"Ml aJ [LEWISK LIFE'S J O U R N E Y Life is like a journey Taken on a train, With a pair of travelers At each windowpane. I may sit beside you All the journey t h r o u g h ; Or, I may sit elsewhere Never knowing you. But, if Fate should m a r k me To sit at your side, Let's be pleasant travelers— It's so short a ride ! — C h a r l e s Allen B r a n h a m . 1937 This N E W S L E T T E R is published m o n t h l y by the G r e e n k e e p e r s Club of New E n g l a n d , and sent f r e e to its m e m b e r s and t h e i r G r e e n ' s C h a i r m e n . Subscription price t e n cents a copy, or a dollar a y e a r . GUY C. W E S T .. .. Editor 179 Jones St., Fall River, Mass. J A M E S M c C O R M A C K . . Business Mgr. 450 William St., Stoneham, Mass. J u n e , 1937 Vol. 9, No. 6 NOTICE Y o u r a t t e n t i o n is c a l l e d to t h e of address dress is of 179 the Editor. Jones The Street, change new Fall ad- River, Mass., and the n e w telephone number Fall River 40S8-M. communications new to Kindly the address Editor at is all this address. EIGHTH ANNUAL FIELD GREENKEEPERS' DAY Rhode Island State College The E i g h t h A n n u a l Greenkeepers Field D a y was held a t Rhode Island S t a t e College on Monday, May 24. A b o u t 60 g r e e n k e e p e r s and o t h e r visitors were present. The p r o g r a m s t a r t e d with a visit to t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r a s s p l a t s at t h e college. T h e p l a t s w e r e in excellent condition and d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of grasses could be seen a t t h e i r best. More t h a n a thousand d i f f e r e n t plats r e p r e s e n t i n g various kinds of grasses, f e r t i l i z e r tests, weeds, diseases, insect control and other t e s t s w e r e seen. These t u r f experimental p l a t s a r e p r o b a b l y t h e most extensive in t h e c o u n t r y today. Several dealers in e q u i p m e n t , f e r t i l i zer and seed displayed their m a t e r i a l s . A l u n c h e o n was served in t h e College c a f e t e r i a a t noon. Following this luncheon a short s p e a k i n g p r o g r a m was on t h e schedule. This was presided over by D i r e c t o r of Research, Dr. B. E. Gilbert. V i c e - P r e s i d e n t J o h n Barlow welcomed t h e visitors to t h e college and Dean G. E. A d a m s spoke on early t u r f experim e n t s a t t h e college. Dr. J. A. D e F r a n c e gave a s h o r t r e v i e w of t h e l a s t N a t i o n a l G r e e n k e e p e r s Convention held in W a s h ington, D. C„ in F e b r u a r y . Dr. T. E. Odland w a s in g e n e r a l charge of t h e p r o g r a m f o r t h e day. In t h e r o u n d t a b l e discussions following t h e s p e a k i n g p r o g r a m , d i f f e r e n t subj e c t s w e r e discussed. Mr. F r a n k Wilson, River greenkeeper at the Charles C o u n t r y Club (Mass.), led t h e discussion on f a i r w a y w a t e r i n g . Mr. E v e r e t t Pyle, H a r t f o r d C o u n t r y Club; Mr. Guy West, F a l l River C o u n t r y Club; Mr. Jonathan Comstock, Comstock Park C o u n t r y Club; a n d Mr. R. W a l l a c e P e c k h a m of S a c h u e s t Golf Club contrib u t e d to these discussions. A t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g of t h e Rhode Island G r e e n k e e p e r s ' Club which followed t h e r o u n d t a b l e discussion, t h e f o l l o w i n g officers w e r e elected f o r t h e ensuing year: P r e s i d e n t , J o n a t h a n Comstock, Cornstock P a r k C o u n t r y Club, Oaklawn. Vice-President, Oscar C h a p m a n , W i n n a p o a g Golf Club, W e s t e r l y . T r e a s u r e r , M a r t i n Greene, W a n n a m o i s e t t C o u n t r y Club, E. P r o v i d e n c e . S e c r e t a r y , T h o m a s Galvin, R. I. C o u n t r y Club, N y a t t . For the J u n e meeting the members voted to accept t h e i n v i t a t i o n of Mr. G r e e n e to m e e t a t W a n n a m o i s e t t Count r y Club. This m e e t i n g will be held on J u n e 7. F o r t h e s u m m e r m e e t i n g s of t h e club t h e following d a t e s and clubs w e r e chosen: J u l y 1 2 — W i n n a p o a g Golf Club. A u g . 