T o o v e r c o m e d i f f i c u l t i e s is to e x p e r i e n c e t h e f u l l del i g h t of e x i s t e n c e , n o m a t t e r w h e r e t h e o b s t a c l e s a r e
e n c o u n t e r e d , w h e t h e r in t h e a f f a i r s of l i f e , in c o m m e r c e
or b u s i n e s s , o r in m e n t a l e f f o r t — t h e s p i r i t of i n q u i r y t h a t
t r i e s to m a s t e r its s u b j e c t ,

Schopenhauer.

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This N E W S L E T T E R is published
monthly by the Greenkeepers Club of
New England, and sent free to its members and their Green's Chairmen. Subscription price ten cents a copy, or a
dollar a year.
GUY C. WEST
Editor
312 Mt. P l e a s a n t St., Fall River, Mass.

JAMES McCORMACK . Business Mgr.
450 William St., S t o n e h a m , Mass.

May, 1937

Vol. 9, No. 5

PREPARING THE GOLF COURSE
FOR A NEW SEASON
by John Counsell
(Read at Service Section Dinner)
I have been asked by the Directors
of the New England Greenkeepers Club,
to read a short paper on the subject of
"Preparing the Golf Course for a New
Season". Incidentally this will answer
in part the question so often asked by
some golfers; " W h a t does the greenkeeper do during the winter months"?
Preparing the golf course for a new
season really starts before the closing
of the course in the fall and continues
during the winter. Much of the success
of the playing season depends upon this
preparation. Opening the golf course in
the spring is more than performing certain routine operations. A great deal
depends on the condition in which the
turf has come through the winter—such
as—injury from Winter Kill, Snow
Mold, etc.
In the fall before the ground freezes,
the soil should be tested for its pH
value, which determines its degree of
acidity, and the Greenkeeper decides
from the results of these tests if Lime
is needed. The soil may also be tested
for the available Phosphorous and
Potash content, and the fertilizer program for the following spring planned
accordingly. This analysis may be made
by the Greenkeeper who owns a suitable
testing kit, or a sample of the soil may
be sent to a soil testing laboratory, such
as the Massachusetts State College or
the Waltham Field Station.
Turf that enters the winter in an unsatisfactory condition may need special
attention the following spring and these
needs can be anticipated. The turf
should be treated in the late fall with
a Fungicide, which is usually in the

form of some Mercurial for the control
of Snow Mold.
Temporary greens must be prepared
and cups placed before the ground
freezes.
About this time the greenkeeper
spends considerable effort and study on
his proposed budget for the coming
year. If a record of the cost of each
maintenance operation on the golf
course is kept, an attempt is made to
reduce the cost of these operations by
more efficient methods and the use of
up-to-date equipment. Any savings due
to this increased efficiency can be used
for improving the turf and a higher
standard of maintenance.
Each item in the budget should be
given careful consideration. The equipment should be thoroughly examined so
that the cost of repairs or replacements
may be estimated. Up-to-date price lists
should be secured from the competitive
golf supply concerns to determine the
costs of seed, fertilizer, fungicides, etc.
Labor costs may change due to higher
wages.
If any item in the budget is considerably larger than the previous year,
a written explanation should accompany
it when it is sent to the committe for
approval. After the proposed budget
has been 0. K.'d or reduced by the
Budget Committee the greenkeeper receives the approved budget; then the
suit can be cut to fit the cloth.
The greenkeeper should prepare himself for the coming season by keeping
abreast with the latest developments in
his profession. The New England Greenkeepers Club have lectures by competent research men and other educational
features at their monthly winter meetings, and I would like to suggest to the
Greens Chairmen that they encourage
their Greenkeepers to attend these
monthly meetings. I am sure that both
the Greenkeeper and his club will benefit by the knowledge gained from the
lectures and the discussion of his own
particular problems with other Greenkeepers. The Annual Conference at the
Massachusetts State College is both interesting and instructive. He may take
a short winter course at some Agricultural College and learn more of the
technical side of Greenkeeping.
There should be a general overhauling of all equipment during the winter
months. The engines in the tractors,
trucks and power mowers may need a
complete going over. The various types
of mowers used for cutting Fairways,

