KMW§ [LEWER
RECENT TURF EXPERIMENTS
DEPRESSION

IN NEW

MAINTENANCE

APRIL
1933

JERSEY

vironment. Superstition, prejudice, and
credulity will be overcome.
Men of the future will look back at
the present as a time of civil strife,
when brother fought brother, while both
were vulnerable to the common enemy;
but also as a beginning of rebellion
against this stupidity, and as a period
312 Mt. P l e a s a n t St., Fall River, Mass.
of transition from the old age to the
HOWARD D. FARRANT Business Mgr. new.
ARTHUR E. MORGAN,
132 R u s s e r t Rd., W e s t Roxbury, Mass.
(Pres. of Antioch College)
April, 1933
Vol. 5, No. 4

This NEWSLETTER is published
monthly by the Greenkeepers Club of
New England, and sent free to its members and their Greens' Chairmen. Subscription price ten cents a copy, or a
dollar a year.
GUY C. WEST
Editor

THE F U T U R E OF GOOD WILL

In the universal competition for survival and increase, what chance has
good will? In the long run it has every
chance. Good will, like all ethical
action, is best in the light of its total
consequences.
A man may sometimes profit by
selfishness and greed, but if his neighbors have the same policy, internal dissentions will weaken that social group.
It will lose ground before a society
made up of men of good will who give
their united strength to the common
good. The men of ill will ultimately
will fail, along with the society they
have weakened. A community is strongest only when men of good will greatly
predominate, and thereupon they will
undertake the complete elimination of
ill will and greed as a needless social
waste.
This picture, while greatly over-simplified, is true and representative for the
long run. Good will toward men is not
a quixotic dream. It is the rule of
economy, effectiveness, and power, and
fate fights for it.
THE NEW COMPETITION

The old law of growth, expansion, and
competition will not be annulled.
Energy of increasing life forever seeks
expression. But the nature of the contest will change. With increasing wisdom, men will more clearly distinguish
friend from foe.
Men will fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty, and not against each
other. They will combat selfishness,
privilege, greed, and hate. They will
free themselves from the constant pressure of blind increase of population.
They will war against crime, feeblemindedness, and insanity. They will attack every blight of inheritance and en-

RECENT TURF
IN N E W

EXPERIMENTS
JERSEY

B y H o w a r d B.

Sprague

(Abstract of Address Before the New
England Greenkeepers Association)
April 3, 1933
Root Studies

Root studies conducted at the New
Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
indicate that at least half of the root
systems of turf grasses are regenerated
each year during the spring months.
The ability of such species as Kentucky
bluegrass to develop early top growth,
is the result of the formation of roots
at comparatively low soil temperatures,
which permits early absorption of water
and nutrients. The minimum temperature at which root growth begins is
peculiar to each species, but may be
modified by soil conditions, rich soils
encouraging earlier growth than poor
soils. Since a large part of the root
system of grasses is formed in spring,
conditions that are unfavorable to extensive development and occupation of
the soil at this period will affect the
growth of the turf plants for the rest
of the season.
Poor drainage, excessive amounts of
soluble nitrogenous fertilizers and
puddled soil structure are now known
to limit root penetration. Data were
presented to show the effect of close
mowing on root development. Regular
mowing at a length of 1 inch did not
restrict root development of Kentucky
blue grass, whereas similar treatment
adversely affected the root system of
redtop. Although Colonial bent, creeping bent and velvet bent are tolerant
of close mowing, the quantity and depth
of roots in these species was considerably reduced under regular clipping at
k inch as compared with mowing at a
% inch length. The greatest difference
in root occupation of soil produced by
x

the height of cutting occurred below
the 4th inch, with putting green turf
making scant use of the soil below this
depth.
W a t e r Absorption B y Turf Soils

