crii KEW m Two most serious problems for men:— getting along with ourselves, and getting along with other people. —Dr. Hugh Baker at Conference. MARCH 1940 W e h a d two objectives in mind w h e n we designed the 1940 Super M o w e r . O n e w a s t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t b u g a b o o of c o r r u g a t e d f a i r w a y s . . . . T h e N e w Super M o w e r h a s only 14-inch drive wheels, but with a 3-inch t r e a d it clings t o the g r o u n d like a leech. T h e next objective w a s to build a m o w e r t h a t could be disassembled quickly by any ordinary w o r k m a n . . . . T h e N e w Super M o w e r can b e t a k e n d o w n in just about half the time required for the older models. You will w a n t t o k n o w m o r e a b o u t this m o w e r . page catalog today. Send f o r o u r 32- Pneumatic Wheels. High Cutting Range. You matic c a n put Pneuon the wheels N e w Super if you them. good ¡jut for Golf they Parks The want are no They Courses, a r e fine f o r and rear be a d j u s t e d Institutions. roller c a n so the bed knife is 2 inches off the Great f o r ground. rough cutting. New England Toro Company DISTRIBUTORS J121 Washington St., W e s t Newton FOR — NEW ENGLAND WESt New. 16S8 Spring Mounted - Double Super-Low Power There Are Many New Improvements In The 1940 BULLET A i d e d b y o n e of t h e b e s t t r a c t o r e n g i n e e r s i n t h e c o u n t r y , w e h a v e been busier t h a n beavers, refining and improving the Bullet Tractor. Y o u a s k e d f o r a s p r i n g - m o u n t e d f r o n t e n d — t h e n e w Bullet h a s it. You asked for more power. low power and speed range. T h e 1940 Bullet has double super- Y o u a s k e d f o r a p o w e r t a k e - o f f o n t h e b a c k e n d w h e r e it b e l o n g s . Y o u ' r e g e t t i n g it. You a s k e d for a c o m f o r t a b l e seat. T r y this o n e — w e believe you'll l i k e it. A l l of t h e s e — p l u s a 6 5 - i n c h w h e e l b a s e , a t u r n i n g r a d i u s of f e e t a n d a s m a r t l o o k i n g j o b f r o m s t a r t t o finish. G e t f u l l d e t a i l s — o u r n e w 3 2 - p a g e c a t a l o g is r e a d y . New England Toro Co. DISTRIBUTORS FOR N E W E N G L A N D 1121 Washington St., West Newton — 65 Inch Wheelbase - Radius WESt New. 1658 Feet 4% This N E W S L E T T E R is published monthly by the Greenkeepers Club of New England, and sent f r e e to its members and their Green's Chairmen. Subscription price t e n cents a copy, or a dollar a year. GUY C. W E S T Editor Clark Rd., Barrington, It. I. GEORGE J. ROMMELL, JR. Business Mgr. 54 Eddy St., West Newton, Mass. March, 1940 Vol. 12, No. 3 Contributing Editors Homer Darling R. A. Mitchell Howard F a r r a n t Charles P a r k e r P r a n k Wilson The ideas and opinions expressed in the subject matter of this NEWSLETTER are not necessarily those of the Editor or the members of the club as a whole. M . S. C. CONFERENCE The Greenkeeping Superintendent as a Professional Man was the timely theme f o r the 14th Annual Golf Course Conference held on March 15, 16 and 17th as p a r t of the Recreation Conference at Massachusetts State College. The program was well constructed, and presented many phases of the greenkeeper in his daily life. The Conference is the climax of the t e n weeks of study and discussion of the Winter School f o r Greenkeepers, and the program opened with graduation exercises of this group. Papers were presented by Thomas R. Bowen and Waldo E. Martin of the class. The Charge to the Graduates was given by John L. Counsell, President of the Greenkeepers Club of New England. Director of Short Courses, Roland Verbeck presented certificates to those graduating. The Friday afternoon program was started in fine style with a talk by golf architect Robert T r e n t Jones, "The Greenkeeper and the Golf Course Architect". "The Greenkeeper and the Committee Chairman" was presented by Green Chairman Richard L. Jackson of the Silver Springs C. C., Ridgefield, Conn. Mr. Ralph T. King, Director, Roosevelt Wildlife Forest Experiment Station, Syracuse, N. Y., spoke on "The Greenkeeper and N a t u r e " . P. G. A. President Thomas Walsh opened the evening program with a talk "The Greenkeeper and the Professional Golfer". Following this cooperative talk, several slides and three reels of motion pictures, taken by Prof. Dickinson, were shown. Various organized "bull f e s t s " kept many present until a late hour. On Saturday morning the program consisted of talks by Dr. 0 . J. Noer on "The Greenkeeper and the Commercial M a n " ; by President Hugh Baker of Massachusetts