PROCEEDINGS of 1952 TURF CONFERENCE Sponsored by the and PURDUE UNIVERSITY LAFAYETTE, INDIANA March 3, 4 and 5,1952 Table of Contents I Forward III-XIII Attendance Chemical Crabgrass Control Oliver C. Lee 5 Shrubs - Selecting and Pruning.......H. W. Gilbert 8 Planting Large Lawn Areas......... Harold Bohling 11 Establishing Grass Seedings....... C, M. Harrison 13 The Turf Program at Upjohns.. Carol Lawrence 17 R. B. Duke 19 Carl Penner 21 Yard Parks Program in Indianapolis Practical Tree Care.. New Water Lines at Westwood Country Club.......... St an Grave s 21+ 1951 National Cooperative Turf Fungicide Trials... ....Charles G. Wilson oc Fred V. Grau 28 New Materials and The Commercial Dealer........... , Paul E. Burdett 32 One Dealer1 s Problems.. ..A. S. Baker 35 Questions for Research. .....Vi. H. Daniel 38 Chemical Poa Annua Control... .Lawrence Ilunzenmaier 1+0 The Superintendent, The Green Chairman, The Locker Room ..J. Porter Henry 1+2 Extension Looks at Turf Charles G. Wilson 1+6 The Turf Management College Course at Purdue University.... ...W. H. Daniel ¿4-9 Compaction and Moisture Problems in Turf ., , R. B. Alderfer Kodachrome Review of 1951 Compiled Courtesy of WEST POINT LAWN PRODUCTS West Point, Pa. Noer ^ FOKEWARD The Prograra Committe© wished to express a very real appreoiation to the many speakers who participated in our 1952 Turf Conference. We wish to thank especially Dr. 0. J. Noer for cooperating in a panel by discussing 1?How Management Affects Weeds" • In this he stressed that chemical control of weeds., and weedy grasses is only one phase of turf improvement, that renovation, sowing adapted grasses, adequate fertilization and careful watering are also to be considered. Appreciation is also expressed to Eric G. Sharvelle for a talk entitled !!Turf Tales from Englandn. He shared by Kodachrome slides his family1s summer trip to Europe in 1951. A description of the Royal Portrest Golf Course at which the "British Open" golf tournament was played in 1951 was.given. The Royal Portrest Golf Course is situated on the shores of the Atlantic at the very northern tip of Ireland. It is characterized by very narrow fairways, hidden greens, difficult hazards and discouraging roughs and trapped greens. Golf in Britain is very difficult and .the American player soon learns that iron play at which British players are so successful is the secret of success on British courses. The panel discussion on Diseases and Fungicides was led by Eric Sharvelle. Results of the 1951 National Turf Fungicide trials were reported by Charles Wilson of the U.S.G.A. Green Section. Mr. Wilson's comments on the National Turf Fungicide trials are-included in this proceedings., Mr. William Klomparens, graduate student, and Dr. John Vaughn, Pathologist, of Michigan State College, discussed the turf disease and fungicide program in Michigan. Mr. Klomparens discussed the "Melting-out1 disease of bentgrass caused by helminthosporium and pointed out that the ordinary turf fungicides will not prevent this trouble. Dr. Vaughn discussed the value of Acti-dione, a new antibiotic related to Streptomycin, for the control of turf diseases. Acti-dione has given promising control of dollarspot and large brownpatch and is one of the few chemicals that has prevented helminthosporium melting-out disease. We x^ish to thank them for sharing their experiences with us. ATTENDANCE MIDWEST REGIONAL TURF CONFERENCE March 3, h, and Name 1. Adis, George 2. Alderfer, R. B. 3. Allen, Joe k. Ashworth, Victor 5. Bailey, H. S. 6. Baker, A. S. 7. Becker, Richard 8. Beckstrom, Carl 9. Bennett, Wayne F. 10. Benson, Arthur 11. Bertucci, Elmer 12. Bild, Peter 13. Bloch, Alfred Ik. Bohling, Harold J. 15. Boone, Howard 16. Borg, Gus 17. Born, Willard 18. Bowman, Oscar W. 19. Boyd, Taylor 20. Boyer, Harry C. 21. Brandt, James W. 22. Bretzlaff, Carl 1952 Address Mt. Emblem Cemetery, Box 5U, Elmhurst, Illinois Dept. of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Penna. Cincinnati Municipal GC, £0 Ferndale St. Cincinnati 16, Ohio 2301 Division Street Evansville, Indiana 2015 Colfax Street Evanston, Illinois 2529 Catalpa Drive Dayton, Ohio Wolworth, Wisconsin R. 1, Box 62E, St. Charles, Illinois R. R. 6, Box 39 Kokomo, Indiana Aurora Country Club Aurora, Illinois Highwood Avenue Highwood, Illinois h3 S. Columbine Lombard, Illinois Box 217, Montgomery, Ohio 8hb9 Kraay Munster, Indiana Hamilton County Park District Cincinnati, Ohio Illini Country Club Springfield, Illinois 281*1 Consaul Street Toledo, Ohio 7 Algonquin Lane Webster Grove 19, Missouri Box 21, Station M, Cincinnati 27, Ohio Losantiville Country Club Cincinnati, Ohio 101 E. 27th Street Indianapolis, Indiana R. R. 16, Box 61*1 Indianapolis hh} Indiana 23. Brown, Agar M. Box 106, St, Charles, Illinois 2h. 830 Huben Lane, Glenview, Illinois P. 0. Box 2hl Lombard, Illinois Wright-Patterson Golf Course WPAFB, Dayton, Ohio Summit Hills Covington, Kentucky 2033 N. Granville Road Worthington, Ohio U22 E. Walnut Street Oglesby, Illinois Box 1;22, Sycamore, Illinois 3uchen R. S. 25. Burdett, Paul E. 26. Butler, Norman J. 27. Cahill, James 28. Campbell, Stuart R. 29. Canale, Joseph 30. Cassier, E. W. 31. Chamberlin, Robert L. 32. Chambers, Ardy H. 33. Chaplin, R. C. 3h. Chisholm, Alex 35. Chord, Edward K. 36. Clarke, William 37. Clauss, Walter L. 38. Cleary, William A. 39. Cline, M. D. iiO. Coble, Clem Ul• Cornwell, Ward h2. Coval, Pete h3. Daniel, William H. hh. Darrah, John Ii5. Davis, Raymond C. h6. deVoogdt, Peter J# hl. Dettling, T« J. h&. Dienhart, A. P. 1169 S. Schuyler Kankakee, Illinois 185 N. Wabash Chicago, Illinois R•R•2 LaGrange, Illinois 1*09 W. Jolly Road Lansing, Michigan 10l|00 S. Christiana Avenue Chicago Ii3, Illinois 2%hX Prospect Avenue Evanston, Illinois 10h9 Millman Street Peoria, Illinois W. A. Cleary Corporation New Brunswick, New Jersey 130 South Clinton Street Fort Wayne, Indiana New Augusta, Indiana 1358 Anita Grosse Pointe 30, Michigan 3158 N* Layman Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana Department of Agronomy, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana 5757 Lincoln Highway Matteson, Illinois Medinah Country Club Medinah, Illinois Pion Landscape Company Fort Wayne, Indiana h3 E. Market Street Akron, Ohio 2155 Ulen Lane Lafayette, Indiana h9. Dine H i , Frank J. 5o. Dimmich, Dr. H. C. 59. Eaton, Max: 1302 Clavey Road Highland Park, Illinois 111 Esmond Street Fort Wayne, Indiana 1320 E. 38th Street Chicago 15, Illinois lt05 C Street Michigan. City, Indiana Lafayette Country Club Lafayette, Indiana 3108 Mayfield Road Cleveland 18, Ohio Western Electric, 2525 Shadeland Ave. Indianapolis, Indiana 902 Caledonia Cleveland 12, Ohio 389 N. Delaplaine Riverside, Illinois Box 327 Crown Point, Indiana R. R. 3, Wabash, Indiana 60. Engelhardt, Peter Box 273, Worth, Illinois 61. Evans, John S. 231U Wilmette Street Kalamazoo, Michigan Mayfield Country Club Cleveland 21, Ohio Assistant City Forester Lansing, Michigan Ferguson and Sons Eau Claire, Michigan 1236 Rutledge Street Gary, Indiana Losantiville Country Club Cincinnati, Ohio Funk Brothers Seed Company Bloomington, Illinois Johnson Park Golf Club Racine, Wisconsin Cook County Forest Preserve, Harlem & Lake Ave., River Forest, Illinois 5652 S. Elizabeth Chicago, Illinois Dept. of Horticulture, Purdue UniversityLafayette, Indiana Fort Wayne Park Department Fort Wayne, Indiana Mohawk Country Club Bensenville, Illinois 132nd & W. Dodge Omaha (Benson), Nebraska 51. Dix, Porter E. 52. Dornbrock, Don 53. Dowell, Earl 5iu Dryfoos, Sidney L. 55. Duke, Robert M. 56. Dunlap, Frank 57. Dunn, Andrew C. 58. Dunn, Robert J. 62. Fannin, Howard 63. Fenner, Carl 61*. Ferguson, Ken 65. Fifield, E. 66. Forste, Clifford 67. Funk, Richard C. 68. Gabley, Howard 69. Gabriel, Sam J. 70. Gallagher, John P. 71. Gilbert, Henry 72. Gillie, David 73. Glomp, Louis 7U. Glissman, Harold W. * 75. Graves, Stan 81. Habenicht, Carl B. 22625 Detroit Road Rocky River, Ohio 2l|68 E. Eddington Flint 3> Michigan 3265 Robin Road Louisville 13, Kentucky h3 S. Delaware Street Indianapolis, Indiana Sunset Ridge Country Club Winnetka, Illinois Hamilton County Park District Cincinnati, Ohio Box 258, Tinley Park, Illinois 82. HammerSchmidt, T. F< Box 103, Lisle, Illinois 83. Hannemann, H. R. Box 161*, R. R. 1 Menesha, Wisconsin Canterbury Golf Club Cleveland 22, Ohio Dept. of Farm Crops, Michigan State College Lansing, Michigan 3920 West 71st Street New Augusta, Indiana 8221; Washington St. Louis, Missouri h01 Ceal Avenue Buchanan, Michigan R. R. 11, Box 613M Dayton, Ohio 5800 Ravenswood Chicago 26, Illinois Boatmen1s Bank Building St. Louis 2, Missouri White Pines, Church Road Bensenville, Illinois 1725 S. Washington Peoria, Illinois llhO 6th Avenue Rockford, Illinois 1611 Plainfield Road LaGrange, Illinois Dept. of Horticulture, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana 6500 Harts Road Niles, Illinois Edwood Glen Golf Club, R. 2 Lafayette, Indiana 302 Graves Avenue Rockford, Illinois 2206 Morse Avenue Chicago Illinois 76. Goodrich, Ford 77. Grant, Gilmore 78. Griener, Clarence 79. Grotti, Dominic 80. Gruber, Calvin 81*. Harasty, Louis 85- Harrison, C. M. 86. Harvey, Charles W. 87. Hayes, Thomas V. 88. Heiermann, John 89. Helmbold, George 90. Kennig, Elmer A. 91. Henry, J. Porter 92. Hinz, Alvin 93. Holland, Ed 9b. Hosfeld, A. 95. Hoyfc, Walter 96. Hull, R. B. 97. Jackiewicz, Joseph 98. Jacks, 0. L. 99. Jackson, Wallace 100. Jannes, Bertram H. 101. Janssen, Elmer 102. Jones, Fred G. 103. Jones, LeRoy ioli. Jury, Ira ¥. 105. Kavanaugh, Marty 106. Keeley, C. R. 107. Kennedy, Richard • 108. Kirkhart, Ethan 109. Klauke, Fred 110. Klenk, Paul T., Jr. 111. Klomparens, William 112. Kramer, John F. 113. Kramer, Francis J. nit. Kramer, Michael J. 115. Iiurek, William E. 116. Lamboley, H. T. 117. Lammert, Joseph F. 118. Lange, Henry 119. Lapp, Amos 120. Lawrence, Carol 121. Lawson, Charles C. 122. Lee, A. G. 123. Lee, 0. C. 12lu LeGrand, Jules 125. Likes, Don 126. Lindens chid dt, Robert L. 300 Fourth Avenue Rock Falls, Illinois 6025 Guilford Avenue Indianapolis 20, Indiana 190U W. Mt. Hope Lansing, Michigan 5215 Forest Hills Road Rockford, Illinois Hamilton Park District Cincinnati 32, Ohio University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 991 N. Bolton Avenue Indi anapoli s, Indi ana li28 S. Main Hubbard, Ohio 8516 Morton Avenue Morton Grove, Illinois 10562 S. Walden Parkway Chicago lj.3, Illinois Dept. of Plant Pathology, Michigan State College, Lansing, Michigan 1008 Sherman Avenue Evanston, Illinois 1008 Sherman Avenue Evanston, Illinois 1008 Sherman Avenue Evanston, Illinois k!2 West McClure Peoria, Illinois 603 Walnut Street Fort Wayne, Indiana 7650 Lammert Lane Normandy 21, Missouri Glen View Club Golf, Illinois JU68 Locust Street West Chicago, Illinois 2231 Springmont Avenue Kalamazoo, Michigan 526§ N. Arthur Rushville, Indiana Eli Lilly & Co., 7U0 S. Alabama St. Indianapolis, Indiana Dept. of Botany, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana 82li Golf Lane Whoaton, Illinois 3659 Brotherton Road Cincinnati 9, Ohio 1513 Dana Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio VII « 127. Linkogel, Albert A. 128. Longheinrich, Alfred 129. Loughlin, William J. 130. Lundblad, Nels 131. Lyle, Sammuel 132. Lyons, William E. 133. Malpede, William E. 13k. Marchi , Gene 135. Marzak, J. L. 136. Mascaro, Tom 137. Maschmidt, Fred W. 138. Mathews, Homer 139. McCoy, John S. 1U0. McCracken, Carlos H. ila. McDermott, Joseph Ili2. McLaren, Malcolm li»3. McNulty, Paul D. 1 kk. McCarty, James A. lli5. McMullen, Malcolm K. 1U6. Meetz, Ted • i-1 irai 1U7. Meisel, Lawrence J# Mendenhall, Marion 1U9. Mesloh, Harry W. 150. Meyer, Frederick G. 151. Meyers, Chester W. 152. Michel, Avon L. R. R. 1, Conway Road Clayton 5, Missouri Rte. 23 Affton 23, Missouri Clearerest Country Club Evansville, Indiana 8 lit North Summit, Wheaton, Illinois 101 Robert Avenue Ferguson 21, Missouri I8I4.3 Glenmount, Akron 19, Ohio Pistakee Golf Club, R. R. 1 McHenry, Illinois 3U01 Salem Avenue Dayton, Ohio Mallinckrodt Chemical Works St. Louis 7, Missouri West Point Lawn Products West Point, Pennsylvania Normandie Golf Club St. Louis 11;, Missouri 2hl Court Street Sullivan, Indiana 2501 Bedford Avenue Cincinnati 8, Ohio Elks Country Club Rushtown, Ohio 1933 Brownsboro Road Louisville, Kentucky 1518 Warrenville Center Road Cleveland 21, Ohio Box 189, Wheaton, Illinois 526 N. W. hth Street Evansville, Indiana 10^2 Cottage Avenue, Apt. jfk Columbus, Indiana Michigan City Golf Club Michigan City, Indiana I1UI4. S. Brentwood Boulevard Clayton, Missouri Kenwood CC, Sta. M, Madisonville PO Cincinnati 27, Ohio 6757 Richards Ave., North College Hill Cincinnati 31, Ohio 2221 Ray Street Lansing, Michigan Creve Coeur GC, R.R. 2, Box 1 Creve Coeur, Missouri Mallinckrodt Chemical Works St, Louis 7* Missouri 153. Mikulski, Kartin 151*. Miklosko, Joseph 155. Miller, Robert 156. Mitchell, Vertus 157. Modlin, Frank J. 158. Mokrycki, Edwin L. 159. Monical, Nelson 160. Monier, C. F. 161. Mott, G. 0. 