Investigations in New Jersey on the
response of turf grasses to soil conditions, indicated that soil acidity greater
than that represented by a pH. 5. 5,
prevented decay of grass roots which
normally die each year. The combined
effect of high soil acidity and accumulated dead roots produces the so-called
"sod-bound" condition of turf. On
sod-bound areas the entrance of water
is greatly retarded, and such areas
therefore suffer chronically from
drought even in periods of normal rainfall.
Field plots with a pH. of 5.3 or lower
required 6 to 8 times as long a period
for absorption of a unit volume of water
as adjoining plots with mild soil acidity.
As a result of slow absorption and
large run-off losses of water, the acid
plots suffered greatly from drought.
Excessive acidity in these tests was produced by the regular use of such materials as sulfate of ammonia, ammophos, urea, and sulfur.
Spike discing of impervious turf was
exceedingly difficult because of its low
soil moisture content, and required long
soaking before the treatment could be
made effective. Although spike discing
temporarily increased the permeability
of sod-bound turf, liming is regarded
as a more certain and satisfactory
method of overcoming the harmful
properties of such soils. Since the injurious effects are primarily associated
with the soil, the use of acid tolerant
grasses will not eliminate the difficulty.
T o x i c E f f e c t s of A m m o n i a N i t r o g e n

In both field plot tests and carefully
controlled greenhouse experiments, ammonia nitrogen proved to be actually
toxic to bent grass in the presence of
strong acidity. On the contrary, nitrate
nitrogen was an entirely satisfactory
form of nitrogen for the growth of bent
turf under acid conditions. With mild
acidity, little or no direct injury to
Colonial bent could be detected from
the use of sulfate of ammonia in
moderate amounts. There appeared to
be far less danger of poisoning from
heavy applications of nitrate of soda
than from sulfate of ammonia, particularly on acid soils.
These experiments are not interpreted as meaning that sulfate of am-

monia is unsuitable for fertilizing turf,
but rather that it must be used carefully. The application of limited
amounts of this fertilizer, at fairly frequent intervals should be entirely satisfactory on putting greens, provided the
development of strong soil acidity is
avoided. Although heavy feeding with
any soluble nitrogen fertilizer tends to
produce a soft tender growth and restrict root development, the unlimited
use of sulfate of ammonia is more apt
to prove disastrous than similar applications of nitrate fertilizer.
DEPRESSION

MAINTAINENCE

(Paper presented by Guy C. West at
Braeburn Meeting, Feb. 27th)
Fourteen years ago, Golf in this country began to increase in popularity, and
each year since that time a greater
number of people have taken up the
game. To provide for this increasing
number of golfers, new golf courses
were constructed, and old courses remodelled. Golfers began to demand
better playing conditions, and large
sums of money were spent annually in
maintaining these golf courses in satisfactory condition. To produce the desired results, greens committees engaged men trained in the work to supervise these expensive golf courses. With
the additional amount of money at their
disposal, greenkeepers and others interested in turf culture introduced finer
playing conditions than had ever been
obtained before. Fine and highly cultivated grasses came, bringing new problems and diseases, which required much
thought and expense. New machinery
was made available, which made it possible to groom the courses better than
ever before. We all have noticed this
upward trend, and must keep it in mind
during this discussion, for the golfers
have been educated thru this period to
a high standard of maintainence.
We can all realize that there is little
comparison between the conditions of
the golf courses of today and those of
fifteen years ago. It is probably true
that some money was wasted in the
past, but even before this present Depression, an economy program had
struck golf course maintainence at most
clubs. We believe that greenkeepers
anticipated before anyone else the necessity for getting golf course maintainence costs as low as was consistent with

the resources and demands of their individual clubs. The greenkeeper has
always been accustomed to close supervision of the expenses on the golf
course, and has invited it; but, we advise as close supervision of other departments of the club.
In this discussion we are mainly interested in the golf course, but it must
be remembered that the average greenkeeper has under his supervision other
game areas, the club house grounds
with its lawns, shrubbery, trees, roads,
walks, etc., and often other work. In
many clubs the budget is not presented
as a golf course maintenence budget,
but rather as a Grounds Budget, and
the greenkeeper must maintain these
other areas as well as the golf course
out of this budget. However, in most
country clubs here in New England the
golf course is by far the most important
item in such a budget.
In this discussion it is our intention
not only to suggest certain ways to save,
but also to point out certain points
where it will be wise to proceed with
care unless there are to be costly results.
There are various angles to the subject of golf course costs. One angle is
to divide the costs into labor, and supplies and equipment. Probably from 7585% of the average golf course budget
is for labor.
Let us consider this human factor
which we call labor. Usually we feel
that labor is a fairly cheap commodity,
easily replaced. We agree that labor
has been a cheap commodity. Golf
course labor has not enjoyed the inflated
wages of the past few years and yet
is not common labor. The experienced
man on a golf course is skilled to a
high degree in certain specialties peculiar to his work, and in general he is
versatile, adaptable, and willing to a
surprising degree. This is decidedly
out of the ordinary when we realize
that his wage has been no more, and
often less, than a ditch digger, and his
wage earning period in any one year
is considerably less than twelve full
months. Probably nine working months
out of a possible twelve is putting the
employed period quite high, and yet we
expect him to return year after year
with no extra inducements for loyalty,
faithfulness, and high value to the continued economical maintainence of any
golf course.
Where too little wages are paid, the
men working on the course do not return each year, and each year brings