Greens, Tees and Approaches usually
need grinding and worn bed-knives,
bearings etc. replaced. All the small
hand tools should be put in condition
and the cutting tools sharpened. Other
equipment such as Tee Benches, Tee
Markers, Ball Washers, Flag Poles
should be repaired, cleaned and painted.
Buildings, sheds and bridges can be repaired and painted, and dead trees cut
down and removed from the borders of
the golf course.
In the early spring program the rough
should be cleaned of all dead branches,
leaves, rocks and other debris. Traps
should be checked, banks repaired and
sand added if necessary. Ponds and
brooks should be cleaned and all tile
drains inspected to see that they are
clean. Wash outs can be filled and walks
regraded.
The rolling of fairways, tees, and in
some cases greens, is probably the next
operation. This must be done at the
proper time. Some areas may be ready
for rolling before others because they
dry out sooner due to elevation, soil
conditions, etc. If the roller gets wet
when rolling, it is because there is too
much moisture in the soil and it is too
early to roll.
The date for opening the regular
greens in the spring depends on local
conditions. Some courses dry out sooner
than others due to types of soil and
climatic conditions. The opening will
also depend upon the kind of turf.
Greens planted to Creeping Bent stolons
such as the Washington or Metropolitan
strains lie dormant longer than the
seeded type.
As soon as the turf on the fairways
produces new roots the fairways may
be fertilized. The greens and tees
should be topdressed and fertilized a f t e r
the spring growth has started. It may be
necessary to apply Arsenate of Lead
for worm control to the greens, tees
and approaches.
The water system that was disconnected and drained the previous fall
must now be attended to. The drains
should be closed, the water turned on,
and the pipe lines inspected fo'- leaks,
which sometime occur due to improper
drainage.
The foregoing is but a brief recital
of the many and varied duties of the
greenkeeper in preparing the golf course
for a new season. And now the golfers
enjoyment begins and the Greenkeeper's
trials and tribulations commence.

GOLF COURSE RECORDS
By Robert Lee Mitchell
Edison Club, Rexford, New York
Golf course records may be classified
in three main divisions. They are cost
records, turf records, and miscellaneous
records. Under these three classifications
will of course be subdivisions or individual records.
Cost records as the name implies are
records of the actual dollars and cents
expended for various purposes or on
various areas. They should be kept by
the greenkeeper primarily as an aid to
him and club officials, in controlling the
golf course expenses intelligently. They
are sometimes used for minor purposes
such as gathering data for gas tax ref u n d claims.
Turf records are records kept regarding the condition of turf at various
times, and of different factors that may
affect the condition of the turf. They
should be kept to give the greenkeeper
a history of past treatments, conditions,
and methods of construction. They
should be used by him as an aid in the
correct formulation of f u t u r e policies
of. construction and maintenance, and
to correct diagnosis and treatment of
turf troubles.
Miscellaneous records are records
which should be kept in order to have
available certain necessary information,
but which do not fit into either of the
other classifications. A good example
of this is the inventory.
Sometimes the comparative value, to
the greenkeeper or club, of various
records is brought up. This is especially
true as regards costs and turf records.
It must be admitted that the keeping of
cost records is of great value to any
club. However if serious consideration
is given to the fact that turf records,
when used as an aid to proper maintenance and construction methods gives
greater player satisfaction, I feel that
it will be seen that turf records are of
f a r greater value than cost records to
both the greenkeeper, the club, and
finally the players.
Before keeping any records the greenkeeper should make up his mind what
information he desires to gain or have
available from them. Records compiled
and not used, or at least kept on file for
a probable or possible f u t u r e use, are
worthless, and only represent work done
with no value received.

The first step in the keeping of records is the collection of data. In all
cases this should be done daily, and then
summarized in periodic statements.
Data should be collected in as much detail as is practical or possible. The
reason for details being that they can be
combined into larger items at will, with
accuracy, whereas large items cannot
be broken down accurately if the details
are not available. Accuracy is of the
utmost importance, as inaccurate records are but little better than guesses
or estimates, and are likely to lead to
misinformation and trouble.
To be of most value records must be
kept up to date and be interpreted frequently.
Wherever possible, printed forms
should be used for recording in order
to cut the necessary work to the smallest possible amount. There are two
general types of forms used. One is a
large sheet having a large number of
details on one page. It has the advantage of giving the greenkeeper a number of details before him at one time
on one page, but it has the disadvantage
of being bulky and hard to file and
harder to change. The other type is the
card system. On this a single item or
detail is kept on each card. It has the
advantage of being easy to file and to
change, but has a distinct disadvantage
of having to get out a large number of
cards when using for interpretation
etc. Probably both kinds will be used
in the average system of golf course
records.
It must be recognized that a certain
amount of time and labor is involved
in the keeping of all records. The
amount of this time and work must be
balanced against the value to be received from the records, when deciding
whether or not to keen records, always
keeping in mind that the labor involved
will decrease as the greenkeeper becomes more familiar with the system.
I will consider cost records briefly,
noting only some of the information
that is available from a good cost system and some of the data that must be
kept to gain the information.
Some of the items of information that
may be gained from costs are:
1. Time worked by each man.
2. Amount of social security tax,
unemployment tax, and compensation insurance premium that
must be paid.
3. Labor costs of any operation.