1 6 — L o u i s q u i s e t t Golf Club. Sept. 2 0 — ( A n n u a l clambake. Place to be chosen l a t e r ) . Oct. 1 8 — P a w t u c k e t Golf Club. Dr. J . E. D e F r a n c e . Mr. C. A d r i a n Sawyer, Jr., C h a i r m a n of t h e Greens C o m m i t t e e of t h e B r a e B u r n C o u n t r y Club, West Newton, Mass. w a s elected t o H o n o r a r y M e m b e r s h i p in t h e club a t t h e May m e e t i n g . Mr. Sawyer has f o r y e a r s been an o u t s t a n d i n g f r i e n d of g r e e n k e e p e r s in this section, and as C h a i r m a n of t h e Service Section C o m m i t t e e of t h e Mass. Golf Association d u r i n g its first y e a r s did a g r e a t deal to f o r m and s t r e n g t h e n the f r i e n d ship a n d cooperation between g r e e n k e e p e r s and club officials which h a s benefited Golf in g e n e r a l these last several years. W e a r e pleased to welcome Mr. S a w y e r to m e m b e r s h i p . JUNE MEETING A j o i n t m e e t i n g of t h e club and the R. I. Assoc. of G r e e n k e e p e r s w a s held on J u n e 7th a t t h e Wannamoisett C o u n t r y Club, R u m f o r d , R. I. T h e r e w a s an i n t e r e s t i n g d e m o n s t r a t i o n of t h e W h i r l w i n d P o w e r Mower. An e i g h t e e n hole m e d a l h a n d i c a p t o u r n a m e n t w a s held in t h e a f t e r n o o n , with t h e f o l l o w i n g n e t prize w i n n e r s : N. B r u n o — 7 9 - 1 4 - 6 5 . M. B r a g a — 1 0 3 - 3 8 - 6 5 . H. F a r r a n t — 8 9 - 2 1 - 6 8 . A. B a r n e y — 8 9 - 1 8 - 7 1 . A. A n d e r s o n — 9 7 - 2 4 - 7 3 . P. Cassidy—89-16-73. G. W e s t — 9 2 - 1 9 - 7 3 . TALKS Bartlett ON TREES b y E. P o r t e r F e l t Tree Research Laboratories S t a m f o r d , Conn. T h e last f e w y e a r s have shown t h a t pines as well as some o t h e r e v e r g r e e n s have t h e i r t r o u b l e s . A n e w disease h a s a p p e a r e d on A u s t r i a n pines. It is m a r k e d by a b r o w n i n g a n d dying of tips several inches long. It m a y e x t e n d down t h e b r a n c h f o r some f e e t and m a y seriously disfigure a t r e e . T h e cause is believed to be a f u n g u s k n o w n as S p h a e r o p s i s and r e l a t e d to t h e disease which causes apple c a n k e r . The best t h a t can be r e c o m m e n d e d a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e is c u t t i n g and b u r n i n g t h e a f f e c t e d tips, one or two s p r a y i n g s with a f u n g i c i d e in t h e s p r i n g to p r e v e n t f u r t h e r infection and f e e d i n g in o r d e r to s t i m u l a t e new growth. Occasionally w e a k e n e d shoots a r e att a c k e d by a small d a r k b r o w n beetle which m a y e x t e n d its o p e r a t i o n s to t h e i n n e r b a r k of b r a n c h e s n e a r l y an inch in d i a m e t e r . This insect a p p e a r s to be l a r g e l y s e c o n d a r y and capable of developing only when branches are w e a k e n e d by f u n g u s or d r o u g h t . The European pine shoot moth t h r i v e s in A u s t r i a n and Mugho pines, t h e small b r o w n i s h c a t e r p i l l a r s w i n t e r ing in t h e b u d s and t u n n e l l i n g t h e n e w shoots a n d c a u s i n g t h e m to wilt and t u r n brown. This E u r o p e a n introduction commonly kills all b u t one of a cluster of buds, c o n s e q u e n t l y it produces a s o m e w h a t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n which has justified t h e common n a m e " b a y o n e t m o t h " . T h e old w o r k of this insect is indicated by dead tips t r a v e r s e d by galleries a little over oneeighth of an inch in d i a m e t e r , t h e whole w i t h small masses of pitch h e r e and there. W h i t e pines a r e s o m e w h a t commonly affected by t h e w h i t e pine weevil, an insect which limits its a t t a c k to t h e leaders. A new insect, t h e white pine tip moth, b o r e s in t h e l a t e r a l shoots of this t r e e in early s u m m e r , p r o d u c i n g wilting, lopping of t h e tips and t h e i r death. This insect is well established in s o u t h w e s t e r n C o n n e c t i c u t and southe a s