its quota of men to train to golf course
work. The necessity of training a new
crew each year is reflected in the condition of the course. There is always the
fact to face that a workman ignorant of
golf course conditions may ruin an expensive green, mishandle equipment,
and he is sure to waste much time. No
business can be conducted successfully
by men who know little or nothing
about it. To keep the same men year
after year, providing they are good
workmen, is sound economy.
When we talk of making major savings thru wage reduction are we not
planning questionable economies? A
wage cut which is very appreciable to
the individual is so small when set up
against total cost as to be hardly appreciable, and yet this individual cut is
very liable to have a very decided bearing on the morale. We feel that when
wage cuts must be put into effect, careful thought must be given to the cuts,
and a careful scaling down of all employees in proportion to their total
yearly earnings and perquisites shall be
set up, and not as is the custom, an
arbitrary cut.
It is often possible to keep the majority of the workmen year after year
by finding them work during the winter
months at some club member's business.
If there is work at the club during the
winter months with winter sports, etc.,
a stagger plan, or working the men
three or four days a week, so that each
will get some work, will often prove
successful.
The number of men employed on an
average 18 hole golf course has decreased steadily the last few years. At
the Amherst Conference in 1930 the
sentiment was that twelve men were
necessary, but the following year this
number had dropped to ten. This past
season many courses were maintained
with a less number. To reduce further
in many cases is impossible.
The purchase of all supplies and
equipment should be governed by the
n e e d ; only those items actually needed
should be bought. It is sound economy
to buy standard, tested products. Cut
prices are usually an indication that
someone wishes to unload quickly, often do not denote quality nor economy.
It is the knowing of h o w , w h e n , and
w h e r e to buy that saves the money. In
this connection, we believe that any
greenkeeper worthy of the name is
vitally interested in producing the very
best possible results from the money
spent. In other words he is more

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anxious than any other employee or any
member of a club in making each dollar
spent return 100 cents of value. We
therefore feel that it is an imposition
on his rights, as well as being inefficient,
to take from him all authority to exercise his judgement in the purchase of
supplies and equipment. It is not absolutely necessary that he be allowed
to place the orders, but no purchase of
supplies or equipment should be made
without getting his opinion, and this
opinion should have very great weight.
We condemn the policy of any club official or member exerting influence on a
Greenkeeper to secure the purchase of
a particular piece of equipment or to
favor any one particular firm. We believe that a club will benefit if the responsibility of purchasing is put squarely on the shoulders of its greenkeeper,
and we do not hesitate to say that when
such a responsibility is placed, time will
prove that confidence of the club has
not been misplaced.
One of the largest items of expense
is often fertilizer. To attempt to cut
drastically in the amount spent for
fertilizer is often very unwise. The
prices of various fertilizing materials
are low at this time and most clubs can
buy their requirements at a low cost
as compared to a few years ago. The
question of how far can fertilizer be
eliminated from the budget depends entirely upon the individual club, its soil,
its past fertilizing program, whether
fertilizer was used last year or not, and
if so, what kind. It is difficult to keep
good greens without fertilizer. Fairways which have been fed regularly
may be skipped; they will not improve,
but will not suffer greatly if we are
fortunate enough to get a wet season.
The item of equipment is of major
importance in the maintainence of a
golf course. Many club officials are
in favor of trying to make worn-out or
nearly worn-out equipment last another
season. This policy is usually disastrous,
for if the equipment gives out in the
middle of the season, the delay may
prove very expensive. Then too, the
repair bill on this type of equipment
may be very excessive. It does not pay
to try to keep costs down with wornout equipment when wisdom calls for
replacement.
The keeping of all equipment in repair is absolutely necessary for economy
of operation. The repairs may be made
at the club shop or at a recognized service station; this is a point for the indi-