162. Muckerman, Walter B. 163. Mueller, Adolph 16b. Munzenmaier, Lawrence 165. Mulvenna, Alex J. 166. Needham, A. A. 167. Nelson, Roy ¥. 168. Newkirk, Edward 169. Noer. 0. J. 170. Nugent, W. C. 171. Nuessle, Fred 172. Packer, Edward J. 173. Parsons, M. M. 17ii. Payne, Kenyon 175. Hardy, Percy 176. Peck, Harold 177. Petersen, C. A. 178. Phillips, Raymond Riverside Golf Club Clintonville, Wisconsin Chippewa Country Club Curtice, Ohio lllli Liberty Street Fort Wayne, Indiana 212 S. Pankhill West Frankfort, Illinois 161 Third Street Toledo, Ohio City of Michigan City,-Superior Court House, Blvd., Michigan City, Indiana 21*0 N. Portage Path Akron, Ohio 829 Seventh Street Charleston, Illinois Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana bbb S. Brentwood Boulevard Clayton 5, Missouri Woodlawn Cemetery Forest Park, Illinois Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana 11231 St. Lawrence Avenue Chicago, Illinois 1935 N. Second Street Rockford, Illinois 2621 Jersey Avenue, St. Louis Park Minneapolis, Minnesota 3235 Sutherland Indianapolis, Indiana Sewerage Commission, P. 0. Box 2079 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Hazelden Country Club Brook, Indiana 18358 Martin Avenue Homextfocd, Illinois 3b A Compton Road, N. College Hill Cincinnati, Ohio 5555 Grandview Drive Indianapolis, Indiana Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana Indian Country Club Box 51, River Grove, Illinois Battle Creek Country Club Battle Creek, Michigan 7059 So. Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois Louisville Country Club Louisville 6, Kentucky w 179. Pieper, Walter 180. Pion, Argel L. 181. Plent, Richard A. 182. Plent, Raoul F. 183. Polillo, George m . Porter, Arnold 185. Prentiss, Paul H. 186. Purvey, Albert 187. Quarandillo, Louis 188. Racobs, Fred 189. Reed, H. E. 190. Reynolds, A. J. 191. Reynolds, Dick 192. Riddell, Homer P. 193. Riddle, James R. 19k. Rieg, Charles F. 195. Riley, William F. 196. Rinaldi, Anthony 197. Roseman, Warren J. 198. Rost, Bert 199. Runyan, C. R. 200. Russell, George P. 201. Ruthven, W. H. C. 202. Schacht, Robert 203. Schulz, W. J. 201;. Schmal, Walter Matteson, Illinois Pion Landscape Company, Leo Road R. R. 1, Fort Wayne, Indiana 50l[l Lee Road Maple Heights, Ohio k9bX East 88th Street Cleveland 25, Ohio 1*95 W. Tompkins Galesburg, Illinois R. 9, Box 77 Indianapolis, Indiana 1608 Courtland Avenue Park Ridge, Illinois 10li John Street McHenry, Illinois Benton Country Club. Fowler, Indiana R. R. 1, Lincoln, Illinois 6601 W. Gunnison Chicago 31* Illinois Miami Valley Golf Club Dayton, Ohio 3300 Wheibanther Dayton, Ohio k3 So. Delaware Street Indianapolis, Indiana Dept. of Highways Columbus 15, Ohio 71k South Street Lafayette, Indiana 2121 Madison Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 1623 Sunview Road Cleveland 2li, Ohio 2610 Ridge Road Evanston, Illinois Park Ridge Country Club Park Ridge, Illinois U7-0 Winton Road Cincinnati 32, Ohio 118 Fairlawn Road Louisville Kentucky Box 118 Aliiston, Ontario, Canada Country Club of Terre Haute Terre Haute, Indiana Mew Albany Country Club, Graybrook New Albany, Indiana Longwood Country Club Dyer, Indiana 205. Schinkel, Rudolph Springfield, Wisconsin 206. Schneider, E. 3325 Bexley Court Evansville, Indiana Dept. of Botany & Plant Pathology Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 1301 Westover Road Fort Wayne 6, Indiana 2560 Berkley Drive Dayton 9, Ohio Worth Shore Country Club Glenview, Illinois 2560 Berkley Drive Dayton 9, Ohio 121*1 E. Wheeler Macomb, Illinois R. R. 1 Rockford, Illinois Highland Park Golf Club Cleveland 22, Ohio 19512 Kings Highway Warrensville Heights 22, Ohio 1127 Miller Avenue Oak Park, Illinois 27501 Jordan Drive Willoughby, Ohio Bloomington, Indiana 207. Sharvelle, Eric 208. Sheets, Carl E. 209. Shock, Earl 210. Sellers, Everett 211. Shock, Donald D. 212. Shryack, Lawson G. 213. Simon, E. J. 21b. Simmons, Howard E. 215. Smith, Colin 216. Smith, William R. 217. Sopko, Kike 218. Soutar, Jim 219. Springer, Kenneth 220. Sprenger, Fred C. 221. Springer, Carl S. 222. Stampfl, John J. 223. Stone, Arthur C. 22h. Stonehill, Dorsey 225. Stonehouse, Russell 226. Stout, James B. 227. Strand, Donald G. 228. Strand, Donald S. 229. Strauss, Robert J. 230. Streek, Edward Valide Box 5252 Akron, 13, Ohio 709 Bigelow Street Peoria, Illinois Congress Lake Club Hartville, Ohio 8010 N. Rangeline Road Milwaukee 9, Wisconsin Jos. E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Louisville, Kentucky Brook, Indiana 70 N. Belleview Indianapolis, Indiana 301 W. Maryland Street Indianapolis 3, Indiana U51|0 Harrison Street Skokie, Illinois U5U0 Harrison Street Skokie, Illinois 5909 Kimberly Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 5931* Wright Street Kalamazoo 22, Michigan 231. Stryd, Abraham 232. Stupple, William H. 233. Sylvester, E. J. 23b. Tait, Dave 235. Teuber, Robert 236. Thode, Reuben H. 237. Thompson, Jack 2 38. Uebele, Herman 239. Updegraff, W. E. 2 U r z z l i n s k i , Frank 2bl. Valandingham, Robert L. 2112. Valandingham, Rube 2113. Van Scoik, William S. 2l\b. Vaughn, J. H . 2b$. Vaughan, John C. 2b6. Vaughn, J. R. 214-7. Verhaalen, Lester 21*8. Volk, N. J. 2b9. Wakely, Ted 250. Walling, Robert E. 251. Warren, B. 0. 252. White, LeRoy H. 253. White, Maurice 25b. Whittle, J. D. 255. Wiget, M/Sgt. Floyd N. 256. Wingo, Wilbur 825 Lade Street Kalamazoo, Michigan 6b7 Michigan Avenue Highland Park, Illinois Engineer's Office, City Building Pi qua, Ohio Elks Country Club Paris, Illinois 756 Elizabeth Street Flint It, Michigan 1853 Pine Road Homewood, Illinois R. R. 2, Tippecanoe Road Canfield, Ohio 1708 Michigan Avenue LaPorte, Indiana Wichita Country Club,1022 N. Roosevelt Wichita, Kansas 706 Evesham Toledo, Ohio 1818 - 177th Street Hammond, Indiana 1818 - 177th Street Hammond, Indiana 811 North Main Street Auburn, Indiana 1016 Parker Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 601 W. Jackson Boulevard Chicago, Illinois Dept. of Botany & P^ant Pathology, Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich. 6800 W. Good Hopg Road Milwaukee 9, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana Chippewa Country Club Curtice, Ohio 16119 Oakhill Road East Cleveland 12, Ohio Warren Turf Nursery Palos Park, Illinois 33b B Street Charleston, Illinois 1906 Indiana Avenue Peoria, Illinois Fox Valley Country Club E. River Road, Batavia, Illinois 39 Willows Avenue Rantoul, Illinois Macomb Country Club Macomb, Illinois 257. Wilson, Charles F. 258. Wilson, Floyd D. 259. Woehrle, Herman 260. Wolfe, Larry 261. Wright, Alph 262. Wright, Leland 263. Yanaway, John F. • vO C\J Yarbough, Frank 265. Young, 0. W. 266. Zeliner, Charles F. a USGA Green Section, Plant Industry Sta. Beltsville, Maryland Anderson Country Club North Shore Drive, Anderson, Indiana Kankakee Valley Country Club R. 3, St. Anne, Illinois Rosemont Country Club R. D. #7, Akron, Ohio R • R • fri Sharonville, Ohio 202 N. 18 Street New Castle, Indiana #10, W. Locust Charleston, Illinois R. R. 1 Vincennes, Indiana 1130 Stroop Road Dayton 9, Ohio Evansville Golf Course Cincinnati 25, Ohio CHEMICAL CRABGRASS CONTROL Oliver C. Lee Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Purdue University Crabgrass Is one of the most troublesome of all turf weeds. There are two species common to the middle west, The most prevalent one is the small crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum). The other which is a larger plant is Digitaria sangulnale. They are annuals reproducing by seed only. Unfortunately* they produce an abundance of seed, therefore, most soils are infested with crabgrass seeds. The seeds may remain dormant in the soil for several years before germination takes place. Seeds usually germinate during the spring and early summer months although some may germinate later. In this area the first crabgrass seedlings usually make their appearance during May. An Ideal herbicide for the control of crabgrass in turfs must be sufficiently toxic to kill crabgrass seedlings that are present at the time of the application and have a residual effect so as to destroy seedlings as they appear after the treatment has been applied. It must also be non-injurious to the turf grasses. Many chemicals have been tried over a period of the last several years. More intensive work has been done recently. This work has not all been in vain as rather definite recommendations can now be made for the use of three materials— phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), potassium cyanate (KCNO) and sodium arsenite (NaAs). Three experiments conducted 011 the Purdue University Golf Course during 1951 g&ve some Interesting results. One included application of six materials0 Three applications were made, the first on May 12 and repeat applications at intervals of approximately llj. days. Calcium trichloroacetato, however, was only applied once on May 12. The spray solutions were applied at the rate of 100 gallons per acre. Plant counts were made. The following table gives results in number of crabgrass plants found per square foot on dates when counts were made. Plant Counts 6-20 7-31 Chemical & Ratea per acre Dinitro-Pre merge 1 lb. - Amine salt 25.1 CMU-3 (p ar a-chlorophenyl-1-1 dime thy1urea) 1 lb. 20.5 1.0 PMA-Phenyl mercury acetate 5 pts. of 10(/o EH2-D1chloral urea 8 lbs. 0.3 98.2 N-l-Napthyl phthalmic acid lbs. CATCA-Calcium trichloroacetate lbs. 9.5 183.0 Control 111.0 51L.O 9.0 28.0 167.0 ii-5.0 305.0 All materials used except naphthyl phthalmic acid gave promising results. Phenyl mercuric acetate produced the best results by keeping down crabgrass growth throughout the summer. Dichloral urea produced a good kill of crabgrass present at the time the application was made, but did not retard later growth. In another experiment, eleven materials were applied according to the manufacturers recommendations. Treatments were applied on June llj., re-sprayed on June 27 and July 5, 1951. Water was used at the rate of 100 gallons per acre. Results were determined by plant counts made on July l£ and on August 20 and are reported in numbers of crabgrass plants per square foot. Readings to determine discoloration of turf grasses were made on June 18, June 22 and July 1. An index of I4. was considered as severe burn. The turf grass was mainly Kentucky bluegrass. Material Rate Per acre Cleary 10$ PMA Cleary PMA 1U0 Linck 10JÊ PMA Linck 13% PMA Linck -PMA 1% powder 7 13.5 8 8 220 SI998 Boronium Flouride SI8I4.O Boronium Flouride Standard Oil Potassium cyanate Sodium arsenite Dow Selective (Dinitro) N-l-Naphthyl Phthalmic acid Control 60 35 80 8 1 1 h Plant Counts 8-ao 7-16 Discoloration 6-18 6-72 7-1 0.2 63.1 1.6 0.9 1.5 0.5 88.It 16.3 5.U 2.1 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 0.5 lbs. 56.7 53.2 lbs. gal. 109.9 lbs. 2U.3 lb. 51.7 lb. 61.h 91.1 63.1 228.6 28.0 107.5 106.7 2.7 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.7 1.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.3 lbs. 63.9 1.0 273.0 0.0 pts. pts. pts. pts. lbs. 58.3 168.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 Phenyl mercuric acetate again proved to be the most promising material. Results varied somewhat with the types of materials used. A third experiment was done in cooperation with the U.S. Golf Association. Three materials were used-— potassium cyanate, phenyl mercuric acetate and sodium arsenite. PMA was applied at the rate of 5 pints of 10% PMA per acre. Potassium cyanate was applied at 8 pounds per acre and sodium arsenite at 1 pound per acre. One hundred gallons of water per acre was used. A wetting agent was added. Igepon AP extra concentrate .025% by volume. Three treatments were made (l) Spring, (2) Late Summer and (3) Spring and late summer combination. Results of spring treatment, May 28, on crabgrass— Materials and plant counts on dates indicated. Treatrnent PMA KCNO NaAs Control Average Plant Count 6/25 . 