State on "The Greenkeeper and Himself"; and by Robert Smith on "The Greenkeeper and His Community". The afternoon session presented Prof. L. S. Dickinson, speaking on "The Greenkeeper and His Business Managem e n t " ; and Dr. Howard B. Sprague of t h e N. J. Agri. Exp. Station, who talked on "The Greenkeeper and the College". The annual Golf Section Banquet was held Saturday evening at Draper Hall, at which time, the Winter School Class presented Prof. Dickinson and his able assistant, Carl Treat, with gifts. The entertainment during the evening was of high order and enjoyable to the slighter than usual number present. On Sunday morning the annual " E x perts on Trial" with Carl Treat as Chairman attempted to solve a few golf course programs in a very interesting manner. Chief Justice Sprague had as his assistant justices: P r o f . Marston, Prof. Markuson, Dr. Noer, Prof. Dickinson, Prof. MacLaughlin, Mr. Longnecker, Dr. Davis and Dr. Eisenmenger. In a f r a n k analysis of the Conference this year f o r those of our readers who were unable to be present, we are sorry to state t h a t most of those present missed the Exhibition p a r t of the Conference. There was no show this year, and although Room 20 of Stockbridge Hall was used to some extent as a meeting place between programs, it was not as handy as the Cage, and the whole Conference, we believe, missed this former feature. The whole speaking program was interesting, well conceived along a certain plan, and well received by those present. As a whole we believe t h a t it was the strongest program ever presented. In our opinion no small part of the success of the speaking program was due to the f a c t that the program was 0 less formal. Short stretches here and there during long periods of sitting helped a great deal in preventing boredom. As your Editor has been campaigning along these lines of more informality and shorter, better planned programs, relieved here and there with a few minutes of rest, etc. f o r several years, it is very enjoyable f o r us to report that we believe that these ideas helped! Time and space in this issue prevent a more complete story of the Conference. More details next m o n t h ! MARCH MEETING The regular March meeting of the club was held on the 4th at the Waltham Field Station, Waltham, Mass. Walter Johnson, Supt. of the George Wright Golf Course, Hyde Park, Mass., was the speaker. Mr. Johnson spoke on golf course construction and beginning with the selection of land available, step by step outlined desirable points to be considered and followed in laying out a course. Some of t h e points mentioned were: select best land suited f o r golf course, not cheapest, topography, f e w stones, no ledge, defined ponds or brooks, sandy loam soil, f o r 18 holes clubhouse parking space and tennis courts 120 acres, club house on easterly boundary of property, last holes not into sun, trees, emphasize prominent natural attractions, layout holes to eliminate congestion, 2 nine hole loops, all sections and holes of equal interest to the player, imitate Nature in grading and planning, f e w e r traps, grass a natural hazard, steering and penalizing bunkers, if greenkeeper has been selected by Club well to have him on job when final fill and grade is being made, greens contoured to fit the setting, terraced or several smaller tees on each hole f o r easier maintenance, height of cut around greens, matches won or lost on the greens, the greatest shot on the golf course is still the long putt. General discussion took place during Mr. Johnson's talk and each of the members present took p a r t in discussing points brought up. Homer Darling then spoke on birds on the golf course and his display of bird houses lent spice to his talk stressing the value of the birds to the greenkeeper and the present need to feed the birds. Bird bulletins are available. The Entertainment Committee announced t h a t Dr. Evaul would be the speaker at the April meeting. The Winter School Committee announced the probable dates f o r the School would be March 22, 25, 29 and subjects tentatively selected would be in order, brown patch (including cost of mecurials), your individual problem (to be written and submitted f o r round table discussion), and appreciation of natural f e a t u r e s of golf courses such as trees, flowers, birds, etc. Pres. Counsell and F r a n k Wilson gave interesting reports on attending the G. S. A. Conference in New York in February. CONNECTICUT ANNUAL ASSOCIATION MEETING Your roving editor was among those privileged to be present at the annual meeting of the Connecticut Association of Golf Course