vidual club to decide. However, all
equipment must be kept in efficient repair.
Labor saving machinery, so-called,
will save money in some instances.
Power mowers are often useful for
mowing tees, and around greens. On
the greens, they are still an unknown
quantity. The rapidity of the cutting
may be proved, but the cumulative effects to the turf by the weight, continuous pounding, slipping, etc. may tell
a different story in a few years. The
question to consider seems to be •— is
the lower labor cost sufficient justification for their use?
It might be well for us to consider
another angle. Given a good layout,
what constitutes a good golf course?
Briefly, g r e e n s without blemish, weed
free, disease free, grub free, worm free,
ant free, free from ball marks, the
grass being of fine texture, without
nap, with a true surface on which the
ball runs smoothly without deviation
into a well-set cup; t e e s which are level,
with a continuous surface of grass, not
slippery; f a i r w a y s with a continuous
grass surface, free from divots, on
which wherever the ball lands, the golfer obtains a good lie; t r a p s with a good
depth of sand, free from foot prints,
banks free from holes; r o u g h well kept
so that a ball can be easily found, but
hard enough to penalize a poor shot.
These, with sufficient equipment, kept
in repair, a well trained crew of men,
fertilizer, seed, chemicals, etc. in sufficient quantity, and a greenkeeper who
knows his job, and the total result gives
a course where the golfers are a l m o s t
satisfied.
It might be well here to point out
that weather conditions greatly affect
the cost of operating. The greenkeeper
grows grass under unnatural conditions.
Close cut greens, where the shortness
of cut leaves very little leaf surface to
support plant growth, the removal of
clippings and corresponding plant food
loss, the soft green demanded by golfers, and the necessity for constant
watering are not conducive to natural
vigorous growth, and necessitate careful handling to prevent root rot, brownpatch, scald, leaf spot, and other
troubles. A wet hot summer means an
extra outlay of money for chemicals
and labor to control disease. On the
other hand a cool dry summer means a
saving. 1932 was such a year. In wet
years the constant tramping of feet

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packs the soil more, stifling the grass.
If the greenkeeper could control the
water supply which falls on his course,
many of his difficulties would be eliminated.
In the various items of work done on
the golf course there are certain methods
by which some savings may be made
when necessary. The first method is to
entirely eliminate all new construction;
be satisfied with maintaining what you
have. Some greens are oversized anyway, and there is a possible saving
there by cutting their size. Similarly,
fairways may be narrowed at some
points, less rough cut, traps raked less
often, greens mowed four times a week
instead of daily, and similar savings.
All operations on the golf course
come under one of two headings, routine work, or what is variously called
"tinkering", "puttering", "nursing", or
"housekeeping". Tinkering includes
the hundred and one items done on the
golf course which when done make a
good course v e r y good. Professor Lawrence Dickinson of the Mass. State College has said, "Routine operations on
most golf courses represent the bare
necessities of golf course maintainence.
Whether the management is good or
bad, they consume an almost uniform
number of labor hours each week or
day. Routine work seldom considers its
influence on the turf next week, next
month, or next year. Today is all importance". The puttering or tinkering
operations are the things done which
use much time and which do not appear
necessary to the untrained. In addition
to the real nursing operations necessary
because the grass is growing in such an
unnatural condition, there are countless
other items which help to give the players pleasure in their play. Probably the
tinkering on a well kept course takes
15 to 20 % of the labor cost.
This brings up the question of what
constitutes pleasure on a golf course.
This is probably a subject for endless
controversy, but we offer for your approval that good turf alone is not sufficient. It is the little things which have
been done, coupled with the good turf,
which give the golfer pleasure. For example, a player is to try a strange
course. As he starts at the first tee,
he wishes to wash a couple of balls,
but finds the ball washer dry, and a
dirty towel. Is his first impression of
the course good? No, and he hasn't
used the turf at all yet. As he tees up,
he notices that there is only one marker, the other lies- off to one side broken,