7731 0.2 8.3 7lj.. 9 186.6 5.5 50.5 185.0 258.0 Results of summer treatment, Aug. 13? on crabgrass— Materials and plant counts on dates indicated. Material Average Plant Count -PMA KCNO NaAs Control 2.5 6.7 10.7 20.7 97?? Results of these trials show the importance of early treatments when using PMA. This is also true of KCNO, however, it is apparently more toxic to crabgrass than PMA and, therefore, may be preferred to PMA whore treatments are delayed until the crabgrass is well established. Although NaAs did not maintain the desired kill of crabgrass, it reduced the stand. Being an inexpensive material, its use may be practical for extensive areas. Recommendations for Control Results with (1) phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) and (2) potassium cyanate (KCNO) for the eradication of crabgrass have been sufficiently good to recommend them. Their use may be limited to treating small areas because of the high cost of the materials. PMA (a 10$ material) should be used at the rate of 2|r ounces in 2 gallons of water per 1000 square feet or on an acre basis, approximately 7 pints per acre in 100 gallons of water. Three treatments should be made— the first as crabgrass emerges, the resprayes at 10 day or more intervals. KCNO is apparently more effective than PMA as a contact spray on established plants but has no residual effect in the soil. When using a material, 5i ounces in 2 gallons of water is used per 1000 square feet. A teaspoonful of "Dreft" or other household detergent added to the solution.should increase the efficiency of KCNO. Eight pounds of KCNO in 100 gallons of water is sufficient to cover one acre. Applications, usually throe in number, should be repeated at 8 to 10 day intervals. KCNO is non-toxic and should not be confused with potassium cyanide (KCN), a deadly poison. Since both PMA and KCNO are expensive, cost may prohibit their use on large acreages. Sodium arsenite (NaAs) will give some measure of control when applied at the rate of 1 pound in 100 gallons of water per acre. Three applications made 10-lij. days apart are usually required. Applications should be continued until no further crabgrass emerges. It is most effective when applied under dry conditions. NaAs Is very effective for repeated burning of turf areas prior to renovation and reseeding. Caution - NaAs Is a poisonous material and must be handled with care. - o - SHRUBS - SELECTING AND PRUNING H. W. Gilbert Department of Horticulture Purdue University The shrub problem on golf courses, school grounds, parks and home grounds where shrub plantings are established is largely twofold. They either need periodic attention by pruning, according to their habits and environment in order to make them most useful, or they may need to be transplanted to new locations or otherwise removed and replaced with appropriate plants. Unfortunately, the latter can be observed in too many instances. The general requirements of hardiness and freedom from insect pests and diseases, in order to reduce maintenance, are the same in all of the above classifications. However, it may not be possible to get the variety desired at a local nursery. The selection of shrubs having the above requirements should be based primarily on their use. The more common uses are for backgrounds, screens or windbreaks, enclosure effects and for foundation plantings. In general, the collective effect should be informal or naturalistic with the possible exception of foundation plantings and hedges. The best way to reduce pruning problems jbo the minimum „is to select, arrange - and space thTe shrubs according to a pre-determined planting plan. In doing good design, one should be concerned with the characteristics and ornamental values of tho shrubs. The pattern in flower, fruit, fall color and winter effect shall be designed to attain a unified mass effect when mature. Shrub species will thus be used in varying sized groups predominantly, rather than cvory plant in the mass or bed being of a different specie. The selection and space requirement thus become a mattor of design, requiring knowledge of plant character1 sties. in informal arid naturalistic plantings, shrubs will usually be spaced a distance of about 3/k of the plant at maturity, or nearby the distance of a mature shrub« It is well to plan informal plantings based on the general principle that good shrubs are most beautiful when permitted to develop their characteristic proportions and habits and to reduce interference with their normal habits by moans of pruning to a minimum. Viheri repressive pruning is necessary, it ¿s an admission of mi s judging the.character of the shrub in the original planning. Helpful bulletins on ornmiiental shrubs are available from your State Extension Service. Space cloes not permit a long list of d.e sir able shrubs, but it is difficult to • imagine a shrub planting of car^ size without considering - the - merit s of the variety. of Viburnums, Buonyraus, PrivetsT, - Dogwoods, Cotonoastors and, in some instances5 the Honeysucklesm and Sumac s. One or more of the following reasons may be causes for pruning. 1. To maintain plant vigor, (Take out oldest branches periodically - frequency may be one, two or three years, depending on plant and conditions.) 2. To remove dead, injured, diseased fested wood. 3. To balance top growth transplanting time. with or insect in- the root system at To control the form of the shrub. To obtain highest performance of bloom and fruit. 6. To rejuvenate old and unsightly shrubs. Avoid these pruning habits: 1. Late fall pruning ance in winter. that leaves a dehorned appear- 2« Do not prune early spring blooming shrubs until soon after bloom, except in cases that show extreme neglect. 3. Do not prune good shrubs too severely at any time. When shrubs become old and ugly, it is often best to cut them at the ground line. L|_. Do not cut back strong growth at the top only. This will destroy its natural form. 5. Do not prune all shoots to the same height for you do not xtfant the effect of an inverted broom. 6. Heavy priming of ornamental fruited sorts. these moderately before and after bloom. Prune Except at planting time, spading shrub beds is a waste of•money and.energy.* Shrub-bods should - be mulched at planting time for a.distance about equal to the ultimate spread of the shrubbery after spading,. This makes mowing easier without. damaging • the lower . shoots, The decay of a mulch approaches a natural environment. Usually5 in established shrub beds where spading is practiced3 it .indicates either a poor selection and arrangement, or poor pruning has been practiced. A planting faced down toward the ground with branches is not suggestive to climbing inside to do the spading. In some instances, ground cover plants may be a x^ay to attain better appearances, - o - PLANTING LARGE LAWN AREAS Harold Bohling Bohling Nursery and Landscape Service Munster, Indiana It is indeed a pleasure to be on your program here at Purdue. I believe meetings of this nature are beneficial to groups having similar interests. When Dr. Daniel asked me to appear on your program, I hesitated as my only qualifications for addressing a group of turf men ia my own experiences in the field of landscaping. Being in this field, we are called on In the course of a year to install approximately 5'0 acres of lawns. These lawns are Installed on private homes, schools, churches and industries. In doing this type of work, we are confronted with many problems of soils care the lawns will receive after being planted and the cost of putting in large lawns. There are many things expected of a commercial landscape firm when It Is given a job of installing a lawn. First, the customer expects to have a beautiful properly Installed lawn in a short period of time. He expects to pay a reasonable price for this service. He is not greatly Interested in the problems that might face you in the matter of soil preparation, soil on the site, seed selection and difficulties that might be expected in the installation. In other words, he is only Interested in getting a good turf. In northern Indiana, vie have many types of soils ranging from black sands to heavy clays. In most of our work we are required to work with the soils on the site and new top soil is brought in only to reach required grades or when there is nothing but yellow sand on the site. Tills necessitates us to vary our seed mixtures to suit the soils we are working with. On sandy soils we use a mixture containing approximately 50^ Kentucky blue, 2$% creeping red fescue, 10-15$ red top, 10-1 $fo common rye. On heavier soils we increase the bluegrass and decrease the fescue. In certain instances we have increased the common rye to above 1$% depending on what facilities are present for maintaining the turf. The question of the use of common rye is a much debated point and I will attempt to say something in its defense. We all know that It Is vigorous and can become a problem by its competition to slower growing grasses. The quick growth that rye offers is an asset to the germination of the slower seeds, It shades the soil and helps maintain a moist condition favorable to the germination of the other seeds. This Is important on large areas because it is difficult to properly water large seeded areas. It has another effect— a physiological effect on the customer. He is seeing grass grow and is more likely to keep watering faithfully. It has been our experience that x*hen a lawn is seeded with grasses germinating in lij. to 21 days, a customer will water faithfully for a week and if he sees no results, he will generally relax his efforts. If weather Is hot and windy at this time, this will generally mean trouble. It has been of interest in the past few years to listen to customers complain about popular brands of seeds. These complaints are most frequent to seed blends that contain no nurse grass. I think a mistake is being made by seedmon In removing nurse grasses as people in general do not know how to handle blonds without them. Ryegrass, being of a temporary nature, is generally out of a lawn in the second year and the permanent grasses are well established. The actual installation of a large lawn is a simple matter. Wo use Ford equipment and do all operations by means of equipment. We have one tractor equipped with a Wagner lift and the other tractors are regular units. The lift equipped tractor is used for leveling and spreading top soil. With a good operator, this tractor can spread and level approximately 800 to 1000 yards of dirt per day. After leveling, fertilizer is applied at the rate of 30 to 50 pounds per 1000 square feet and then worked into the ground. After disking, the final grade is completed and seed is sown at the rate of 5 pounds per 1000 square feet. We U3e an "Easy-Plow" spreader for both fertilizing and seeding. After seeding we use a converted corn woeder to rake the seod Into the soil. Rolling is also done with a tractor. A "Brillion Seeder" has tremendous possibilities for large lawn areas. This piece of equipment with Its culti-packor is very useful for rolling grounds where washing might be a problem. The cordoroy surface left by the culti-packer Is very good in preventing washing. The actual use of various types of equipment depends to a largo extent on the types of conditions under which you are working. With this Ford equipment with Its three-point hook-up, we are able to do lawns as small as 5000 square feet mechani- cally. By using a combination of 2 tractors, it is possible to install a 10 acre lawn in a day. It has been our experience that it is a lot easier to install a lawn of 20,000 square feet and over than the one of 10,000 square feet or less. After a lawn is installed, we instruct the owner to start watering and never let the top surface dry cut. The first mowing is recommended when the lawn is about 3" and we recommend that it never be cut lower than 2 n . If these practices are followed, weeds and crabgrass have never been a problem. The cost of Installing a large lawn will vary according to the amount of ground preparation necessary and the ability of the landscape firm to secure the maximum benefits from their equipment. The cost of seed and fertilizer per square foot can easily be computed, but I do not see how other costs, labor and equipment, can be standardized to be able to give the cost beforehand on a set per square foot basis. One of the greatest potentials that we have is the encouragement of large industrial lawns. I also believe that It is a moral responsibility of the landscape contractor to Install these lawns so as not to become a major maintenance problem. The