Superintendents, held at the Tumble Brook Country Club, Bloomfield, Conn., on March 4th. At the business meeting in the a f t e r noon the following officers were elected f o r the coming y e a r : Pres., A. F. Lentine, Tumble Brook C. C., Bloomfield. V. Pres., G. Moquin, Manchester C. C., Manchester. Sec. - Treas., C. Traverse, Mill River C. C., Stratford. Asst. Sec. - Treas., A. M. Locke, Longmeadow, (Mass.) C. C. Director (S yrs. ), W. B. Lindsay, Wampanoag C. C., West H a r t f o r d . Hold over directors are Charles Baskin of Waterbury, and Mr. Perkins of Yale G. C. In spite of very inclement weather, some sixty attended the dinner social and educational p a r t of the meeting. Sports Editor Art McGinly of the Hartford Times acted as Toastmaster f o r the speaking part of the program. The principal speakers were : Mr. Vincent Sauchelli of the Berkshire Cherpical Co., speaking on "Soils and T u r f " . Mr. Wm. Lindsay of Wampanoag C. C., "Soils, Sub-soils, and Grasses". Mr. C. W. Baker of F. H. Woodruff Seed Co., "Seeds and Grasses f o r Golf Course Uses". Dr. Jesse A. DeFrance of the R. I. Exp. Station, "Fertilizers f o r the Bent Grasses". F r a n k Wilson Reports the Greenkeeping Superintendents' Association 1940 Turf Conference and Equipment Show HOTEL NEW YORKER, February NEW 6, 7, 8 a n d Leo J. Feser, Honorary Chairman The Equipment Show opened at 10 A. M., February 6th. Booths around the wall space of the mezzanine floor were occupied by dealers displaying golf supplies, seed, chemicals, fertilizer and equipment. The United States Golf Association had an exhibit of interest. The United States Department of Agriculture showed in detail through pictures, mounted insects and grubs, and bulletins; the life history, ravages and control of the Japanese Beetle. On Wednesday at 2 P. M. the educational program opened with a discussion of "Finance and Greenkeeping" led by Dr. John Monteith, Jr. of the United States Golf Association Green Section. The high lights of the discussion were: 1st. That present finance or f u n d available to operate a golf course require better greenkeeping. 2nd. It is absolutely necessary that intelligent use be made of funds. 3rd. Revenue and where the greenkeeper fits in. a. By keeping his course in A-l shape to sell to prospective members. b. By training his men to operate more efficiently. 4th. The standard of your course? a. Where does your club wish to fall in the standard of golf courses? b. What does it cost to maintain that standard? c. What amount is the club appropriating? d. Work out a plan striking a balance between the standard and the appropriation. e. To successfully execute the plan it is necessary to be familiar with the details of the cost of operation through carefully kept records. 5th. The club's membership depends upon the greenkeeper's keeping his course in such shape as to create favorable comment at all times. It was also brought out that membership depends not to a small extent on congeniality. 6th. Comparison of bookkeepers costs in comparing courses. a. Various clubs do not keep uniform accounting systems. YORK 9 Dr. E. E. Evaul, Chairman b. Courses vary too much in soil, contour, standards, amount of play and various other factors. c. Essentially the greenkeepers job to make comparisons. d. What can be set up as a unity of comparison? Much discussion but no answer. Traps were sighted as an example. Size, banks, amount of play, how often raked and number on the course. 7th. The importance of greenkeeper's records. a. Necessary to operate economically. b. Should be based on experience over a term of years. c. The break down of these records important. d. Detail report at least once a month to chairman taken f r o m the records. e. Details of the budget can only be taken from careful records. f. Budget of one course useless on another. 8th. Do not forget that the accent is on growing grass. The second discussion of the a f t e r noon was by Mark L. Putnam, Personnel Assistant, Western Electric Company and the subject, "Maintenance Labor and the Country Club". Mr. Putnam said in part; How to set up an effective work force and achieve employee effectiveness. 1st. You can not command or enforce except by leadership. 2nd. Set up conditions to satisfy the men. 3rd. Do work if possible when physical conditions are most favorable or do what you can to aleviate unfavorable physical conditions. 4th. Insist on high morale and loyalty to employer and supervisor. 5th. The physical condition of the men has a decided effect on their work. The mental condition of the men as affected by home conditions. Superintendent can sometimes alter both these conditions. 