the one remaining dirty and chipped.
As he comes to the first green, he sees
the flag, a bleached torn rag hung there
on a dirty stick. Playing further he
overplays one green to land in an old
pile of grass clippings. He sees around
every tee the accumulation of weeks of
discarded cigarette packages, etc. The
traps are unraked, the cups need changing. At the end of this round, is this
player satisfied, has he had pleasure?
Possibly, if all he sought were fresh air
and sunshine, or possibly if he won all
his bets; but, not as much as if these
faults had not been so apparent. The
impressions the player gets from the
little things are important in giving him
pleasure, as well as the quality of the
turf. It is important to remember that
cutting the number of the workmen too
drastically, or attempting to use "laborsaving machinery" too much, will cause
these little things to be left undone, and
the impressions will suffer.
In the consideration of any method
to save costs the determining factor
should be whether the method will hurt
the turf in the future. We know that
it is impossible to let a course go absolutely, and then attempt to bring it
back. Anyone who doubts this should
look at the Ocean Links at Newport,
which has been allowed to grow unmolested these past two seasons. Every
method used to save should be as consistent as possible with good greenkeeping practices.
It will not be economy to attempt to
cut too drastically the turf nurseries or
the preparation of compost. In the
event of trouble on the turf of the golf
course, the nursery is of great value.
Good compost will to some extent take
the place of fertilizer, but nothing will
take the place of good compost.
In any consideration of savings, the
knowledge of what has been spent in
preceding years is of help, and so we
recommend the keeping of cost records.
Many greenkeepers have kept accurate
cost records for many years, and these
greenkeepers can better tell when and
where to suggest savings than can a
greenkeeper who has no records of past
costs.
In trying to find methods by which
savings can be made, greenkeepers
should endeavor to keep in touch with
their fellows, and should follow all new
thoughts that are developed by the
Green Section, the various Experiment
Stations, and elsewhere. Meetings such
as this are of importance in helping
greenkeepers and club officials to better

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understand their problems, to better
suggest ways to save.
In conclusion, let us recommend as
the best source of saving that any club
possesses, its greenkeeper's fund of
knowledge. Any good greenkeeper will
save much by careful planning of his
labor, careful buying of his supplies,
and careful handling of his equipment.
The best economy is to have a good
greenkeeper and to make the most of
his advice. Furthermore, a club which
has not only a good greenkeeper, but
also a green chairman who is really
interested in the course and its problems, who will cooperate with the greenkeeper in all his efforts, and who will
stand before the Directors of his club
and tell them the needs of the course,
that economy for the course means
economy for all departments,—such a
club is probably operating at low cost
already, but such a club can usually find
further ways to save without drastically
curtailing the pleasure which the players get on its course.
FORMS OF LIME

(from a lecture by Dr. Odland at
R. I. Short Course)
Lime may be bought in three forms:
ground limestone, hydrated lime, and
burned lime.
G r o u n d l i m e s t o n e , as the name implies, consists of the pulverized natural
limestone. Its effectiveness will depend
largely on the fineness to which it is
ground. A good grade of limestone
should be fine enough so that at least
50% will pass thru a 100 mesh sieve.
B u r n e d l i m e is limestone that has
been reduced to the oxide form (CaO)
by burning. It is also called "lump
lime." Lump lime may be ground before being placed on the market. 100
pounds of limestone will make 56
pounds of burned lime. Burned lime is
very caustic and difficult to handle on
that account.
Hydrated lime is burned lime that
has been slacked by adding about 18
pounds of water to 56 pounds of lump
lime. The 56 pounds of burned lime
thus makes 74 pounds of hydrated lime.
Hydrated lime is caustic but to a less
extent than burned lime.
V a l u e of D i f f e r e n t F o r m s of L i m e
Experiments have shown that different forms of lime are about equally
effective in correcting soil acidity if applied in equal neutralizing units. In
other words 56 pounds of burned lime

or 74 pounds of hydrated lime may be
expected to give about the same results
as 100 pounds of ground limestone.
Burned lime should not be used on turf,
however, because of the danger of burning the grass. Hydrated lime has to be
used with care for the same reason. It
may be used safely during the cool
weather of early spring or late fall.
Ground limestone can be used at any
time with perfect safety.
From Dr. T. E. Odland of the Rhode
Island Experiment Station comes the
information that the annual Field Day
for Greenkeepers will be held this year
on May 22nd. The program is similar
to last year's with a trip to the experimental plots, lunch followed by talks
and discussion, and an exhibit and
demonstration of small equipment, such
as lawn and putting green mowers,
sprinklers, etc. Kingston should be the
centre of your activity on May 22nd!
Greenkeeper with seven years' experience, thirty years working on turf,
would appreciate hearing of club needing experienced man. Address XYZ, %
NEWSLETTER.

