e e k , in m y opini o n . I d o n t believe w e w i l l topdr^ss v e r y m u c h this year as it takes a lot of labor * W e should t r y to do as much as we can while we have the labor and the materials to make the course playable and in better shape to last through a restriction period. I expect to be a little short of labor as everybody else i s , so we intend to pay our labor w e l l . A man that has worked for a golf course for a number of years is worth a lot to the club, and he should be paid w e l l . We don't expect to lose any m e n through lack of salary. We found that an economical way to keep a tee is to have a tee large enough and just throw a little ryegrass and top soil into the divot m a r k s . By the time that you are back to the same spot, it is pretty w e l l healed u p . I remember back in the old days when we had two men who did nothing but plug t e e s . We have to keep watering the fairways just enough to keep them g r e e n — not too m u c h w a t e r i n g . We are going to go ahead with our program on the fairways and roughs to keep the weeds in c h e c k . If we have to leave anything g o , w e w i l l probably start with the flower gardens and maybe the trees for a year or t w o . We have winter sports at m y club, so I am able to keep six men the year around which is certainly a big h e l p . I get high school boys when they are about sixteen or seventeen years old and break them in, and I usually have them until they are through college. By that time they are pretty good men* 0 . J . Noer - When the last World War was imminent,I recall attending a meeting with the chairman, his committee and the greenkeeping superintendent of a club in W i s c o n s ifln . He started out the meeting this w a y . He said, It looks as though we are going to be fighting a w a r , but we've got at least a year to get r e a d y . What I want to do is put this golf course in shape so that if we have to skimp for several y e a r s , the grass is going to weather the storm." And I thought that he was a sensible and levelheaded m a n . And I think that is what each of y o u should d o . Chet Msndenhall. Kansas City F i r s t I would like to say something about working b o y s . If you have to go down into the lower ages of b o y s , I think that it would be a good idea to find out about your labor laws. In our section, it is permissible to w o r k boys down in the younger ages providing y o u get a permit from their schools. There are restrictions as to what they o p e r a t e , so I would find out where I stood. We have made it a practice to use a number of high school boys during the summer, and ! I've been doing something that I've been told I v e been stinking m y neck out f o r — I use quite a few sons of m e m b e r s f r o m f a m i l i e s w h e r e I k n o w t h a t if I step o n the b o y , h e c a n ' t r u n h o m e to d a d . I've f o u n d it v e r y s u c c e s s f u l . O n e time I had nine w o m e n w o r k i n g on t h e golf c o u r s e . O u t of t h a t g r o u p , I s t i l l h a v e t w o . W o m e n are just as e f f i c i e n t as m e n and c a n p e r f o r m a good m a n y jobs just as w e l l . T h e y are a l i t t l e m o r e particular t h a n a lot of y o u m e n . T h e r e is no r e a s o n why a woman can't operate a tractor just as w e l l as a m a n . T h e y c a n o p e r a t e a . power m o w e r . I h a v e o n e g i r l w h o c a m e to m e o u t of h i g h s c h o o l d u r i n g the w a r , y e t she is just as e f f i c i e n t h e l p as y o u c a n g e t . S h e o p e r a t e s t h e s p r a y t a n k and h a n d l e s a l l the c h e m i c a l s . Another source of labor t h a t y o u should not overlook is m e n w h o are h a n d i c a p p e d . S o m e of t h e s e f e l l o w s are c o n s c i e n t i o u s and t h e y need o u t d o o r w o r k . Clarence Wolfrom W e h a v e a r a t h e r t o u g h labor s i t u a t i o n in D e t r o i t . P r e p a r i n g for this d e f e n s e e m e r g e n c y , I t h i n k started at our c l u b d u r i n g the last war* P r e v i o u s to t h a t , d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r t i m e , a l l of our m e n w e r e let out to shift for t h e m s e l v e s . Our b o a r d of d i r e c t o r s l e a r n e d it w a s n ' t t h e p r o f i t a b l e w a y to h a n d l e the labor situa t i o n . T h e y t r i e d to find jobs that c o u l d be d o n e in the w i n t e r t i m e so t h a t w e could k e e p these m e n on. R i g h t at the p r e s e n t t i m e , our labor s i t u a t i o n isn't too b a d . W e u s u a l l y c a r r y ten m e n and w i l l start t h e s e a s o n w i t h s e v e n . S i x of t h e m w o r k e d over w i n t e r . Some of y o u m a y be i n t e r e s t e d in one t h i n g I t e l l our B o a r d a b o u t the b e n e f i t s of keeping labor t h r o u g h t h e w i n t e r . Two e x p e r i e n c e d m e n are w o r t h three of any new m e n . B o t h w a y s , it's still m o n t h s p a y . Do e v e r y t h i n g y o u can now and h o p e for the b e s t . Taylor Boyd. Cincinnati, Ohio D u r i n g the last w a r , m o s t m e m b e r s w e r e v e r y t o l e r a n t . I t h i n k t h a t if y o u t e l l them t h a t t h e r e m a y be shortages and if there are s h o r t a g e s , t e l l them w h a t y o u are up a g a i n s t , do the b e s t y o u c a n , and I d o n ' t t h i n k y o u w i l l have any t r o u b l e , - o - RECORDS AND LABOR MANAGEMENT Don S t r a n d , Chairman T h e s e are two of the m o s t important phases of any s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s o p e r a t i o n . In the face of the-critical periods a h e a d , considerable emphasis should be m a d e in keeping accurate records« They are necessary in the fulfillment of almost any anticipated p r o g r a m . W i t h accurate records to w o r k f r o m , d e f i n i t e conclusions can be drawn and definite plans can be m a d e , provided your anticipated expenditures are based on an accurate record of costs in the p a s t . The success or f a i l u r e of any future operation is based on the past records of such operation regardless of whether it is custom cutting of g r a s s , building a g r e e n , controlling b o n f i r e s , producing better g r a s s e s , killing weeds, killing b u g s , or even keeping better r e c o r d s . Science and research are v e r y dependent on accurate r e c o r d s . The scientist s a y s , "We did thus and s o , and this is what happened." He k n o w s , because he kept accurate records of his operations and w e profit by the success or failure of that o p e r a t i o n . H o w e v e r , m o s t records in our own cases are visualized as figures pertaining to c o s t . We depend m o r e on printed m a t e r i a l in the form of a r t i c l e s , b u l l e t i n s , m a n u s c r i p t s , and books for f a c t u a l records or depend on our m e m o r i e s . In most c a s e s , m e m o r i e s are fairly r e l i a b l e , but the m o r e successful executives prefer to v e r i f y the facts and f i g u r e s . At this time» I would like to introduce one such successful executive who w i l l speak to y o u on Records on a C o u r s e , M r . Taylor Boyd. - o R E C O R D S O N A COURSE Taylor Boyd All that I am trying to do here is m e r e l y to bring out the fact that w h e n you keep r e c o r d s , y o u find out t h i n g s . I am not selling any particular kind of a record; just so y o u have a r e c o r d , one that is easy to k e e p , s h o r t , concise and one that the directors w i l l read is the important t h i n g . Labor today is the worst headache that any golf course has because of the short labor • m a r k e t . Golf courses cannot compete with industry during war periods for m a n y obvious r e a s o n s . Superintendents should have a definite program outlined and this should be discussed w i t h the chairman to be sure that they are in a c c o r d . There is another good reason for the chairman knowing the plans as follows on this labor subject. H e , in all p r o b a b i l i t y , has labor problems on his own m e n and has to solve t h e m . He m a y not know about f e r t i l i z e r s , f u n g i c i d e s , soil aeration and a l l the other things, but this could be his one chance to really be v a l u a b l e help to the s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . W h i l e discussing the labor problem with your c h a i r m a n , it w i l l help to get him interested if y o u w i l l present to him a c o s t - c o n t r o l system, if y o u don't already have o n e . Any business today has a v e r y rigid c o s t - c o n t r o l s y s t e m , and y o u can safely bet that your chairman w i l l welcome such a program« Clubs are faced with a v e r y r e a l problem with younger members going iuto the service and rising costs. f The facts are that y o u c a n t c o n t r o l labor without some v e r y easily k e p t , s h o r t , concise record of c o s t s . There is nothing new in the statement that golf ma! chinery saves laboro How much? You d o n t know without r e c o r d s . It is entirely possible to have too much of the wrong kind of e q u i p m e n t . The cost of maintaining equipment is expensive and if it is not available at the proper t i m e , it becomes more e x p e n s i v e . Try to select equipment that your help likes* to operate; t h e y ' l l do more w o r k . W h e n buying a new m a c h i n e , ask the m a n who uses it if h e would like i t . The v e r y fact that y o u asked for his opinion w i l l help his a t t i t u d e . There are m a n y things that can be done on a course with m a c h i n e r y that no one has taken any time to do anything a b o u t . E v e r y greenkeeper has some gadget that he m a d e himself to save l a b o r . You probably have everything necessary on the job to m a k e some t o o l that w i l l save l a b o r . As an e x a m p l e , a corn weeder on a F o r d or F e r g u s o n tractor w i l l loosen sand in traps as fast as a dozen m e n and do a better j o b . Set into the r e e l area in an old m o w e r , a delmonte raking f o r k does a good fast job of raking g r e e n s . Just remove the regular r e e l , regular bedknife b a r , use the front castor adjustment equipm e n t to give it the desired p r e s s u r e . R e m e m b e r , that it is best to give and to receive and it is not smart to have trade secrets. You never get any ideas but your own if y o u use that p r o c e d u r e . Laborers today are not the uneducated dummies that they once w e r e . There are m a n y m e n working in so-call- ed labor positions who have college d e g r e e s . They do this because times have changed; they m a k e m o r e m o n e y than they could in a w h i t e - c o l l a r e d j o b . It is usually the superintendent who has to recognize that labor is m a d e up of smarter m e n . There are books and bulletins w r i t t e n on the subject that are really valuable books to anyone handling l a b o r . This m a y seem like foolishness to s o m e , but it definitely has its place in modern g o l f . Purdue University and m o s t schools teach the subject as part of their psychology courses put in simple l a n g u a g e . You w i l l have to compete with changed thinking of m a n . In a d d i t i o n , there is always the idea of being a good fellow w i t h your m e n and treating them as y o u v/ould like to be t r e a t e d — it works w o n d e r s . Placing r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on m e n has some v e r y b e n e f i c i a l results in m o s t c a s e s . If they are w o r t h h a v i n g , they w i l l accept some responsibility and it w i l l h e l p them f e e l that they are a part of the o v e r a l l p i c t u r e . This can be done by giving a m a n a l l of the care of certain holes and certain d u t i e s . This can be h e l p e d by taking a man from time to time to see other c o u r s e s . The other course is either better or w o r s e . In either c a s e , the m a n gains k n o w l e d g e . If w o r s e , he is proud of his w o r k . If the other course is b e t t e r , y o u can bet that he w i l l improve his w o r k . I have done this plenty of times with good r e s u l t s . This procedure makes the superintendent's w o r k easier because it is easier to check one m a n for a certain job than to check s e v e r a l . Another w a y to get m o r e production from your labor is to transport power mowers to them or build small buildings in some o u t - o f - t h e - w a y pJla ce to store this e q u i p m e n t . The mowers are serviced in the area to be u s e d , but that is less expensive than transporting m o w e r s every d a y . A successful housing m e t h o d saves the price of one green cutting per w e e k over a y e a r . This m i g h t not be true if our courses w e r e n ' t so large and spread over so wide an a r e a . Changes in actual costs w i t h the housing of mowers on the job cost us about $7.b8 per c u t t i n g . Before the housing was built it cost $ 9 o 0 3 , or a $1*55 saved per c u t t i n g . Our savings for the year were $335o^O for 228 c u t t i n g s . You are p r o b a b l y wondering w h y I agreed to talk on this s u b j e c t . S e v e r a l years ago I studied accounting with the idea of quitting golf w h i c h made me realize that I w a s n ' t a pencil-pusher but retained an interest in the records of o p e r a t i o n . I am going to give an exact example as to h o w it worked to u s . Before w e give the actual figures y o u should know that the club I w o r k for has m a n y diversified a c t i v i t i e s , such as b a d m i n t o n , horse r i d i n g , ice s k a t i n g , polo fields, t e n n i s , g o l f , swimming p o o l s . There are about 10,000 feet per g r e e n , about k miles of roads owned and maintained and also the maintenance of all the buildings that go w i t h these a c t i v i t i e s . Before w e started these r e c o r d s , I think that the average club member thought that the larger part of the m a i n t e n a n c e w a s going for g o l f . They found that wasn't s o . The first year that these records were kept was 1 9 ^ 8 . The t o t a l cost was $¥•1-, 5 1 0 . 7 7 . The next y e a r , 1 9 ^ 9 ? one of our tough o n e s , the cost was $36,832.31 or a saving of $ 7 9 7 7 8 A 6 and although the saving was g r e a t , prices had not d r o p p e d . The two figures included the cost of buying new equipment to m a k e the saving p o s s i b l e . The expense of the new equipment was not amortized as it should h a v e b e e n , but remained a lump sum figure t o d a y . This record on one sheet usually refers to cost of l a b o r , cost of supplies for 75 different j o b s . The same sheet is used for m o n t h l y statement, 6 months statement and then totaled for the annual o p e r a t i o n . This record can be used at your a n n u a l m e e t i n g . This item is interesting only because it shows h o w weather can affect c o s t s . In 19^9 rough cutting cost $ ^ 9 6 . 8 0 . In 1950 with an extra 25 inches of r a i n f a l l the cost was $ 1 , V 7 6 . 3 0 . This was offset by this: the cost of water and electric power was 1 1 2 . 8 1 in 19*+9 and only $3 9 0*f0.72 in 1 9 5 0 , but the wet year of 1950 took i507«31 more gasoline. If y o u want to know where m o n e y g o e s , just keep rec o r d s . You can be sure that y o u w i l l give your club a better golf course if at the end of the year y o u can show your club w h e r e a l l the m o n e y w e n t . --o LABOR MANAGEMENT O N M Y COURSE W . H . Glover The v a l u e of any discussion about labor m a n a g e m e n t problems on any particular golf course w i l l come from comparisons m a d e between practices under one set of conditions as they parallel or deviate from practices at another golf course o p e r a t i o n . It m u s t be understood that practices or problem solutions at F a i r f a x are different in m a n y respects from those on other golf courses and that no attempt is being m a d e in this discussion to lay down rules which should or could apply to every o p e r a t i o n a l p r o b l e m . It is my intention to bring to your attention some of the factors which influence the kind of labor used, how the labor force is handled, what is expected from it, what it expects from the employer and how successful we are in keeping good personnel once we have found it and educated it. It will be helpful to you if I give some of the general background of this particular operation. Fairfax was designed and built to be operated as a daily-fee golf course. Since it was known from the start that it was to be operated for profit as well as pleasure, much attention was given to the design as it affected the playability and cost of maintenance. The topography of the land made it possible to leave many natural hazards and unnecessary to create new hazards in the way of traps and bunkers. Banks and swales were swept out to permit mowing with proper equipment. Hand work is held to a minimum. Public golf course or daily-fee course maintenance operations usually differ somewhat from country cl.ub or membership club operations because of the extra traffic, time of day at which play starts and the general level of care exercised by the golfer in attention to the rules and etiquette of golf as it affects maintenance. I refer to the replacement of divots, leveling of sand traps, disposal of paper and other wastes. The courtesy which the golfer expects from the labor force is no more important than is the understanding by the golfer of the necessity for the presence of the labor force on the golf course. As a result of basic planning and construction and the development and perfection of most types of mechanized maintenance equipment in recent years, most every operation requires a man who can operate some kind of motorized machine. Practically every man but the one who takes care of the traps must know how to drive a tractor and have some knowledge of the workings of a gasoline engine. This points out the necessity for either finding men who are familiar with the operation of all types of golf course maintenance equipment or going out in the labor market and finding them and taking the time and affording the expense necessary to adequately train them in the use of and in the maintenance of the machinery they use. Of even greater importance is the intelligent handling of this trained personnel so that replacement is seldom necessary« In todays labor markets the last metnioned point becomes a really big order for every superintendent and every golf club. Ten years of experience and observation along with some accurate cost accounting has proved the importance of enough equipment and enough men trained in the use of such machinery to keep ahead of play in daily maintenance operations. On a golf course where speed of play can make the difference between showing a profit and a loss, the importance of being organized so that you do not interfere with play and play does not interfere with the maintenance operation, takes on added weight. Every consideration should be given to promoting the enjoyment of every round of golf by every golfer. Patrons of the golf course are the best advertising medium we have* In fact, they are the only advertising medium which produces results. Experience has shown that mowing operations on greens, tees and fairways annoy the golfer greatly and they % are also the operations which can be costly if ¿a-* chines and operators must wait for players to pass by. Watering of greens and the changing of cups are operations where the same thing holds true. It should be easy to understand from the above explanations why our mechanical maintenance operation has been so organized that we are able at most times to keep ahead of most of the play if we have the advantage of having completed the maintenance operation on the first hole on the course. How can it be done? Flexibility of manpower and enough machines for the men is the answer. With three separate fairway machines and men to operate them the fairways are mowed in multiples of three and it is possible to mow all of the fairways in less time than it takes the average foursome of golfers to play eighteen holes. Therefore, with the advantage of the first hole cut ahead of the first group, we can and do keep ahead of play. V/ith five power putting green mowers and the men to operate them, it is also possible to keep ahead of play if given the same advantage of one cut green. Greens are then cut in multiples of five. Watering is done the same way only in multiples of seven when heavy watering is necessary. That means that we must have seven men who can be trusted to irrigate greens. Naturally, we do not use the seventeen men which the addition of the men used in the three operations would indicate. Instead, we use only the seven men indicated as being used In the hand-watering operation for all of the season except the critical three months from the middle of June through the middle of September. Besides the equipment already mentioned there is one other standard golf course tractor and a five gang set of Blitzer rough m o w e r s , a farm type tractor with sickle bar attachment and power takeoff for belt w o r k , two fertilizer d i s t r i b u t o r s , a power s p r a y e r , two rotary .type power m o w e r s , two reel-type power m o w e r s , aerating e q u i p m e n t , compost m i x e r , chain saw and a f u l l complement of small t o o l s . There is probably more equipment on this eighteen hole installation than is considered normal or necessary by m o s t c l u b s . The m e n who w o r k on the golf course are m o s t l y young m e n w i t h families and live w i t h i n a few miles of their w o r k . Most of them have come to w o r k at F a i r f a x be cause one of the m e n who has w o r k e d there before them has recommended t h e m . Each new m a n serves a probation period to find out whether he w i l l fit into the organi z a t i o n , if he w i l l be liked by the other m e n and whether or not he has the capability and aptitude to m a k e it w o r t h w h i l e to train him and m a k e him a permanent e m p l o y e e . At the end of two or three m o n t h s he knows whether he likes the type of w o r k , the m e n he works w i t h , the employer he works for and whether or not he wants to c o n t i n u e . We also have found out the things we w a n t to know about h i m . After a conference during w h i c h a l l aspects of his job are d i s c u s s e d , some sort of a m u t u a l agreement is r e a c h e d . The m a n is either convinced that he wants to continue or he is told that he does not have w h a t it takes to m a k e it w o r t h while for us to spend the time and effort which it takes to train him w e l l enough so he can command top wages and top security in our o r g a n i z a t i o n . During this first period the new m a n is shifted from one operation and from one m a c h i n e to another w i t h as m a n y different m e n as is f e a s i b l e . This gives him the advantage of d i f f e r e n t m e n ' s interpretations on h o w to do things and h o w m u c h is expected from each m a n and each m a c h i n e . W h e n it is decided that a m a n is to be kept in the employ of the c l u b his training begins in earnest and w i t h more specific d i r e c t i o n . Reasons for doing certain things in a definite w a y are explained to him and the anticipated results are pointed o u t . W h e n a person knows h o w to do his job and w h a t to expect the result to itook l i k e , there is little excuse for him if he does not do his w o r k as it should be d o n e . Sloppy w o r k is not t o l e r a t e d . For i n s t a n c e , there is no excuse for a m a n to overwater an area of a green w h e n he knows how m u c h the area w i l l take w i t h o u t flooding. He is cautioned along w i t h another explanation of w h a t damage m a y occur from too m u c h w a t e r . There seldom is a next t i m e . E a c h m a n knows that w h a t he contributes to the best in m a i n t e n a n c e is best for the f i n a n c i a l gain of the operation and therefore is best for the golfer and is also best for h i m . The rest of the men in the working crew quite often take the necessary steps to show a m a n that h e is hurting them as w e l l as himself if he does not produce at his b e s t . W h a t does the employer have to offer as compensation for the best that his crew can produce? There are a great m a n y ways in which a superintendent and foreman can improve the m o r a l e and the desire to turn out the best kind of w o r k . Below are some of the considerations which w e t h i n k are important in keeping any job on our m a i n t e n a n c e force one to be looked after rather than just one at w h i c h a m a n can m a k e some kind of a daily wage: 1 . K e e p abreast of or just a little ahead of the going scale for comparable w o r k in the general area. 2 . Guarantee a minimum w o r k w e e k of forty hours for fifty-one weeks and the other w e e k a vacation with pay for m e n w i t h one y e a r s ' service and increasing by one day for each additional year of satisfactory e m p l o y m e n t . 