4. Cost of work done by golf course
labor for other departments.
5. Cost of materials, supplies, repair parts, and new equipment,
and the place or for what they
were used.
6. Total maintenance costs of certain areas such as greens, tees,
fairways, etc.
7. Hourly or mileage costs of operating any certain piece of equipment.
8. Comparative costs of operating
different pieces of equipment.
9. Amounts that can be claimed as
gas tax refunds.
10. Supervision costs.
11. Total expenses at any date and,
amount left in the budget.
I'
Some of the data necessary to have_
the above available are as follows:
a. Weekly or daily time book.
b. Labor distribution sheet.
c. Material purchase order—showing
date, vendor's name, price, amount, and
kind of materials, and where and for
what used.
d. Equipment records — showing
hours or miles run and gas and oil
used.
e. Budget sheet — showing amount
budgeted for each item and in total,
and spaces for weekly or monthly posting of amounts spent and total spent to
date for each item.
Briefly:
Items 1 & 2—obtained from item b.
Items 3 & 4—obtained from item c.
Item 5—obtained from item c.
Item 6—obtained from b & c.
Item 7—obtained from c & d.
Item 8—a comparison of costs of
different pieces of equipment
under item 7.
Item 9—obtained from c & d.
Item 10—obtained from e.
I also think that cost records should
be only of costs charged by the club
bookkeeper or by his system to the golf
course budget on account. The greenkeeper should either have access to the
club's books in so f a r as the golf course
maintenance account is concerned or
should have a monthly statement of
everything charged against his budget
in order that he may check his records
for correctness.
The turf records should be divided
into two main groups. The first one is
the conditions records and the second
one the factor records.
First, I shall consider the condition
records. Under this heading we have

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turf condition records and construction
records. The turf condition records
should be kept in the form of an evaluation record or in the form of notes. The
evaluation record is a score card of each
area, scoring to be made on the basis
of so many points for the different items
such as texture, amount of weeds, etc.,
and a final score for each area figured
up. If in the form of rates, they should
be made for each area on texture,
amount of weeds, variety and amount of
grass, etc. In using either type the
records should be made at regular
periods, without referring to previous
record before or while doing, so as to
get a true picture or record of the condition.
Construction records are records of
these methods of any construction work.
They should include an outline plan and
profiles of the work done. On the back
of the plan or on an attached sheet
should be notes on the amount of soil,
tile, etc. used, and on special conditions
such as excess rainfall during construction, and finally of the amount of labor
etc. used to complete the work. The
outline plan should show tile drains,
pipes or special areas treated differently
from the area as a whole.
Next are the factor records to be
considered. I shall list all of them, and
then treat each group separately. They
are as follows:
a. Disease—fungicide treatments.
b. Top dressing — fertilizer, spiking, watering.
e. Amount of clippings.
d. Weather (precipitation, temperatures, humidity).
e. Mechanical analysis — PH, and
nutrient tests.
Group a and b should be kept on
cards, one card being used for each
factor, but only one for all areas. For
instance, in keeping a disease record,
on one card you would have the date
the disease occurred, the name of the
disease, the greens affected, and the extent and location affected, and any other
notes of peculiar conditions that you
might want to keep. Under fertilizer,
top dressing, spiking, watering, and
fungicide treatments you would have
the date, amount, kind, method of treatment, and a note of any greens treated
differently from the rest.
Group c is a record of the amount of
clippings. This will probably be of
doubtful value to many greenkeepers on
first consideration. When you stop to
think that the first thing you generally