6th. Satisfaction of the men in their everyday work and their relations is important. 7th. There should be cooperation between all the men and the supervisor. THE LEWIS PADDLE-TYPE WASHER These washers have proved their worth on well-known golf courses throughout the world. For an inexpensive washer—they have no equal. Paddle-Type Washers—1 to 10, ea. $6.00; 11 or more, ea. $5.50. (Price is washer alone.) LEWIS Tee Stake of 1" x 2" x Vs" steel channel, 5 f t . long, with channel cross member at top. Finished in white weather-resisting paint. Price $1.25. Weight 8 lbs. Top of Stake should be 25" to 30" above ground level. Standard Ensemble, each, $10.65 PADDLE-TYPE WASHER EXTRA PARTS Brush with back and end spring $0.55 Brush without spring 40 Paddle with Cadmium plated screw 40 Paddle with chain and screw 55 Bottom spring for tank, old style not turned up .15 Thumb screws 05 Chain for paddle 15 Brush end spring 03 Ban—25 lb. pail 4.50 BRECK'S 85 State Street—Boston, —Seedsmen Since Mass. 1818 8th. The supervisor should keep fit. 9th. Boss should be sympathetic to crew's troubles. 10th. Information (Mr. Putnam stressed this point). a. Inform the crew why you are doing a piece of work. Solicit ideas. b. Inform the men as to the cost of the operations they perform. c. Tell them something about the whole operation of the club. This increases the man's respect for themselves. d. Take into consideration the mental capacity of the various men when giving them information. 11th. Summary: a. Play golf yourself to get the members viewpoint of the game. b. Insist that the men play golf a f t e r work. c. Use the men's ideas if they have merit. They mean lower costs. A f u r t h e r discussion by Eberhard Steiniger, Pine Valley Country Club and Kingdon Troensegaard, Old Oaks Country Club stressed the desirability of keeping a greens crew busy throughout the winter months. Various clubs were sighted that did this and the type of work the men did in the winter out- lined: such as winter sports, cutting wood, renovating the club house, painting, plastering, electric work, wall papering, work on nearby estates. In one case men were sent to trade school to learn to do this type of work in the club house. On February 8th—2 P. M. Subject: "Handling One's Self". Professor Ralph Childs, Columbia University. Not everyone can be an orator but anyone can improve himself in speaking. To do this he must study the word language. Meaning of words is constantly changing and new words introduced. Be careful of your vocabulary in that the words you use convey what you mean to say. Put yourself in t h e place of the other person when talking. Study how people act and why. If you wish to impress a certain person study his reactions and why he does certain things. Why, use it in making a want or appeal. In making a public address people judge you by the way you look and act. The audience reacts to the stiffness or friendliness of the speaker. Do not begin your talk with a pointless joke. Conversational talk is what is putting it across today. I know all the answers and will tell you does not go. Talk in good concrete t e r m s — do not go off into the abstract. Illust r a t e your talk with actual objects if possible, if not possible use g r a f t s , charts and diagrams. Practice speaking at every opportunity. Charles A. Burns, greenkeeper at Good Park Golf Club talked briefly on the subject confining his remarks to the greenkeeper. Be careful how you conduct yourself. Be careful about your personal appearance. Keep informed about the subjects of the day. Play golf, be cheerful and smile. F e b r u a r y 8th—3 P. M. Subject: "Fairway Maintenance and Renovation". M. E. Farnham, Superintendent at the Philadelphia Country Club was leader of the discussion. He told of the help he had received f r o m the Pennsylvania State College Extension Service in solving his problems. Professor John O. Pepper, Entomologist, Pennsylvania State College, showed motion pictures of the insect damage to fairways by Japanese Beetles and the Hairy Chinch Bug and to greens by the sod Web Worm. He recommended f o r the control of the Japanese Beetle 10 pounds of arsenate of lead per 1000 sq. f t . of surface with 5 to 10 times as much carrier. If the budget would not stand the expenditure, 3 to 5 pounds could be used, but control would not be as complete and the period of immunity would be shortened f r o m 5 to 7 years to 3. He recommended f o r the control of the Hairy Chinch Bug the use of % % nicoteen tobacco dust used at the r a t e of 25 pounds per 1000 sq. f t . of t u r f . If the tobacco