3- Pay time and half for hours worked over the minimum set for each w e e k . k . Stagger weekend w o r k so that each m a n gets a f u l l weekend to himself each m o n t h during the summer s e a s o n . 5o Give them credit both privately and publicly for their contribution to the successful operation of the maintenance program at the c l u b . 6« Keep some sort of a library of books and magazines w h i c h have to do with the problems of turf maintenance and encourage the m e n to use them and to ask questions about the application of w h a t they have read to the job w h i c h they are doing. 7o Present an opportunity as often as possible for them to attend a field m e e t i n g . The m e n at Fairf a x attend the annual field day at Beltsville each y e a r , expenses p a i d . 8 . Make them f e e l that y o u have a personal interest in their problems and that y o u can be asked for advice. 9 . E n c o u r a g e , almost to the point of i n s i s t e n c e , that they learn how to play golf and use the golf course whenever they have t i m e . 1 0 . Be sure that each m a n knows w h a t y o u w a n t him to d o , how y o u want the w o r k done and how much y o u expect him to accomplish in return for the pay he r e c e i v e s . W h a t w e expect from our m a i n t e n a n c e force in return for the compensations we can produce can be said v e r y simply and in few \rords. we f e e l that we have a right to expect a w i l l i n g n e s s to cooperate in the effort necessary to complete a r e a s o n a b l e w o r k program each day. We f e e l that cur approach to our labor problem is r e a l i s t i c . We also f e e l that it has paid w e l l in that our quality of w o r k is high because of the small turnover in the p e r s o n n e l w h i c h does the m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k . Golf course superintendents have experienced m a n y of the same difficulties and m a n y of the same disappointments while continuously facing and fighting the problem of acquiring and keeping good m e n who can be taught how to operate and m a i n t a i n the m a c h i n e r y used for m a i n t e n a n c e on the golf c o u r s e . Budget m a k e r s have contributed to the difficulty by not making it possible to pay enough to attract good m e n and to give them the security of employment throughout the y e a r . Superintendents have contributed to their own difficulties by not being insistent in their demands for budgets large enough to permit the employment of the right type of m e n . Good m a c h i n e r y is expensive to b u y . It is folly to purchase expensive m a c h i n e r y and then not be able to insure its best productivity by budgeting enough m o n e y to provide the m e n who are capable of m a k i n g it produce its utmost over the longest period of t i m e . If there is one thing w h i c h has come from the experience of operations at F a i r f a x over the ten years it has been in u s e , it is the belief that enough of the best equipment plus enough of the best m e n is a combination w h i ^ n can be made to produce high efficiency and the' best use of m e n and m a c h i n e s in any turf maintenance p r o g r a m . - o - SUPERINTENDENTS' RELATIONS F r a n k Dunlap My first impression of this subject "Superintendents' Relations" was that I had a cinch and could write a book about it, but Colin Smith and Mai McLaren soon convinced me that you people were not going to be in the least interested in the eccentricities of m y inlaws . Golf is an old game and has gone through m a n y stages« The game as we know it today did n o t , h o w e v e r , come into its own until 1902 when a member of the club where I am now employed invented the so-called cord ball. This ball revolutionized the game of golf and brought forth the modern golf course with greater yardage and larger greens. The fact that the player was now playing to the green from hitherto unheard of distances made larger greens m a n d a t o r y . H o w e v e r , it did create a new p r o b l e m . The old bluegrass, fescue or what-havey o u putting surface was not satisfactory for the long approach putts that were now called for on these greatly enlarged greens. The golfer began to cast about for new and better types of g r a s s , and also for someone who could produce and maintain smoother t u r f . Thus was born the profession of greenkeeping. Up to this time most anyone who could drive a team or push a lawn, mower with a little greater degree of skill than the rest of the crew was the man in charge of the c o u r s e . These first greenkeepers at once started experimenting with different strains and types of grass. Progress was very slow, for there was no organization and thus no chance for an exchange of ideas and inform a t i o n . On the contrary the situation was quite the r e v e r s e . There was much professional jealousy and m a n y were those who were quite sure they and they alone had solved the mystery of growing a putting surface that just naturally led a ball into the c u p . During the years this condition existed, the L o r d , the w e a t h e r , and nature in general conspired to shake their confidence in some of their so-called secrets. In 1925 some of the old-timers who were more ing and a bit more charitable-minded gathered d o , O h i o , and out of that meeting came the Association. The seed was planted and from it modern day golf course superintendent. far seeat ToleNational grew the The superintendent of today w o u l d not exist nor would golf be what it is if it were not for this a l l .important side of superintendents r e l a t i o n s — r e l a t i o n s to one a n o t h e r . Through these relations and their exchange of i d e a s , t h e y soon learned that by giving a little in the form of an idea they were gathering a h a r v e s t of w o r t h while information that w a s producing better and better golf courses for the players of this c o u n t r y . F r o m this realization of the value of c o m m u n a l relations came the desire for m o r e t e c h n i c a l and scientific approaches to their p r o b l e m s , so they turned to the colleges of agriculture and thus came about the close relationships that now exist between the superintendent and the m a n y universities interested in the growth of turf. W h a t is the sum t o t a l of all of this? It is a quality of turf and a degree of course m a i n t e n a n c e that would give those t u r n - o f - t h e - c e n t u r y golfers and m a i n t e n a n c e m e n m u c h the same feeling as that of the old colored fellow w h o was taking his c h i l d r e n through the z o o . W h e n they came to the giraffe the kids stood in openmouthed w o n d e r m e n t u n t i l their father s a i d , "Come away from d a r , c h i l l u n s . Dar ain't no sich animal." The present day course superintendent is not a scientist nor is he a farmer in the u s u a l sense of the w o r d , but he does a v e r y h i g h l y specialized job of scientific f a r m i n g . Year by year in addition to this he has been called upon to acquire a working knowledge of a greater and m o r e v a r i e d assortment of skills than any p r o f e s s i o n a l m a n I k n o w . W h a t are these skills that he m u s t have in addition to his m a i n job of growing turf? F i r s t and foremost he m u s t be a m e c h a n i c , for today's course is h i g h l y mecha n i z e d . He m u s t be a tree s u r g e o n , a l a n d s c a p e r , a g a r d e n e r , a golf course a r c h i t e c t , road builder, p a i n t e r , c a r p e n t e r , swimming p o o l a u t h o r i t y , tennis court e x p e r t , bookkeeper and labor relations e x p e r t . T r u l y in this last department h e m u s t be a m a g i c i a n , for he is expected to keep competent w o r k m e n at a rate far below that paid by industry as a w h o l e . The attit u d e of the club is - if it needs doing turn it over to J o e , h e ' l l find a w a y to get it done and for less money, too. Now while Joe has been acquiring a l l this knowledge and s k i l l , w h a t has happened to him? Primarily he has been so "damned" busy that he has not had time to find out what was happening to himself and what he was getting out of the deal. He has been so busy looking out for the welfare of others that he has totally neglected his own well being. The golf course superintendent of today has developed into a full fledged executive and doesn't seem to realize it, and I for one think it is high time he did. Certainly he is going to have to continue to improve his knowledge of his job, but he is also going to have to spend part of his time letting the public in general and the golfer in particular know just what an important part he plays in the welfare of golf. I say, without fear of contradiction, that the golf course superintendent is the only executive employee of any club that is absolutely indispensible to its continued operation. ! L e t s take a look at some of the things that a superintendent can do to bring home to his club and people in general just what an important part he plays in their lives. Unfortunately there are no magic wands to be waved or Aladdins lamps to be rubbed to bring this about. In the main it will be accomplished by a process commonly !f called "public relations . Public relations is, when all is said and done, salesmanship and in this case the product to be sold is the golf course superintendent. To sell any product you must first have a sales organization and that organization must have an advertising department, the duty of which is to get the name of the product before the public. Advertising campaigns cost money and it is a job for experts trained in that field. We are well prepared to put on a sales campaign. We have the organization in the form of the Golf Course Superintendents Association«, It is up to us as stockholders in this organization to provide, through higher dues, the money for it to hire an expert to publicize and advertise our jobs. We also have branch offices in all important cities in the country, the branch offices in this case being our local superintendents associations. The branch office or local association is the point from which the salesman, who calls on the trade, works and in this case the salesman is you. Now that you are a salesman as well as a golf course superintendent, let us see what it takes to be a good salesman. Primarily he must have a product to .sell and that he has. .He must..have, a thoroughly proven product and that he also has, as evidenced by the ..hundreds of fine golf.-courses in all.parts -of America. A good salesman- must be industrious and resourceful and always on the lookout for new ideas and new .argil*ments with which he may convince his customer, in our case the club member, of the value of his p r o d u c e -and their need for it. He must evidence an interest in the things that they are interested i n — in our case, jgolf tournaments,, tennis matches, swimming events, flower shows and the like. He must be helpful to his customer in ways that will call attention to both himself and his knowledge of _ his job. He must be civic minded and willing ;to take part in and lend a hand in the conduct of c o m m u n i t y affairs and endeavors. If he is asked to s-peak at a garden club he should do so, or if, as in some cases, he is just not able to speak in public, tell * them frankly that it is just n o t in his line, but that he knows a fellow who can and that he will make arrangements for him to be there. This he can do for he is a member of an organization that can provide the man they need. a. good salesman is a thoughtful m a n , especially where his customers are concerned. If one of them is ill v .he drops them a friendly card. If one of them takes a step up the ladder of success, the good salesman sees to it that he gets a chance to congratulate h i m . There is no one thing that I know of that makes people feel better than to have someone interested in their success. If you make them feel better about themselves, they will by the same token feel better about you., and after all that was the main idea in the first place. Letters, are one of the most effective tools of the salesman and he strives continually to improve his ability to write good ones. Many business men are more impressed by a good letter than by any other form of sales approach. They very often judge a man's abilities by how well he writes^.a letter. We as superintendents miss m a n y opportunities to call our club officials' attention to ourselves by our failure to write letters at the proper time. We should always send a written report to our club as to what we saw and heard that was of interest at con- ventions and short c o u r s e s . Suggestions for improvem e n t s or alterations to the course should be in letter f o r m . Budgets should always be accompanied by letters of e x p l a n a t i o n , so also should the y e a r l y summation of expenses. If any u n u s u a l w o r k is to be d o n e , such as construction or renovation that m a y interfere «ith play or affect the appearance of the c o u r s e , a letter explaining the why's and wherefore's should go out to the members h i p . It w i l l do two t h i n g s . It w i l l save y o u a lot of grief from complaints and it w i l l also c a l l their attention to the fact that y o u are the one who is running their course and y o u w i l l have become m o r e important in their e y e s , and again that is exactly w h a t we were trying to accomplish with this sales campaign of l e t t e r s . Anyone who finds it difficult to talk to groups should take one of the m a n y courses offered in all communities to aid people to m o r e easily and forcefully express t h e m s e l v e s . . Remember that the members of your committees are business m e n and w i l l give m o r e consideration to and have m o r e respect for your proposals and suggestions if they are properly voiced and in respecting the proposal w i l l in turn have greater respect and regard for the m a n who made it* This salesman superintendent of ours is now taking on the aspects of quite a f e l l o w , so let us not neglect that phase of salesmanship which a n y successful salesm a n w i l l t e l l y o u is of extreme importance,that is p e r s o n a l appearance« It is not necessary that w e become fashion p l a t e s , but if w e are going to be classed as supervisors w e are going to have to look the p a r t . A successful salesman m u s t look successful and a succ e s s f u l superintendent m u s t l o o k like a superintende n t . If we are ever going to command the salaries we expect and to w h i c h our knowledge and experience entitles us we are definitely going to have to command respect and believe m e that w i l l not h a p p e n as long as the players on our. course cannot identify us from the m e n who w o r k for u s . All of this adds up to quite a b i l l of goods and I am quite sure that none of us w i l l ever accomplish all of it but if we honestly try w e are going to be amazed at the r e s u l t s , and w e w i l l have contributed our share in helping to elevate our p r o f e s s i o n . The same relations that have done so m u c h toward gaining recognition for our fine golf courses w i l l again pay off in gaining p e r s o n a l recognition for ourselves and the profession as a w h o l e . As an old school teacher of mine used to say, "When building air castles, build them high enough so when they fall there will be something to the ruins." Let's be respectful, but let's also be respected. - o ROADSIDES AND AIRPORTS Ho B . Musser Sometimes it is desirable for those of us that are in a very specialized field such as golf turf to stop a minute and take stock. There may be stimulation in realizing that we are a part of a much bigger picture. And so perhaps this afternoon the best contribution that I can possibly make is to show you that sometimes the grass isn't a bit greener over the fence than it is in your own particular daily w o r k — t o show you that there are problems in other fields of turf production also. Highways and air fields present probably the widest variations in grass problems as we are accustomed to thinking of them. While the same principles of growing special purpose turf apply no matter where you are growing grass, '/the basic principles of moisture, drainage, fertility, compaction and other factors of that sort still apply. Yet in a great many cases we treat them in a much different fashion on these other specialized areas. There are very specialized problems in the highway field, especially in attempting to maintain turf on steep slopes. Can we find better types of vegetative material than we have been using in the past? This is a close-up of part of our experimental setup where we established a number of grasses to test o u t , under practical conditions, possible differences in performance. The Pennsylvania Highway Department and many other highway departments have been using a lot of orchardgrass for their bank stabilization in the past, and we are beginning to suspect that maybe it isn't the best possible material for that purpose. We can get an excellent stand for the first year or two and then orchardgrass, being a bunch grass, will begin to thin out and form tufts. The water begins to run down around these individual tufts and gullies develop. In contrast with t h a t , here is the tremendously heavy cover and the excellent protection that we have secured from creeping red f e s c u e . Creeping red fescue is normally considered as rather a fine type of grass, but it does w e l l on these areas with very little clipping and very moderate fertilization. The fescues as. a group are very tolerant to droughty conditions and to low f e r t i l i t y . These soils are practically sterile from the standpoint of any fertility because they are all subsoilso We do have to add a reasonable amount of fertilizer at the start. This is a plot of Alta f e s c u e . You can see that it is making and has retained an excellent type of cover after a three-year p e r i o d . Crown v e t c h , I t h i n k , is by far the m o s t promising material that we have been able to find so far for this type of slope. It is a legume, a perennial legume, that spreads with underground root stocks, is very tolerant 0f low moisture conditions and poor soil, and has the ability to form a very dense protective cover on the area plus the fact that it is quite spectacul a r . Those purplish-pink blooms start about the middle of June and the whole area is a -mass of color from then on until September. The highway people like it on that account. They also like it because of the excellent stabilization, the excellent control that it gives. Now Crown Vetch is not all "beer and skittles" by any m e a n s . There are very definite problems connected with its establishment, less with m a i n t e n a n c e . The first problem is the fact that it is slow to dev e l o p . The only way that y o u can get a satisfactory stand of Crown V e t c h , that i s , a stand that w i l l control slope erosion the first y e a r , is by very close vegetative plantings of the c r o w n s . On the other hand we can establish excellent stands of Crown Vetch from seed if we can afford to wait for the slower developm e n t that we get from seedling plants. Right now the thing that we are primarily interested in is to try to find the best possible grass to grow with the vetch that w i l l give us cover temporarily until the crown vetch has established itself. This is an illustration of one of those first attempts. Here we have a mixture of crown v e t c h , Alta f e s c u e , orchardgrass and timothy. You can see the small crown vetch plants developing down in there among the grasse s . The following year the grass is beginning to thin o u t , the crown vetch is beginning to take o v e r , and we w i l l eventually end up with the solid plot of crown vetch that I showed y o u . What kind of mixture can we grow with the crown vetch? Well, most any kind of grass that won't smother it too much in the early stages. We are not interested in any of them after the crown vetch establishes itself. The fact of the matter is that I have never been able to keep any grass with it. One of the other important problems is off-season seedings. As you know, many highway ,j.obs are completed at times when we don't usually think about seeding g r a s s e s — either at the tail end of the fall before you go into the winter or in the mid-summer. So one of our problems was to determine whether we had a reasonable chance of success or whether there was anything that we could do that would give us a reasonable chance of success in making off-season seedings. We immediately ran into the problem of where we were making those seedings. Our test was on a new highway where there was a similar cut on each side of the road. The one had a north exposure; the other had a south exposure. This picture is an illustration of the stand of red fescue, ryegrass, tall oat grass and Alta fescue where we made winter seedings that didn't come up until the following spring and were covered with mulch to protect the slope. I don't think that anybody would ask for better cover, a better stand of protective grass than that. By the w a y , this is one of the poorest soils that I know anything about in Pennsylvania. In contrast this is the situation that developed when we made the winter seeding on the southern exposure. The sun lay in there and warmed it up, took the frost out of the ground several times during the winter when we had mild spells of weather so that we got winter germination. Now red fescue and Alta fescue germinate at lower temperatures than some of these other grasses d o . The result was that we got a definitely poorer stand of those grasses from winter seedings on the southern exposure than we did, as you could see from the previous picture, on the northern exposure. That became very, very interesting to our highway people who are charged with putting protective cover on these