t e r n N e w York. No s a t i s f a c t o r y control has been discovered. I t is well to find out a b o u t t h e s e t r o u b l e s and m e t h o d s of controlling t h e m b e f o r e t h e y have p r o g r e s s e d beyond t h e r e m e d i a l s t a g e . I t would h a r d l y seem t h a t a f e w c a t e r p i l l a r s on v a r i o u s t r e e s should cause a p p r e h e n s i o n . Much d e p e n d s on t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e insects and t h e conditions u n d e r which t h e y a r e f o u n d . A f e w days ago we observed m o d e r a t e n u m b e r s of t h e f o r e s t t e n t c a t e r p i l l a r on s u g a r maples. Some w e r e crawling u p o n t h e steps and t h e side of t h e house. T h e m i n u t e black d r o p p i n g s of t h e c a t e r p i l l a r s u p o n t h e g r a v e l walk w e r e m o r e significant, t h o u g h less easily seen. The appearance suggested somewhat the effect of a g i a n t p e p p e r shaker. It was u n q u e s t i o n e d evidence of t h e a b u n d a n c e of small f o r e s t t e n t caterpillars, alt h o u g h t h e r e was little to be seen in t h e w a y of leaf i n j u r y . This w a s a lull, as it were, b e f o r e t h e storm. T h e p r e s e n c e of t h e small c a t e r p i l l a r s and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e a b u n d a n c e of t h e i r blackish droppings i n d i c a t e s t h a t within t h e n e x t two or t h r e e w e e k s t h e r e will be a t r e m e n dous a m o u n t of f e e d i n g , possibly stripp i n g of t h e trees, and people in houses n e a r badly i n f e s t e d t r e e s a r e likely to be g r e a t l y a n n o y e d by h o r d e s of crawling pests on the s t e p s and e n t e r i n g t h e doors and windows. These conditions a r e likely to obtain h e r e and t h e r e in n o r t h e r n Connecticut, Western Massac h u s e t t s and n o r t h e r n N e w E n g l a n d in p a r t i c u l a r . Those c o n c e r n e d with t h e w e l f a r e of t h e i r s u g a r m a p l e s will do well u n d e r these conditions to have t h e t r e e s s p r a y e d with a poison. A similar condition prevails in south- e a s t e r n N e w E n g l a n d w h e r e gipsy m o t h caterpillars are prevalent. They are commonly m o r e a b u n d a n t u p o n oak. t h o u g h t h e y f e e d u p o n a v a r i e t y of other t r e e s . T h e y a r e now a b o u t half grown, f e e d i n g r a p i d l y and t h e p r e s e n c e of n u m e r o u s black p a r t i c l e s on t h e g r o u n d b e n e a t h t h e t r e e s is a good indication of t h e a b u n d a n c e of t h e insects on t h e foliage. W h e r e these conditions obtain one m a y e x p e c t extensive defoliation l a t e r . R e s i d e n t s in t h e s e a r e a s a r e conf r o n t e d by a condition which d e m a n d s p r o m p t action if t h e y would p r o t e c t their trees. The w e a t h e r is b r i n g i n g out the insects a s well as t h e f o l i a g e and t r o u b l e s of v a r i o u s kinds m a y be expected. T h e r e a r e m a n y d i f f e r e n t k'.nds of p l a n t lice or aphids, and a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e s o f t - b o d i e d and easily killed, t h e y m u l t i p l y with a s t o u n d i n g r a p i d i t y and t h u s overcome u n f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r conditions and s y s t e m a t i c a t t a c k s by m a n y p a r a s i t i c and p r e d a c i o u s insects. The lady b e e t l e s live to a g r e a t e x t e n t on p l a n t lice a n d a n u m b e r of t i n y p a r a sites find in t h e bodies of individual aphids a b u n d a n t s u s t e n a n c e f o r a complete life cycle. In spite of n a t u r a l checks, aphids f r e q u e n t l y become ext r e m e l y n u m e r o u s . This is likely to occur d u r i n g a cold, d a m p period, since such w e a t h e r g r e a t l y checks t h e activities of t h e i r n a t u r a l enemies. T e m p e r a t u r e s have been s o m e w h a t low r e c e n t l y . Some of t h e w e a t h e r - w i s e p r e d i c t a cool s u m m e r . This f a v o r s an a b u n d a