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IS C A R R Y I N G O N .
He has recently taken space at
1131 W a s h i n g t o n Street
West Newton, Mass.
where he is carrying a stock of

High Grade Grass Seeds, Etc., ready
for Prompt Shipment.

Give him a call.

N. H O W D E N
S E E D S M A N

18 Glenhaven Rd—Tel. Parkway 3467
West Roxbury, Mass.

F I N E S T GRASSES FOR
GOLF COURSE OR ESTATE
S e p a r a t e V a r s . or M i x t u r e s
Other Materials

V E R - B E S T P. G. M A N U R E
(7-8-2—62% Organic)
COMPLETE GRASS MANURE
( 6 - 8 - 1 — 7 0 % Organic)
CASTA-POMA GRASS MANURE
(5-6-2—65% Organic)
GEN-PURPOSE GRASS MANURE
( 4 - 8 - 4 — 4 0 % organic)
Insecticides,
Fungicides,
Humus,
Chemicals, P e a l Moss, W o r m
E r a d i c a t o r s , etc.
Locke Power Lawn Mowers

Hyper - Humus Co.
of Newton, N. J.
Main Office: Morris Bidg.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Write Us for Name of
Nearest Dealer

131 B E V E R L Y S T R E E T
Boston, Mass.

T h e N E W T@r® 3 - U n i t ? © w e r
ERE is the latest and by far the most improved high-grade power putting green mower.
H
Cuts a swath fifty inches in width. Greens can

Rear mower raises clear and 2 front mowers
fold up for quick, easy transportation.

Deoember 28tb, 1932
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Qentlemen:During the past three (3) months X'have kad
on trial at The Olympic Club at Lakeside a Toro
power Gang Putting Mower. This machine has been
Lai and has been used under all
, both n
»1 and wet greens, and have
touna it to oe perfectly satisfactory and certainly
a great savings in green cutting expense, - and
example of this is as follows. Our No. 18 Groen
on the Ocean,Course has an approximate area of 8500
square feet and this was out in fifteen minutes
nher
>uld h
cutting it by a h 1 greer
Personally, :
> than grateful t
Mr. Bishop for the tit
the amount of time and labor that it woult
In fact, its performance has been so good
em making arrangements to purchase three (
the near future and by doing this X will £
approximately $300.00 per month in labor c
Also, I have discussed with s
of the
Clubs in the Bay area the possibility of t
installing this equipment, and have advised Mr.
Bishop that I will be more than pleased to cooperate
with any of the Greens Committees at the other Clubs
in giving a demonstration at any t i n "
-

The Olympic Club £t Lakeside

be mowed in one-fourth the time formerly required ... without loss in quality of smooth cutting.
The three wheel feature is highly important because the two front mowers are connected to the
front wheel frame and are steered by the same
action which guides the machine. This permits
accurate control, together with the ability to make
short turns. The two front mowers being placed
ahead and in direct line of vision of the operator
enable him to follow the cutting swath easily.
The mowers are mounted so as to provide full
floating action instantly, yielding to the undulations of the ground. There is no possible chance
of scalping the turf.
You c a n Use Y o u r O l d T o r o
Mowers w i t h this M e w F e w e r Unit

By simply removing the handle, your old Toro
Hand Putting Green Mowers will fit the frame of
the new Power Unit without any alterations whatsoever. Here is a substantial saving that makes
it worth while for every user of Toro Greensmowers to convert their present single units into
one large capacity outfit.
In simplicity, ease of operation, and with very
definite cost saving advantages, the Toro ThreeUnit Power Greensmower meets every requirement of present day conditions.
Get full information about this and other Toro
Cost-Reducing Maintenance equipment in the
new Toro catalog. Write today.

New England

Toro

Company

1 1 2 1 W a s h i n g t o n Street

W e s t N e w t o n , Massachusetts