areas. They had never given it any consideration. We have practically the same situation for another reason where we make mid-summer seedings. This is a summer seeding with the five grasses that we are using h e r e — orchardgrass, perennial rye, red fescue, tall oat, and Alta fescue. By the w a y , we have seedings of crown vetch in every one of those to see whether there is any difference in the establishment of the crown vetch with these various grasses. In this case the results again were better on north exposures. Moisture conditions were better. Those are just some of the highlights of a lot of problems. There are a lot of other things that we are tackling, but it may serve as a bird's eye view of some of the things we are up against from the standpoint of trying to establish cover on highways; and the fact that there are just as serious, just as vital problems in turf production in the case of this heavy duty turf as there are of the specialized, intensive type of turf that we are usually thinking o f . Nov; for the airfield w o r k , I will have to take you back to the war period because we have had very little experimental work on airfields since that time, and the fact of the matter is that most of the work that was. done at that time was trial and error. All that I am going to try to show you here are the problems that are involved in attempting to do a workman like job of making conditions satisfactory for operations on an airfield. Nov/ this is not a poor picture-- that is an excellent picture. The story is that the whole picture is clouded by dust. Dust is probably the most important factor on larger air fields where the wind has a chance to blow across and pick up soil from unprotected areas. Another of our problems is that where you have dust and unprotected areas, you have m u d . Then we have erosion, where water comes down from higher areas onto the airfield and causes difficulties. That is really a mild type along side some of the situations that developed until we could get a protective cover on them. Here the engineers constructing an airfield are experts in designing the size of inlets, the amount of tile that is required to take the water off; but one thing that they completely lost sight of was the fact that as long as those large expanses of open, flat areas were not protected against wash, the inlets were not doing them a bit of good and they were getting erosion and flooding on the field.f Here is another type of erosion. Now that just i s n t a mound of soil piled u p . That is the end of the approach to a runway. It was leveled out and filled in so that it could be built about level. There was just a little slope on that runway toward this direction. The water collected on it and eventually cut that gully back until it was almost at the edge of the concrete slab itself, In this whole airfield picture turf can do a beautiful job of controlling dust and erosion if the handling of it is understood. This is an edge of an apron where planes are held to service them. Mostly the tails are turned back off the apron, and propwash comes back at a hundred miles an hour or more and takes out everything down to a depth of six o r eight inches. Then if there is traffic across that area, they rut it still d e e p e r . If that happens along the edge of the runway or at the end of a runway and a plane hits i t , you get an accident. Turf can do an excellent job of controlling that situation. This shows where you have the same trouble along taxi areas where planes m a y be stored for any length of t i m e . And finally, one of the big problems, particularly in the western areas where you have wet and dry seasons, is f i r e . On m a n y airfields during the war at least, there was no opportunity to keep them cut down close, and when that grass matures and dries, it m a y burn with almost explosive v i o l e n c e . There are some of the problems. Are there satisfactory solutions? The all over turf field can be kept in satisfactory condition for landing and takeoffs of light planes with a good grass c o v e r . You can do a magnificent job with bermudagrass in the south, most any kind of bermudagrass, although the better strains are more desirable. In more northern localities y o u go to the cool-season grasses. The shoulders of runways are a problem because in m a n y cases those runways have b.een stabilized to 60 or 80 percent of the bearing capacity of the runway themselves. In the northern area (this happens to be a field up at Syracuse, New York)we did not have very much of a problem in getting-a good growth .of Kentucky.bluegrass-fescue turf with some legume mixtures in it to protect those shoulders. In Florida we ran into the situation of almost solid limestone resulting from coral format i o n s . It was an entirely different problem, and I included this picture just to show that you can do an excellent job of stabilizing those shoulders even with a pretty heavy bearing capacity m a t e r i a l on i t . The area was ripped up with a road ripper and the bermudagrass sprigs planted in i t . This was about 3 or 4weeks after the sprigs had been planted, and in another month* s time it had become pretty w e l l covered. Mow at those inlets I showed you a bit ago where we had the w a s h , we found that by doing a rather simple job of sodding around the inlet, we could protect our soils from washing so that the inlet would work until the grass that we had seeded out further took efi'eo*c. If we didn't have sod available, we did a job of seedi n g , covered it with a straw m u l c h , and put some of this grid m a t e r i a l on top of it to hold it down in any areas where propwash was liable to blow it o u t . Another method of controlling dust and especially wind erosion was by the use of straw m u l c h . It is simply dry straw that has been tucked into the soil sufficiently so that it w i l l h o l d . The way that is done is that the area is loosened up much as you would loosen up a seed bed. The straw is spread over it as we have done over there where it has not been packed (this picture was 1 taken before the job was finished) then run a s h e e p s foot roller or a culti-packer or a dull disk or something like that over it to cut that straw into the soil. I have seen those straw mulches stand a 70 mile an hour wind without blowing o u t . Another method of control is the cut-back asphalt d r e s s i n g . I am glad that I have this picture because it gives me a very interesting and important contrast from the standpoint of c o s t . That row of dressing along the runway isn't fit for anything but to stop wind blowing and d u s t . It won't stand traffic at all. It is just a light application of about *f/10 gallon of cut-back asphalt per square y a r d , and it only is good for about 6 or 8 months in contrast with the straw mulch that w i l l hold up to 16 or 18 months without r e n e w a l . The difference in price is about 1 to 6 in favor of the straw m u l c h . F i n a l l y , another method that I have very little faith in it the gravel blanket. We can't put that gravel blanket all over an entire area of hundreds of m i l e s . Winds bring dust in that w i l l settle in the gravel. Eventually it w i l l become another source of d u s t . So it is not very satisfactory. Good temporary dust control can be obtained by rough tillage. It acts like a miniature snow f e n c e . Yes,it. w i l l fill up and you w i l l have to do it over again, but as a temporary job, it is an excellent method of controlling d u s t . N o w , finally, the fire control. A material that din an excellent job of fire prevention by fire-proofing the grass itself, the dry grass, is mono-ammonium phosp h a t e . As you can s e e , completely burned areas on either side of the strip where we went across with a 20-foot boom sprayer effectually stopped the fire right at that line. Question: What is best height of cut for turf? ive have maintained all of our strains of grasses at three different h e i g h t s , that i s , approximately 3 A inch which checks closely w i t h the type of fairway turf that we like to s e e , about or inches w h i c h checks with ordinary lawn height and then about l-§* and 3 i n c h e s . On the basis of v e r y car:efully kept records of performance of the same grass under those three heights of c u t , we have found that it is m u c h more difficult to m a i n t a i n a good uniform stand of grass at the or 3 inch heights than w e have at the li inch or even 3 A inch heights of any grass that w i l l stand close c l i p p i n g . I believe that y o u don't need to w o r r y m u c h about the h e i g h t at w h i c h y o u cut a great m a n y of our grasses if y o u w i l l cut them frequently enough so that w h B n y o u do cut them y o u d o n ' t take such a large proportion of the leaf area off t h e m . Cutting a grass close is injurious to it w h e n it has grown a leaf of about 2-§- or 3 inches long and t h e n is cut down to the point where y o u h a v e removed half to 3 A of that leaf a r e a . It is a tremendous shock to the g r a s s . Bluegrass and fescues can't stand that s h o c k , can't recover from it because they don't grow rapidly enough. Unlike b e n t , they don't have enough leaf surface down close to the ground to r e c o v e r . I think that if w e cut f r e q u e n t l y and o n l y cut a small proportion of the leaf surface o f f , we can get our cut a lot lower w i t h o u t injuring the grasses than if y o u cut at longer intervals and shock them m o r e s e v e r e l y . (Question about c r a b g r a s s ) Answer: The answer to crabgrass c o n t r o l is in shading the g r o u n d . O b v i o u s l y y o u do a much better job of shading the ground at a 2 - i n c h height of cut than y o u do at the shorter c u t . On a t h i c k , h e a v y turf y o u do not have to w o r r y about cutting too short for shading; on a thin t u r f , y o u do have to w o r r y about cutting too s h o r t . The r e a l l y important thing there is w h a t Musser brought o u t — that h o w m u c h y o u are cutting off at any cutting is extremely i m p o r t a n t . (Question about w a t e r i n g ) Answers W e l l , of c o u r s e , I know that watering can be o v e r d o n e . If there is any error m a d e , it seems quite logical to me that it should be on the side of too little water rather than too m u c h . - o - ATHLETIC FIELDS M . E . Farnham What should be the aim for athletic fields or other heavy use turf areas? Last fall before the Army-Navy game, some of the people from West Point came down to look at the Municipal Stadium in Philadelphia. We also went to Franklin Field and some of the other athletic fields at the University of Pennsylvania. At the end of the tour I asked C o l . Reeder, who is in charge of the physical plant for the West Point Military Academy Athletic Association, if he could give me a definition of just what we do want on an ahtletic field. He evidently had given considerable thought to it because quite promptly he said, "What we want is something firm, smooth and green". Now that is a very good definition; I don't think anybody will quibble with it, and it doesn't sound too difficult. However, the further we get into it, the less simple it becomes. At one time over a year ago, I asked George Munger, Pennsylvania football coach, a few questions about their reactions to various fields that they had played o n , trying to find out on what basis they rated a field as good, bad or indifferent. I was very much surprised to have him telli me that looks are :'Of • prime importance from the standpoint of the contestants. He told me that in going into a strange field, the players, before ever setting foot on the field, havepretty well got their minds made up whether it is going to be satisfactory or not. In other words, the players, as well as thousands of observers who sit in the stands and have little to judge conditions except by looks, are quite conscious of that looks angle. Mr. Munger went on further to mention some specific fields and I happen to know that one of the fields that in the previous year they had found most satisfactory must have been purely and simply looks because from the turf standpoint they did not have much to offer. Munger said, "I don't know. Maybe they dye the material that is there. But it looked nice and before the boys ever set foot on the field, they had their minds pretty well made up that they were going to like it." In our consideration of athletic areas we will think primarily of schools, overlooking professional baseball diamonds or whatnot, which really would give an even more complicated program because some of those areas are used pretty much the year around, and it's hard enough when you concern yourself with the school f i e l d s . With baseball, being a spring sport, y o u often have an opportunity to go into those areas in the fall and do whatever seeding or renovation is necessary arid have it in pretty good shape by the time spring comes. A n d , of course, the limited area of the infield makes that a much smaller problem. A well-known baseball player was asked about what he wanted on a d i a m o n d . He evidently is a golfer for he said that he wanted something about like our fairways on the infield, something not quite as good in the outfield. I asked him whether they wanted the grass in their infield because of playing conditions. N o , the principal reason that they want grass on their infield is because it cuts down glare. Perhaps I stress the looks angle too much but it is important. In any sound program on new fields sufficient funds should' be provided and sufficient time should be provided so that after the actual construction w o r k the field w i l l have an opportunity to make some turf before it is put into u s e . What should we do in soundly preparing soil conditions for the establishment of a new field? One of the prime considerations m u s t be to prevent development of compaction as-far as possible, and that means basically that we need to modify the existing soils by the addition of such quantities of organic matter and sand^as m a y be sound procedure to produce a soil which w i l l not compact too f r e e l y . On fields in use the problems become complicated. .If the use of a field in the f a l l finishes in time so it is possible to go in with aerification, fertilization, and dormant seeding, it's a good procedure to do s o . If the program doesn't permit that or if conditions get so that you can't do that w o r k in the f a l l , then obviously y o u have to do it first thing in the spring even though m a n y of us know that the planting of seed in the spring is not too sound a procedure. It is extremely important that the bare ground on the .worn areas be c o v e r e d . T h a t , of c o u r s e , aside from such fertilization and aerification as m a y be in the pict u r e , means the use of seedings. We m u s t consider w h a t grasses we're going to use because too often there is no let-up in use of these areas. You need to have some grass that comes quickly even though theoretically it m a y have retarding effects on your perm a n e n t stand of g r a s s . During the summer time the School fields give you a chance to do some w o r k on them, but nature doesn't offer too m u c h opportunity. In Philadelphia,, around the middle of August y o u can put in some seedings w i t h a reasonable chance of succ e s s , particularly on some of the college fields where T they d o n t get into use u n t i l the latter part of Sept e m b e r . If it comes down to a case of a practice field where the players come out the first part of September, then that's a horse of a different c o l o r . W h e n we are confronted w i t h areas w h i c h become worn and bare from u s e , your weed problem d e v e l o p s . We have fairly simple weed 1 control m a t e r i a l for broadleaf weeds lin the form of 2, +-D. The place in the program for 2, +-D on s e e d l i n g s , h o w e v e r , has to receive a little more consideration than it needs on permanent turf because it is quite w e l l established that 2,^-D applications often are quite rough on s e e d l i n g s . Crabgrass areas occur on bare g r o u n d , and that also justifies the use of considerable quick grasses to cover the soil and compete with w e e d s . Some of the various chemicals w h i c h are being tested for crabgrass have given us quite a little help although w e don't know the w h o l e s t o r y . There a g a i n , we have to keep the seedling grass in m i n d . We are hearing m o r e and m o r e about compaction not because it is anything new but because we now are able to do something about i t . I've been quite enthusiastic in the past year or so in trying to explain m a n y of the benefits received from aerification procedures by the fact that we are letting air into the s o i l . Then w e go up to Penn State and Professor Alderfer gives us a v e r y striking illustration that sometimes the trouf ble w i t h our soil is that the air c a n t get o u t . Of c o u r s e , that isn't too critical because after a l l if your conditions are such that air can get i n , it can get o u t , t o o . In connection w i t h seeding or renovation p r o g r a m s , aerification procedures should be "rather severe. The question has been asked h o w deep w e need to g o . I think it is a sound statement that most of our compaction is at the s u r f a c e , in the top couple inches of the soil. It becomes progressively less severe as y o u get down into the soil, so that we don't have to worry about extreme depths for aerification treatments unless there are some conditions of extreme depths which are b a d . E v e n though m o s t of our compaction m a y be in the top two i n c h e s , it probably is sound procedure to aerify at least to the depth of four i n c h e s , and I t h i n k that becomes self-evident w h e n y o u cut into some of these holes w h i c h are f u l l of white roots following aerification. The growth of turf alone has been shown to be quite effective in helping overcome soil c o m p a c t i o n . Some of our soils are of such a nature that the aerification holes following our aerification procedures close up rather r a p i d l y . In these cases we w i l l need to put some m i x t u r e of materials into those holes through t o p d r e s s i n g , d r a g g i n g , e t c . , to hold them open long enough to permit the satisfactory root growth w h i c h we see w h e n these holes do stay o p e n . As far as aerification procedures are concerned in routine m a i n t e n a n c e , I favor rather frequent aerification t r e a t m e n t s — once over an area frequently rather than being too severe in any one t i m e . A n d , of c o u r s e , with m u c h of the equipment w h i c h we frave available tod a y it doesn't take long to go over an area followed by proper matting to put the area back into good playing c o n d i t i o n . Now as far as the matter! of grasses is c o n c e r n e d , m o s t of the areas w h i c h I v e seen are basically Kentucky b l u e g r a s s . Of c o u r s e , w e w o u l d all be tickled to death if we could get whatever quantities of B - 2 7 or M e r i o n bluegrass that w e n e e d . If w e c a n ' t , it still seems sound procedure to plant c o m m e r c i a l bluegrass which is a v a i l a b l e . In some areas c o m m e r c i a l bluegrass is severely injured by leafspot disease w h i c h occurs in spring and v e r y little recovery occurs in the summer which practically cuts bluegrass out of the picture w h e n use is heavy in the f a l l . I still think that we ought to plant it to be safe rather than s o r r y . W e , of c o u r s e , are looking forward to available supplies of some of the new selections of red f e s c u e . The ryegrasses quickly cover the g r o u n d , and I prefer to use perennial rye rather than a domestic or principally a n n u a l t y p e . Alta fescue seems to be doing an outstanding job in some p l a c e s , but for m e it has been almost a total f a i l u r e . Musser was astounded last f a l l to see hew little results we had from plantings of Alta at the University of P e n n s y l v a n i a . I don't know what the answer i s , but I w i s h that I could produce the results w h i c h they are getting in some p l a c e s . I know Charles H a l l o w e l l comes back from C a l i f o r n i a and is enthusiastic about everything including Alta f e s c u e . W h a t grasses don't we want on these hard-use areas? Poa a n n u a , poa trivialis are pretty m u c h in the same class in that they m a k e a very shallow-rooted t u r f , and they just w o n ' t stand the hard w e a r . Both of them go to pieces more or less in the summer time and unfortunately, they come back rather vigorously in the f a l l . Nor do we want creeping bentgrass. I don't want to go in too much to the possible application of the warm-season g r a s s e s — bermudagrass and Z o y s i a . Perhaps for hard-use a r e a s , particularly when y o u take into consideration the speed with which they usually want this work don& or the speed with which you have to do i t , the Zoysias are slow unless they are put in as sod. The U-3 bermudagrass undoubtedly fits into the picture somewhere and in some locations. We put some test strips of U-3 down at the University of Pennsylvania a year ago last 'June. W e put them in one-inch strips, set three feet apart at Franklin F i e l d . After the two growing seasons (the rest of 19^9 from June on was a good season for bermudagrass5 1950 was not so good even though the nitrogen program on the field was fairly h i g h ) , the strips on Franklin Field in no cases were a foot w i d e . The principal thing is that your test of U-3 bermuda, or I might say a test of most anything, needs to be done not only in t h e locality where y o u are going to use it but insofar as possible in the actual location in which you are going to use i t . That covers in a rather quick way the program as I see i t . I am tremendously interested in the opportunity for some of these contacts in fields of turf other than those on the golf course because I think that it makes the whole turf program much stronger. We have been fortunate in developing several turf research fellowships at Penn State and feel that we are really getting somewhere. Then the state highway department gets interested and has contributed more than the sum total of the other fellowships. Any of this w o r k which we can promote in the broad turf field certainly makes us all stronger in our individual applications. - o - SHADE TREE CARE C.arl Fenner From the dome of the Capitol Building in downtown Lansing, the city appears to be in a f o r e s t , yet 100,000 people live beneath this f o r e s t . Such a background has made it possible to develop a scientific tree-care program over a period of ^0 years with which I am associated. Now..as to something practical as to how to take care of your trees« This gentleman is cutting off a -huge dead limb. His first cut is under the branch and he cuts, undercut we call i t , until the saw p i n c h e s . Then he goes on top and cuts through until the'branch falls o f f . The final cut he has made is entirely flush with the parent limb; then he paints i t . Be careful who you have to do your tree w o r k . If y o u want to do some of the simple parts of the tree w o r k , you can learn how in this little lecture t o d a y . This beautiful elm tree with all of its five trunks is covered with little sucker g r o w t h — with feathers, we call t h e m . Don't ever cut any of those o f f . That is the beauty of that elm t r e e — all those little