selection of seed, the instructions to the company, the actual installations and the cost are our individual problems. - o - ESTABLISHING GRASS SEEDINGS C. M. Harrison Farm Crops Department Michigan State College Grasses, as a group of plants, are widely divergent in their adaptation to variations in soil, climate and use. World-wide in their distribution, they are classified -under £10 different genera of which 159 genera represented by 1100 species are found growing in the continental United States. With the wide array of species available for use in establishing grass cover, certain factors and practices must be kept in mind. Adaptation First, the grass or grasses selected must be adapted to the use to which the area Is to be put. Certain characteristics merit special consideration when selecting a grass or grasses for airfields, highways, parks, lawns, golf courses, skating rinks, playgrounds and other recreational areas. Likewise, the grasses selected should be adapted to the conditions of soil and climate to which they will be subjected. When the characteristics of grasses in their natural habitat are known, it is quite frequently possible, by means of soil changes, disease control and artificial watering, to grow grasses that would otherwise be unadapted. Knowing the natural habitat and range of desirable grasses frequently prevents failure In attempts at establishment on unadapted sites. Bentgrass used on the green of a golf course Is an example of a grass maintained through disease control, artificial watering, weeding and various other treatments. Bermudagrass Is outside its natural range in the northern states as is chewings fescue In most of the southern states. Bluegrass fails under an ice rank or long periods of flooding whereas red top and its relatives survive. Seeding Time Once the grass has been selected as adapted to Its intended use, soil and climate, the next Important factor in successful establishment is that of time of seeding. Grass seedings are frequently made without proper soil and seedbed preparation, which needs attention. Also the grass seed is quite generally sown with little regard to periods or type of rainfall, the advent of hot dry weather, competition from annual weeds or low freezing temperatures, all of itfhich affect proper establishment. The spring season in the midwest is marked by a thunderstorm type of rainfall which is heavy, but it diminishes in June and frequently fails for long periods in July and August. Grass seedings made in late spring, during May, must meet competition from a large number of seedlings of summer annual weeds, and at the same time, get well enough established to x^ithstand periods of limited rainfall and high temperatures. Late summer seedings, made from August 10 to September 1 frequently in dry soil do not have the summer annual weeds to compete with, temperatures are going down rather than up and rainfall is of a type less intense but covering longer periods of time. Grass thrives under cool temperatures and well distributed moisture, much more likely to be prevalent in late summer and early fall than during late spring and early summer. If sown before September 1, most grasses will become sufficiently well established to withstand the low temperatures of late fall and winter. September seedings are frequently killed by freezing while still in the seedling stage and it is usually difficult to make seedings during periods of continuous rainfall. Consequently, seedings should be made prior to the advent of fall rains or as a second choice, before May 1 in the spring. Seeding; Rate Hate of seeding has been over-emphasized as a means of securing cover and heavy rates are advised to overcome shortcomings in proper distribution, seedbed preparation, time of sowing and other ^unfavorable cultural practices. Seedings as low as pounds per acre made at the proper time with good cultural practices and distribution have been much more successful than 150 pounds sown at improper times. Furthermore, heavy rates of seeding frequently fail of successful establishment regardless of time of sowing due to the excessive competition from too many seedlings in too small an area. Low rates of seeding generally make a poor initial appearance in comparison to heavier rates but this initial advantage is of short duration. Unfortunately, tradition calls for almost immediate and complete ground cover rather than successful establishment after the seedling phase is over. Following similar practices by excessive seeding rates with corn and the cereal grasses would result in almost complete failure of crop production due to extreme competition between seedlings. The fields would be much greener in the initial stages of growth than they now appear but the results obtained at harvest time would be far from satisfactory. In addition to rate of seeding, it should be pointed out that grass seeds are small and are supplied with a minimum of stored food. As a consequence, the seed should be planted at or near the surface on a well firmed seedbed so that the young plants may start active growth soon after germination. Most plant roots are admirably suited anatomically to push their way into soil whereas the stem and leaves have difficulty in pushing aside a heavy layer of soil covering, prior to emergence. Grass Mixturos Frequently in sowing grasses on a given area, the question arises as to what seeds should be included in a proper mixture. Under certain conditions, mixtures are desirable particularly where soil fertility and structure and drainage vary considerably over the area. Too frequently, however, mixtures are advised where proper knowledge as to species adaptation is not known or such information is unobtainable. When a particular grass is desired to the exclusion of others it is best to make conditions for the one species as nearly ideal as possible and refrain from mixtures which will add to the difficulties of establishing the desired species. Complete establishment of an undesirable grass In the mixture and the complete exclusion of the grass wanted has frequently resulted. Grasses included in a mixture for the purpose of securing quick Initial cover may occasionally be desired but the desired species will be slower in establishment because of the competition from the quicker growing so-called nurse grasses. Maintenanc e Once the grass is established, maintenance practices should be adopted such as mowing, fertilizing and watering which will allow the best turf condition for that particular use. Frequent and close removal of top growth may result in destroying the grass after establishment. Set the mowers as high as the conditions of use will permit and keep them up all during the growing season. This practice will make for a tougher sod with deeper roots and capable of withstanding harder use. Close cutting allows for more weed competition with the grasses less able to withstand the competition. Maintenance of grass cover under intense traffic by people or machines Is always difficult and no grass can withstand this pressure over extended periods of time. Popular awareness of this fact on the part of the public would do much to alleviate many of the difficult problems confronting the grass maintenance crews of highways, airfields, parks, golf courses, football fields and other recreational areas subjected to intense abuse. In certain cases, the only answers available at present are to either gravel or hard surface the area or remove the traffic. In conclusion, it might be pointed out that more care in the selection of grasses for particular uses and sites coupled with a knowledge of the principles of grass growth will do much more than following tradition in the successful establishment of grass seeding s. - o - THE TURF PROGRAM AT UP JOHNS Carol Lawrence Landscape Architect The Upjohn Company The way we have achieved our landscape results, I am sure, is quite similar to those of other firms. I feel honored, indeed, to be asked to present this account of the turf program at UpJohns. In 19ljJ| the Company was forced to make plans for expansion of their manufacturing facilities. It was a decision between expanding in an already crowded city location or to -undertake the tremendous job of moving to a country site. After thorough investigation, It was decided to follow the trend of so many industries, that Is, decentralization. After a new location was found, about six miles south of Kalamazoo, and sufficient land acquired (1,600 acres), the Austin Company was engaged to design and build a new modern plant. Construction started on the Antibiotic Building in the spring of 191+6, about the same time I started drawing the landscape plans. Three years later the Upjohn Company's "Grounds Department" was organized. The 8 or 10 men In this department have been responsible for most of the actual work which went into the finished grading, the seeding of turf areas and the planting of more than six carloads of trees and shrubs. When the greon light was given us to proceed with this work, the general layout of roads, parking lots and lawn areas had already been determined. The underground sprinkling system pipes were In and the Austin Company had most of the subgrades finished and ready for the final preparation of areas and application of topsoil. A Ford tractor, a disk, a spike-tooth harrow and a Rototiller wore purchased and it wasn't long before the first acre or two of land had been seeded. About five acres were planted that first spring and it was the end of June before the last piece was in. Consequently, the coverage was more crabgrass than anything else. The seed used for the first section was purchased locally and the mixture was: 38% Kentucky bluegrass hrOc/o Creeping Red Fescue 1S% Red top 7% Inert Matter Fertilizer used was VIgero and Milorganite. The subsoil under this entire project is composed of coarse sand and gravel. Six inches of topsoil was used and both the existing soil and that which we purchased had a very low content of organic matter and it was also low in fertility. T&erefore, until the sod thickens and organic matter is increased, most of the water now applied drains very rapidly through into the subsoil. The sprinklers are installed on 751 centers and even though overlapping was allox^ed for complete coverage, it is seldom attained due to wind conditions or water pressure variance. Fortunately an ample supply of water is always available for watering lawns because great quantities are used in the plant for air conditioning and other cooling processes. This goes into the storm sewers and later is pumped into the irrigation system as required. Experience gained from putting in this first five acres indicated it was a mistake to use the Rototiller in the preparation of the final seedbed. This piece of lawn was so soft and porous it was impossible to get on it for watering or for any other purpose without damaging it. Even a dog would leave tracks. The plank float used was replaced by an improvised grader which we made from two parallel 2n x 10"s, 101 long and 8* wide. Two of the three cross-members, also 2" x 10!!s are on an angle, while the center plank is in a vertical position. This piece of equipment, although heavy and clumsy, proved to be very useful and saved many hours of hand labor. During the suraraer of 19J+9 more equipment was assembled and preparations proceeded as rapidly as possible to complete the 12 or lp acres in front of the main manufacturing building. Striving to obtain the best lawns possible, we decided to follow a complete !rScottsn program and found their organization cooperative and helpful. The mixture they recommended was: 6$% Kentucky bluegrass 20fo Poa Trivialis 10$ Highland Bent White Dutch Clover This produced excellent results and has boon used on all lawn areas since. However, in areas where it is impossible to water, such as the driving range, ball fields and those sections which cannot yet be considered permanent lawns, Scotts recommended and furnished an inexpensive seed mix consisting of 30% each of creeping red fescue, Alta fescue and perennial ryegrass and 10% Alsike clover. This too has proven satisfactory for those areas and we always keep a supply of both kinds of grass seed mix on hand. Last July a 13,000 square foot practice putting green was opened. It was built the previous fall according to the best advice and Instructions available. Washington strain bent plugs were purchased from a local golf course that was using a !,Nite crawler" over