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Quality is never an accident. It is always
the result of intelligent effort. There must be
will to produce a superior article.
- J o h n Ruskin.

OCTOBER
194©

This N E W S L E T T E R
is published
monthly by the Greenkeepers Club of
New England, and sent f r e e to its members and their Green's Chairmen. Subscription price t e n cents a copy, or a
dollar a y e a r .
GUY C. W E S T
Editor
32 T h i r d St., W e s t B a r r i n g t o n , R. I.

G E O R G E J . ROMMELL, J R .
Business Mgr.
54 E d d y St., W e s t N e w t o n ,

October, 1940

Mass.

Vol. 12, No. 10

Contributing Editors
Homer Darling
R. A. Mitchell
Howard F a r r a n t
Charles P a r k e r
F r a n k Wilson
The ideas and opinions expressed
in
the subject
matter
of this
NEWSLETTER
are not necessarily
those of
the Editor or the members of the club
as a whole.
H E I G H T OF CUT OF PUTTING
GREENS
by F r a n k l i n H a m m o n d
A good p u t t i n g s u r f a c e of turf is
smooth, u n i f o r m in t e x t u r e , s o f t enough
to hold a shot b u t not s o f t enough to
leave f o o t p r i n t s to bother the following
players.
One of the chief c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s
t o w a r d s bringing this condition about is
t h e height of t h e cut. The r i g h t kind of
grass crowded on the g r e e n and cut at
a height of % " m u s t stand up. A sharp
mower properly a d j u s t e d will cut this
u p r i g h t grass smoothly thus bringing
a b o u t the first condition above noted,
Smoothness.
T h e r e a r e m a n y kinds of grass which
will not stand close cutting and f o r
other reasons are not desirable in a
g r e e n . These types a r e thus eliminated
by close c u t t i n g m a k i n g more room f o r
t h e desirable kinds and limiting to some
e x t e n t the n u m b e r of varieties. A green
having one v a r i e t y only has the best
chance of being u n i f o r m in t e x t u r e ,
t h e r e f o r e close mowing again helps to
produce a good g r e e n by eliminating the
n u m b e r of varieties of grass and helping
to control undesirable plants in the
green.
Short, stiff blades of grass resist
b e n d i n g and spring back into place as

soon as pressure on t h e m is released.
This slows up the ball as it strikes the
g r e e n and gives b e t t e r grip to the back
spin. In this way a g r e e n can have all
the ball-breaking or speed r e t a r d i n g
qualities necessary without keeping the
soil s o f t and wet. F o o t p r i n t s cannot
persist on a g r e e n with short, stiff blades
of grass. Once again, close cutting cont r i b u t e s to a good g r e e n s u r f a c e by
making it s o f t b u t not wet.
Many t u r f growers believe t h a t a
q u a r t e r inch cut is h a r m f u l to the health
of t u r f because of a loss of leaf s u r f a c e .
No doubt this is t r u e to some e x t e n t
b u t a close cut grass stock will b r a n c h
and produce several leaves f r o m the
same crown w h e r e a s if l e f t long b u t
one or two long leaves will be produced.
If this is so, t h e leaf s u r f a c e is not reduced as much as some would like to
have us believe. T h e r e are some greens
which have been m a i n t a i n e d a t a % "
cut f o r t e n y e a r s which show no signs
of dying out.
All grasses a t times show very uneven g r o w t h even in p u r e strains due to
various reasons with which we are not
concerned in this discussion. F o r example, here in n o r t h e a s t e r n Massachusetts the last two spring seasons have
been r a t h e r poor f o r early s t a r t i n g of
grass. Greens and lawns w e r e v e r y uneven. Close c u t t i n g helped to make the
p u t t i n g s u r f a c e of g r e e n s smooth and
u n i f o r m , where a cut of five sixteenth
or over seemed to i n t e n s i f y the uneveness of the grass.
The backward
g r o w t h did not come on and the more
vigorous grass seemed to stand out
more t h a n b e f o r e cutting.
It is t h e opinion of the w r i t e r t h a t
g r e e n s cut at 14" with a variation of
not over one s i x t y - f o u r t h of an inch
above or below this figure will give
b e t t e r player satisfaction and can be
more easily and economically m a i n t a i n e d
t h a n with any other height of cut. They
should be " b r o u g h t u p " on this prog r a m f r o m the first if possible. Once
the cut has been b r o u g h t to t 4 " it
should be kept t h e r e t h r o u g h o u t the
season.
The following m a i n t e n a n c e p r o g r a m
will keep a g r e e n healthy with a
"
cut.
The grass plants produced f r o m the
original seeding (or stolons) are of
little use a f t e r the first season. Examin a t i o n of a plug f r o m an old green will
show t h a t the g r e e n s u r f a c e of ten y e a r s
ago is two or more inches below the
p r e s e n t level of the green.
Those
original plants are now well on their