n c e of p l a n t lice. The b a t t l e is on, as evidenced by t h e t e n d e r rose shoots with t h e i r thick clusters of p l a n t lice. T h e r e a r e two species of p l a n t lice occasionally v e r y a b u n d a n t on birch, both h a v i n g witch hazel as an a l t e r n a t e host. T h e u n d e r side of t h e elm leaves a r e a c c e p t a b l e to a pale g r e e n p l a n t louse, which is occasionally so a b u n d a n t as to keep moist t h e s u r f a c e of walks b e n e a t h i n f e s t e d t r e e s . T h e wooly beech leaf aphis is a common and frequently abundant species a n d t h e same is t r u e of the tulip t r e e aphid. T h e s e and other aphids occur a n n u a l l y in small n u m b e r s , a w a i t f a v o r a b l e conditions and t h e n m u l t i p l y with such r a p i d i t y t h a t t r e e s and t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s are literally coated with honeydew. T h e N o r w a y m a p l e aphis is f r e q u e n t l y t h e cause of s m e a r e d cars p a r k e d b e n e a t h this shade t r e e . These little insects a r e easily controlled by spraying. The essential is to s p r a y e a r l y and check t h e pests bef o r e serious i n j u r y or m a t e r i a l annoyance has been caused. The effects of w i n t e r u p o n t r e e s and s h r u b s v a r y f r o m y e a r to y e a r a n d there are frequently unusual features. T h e r e have been several cases of inj u r y to w h i t e pines and fir u n d e r lawn or park-like conditions. The first related to t r e e s which had been s p r a y e d a n d some w e r e inclined to blame t h e spray. T h e n e x t case o c c u r r e d on w h i t e pines which had n o t been s p r a y e d a n d it w a s t h e r e f o r e c e r t a i n t h a t this could n o t be t h e e x p l a n a t i o n . The trouble s t a r t e d with wilting of clusters of needles h e r e and t h e r e on t h e tips, subs e q u e n t d r y i n g and a condition which indicated p a r t l y dried f o l i a g e . This ext e n d e d to include t h e dying and browning of m u c h of t h e f o l i a g e on b r a n c h e s or c l u s t e r s of b r a n c h e s and in t i m e m u c h of t h e top. The thin b a r k of t h e t r u n k s s h r u n k in strips several inches wide a n d e x t e n d i n g much of the l e n g t h of t h e stem, t h e c a m b i u m b e n e a t h b e i n g dead or n e a r l y so. T h e r e was dead cambium lower u n d e r t h e thicker b a r k . T h e r o o t hairs w e r e mostly dead and in t h e case of one t r e e which died v e r y rapidly, r o o t s a q u a r t e r of an inch in d i a m e t e r w e r e slimy. The s y m p t o m s i n d i c a t e d an inability of t h e r o o t s to supply t h e g r o w i n g dem a n d s of t h e top. L a s t w i n t e r was rem a r k a b l e f o r t h e light snow-fall and as a c o n s e q u e n c e t h e r e w a s p r o b a b l y deeper f r e e z i n g of t h e soil which m i g h t easily r e s u l t in f r o z e n r o o t l e t s when there was rapid evaporation f r o m the top d u r i n g w a r m w i n t e r days. The d a m a g e in a n u m b e r of cases was to t r e e s s t a n d i n g in light soil and with little of t h e pine needle mulch which o r d i n a r i l y p r o t e c t s t h e roots. T h e r e w a s no evidence of insect a t t a c k or t h e p r e s e n c e of disease. T h e obvious p r e v e n t i v e is to keep t r e e s g r o w i n g by judicious f e e d i n g , especially in light soils, and w h e r e n e c e s s a r y , supply n e e d e d m u l c h with pine needles f r o m the f o r e s t , l e a s e s or even p e a t moss. T h e r e is d a n g e r in a t t e m p t i n g t o g r o w t r e e s u n d e r conditions m a r k e d l y different f r o m normal. " N o b o d y is a f a i l u r e until stopped t r y i n g to s u c c e e d . " he has —•' ^^ A STUDY OF GOLF COURSE LABOR b y G e o f f r e y Cornish W e s t V a n c o u v e r , British (Presented at Recreation Columbia Conference) In this p a p e r I i n t e n d to speak of f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g labor in an e n d e a v o r to show how a complete u n d e r s t a