dust was passed through a inch mesh sieve giving a certain amount of coarse material the period of control is lengthened. It is important t h a t applications be made when the young nympths are j u s t starting to run. Equal distribution of material is also important. He also stated t h a t the Hairy Chinch Bug attacking turf was not the same as the one that attacks corn and cereals. For control of the sod web worm in greens he stated that they had obtained the best results by the use of pyrethrum at a 1 to 400 dilution or 1 pint to 50 gallons of water. Use one gallon of the dilute material per 1 sq. yd. of t u r f . Dr. O. B. Dodge, Pathologist, N. Y. Botanical Gardens spoke on breeding disease resisting varieties of turf grasses, and the difficulties encountered. Immune varieties a f t e r a time become subject to attack again by what was thought to be reversion to type but what is now thought to be caused by hybridization of the diseases themselves, producing new varieties of the disease. Most f u n g i attacking golf course turf inbreed and therefore are not subject to change. However brown patch is one t h a t does hybridize and f o r m new varieties. Br. Fred Grau, Agronomist, Pennsylvania State College, talked on f a i r w a y fertilization. He stated that the fescues were light feeders, blue-grasses heavy feeders and that the bents came in between. They had obtained the best results in fairway fertilization by the use of an organic and phosphoric acid at the ration of 1 to 2. The type of organic did not matter, milorganite, cotton-seed meal and soy bean meal giving equally good results. He stated t h a t the addition of potash did not seem to be necessary. He also spoke on f a i r w a y renovation. The use of weed killers of various kinds were discussed. He recommended the use of 25 pounds of sand (dry and fine), 10 pounds of complete fertilizer, 1 pound of sodium chlorite, 1 pound of sodium arsenate. F e b r u a r y 9th—1.30 P. M. Subject: "Residual Poisons". Dr. Walter S. Eisenminger, Mass. State College, led the discussion and said in p a r t : All elements alone are toxic to plants. Size of the particles of great significance in toxicity of soils. Toxicity of sands greater than clay. Copper sulphate poured on soil, blue at top, colorless when it comes out at the bottom. Salt is taken out of sea water by passing it through soil. Soil a great reducing agent. Copper, lead and mercury are found in insoluble f o r m s in nature. Only by changing them into soluble forms can they be used as insecticides and fungicides. These changes are done by man. From copper, lead and mercury, if you do not get toxic conditions at the start you never will. They go back to insoluble forms. Organic matter in the soil has a buffer action preventing harm f r o m toxic compounds. If the P. H. of the soil is up plants are not so severly affected by weedicides and fungicides. Lime overcomes the toxicity of poisons. Overdoses of lead and mercury can be helped by lime. Bacteria in the soil affected by More orad More Golf Courses A r e S t a n d a r d i z i n g O n These Y E A R a f t e r y e a r , more and more of the c o u n t r y ' s leading golf courses t u r n to Pennsylvania mowers as standard e q u i p m e n t . T h e y know t h a t these f a m o u s machines t a k e the gamble out of the purchase of m o w i n g e q u i p m e n t , because they lare P R O V E D in every detail and incorp o r a t e every w o r t h - w h i l e f e a t u r e for effic i e n t and economical operation. This y e a r , more t h a n ever before, these t w o P e n n s y l v a n i a s are the greatest d o l l a r - f o r dollar value in golf course mowers. D E L U X E F A I R W A Y — 3 0 & 36 inch sizes. U n b r e a k a b l e malleable iron cons t r u c t i o n . 6 heavy crucible analysis steel blades. T i m k e n roller bearings on c y l i n der, A D J U S T A B L E to t a k e up wear. Raised edge lower b l a d e — R E V E R S I B L E . T r a i n of machine cut hardened gears on B O T H sides, protected by d u s t - p r o o f e d g r e a s e - r e t a i n i n g cases. Steel roller w i t h improved dust-proof hardened steel bearings. P n e u m a t i c t i r e s optional. A v a i l a b l e s i n g l y or in gangs of 3, 5 or 7. T h e 30 inch M O D E L K F A I R W A Y is s i m i l a r in all i m p o r t a n t details to the De L u x e except it is made of C A S T iron, t h e r e f o r e offered a t a lower price. PENNSYLVANIA DE L U X E FAIRWAY SUPER-ROLLER GREENSMOWER— B a l l - b e a r i n g , high-speed 8 - b l a d e cylinder insures a smooth, ribless cut, so essential for a perfect p u t t i n g surface. T