way t o w a r d s m a k i n g h u m u s f o r the
g r e e n of t o d a y to f e e d upon.
If t h e r e a d e r agrees with the above
t h e n he should agree t h a t we never
have old greens, b u t t h a t we are cont i n u a l l y p r o d u c i n g new g r e e n s on the
same area. Grass plants r e p r o d u c e f r o m
seeds or stolons (over or u n d e r ground
shoots). The chances of growth f r o m
seeds in an established g r e e n u n d e r playing conditions are slim. Conditions are
f a r f r o m being even poor f o r seeds to
develop here. The g r e e n grows or keeps
itself in condition chiefly f r o m stolons
produced f r o m the older plants.
Considering f r o m now on t h e grass
plants which r e p r o d u c e over g r o u n d
shoots, or r u n n e r s , or stolons, as you
please, these stolons, to m a k e r o o t
growth, must be kept green, be covered
with moist soil a t various p a r t s of the
r u n n e r s , and be firmly held.
This condition can be produced by
c u t t i n g the grass short.
The s o f t e r
blades will be laid down, f r e q u e n t mowings will keep t h e m pressed down. A
light top dressing well brushed in will
cover m a n y such r u n n e r s . This dressing should be of poor quality light,
sandy loam, not much organic m a t t e r
in it and of poor f e r t i l i t y value. C r a z y !
Probably. B u t consider the greenhouse
plant grower. H e s t a r t s his cuttings in
sand, because it packs closely a r o u n d
the stalks, and is not easily moved thus
helping root development. Compost or
top dressing rich in h u m u s packs when
it is w e t and u n d e r the p r e s s u r e of a
m a n ' s foot, b u t when the pressure is
released the p a r t l y decomposed soil or
compost expands, lets in the air, dries
out, and stops root development f r o m
stolons. For this reason top dressing
rich in h u m u s is not desirable. The decomposing grass plants of other years
mixed with f r e q u e n t light top dressings
will keep the g r e e n supplied with all
the organic m a t t e r needed.
Organic
m a t t e r in the top dressing will make
the g r e e n s o f t and uneven on the surf a c e . Excess w a t e r will be r e t a i n e d ,
t h e grass will grow s o f t and weak,
m a k i n g a condition j u s t r i g h t f o r disease to develop.
Undesirable thick
r o o t m a t s will be f o r m e d close to the
surface.
Top dressing poor in f e r t i l i t y is desirable in order t h a t the g r e e n k e e p e r
m a y know how much f e e d i n g the g r e e n
is g e t t i n g because he will apply all the
f e r t i l i z e r needed, when it is needed.
T h e r e is n o t h i n g more u p s e t t i n g to good
g r e e n s m a i n t e n a n c e t h a n to have cert a i n w e a t h e r conditions release unex-