ask your greensmen is "how much grass
are you getting", it must be of some
value. If it is not, why do you follow
it so closely?
Group d—weather records should be
kept daily. They are of great value in
predicting attacks of disease, amount of
watering to do, etc.
Group e—The mechanical analysis of
soil, pH and nutrient tests of soil could
probably be kept most easily on one
sheet for all areas. They should be
made at regular periods. The mechanical analysis probably will not be made
more than once every two years or
more. The pH and nutrient tests should
be made once or twice a year as they
change more rapidly than the mechanical
analysis. They always should be made
at the same season of the year.
The miscellaneous records probably
include the inventory and blue prints of
the course, water lines and drains. The
inventory should be taken at least once
a year, and should include all equipment and supplies and materials. It
should be kept up to date from the
materal purchase orders. It is of value
in making out the budget and in promptly renewing exhausted supplies and
equipment.
The blue prints of the course, waterlines and tiles should be kept up to
date, each change in the course being
promptly shown on the blueprints. They
are invaluable in planning construction
work, locating broken pipe, tile, etc.
Many greenkeepers are probably
keeping some form of cost records at
the insistence of their club officials, or
possibly because cost records have had
a relatively large amount of publicity.
They also probably have inventories and
blue prints, although I doubt, if a real
survey was made, that a very large percentage of them would be up to date.
However, I wonder how many greenkeepers have turf records, and if they
do not, why not? Are they not of invaluable aid to a greenkeeper? They
certainly should be of vast help to him
in diagnosing turf troubles, in treating
disease, in keeping his soil in the proper
condition, and ultimately in giving his
club the best possible golf course for
its members to play on. Remember that
in the final analysis, within reasonable
limits, a greenkeeper is judged not^ so
much by his costs as by the condition
of his course, and in the case, as it is
with most of us, of a limited budget, we
certainly cannot afford to make many

•

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1

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- U S E T H E N E W I D E A L
B U L L B O C i
G r e e n k e e p e r s , c h a r g e d w i t h t h e responsibility of k e e p i n g courses in t h e
best possible condition, h a v e f o r y e a r s s t a n d a r d i z e d on I D E A L equipm e n t . D e s i g n e d f o r d u r a b i l i t y a n d economical o p e r a t i o n Bulldog g a n g
m o w e r s p r o d u c e results t h a t w i n t h e a c c l a i m of t h e G r e e n s C o m m i t t e e .
T h e y cut l a r g e a r e a s f a s t e r a n d w i t h f e w e r m e n .
A v a i l a b l e in 3, 5, 7 a n d 9 gangs, i n t e r c h a n g e
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cut steel pinion g e a r s , one-piece steel roller,
c h r o m e - n i c k e l steel d o u b l e - e d g e d b o t t o m
k n i f e , a n d h e a v y c h r o m e - n i c k e l steel reels.
jg
Units m a y be lifted off t h e g r o u n d f o r s p e e d y
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n over t h e r o u g h e s t a r e a s .
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mistakes in maintenance methods and
must take every possible advantage.
Probably by this time you are thinking, "what a mess of work and detail"!
Well maybe it is. That is something
that you will have to decide. There may
be some records that I have mentioned
that would be of no value to you. There
may be others that are of value that I
haven't mentioned. That is a decision
every greenkeeper will have to make for
himself. In conclusion, I will only say,
keep what records you feel will be of
value to you, keep them in detail, keep
them accurately, and above all after
you have kept them, use them.

TALKS ON TREES

more damage will be caused within the
next few weeks. The effects of defoliation by these insects do not end with
the destruction of the leaves. The trees
are weakened so greatly as to attract
borers, especially the two-lined chestnut
borer. Many of the infested trees die,
especially in areas where the cankerworm has been numerous for more than
one season.
Thorough spraying controls cankerworms. Ordinarily it is too expensive
for woodland trees. Some fifteen years
ago experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of controlling
gipsy moth by distributing poison from
a dirigible. It was found impracticable
and work along that line was abandoned.
Applying poison with the autogiro is the
latest. Experimental work conducted in
the Morristown National Park in New
Jersey last year under Government direction, indicated a higher degree of
efficiency at about half the cost of
spraying from the ground. The autogiro has also been used for work in the
south and as a result, the spraying season has been greatly extended, permitting a marked reduction in costs. It is
quite within possibilities that such treatment may become somewhat general on
the more valuable wooded areas within
commuting distances of our larger cities,
particularly Boston, New York and
Philadelphia.
No one should assume that the practical limits of insect control have been
reached by present day methods, even
though these are greatly in advance of
those of ten or twenty years earlier.