their greens. Results have been r e a s o n a b l y satisfactory and we are hoping to have a more popular recreational spot there this year. There are now approximately I4.0 acres in lawns around the plant and with a growing and expanding industry, there are always changes being made that keep our Grounds Department constantly on the jump. The Company Is convinced that well-designed and wellkept landscaped grounds produce many benefits. Happy employees do better work, property values are increased and community pride expanded. There are no "Keep Off The Grass11 signs! The slides, I hope, will give you a clearer picture of the nTurf Program at Upjohnsn. - o - YARD PAIiKS PROGRAM IN INDIANAPOLIS R. B. Duke Landscape Supervisor of Indianapolis Indiana Plant, Viestern Electric A few years ago John Gunther, a writer of considerable repute, Included Indianapolis in his series of cities of the United States which was appearing in a wellknown weekly magazine. His remarks were derogatory in the extreme. In effect Gunther branded Indianapolis a dirty community. This was the spark that started what is now known as Yard Parks. Several civic minded people joined hands with the Indianapolis Star, the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, and the city administration to promote this Idea and I quote, "The objective of Yard Parks is to inspire and to nurture the active interest of all the people of Indianapolis In the beautifIcation and improvement of all property and alleys. In the case of dwelling places, it is particularly desired to make people aware of the possibilities of making full use of their homo lots by living outdoors in the privacy of their back yards during favorable seasons. Further, it is desired to Inspire not only the attainment of the objective of cleanup and beautlfication, but also to instill in all of our people the resolve to maintain all such improvements once they are accomplished/1 Responsibility for the program rested on an 18-member Executive Committee with Mrs, B. Lynn Adams as Executive Director, and a 33-member auxiliary committee headed by Noble P. Hollister, of the City Planning Commission, to furnish the technical knowledge. The first project was a model back yard in University Square followed by a permanent exhibit in Union Station as part of the Industrial Exhibition. Residents of a block of new homes, with help from the Technical Committee, united in developing the entire block. Flower seeds were distributed to school children. Awards are given for the best annual Improvement in individual back yards. Exhibits are placed in the Hobby Show, the State Fair and the Dairy Exposition. All seven high schools include a six week's nYard Beautiful11 course in their regular Botany and Biology courses. ..Another model Back Yard was installed at the Hillsdale Nursery in conjunction with their annual Rose festival. Several areas populated primarily with colored folks were given help and results were quite satisfactory. The Indianapolis Star gave away 10,000 pine trees to the first 2,000 people to call at the office. The supply was exhausted in two hours time. The Star was, and continues to be, responsible for a tremendous amount of newspaper publicity which helps Immeasurably to focus attention on the entire program. This spring will see the program enlarged to cover apartment owners and dwellers. In the fall of 1951* Yard Parks created an Industrial Division with the aid of Mrs. Adams, Mr. Hollister, Mr. E. E. Martin of the J. I. Holcomb Company and Judge Saul Rabb. My boss, Norman Conrad, was selected as chairman of the group. Letters were sent to all large and small industries in the town, from which representatives of the engineering, maintenance or public relation groups were chosen to represent their firms. The early meetings were of an organizational nature with the first serious meeting in December. Meetings are held monthly with the Speaker an expert on some phase of the big problem of making our factories more attractive. Men such as Arthur Linaberg, Superintendent of Buildings & Grounds at Butler University and speaking to the group. Dr* Daniel from Purdue are Usually the meeting will include time for an Informal question and answer period. Discussions are somewhat technical and increasing interest has been shown. Prom the discussions, one of the biggest problems confronting most industries is how to develop and maintain a good turf. All of the firms feel that good grass Is the one most important item and certainly the starting point of their beautification program. The program committee Is paying considerable attention to proper timing of the subject in order to achieve maximum benefit from the topic selected. Most of the meetings become a technical workshop for exchange of Information and ideas. It is too early to evaluate the effect of the program but all in attendance are enthusiastic and felt that much good will come from participation In the program. As you can see, the Yards Parks program is ambitious and will reach, through some medium directly or indirectly, the majority of the citizens in the city. Again this spring an all-out and over-all campaign will be pushed to clean-up, paint-up and fix-up. Evidence of the effectiveness of the program may be slow in showing up and difficult to evaluate. However, I feel Indianapolis may well take pride in this program. Certainly It might be a model for other cities In the Middle VJest. - o - PRACTICAL TREE CARE Carl Penner Assistant Forester Lans ing, Mi chigan The seven principal phases of shade tree selection and maintenance will be dealt with in chronological order, as follows: Species, good and bad; planting and care of young trees; mechanical Injury and treatments; tree troubles due to abnormal environment; diseases and insects; removal of trees, and tree pruning practices. Best Species for This Area Before recommending what kinds of trees to plant we will show some colored slide photographs of seven species that are quite generally unsatisfactory for golf course use, First, walnut and most other common nut trees— too susceptible to chewing insect damage, therefore, too expensive to maintain. The other six— rnoline, elm, sycamore, box elder, soft maple and Chinese elm each qualify as "weed" trees by being either too likely to litter turf with debris or are soft wooded trees. The varieties we prefer, because of cleaner habits and greater life span, are American elm, hackberry, sassafras (where it grows naturally— being difficult to transplant), sweet gum, black maple, Norway maple and sugar maple. In addition to these "regulars" we love to see, in their proper setting, such upright or columnar types as upright bolleana poplar, upright Norway maple and upright English oak. Outline of Planting Practices Ten photos covering this phase were shown to Illustrate various steps. Vie believe It best to select trees grown in commercial tree nurseries because the more condensed root systems transplant easier. At planting time for trees with bare roots, all of the large branches are usually pruned off back to the main stem and all the small branches left on to grow out to form a new top or "head" of the tree. Trees over three inches in diameter should be "moved" with large ball of soil. In the planting hole the top soil should be worked In among the roots and the hole filled Ttfith the soil that was left. All maple and elm trunks should be wrapped with heavy paper for two years to prevent borer infestation. Watering nowly set trees should be heavy, but Infrequent— once a month. Repair of Mechanical Injuries Trees sometimes injure themselves by allowing a nearsurface root to encircle the trunk and strangle its life away. A thin or yellowing foliaged top coupled with a trunk that emerges from the ground without normal buttress are main clues. Mechanical damage to bark by humans or machines should be repaired mainly by knifing off ragged edges, shallacking edges and painting all exposed wood. The "sunshade— no paint" method can often be used If wound Is shaded (not wrapped) before hit by sun rays. In all repair It Is of importance to "point" both top and bottom ends of wound to facilitate-healing. V-shaped tree crotches should be strengthened with 3/1+ inch bolts before splitting occurs. Wires, cables, etc. should not branches. be wrapped around tree trunks or Environmental Troubles Most all varieties mentioned today live naturally in forest conditions where soil is not subjected to underclrainage, compaction, removal of forest floor decaying vegetation. Twelve photos shown Illustrated the handicaps placed upon trees when placed under golf turf conditions. General symptons of this type of trouble are leaves that show partial drying of surface (a wilting or browning of those areas of leaf surface lying farthest from the veins or water system). Chlorosis, or food element deficiencies, also often occurs. Recoriraendations to partially correct these types of tree troubles include (a) artificial fertilizing, (b) retention of leaves (by development of hammer mill type leaf picking machine), (c) research in supplementation of lacking food elements by addition to soil around root system of affected trees and by application of food elements to leaf surfaces. Disease and Insect Angles Some diseases are deadly— therefore not to be treated to cure. An example Is Dutch Elm Disease. However, when this disease Is discovered (identification cannot be made in the field) the tree should be destroyed by burning to prevent spread to sound trees. Other diseases, as "wetwood" and "wilt" can often be controlled, if not eradicated. Pruning and feeding of "wilt" trees is often practicable. Drainage of "wetwood" affected trees is nearly always feasible and easy to do. Spraying for loaf eating insects is very effective and your own state agricultural experiment station can furnish you with very adequate bulletins describing Insects and spray mixtures. Removal of Dead or Unsafe Trees Some kinds of trees, notably red oak and basswood, can appear perfectly healthy but be completely decayed inside and likely to fall. Tapping trunks lightly with a mallet will easily idontify this heart-rot. There is no cure and the trees (and dead or nearly dead trees on the course) should be removed— but in a safe manner. If near wires, fences or buildings they may have to be removed by "topping" or roping down one branch at a time. Chain saws greatly facilitate felling, bucking and transportation of wood. Removal or partial removal of stumps still must be done by hand or mechanically— no chemical method of value] How to Prune This activity ranks high In the golf man's tree care program— so we have 16 photos showing right and wrong methods. There are many reasons for pruning. These, principally, are (1) to allow use of turf under branch spread, (2) shaping tree (or rather letting it take its natural shape or form), (3) clearing branches away from buildings, driveways and overhead wires, and (ij.) removal of dead limbs and branches. Avoidance of excessive root pruning for underground installations should be practiced. Removal of lower branches should be carefully planned In order to retain natural form, symmetry and beauty. Clipping of branch ends away from wires should be done as lightly as possible, therefore, more often in order not to whack off and disfigure the tree tops. In some cases water lines or tile runs can be tunneled -under root systems of especially prized specimen trees. Suckers or water sprouts or "whiskers" on tree trunks should be left intact. Pruning to "shorten" or "lower" the tops of high trees always causes trouble through decayed end cuts in five to 15 years. The removal of limbs should always be accomplished by first cutting the limb off a foot or two out from the trunk (to prevent tearing down Into side of tree). Then the stub can bo removed flush with the parent limb or trunk and painted. This flush cut method is the most important factor in proper wound healing with least damage to future life of the tree. - o - NEW WATER LUTES AT WESTWQOD COUNTRY CLUB Stan Graves Westwood Country Club Rocky River, Ohio Westwood Country Club is located on the west side of Cleveland In the village of Rocky River. The club property contains approximately 175 acres. The soil is of a heavy clay loam nature. The turf on the greens are of mixed bents. The fairways and tees have bent and JL2£ annua for turf. Water is piped to the course through an 8-inch main from a street ¿ o f a mile to the west of the golf course. The