pected f e r t i l i t y j u s t a f t e r a light f e e d ing has been applied b u t b e f o r e it becomes effective. Man-made compost is
poor dressing f o r greens. I t s f e r t i l i z e r
value is unknown, how soon, and how
much of this kind of fertilizer m a y be
released u n d e r unexpected w e a t h e r conditions cannot be foretold. Keep it off
the greens and save yourself a headache.
The top inch of the g r e e n is all imp o r t a n t ; below t h a t the chief r e q u i r e m e n t is drainage. This type of green
will r e q u i r e less w a t e r b u t more f r e quent light watering. Apply j u s t enough
w a t e r to t a k e care of the top inch, and
no more. F r e q u e n t applications does
not mean g r e a t e r cost. The sprinkling
e q u i p m e n t of t o d a y is excellent. The
g r e e n k e e p e r has a wide choice of such
equipment and can easily and cheaply
equip his course to give the above suggested f r e q u e n t light w a t e r i n g s a t less
cost t h a n where the usual heavy night
applications are in use.
With such a p r o g r a m of m a i n t e n a n c e
the acidity of the soil is of little importance. We are constantly building
up new greens, new soil, and new grass.
The active and i m p o r t a n t p a r t of t h e
g r e e n (the top inch) does not have
time to become acid b e f o r e it is l e f t
behind in the steady rebuilding of the
green.
Close cutting, c a r e f u l feeding, f r e quent topdressing and light w a t e r i n g
keep new g r a s s plants coming all the
time. The poor strains are eliminated
and the t u r f is b e t t e r as the years go
by.
The system works, as Ripley says—"believe it or n o t " .
The height of cut f o r bowling g r e e n s
p r e s e n t s quite a different problem f r o m
t h a t of p u t t i n g greens.
The bowl rolls on the ground or dirt
s u r f a c e of the green, n o t on the ends
of the grass blades. The grass acts only
as a b r e a k or resisting m a t e r i a l to help
give the bowl more " d r a w . " F o r this
reason the grass, if not crowded close
in the green, must be cut a t a height of
% ".
W i t h velvet bent this height of cut
can be reduced as soon as the green has
become thick enough b u t with the more
open types of grass t h e longer cut m u s t
be maintained.
Velvet b e n t on a bowling g r e e n will
become very weedy if cut at more t h a n
% " . With this grass as soon as t h e
g r e e n has thickened u p the cut should

be g r a d u a l l y b r o u g h t down to % " and
kept there.
The longer c u t will m a k e the g r e e n
look bad j u s t in f r o n t of the " m a t , " due
to t h e bruised condition caused b y the
bowl as it is delivered.
J u s t a word in r e g a r d to topdressing
on the bowling green. The g r e e n m u s t
be as n e a r level as possible and very
firm. A dressing with plenty of organic
m a t t e r in it will m a k e the g r e e n s o f t
and uneven which will present a poor
bowling s u r f a c e . Also such a g r e e n will
be slow to d r y out and delay the rolling
operation, with a h e a v y (1500 lb.)
roller, which is very essential to a good
bowling s u r f a c e .
R. I. FIELD DAY
The Eleventh A n n u a l Field Day f o r
Greenkeepers and others interested in
t u r f culture was held a t the R. I. Exp e r i m e n t Station on September 23rd.
The usual inspection trip to the t u r f
plots was in charge of Dr. Odland, Dr.
D e F r a n c e , and Dr. Erwin. Many new
e x p e r i m e n t s are u n d e r way, and the
older experiments are being carried
along until definite conclusions can be
Following lunch, Dr. B. E . Gilbert
p r e s e n t e d Dr. Odland to a c t as toastin cist 6r
Sec.'Charles H a r t l e y of the R. I. Golf
Association b r o u g h t greetings of t h a t
association.
Past-president Ralph Rooks of the
R. I. G. A. spoke on " A Golfer's Idea
of an Ideal Golf Course".
Dr. F. L. H o w a r d discussed " F u m i g a tion of Compost f o r P e s t and Weed
Control."
A r t h u r Dexter, a g r a d u a t e of R. I.
S t a t e in 1940 gave some i n t e r e s t i n g
d a t a concerning experiments on the use
of various chemicals and f e r t i l i z e r s in
h e a t i n g compost f o r weed control.
The usual discussion period was led
by Dr. D e F r a n c e .
At the a n n u a l m e e t i n g of the R. I.
Greenkeepers' Association, the officers
elected w e r e : President, Oscar Chapm a n ; Vice President, P a t r i c k T a m e o ;
Secretary, Dr. D e F r a n c e ; and Treasu r e r , Martin Greene. P e r c y J. Boynton
of Beaver Tail G. C. was elected to
membership.
Following t h e r e g u l a r p r o g r a m of the
day, m a n y w e n t to the P o i n t J u d i t h
C. C., to play and inspect the Piper velvet greens there.