n d i n g of hired help or labor by t h e g r e e n k e e p e r is essential to t h e well-being of t h e golf course. To m a k e a complete s t u d y of labor it is n e c e s s a r y n o t only to e x a m i n e t h e l a b o r e r himself, his s t a n d a r d s of living, and o t h e r t h i n g s a b o u t him, b u t to consider economics in so f a r as it h a s b e a r i n g on t h e labor problem. T h r o u g h o u t t h e p a p e r I would like you to t h i n k of l a b o r e r s as you know t h e m on y o u r own and neighboring courses. Consider first how cosmopoli t a n t h e g a n g s a r e in e d u c a t i o n , age a n d nationality. Some of you recall t i m e d u r i n g t h e depression when college graduates would have b e e n glad to g e t w o r k on y o u r r e s p e c t i v e courses. To-day t h e r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e high school m e n w o r k i n g on t h e courses of t h e c o u n t r y t h a n prior to the depression. In general the educational standards of g r e e n s m e n have gone up. Since labor is n o t paid f o r w h a t it knows, e d u c a t i o n — t h a t is, book learni n g — d o e s n o t help a l a b o r e r in his a c t u a l work, t h o u g h it should influence his s t a n d a r d s of living and t h u s increase his efficiency. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e chap who has received a f a i r e d u c a t i o n a n d who finds himself w o r k i n g as a g r e e n s m a n , is o f t e n discontented a n d hopes to be elsewhere pflfe shortly, a n d so does n o t p u t his whole a t t e n t i o n into his work. F r o m p o i n t s of view of the club and t h e g r e e n k e e p e r , t h e t y p e of e d u c a t i o n t h a t a g r e e n s m a n should receive should be in t h e f o r m of experience on other courses, m e c h a n i c a l t r a i n i n g of some sort or even f a r m experience. In age, g r e e n s m e n v a r y all t h e w a y f r o m 15 or 16 to 50 or 66. No d o u b t t h e y o u n g chap is m o r e excitable and less s t e a d y t h a n t h e older fellow, t h o u g h it is a d e b a t a b l e point which one is t h e b e t t e r suited f o r t h e work. T h e r e is little doubt, however, t h a t every m a n has a prime, and f o r t h e golf course labor, I would say t h a t it is b e t w e e n t h e ages of 21 and 31. T h e g e n e r a l r u n of f e l l o w s u n d e r 17, in m y opinion, should n o t be allowed to h a n d l e a n y job req u i r i n g t h e discretion of an older m a n . R e g a r d i n g n a t i o n a l i t y only g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s can be made. I t is t h e individual t h a t m u s t be j u d g e d , and t h e f a c t t h a t a m a n belongs to a n y p a r t i cular race is n o t enough to d i s q u a l i f y him f r o m work on y o u r course, n o r is it sufficient basis on which to select a crew. It is t r u e t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s exist. F o r instance, G e r m a n s and t h e Slavic peoples, t h e U k r a i n i a n s , Poles and W e s t e r n Russians h a v e always impressed me. T h e i r t h o r o u g h n e s s , e n e r g y , a n d above all their c o n t e n t e d n e s s t e n d to m a k e t h e m ideal as l a b o r e r s . The average A m e r i c a n f e l l o w is h a r d to b e a t w h e n he gets down to work, b u t t h e chances of his r e m a i n i n g in this w o r k a r e r e m o t e . The Irish, Scandinavians, a n d F i n n s seem to excel in r o u g h work f o u n d in c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t f o r fine maintenance laborers they are somewhat r o u g h a n d r e a d y . E v e n with such diff e r e n c e s in mind, I a g a i n say t h a t n a t i o n a l i t y in a consideration of ability does n o t m e a n a g r e a t deal; a n d if a n y such b r o a d basis f o r selection of m e n is desired it is to be looked f o r r a t h e r in the environment t h a t the man was b r o u g h t u p in. T h e m a j o r p a r t of golf course laborers s t a r t e d in this w o r k n o t because t h e y w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in t h e g r o