by E. Porter Felt
Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories
Stamford, Conn.
The small white webs of the tent
caterpillar may be seen here and there
and cankerworms are due to appearshortly.
There is probably not much tent
caterpillar as compared with the last
two seasons. The somewhat conspicuous
tents give ready clues to local abundance. It is comparatively easy to remove the tents and the contained caterpillars on a few small trees and on
larger trees and in somewhat extensive
areas, spraying is effective.
The cankerworms are by f a r the
more serious pest. There has been extensive injury in woodlands here and
there within fifty miles of New York
City and the probabilities are that much

The effects of general conditions on
shade trees are becoming more apparent
as trees are given more attention.
In the late '90's and early 1900's
there were a series of exceptionally dry
seasons, especially in early summer.
Following this period many thousands of
hickory trees were killed by the hickory
bark beetle, the result of lowered vitality following years of drought. This
was true of ornamental birch trees except that the final killing agent was the
bronze birch borer. The death of the
birches on lawns suggests that trees
growing under such conditions are exposed to maximum drought effects.
There was no such mortality of native
birch trees.
Similar conditions prevail here and
there with oaks along the northeastern

MAY MEETING
The May meeting was held on May
3rd at the Kernwood Country Club,
Salem, Mass. The late morning was devoted to demonstrations and inspection
of the course and equipment. A demonstration of the new Ideal power unit
in conjunction with the Buel Junior
Spiker proved of interest.
The results of the 18 hole medal
handicap tournament held in the afternoon were as follows:
1st net, S. Mitchell, 103-30-73.
2nd net, J. Counsell, 93-18-75.
3rd net, A. Ohlson, 85-9-76.

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seaboard, the precipitating causes being
drought and repeated defoliation by
cankerworms, or other leaf-feeders, the
final agent being the two-lined chestnut
borer. Here a reduced tree vitality
favored the borers and in most cases
damage was proportional to the defoliation. Repeated stripping of the trees
during several years or even an almost
complete defoliation in one season produces conditions favorable to attack by
this borer.
The forest tent caterpillar was extremely destructive to sugar-bush in
New York State and Vermont early this
century, the repeated stripping weakening the trees seriously and resulting in
the death of many. This insect was
abundant in the Berkshire region and
adjoining sections last year and more
injury may be expected the coming season.
The above suggests that defoliation
by insects or the loss of foliage by
fungus diseases may be more serious
than most people realize in spite of the
fact that a new crop of leaves usually
appears within a few weeks. The production of these new leaves makes a
d r a f t upon the reserve vitality of the
affected trees and produces conditions,
as suggested above, which are favorable
to the development of deadly borers.
The creation and protection of the
title "certified tree expert" is being considered by the legislatures of Connecticut and New Jersey.
The bills are drafted along lines
similar to the laws establishing the
"certified public accountant". The
average owner must depend in large
measure upon the judgment of the tree
expert, and it is only reasonable that
he should be aided in the selection of a
thoroughly competent person or company by state approval. The proposed bill
is permissive, not mandatory. It establishes higher qualifications than have
heretofore been required of tree experts, requiring four years of college
training or an equivalent education in
fields of knowledge related to tree care,
or practice as a tree expert continuously
for the preceding five years at least.
The administration of the law is placed
with a group of well-qualified state officials. The fees are ample to cover administration costs. There are provisions
for revocation and punishment for viola-

tions. The bill is drawn in such a way
as to avoid conflict with existing mandatory laws.
Is there a need for legislation of this
character? It benefits tree men rendering a superior service by certifying
their qualifications. This aids the man
concerned with the welfare of his trees.
The bill recognizes the need of fundamental training and wide experience for
satisfactory tree care. There are literally hundreds of species and varieties of
ornamentals, each with its special requirements and subject to diverse insect
pests and fungus diseases and with
marked diversities in tolerance and intolerance of spray materials. The certificates now issued to tree men in various ^ f e
states are based on quite limited requirements, due to the fact that they
are mandatory and it is difficult to establish higher standards under such conditions. These laws have been of value.
It is believed that conditions justify,
if they do not necessitate, the stamp of
state approval upon the "certified tree
expert" with his manifestly higher
qualifications.
FURTHER RECREATION
CONFERENCE REPORT
Introduced by Professor L. S. Dickinson as one of the country's leading
designers of irrigation systems, John
Buckner Gill spoke before the Greenskeepers of New England at Amherst,
March 13th on the subject of irrigation.
Mr. Gill prefaced his talk with a few
remarks about the division of authority
between the agronomist, the greenkeeper and the designer of irrigation systems. He pointed out that the engineer
or designer of watering systems should
confine his efforts to the mechanics of
distributing water over given areas and
should not under any circumstances
attempt to tell the greer.skeeper how
much, or when water should be applied
to turf. He stated that the greenskeeper and the agronomist knew more about
propagation of turf and other plant life
and the relation of soil structures to
the growth of plants and that the engineer whose training was purely mechanical, knew nothing of these things.
On the other hand, neither does the
greenskeeper or the soil chemist as a
rule know anything about the mechanics of hydraulics. Therefore those in