club house is supplied water from Detroit Road at the north entrance to the club. Water pressure at the point we tie into the 8-inch main that supplies the course is 110 to 120 pounds, when the water supply is normal. Back in 191+8 the club members began to realize that it would be necessary to replace the pipe of the water system, as leaks were beginning to appear. By the fall of 1950 the Board of Directors felt that new pipe must be installed as soon as possible as water line breaks were becoming more frequent. At a meeting in December 1950, the Directors voted to go ahead with the replacement of the old pipes with some kind of new pipe. A member of the club, Mr. E. W. Gray, who is an engineer, was appointed as a committee of one to act for the directors and to work with the Greens Chairman and the Superintendent in securing materials and installing new water pipe over the entire course. It was decided to get clearance for installation, obtain the materials needed and contract the job so that installation could start in the fall of 1951• Permission was obtained from the government to replace our worn out pipe with materials not of a critical nature to the war effort. A country club has many thousands of dollars invested in their course turf and a great loss would result if the grass could not be watered. Pipe selected for use was Johns Manville transite pipe for the 6, and 3 inch sizes. This pipe is made up of an asbestos - cement material. For the smaller sizes to be used for the short runs to the tees and greens, a steel pipe in the 1-J inch size at a weight of 2.717 pounds per foot and li inch size at 2.272 pounds per foot was selected. A map of the course water system was studied. A few changes were made. The map was scaled for the estimated amount of pipe in the various sizes needed for the job. A listing was also made of the amount of cast iron connections that would be needed— such as tees, 90 degree and i\$ degree elbows, etc. Orders were then placed for September and October delivery of this material. A contractor from a near-by town was selected, Mr. C. P. Gilgenbach. He was chosen on the strength of his past record on various types of construction work and in particular tiling and pipe work at the Cleveland Airport and the Wostwood Club. Mr. Gilgenbach was to supply all equipment and labor to install the pipe. The only work to be done by the course crew was to lift sod on the trench lines, unload delivered pipe from trucks, haul pipe to the trenches as needed, rake out top soil on trenched areas after being tramped into place and replacing of the sod. The course Superintendent was to stake out all pipe lines and mark location of snap valves. The Superintendent was also to work with the contractors general, foreman on the overall installation. Work started on October 6, 1951® Weather was good and the course not too wet. It was decided that it would be best to concentrate on laying pipe in the fairways only, so as to get as many of them done as possible before fall rains set in. The feeling was that the equipment would cut up the fairway turf if too wet. Fairways were worked on, leaving .areas in the rough between fairways until later. If a heavy rain fell over night, the crew would work on the piping In the roughs on the following day as the ground was firmer where it had not been watered the past summer. This method also helped the contractor. About 1000 feet of pipe was laid on a good average days work. The man running the trencher would keep but a short way ahead of those laying the pipe. This prevented any cave-ins if a rain came up. Each night at quitting time all pipe was laid, trenches filled and dirt air tamped into place as far as trench had been dug that day. Equipment was placed in rough overnight. Course crew removed no more sod than would be trenched that day. After pipe was laid in place, soil was hand tamped around and under pipe so all pockets would be filled. Additional soil was then put in trench by tractor with draw board and was then air tamped. Remainder of dirt was then put in trench and air tamped. Top soil was added, raked out and sod replaced. Where larger pipe was used, some soil was loaded by trencher on to trucks and hauled away to location designated by the course Superintendent. When you place a 6-inch pipe into the ground, you do not get all the soil back In the trench. By November 3 all fairways but two were finished. On that date we had an early snow, Rains followed the snow. Work was slowed up. It was December before all the trenches were dug and pipe laid. The pipe will be tested In the spring as soon as It is warm enough to safely put water into pipes. Main line pipes are 20 to 30 inches underground and will be drained each fall. Valves for snap on sprinklers in the fairways were placed 90 feet apart over the and 3 Inch lines and 120 feet apart over the 6 inch pipes. A larger valve and sprinkler will be used on the 6 inch lines as there will be more water available. Three gate valves have been placed on the 6 inch main line that loops the course. This gives us a chance to shut off various sections if trouble appears such -as a leak in a pipe or connections. Valves were placed along side of greens as directed by the course Superintendent. All drain tile lines were repaired wherever the trenches cut through them. Old water pipe was left in the ground. Most of the valves on the old lines were taken off and used on the new pipe. New valves were purchased to replace worn out ones. The following amount of pipe was necessary to complete the job. 6 inch transite pipe H 1+ 8186 feet 6205 !! 5786 " 500 M î! 3 6 li lî steel pipe t! II 131+0 3700 Total footage of pipe used " !i 25717 feet At the outset it was estimated that an expenditure of ^5,000.00 would be necessary to do the job. It is estimated at this time that when final payment is made to the contractor following the testing of lines this spring the club will have spent approximately ¿52,000. Mr. Sterling N. Parmer, club president, states that the higher cost is due to a 10$ increase in materials cost during the planning stages and the use of more material than first estimated. Contractor will gross nearly $28,000 while materials will cost the remaining §> 21^000. It is my personal feeling that the successful and speedy installation of the new pipe at Westwood is due to careful early planning and the full cooperation between all persons engaged in its installation. ~ o ~ Charles G. Wilson and Fred V. Grau Extension Agronomist and Director, USGA Green Section Beltsvllle, Maryland The disease problem has been attacked in many ways since the USGA Green Section and the progressive golf course superintendents Initiated a control program in 1925. Research pathologists with agricultural experiment stations and chemical manufacturers have developed effective fungicides and research agronomists and plant breeders have selected resistant grasses and developed intelligent management practices In an effort to control turf diseases. Today it is known that good management is paramount if the fungicides we use are to perform to the best of their ability. Fertility levels, water management and drainage, aeration above and below the turf surface, mechanical damage and compaction, and the degree of mat formation have considerable bearing on the ability of a proven fungicide to prevent or cure an Infection. Cooperative fungicide testing, established in 19l|9, has been responsible for Increased knowledge concerning the effectiveness of fungicides on a local as well as on a national scale. Results of these trials in the past have shown that cadmium compounds and mercury chlorides are most effective against dollarspot and copperspot; mercury chlorides and Tersan adequately control brownpatch; and mercury chlorides are effective against snowmold. In addition it has been noted that Cohansey and Arlington bent are highly resistant to brownpatch, Elk 16, Arlington, Congressional, Highland and Velvet bents were least susceptible to dollarspot; and Congressional bent was highly resistant to snowmold. Results of the cooperative testing in 1951 again indicate that the trends remain the same with regard to our most effective turf fungicides. The following charts contain the tabulated results from the cooperators. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE TURF FUNGICIDE TRIALS Dollarspot in 1951 (Seasonal Average-;--) Ir e atmen t-*-:c- Calif. Iowa Check Jadminate Jalo-Clor -rag 531 •3 & c 1025 ?uraturf 177 Puraturf GG ictidione i 258 T Jalo-clor & Vancide •alo-Cure Vancide PKÄ.S i'at-C -Lect ?uraturf j-'ersan 75 Special Seraesan '»rthocide 1+06 Shell X P50 127.9 2.93 20.07 130.2 3.1 0.2 0.07 0.29 0.1+7 0.1]+ 0.63 0.0 0.29 0.31 0.58 0.23 0.52 20.3 22.8 1+1.13 0 * 18,6 2.11 2.55 1.81 68.53 Mich. 1.8 Rhode Island Spring Mill C.C. Philadelphia, Fa, 21.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 586.0 26.0 371.0 83.0 135.0 21)., 0 0.13 0.0 1.7 3.7 253.0 251.0 235.0 3.97 5.07 5.9 5.8 32.1 519.0 368.0 Variance in figures due to method of recording. Calif, and Mich, recorded the actual number of dollarspots; Rhode Island the % area grade; Iowa used a 0 - 5 classification with 5 indicating a general infection; and Philadelphia recorded the average number per 100 square feet. In accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Brownpatch and Copperspot Rutgers, 1951 Treatment-* Check Calo-Clor Calo-Cure Tersan & Calo-Clor (1-oz. of each per 1,000 square feet) Orthocide 1+06 Cadminate Puraturf Puraturf 177 PMAS Crag 531 C & C 1182 C & C 1207 Tersan 75 Brownpatch % Copperspot # 19.1 0.0 0.1 39.it7.2 2.2 0.3 1.0 5.8 26.8 5.8 0.2 10.0 3.8 15-1 0.8 10.9 1.6 1/+.5 2.6 1 1 . 3 2 . 6 12.5 ^8.0 17.0 16.8 * In accordance with the manufacturers recommendations unless otherwise specified. In comparing the materials it will be noted that organic and inorganic cadmium compounds, and the mercury chlorides gave the best control of dollarspot. Aotidione showed promise at Michigan and Rhode Island, although Rhode Island reported that with the advent of cool weather, a uniformly off-color yellow cast developed on the plots where Actidione was used. Investigations at Rutgers showed that the mercury chlorides gave the best control of brownpatch with a slight discoloration on the bentgrass during mid-summer. Tersan, when used alone, gave poor control, but when used with Calo-clor, control of brownpatch was excellent with no turf injury. Calo-Cure, which was easier (no discoloration) on the bentgrass, also shows promise for the control of brownpatch. Rutgers also reported that "with all applications rates of Milorganite the brownpatch was less than with the 8-6-I4. fertilizer on both Colonial and Seaside bents". As in the past, cadmium compounds and mercury were effective in controlling copperspot. The Green Section believes that our knowledge of turf diseases is sufficient to suggest management practices which may prove helpful to superintendents. Not all of the cooperators are in complete agreement concern- ing the suggested management practices which Indicates that considerable work remains to be done in the years ahead. Only those fungicides which have stood the test of time are listed under chemical control. Disease Fungicide Dollarspot 1. Cadmium Compounds Adequate feeding up to l|r # of actual (Cadminate, Crag nitrogen per 1000 531* Puraturf 177) sq. ft. per month of growing season. 