suckers or feathers up and down the trunks. You know the old idea of trimming a tree down from the top to make it spread out and get bushy. This tree was topped about kO years ago and you can see where the dark bark ends and the light bark starts. Initially the tree looked b r o a d , fat and plump; but now new sprouts have grown at the tips and they are dismal branches. Now it is a tall tree that is dangerous and w i l l break in a storm. Instead, just give it a haircut to make it look a little d e c e n t . All the primary wires in our city are on 70-foot p o l e s — that i s , 62 feet out of the g r o u n d . Then our m e n go into the tops of the trees and simply cut away those portions of the trees that are actually interfering with the w i r e s . W h e n y o u see a V-shaped crotch in your elms or some of your m a p l e s , bore a hole through there just below the c r o t c h . Drill the hole about 3 A inch in size and put an . iron bolt right through the heart of the t r e e . You w i l l save yourself a lot of good t r e e s . An automobile or mowing equipment could knock the bark or"part of the bark off the t r e e . The first thing we do is to take a sharp jackknife and trace the wound; in other words, cut off the ragged edges of the bark. Then we put nothing on that wound. We put this little fence of burlap around it (notice that the burlap is held about six Inches away from the trunk and nothing touches the wound.) The cover is on there simply to prevent the sun from drying out the cambium layer. If that smooth, slippery cambium layer is protected from the sun, it will thicken up into natural bark. We leave the shade on for four w e e k s . Ordinarily that would take about 5 years to grow bark in from the edges. If you fail to treat it within 2b hours and the sun does dry out your cambium layer, it dies. Scrape it off with your hand or chisel and trace the edge of the wound, shellac the edge and put p a i n t o n . That will then grow over in the old-fashioned way from the sides. When your tree is off-color, get in touch with someone who knows about tree diseases. In this particular tree the top leaf is normal green, the bottom is off-color, and it came out of the ground like a post. We found a strangling or girdling root, literally shutting off the life stream of that tree. Since the root had not grown into the tree, it was taken off, the tree fertilized and watered and it came backWe do a lot of things to upset the balance of nature when we bring a tree into the city 0 Here is a golf course where we quickly rush out and pick up all the leaves. Sometimes when trees in a city,; on a golf course or on a street have gone too f a r — have slipped too far in h e a l t h — we feed them artificially by boring holes in the ground. First we inject an air gun in the holes and fracture the soil; then a man pours in the fertilizer, reinserts the gun and distributes the fertilizer through the soil. All the holes are left o p e n — these are about 50 holes under each t r e e then the whole thing is covered with water to further distribute the food. Sometimes our trees when brought into the city on a golf course or street need extra watering. A pipe needle can be made in your own shop so that you can get the water down where the root system really needs it. The mist blower is the latest thing in spraying for insects in trees or for mosquitoes. The finely broken dust or liquid is blown out of this machine at a very high velocity air current and is distributed over a vast area. It is the cheapest way to cover a large area. There is a saving of about 75$ in material alone. I am sure that y o u are all familiar w i t h the picture of this nasty stuff coming out of an elm t r e e . It T d o e s n t kill a t r e e , but it has that a w f u l looking stuff w h i c h is the result of a b a c t e r i a l action inside the sap s t r e a m . We have inserted two pipes past the heart wood and in the point where w e figured there was the greatest i n f e c t i o n , and have drained out the infected s a p . The business end of this little drain is w h a t is i m p o r t a n t . It is a v e r y simple thing that y o u can m a k e in your own s h o p . D r i l l it f u l l of holes in the side so it can gather m o r e of the infected sap and carry it out away from the bark s i x , eight or ten inches o A basswood tree and a red o a k and a f e w others perhaps can be b e a u t i f u l and healthy on the outside (bark, f o l i a g e , t w i g s ) but inside can be almost completely r o t t e d . You need to w a t c h out for t h e m . You can find this rotted tree by m e r e l y tapping it w i t h a m a l l e t on the o u t s i d e . It w i l l give a punky s o u n d . W e should say a w o r d about the planting of t r e e s , I t h i n k . You are more likely to succeed in planting young trees on your golf course if y o u take them out of a field w h e r e they have been grown and cultivated and w a t e r e d . They have been grown a little f a s t e r , their roots have been p r u n e d . T h e y have a s h o r t e r , d e n s e r , more compact root system w i t h less loss of roots w h e n the tree is taken up and moved onto the c o u r s e . Because of the transplanting shock and the loss of some r o o t s , it is necessary to reduce the t o p . Cut off a l l the big l i m b s , leave the little ones o n , and in a f e w years the tree w i l l assume its former s h a p e . Cut and cut u n t i l it hurts and then cut some m o r e . In the planting of a tree there are just a couple of things that I w a n t to s a y . We m a k e the h o l e plenty b i g , of course; we throw the top soil in one place and the subsoil in another p l a c e . W h e n w e replace the dirt in the h o l e , w e put the top soil around the roots and ! f i l l it up w i t h the s u b s o i l . One prec a u t i o n — d o n t plant your trees too d e e p . Plant it about the same height it was in the n u r s e r y . W e protect a l l the m a p l e s and elms by wrapping ordinary building paper around them and tying it snugly in place for two years after p l a n t i n g . Otherwise the flat head borer w i l l get under the b a r k and destroy your t r e e . A newly planted tree needs a couple of good waterings per s u m m e r . We dig a t r e n c h two feet from the t r u n k and flood on 15 to 20 gallons of water at onetime . Now a f e w trees that I like especially w e l l . The good old sugar m a p l e in f a l l coloring is at the top of m y l i s t . It is a slow grower but w e advise putting in a certain proportion of the finest tree that g r o w s — sugar m a p l e . It isn't a rapid growing t r e e . It is a m e d i u m growing tree and quite subject to certain dis e a s e s . Sweet gum can grow r i g h t along w i t h the maples and they have a brilliant f a l l c o l o r i n g . Don't buy a -sweet gum with bare r o o t s . Don't even take it as a g i f t . It has to have a b a l l of s o i l . Here is the good old American elm w h i c h I am sure y o u have all heard m a y possibly be wiped from the A m e r i c a n s c e n e . I! don't know whether it w i l l or n o t . It has a couple of terrific d i s e a s e s , but it still is one of the grandest trees in e x i s t e n c e . I don't hardly know whether to advise y o u to plant them or n o t . W e are still planting a few in strategic p l a c e s , but we expect in a few years to have to spray them a couple of times a year a l l the rest of their l i v e s . Here is a s a s s a f r a s . It is one of the world's m o s t b e a u t i f u l t r e e s . It grows at a moderate p a c e , has no e n e m i e s , but '.brother! try to transplant i t . If y o u b u y any locust be sure to m a k e your nurseryman guarantee t h a t it is both seedless and t h o r n l e s s . Poplar— w e l l , let's not smear this tree too q u i c k l y . Sure it grows up fast and grows away from y o u f a s t , but y o u w i l l get 20 years of v e r y good service out of them in certain parts of your course as borders and screens. Another upright growing tree is the Norway m a p l e . It is an upright growing type w h i c h grows in small spaces and they grow at a good pace and apparently have no e n e m i e s . A g a i n , they have to be planted with a ball of e a r t h . Don't plant C h i n e s e elm in this a r e a . T h e y do grow up q u i c k l y , but they w i l l just get up big enough to shade y o u in-your rocking chair a n d , b i n g o , down they g o . In some of the low r a i n f a l l areas of the west the Chinese elm grows slower and is a pretty good t r e e . About putting copper in t r e e s . I drove l-§- pounds of copper nails in one soft m a p l e t r e e . E a c h copper nail killed a small area around its h e a d . That was about 20 years ago and those wounds healed over and the tree is h e a l t h y and happy t o d a y . RECOGNIZING A N D COMBATING DISEASES J . C . Carter Tree diseases are usually classified according to the part of the tree that they e f f e c t . They m a y be divided into leaf d i s e a s e s , cankers and d i e b a c k s , w i l t s , wood rots and root r o t s . LEAF DISEASES Powdery m i l d e w — Powdery m i l d e w is a fungus disease that occurs occasionally on trees but seldom causes serious damage* It develops as a w h i t e powdery moldlike growth on the l e a v e s . C o n t r o l consists of applying dusting sulfur w h e n m i l d e w becomes a p p a r e n t . Leaf s p o t s — B l a c k leaf spot of elm is one of the more common l e a f spot d i s e a s e s . It produces s m a l l , circular to irregular black spots that appear early in Jul y . These s p o t s , confined m a i n l y to the upper leaf s u r f a c e , become gray w i t h numerous black pustules by late s u m m e r . Leaf spot diseases usually cause insufficient damage to require t r e a t m e n t . R u s t s — Most rust diseases have two h o s t s — evergreens and deciduous t r e e s . On deciduous trees rust usually produces y e l l o w to orange-colored spots on l e a v e s , but on evergreens it produces greenish-brown galls on t w i g s . The m o r e common rust diseases can be controlled by spraying with F e r b a m and sulfur• See spray c h a r t . S c o r c h — F o l i a g e s c o r c h , caused by internal physiological" d i s t u r b a n c e s , unfavorable weather conditions or frost i n j u r y , develops as yellowing or browning of tissues between the veins or along the margins or as complete browning and w i t h e r i n g of the l e a v e s . Most f r e q u e n t l y , scorch develops w h e n the roots -are unable to furnish sufficient water to compensate for the m o i s t u r e lost from the leaves during prolonged dry p e r i o d s . Drying w i n d s , when the temperature is h i g h , increase the amount and severity of s c o r c h . Although trees affected w i t h scorch m a y lose m a n y leaves during late s u m m e r , they should not d i e . Most shade trees are subject to scorch* C A N K E R S AND DIEBACKS Canker and d i e b a c k diseases p r o d u c e dead areas of bark on t w i g s , branches and t r u n k s . Cankers, are localized dead a r e a s , especially in the bark and are usually o v a l in shapeo T h e y m a y continue to enlarge u n t i l they girdle the affected stem and the stem dies above the girdle. Dieback is the g r a d u a l dying of a twig or branch from tip to b a s e . Canker diseases f r e q u e n t l y occur on weakened trees of various s p e c i e s . Branches affected by canker diseases should be r e m o v e d . To treat trunk cankers a l l diseased b a r k and w o o d should be r e m o v e d . The margins of the- canker should be traced back to living bark to m a k e an o v a l exposed region of w o o d . The exposed edges of bark should be painted with s h e l l a c . Then the exposed wood surface should be protected by painting with a wound d r e s s i n g . Large wounds should be painted once or twice each year u n t i l t h e y are healed» Trees in low vigor should be f e d . Two common ways of feeding are dry feeding and liquid f e e d i n g . In d r y feeding the tree food is placed in numerous holes under the branch spread of the tree and h e a v i l y w a t e r e d . In liquid feeding the tree food is dissolved in water in a spray tank and forced into the soil under pressures of jOO to 500 p o u n d s . WILTS Wilt diseases are commonly caused by parasitic organi s m s — f u n g i 9 bacteria or v i r u s e s — w h i c h invade the wood through w h i c h the sap f l o w s . Wilts cause the leaves on one or more branches to wilt and d i e , or the entire tree m a y be k i l l e d . F r e q u e n t l y , it appears that w i l t of leaves is caused by toxins produced w i t h i n the plant by the parasitic o r g a n i s m , D u t c h elm disease This fungus disease affects all of our native species and all E u r o p e a n species of e l m . Leaf symptoms i m a y appear any time from late June u n t i l O c t o b e r . Affected trees show c u r l i n g , y e l l o w i n g , wilting and death of l e a v e s . Usually wilt occurs on one or a few branches and spreads gradually to other branches u n t i l the w h o l e tree is a f f e c t e d . Occasionally affected trees wilt and die w i t h i n a period of four to six w e e k s . Brown discoloration develops in the sapwood of wilting b r a n c h e s , especially in the current-season w o o d . This discoloration m a y appear as streaks or as diffused browning of i n d i v i d u a l wood rings» Since other elm diseases cause similar discoloration of the s a p w o o d , a positive diagnosis m u s t be made by laboratory culture tests of diseased s p e c i m e n s . To prevent the spread of Dutch elm d i s e a s e , b a r k beetles w h i c h carry the fungus from -diseased and dead trees to h e a l t h y elms should be c o n t r o l l e d . The DDT spray formulations recommended for elm bark beetle c o n t r o l are as follows: Hydraulic sprayer f o r m u l a , 16 pounds t e c h n i c a l D D T , k gallons x y l e n e , 1 pint Triton X-100o Mist blower f o r m u l a , 20 pounds technical D D T 9 5 gallons x y l e n e , 2% gallons acme white o i l , Ijt pints Triton X - 1 0 0 . Concentrates of these formulations made by s e v e r a l c o m m e r c i a l c h e m i c a l companies are on the m a r k e t . Trees m u s t be sprayed twice during the spring and early summer to c o n t r o l bark b e e t l e s . The first spray should be applied before the elm flowers or leaves a p p e a r . This spray for hydraulic sprayers should be a 2% emulsion of D D T . This spray for m i s t blowers should be a 12% emulsion of D D T . The second spray should be applied 10 to 12 weeks after the first s p r a y . This spray for hydraulic sprayers should be a 1% emulsion of D D T . This spray for m i s t blowers should be a 6 $ emulsion of D D T . A l l d e a d , d y i n g , or recently cut elm w o o d , w h i c h m a y serve as breeding m a t e r i a l for elm bark beetles should be d e s t r o y e d . This m a t e r i a l m a y be burned or a l l bark surfaces m a y be sprayed with DDT in N o . 2 f u e l o i l . This solution contains 8 pounds of DDT in each 100 gallons of o i l . Since elm bark beetles can f l y several m i l e s , these sanitary measures should be applied to relatively large areas in regions where D u t c h ".elm disease o c c u r s . Elm phloem necrosis This virus disease is widespread and destructive to American elm in the m i d w e s t . It also kills the Moline v a s e , Holly-leaf and a l l other cultivated varieties of American e l m , and can infect the w i n g e d e l m . E a r l i e s t v i s i b l e symptoms of phloem necrosis usually appear as drooping and curling of leaves followed by y e l l o w i n g , browning and finally by d e f o l i a t i o n . Elms w h i c h show these leaf symptoms from late June to early August usually die during a single growing s e a s o n . On elms that are killed w i t h i n two or three w e e k s , the leaves do not droop and turn y e l l o w , but w i l t r a p i d l y , turn brown and r e m a i n attached to the b r a n c h e s . Elms w h i c h show leaf symptoms after the m i d d l e of August frequently live over w i n t e r , produce a sparse crop of leaves the next spring and die during late June or J u l y . Since these leaf symptoms frequently can be con- f u s e d w i t h those caused by other elm d i s e a s e s , field diagnosis of phloem necrosis is based upon the color and odor of t h e inner b a r k . The thin layer of inner b a r k in c o n t a c t w i t h the s a p w o o d , especially at the base of the t r u n k and in t h e buttress r o o t s , becomes y e l l o w to butterscotch in c o l o r . The butterscotch color can be detected o n l y in f r e s h l y cut samples of b a r k since the inner bark from diseased and h e a l t h y trees turns b r o w n w i t h i n a f e w m i n u t e s after being exposed to a i r . T h e odor of w i n t e r g r e e n emanates from the discolored b a r k . There is no s p r a y , c h e m i c a l i n j e c t i o n , t r u n k p a i n t , s o i l treatment or fertilizer known to have any benef i c i a l effects on elms infected w i t h phloem n e c r o s i s . H e a l t h y elms can be protected from infection by spraying for the c o n t r o l of the leafhopper w h i c h carries the virus from diseased to h e a l t h y t r e e s . The DDT spray formulations recommended for elm leafhopper c o n t r o l are the same as the spray formulations recommended for c o n t r o l of the Dutch elm disease insect c a r r i e r s . Trees m u s t be sprayed twice during the growing season to c o n t r o l l e a f h o p p e r s . The f i f s t spray' should be applied as soon as the spring leaf crop is fully m a t u r e , usually between June 15 and June 3 0 . T h e second spray should be applied immediately after the midsummer or second growth of elm h'as o c c u r r e d , usually between July 20 and August 5« For these two sprays a 1% emulsion of DDT should be used in hydraulic sprayers and a 6 % emulsion of DDT in m i s t b l o w e r s . An average large e l m , $0 feet h i g h , w i l l require from 25 to 30 gallons w i t h the hydraulic sprayer or k to 5 gallons with the m i s t b l o w e r . The effectiveness of spraying to prevent the spread of phloem necrosis w i l l not be apparent for a year after the spray program was s t a r t e d , as trees are infected w i t h the virus one year or m o r e before they show the d i s e a s e . No tree infected w i t h the virus when the sprays are applied w i l l be b e n e f i t e d . The spray protects against infection only during the year in w h i c h it is a p p l i e d . For continuous p r o t e c t i o n trees m u s t be sprayed each y e a r . The cost of annual spraying m a y be less than the cost of removing dead t r e e s . Success in preventing phloem necrosis depends on spraying with such absolute thoroughness that no leafhopper bred in a diseased tree is left alive long enough to feed on a h e a l t h y t r e e . Where both Dutch elm disease and phloem n e c r o s i s occur t h e two s p r a y p r o g r a m s r e c o m m e n d e d for the two diseases c a n be combined into one s p r a y p r o g r a m consisting of t h r e e s p r a y s . T h e f i r s t s p r a y is the same as t h e f i r s t s p r a y for the c o n t r o l of D u t c h elm d i s e a s e . The second s p r a y c o m b i n e s the second spray for Dutch elm d i s e a s e and t h e f i r s t s p r a y for p h l o e m n e c r o s i s . T h e t h i r d spray is the same as the second s p r a y for the c o n t r o l of p h l o e m n e c r o s i s . T h e t i m i n g and conc e n t r a t i o n s of t h e s e sprays r e m a i n the s a m e as sugg e s t e d above for D u t c h elm d i s e a s e and p h l o e m necrosis . Oak wilt T h i s f u n g u s d i s e a s e affects a l l of the i m p o r t a n t nat i v e species of o a k in the m i d w e s t . R e c e n t l y it has b e e n r e p o r t e d a f f e c t i n g C h i n e s e c h e s t n u t in Missouri. W i l t u s u a l l y appears f i r s t on b r a n c h e s in the upper p o r t i o n of the c r o w n . W i l t of l e a v e s p r o g r e s s e s «downw a r d and inward u n t i l a l l of t h e f o l i a g e is affected. L e a v e s o n red and b l a c k oaks b e c o m e d u l l or p a l e g r e e n and t h e m a r g i n s m a y c u r l u p w a r d . T h e s e s y m p t o m s are f o l l o w e d b y y e l l o w i n g , b r o w n i n g or b r o n z i n g of the leaf t i s s u e s w h i c h spread f r o m the m a r g i n s t o w a r d 'the m i d r i b . A f f e c t e d leaves m a y f a l l at any stage of leaf w i l t . M a t u r e leaves u s u a l l y r e m a i n stiff and fully e x p a n d e d d u r i n g the d i f f e r e n t stages of w i l t and after d e a t h . I m m a t u r e leaves c u r l , d r o o p , t u r n d a r k b r o w n to b l a c k and r e m a i n a t t a c h e d to t h e b r a n c h e s . L e a v e s on w i l t i n g bur and w h i t e oaks u s u a l l y t u r n l i g h t b r o w n or straw c o l o r , c u r l and r e m a i n a t t a c h e d to the branches. In red and b l a c k o a k s , b r o w n to b l a c k discoloration usually develops in the sapwood or w i l t i n g b r a n c h e s , e s p e c i a l l y in the c u r r e n t s e a s o n w o o d . This d i s c o l o r a t i o n m a y appear as streaks or as d i f f u s e d b r o w n i n g of individual wood rings. Similar sapwood d i s c o l o r a t i o n has b e e n o b s e r v e d in w i l t i n g bur o a k s . A f f e c t e d r e d and b l a c k oaks m a y w i l t and d i e in four to s i x w e e k s , or at least d u r i n g a single g r o w i n g s e a s o n . O c c a s i o n a l l y , large b r a n c h e s of trees i n f e c t e d l a t e in t h e summer live over w i n t e r and p r o d u c e a f e w s c a t t e r e d leaves b e f o r e d y i n g the f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g . Bur and w h i t e oaks u s u a l l y die s l o w l y over a p e r i o d of years. In l o c a l i z e d areas c o n t r o l of o a k w i l t has been obt a i n e d by p o i s o n i n g h e a l t h y oaks a d j a c e n t to diseased t r e e s or b y t r e n c h i n g b e t w e e n d i s e a s e d and h e a l t h y t r e e s . T h e s e t r e a t m e n t s i n t e r r u p t an e x t e n s i v e under- ground system of Intergrafted roots through which spread of the disease from tree to tree m i g h t take p l a c e . R e m o v a l of the first wilting branches in w h i t e oaks m a y keep the trees healthy for a few y e a r s , but they are subject to r e i n f e c t i o n . Effective c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s to prevent the spread of oak wilt over long distances have not been d e v e l o p e d . CHLOROSIS Chlorosis develops when a tree cannot get sufficient iron to m a n u f a c t u r e green c h l o r o p h y l l . This causes the leaves to become y e l l o w i s h - g r e e n . Chlorosis can be corrected by supplying iron (ferrous sulfate) to the t r e e . This m a t e r i a l m a y be injected into the trunk or fed through the s o i l . F o r t r u n k injections ferrous sulfate is used at the rate of 5 grams per inch of trunk d i a m e t e r . F o r soil treatment a 50-50 m i x t u r e of ferrous sulfate and powdered sulfur is applied at the rate of 1 pound per inch of t r u n k d i a m e t e r . This mat e r i a l is placed in holes as suggested for feeding trees. CHEMICAL INJURY Chemical injury to plants m a y result from the use of weed killers such as 2,^-D and 2,l+,5-T. Leaves on injured plants m a y be c u r l e d ,T cupped upward or downward or distorted into r a m s h o r n and various