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methods of saving labor, horse power,
and current consumption were all discussed by Mr. Gill in an interesting hour
of instruction.
Mr. Gill's wide knowledge of the subject of irrigation comes from many
years of practical experience. He is
employed as Manager of the Eastern
Division of the Buckner Manufacturing
Co. at Elizabeth, N. J.
Priced the Wrong Product
"Miss M—, I don't want to be harsh,"
said R. E. B., "but I just want to
suggest that you had better not write
to your boy friend during business
hours."
"Don't I turn out enough work?" she
asked.
"Yes, but letters are likely to get
mixed."
"So what? Have I made a mistake,
mister?"
"Well, a customer reports we quoted
him on a ton of love, hugs, and kisses,
instead of the lawn fertilizer he
needed."
A Good Idea to Inculcate
Two sweethearts from Aberdeen were
rambling about a Scotch town and came
to a motion-picture show.
The young man glanced at the display in f r o n t and was attracted by the
title of the current film "The Woman
Pays".
"Jean", he said, "I think we'll gang
in here."
—Anon.

charge of growing turf should go to the
engineer and tell him how much water
they would like to have and ask the
engineer to design them a system that
would distribute the water evenly over
the specified areas. Mr. Gill criticized
severely so called irrigation engineers
who a f t e r laying out the watering systems for greenskeepers would attempt
to tell these greenskeepers how much
and how often the water should be apTelling Time
plied. Mr. Gill also pointed out the fact
that many golf clubs have made the misThe time of day I do not tell,
take of operating their fairway sprinkAs some do by the clock;
ling systems to suit the whims and
Or by the distant chiming bells,
fancies of the members and not the
Set on some steeple rock,
needs of the turf. He stressed the point
But by the Progress that I see,
that the greenskeeper himself knows
In what I have to do;
more about his own course than anyone
It's either Done o'clock to me,
else and that the greenskeeper's word
Or only Half-past Through.
should be followed in any irrigation
— J o h n Kendrick Bangs.
program.
True to his policy, Mr. Gill confined
the rest of his talk to the mechanical
Professor—"Tell me something about
means of distributing water over large
areas. The distribution of water from
Student—"Well—er — they're less
large coverage sprinklers; the many
different types of coverage patterns, than day rates."

Irrigation
Systems
BY

The Originators of Golf
Course Irrigation
Complete Watering Equipment From
."""a—;
r*~5™:
1 ee l o Ureen

Buckner

Co.

E L I Z A B E T H — N E W JERSEY
Distributed By
NEW ENGLAND TORO CO.-—WEST NEWTON, MASS.

Will Mow Eighteen Greens in Six Hours

The Duplex was first introduced in 1936 and offered a new and proven
means of cutting grass by power, at the same time maintaining all the
well known advantages of hand mowing. The principle involved is simple
enough. It consists of two 1 7 % " mowers held in line and separated by a
width approximating one mower less the normal lap. As the mower travels
over the green, it cuts two swaths and misses one. On the return trip
the mower is moved over and cuts the swath that was missed, at the same
time missing the swath that was cut. This routine is followed until the
green is completely mowed.

There are many advantages to the Duplex. In the first place it has a
cutting swath of 35 inches, or double that of a hand mower. In the second
place, because of its construction, it is reasonably light and the weight
is spread over a larger surface so there cannot be any packing of the soil.
Thirdly, it allows the operator to maintain the ribbon effect in the green,
which is desired by all Course Superintendents.
For 1937 a number of refinements and improvements have been added.
The drive drums are now made in two sections to facilitate easy turning;
a simplified system of gearing has been installed; Universal joints a r e
rubbered covered; more power has been added to the motor, and an
ingenious power driven transport truck is now available.
With the Duplex one man can cut eighteen greens in an average of
six hours. Transporting from green to green is an easy matter.
ARRANGE FOR A DEMONSTRATION ON YOUR OWN GREENS.

New England Toro Co.
1 1 2 1 - 1 1 3 1 W a s h i n g t o n Street
W e s t N e w t o n , Mass.

Phones'—WESt Newton 1658, NEWtoa North 7900