w i n g of g r a s s b u t b e c a u s e t h e r e was no o t h e r place f o r t h e m in t h e business world. Some will s t a y t h e r e s t of t h e i r lives as g r e e n s m e n because t h e y have t o ; a f e w because t h e y have a c q u i r e d an i n t e r e s t ; and most will go into o t h e r fields as soon as o p p o r t u n i t y p r e s e n t s itself. No d o u b t t h e r e a r e a good n u m b e r of y o u n g m e n g a i n i n g p r a c t i c a l experience on some course with t h e i n t e n t i o n of eventually becoming greenkeepers. With t h e high s t a n d a r d of g r e e n k e e p i n g required to-day, t h e r e is s o m e t h i n g of a c a r e e r f o r a y o u n g m a n s t a r t i n g in this way. H o w e v e r , t h e r e a r e a limited n u m b e r of g r e e n k e e p i n g positions available, a n d some of these a r e o b t a i n e d b y o t h e r m e a n s t h a n experience, e d u c a t i o n and h a r d work. H e n c e f o r t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e golf course l a b o r e r s , t h e r e is no chance f o r a d v a n c e m e n t as long as t h e y r e m a i n associated" with golf. Since m o s t g r e e n s m e n a r e only employed 8 or 9 m o n t h s of a y e a r with an a v e r a g e m o n t h l y income of less t h a n $100. it is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e labor s t a n d a r d is only m e d i u m d u r i n g n o r m a l times. I t is sad b u t t r u e t h a t m a n y of o u r l a b o r e r s d u r i n g a period of labor s h o r t a g e a r e those t h a t have n o t sufficient ability, e n t e r p r i s e and c o u r a g e to find w o r k elsewhere. However, the pleasant surroundings and genera! h e a l t h f u l condition of w o r k do definitely a t t r a c t a r o b u s t , o u t d o o r type. B e f o r e going a n y f u r t h e r I would like to point o u t w h a t I t h i n k a r e t h e qualifications of a g r e e n s m a n . F i r s t — A n ability to t a k e care of t h e j o b in h a n d , w h a t e v e r it m a y be, as mowing, w a t e r i n g , weeding, etc. This n e c e s s i t a t e s t h a t he u n d e r s t a n d w h a t he is doing. S e c o n d — H i s h e a l t h m u s t be such t h a t he is n o t s u b j e c t to u n d u e lay-off due to ill h e a l t h d u r i n g t h e busy p a r t of t h e year. Third — Some m u s c u l a r strength, t h o u g h definitely n o t a s t r o n g back and a weak mind as looked f o r in some jobs. F o u r t h — H e m u s t e n j o y t h e work a n d should be i n t e r e s t e d in the whole operation of t h e course. If he e n j o y s his work he will be i n d u s t r i o u s and n e v e r n e e d to be checked f o r loafing. Moreover, his mind will c o n s t a n t l y be on w h a t he is doing. F i f t h — T o be able to use his h e a d so t h a t he can g e t t h e most done in t h e quickest time, a n d t h e best way. with t h e least e x e r t i o n . T h a t is efficiency! S i x t h — H e m u s t have self control a n d be able to t a k e o r d e r s f r o m t h e g r e e n k e e p e r and those above him. S e v e n t h — H e m u s t be able to exercise j u d g e m e n t in t h e a m o u n t of t i m e he spends on a n y one j o b ; t h a t is, he should have some sense of p r o p o r t i o n r e g a r d i n g t i m e a n d n o t spend % of t h e day on any one job when he has o t h e r s to a t t e n d to. These qualities a r e not apparent w h e n m e n a r e b e i n g hired b u t a r e established only a f t e r t h e g r e e n k e e p e r has seen t h e m a n work f o r a week or so or even longer. On a n e w course it is a r e l a t i v e l y simple m a t t e r f o r a crew to be chosen, especially if t h e g r e e n k e e p e r has w o r k e d on t h e construction because t h e m e n can be picked out of t h e gangs. H e r e I would caution you t h a t t h e t y p e ideal f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n is n o t always t h e ideal f o r m a i n t e n a n c e . On older courses when n e w m e n a r e to be hired, it is s o m e w h a t m o r e difficult, especially if t h e g r e e n k e e p e r is n e w to t h e