other s h a p e s . Great care should be t a k e n in spraying lawns w i t h weed killers to prevent injury to trees and shrubs. SPRAYS F O R CONTROL-OF S O M E T R E E DISEASES The following spray chart does not represent a spray schedule to be followed each y e a r . It is given to show the relationship between the time of year and the order in w h i c h fungicides should be applied for the m o s t effective c o n t r o l . SPRAY CHART Ko. of sprays Season Plant Diseases Material in 100 gallons of water March-May Sycamore Anthracnose Puratized Ag. Sp. 1 pt. 3-5 April Hawthorn, crabj etc. Fire blight Bordeaux 2-6-100 1-2 Rusts Ferban js lb., wettable sulfur 3 lb. Elgetol 1 gal. or Bordeaux 8-8-100 Juniper April-May " 7 k-h-100 3 10-lU Leaf blotch Bordeaux 8-8-100 Oak Anthracnose Elm Black leaf spot Bordeaux 8-8-100, or commercial sulfur sprays Walnut Leaf spot Puratized Ag. Sp. 1 pt. June-August Elm Leafhopper (phloem necrosis) Special DDT formulation (inquire for folder) July-August Juniper Rusts Ferban \ lb., wettable sulfur 3 lbs. ,f 1-2 10 Horsechestnut June-July 7-10 5 Bordeaux " 7 Twig blight Bordeaux 8-8-100 Pine, spruce> Tip blight Douglas fir May-June No. days between sprays 10-lii 2 IG-Ui 2 111 2 21 2 35-hO 21-28 TREE HABITAT To E . Shaw One of the things that has always impressed m e as a forester has been the m a g n i f i c e n t flora that w e have in the c e n t r a l part of the United S t a t e s . W h y don't we use m o r e species in shade tree and o r n a m e n t a l plantings? On this campus y o u m a y notice a l l the bald spots where elms have died w i t h i n the last three y e a r s . Over half of the trees on the campus of Wabash College at Crawfordsville are American e l m . In contrast at E a r l h a m C o l l e g e , R i c h m o n d , Indiana, over half of their trees are m a p l e s . Yet w e have a magnificent flora of at least fifty good species adapted to your uses. In the tree habitat of the forest the soil profile is entirely different from the one w h i c h y o u find out in the open f i e l d s . It is characterized by three m a i n differences: the f i r s t , the s o i l is so porous and f u l l of organic matter that the m o i s t u r e - h o l d i n g cap a c i t y m a y be 50% m o r e than the moisture-holding capacity of soils in open f i e l d s . So in planting deciduous trees I f i l l the holes w i t h about half dirt and half c o m p o s t , w e l l m i x e d . Now it is different w i t h the c o n i f e r s — the e v e r g r e e n s . If y o u study their forest soil conditions in the f o r e s t , they pile the organic matter up on top of the soil and create a big thick layer of litter and h u m u s . So if I help a farmer plant a w i n d b r e a k , I am apt to encourage him to m u l c h the evergreen t r e e s . A l l that I am $ o i n g , y o u ! s e e , in both i n s t a n c e s , is taking a page out of n a t u r e s book; and if y o u w i l l keep that one thing in m i n d , I think y o u can help t r e e s . Now let's take s h a d e . If w e take a tree w h i c h is a shade lover and stick it out in the o p e n , w e should w r a p it so it won't get s u n b u r n . W h a t about competition? In f o r e s t r y , if w e start off a plantation with 1200 trees to the acre in the seedling s t a g e , \\re end up with just a few hundred at m a t u r i t y , all of them long-boled with samll t o p s . I would certainly use wide-spacing of shade trees for your type of p l a n t i n g , as y o u want to get good crown d e v e l o p m e n t . I hope that y o u don't ever f a l l for this old fallacy that y o u want to plant the trees close t o g e t h e r , say thirty feet ap a r t , and later take out every other o n e . In the dev e l o p m e n t of tree w i n d b r e a k s , w e thought we could have a six by six foot spacing and then thin to a 12 by 1 2 . A b e a u t i f u l plan on p a p e r — the only thing is that is never worked* Why? Because when a farmer had grown those trees up to a point where they needed that thinning, they were his own creation. They were his trees. There has been a lot of misinterpretation of the possible range of trees. The text books say that sweet gum is native only as far north as Jackson County, Indiana, and yet it is growing in Lansing. They say that bald cypress reaches its northern limit in the lower Wabash Valley around Vincennes, Indiana, and yet you have some in southern Michigan. May I suggest, however, that if you do use a tree north of its range, you should try to get it from a source in the northern part of that range. If you look at the habitat under which a tree grows naturally, you will get some index as to where to plant it. Dogwood, I think, is a prime example of that. If we put it out in the open where it is not accustomed, we don't have too much success with it. When we transplant it from the woods, we had" better take some woods soil because it has a little attachment on the roots which enables it to get nitrogen. If it is pulled out bare rooted, you usually don't get that. Another thing is the matter of tree s i z e — little trees, medium-sized trees and big trees. In the big tree size, I think that the prime example is the sycamore. Now, here is a fellow with a little city lot, and he plants a sycamore. Isn't he building up a beautiful bunch of grief for somebody? All he has room for is a small or a medium-sized tree at the best and if he will use one of these small to medium-sized trees (a list of which I can give you but will not enumerate now), he will adapt something to his lot and he won't have to go to this barbarous custom of topping which is one of the curses in Indiana. A medium-sized tree only gets up to about 35 or kO feet in height. Right out in front of the Purdue University Library is a yellow wood. Its bark looks like beech. In Way and June these drooping racemes of white flowers are simply beautiful. But it is a rare tree. F e w people know it. The only place that it occurs naturally in Indiana is down in deep ravines in Brown County. When we talk about these trees, we talk about things that we like, just the same way as we like clothes. One fellow.*likes one kind of a suit and another fellow likes another. I know of two very gnarled and twisted Scotch pines• They evidently are from a seed source in southern E u r o p e , w h e r e Scotch pine trees grow in every d i r e c t i o n . These trees have grotesque shapes and are not attractive to m e , but the owner likes t h e m . Lots of people want something v e r y g r a c e f u l and s y m m e t r i c a l some people w a n t t h e m nice and straight and c l e a n . Of l a t e , I have been thinking m o r e and more in terms of using a wider v a r i e t y and of choosing those species w h i c h are freer from d i s e a s e s . Sassafras is free of d i s e a s e , has c h a r a c t e r . It is one of the m o s t beautif u l things here on our campus in the f a l l of the y e a r . I commend the following to your attention: The matter of tree size is i m p o r t a n t . F i t the tree variety to the area and position y o u h a v e . In m y b o o k , .any tree w o r t h planting deserves v e r y good care for at least two years after planting until its roots are v e r y w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . Look over the site and pick trees best a d a p t e d , using as m a n y of the fifty varieties as poss i b l e . And l a s t l y , read the pages out of nature's book and simulate her c o n d i t i o n s . - o - A T H L E T I C F I E L D TURF MANAGEMENT M. E . Farnham This m o r n i n g w e are trying to aid the thinking of each one of us rather than giving y o u too m a n y specific, iron-clad r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . I w a n t to stress again from the angle of new fields t h a t , if-it is desirable to m a k e an a r t i f i c i a l m i x t u r e to improve the n a t u r a l soil w i t h w h i c h w e are c o n c e r n e d , it is absolutely essent i a l that the m a t e r i a l s be w e l l m i x e d . It is entirely possible that if w e are not going to take care of that angle in the w a y it should be d o n e , then w e m i g h t be better off to leave the m i x t u r e o u t because if y o u h a v e pockets of differing m a t e r i a l s , materials, in laye r s , those v e r y conditions do far more harm than g o o d . T h e f o o t b a l l stadium at Rutgers in New Jersey to the best of m y knowledge used no s o i l m i x t u r e s , but they did bring in enough soil from one of their v e r y best draining soils in the s t a t e . Covering of the field in advance of games becomes rather a c a d e m i c . The soil on the field drains b e a u t i f u l l y , and I t h i n k the good conditions of this field emphasize h o w important that is. E v e n aside from the desirable effects of organic matter in the s o i l , w e should be c a r e f u l not to go too far to the extreme of excessive organic matter because w e w a n t the soils not to hold too m u c h w a t e r , particularly at times w h e n t h e y have to be u s e d . Whether w e are talking about athletic fields or turf problems in g e n e r a l , I w a n t to c a l l your attention again to the f a c t that the b o o k , "Turf M a n a g e m e n t " , offers m u c h to each one of u s . I t h i n k of it primarily as a reference b o o k . After y o u have t h o u g h t t h r o u g h a problem y o u do have that book to go b a c k to a n d , using it as a reference b o o k , c h e c k your t h i n k i n g . W e have discussed somewhat the possible place in the picture of warm-season grasses along w i t h our coolseason g r a s s e s . The place in our picture we can only decide for o u r s e l v e s . I f e e l strongly from m y experience that it is e s s e n t i a l not only to make our own t e s t p l o t s , but to m a k e those plots,wherever p o s s i b l e , in the a c t u a l p o r t i o n of the property in w h i c h we are going to use t h e m . We continually are asked what is the proper c u t . It is quite obvious that a h e a v y turf port a mower and keep the mower from cutting ly as it w i l l on a thin turf w h e n set at h e i g h t of w i l l supas closethe same height» A g a i n , a turf that is thick w i l l stand closer m o w i n g . On our golf fairways m a n y -of us f e e l that we need to go to b e n t , but I f e e l quite sure that bluegrass m i x e d w i t h bent w i l l s t a n d , to a certain e x t e n t , a shorter cutting than bluegrass alone will... The really important thing that should be stressed is that it is not only the height to w h i c h y o u cut the grass but the really important thing is h o w m u c h grass y o u are cutting off in each c l i p p i n g . The plan should be to m a k e mowings frequently enough so t h a t , regardless of the height of c u t , in any one cutting we are not cutting off an excessive proportion of the plant tiss u e s . Severe cutting is o b v i o u s l y quite a s h o c k . W h e n y o u decide what your proper height of cut is,definitely keep in the picture the frequency of the m o w i n g and cut frequently so that light clippings are taken off rather than h e a v y o n e s . 1 Vie h a v e n 1 said too m u c h about fertilizing in our disc u s s i o n so far this w e e k . I t h i n k that it is pretty w e l l agreed that phosphorus is v e r y important in connection w i t h new s e e d i n g s . W e seldom see results of potash a p p l i c a t i o n s , but it probably comes into the picture more than we r e a l i z e . It m a y w e l l be important in the disease c o n t r o l or the production of turf w h i c h is less susceptible to the d i s e a s e . T h a t definitely is the case w i t h t o b a c c o . I think that w e can keep our thinking clarified on that angle to a ! considerable extent if w e follow some of 0 . J . N o e r s cont i n u a l advice about t h a t . You w i l l r e c a l l that he m e n t i o n e d the fact that phosphorus-potash applications can be confined to spring and f a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s . The rest of the season applications m a y w e l l be n i t r o g e n . P e r s o n a l l y , I am m u c h inclined towards the use of organic n i t r o g e n . I think that m u c h of the w o r k at State College has pointed out that in m a n y cases applications of inorganic nitrogen in the s p r i n g , particularly in the' case where y o u are only making spring and f a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s , the resulting turf by midsummer or perhaps f a l l is poorer than the turf w h i c h received no n i t r o g e n . It is quite possible by spreading the number of applications of inorganics y o u can even out that growth p i c t u r e . The organics probably offer a considerable safety factor in that they are not as subject to u n u s u a l weather conditions as are inorgani c s . For the past couple of years we have been using more and more nitrogen even during the growing s e a s o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y from June o n . I w a s v e r y m u c h interested last w e e k to see some figures by D r . Davis from the New Jersey A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n on large b r o w n p a t c h . W e aren't t h i n k i n g too m u c h p e r h a p s of l a r g e b r o w n p a t c h o n athletic f i e l d s , but this p a s t s e a s o n ' s w o r k h a s s h o w e d a d e c i d e d d e c r e a s e in the a m o u n t of l a r g e brownpatch w h e n h e has m a d e a n a p p l i c a t i o n of n i t r o g e n , and part i c u l a r l y o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n , a w e e k or t e n d a y s in adv a n c e of e a c h f u n g i c i d e t r e a t m e n t . As I r e m e m b e r i t , the f u n g i c i d e t r e a t m e n t s w e r e o n a t a f r e q u e n c y of t e n d a y s to two w e e k s . W e h a v e o f t e n t h o u g h t t h a t b y using n i t r o g e n d u r i n g the s u m m e r , w e not c n l y m a y feed our c r a b g r a s s b u t w e m a y s o f t e n our t u r f . If D r . D a v i s ' w o r k c o n t i n u e s to h o l d s i m i l a r l y to the r e s u l t s of t h e p a s t s e a s o n , w e ' v e got to r e v i s e our t h i n k i n g along t h o s e lines t o o . A e r i f i c a t i o n t o o l s now o f f e r a m u c h - n e e d e d aid for o v e r c o m i n g c o m p a c t i o n . T h e i r f u n c t i o n in h e l p i n g the i n f i l t r a t i o n of w a t e r d o e s n ' t need m u c h a c t u a l scient i f i c p r o o f b e c a u s e y o u can so e a s i l y o b s e r v e i t . Howe v e r , I w o u l d p o i n t o u t t h a t in some of D r . A l d e r f e r ' s w o r k at Penn State i t is s t r i k i n g h o w a l i m i t e d a m o u n t of t r a m p l i n g r a p i d l y r e d u c e s or p r e v e n t s the proper i n f i l t r a t i o n of w a t e r . I e m p h a s i z e the p o i n t t h a t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e - t h a t our a e r i f i c a t i o n program n e e d s to be not a s e a s o n a l t r e a t m e n t , but p o s s i b l y a continuing program. W h e n turf needs w a t e r i n g , it s h o u l d b e w a t e r e d suffic i e n t l y to w e t the s o i l a t l e a s t s i x i n c h e s and not l e a v e a n y d r y layer d o w n t h e r e , and t h e n t h e watering should not be r e p e a t e d u n t i l p e r h a p s the g r a s s begins to suffer a l i t t l e b i t , or at a n y rate shows signs of shortage of w a t e r by b e g i n n i n g to d i s c o l o r . W e proba b l y need to g i v e m o r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n to the r a p i d i t y w i t h w h i c h w e c a n put w a t e r o n b e c a u s e , g o i n g b a c k to D r . A l d e r f e r ' s f i g u r e s a g a i n , h e has f i g u r e s s h o w i n g t h a t w i t h two r a t e s of a p p l i c a t i o n s of w a t e r , 14i n c h e s per hour and 2.8 i n c h e s per h o u r , t h a t t h e r e w a s less p e n e t r a t i o n or i n f i l t r a t i o n of w a t e r into t h e same soils w i t h t h e 2.8 i n c h e s a p p l i c a t i o n per hour t h a n t h e r e w a s w i t h the i n c h e s per h o u r . Of course, l A i n c h e s is a lot of w a t e r , but I b e l i e v e t h a t h e t o o k t h a t f i g u r e b e c a u s e the s o i l h e w a s w o r k ing w i t h w o u l d take t h a t a m o u n t of w a t e r even at t h a t f a s t r a t e . W h e n he d o u b l e d t h e r a t e of application, he g o t less w a t e r e n t e r i n g the s o i l t h a n h e d i d w i t h the single r a t e of a p p l i c a t i o n . W e are a l w a y s in a h u r r y to get t h i n g s d o n e , and w h e n w e w a n t to go o u t and w a t e r we f i n d the b i g g e s t s p r i n k l e r that we can f i n d and t h r o w t h e w a t e r as f a s t as w e c a n and our h u r r y is c a u s i n g a lot of h a r m . f L e t s talk just a little bit about crabgrass«, It has ! been m y good fortune to be able to watch Burt M u s s e r s treatments from day to day for the last two y e a r s . In 19^9 a series of treatments were put on our practice fairway using sodium arsenite, potassium cyanate and P M A . The arsenite was put on both in dry and spray treatments. As often happens in experimental w o r k , the principal thing that we found out in that first year*s work was that potassium cyanate deteriorates v e r y rapidly if not properly stored. Perhaps we can summarize the thing rather briefly by saying that one of the striking things was the value of sodium a r s e n i t e . I have used sodium arsenite since 1937 on various scales. We recently have been thinking about dosages as small as a pound to the acre and have some rather striking results from it. We should have watched the moisture conditions of the soil more closely than we did because we know the injury, or perhaps the burning I should s a y , resulting to the desirable grasses from sodium arsenite is much more severe when the soil moisture is not in good condition. In spite of that f a c t , we didn't kill any grass with our sodium arsenite applications, and the end of the season presented a rather striking picture. There were from 1 to 5 applications made during the season starting on the 22nd of June with one treatment in July and three treatments in A u g u s t . A brief summary would say that the result of 3 to 5 applications of sodium arsenite at 1 pound to the acre and 3 to 5 applications of potassium cyanate at 8 pounds to the acre gave about the same end result* The arsenite was a day or two behind the cyanate in the development of the discoloration, and the recovery was a little bit behind t o o . We did m a k e applications of S c u t l . In general, we found that the double-strength -application of Scutl was necessary to produce any results«, One application was followed within a few hours by a thunderstorm,. We got absolutely no results from that even though spray applications of PMA made at approximately the same time schedule did produce satisfactory results« We f o u n d , particularly in 19^9, that 5 pints of PMAS per acre wasn't enough. 10 pints did a pretty good job; 15 pints to the acre was pretty severe on the grass. The applications this last year were made at the weaker dosage of 5 p i n t s , and with 5 a p p l i e s tions the end results were quite satisfactory. 0 n e thing w e have still not been able to explain. There were also a series of plots on which a single application was m a d e , one on one date and another plot on another date, and one 10-pint application of PMAS made in July gave us striking r e s u l t s . When we had a Field D a y that was the outstanding p l o t . I would hate to try to repeat it a g a i n . I t h i n k the p r i n c i p a l factor at that time w a s the unusually satisfactory conditions of the soil m o i s t u r e . Perhaps I shouldn't say too m u c h about c o s t , but it should be pointed out that for a single application on an acre b a s i s , S c u t l would cost $50 or m o r e ; a single application of PMAS or potassium cyanate at 5 pints to the acre and potassium cyanate at 8 pounds to the acre m i g h t cost around $10 or $ 1 2 , w h i l e sodium arsenite at 1 pound to the acre costs y o u 25 c e n t s . O b v i o u s l y there is quite a difference t h e r e , and I w o u l d be m u c h happier to be able to confine m y activities to sodium arsenite and put the rest of the m o n e y in the weed c o n t r o l program into m y s a l a r y . Sodium arsenite has a further r o l e . W e never got to first base in trying to introduce bent into Poa a n n u a , clover-infested turf u n t i l we did something to check t h e m , and thus give the new grass seeding a chance to start at least on an even s c a l e . W i t h o u t changing any other renovation programs w e w e r e successful in getting a stand of turf on f a i r w a y conditions w i t h an infestation of Poa annua and clover w h e n we used 3 or *f applications of sodium a r s e n i t e , w e t or d r y . The same procedure m a y be even more e s s e n t i a l w h e n trying to introduce slower growing bluegrass into inferior t u r f . We have pretty w e l l come to the opinion that m a y b e we have been making a m i s t a k e in worrying about killing 100 percent of the crabgrass w h e n w e treat a r e a s . If by these various treatments y o u can keep the crabgrass from taking over the t u r f , keep it from smothering your desirable g r a s s e s , and at the end of the season keep it from producing seed, y o u are making p r o g r e s s . - o - PLANT F O O D SUPPLIES FOR 1951 A• Ho Bowers My message to y o u can1 be 'stated in one sentence. It is* "If you h a v e n t already ordered your plant food needs, do so as soon as y o u get home." ! I t s ! , no fun to come down here with a sad story about how things are tough all o v e r " — y e t , two of !the three years that I have been on your program, t h a t s been m y general t h e m e . In 19^8, plant food industry was faced with a severe shortage of n i t r o g e n — the very element that pinches turf men the m o s t . In 19^9 foreign commitments of nitrogen by the government were greatly decreased, new nitrogen plants were brought into production, and there was plenty of everything for everyb o d y . In 1950 the situation was even better and there was no use in coming down here to tell you about t h a t . W e thought last fall that this happy state of plenty would continue on into 1951 but such was not to b e . What's the trouble this time? W e l l , it is something that nobody envisioned as ever 'causing a shortage of plant f o o d . The shortage is sulfur. Early last f a l l , the sulfur producers announced that there would be a 20% reduction in the amount of sulfur available in 1951• It seems that heavy exports to Europe and tremendous industrial demand in this country teamed up to deplete above-ground sulfur stocks faster than the producers could get it out of the ground. Since, as a security m e a s u r e , our country must keep on hand a stock pile of sulfur for war emergency u s e , this cut-back becomes necessary. As a result, only 75% of the sulfuric acid available prior to January 1st w i l l be available during the coming y e a r . This situation may last for a good two years or more depending on the rapidity of development of new sulfur sources. This hits the plant food industry in two places where it h u r t s . F i r s t , is in superphosphate manufacture and the other is in supplies of sulfate of ammonia. As m a n y of y o u k n o w , superphosphate is produced by treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. A l s o , large quantities of sulfate of ammonia are needed to make the high nitrogen grades that greenkeepers like. The net result of this 1 - 2 punch is thiss Many manufacturers are cutting down on or discontinuing entirely such high phosphate grades as k-2k-12, 10-20-0, ! 