r a i n of 3 c u t gears, r u n n i n g in grease, insures an e a s y - p u s h i n g , f a s t - c u t t i n g m o w e r . Castor 'wheels mounted on hardened steel bushings w i t h alemite lubrication. Light w e i g h t a l u m i n u m rollers are i n t e r c h a n g e able, r i g h t or left. Send for Our Latest Catalog PENNSYLVANIA SUPER-ROLLER J O H N J. N Y H A N WOODWORTH BRADLEY, 120 Cypress INC 131 Dorrance GREENSMOWER St., Brookline, St., P r o v i d e n c e , Mass. R. I. toxicity and indirectly affect the plant. This is temporary. Lead becomes lead sulphate, insoluble and does not h u r t anything. Arsenic and copper sometimes stimulate plant growth. The lower the p.h. the greater the amount of alluminum in the soil as alluminum sulphate and iron as iron sulphate, both toxic compounds. Borax or boron in small amounts beneficial, however, overdoses are disastrous and the substance dangerous to handle due to the difficulty in regulating the proper amount. Professor Lawrence S. Dickinson, Mass. State College, summarized Dr. Eisenminger's talk briefly by stating t h a t temporary toxicity might be dangerous, by burning the leaves. Toxicity greater in sands than clays. Organic m a t t e r lessons toxicity. Ammonium sulphate and then fungicides might cause severe trouble. Edward J. Casey of Wykagyl Country Club and John L. Counsell, both greenkeepers, talked briefly on the subject, t h e f o r m e r bringing out points regarding drainage and toxicity, and the latter the temporary stopping of the growth of the grass caused by toxicity. F e b r u a r y 9th—2:45 P. M. Subject: "The Superintendent and His F u t u r e " . Dr. Howard B. Sprague, N. J. Experiment Station, was unable to be present and his paper was read by one of his staff. The high lights were that numerous parks, playgrounds, athletic fields had been laid out and constructed by W. P. A. f u n d s and it was up to the greenkeeping profession to step in and assume the superintending of these projects. He also spoke of how the greenkeeping profession had changed during the last ten years, the f o r m i n g of various short courses, greenkeeper organizations, research on golf t u r f , etc. Fred J. Roth, Plainfteld Country Club; Lester R. Moffitt, Walkill Country Club and Alex H. Reed, Twin Brooks Count r y Club also spoke on the subject and what the national organization could do to help. The total registration f o r the convention was 697. Officers elected at the annual Conference meeting of the Greenkeeping Superintendents Association meeting last month in New York are as follows: Pres., John Gray V. Pres., Harold Stodola Sec. - Treas., A. L. Brandon Directors: Chas. A. Burns Ed. B. Cale Ray Rolffs Robert Pollock Chester Mendenhall The 1941 Conference will be held a t Detroit. Qualifications will start on May 1st, under plans now being f o r m u lated. FROM The THE Road GROUND—UP to Recognition (continued f r o m December issue) b y C. K. BRADLEY J a n u a r y 20, 1960. Dear David: I've been sitting here reminiscing over the past t w e n t y years and thought I'd write you. How times and conditions have changed f o r us Captains of Course Upkeep! It's too bad t h a t many of our old f r i e n d s have passed to Verdantland-Beyond too soon to see t h e mistakes made by not all working in harmony. Now that our population curve has reached its peak, it is an esteemed title to be called "oíd". We are like the forest trees that grow great f r o m roots in the ground, and with the passing of years reach upwards. Thus are we of seasoned lives regarded by y o u t h f u l striplings of today. It has not always been so, Dave. When we were rather young, some of our elder colleagues, by effort and achievement, e a r n e d our admiration. o t h e r s demanded respect to dogmatic ways and negative attitudes. These were ignored or ridiculed. There is an old gardners' adage, "If an undesirable plant is removed, put something better in its place." What a beautiful turf garden we have today! There was a time when some men would condemn as unfit, certain growths of thought. T h a t was, and still is, our privilege. But as sons of the soil, it is not p r a c t i c a l to leave ground bare so t h a t weeds of words would again grow there. Good turf management, among other things, calls f o r weeding and reseeding to something better. Our turf solidarity now is due to the practice of men who would weed out a thought if they felt it unworthy and offer an altern a t i v e — b e t t e r — i n its place. As greenkeeping is largely a state of mind, we have, in this way, flourished. 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