WOODRUFF FIELD DAY
P a r t of a letter f r o m C. W. Baker of
F. H. Woodruff & Sons describes the
a n n u a l Field Day held on the Turf Plots
a t Milford, Conn, on S e p t e m b e r 3rd.
As f o r the Field Day itself, the object
is to a c q u a i n t our dealers and their
customers, also any consumer type of
customer which we m a y have, namely
r e c r e a t i o n , c e m e t e r y and p a r k superint e n d e n t s ; golf course greenkeepers, etc.
as to w h a t we are doing on t u r f investigation. W e have never a t t e m p t e d to
compete with the average experiment
station, nor do we a t t e m p t to have all
of the detailed i n f o r m a t i o n which they
glean f r o m their various efforts, however, b e i n g a commercial seedhouse we
have always f e l t t h a t the customer was
entitled to t r y on t h e suit b e f o r e he
b o u g h t it, and as a result w e have j u s t
about every grass t h a t is commercially
available, and m a n y t h a t are not, as
well as combinations which we sell as
commercial t r a d e brands, all growing
u n d e r n o r m a l growing conditions.
In
t u r n we have t h e m u n d e r various types
of m a i n t e n a n c e to see what they will do.
In all we have something over 200
plots of grass, and each y e a r we t r y to
have one day when everyone is welcome
to come and go over these trials as a
group. Usually we s t a r t the m e e t i n g a t
eleven o'clock and it r e q u i r e s approxim a t e l y two h o u r s to go over the trials
and t h e y t h e n have a hot chicken dinner, p u t on by our caterer, in the big
t e n t . Music is available and d u r i n g the
a f t e r n o o n they can go out on inspection t r i p s of t h e trials and our equipm e n t used in m a i n t a i n i n g these, or to
our stimulating r e f r e s h m e n t b a r .
We had a p p r o x i m a t e l y 285 fellows
here this year, and a good time was observed by all.

A l e t t e r f r o m Director R a y Koon of
t h e W a l t h a m Field Station tells us t h a t
" t h r o u g h the efforts of H a r r y Hood and
t h e g e n e r o s i t y of Orville Clapper, our
much delayed mower was provided us
f o r c u t t i n g our f a i r w a y . " Most of our
r e a d e r s will realize t h a t this r e f e r s to
the e x p e r i m e n t a l f a i r w a y s t a r t e d a t the
W a l t h a m Station with f u n d s appropriated b y the Greenkeepers Club. We
are indebted to Mr. Hood and Mr.
Clapper f o r this help in keeping the
work alive until f u r t h e r f u n d s are available.