8 - 3 2 - 0 , e t c . It is true that! this phase of it d o e s n t bother y o u p e o p l e . But h e r e s something that will? Because of the sulfate of ammonia s h o r t a g e , regular grades of 1 2 - 8 - 6 , 10-6-*+, and 8-8-8 have become increasingly hard to g e t . In f a c t , some companies have stopped m a k i n g any plant foods that contain over n i t r o g e n . F o r t u n a t e l y , m y own company is not one of t h e s e . It is expected that o r n a m e n t a l goods containing 6% nitrogen m a y be somewhat easier to obtain than farm grades although their availability decreases as their nitrogen content goes u p . As the spring shipping season goes o n , w e don't look for things to improve too m u c h and the state experim e n t stations are warning farmers as never before that the bird that places the early order has the best chance of getting what he w a n t s . Professor George Enfield emphasized early ordering and off-season b u y i n g , in the 1 1 January issue of "Midwest Turf News and Research . To his article I w a n t to add an emphatic "Amen". - o - CHEMICAL O U T L O O K F O R TURF F U N G I C I D E S J . L . Marzak 1 I t s a pleasure to participate in the Sixth A n n u a l Turf Conference of your Midwest R e g i o n a l Turf Foundat i o n . When B i l l D a n i e l invited rue to talk on the c h e m i c a l outlook for f u n g i c i d e s , m y immediate reaction to this somewhat m u d d l e d s i t u a t i o n w a s that someone from the c h e m i c a l section of the National Production Authority w o u l d be in a better position to supply y o u w i t h the information w h i c h was d e s i r e d . H o w e v e r , it did not take me too long to convince myself that anyo n e could be as c o n f u s i n g , so h e r e I a m . M r . Bowers presented a v e r y good insight into the outlook for f e r t i l i z e r . P e r s o n a l l y , I thought the picture there w o u l d be m u c h b r i g h t e r , but the sulfur shortage certainly does appear to be s e r i o u s . I s t i l l envy him for in m a n y respects his assignment was less complicated. I would like to say at this point that the to be presented to y o u is not an expression ions by the Mallinckrodt C h e m i c a l W o r k s , p e r s o n a l views based on information and w h i c h I attempt to keep up-to-date in m y work. information of opinbut rather data with d a y to day The most objective approach in giving you some basic information on the outlook for fungicides, would be to divide the known commercially-available products into categories; each based on the important raw material which is essential to continued production. Actually, crude materials and their availability will in turn govern the availability of the fungicides. For example mercury is necessary for the production of CaloClor or PMAS, while Cadminate and Crag 531 are dependent upon cadmium. In the first group are those products containing mercury. This includes Calo-Clor; Corrosive sublimate or mercuric chlorides; Calomel or mercurous chloride; PMAS or phenylmercuric acetate; Puraturf or mercury trienthanol ammonium lactate; Puraturf GG, an organic mercury cadmium complex; and Special Semesan or hydroxymercurichlorophenol. We will know from previous experiences during the last war that the use of mercury for fungicide manufacture was prohibited. Thus far, the National Production Authority has not issued a mercury order restricting any one use of mercury compounds. It may be that the product in which mercury was used during World War II is now obsolete or replaced by one not requiring mercury. On the other hand, this product may not be needed at the present time according to the production timetable. One of the most important and largest uses for mercury during the last war was in the manufacture of mercury batteries -for the armed forces. Whether there will be a need for this type battery during this emergency, is not known. Perhaps the reason for controlling the uses of mercury in the past war was due to the vulnerability of our chief mercury source. You may or may not know that Spain is the most important supplier of this raw material, and when Spain is in enemy hands, this source is lost to u s . It might be worthwhile at this time to give you some background on the recent price advances for mercury. The group which has a strangle-hold on these important sources of mercury also controls its price. This is accomplished to some extent much in the same manner that the diamond monopoly maintains the high price levels for diamonds. In short, the supply of diamonds placed on the market never quite meets the demand. Approximately five months ago, mercury was selling for about $85 per 76 pound flask. My latest information on mercury prices, which is not necessarily current, was that quotations were in the neighborhood of $225 per 76 pound flask« We have domestic sources of mercury but these are considered m a r g i n a l p r o d u c e r s . A m a r g i n a l producer cannot operate profitably until the price reaches a certain level. In the case of our domestic mercury producers, I believe this price level is in the neighborhood of $190 per 76 pound f l a s k . It is quite possible that the mercury prices m a y stabilize with the entry into the market of these m a r g i n a l producers, but this is only a g u e s s . The second category Includes the cadmium containing fungicides such as Cadminate or cadmium succinate; Puraturf 177 or p-amino phenyl cadmium dilactates Puraturf G G , an organic cadriun l-ercury conplex; Crag 531 or F 531> both are the same product chemically, which is a cadmium zinc copper calcium chromate. Undoubtedly, y o u note that Puraturf GG was also included in the mercury category. The National Production Authority recently issued an order on cadmium salts prohibiting their use in certain pigments, and this order goes further in listing unrestricted u s e s . Although fungicides were not included in this o r d e r , the general interpretation was that cadmium could be used in manufacturing this important group of products. Some people are evaluating the issuance of this order as an omen of further restrictions, but again, this is purely conjecture. Cadmium is not nearly so abundant as such metals as copper, lead or zinc. F o r t u n a t e l y , sources of this important raw m a t e r i a l are available domestically and in friendly South A m e r i c a n countries. The third category lists those products which can adequately be described as organic fungicides, such as Spergon W or tetrachlorobenzoquinone and Tersan or tetranethylthiuramdisulfide. The key raw materials needed for Spergon are chlorine and benzine which are currently in tight supply. If either item is required in larger quantities by the Government, production capacity would be enlarged in the case of chlorine, while benzene can be produced synthetically, although it will command a higher price. It appears that the critical material for Tersan is sulfur which is currently being produced in diminishing quantities. M r . Bowers delved into the sulfur situation and there is no need for me to say anything f u r t h e r . H o w e v e r , I recently noticed in a chemical journal that new sources of sulfur would be available by a new process at some time in the f u t u r e . The ingenuity of the chemical industry is truly amazing. It seems that no barriers are too difficult to surmount when the problem is important ehough. I would like to say something briefly on the nature of the chemical industry w h i c h certainly has a profound effect on the availability of basic raw m a t e r i a l s . The tremendous amount of research and development w h i c h is constantly being c o n d u c t e d , usually results in new p r o d u c t s . In some instances these new products replace old p r o d u c t s , thereby in m a n y cases increasing the availability of the raw materials w h i c h w e r e required for the old p r o d u c t s . On the other h a n d , these new products m a y use raw materials which are not ab u n d a n t , thus creating controls during periods of em e r g e n c i e s . This is being brought to your attention m e r e l y to show y o u that the picture on availability of products can easily change overnight w h e n periods of emergencies are in e f f e c t . I would like to summarize the information presented to y o u , and this certainly should not qualify me as a p r o p h e t . It is not m y intention to deviate from the information that is currently available to m a k e longterm p r e d i c t i o n s . 1 . Let's take the easiest f i r s t — the organic fungicides should not present too m u c h of a probl e m . The outlook here is g o o d . 2 . For the mercury-containing c o m p o u n d s — the outlook is uncertain«, If i d e n t i c a l circumstances were to p r e v a i l as they did during World War II, the outlook would be obvious to y o u . 3 . The information available for the cadmium category does not permit me to say anything more definite than that the o u t l o o k is also uncert a i n . Of c o u r s e , we have no previous experience upon w h i c h w e can r e l y . In the case of Cadmina t e , it appears that m y company w i l l have sufficient m a t e r i a l to m e e t demands t h r o u g h 1951« This m a y also be the case for the other cadmium fungicides. I believe that the best statement w h i c h could be m a d e relative to the outlook for chemical fungicides in g e n e r a l was given to y o u by D r . Grau in his talk Monday a f t e r n o o n . I would like to repeat t h i s . He s a i d , "Let's look ahead to tough t i m e s , and if they do not c o m e , w e can breathe a sigh of relief." I hope that I have given y o u an insight into the m a n y factors inv o l v e d and w i t h t h e s e , y o u m a y be able to understand the situation m o r e c l e a r l y . C e r t a i n l y , if any of y o u have some inside information w h i c h is not general k n o w l e d g e ? y o u can now more easily m a k e your own predictions . INSECTS OF TURF Go Eo Lehker Many folks are hoping that cold winter weather here in the midwest has killed m o s t of the i n s e c t s , but unfort u n a t e l y , this is not true* Most of the soil inhabiting species w h i c h are native to this part of the country such as w h i t e g r u b s , ants and w e b w o r m s , are w e l l accustomed to this c l i m a t e . F i r s t , permit m e to say a word about turf insects in g e n e r a l . Many of y o u were here last year w h e n John Schread of the C o n n e c t i c u t E x p e r i m e n t Station gave his v e r y excellent discussion on turf insects and their c o n t r o l . You w i l l r e c a l l that 15 or 20 years ago w e did not have anything v e r y good to c o n t r o l , for e x a m p l e , such insects as white g r u b s . Now there are so m a n y chemicals w h i c h w i l l k i l l grubs and other turf insects that it is a question of w h i c h one to u s e . Here is one principle we should bear in m i n d — any c h e m i c a l giving a quick k i l l usually has a short r e s i d u a l action because of its v o l a t i l i t y . L i k e w i s e , chemicals having a long r e s i d u a l action are often less v o l a t i l e a n d , t h e r e f o r e , kill more slowly. I believe that C h l o r d a n e , Toxaphene and possibly Ald r i n and D i e l d r i n w i l l be our m o s t u s e f u l insecticides on turf since they have long r e s i d u a l action and w i l l k i l l a great v a r i e t y of i n s e c t s . C h l o r d a n e , for example is v e r y good for w h i t e g r u b s , and sod webworms and also excellent for controlling a n t s . Question: Is Chlordane effective against m o l e s ? Answer; Y e s , in that moles are primarily insect and earthworm f e e d e r s . If the insect and worm population is e l i m i n a t e d , there is nothing for the moles to eat and they m o v e out of the a r e a . You have probably seen a w e l l cared for green having little or no insect population Moles m a y m o v e in 3 or b feet looking for insects on w h i c h to feed,but if they do not find t h e m , they m o v e out and go someplace else where the hunting is b e t t e r . Question: Do w e know anything about the new m a t e r i a l for m o l e s known as Mole-go? A n s w e r : Permit m e to say first that I am not an expert on c o n t r o l of m o l e s . That problem is left to M r . G . C , O d e r k i r k of the F i s h and Wildlife S e r v i c e , who is located in our building here o n the c a m p u s . M r . O d e r k i r k says that moles have a v e r y sensitive smell equal to that of m o s t any a n i m a l in e x i s t e n c e . T h e y have a tendency to avoid foreign m a t e r i a l s rather than come in contact with them or eat them«, Your Mole-go m a y get r e s u l t s , but M r . O d e r k i r k believes the best m e t h o d of m o l e c o n t r o l is trapping u n t i l poisoning methods h a v e been t h o r o u g h l y worked outc Question; W h a t is the cheapest method of getting rid of night crawlers in fairways? Answer: Chlordane applied at the rate of 10 pounds per xuu square f e e t . Lead arsenate is probably better but it is quite expensive and w i t h the Chlordane treatment y o u are also getting grub and ant c o n t r o l and are killing several birds w i t h one s t o n e . Question? How about cutworm control? Answert There are m a n y kinds of cutworms« Here in Indiana there are over 120 s p e c i e s . Some kinds are killed w i t h DDT and others with Chlordane and nearly a l l w i t h poisoned bran baito Insofar as the new chemicals are c o n c e r n e d , the best o v e r a l l k i l l can be obtained w i t h T o x a p h e n e . It has been tested against cutworms on a number of crops (not so m u c h on t u r f ) and is also a comparatively cheap material* W h e n used at the rate of 2 pounds of a c t u a l c h e m i c a l per a c r e , it usually does a good j o b . Your question brings to m i n d another s u b j e c t . Most of the new insecticides come in three f o r m s , n a m e l y , w e t t a b l e p o w d e r s , emulsions, and d u s t s . The wettable powders w o r k v e r y nicely in hydraulic or so-called h i g h pressure s p r a y e r s . If y o u are using a low pressure weed-type s p r a y e r , the wettable powders are not v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . T h e y w i l l clog the nozzles and cut out the gears« If y o u are intending to apply any insecticide on fairways w i t h a low pressure type s p r a y e r , y o u w i l l .want to be sure and get the emulsion type of insecticide rather than a w e t t a b l e p o w d e r . Question;How long w i l l DDT sprayed on trees and shrubs remain effective against mosquitoes? Answer; The chances are they w i l l remain effective not over a v e r y f e w days and possibly not that l o n g . Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water and a number of them w i l l fly in and annoy your players and customers without ever settling down on sprayed trees and shrubs. We have found that if one is arranging a lawn party or concert that spraying or dusting trees or shrubs w i t h DDT usually cleans out the m o s q u i t o e s but it ±&. decid- edly a temporary t h i n g . Mosquitoes are also big problems on golf driving r a n g e s . F o g g i n g machines are now on the m a r k e t w h i c h cost about $ 5 0 0 . One m a c h i n e , the Silver Creek m o d e l , lends itself to s m a l l area treatm e n t . It is operated w i t h an electric motor and a long extension c o r d . During periods of h e a v y mosquito f l i g h t s , this m a c h i n e could be sprayed two or three times every evening if necessary and on ether occasions it m i g h t not be needed for s e v e r a l d a y s . On golf driving ranges and around club houses w h e r e people sit o u t s i d e , I believe that one of these little m a c h i n e s would prove to be a good i n v e s t m e n t . T h e y operate on the same principle as the big ones and w i l l give imm e d i a t e but t e m p o r a r y c o n t r o l of m o s q u i t o e s . The machine I m e n t i o n e d is m a n u f a c t u r e d by the Silver Creek Precision C o r p o r a t i o n , Silver C r e e k , New Y o r k . Question: Is DDT effective on bagworm? Answer: N o , it is not v e r y e f f e c t i v e , at least not the bagworm here in the middle w e s t . In the v i c i n i t y of Lafayette bagworms hatch around the first of J u n e . W h i l e they are small they can be killed w i t h a n o m i n a l strength of lead a r s e n a t e , but as they m a t u r e t h e y become m o r e resistant and are difficult to k i l l . There are two chemicals that do an excellent job on the mat u r e w o r m s . The best is Parathion at the rate of 2 pounds of a 15 percent w e t t a b l e powder in 100 gallons of w a t e r . The other m a t e r i a l that is less dangerous is T o x a p h e n e , used at the rate of k pounds of 50 percent w e t t a b l e powder in 100 gallons of w a t e r . I know that m a n y of y o u are afraid to use P a r a t h i o n , but virtually a l l of our fruit growers and greenhouse m e n in Indiana are using i t . Y o u , t o o , can use Parathion if y o u are willing to buy a respirator and wear it and also follow the other directions on the Parathion p a c k a g e . W h e n y o u spray w i t h this m a t e r i a l use your respirator and protective clothing* Button the shirt sleeves around your w r i s t and wear n a t u r a l rubber gloves and a h a t . In other w o r d s , do not purposely expose your body to P a r a t h i o n . Stay out of the spray drift and if y o u get Parathion on your hands or b o d y , t a k e time to w a s h it off before y o u f i l l the sprayer a g a i n . W h e n y o u are through s p r a y i n g , take a bath and do not re-wear the clothing u n t i l after it has been washed. - o- CONTROL OF TURF DISEASES IN MICHIGAN D r . J . R . Vaughn You m a y not be familiar w i t h the "melting-out" dise a s e , but a number of the superintendents up at Michigan had a great d e a l of trouble with it two years a g o . W h e n the disease first appeared and was finally distinguished from large b r o w n p a t c h , which m o s t of us first thought it w a s , w e found that none of the usual fungicides had any effect on the d i s e a s e . It just continued u n t i l the weather stopped i t . S i n c e we ? c o u l d n t order up the w e a t h e r , that w a s n ' t v e r y satisfactory c o n t r o l . This last summer the only place w e had any great am o u n t of m e l t i n g - o u t in Michigan was on o n e golf c o u r s e . At that location, infection got as high as 30 p e r c e n t . T h i r t y percent of the green was entirely in the black-brown stage. One of the differences between this and large brownpatch is that the turf in the center of the patch is d e a d . W i t h large b r o w n p a t c h , if y o u stop the d i s e a s e , the turf w i l l start to grow a g a i n . After m e l t i n g - o u t a t t a c k s , the only w a y the turf recovers is to grow in from the o u t s i d e . If the patches are v e r y l a r g e , of c o u r s e , you have to resod that particular a r e a . On one green the area sprayed w i t h Acti-dione did have m e l t i n g - o u t come i n , and by July 10 it affected about one percent of the a r e a , but never got any larger than t h a t . (See Chart I) On the area treated w i t h phenyl m e r c u r y acetate about 10 percent was affected by June 26 and this increased to more than 25 percent by the first of A u g u s t . Patches were put in before the first of A u g u s t , but in spite of t h a t , the disease continued to increase (grow away from the patched a r e a ) u n t i l about the second of August when the weather turned v e r y d r y and quite h o t (hot, d r y weather is the best weather y o u can have to stop t h i s ) . That stopped the disease on this green and the patches took h o l d and the green r e c o v e r e d . The green sprayed with the A c t i - d i o n e held the disease in check in spite of the w e a t h e r . Chart II shows dollarspot c o n t r o l on one of the golf courses at H o l l a n d , Michigan where w e had an experim e n t a l p l o t . W e used Acti-dione on four greens and copper zinc chromate (Crag 5 3 1 ) on the other greens. E a c h one of the little dots represents .01 percent of the area of the entire green. The number of spots is more important than the size of the patch because one CHART I- w MELTING-OUr; HELMINTHOSPQRJUM SPECIES, INCIDENCE AT RED CEDAR GOLF COURSE, 1950, LANSING, MICHIGAN PHENYL MERCURIC ACETATE ACTI-DIONE 6/26 7 /lo DISEASED HEALTHY O en I > LP TD 5 73 £ n 7> 3 CT) O 5 o- O Ln 00 ,, ñ > z > 70 H i d O jz (— > S o m 70 CT) lo Ln n > O o 2: D > O X 9It o o o > > O ~m aj 72. > 70 O -j O HZ m O O pi > n > 2: -70 5 1 ^ O O > S o > O d o l i a r s p o t can throw a b a l l off and that m a k e s it b a d . O n July 1 , w h i c h was two w e e k s after our f i r s t s p r a y , there were d o t s o n t h e green sprayed w i t h the copper zinc c h r o m t t e . There were none o n the g r e e n sprayed w i t h A c t i - d i o n e . A b o u t the first of S e p t e m b e r , it was m o i s t and c o o l a g a i n and a n e w infestation of dollarspot o c c u r r e d . O n September 1 1 , there w a s considerable infestation on the Crag 531 treated greens and .02 per c e n t o n the o t h e r . Now I don't m e a n to imply by this that A c t i - d i o n e is that m u c h better than Crag for d o l l a r s p o t , but this w a s put out o n the protective b a s i s . Those o f y o u w h o h a v e seen Sharvelle's article o n t h e curative effect of these m a t e r i a l s w i l l get a n entirely d i f f e r e n t pict u r e . It depends o n h o w y o u w a n t to approach the p r o b l e m — whether y o u w a n t to t r y to cure these dise a s e s , or whether y o u w a n t to t r y to p r o t e c t against t h e m . A t this c l u b , Acti-dione did a better protective j o b . Sprays w e r e p u t o n e v e r y ten d a y s . In another experiment on one green,one-half was sprayed with 531 and one-half with Acti-dione. (See Chart III) There was apparently better control by the Actidione than by the Crag 531. On the twenty - third of August when the late summer infestation started there wasn't as much difference as there was on the other dates. On the seventh of September, the last rating date, there were quite a few more spots in the Crag than in the Acti-dione areas. Again, these sprays were based on protective measures put on regularly all through the summer. For some t i m e , D r . Sharvelle and I have been interested in r e s e a r c h o n f u n g i c i d e s . In t h e case of the turf f u n g i c i d e s , v e r y little w a s k n o w n , so w e are testing the m a t e r i a l s in culture w i t h the fungus growing in p e t r i dishes in a m e d i u m w h i c h contains a known concentration of a turf fungicide f i g u r e d in parts peJ m i l l i o n . We know that these fungicides do not behave the same in t h e culture as they do in the f i e l d , but w e c a n t e l l a good fungicide in c u l t u r e . At 10 p p m . of Calo-clor,growth of the m e l t i n g - o u t fungus is about the same as the c h e c k and at 50 p p m . there is an increase over the c h e c k . W i t h 100 p p m . o f C a l o - c l o r , the fungus h a s g r o w n better t h a n in the