2. Mercury Chlorides (Calo-Clor) Brownpatch 1. Mercury Chlorides Nitrogen 2. Cadmium compounds In dollarspot weather, Tersan Calo-clor combination in brownpatch weather. Organic source may lessen severity of an attack. Bulk of nitrogen applied in cool weather. Total same as for dollarspot. Dual Season DollarspotBrownpatch 1. Mercury Chlorides 2. Cadmium in dollardollarspot weather, Tersan-Calo-Clor combination in brownpatch weather. Overall feeding same as for dollarspot Bulk of nitrogen applied In dollarspot weather, turf allowed to become slightly nitrogen hungry In brownpatch weather. Copperspot 1. Cadmium Compounds Insufficient information. Snowmold 1. Mercury Chlorides Avoid heavy nitrogen feeding as cool weather approaches. Failure to obtain disease control with these proven fungicides indicates that cultural requirements may beat investigation. Freedom from mat; adequate fertility level; intelligent water management and good drainage; regular close mowing; aeration, brushing and raking, good surface air circulation; and the use of improved bentgrasses contribute to economical and effective disease control. - o NEW MATERIALS AND THE COMMERCIAL DEALER Paul E. Burdett Pc E, Burdett Company Lombard, Illinois Since the war we have seen a tremendous pick-up in the number of new materials available to the turf superintendent, and new uses for old materials to the end that many of the old jobs now seem to be done with miraculous ease and at ridiculously low costs. The beautiful dandelion, the narrow and broad leaved plantain that in the late 301 s and early I4.01 s were partly controlled by drastic practices and resulted In burned fairways and shocked golfers, are now so delicately removed that members are hardly aware of their passing and at costs that run in fractions of the cost of the old time methods. Refinement in fairways has become so inexpensive and easy that now even the worm casts in fairways are being removed and result In greater pleasure for the golfer and a thickening of the turf for greater beauty. There are, however, many problems unsolved and as each one Is solved, the one of next importance steps into the stage center to hold Its place and become the focus of attention. I believe that at this time the easy control of chickweed, the control or ability to live with Poa annua are the next fortresses that will fall. As we know, these problems are being attacked from many angles and it is logical to assume that these problems will be solved in the near future. The great rapidity of new developments naturally has posed some problems for the dealer for I find that the materials we offered for weed control have largely disappeared from our lists and are replaced by Items that did not exist 7 years ago. The area I serve—the Midwest and the Chicago District—is a progressive district and our superintendents have reached a high level of golf course maintenance. Yearly the attendance of Midwest members here and on the national level grows and since these are the places where new materials and practices are freely discussed, our customers are well informed. I often learn of the characteristics of a new product from a superintendent rather than the manufacturer. In a definite effort to be well informed, I personally attend as many meetings at different universities as possible during each year. Serving the Chicago Metropolitan area in which many of the chemical companies maintain headquarters and stocks of the newer materi- als, our problems of supply have not been great. Supplies of materials, new ana standard, from the larger companies are usually available and it is possible to quickly get the latest information from their research departments by teletype if that information is not available in the Chicago office. I find that other fields of Horticulture, based on high soil fertility, have similar problems and that helpful information can often come from that direction. I believe that I will try to pay more attention to those fields for It looks to me as though the same type of a day that brings scab to an orchard and leafspot to a tomato field Is the kind of day that brings dollarspot to our greens. I think the weather that brings late blight to tomato fields is the same .kind that brings big brownpatch to the course. There is probably 100 times more money spent in scientific disease observation of canners tomato fields and apple trees in Illinois than is being spent In scientific observation of turf problems. Some things that have been found good in these fields should be applicable to our field also. I am on the conservative side and have urged the use of new materials first on a trial basis. However, sometimes the need of using new materials on a more than experimental basis to solve a problem where the pressure from the golfing memberships seems unbearable has resulted In very quick acceptance of newer materials and methods. The use of 2 f o r clover control gained much impetus because clover got out of hand on several fairways in the district. 2,Lj.,5-T proved to be effective the first fall It was used on a wide scale and was far less expensive than older methods. The Midwest Association publishes a little paper or magazine called "The Bull Sheet" and the editors of this sheet have made its columns available for the discussion of members experiences with the new materials. It is felt by the editor that a rccord of the use of now materials showing the time of application, condition of the soil, condition of the weather and of all the factors that might affect the result during and after the application, the rate and type or method of application and the evaluation of the results by the user could be an Important contribution to the general knowledge of the men of the district. In the past year or so the "Bull Sheet" has contained a discussion of the use. of 2,I|,5-T for clover control, of Chlordano for the control of worms In greens and fairways and usually has a discussion of a new material and Its possibilities. The last issue reported a talk by C. E. Arnold of the Department of Horticulture of the University of 1111- nois on Krilium. VI© hope to be able to know what this material will accomplish for us under actual playing conditions on greens after a Saturday evening Rainfall followed by [¡-00 rounds of Sunday golf. So far we have received stories of its use only in non-traffic areas. It is quite possible that the "Bull Sheet*1 serves in keeping well informed those who cannot attend the short courses and meetings. Throughout our district almost every superintendent has a nextf seed under trial— a bent selection that has been under observation for years, a new material under trial examination, an easier method of doing an old job-- and within the district we can watch a test of almost every new thing. The advantage of these projects is that they are being conducted under the actual conditions that exist in the playing area, in the weather that is usual in the territory of its ultimate use. It is possible to find a tee partly of Merion blue and partly of Astoria bent and another containing Merion and regular bluegrass. One of our men has a three year old planting of C-115 and Zoysia, and U-3 bermuda is still struggling along on another of our courses, and all the new materials are on trial in one place or another. The "Bull Sheet" has played a part in reporting these activities to the membership. - o - ONE DEALER'S PROBLEMS A. S. Baker A. S. Baker Equipment Company Dayton, Ohio First of all EXPERIENCE, when supplemented with the teachings of others, is the key to the maximum accomplishment. Over in Dayton, we used to see painted on the outside walls of one of our larger industrial buildings such phrases as "We are a part of all we have met11. And to the cub . salesman in training one would say, "Remember in receiving a complaint the customer is nearly always right". This brings us to the point - When a club, a client or a superintendent is sold some material in good faith, some material from a reputable house which spent a lot of effort, time and money to prove itself and the product only to learn that under your local conditions it does not work to your degree of expectancy, what should one do? How shall we compromise and adjust for this seeming failure? As a definite experience, prior to about 1950, most greenkeepers relied upon just one or two materials in combination, 2/3 mercury and l/3 Calomel. We would try to control all fungi attacks in one broad phrase, calling it "little and big brownpatjch". Most of the older greenkeepers will recall the extreme hazard and injury when making the application of this material, the burning of the grasses and the risk involved when the material came in bodily contact. I like to recall a personal experience I had last spring after selling a green chairman on one of the safer fungicides for application and control of brownpatch. The gentleman was so sure of Calo-Clor that he returned the milder and safer material because as he put it, "You ain't making no guinea pig out of me J" Along about I9I4.O, the DuPont Company marketed an organic mercury compound called Special Semesan. I recall how we used to demonstrate by taking a bucket of the solution and dumping it on one part of the green without flushing it in after application with tho definite assurance one could not burn the turf. However, the applications in most places were made with the old type hand-pump barrel sprayer with the paddle agitator and the material did not stay in suspension too well, so a power driven spray tank soon found its way on the market. Not until such pioneers and such unselfish men like Dr. Dickerson of Amherst and Massachusetts Agriculture College came forward with courses which lasted for 13 weeks, I believe, did the greenkeepers find much help except by the school of hard knocks. I understand Dr. Dickerson would take a limited number of men who would prefer a book to a pint and before starting a semester would personally interview each man, the only qualification being that he had an earnest desire to solve his own individual problems irrespective of the degree of schooling or limited education the greenkeeper may have had. That is true fellowship. We now find the broader school of thought supplemented by the untiring research and extension of the Experiment Stations with leaders like Drs. Grau, Musser, Mott, Sharvelle and Noer, just to mention a few, and we have Dr. Payne and Dr. Daniel carrying the ball for M.R.T.F. Please reflect on this thought. "Your experimental colleges and our Midwest Regional Turf Foundation get a limited support from the state; they depend largely on your support. They In turf have graduated the greenkeeper upstairs and the superintendents have gained much through their cooperation. more available phosphate is to be found in the 3 to 6 • inch layer of aerified turf soils than in that which has not been so treated. The most effective job of aerification can be done when the moisture content of the soil is at about field capacity. Compaction and moisture problems in turf soils go hand in hand. Because of the great influence that compaction has in creating water problems which are reflected in poor turf, every possible effort should be made to minimize its occurrence. Since one must generally accept the fact that some compaction will result from normal turf use, corrective measures should be carried out regularly to prevent a really serious situation from developing. - o - KODACHROME REVIEW OP 1951 0. J. Noer Milwaukee Sewerage Commission At Ames, Iowa, last year Ralph Bond of Madison asked about midget grass being promoted by a Milwaukee resident, His grass never needed to be mowed and needed no attention. Prom the description it sounded like pearlwort to me. When I got back to Milwaukee and Inspected the lawn on 53^d street, I found my suspicion to be correct. This enterprising resident was selling blocks of sod at &3*00 per sqtiare foot. This is the lawn as It looked in May. I didn't get back to see it later in the year. In early spring and again in September I visited Cincinnati. About 12 years ago the fairways at Clovernook were renovated and seeded. The first ones were seeded with Kentucky bluegrass only and after that about Colonial bent, Astoria, was used In the mixture. The fairways have been good and are not watered although you can see some crabgrass. It has been dry and the grass is just beginning to recover after a little rain. This fairway had been narrowed down. The fairways are cut at between half and three-quarters of an. inch. Last May on my way to Florida I stopped at Augusta and took this picture on a green composed of the common cotton patch bermuda. Notice how coarse and stubbly It is because the nitrogen level was skimpy. The nature of the grass wasn't good either. The next picture was taken in Miami on a green of Tifton bermuda which was a local selection taken from one of the greens either at Bayshore or LaG-orce. Notice the difference in the texture of this fine-textured strain as compared with common bermuda. On my way home I stopped at Nashville and went out to Charlie Danner's course. I saw a pile of well-rotted hardwood sawdust which is being used as the source of organic matter in the top-dressing used at that club. It appeared to be an excellent material. This Is one of the bermuda greens on the course at Nashville showing the slow recovery of the bermuda after the rye disappeared after winter play. Usually the rye tends to delay the recovery of the bermuda. Some say it is due to depletion of the soil supply of nitrogen« Others think there must be some