n

DOES IT PAY TO MAINTAIN
YOUR OWN SHOP?
By E a r l A. P o l h a m u s
A lot has been w r i t t e n concerning
shop equipment and methods of overhauling machinery. The big question is
"Does it pay to have y o u r own s h o p ? "
I believe t h a t it does.
W o r k sent out has to be waited f o r
if the shop h a p p e n s to be busy. They
have to p a y shop help, r e n t , light and
f o r equipment to overhaul a g r e a t m a n y
different kinds of machinery. All this
creates a large overhead expense.
D u r i n g t h e first f e w years, f a i r w a y
mowers do not need to be t o r n down
every year, every other year is enough.
T h e y should be g r o u n d every winter or
when overhauling t a k e s place and the
bed knives replaced if necessary.
Greens mowers should be t a k e n a p a r t ,
cleaned and reassembled every winter
b u t not g r o u n d unless necessary. Bed
knives to be replaced as they w e a r out,
even if it is in the middle of the season,
as this is only a short job.
The life of a mower can be looked
at in two ways depending on the care
it receives. A mower receiving good
care will give good results as long as
t h e r e is w e a r in the reel. I should say
a b o u t eight or nine years, on the other
hand, a mower with poor care will not
last over f o u r or five years. A mower
ceases to be an asset w h e n two or m o r e of
the following things become noticeable;
pawl sockets become sloppy t h r o u g h
wear, ends of roller s h a f t cut t h r o u g h
a large p a r t of the carrier casting,
g r e a s e can n o t be kept in the housing,
reel becomes worn too quick, loose keyways and wheels worn smooth. Mowers
r e a d y f o r t h e j u n k pile have all these
faults.
In equipping your own shop the
things to be considered a r e : available
space, light, power, handiness to water,
a chimney so t h a t h e a t can be provided
a n d the necessary tools. A space t w e n t y
by t h i r t y is large enough if it is h a n d y
to a storage space w h e r e the equipment
can be stored as it is overhauled. The
following should also be
provided:
T a n k s w h e r e p a r t s can be washed, a
floor drain f o r washing with w a t e r , a
g r i n d e r t h a t will t a k e machines u p to
thirty-six inch reels, a lapping machine
to back off machines with emery, an
electric or power drill, vise, gear pullers
and an a s s o r t m e n t of small tools is

a b o u t all the equipment
necessary.
Other equipment can be added as
needed.
To overhaul and sharpen mowers it
is not necessary to have an e x p e r t mechanic b u t a c a r e f u l one. If care is
t a k e n and a machine is properly set up
in the grinder, a mower will not be
spoiled, but a little carelessness will
r u i n a mower in a h u r r y . Get a f a i r
mechanic who is c a r e f u l and who does
not h u r r y on a tedious job and practice will do the rest. He will always
learn something no m a t t e r how long he
is at the game.
In overhauling mowers be sure t h a t
t h e bearings are t i g h t so t h a t there is
no looseness in t h e m no m a t t e r how
slight and t h a t they r u n f r e e without
binding. Never replace one ball in a
race. Always replace all of them. Replacing one in a race of worn balls gives
the reel an eccentric motion, the reel
never h i t t i n g the bed k n i f e with t h e
same reel blade. Be sure t h a t y o u r
mower is in line and not racked. This
can be done by assembling on a p e r f e c t ly flat s u r f a c e . This does not include
f a i r w a y mowers as they can not be p u t
t o g e t h e r out of line. Do y o u r mowers
right, if it does cost a little more and a
t r o u b l e f r e e season will follow with a
minimum breakdown, b a r r i n g accidents.
Greens mowers should be serviced
when they s t a r t to t e a r t h e grass, if
setting up the bed k n i f e fails to r e m e d y
the f a u l t . Refinishing with emery is all
t h a t is required unless the reel bevel is
w o r n off, t h e n t h e y should be ground.
A flat blade with no bevel pushes h a r d
and does not do a good job. On g r e e n s
mowers height of cut should be checked
a t least once a month.
I find t h a t
g r i n d i n g compound made with e m e r y
and soap cuts f a s t e r t h a n emery and
oil and washes off with w a t e r where with
oil it is necessary to wash with gasoline
b e f o r e washing with w a t e r , thereby saving quite a lot of time.
R e p a i n t i n g is best done with compressed air. A f a i r w a y mower can be
painted in a b o u t eleven m i n u t e s and do
a good job w h e r e it takes a t least an
h o u r and a half to do an u n t i d y job
with a brush.
Do not f o r g e t to use p l e n t y of oil
and grease on any piece of equipment.
B e t t e r use too much t h a n too little.
Care should be t a k e n on greens mowers
b u t w h a t little m a y drip or r u n out on
a f a i r w a y makes little difference.
Oil
and grease are cheaper t h a n new machinery.