c h e c k — there is actual stimulation in that f u n g u s , grows about t w i c e as m u c h or m o r e than it does where there is no fungicide p r e s e n t . T h e n at 2 5 0 p p m . the fungicide begins to restrict the growth like it s h o u l d , and at 550 p p m . it almost c o m p l e t e l y stopped the fungus from g r o w i n g . Now that is just an interesting observation n LT LO > O 7° > -< m O O O n > yo Gì 2 O oí 0 0 X £ 70 ' ^ O > /O LO "O o 00 70 > n S —I O o O —i » o o o > > rn ft X r5 o > > O X X G\ <> O o n > yo and is one of the things that we are trying to find o u t about these f u n g i c i d e s — w h a t do they actually do against the fungus i t s e l f . T h e A c t i - d i o n e at 50 p p m . completely inhibits Helminthosporium; the Calo-clor at 50 ppm does n o t . They both c o m p l e t e l y inhibit the d o l l a r s p o t , perhaps a little better for the Acti-dione than w i t h the m e r c u r y . At 10 p p m . the A c t i - d i o n e c o m p l e t e l y inhibits the Helm i n t h o s p o r i u n " and both inhibit d o l l a r s p o t . Acti-dione is an antibiotic f u n g i c i d e . That m e a n s that it comes from the same sort of process as does Penic i l l i n , Streptomycin and the so-called wonder d r u g s . It is a drug for the g r e e n . We have reported our results to the c o m p a n y , and we have suggested that we t h i n k there is a m a r k e t for i t , t h a t there is a need for it based on our t e s t s . That is not o n l y in Michigan but last summer we had tests in O h i o , W e s t Virginia and I n d i a n a . We think it compares w i t h the other materials o n d o l l a r s p o t and brownpatch c o n t r o l , and it is the only one that we have f o u n d that w i l l c o n t r o l m e l t i n g - o u t . The drug companies are able to sell a l l the P e n i c i l l i n , Streptomycin and drugs that they can m a k e and m o r e , so if they go into the fungicides manufacturing b u s i n e s s , they w i l l have to quit m a k i n g some of these drugs to make t h i s . T h e y have to decide t h a t . It is not on the m a r k e t y e t . I think it is w o r t h w h i l e to m e n t i o n these new m a t e r i a l s even though they aren't a v a i l a b l e . If they decide t h a t they are not going to m a k e it there is no' use of further t e s t s . If it is never going to be available to y o u , we don't care h o w good it i s . If the c o m p a n y desires to make i t , it w o n ' t be available on a large scale unt i l a year from this next s e a s o n . Questions W h a t time of the year does m e l t i n g - o u t start? W h a t time of d a y is it m o s t n o t i c e a b l e ? For one t h i n g , it needs a lot of m o i s t u r e . You have to h a v e rainy weather or foggy weather or v e r y heavy dews,. It d o e s n ' t need such h o t weather as b r o w n p a t c h . We found that w h e n we produce it in the laboratory, where we can do it under c o n t r o l , there are two critic a l t e m p e r a t u r e s — o n e for i n f e c t i o n and one for the d i s e a s e to show s y m p t o m s . The temperature at w h i c h infection takes place is around 72 d e g r e e s . The temperature for it to develop and k i l l the grass is about 8 0 to 85 d e g r e e s . It is e a r l i e r , p r o b a b l y , t h a n brown p a t c h , doesn't need quite as h o t weather and is probL ably more sensitive than b r o w n p a t c h to m o i s t u r e . • he early stage has sort of a b l u i s h , smoky tinge to the g r a s s . I t h i n k t h a t y o u c a n see it b e s t e a r l y in t h e m o r n i n g or in t h e late a f t e r n o o n w h e n t h e l i g h t is s o r t of a t a s l a n t . Q u e s t i o n ; Is this H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m c o n f i n e d to bentg r a s s e s or d o e s it also occur o n b l u e g r a s s , and if s o , w h a t is the d i f f e r e n c e ? W e k n o w t h a t t h e r e is a d i f f e r e n c e . The o n e on bluegrass is w h a t t h e y c a l l e y e s p o t . It is a d e f i n i t e species of H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m , h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d , and w e k n o w w h a t it i s . T h e s p e c i e s t h a t c a u s e s this m e l t ing o u t is not the same t h i n g . It is a v e r y c l o s! e r e l a t i v e and b e l o n g s in the same f a m i l y , but it h a s n t been named y e t . O n e of the t h i n g s t h a t w e are w o r k i n g o n now is to t r y to get t h a t thing s e p a r a t e d from these o t h e r H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m s . H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m is sort of like the S m i t h f a m i l y — there are a l l kinds of t h e m . E v e r y g r a s s t h a t y o u c a n t h i n k o f , including c r a b g r a s s , has two or t h r e e H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m s that w i l l attack it. Usually, they cause leafspot like they do in the b l u e g r a s s . This m e l t i n g - o u t also c a u s e s a l e a f s p o t and a c r o w n r o t . It is a specific H e l m i n t h o sporium and as far as we k n o1 w , it h i t s nothing more t h a n b e n t g r a s s . W e h a v e n t f o u n d1 any b e n t g r a s s that is r e s i s t a n t to i t , but we h a v e n t gone into that as t h o r o u g h l y as we w i l l in the f u t u r e . - o T H E 1950 F U N G I C I D E T R I A L S E. G.-Sharvelle, Chairman Insects and D i s e a s e s In the last five y e a r s y o u h a v e seen appear in the turf p r o g r a m picture a number of new f u n g i c i d e s . T h e s e f u n g i c i d e s are of t h r e e m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s : we h a v e the o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s w h i c h a l l of y o u are f a m i l i a r with; w e have the m a t e r i a l such as D r . V a u g h n d i s c u s s e d t h e 5 3 1 9 c a d m i n a t e s ; and then we h a v e non-mercurial f u n g i c i d e s s u c h as S p e r g o n and T e r s a n . Y o u are a w a r e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e has b e e n some c o n f u s i o n r e g a r d ing t h e s e m a t e r i a l s and last y e a r , for the second year in s u c c e s s i o n , t h e r e w a s a n a t i o n a l l y - c o o r d i n a t e d program d e s i g n e d to t e s t t h e s e m a t e r i a l s . W e reported o n this in C h i c a g o s e v e r a l w e e k s a g o , and as a r e s u l t of t h e s e c o o r d i n a t i v e t e s t s , w e f e e l that we are in a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n to talk a b o u t t h e r e l a t i v e v a l u e „ df these different f u n g i c i d e s . There w e r e ten states w h i c h took part in this w o r k in 1 9 5 0 . In 1951? I would like to take this o p p o r t u n i t y to announce that Charley Wilson in F r e d Grau's office w i l l be the coordinator, and the prospects look as though w e w i l l h a v e at least 15 states working on a coordinated program in testing f u n g i c i d e s . John has discussed the d i s e a s e s . Glen has m e n t i o n e d the i n s e c t s . Glen has also m e n t i o n e d some of the new i n s e c t i c i d e s . I have tried to m e n t i o n some of the f u n g i c i d e s . John has also pointed out h o w , by research in the laboratory,we perhaps can find more l e a d s , and now w e are r e a d y for your q u e s t i o n s . The cadminates are groups of m a t e r i a l s - Crag 531 and F - 5 3 1 . It isn't fair to use the name Cadminate because that is a brand n a m e . Let's t a l k about the cadmium c o m p o u n d s . Here are t y p i c a l results that we obtained throughout the country in 1950 on dollarspot control w i t h the different f u n g i c i d e s . These results from Iowa are v e r y characteristic of a l l the states that tested chemicals for d o l l a r s p o t c o n t r o l . On the unsprayed plots approximately 80 percent of the area was involved w i t h dollarspot,and as the season p r o g r e s s e d , where no sprays were a p p l i e d , the disease progressively got w o r s e and w o r s e throughout the s e a s o n . As contrasted w i t h t h a t , the cadmium compounds gave the most effective c o n t r o l . Three of them m e n t i o n e d here are C a d m i n a t e , Puraturf 177 9 and Carbon and Carbide 1025These materials performed the best in. I o w a , Indiana and California and other a r e a s . The m e r c u r i a l s were intermediate and in this particular w o r k T e r s a n was not as e f f e c t i v e . Now that is the situation, gentlem e n , n a t i o n a l l y . Everyone appears to be in agreement that the cadmium-type compounds including c a d m i n a t e , Carbon and Carbide 1 0 2 5 , Crag 531 and F - 5 3 1 are the m a t e r i a l s that are the safest to use and the m o s t effective on d o l l a r s p o t . Questions W h e n y o u get into your h o t weather and large b r o w n p a t c h becomes a p r o b l e m , w i l l the cadmium compounds do the job? Answer: N o , they w o n ' t . On an unsprayed area 22 percent of the t o t a l area was involved in large "brownp a t c h . You w i l l notice that the best standard m a t e r i a l was the m e r c u r i c c h l o r i d e , that i s , it gave the least b r o w n p a t c h . A new c h e m i c a l , ^06:, gave good results but is not a v a i l a b l e . It is a California spray chemical company p r o d u c t . F r o m Spencer D a v i s ' w o r k in New Jersey you w i l l notice that the cadmium c o m p o u n d s , when It comes to large brownpatch controls are at the low end of the s c a l e . In g e n e r a l , the m a t e r i a l that has been m o s t e f f e c t i v e for large b r o w n p a t c h is T e r s a n . T e r s a n 75 is r e l a t i v e l y the same product as the T e r s a n that y o u are familiar w i t h . It w a s a 50 p e r c e n t active ingredient and it is changed to a 75 p e r c e n t active i n g r e d i e! n t . T h e cost w i l l r e m a i n a b o u t the s a m e , and y o u w o n t apply q u i t e as m u c h . I t h i n k that it is w e l l w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g that t h e m e t h o d of a p p l i c a t i o n is quite important on m o s t a l l of t h e s e c h e m i c a l s . Pers o n a l l y , I like to see the least a m o u n t of water used o n any of the c h e m i c a l compounds for non-mercurials as possible. T h a t is the situation on b r o w n p a t c h . T h e r e is v e r y little d i f f e r e n c e in the performance of some of these m a t e r i a l s and It comes down to the point of sorting o u t v e r y fine d i f f e r e n c e s . Question: W i l l the use of iron sulfate c o n t r o l greasespot? Answers Now grease spot is an entirely d i f f e r e n t disease'.™' G r e a s e s p o t h a p p e n s to be a d i s e a s e caused by p y t h i u m , a f u n g u s , and w i l l o n l y be a problem in years of h i g h h u m i d i t y and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e . It w i l l not appear u n t i l the temperatures get up to 85 or above; and so long as the temperatures remain above 8 0 with h i g h h u m i d i t y , greasespot or pythium (some c a l l it spot b l i g h t ) w i l l be a p r o b l e m . None! of t h e m a t e r i a l s that h a v e been so far tested! (we d o n t have this disease every year so we c a n t test the value of fungicides against i t ) have done the job of preventing greasespoto It is called g r e a s e s p o t because it looks ! as if y o u v e gone out there and drained the o i l out of T an a u t o m o b i l e , and y o u v e got these g r e a s e s p o t s all a r o u n d . D r . 0- J> Noer suggested the use of iron sulf a t e at 1 pound to five thousand square feet in 30 gallons of w a t e r . This rate w i l l speed r e c o v e r y from g r e a s e s p o t and there are certain greenkeepers who have tried it and h a v e found that it speeded the recovery from g r e a s e s p o t . Now let me offer this s u g g e s t i o n . W e hear a l l these names - m e l t i n g - o u t , g r e a s e s p o t , spot b l i g h t , and a l l those other names - and it is important that the superintendent know exactly what the cause of the trouble i s , - o - PMAS O N T E E S , M Y E X P E R I E N C E M . Mo Parsons D r . D a n i e l asked m e to t e l l y o u w h a t I tried to do at Highland C o u n t r y Club on our tees in 1 9 5 0 . To start w i t h , we have about any type of grass that grows around I n d i a n a p o l i s — P o a a n n u a , seeded b e n t , b l u e g r a s s , planted b e n t , Alta f e s c u e , U-3 bermuda that has been played on this last s u m m e r , and the c r a b g r a s s e s . W e have s m a l l t e e s , fairly h e a v y p l a y . We started w i t h a treatment of 2 ounces of PMAS in 20 gallons of water per thousand square feet at two-we'ek i n t e r v a l s . F i r s t treatments Crabgrass d i s c o l o r e d , clover leaves were d i s c o l o r e d . Chickweed was almost c o m p l e t e l y killed. Second treatment: Crabgrass was v e r y s i c k . Some discoloration of our grasses w i t h the exception of U-3 b e r m u d a , (Two slides s h o w n ) . We put six treatments on at two-week intervals of t h i s . I w o u l d n ' t say that we had control; w h a t I was after was to kill the crabgrass in the seedling stage and that is w h y we put it on every two w e e k s . We w a t e r e d h e a v y for two nights before the application w e n t o n . After it w e n t o n , we kept water off for three or four days and we followed up w i t h a fertilization plan to h e l p bring b a c k the color of our g r a s s e s . I was a little discouraged w i t h our so-called hard or silver c r a b . It nipped it down some and stopped the g r o w t h . The seed head d i d n ' t seem ! to mature the w a y it did w h e n it h a d n t been t r e a t e d . The thing that I am interested in and hope for is that we are sterilizing our soil so this crabgrass seed w i l l not g e r m i n a t e , as w e l l as killing the crabgrass plant that comes u p . We also used on some t e e s , one ounce of PMAS to one ounce of sodium arsenite in 20 gallons of water and w e got about the same results and maybe a little better than we did w i t h the s t r a i g h t P M A S . As we said y e s t e r d a y , we know v e r y little about crabg r a s s , w h e n it g e r m i n a t e s , so t h e r e f o r e , it is quite a job to try to eliminate i t . If we can stop it in the s o i l and keep the seed from g e r m i n a t i n g , I think that a lot of our trouble w i l l be over w i t h . But it is like a f e l l o w w h o works for me s a i d . W h e n he was a kid down in southern K e n t u c k y his dad used to m a k e him get out w i t h a grubbing hoe to dig o u t the J o h n s o n g r a s s , pile it u p , d r y i t , dig out all the roots and b u r n the whole t h i n g . They would set that on fire and every place the smoke hit the g r o u n d , it took r o o t . It can be likened in that w a y to c r a b g r a s s . I hope to follow this plan if labor w i l l permit this next year and start along in May and apply a treatment every two weeks on through S e p t e m b e r . The reason for the twow e e k interval between treatments is to let the seed down there germinate and get those shoots above the ground to burn those o f f . The same rates m a y be varied a little in w a t e r — I was told yesterday that I m i g h t be using a little too m u c h w a t e r . I am going to use 2 0 , 1 5 , 10 and even 5 gallons of water per thousand square feet in different m o n t h s . I am going to cut d o w n the water and try some high pressure and low pressure. Question: ting? When do y o u think crabgrass starts germina- In 1950 the first that I found on our tees was just a little bluish-green spike maybe a half-inch long coming through the second w e e k In M a y . The tees are cut -g* i n c h , mowed 3? or 5 times a w e e k . If we can w h i p it on the t e e s , then we w i l l go on the rough and b a n k s . I am going to play with sodium arsenite a lot more next y e a r . In 19^6 we went through a scorched earth policy at our club to get rid of the grasses that we thought we did not w a n t . There was an awful lot of creeping bent on the fairways that had become f l u f f y , so right after the Purdue meeting in the spring of 19^6 we had G r a u and Mott come down and we w e n t over the course and we set up a program for $8*4-00 worth of m a t e r i a l which the board a p p r o v e d . We burned every spear of grass off our f a i r w a y s . We let them have the course on the f o u r t h of July and on the morning of the 5th we started putting on c h e m i c a l s . B y the first of August there was no more grass on those fairways which I hope never to go through again as long as I l i v e . We burned it o f f , we followed up w i t h 300 pounds of arsenate lead to the a c r e , 300 pounds superphosphate to the acre, (we used Milarsenite at 1200 pounds to the acre to b u r n ) , and put some humus in I t . We seeded 60% bluegrass and b 0 % Astoria b e n t , by w e i g h t . The next year we had a bad year and didn't have enough w a t e r , it went d o w n quite a little and we got quite a lot of Poa a n n u a . The seeded bent has taken over very w e l l and it has got so at our club that if they see a dandelion or weed on the f a i r w a y , I hear about i t . So b o y s , if y o u get your course to w h a t is called a per- feet g r e e n , God help y o u , because y o u haven't m u c h to look forward t o . the job on a l l three of these w e e d s . B o t h k i l l P o a a n n u a also b u t not the seed in the g r o u n d . A r s e n i c acid is a l i q u i d w h i c h is a b o u t twice as h e a v y as w a t e r , , v I t has a spec i f i c g r a v i t y of a b o u t 1.75 and m o s t of the c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t s c o n t a i n a b o u t 75% of arsenic a c i d . Using these f i g u r e s as a b a s i s , it is e a s y to c a l c u l a t e the l i q u i d v o l u m e r e q u i r e d to f u r n i s h w h a t e v e r a m o u n t of a r s e n i c acid y o u w i s h to u s e . A r s e n i c acid resembles s u l f u r i c acid and s h o u l d be h a n d l e d w i t h r e s p e c t . It p r o d u c e d b u r n s , so w o r k m e n s h o u l d use g l o v e s , e t c . It u s u a l l y c o m e s in c a r b o y s and should be r e m o v e d w i t h a siphon such as the ones sold b y auto supply h o u s e s to g a r a g e s f o r h a n d l i n g the sulfuric a c i d u s e d in b a t t e r ies« The b e s t w a y to h a n d l e arsenic a c i d is to siphon it off into b o t t l e s of a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e . A r s e n i c acid is n o t r e a d i l y o b t a i n a b l e . T h o s e w h o u s e it p r o b a b l y get t h e i r supply f r o m p e o p l e like S h e r w i n - W i l l i a m s , Dow C h e m i c a l C o m p a n y , P i t t s b u r g h P l a t e G l a s s C o m p a n y — in o t h e r w o r d s , f i r m s w h o m a n u f a c t u r e l e a d arsenate» S o d i u m a r s e n a t e is a v a i l a b l e on the m a r k e t as such in two f o r m s - - t h e g r a y and w h i t e p o w d e r w h i c h d i f f e r only in the d e g r e e of p u r i t y , and as a l i q u i d formulation» C h i p m a n C h e m i c a l C o m p a n y , f o r e x a m p l e , p u t out a l i q u i d s o d i u m a r s e n i t e u n d e r the trade n a m e of A l t a cide A , It comes in d r u m s of a b o u t 5 5 g a l l o n s . The m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n s f i v e p o u n d s of s o d i u m a r s e n i t e per g a l l o n , so for e a c h q u a r t there is p o u n d s of sodium a r s e n i t e . The l i q u i d m a t e r i a l is v e r y c o n v e n i e n t for spray u s e b e c a u s e there is n o s e d i m e n t to c l o g the n o z z l e s of the s p r a y e r . T h e n , of c o u r s e , there is M i l a r s e n i t e , the material m e n t i o n e d a n d u s e d b y R o y Jones and Pat R u s s e l l . It is dry s o d i u m a r s e n i t e c o a t e d on M i l o r g a n i t e , The c o n t e n t of sodium a r s e n i t e is 3%', A t p r e s e n t p r i c e s it is n o t a cheap source of sodium a r s e n i t e b e c a u s e y o u p a y iiO to 5 0 c e n t s a p i e c e for the b a g s w h i c h y o u are t o l d to d e s t r o y . I t h i n k that r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s w i l l elimin a t e M i l a r s e n i t e . B e f o r e the d i s c o v e r y of 2,L|.-D M i l a r s e n i t e w a s u s e d to k i l l n o t o n l y w e e d s such as clov e r , c h i c k w e e d a n d Poa a n n u a w h i c h are easy-to-kill w e e d s b u t also to e l i m i n a t e d a n d e l i o n , p l a n t a i n , c r a b grass and other w e e d s . That is w h y R o y u s e d 300 p o u n d s p e r acre i n s t e a d of the 150 p o u n d rate w h i c h w a s app l i e d at B i g S p r i n g . The t r e n d n o w is toward light r a t e s , s o m e w h e r e b e t w e e n 1 and 2 p o u n d s p e r acre of sodium a r s e n i t e as a l i q u i d s p r a y w i t h or w i t h o u t a s t i c k e r . P r a n k D u n l a p did an e x c e p t i o n a l l y f i n e job at C l e v e l a n d in the e l i m i n a t i o n oT c l o v e r and c h i c k w e e d f r o m the f a i r w a y s at The C o u n t r y C l u b . The f i r s t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e just u n d e r two p o u n d s p e r a c r e . A f t e r that h e d r o p p e d to about p o u n d s or 1 q u a r t of the l i q u i d s o d i u m a r s e n i t e p e r a c r e . H e u s e d a low g a l l o n age s p r a y e r , u s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n g a l l o n s of w a t e r p e r a c r e . W i t h a h i g h p r e s s u r e s p r a y e r , d o n ' t u s e any m o r e w a t e r t h a n is n e c e s s a r y to give s a t i s f a c t o r y c o v e r a g e . F o r t y to f i f t y g a l l o n s p e r acre should suffice. So f a r as m e t h o d of a p p l i c a t i o n Is c o n c e r n e d , u n i f o r m c o v e r a g e is i m p o r t a n t b y the dry or the l i q u i d m e t h o d . Overlapping should be avoided because of the g r e a t e r i n j u r y to the g r a s s . T r e a t m e n t s in s p r a y i n g are b e s t done a c r o s s the f a i r w a y s . L e n g t h w i s e applications s h o u l d s t a r t at the c e n t e r a n d w o r k t o w a r d the e d g e to a v o i d o v e r l a p a l o n g the c e n t e r . It Is a l s o important to h a v e some k i n d of a m a r k e r so t h a t the d r i v e r w i l l n o t o v e r l a p . W h e r e a s p r e a d e r Is u s e d , the outlet spouts should be close e n o u g h t o g e t h e r so t h a t the c u r t a i n of m a t e r i a l d r o p p e d is u n i f o r m ; o t h e r w i s e the f a i r w a y s w i l l l o o k l i k e a z e b r a . A l l t h e s e d e t a i l s are I m p o r t a n t to o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . If t h e r e Is n o t h i n g b u t w e e d s or c l o v e r a n d n o g r a s s , It m e a n s a r e n o v a t i o n p r o g r a m I n c l u d i n g some s e e d i n g . B e g i n b y u s i n g 2,I|.-D I n M a y or June to k i l l off the b r o a d - l e a v e d w e e d s a n d do t h a t l o n g e n o u g h I n a d v a n c e of the o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s so t h a t the 2,1|-D w i l l n o t inh i b i t g e r m i n a t i o n of the g r a s s . T h e n b e f o r e July p r e p a r e the m e m b e r s f o r some t e r r i b l e l o o k i n g f a i r w a y s . Sodium arsenite or a r s e n i c a c i d t r e a t m e n t s should start t h a t m o n t h to k i l l the F o a a n n u a , c l o v e r and c h l c k w e e d . The s p a c i n g of the t r e a t m e n t s is i m p o r t a n t p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e s p e c t to c l o v e r . The m e t h o d of k i l l b y a r s e n i c a l s is n o t like t h a t of 2,1}.