other reason« This is a picture of the C-l Arlington bentgrass green at Nash- ville. It went through last summer very nicely without any trouble. Of course, Nashville had a Milwaukee summer Instead of the normal summer. It was very encouraging to say the least and Charlie Darmer is very enthusiastic about the performance of the grass on that green. In Milwaukee all our parks are operated by a County Park Commission. They have supervision of all the parks not only In the city, but in the villages around Milwaukee. In many of the parks there are athletic fields for football or baseball or for other sports. This happens to be a field where the turf was extremely poor. I was asked to go out there. They had used some fertilizer. My feeling was that the soil was so poor that the rate had been altogether inadequate. So we used from a ton to a ton and a half of fertilizer to the acre on these strips. The picture was taken about mid-June. The next picture was taken about three weeks after the dry weather started. I noticed the grass was greener along each one of the lime lines. So I thought that we had made a mistake in not making a soil test, by assuming that the soil was not acid. I picked up a sample from where the grass was green and one along side of it where the turf was turning brown. Much to my amazement, the soil away from the lime lines had a pH of 7.3 and over the lime lines it was 8. It was a very heavy soil. I had a hard time putting the sampler down in this area but it was quite simple to get the sampler into the soil where the grass was green. Granulation was improved by the lime. In other words, lime Improved the soil tilth. In August I was In Troy, New York. Ten years ago I took a picture of the very same man on the exact same spot. At that time the grass along a straight line was greener than on either side of it. About ten years ago there was a rule on this course that permitted the player to lift the ball on the downhill slope of this hill. Lime was used to mark the boundary. After ten years the effects of lime are still visible. In June I was in Cleveland and visited Shaker. While I had seen Tom Mascarols new Aerifier demonstrated in Memphis, this was the first time that I saw it actually in operation on a golf course. They startod using it at Shaker on the practice green instead of on the greens proper in order to judge whether it was suitable for the greens. The next picture shews Mai McLaren and Colin Smith measuring the depth of the holes with a pencil. After aerifying they waited a few minutes until soil plugs crumbled nicely. Then the green was poled to break up the casts. When I went to Oakwood, Mai showed me some spots on several of the greens. Of course, I was curious as to what was wrong. "Dry spot11 Noer said the soil underneath was dry. To prove it we used the profile sampler and I think you can see that the soil is dry. It is dry because the spot happens to be a little patch of a more dense type of creeping bent. Despite the fact that these greens had been cut close, notice the mat close to the surface. In July Fred G-rau and I we re In Billings. The practice putting green at Hilands was not up to par. Of course, nTree rootn Noer said it was the cottonwood trees in the background. I asked the groundsman to lift the sod. The next picture shows the tree roots immediately underneath the turf. This is something that was common in Wyoming, Montana, Colorado and also in western Nebraska. I think this picture was taken on a bluegrass lawn In western Nebraska. To me it is a case of iron chlorosis. In the far west It is sometimes referred to as calcium chlorosis because a high." calcium content in the soil tends to depress the solubility of the iron. The next picture is a picture of fairway turf in the Denver area which has that yellowish or chlorotic condition scattered all over the bluegrass fairway. These fairways are flooded. That is the way they are irrigated and most of the spots where the grass was yellow was in the low depressions where water seeped away more slowly than it did on the high areas. It is my belief that part of the clover problem there is the result of thinning due to chlorosis. Some of you may not agree but I feel convinced that that is the case. This is on the same golf course along a fence. You can see how yellow the bluegrass is. I believe that is a temporary iron deficiency. In September while I was in Cincinnati I went out to one of the golf courses. The greens were rather bad. This is what I saw. To me it is another example of iron chlorosis. The next picture shows the same thing on one of the other greens where the chlorosis has been so bad that you might blame too much water—which is actually true. I got this man to put on a half pound of iron sulfate to a green and had him cover one spot with an empty bag so that the iron would not come in contact with the grass. He called me the next morning, twelve hours later, and told me there was a definite Improvement in the color where the iron was put on, Where the turf was covered, the grass was still yellow. When this kind of thing occurs, Iron sulfate isn't going to bring the grass back after it is already dead. The treatment must be made promptly when turf starts to become yellow. Then there will not be any serious loss of turf. This is a picture of the new version of the Jim Haines tree root pruner. I saw it when I was in Denver when he operated It for me. The next picture shows the root pruner in operation alongside one of the tees where cottonwoods surround the tee. The next picture is a close-up. I turned the turf back to show you the diameter of the roots that had been cut, You can see the pruner will cut roots of considerable size. In August I saw some bad turf on some fairways in Cleveland which I thought was due to tree roots from trees alongside the fairway. In October when I got up to Minneapolis they were extending the \\rater line on one of the fairways at Interlachen. This is what I saw along the edge of the trench. These are tree roots from the elm in the background. I paced off 35 yards from the trench to the tree. I said there had been a wet season and it was, generally speaking, although in Troy-Schenectady area it was very dry in August. When I got on this green I was curious because of the brown overall cast due to localized drying. Yet the velvet bent was beautiful and showed no evidence of wilt, water shortage. The next picture will show that the soil under the creeping bent was bone dry. Notice the moisture -underneath the velvet bent. I have felt for some time that many of the velvet bent greens have been overwatered and that part of the Iron chlorosis was due to excessive watering. This tends to support that contention. In August I vjent from New England to Philadelphia. Farnham took me to this fairway which he thought needed special treatment with sodium arsenite followed by seeding. I noticed this strip along the edge of good dense turf without any clover. It was excellent playable turf. I asked Marshall about it. Before the last time the National Open Tournament was played at Springmill course ten years ago, the outline of this fairway was changed. Before that time the strip had been rough. He cut it close, used a spike disc, tore up the surface and seeded with a mixture containing a little Astoria or Colonial bent. You can see how fine this turf is as compared with the clover infested Poa annua alongside. In Grand Rapids one of the courses had very bad watered fairways. They started to do some renovation. Only the worst areas were treated and seeded. On part of this fairway the turf seemed good enough so nothing was done to it. Now there is complaint about the lies because the renovated area was so much better. I think you can see the dense turf free of clover on the renovated part, and the clover, Poa annua and thin stand of bluegrass on the other part of the.fairway. I was at Joe Ryan*s course in August, soon after my visit to Grand Rapids. He showed me a small plot of Merion bluegrass which was seeded in April. This is a plug of the turf. The picture shows the large number of vigorous new rhizomes developed by August. Two years ago I was on this course in the Minneapolis area. This happens to be No. 1 tee. There were many complaints about the condition of the turf, rightly so as you can see. I ventured the opinion that no greenkeeper could keep grass on that tee due to the tree roots and traffic along the back edge. The next picture was taken this fall. It is the same tee. They did some thinning and pruning of trees in the background and trenched to stop the tree roots. Our suggestion to put down a strip of black top along the back of the tee was followed. You can see that turf conditions improved as a result of doing these things. The next picture shows 2,i{.-D damage to bent on a fairway. It was taken in the New York metropolitan area several years ago. I had seen other similar examples and am sure at times 2,Ij--D is bad for bent in fairways. A test was started at Milwaukee Country Club in June. The fairways are mostly creeping bent. They have never used 2,i}.~D because of injury to the grass on some of the first plots we established th.ere one September right after 2,lj.~D was discovered. The bentgrass fared badly. As a result, Ted Booterbaugh and his chairman were hesitant to use it. The plots this June were placed on the approach to a par 3 hole. The sodium salt of was used at the •§•, 1 and 1-J pounds of actual 2,[j.-D per acre. When Charlie Hallowell came during late June, I took' him out to the course and he took a picture as I did, This is the lino along either the one pound or tho !•§• pound rate. Vie saw no discoloration on the bent at any rate below one pound. I left for the west the day after July Fourth. Just before leaving I told John to watch these plots for another two weeks to see what happened. If there was no further discoloration, I suggested spraying the approach to Ho, 8 with 3/% of a pound of actual 2 9 h ~ D to the acre. This rate gave good control of the dande- lion. When I got back in August I could see no injury to the bent. In September we established another series of plots In which we used the sodium salt, the butyl ester, the amine and morpholine type of 2,1+-D. The rates were 3/4 of a pound and ijg pounds of actual 2,1+-D to the acre. 1 took the picture you see in October. At the pound rates it looked as though the 2,i+-D would thin out the bent. I left town and when I got back In November the ground was covered with snow. It has been that way ever since. So I can!t tell you more about these plots until next spring. Where fairways are composed almost exclusively of bent, as these are, it would seem unwise to use 2,i}.-D at rates exceeding 3 A of a pound actual 2,Ij_-D per acre. I would be inclined to spray in June rather than In the fall despite Musser's emphasis of fall. I think bent is the exception that proves the rule. It is just a matter of avoiding possible injury to the bentgrass. This is an example of sabotage damage to a green in the Chicago area. It Is pretty well established that the damage was done either with sodium arsenite or arsenic acid. The next picture is another one of sabotage damage. It occurred at Winged Foot. When I was in the Westchester area on the second day of November, I went out to Winged Foot and took these pictures showing the sabotage damage. Fuel oil was used on these greens. You hear me talk about Milwaukee Country Club. This fall I took a few pictures there. This is No. 1 tee, No. 1 fairway and No. 1 green. Fairways are mostly creeping bent. It came in naturally under the program of watering and feeding. They have Washington bent greens. The grass has never.given any trouble because it Is handled properly. The next picture is a closeup showing the character of the turf on No. 3 fairway. I think you can see that the weed population isn't serious enough to make spraying a must. The next picture is a close-up on No. 16. From this picture you can get an idea of what the dandelion population is. There are scattered plants through the turf. Those fairways are cut just as close as the mox^er can be set. In other words, probably under a half an inch. He^e is the approach to the last green, No. 18. It Is quite typical of what the turf condition is on the fairways and greens. I put this in as the last picture. I took it when I was in Minneapolis. It seemed to me that It Is a striking example of what native plants can do to enhance the beauty of the golf course. - o -