T r a c t o r overhauling is not much of
an item with the newer models. Carbon
gives the largest a m o u n t of trouble.
Grass juices cause a lot of r u s t and
corrosion on t h e f r a m e work.
This
should be scraped off and r e p a i n t e d
every year.
T h e n t h e r e are all the odds and ends
of equipment used on a golf course to
be repaired, cleaned and painted such
as distance markers, tee m a r k e r s , greens
poles, screens, fertilizer s p r e a d e r s and
sprayers. H a n d e q u i p m e n t such as r a k e s
to be r e p a i r e d and a n u m b e r of small
tools sharpened.
I believe t h a t a small welding outfit
would be an asset. A mechanic does not
have to be an expert welder to do simple
welding, and t h e r e is a lot of t h a t a t
times if a machine were available.
Machinery k e p t in good condition
will do b e t t e r work, more efficiently and
economically and save time and money
in the long r u n .
OCTOBER MEETING
The October meeting was held at the
Norfolk Golf Club on t h e 7th. There
were d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of mowing equipm e n t in the morning.
Prizes in the m e m b e r - c h a i r m a n best
ball t o u r n a m e n t were a w a r d e d t o :
1st net, N. Bruno, H. Crossley, 67.
2nd net, S. Braio, H. Doyle, 68 net.
In the t o u r n a m e n t f o r m e m b e r s without p a r t n e r , t h e following won prizes:
H. Mitchell, 92-70.
E. Hansen, 92-72.
A. J. Sperandio, 84-72.
E. Maura, 97-72.
The next and last t o u r n a m e n t of the
season will be held on Oct. 28th, a t the
Meadowbrook G. C.
P a u l Hayden, Chr.
Golf Committee.
" A m e r i c a is the Land of O p p o r t u n i t y
and maybe t h a t accounts f o r so much
knocking."

President
Secretary
Treasurer
Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,
Chairman,

RULES THAT WE SHOULD
DISREGARD
The value and r e p u t a t i o n of an
organization depends almost entirely
upon the calibre of its members. A
m e m b e r who is active, u s e f u l and really
interested in the w e l f a r e of his organization does NOT observe the following
rules.
1. Do not a t t e n d the m e e t i n g s ;
when you pay y o u r dues you fulfill
your obligations to the Club.
2. Do not make a m o t i o n ; if you
have a constructive idea, don't express
it, w a i t until a f t e r the meeting.
3. Do not discuss a motion f r o m the
floor;
talk it over confidentially with
t h e m e m b e r n e x t to you in a tone t h a t
is audible across the room.
4. Do not bother to v o t e ; if a motion is carried and t h e n does not prove
beneficial, you can say you did n o t vote
f o r it.
5. Do not serve on a n y committees;
if you a r e not on the committee it is
much easier to criticise it.
6. Do not contribute articles to your
club p a p e r ; w h a t do you think the edit o r is f o r ?
7. Do n o t obtain the floor u n d e r a n y
circumstances; let a f e w of t h e members do all of the business t h e n you can
say the club is operated by a clique.
8. Do n o t boost your profession or
y o u r club; it is much easier to broadcast their f a u l t s .
J o h n L. Counsell.
P r o f e s s o r Lawrence S. Dickinson of
t h e Mass. S t a t e College writes us the
following advance notice of interest to
all our r e a d e r s :
" T h e a n n u a l Recreation C o n f e r e n c e
is to be held March 14, 15, and 16,
(1941) and in connection with it, we
will hold the usual exhibition."
We believe t h a t the holding of the
exhibition will add its usual value to
the Conference, which is always h e l p f u l
and i n t e r e s t i n g to those a t t e n d i n g .

OFFICERS'
DIRECTORY
J o h n Counsell, 5 Ellsworth Rd., Peabody,
Philip Cassidy, N e e d h a m Golf Club, Needham,
F r a n k Wilson, Charles River C. C., Newton Centre,
E n t e r . Comm
N. Sperandio, 90 Brinsmead St., Marlboro,
Golf Comm
P a u l Hayden, 81 Orange St., W a l t h a m ,
W e l f a r e Comm
Lloyd Stott, Meadowbrook G. C., Reading,
Employ. Comm. . . A r t h u r Anderson, 358 F u l l e r St., West Newton,
Trustees
P a u l C. W a n b e r g , 17 E d d y St., W a l t h a m ,
N E W S L E T T E R officers, see page two.

Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.

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