-D. W i t h a r s e n i c a l s y o u d e f o l i a t e the p l a n t , b u r n off the l e a v e s , t h e n the p l a n t u t i l i z e s the r e s e r v e s of s u g a r a n d s t a r c h i n the t i s s u e s to b u i l d new leaves. Repeated defoliation exhausts the reserve s u p p l y of c a r b o h y d r a t e s . T h e p l a n t d i e s w h e n it does n o t p o s s e s s the s t o r e d f o o d n e e d e d to i n i t i a t e g r o w t h . W h e n the i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n t r e a t m e n t s Is too l o n g , the new leaves make e n o u g h e x t r a s u g a r to r e p l e n i s h the r e s e r v e s in the s t o r a g e t i s s u e s , T h e n y o u m i g h t as well forget about that application because nothing was a c c o m p l i s h e d . A n I n t e r v a l of a b o u t 10 to II4. d a y s is a b o u t r i g h t . In t h a t time c l o v e r l e a v e s are a b o u t 3/k normal size. D o n ' t e x p e c t the p o u n d or p o u n d and a h a l f r a t e to c o m p l e t e l y d e f o l i a t e the p l a n t the f i r s t t i m e . If clover or c h l c k w e e d g r o w t h is d e n s e , o n l y the top l e a v e s w i l l be b u r n e d . T h e y are the o n l y o n e s t h a t come I n d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h the h e r b i c i d e . Because the l e a v e s u n d e r n e a t h are u n t o u c h e d , y oT u naturally t h i n k e n o u g h m a t e r i a l itfas n o t u s e d . D o n t w o r r y bec a u s e y o u c a n n e v e r g e t c o m p l e t e d e f o l i a t i o n the f i r s t time u n l e s s the r a t e Is so h e a v y t h a t it is apt to p e r m a n e n t l y I n j u r e the g o o d g r a s s . O n e c a n seed i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e the l a s t t r e a t m e n t as R o y d i d . In f a c t P a t d i d some t r e a t i n g at l i g h t r a t e s e v e n 011 the y o u n g grass seedlings when they were about a month o l d . A f t e r a g o o d t u r f c o v e r a g e is o b t a i n e d , y o u c a n s a f e l y t r e a t in s p r i n g as Pat p r o p o s e s to k i l l the s m a l l a- m o u n t of c h i c k w e e d t h a t d e v e l o p s f r o m s e e d . Pie h a s e n o u g h g r a s s so t h a t it w i l l c l o s e i n a n d n o t c r e a t e a crabgrass problem. T h e a m o u n t of b u r n or the a m o u n t of d i s c o l o r a t i o n on an a r e a of t u r f is g o i n g to d e p e n d u p o n a n u m b e r of f a c t o r s . F i r s t is the m a t t e r of soil m o i s t u r e . If the s o i l is b o n e d r y , e v e n a r a t e of to 1-|- p o u n d s p e r a c r e m a y d i s c o l o r b e n t v e r y b a d l y . T h a t is w h y it is a d v a n t a g e o u s to h a v e w a t e r a v a i l a b l e for a renovation program, particularly if t h e r e is a h i g h c o n t e n t of g o o d g r a s s . The s o i l s h o u l d h a v e enough moisture to g r o w g o o d g r a s s . T h e k i l l o n the w e e d s w i l l b e b e s t if t h e y are g r o w i n g . W h e r e c o v e r a g e is n o t h i n g b u t c l o v e r and c h i c k w e e d , the a r e a Is g o i n g to T l o o k b r o w n a f t e r it h a s b e e n t r e a t e d b e c a u s e t h e r e l s n t a n y t h i n g l e f t a f t e r t h e y h a v e b e e n b u r n e d . If t h e r e is o n l y a s c a t t e r i n g of c l o v e r a n d c h i c k w e e d , the discoloration w i l l not be noticeable at the above r a t e b e c a u s e d i s c o l o r a t i o n of the g r a s s w i l l b e v e r y s l i g h t . It Is a l w a y s d e s i r a b l e to h a v e at l e a s t t w e l v e h o u r s w i t h o u t rain following an application although by using a good s p r e a d e r a n d x^etting a g e n t , a p r e t t y g o o d s c o r c h w i l l be o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e s e w e e d s a f t e r 1+ to 5 h o u r s . Q u e s t i o n : W h a t is y o u r o b s e r v a t i o n o n t h i s n e w F-7^1f e s c u e ? C a n it b e c u t to a -f i n c h h e i g h t w h i c h s e e m s to b e w h a t the g o l f e r s n o w d e m a n d ? Do y o u t h i n k t h a t is g o i n g to b e a b e t t e r g r a s s f o r s a n d y , i m p o v e r i s h e d soil areas? ! I c a n t answer that, but from what I have seen of i t , F - 7 k f e s c u e l o o k s v e r y g o o d . B y a l l m e a n s t r y it a n d do e n o u g h w i t h It to see w h e t h e r t h a t is g o i n g to b e a n a n s w e r to y o u r p r o b l e m , I b e l i e v e M e r l o n b l u e g r a s s Is p e r f o r m i n g v e r y w e l l . C l i f f R u n y o n h a s u s e d u n b e l i e v a b l y s m a l l r a t e s of s e e d p e r a c r e , P a t says t h a t Big Springs N o , f a i r w a y Is c o m i n g a l o n g b e a u t i f u l l y a n d e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e y h a v e 60% M e r l o n b l u e g r a s s a n d kOfr b e n t . One t h i n g a b o u t M o r i o n , it s e e m s to t h r o w rhizomes vigorously a n d to g r o w w e l l e v e n w h e n c u t at 3AI- I n c h e s , i - o - BREEDING TURF GRASSES H . B . Musser B r e e d i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of t u r f g r a s s e s is a t r e m e n d o u s l y b r o a d t h i n g , so I a m g o i n g to c o n c e n t r a t e on just one p h a s e of i t . P e r h a p s y o u m i g h t b e i n t e r e s t e d i n s e e i n g w h a t g o e s i n t o the f i n a l p r o d u c t that comes o u t as a n i m p r o v e d t y p e of g r a s s . F i r s t , I w o u l d l i k e to c o r r e c t a p r e t t y g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n a m o n g l a y m e n t h a t t h e r e is s o m e t h i n g m y s t e r i o u s , s o m e t h i n g abracad a b r a a b o u t r e s e a r c h w o r k of t h i s k i n d . M o s t of it is just p l a i n , o r d i n a r y , m e c h a n i c a l , e v e r y d a y w o r k . A g r e a t d e a l of it is v e r y r o u t i n e . A t r e m e n d o u s a m o u n t of e f f o r t is i n v o l v e d in ! i t . T h a t is p a r t of o u r job; w e love i t , or w e w o u l d n t be i n i t . U r n g o i n g to c o n c e n t r a t e this morning on showing you just h o w w e t r y to r e a c h the e n d p o i n t i n the p r o d u c t i o n of a n i m p r o v e d s t r a i n of g r a s s . I w i l l u s e f e s c u e as a n i l l u s t r a t i o n of h o w the b r e e d i n g p r o g r a m w o r k s . O v e r at S t a t e C o l l e g e w e are d o i n g some w o r k w i t h the b l u e g r a s s e s a n d the b e n t g r a s s e s as w e l l . D o w n i n the s o u t h e a s t at T i f t o n , G e o r g i a , D r . G l e n n B u r t o n is d o i n g w o r k o n the w a r m - s e a s o n g r a s s e s . H e r e at P u r d u e y o u h a v e s t a r t e d some w o r k o n the b e n t grasses. I wish.that we had a lot more of that t y p e of w o r k b e c a u s e at the b e s t i t is a l o n g , d r a w n - o u t p r o c e d u r e , a n d the m o r e h a n d s w e h a v e p u s h i n g , the faster we w i l l get somewhere. The unit i n a n y b r e e d i n g or s e l e c t i o n p r o g r a m is the i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t . Vie g e t t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s to start w i t h i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t w a y s . T h e y m a y b e f o u n d b y g r o w i n g c o m m e r c i a l l o t s of s e e d or t h e y m a y be f o u n d as s u p e r i o r p l a n t s g r o w i n g i n e s t a b l i s h e d t u r f , a v e r y g o o d source of m a t e r i a l . O n the other hand, t h e y m a y b e p r o d u c e d b y h y b r i d i z a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l parents and therein lies a most interesting s t o r y of the s t u d y of the p a r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and h o w t h e y m a y b e t r a n s m i t t e d . W e c o u l d t a l k a b o u t t h a t and p e r h a p s e n j o y i t f o r a w h o l e h a l f d a y e v e n if w e d o n ' t h a v e a n y s p e c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n on it b e c a u s e w e a l l are i n t e r e s t e d in w h e t h e r our c h i l d r e n h a v e b l u e e y e s or brown eyes or w h e t h e r t h e y h a v e b l a c k h a i r or r e d h a i r , e t c . W e h a v e the same p r i n c i p l e s of i n h e r i t a n c e a p p l y i n g to the w a y c h a r a c t e r s are t r a n s m i t t e d in p l a n t s . T h o s e are the t h r e e p r i m a r y s o u r c e s of these individual plants t h a t w e start w i t h as our i m p r o v e ment units. It is not possible to t e l l v e r y m u c h a b o u t w h a t the g e n e r a l p e r f o r m a n c e of a p l a n t is g o i n g to b e w h e n it is g r o w n i n the n u r s e r y w i t h e v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y to d e v e l o p to i t s m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y . A n d s o , a f t e r w e get the i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s t h a t l o o k like t h e y m i g h t h a v e some d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w e I .have 'to ^develop additional m a t e r i a l from those individual p l a n t s . The n e x t step is the p r o p a g a t i o n n u r s e r y w h e r e seed f r o m the i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t is g r o w n i n p r o p a g a t i o n r o w s . H o w r t h a t seems like a q u i t e s i m p l e p r o c e s s a n d y e t i t c a n t be over s i m p l i f i e d b e c a u s e of the m a n y p r o b l e m s w h i c h w e r u n i n t o e v e n as e a r l y as t h a t i n the g a m e . Y o u m u s t m e e t s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s . In the c a s e of f e s c u e , one of the t h i n g s t h a t w e r a n i n t o t h a t g a v e u s l o t s of t r o u b l e to s t a r t w i t h w a s the f a c t t h a t somet i m e betx^een the p e r i o d of the f i r s t d e v e l o p m e n t of the seed h e a d , the p r i m o r d i a of the s e e d h e a d , as w e c a l l i t , a n d the t i m e w h e n it c a m e o u t a n d b e g a n to m a t u r e s e e d , w e g o t a c h e c k in the d e v e l o p m e n t of t h a t s e e d h e a d . F r a n k l y , w e are n o t sure y e t w h e t h e r it is due to a v e r y m i n u t e insect we call trips that burrow d o w n i n s i d e of the l e a f s h e a t h and f e e d o n the v e r y s u c c u l e n t d e v e l o p i n g s t e m of the s e e d h e a d or w h e t h e r it is due to a w e a k t y p e of f u n g u s t h a t t h a t insect c a r r i e s in t h e r e . F o r t u n a tl e l y , e x c e p t t h a t w e do w a n t a d e f i n i t e a n s w e r , it h a d n t m a t t e r e d too g r e a t l y . b e c a u s e w e f o u n d t h a t b y b u r n i n g off the r o w the p r e v i o u s f a l l , w e c o u l d e l i m i n a t e m o s t of the t r o u b l e . A s s o o n as w e h a v e e n o u g h m a t e r i a l ' d e v e l o p e d , w e g e t the n e w s t r a i n i n t o the t e s t p l o t s . T h i s is a s e r i e s of t e s t p l o t s w h e r e w e are t r y i n g to d e t e r m i n e the q u a l i t y b y d e t a i l e d r e c o r d s , n o t o n l y of f e s c u e s , b u t of b e n t , b l u e g r a s s e s and some o t h e r s p e c i e s on a comp a r a b l e b a s i s . W e u s e t h r e e h e i g h t s of c u t - 1|r a n d 3 i n c h e s - - i n o r d e r to g e t some i d e a of the p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e s e v a r i o u s g r a s s e s as t h e y w o u l d b e h a n d l e d e i t h e r on f a i r w a y s , l a w n s or o n h e a v i e r d u t y t u r f s u c h as a t h l e t i c f i e l d s , a i r f i e l d s , e t c . A s y o u w o u l d exp e c t a f t e r y o u h a v e h e a r d so m u c h a b o u t it the p a s t t w o d a y s , h e r e is a p l o t of M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s . ^ v e r y body recognizes that varying environmental conditions may effect performance of i n d i v i d u a l t y p e s of g r a s s . W e h a v e t h a t e m p h a s i z e d p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the c a s e of our creeping bent strains where nearly every section of the c o u n t r y h a s i t s o w n p r e f e r e n c e . In o r d e r to g e t as w i d e a r a n g e as p o s s i b l e w i t h the f a c i l i t i e s t h a t w e h a d a v a i l a b l e , vie a l s o p l a n t e d o u r fescue s t r a i n s d o w n at B e l t s v i l l e w h e r e D r . G-rau c o u l d directly supervise their maintenance and h a n d l i n g . There is a t r e m e n d o u s l y w i d e r a n g e in e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i tions between State College and Beltsville. I f , eventuo.lly, w e p u t our finger on a strain that in our t e s t i n g w o r k h a s g i v e n u s d e f i n i t e and s i g n i f i c a n t indications of s u p e r i o r i t y , the n e x t step t h e n is to d e v e l o p e n o u g h seed to g e t into p r a c t i c a l , c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t i o n . The n e x t step f r o m the p r o p a g a t i o n r o w s , m u l t i p l i c a t i o n r o w s that I h a v e s h o w n y o u p r e v i o u s l y , Is the p r o d u c t i o n of f o u n d a t i o n seed s t o c k . These a r e a s are c a r e f u l l y t a k e n care of b y the staff at the c o l l e g e in the w a y of s e e i n g that the m a t e r i a l that is b e i n g g r o w n Is r e a s o n a b l y p u r e - - f r o m the m i x t u r e s - and e q u i v a l e n t to the m a t e r i a l t h a t carae originally f r o m the b r e e d i n g p r o g r a m . If n e c e s s a r y , v o l u n t e e r p l a n t s are r o g u e d out and e v e r y t h i n g p o s s i b l e Is done to see that w e h a v e g o o d f o u n d a t i o n seed m a t e r i a l . E v e n t u a l l y the m a t e r i a l goes f r o m the f o u n d a t i o n seed stock f i e l d to c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t i o n . This Is a f i e l d of f e s c u e out at I m b l e r , O r e g o n , w h e r e H . L . W a g n e r Is g r o w i n g t h o u s a n d s of a c r e s of g r a s s for s e e d . H e is d o i n g a v e r y n i c e job o n It as are m a n y of the b e t t e r g r o w e r s in O r e g o n . T h e r e is the end p o i n t so f a r as the p r o g r a m of the d e v e l o p m e n t of a s u p e r i o r s t r a i n of g r a s s Is c o n c e r n e d . ! I h a v e n t said a n y t h i n g about the time i n v o l v e d . It Is a long p e r i o d . Y o u h a v e to h a v e a; y e a r or m o r e i n the I n d i v i d u a l p l a n t n u r s e r y and two y e a r s to d e v e l o p s u f f i c i e n t m a t e r i a l for y o u r t e s t p l o t s . Vie like to h a v e turf i n a test p l o t for a t h r e e - y e a r p e r i o d w h i c h t o t a l s s i x . A f t e r w e k n o w that w e h a v e s o m e t h i n g that is s a t i s f a c t o r y , there are two m o r e y e a r s n e e d e d f o r p r o d u c t i o n of f o u n d a t i o n seed s t o c k , In d e v e l o p m e n t of the seed for c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t i o n . A n d f i n a l l y , it t a k e s two y e a r s to get y o u r c o m m e r c i a l p l a n t i n g in seed p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h is a t e n - y e a r p e r i o d u n d e r the b e s t c i r c u m s t a n c e s . If w e r u n into some d i f f i c u l t i e s , it adds u p to m o r e than ten y e a r s . One of the m o s t d i f f i c u l t things t h a t I h a v e encountered in this w h o l e t e s t i n g p i c t u r e Is to get a satisf a c t o r y y a r d s t i c k to m e a s u r e turf q u a l i t y . It isn't t o t a l y i e l d for the season as the o r d i n a r y c o m p a r i s o n s are m a d e in a g r i c u l t u r a l m a t e r i a l s such as forage c r o p s , c o r n or c e r e a l s , or f r u i t , e t c . W e are." Intere s t e d In a lot of i n t a n g i b l e s that are n o t n e a r l y so easy to p u t y o u r f i n g e r o n . W e u s e d to try a n d get at it b y m a k i n g o b s e r v a t i o n a l r e c o r d s r - an a l l over grade of one p l o t in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h a n o t h e r . W e l l , that w o r k e d fine w h e n w e only h a d six or seven strains of g r a s s e s to c o m p a r e , b u t w h e n w e h a v e a n y w h e r e f r o m 50 to 1 0 0 of them g r o w i n g in the same l o c a t i o n and showing all degrees of d i f f e r e n c e s , It gets to be a 3 - r i n g circus and y o u r h e a d gets In a w h i r l b e f o r e y o u get over a dozen of t h e m . W e , t h e r e f o r e , h a v e d e v e l o p e d a scheme w h i c h includes certain things that g o t o make up this d e s i r a b l e turf quality that w e want* Those c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are d i f f e r e n t w i t h d i f f e r e n t g r a s s e s . In the c a s e of the f e s c u e s , w e h a v e t e n t a t i v e l y p i c k e d u p s u c h t h i n g s as c u p p i n g to w h i c h f e s c u e is p a r t i c u l a r l y s u s c e p t i b l e . T h a t i s , the o p e n i n g u p of a b a r e area in a t u r f . Prom a golfing standpoint t h a t Is a very s a t i s f a c t o r y q u a l i t y b e c a u s e the b a l l d r o p s d o w n i n t o t h e m . S p o n g i n e s s a p p l i e s p r i m a r i l y to o u r b e n t t y p e s as a n i n d i c a t i o n of t u r f q u a l i t y . W e say t h a t since t u r f Is u s u a l l y g r o w i n g b e t t e r in the H a y - J u n e p e r i o d t h a n i n the l a t e r p e r i o d of the s u m m e r , w e liave to m e a s u r e t h a t q u a l i t y to see w h e t h e r it h a s g o t t e n worse f r o m one p e r i o d to a n o t h e r . T h e n , of course, d i s e a s e is s u c h a t r e m e n d o u s l y important factor that w e t a k e t h a t i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n ; n o t o n l y the d i s e a s e i t s e l f , b u t the a b i l i t y of the g r a s s to r e c o v e r f r o m d i s e a s e r a p i d l y . In a d d i t i o n , w e are I n t e r e s t e d In d r o u g h t t o l e r a n c e . W e e d i n f e s t a t i o n is a n I n d i c a t i o n of g o o d s t r a i n s - - of the v i t a l i t y of y o u r s t r a i n . W e are I n t e r e s t e d in c o l d t o l e r a n c e a nl d c e r t a i n l y to some e x t e n t In t e x t u r e . N o w t h a t I s n t the e n d of It b e c a u s e w e are n o t i n t e r e s t e d to t h e same e x t e n t In a l l these characteristics. Therefore, we have t r i e d to r a t e the i m p o r t a n c e of t h e m a n d h e r e Is w h e r e w o g e t into m o s t of the d i f f i c u l t y . T h i s is the scheme t h a t x^re h a v e b e e n u s i n g f o r the l a s t two y e a r s i n a t t e m p t i n g to e v a l u a t e t h e s e v a r i o u s g r a s s e s b y l o o k i n g at one c h a r a c t e r at a t i m e . T h e sum of a l l of It g o e s i n t o m a k i n g u p t h a t t u r f q u a l i t y t h a t w e are p a r t i c u l a r l y I n t e r e s t e d I n , D e f i n i t e l y y o u m u s t t a k e into c o n s i d e r a t i o n e n v i r o n mental conditions and particularly moisture and tempe r a t u r e w h e r e y o u are n o t a p p l y i n g w a t e r t h r o u g h i r r i g a t i o n , I a m a w f u l l y g l a d t h a t w e h a v e f i g u r e s on w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s b e c a u s e it h a s e n a b l e d u s to s h o r t en d o w n o n o u r t e s t p e r i o d . T h e environmental condit i o n s , the w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s b e t w e e n 1.91+9 a n d 1 9 5 0 w e r e so e x t r e m e t h a t I t h i n k w e g o t as m u c h information on performance of i n d i v i d u a l g r a s s s t r a i n s in those two y e a r s as w e m a y o r d i n a r i l y g e t In a 5 to 6 y e a r p e r i o d , I u s u a l l y like to h a v e 3 or y e a r s of r e s u l t s , b u t I ara m u c h b e t t e r s a t i s f i e d to b a s e a dec i s i o n o n two y e a r s of r e s u l t s w h e n the e x t r e m e s in w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s are as w i d e as t h e y are h e r e . Just to g i v e y o u an a l l o v e r p i c t u r e of p e r f o r m a n c e b e t w e e n the v a r i o u s s p e c i e s that w e h a v e b e e n t e s t i n g , h e r e are some of the o u t s t a n d i n g evaluations. First, w o h a v e the M e r l o n , t h e n some of the b e t t e r s t r a i n s of fescues and t h e n the a v e r a g e s of a l l o f o u r s t r a i n s under t e s t , including various types of Colonial creeping b e n t , fescues and bluegrass. The total makes up 60 s t r a i n s i n the t e s t . A s f a r as the a v e r a g e score in 191+9 w a s c o n c e r n e d , as y o u c a n s e e , w e h a d a v e r y appreciable h i g h performance from our superior types of b l u e g r a s s , the M e r i o n a n d our b e t t e r strains of f e s c u e s . Y o u c a n see t h a t the f e s c u e s as a r u l e p e r f o r m e d s o m e w h a t b e t t e r t h a n the o t h e r s . T h i s s h o w s y o u the p e r f o r m a n c e i n 1 9 5 0 , a n d I t h i n k t h a t y o u c a n see a v e r y a p p r e c i a b l e difference. If you will remember the s t o r y in 191+9* the b l u e g r a s s e s w e r e v e r y d e f i n i t e l y l a s t , the f e s c u e s w e n t u p a little b i t . T h e c o l o n i a l s w e r e m u c h b e t t e r in 1 9 5 0 t h a n t h e y w e r e 111 1 9 ^ 9 • T h e n e x t slide s h o w s y o u the detailed performance of the b e s t of o u r f e s c u e s out of t h o s e 29 s t r a i n s t h a t w e h a d to b e g i n w i t h i n 191+9• The q u a l i t y g r a d e s r u n f r o m 86 to 7 6 . W e h a v e v e r y d e f i n i t e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t w e m a y h a v e b e e n a b l e to p u t o u r f i n g e r o n some e x t r e m e l y i n t e r e s t i n g n e w t y p e s of f e s c u e . H e r e a g a i n in the 1 9 5 0 t e s t s the same s t r a i n s that were t o p s in 191+9 are a g a i n at the t o p a l t h o u g h n o t in the same o r d e r in 1 9 5 0 . R e m e m b e r t h e weather conditions were e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e b e t w e e n t h o s e two years. W h a t is the a v a i l a b i l i t y of the m a t e r i a l n o w ? W e are g o i n g to h a v e to w a i t u n t i l c ornmercia 1 prodLiction h a s developed and I think that you can understand that, a f t e r s e e i n g the p r o c e s s t h r o u g h w h i c h w e m u s t . g o b e f o r e w e do h a v e c o m m e r c i a l seed a v a i l a b l e . I have b e e n d i s a p p o i n t e d so m a n y t i m e s w h e n I t h o u g h t w e h a d p o s s i b i l i t i e s of g e t t i n g s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r t h a t I get v e r y , v e r y c a g e y a b o u t t h i s whole-.-picture-. B u t I am a l m o s t to the p o i n t of b e i n g w i l l i n g to stick m y neck out and say t h a t w e w i l l h a v e w i t h i n the n e x t two y e a r s some c o m m e r c i a l s u p p l i e s of t h e s e strains of fescue w h i c h have s h o w n e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n of b e i n g improvements over w h a t we have h a d available in the past. - o -