district. Since n a t i o n a l i t y a n d e d u c a t i o n a r e n o t of g r e a t importa n c e he m u s t rely on physique, age. e x p e r i e n c e and p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e of t h e applicants. A good t y p e of l a b o r e r can o f t e n be selected f r o m f a r m crews. If the qualifications t h a t I e n u m e r a t e d a m o m e n t ago w e r e all f o u n d in one man, t h e y would m a k e u p s o m e t h i n g t h a t is c e r t a i n l y superior to an unskilled l a b o r e r ; a n d to my w a y of thinking, t h e y a r e all t h e t h i n g s required by a g r e e n s m a n on a golf course. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , clubs are n o t p r e p a r e d financially to p a y f o r such super-laborers, and I am s o r r y to say t h a t d u r i n g n o r m a l t i m e s w h e n w a g e s a r e high, t h e y a r e impossible to obtain f o r t h e price clubs a r e willing to pay f o r t h e m . Let us look f o r a m o m e n t a t how an economist looks on labor and how w a g e levels a r e set. L a b o r to t h e m is a comm o d i t y or m a t e r i a l t h a t can be b o u g h t or sold and so is influenced by t h e law of supply and d e m a n d . Hence, if t h e supply is high and t h e d e m a n d small, t h e price is low, or in our case t h e wages. I f , on t h e other hand, t h e dem a n d is g r e a t and t h e supply i n a d e q u a t e to s a t i s f y t h e d e m a n d , t h e price is high or t h e w a g e s rise. Theoretically, t h e n , a m a n ' s w a g e s will be the lowest a m o u n t t h a t he will s t a y on a course f o r . Such is n o t quite t h e case, however, because in our i n s t a n c e t h e seller is n o t sepa r a t e d f r o m his p r o d u c t as with o t h e r commodities. F o r i n s t a n c e , if a m e r c h a n t sells a s w e a t e r , it goes its w a y and t h e m e r c h a n t his; b u t if a m a n sells his labor, he is n o t s e p a r a t e d f r o m w h a t he sold, and his p e r s o n a l m a k e u p will still influence t h e t h i n g s he sold. Hence, w a g e s m u s t be high e n o u g h t h a t a m a n can e n j o y a s t a n d a r d of living sufficient a t least to keep him in health and s t r e n g t h , and t h u s a s s u r e his m a x i m u m efficiency. O t h e r things, such as minim u m w a g e acts a n d f a i r play of employers all t e n d to m a k e t h e price a c t u a l l y paid f o r l a b o r e r s d u r i n g depression y e a r s h i g h e r t h a n a w o r k m a n could a c t u a l l y d e m a n d with t h e a m o u n t of competition he has to f a c e to obtain his iob. P r i o r to t h e world depression, w a g e s f o r l a b o r e r s w e r e high because t h e supply of l a b o r e r s was low and t h e demand* high. This w a s n o t as a c c e n t u a t e d in New E n g l a n d to t h e degree it w a s in t h e mid-west and west, because n. large p e r c e n t a g e of i m m i g r a n t s settled in t h e e a s t e r n states, a s s u r i n g a cons t a n t labor supply. A f e w y e a r s l a t e r t h e position was r e v e r s e d . T h e supply w a s high a n d t h e d e m a n d was small. All s o r t s of good m e n w e r e o b t a i n a b l e a t low wages, a n d as a r e s u l t t h e s t a n d a r d of g r e e n s m e n w e n t u p ; and I v e n t u r e to say t h a t in no t i m e d u r i n g t h e golfing h i s t o r y of t h e U. S. did t h e s t a n d a r d of g r e e n s m e n —^ Effective Brown Patch Protection FOR 5 25 ONLY $1.29 A lbs. $ 7.00 lbs 33.00 1 0 0 lbs 129.00 Special EE. GREEN Sli =3|f 'PECIAL IEMESAN S e i n e s a n A r e a l o r g a n i c m e r c u r i a l easily u s e d in solution or d r y w i t h compost. GOES water FURTHER— one p o u n d t r e a t s 6,000 s q u a r e f e e t . S A V E S IN L A B O R C O S T S — f e w e r a p p l i c a t i o n s n e e d e d in severe brown patch weather than with inorganic mercurials. SAVES SPRAYER REPAIRS—doesn't d a m a g e the rig. S A V E S G R E E N S — g i v e s as com- plete protection against brown patch that any money can b u y ! O r d e r n o w ! 85 S T A T E STREET, BOSTON Tested Seeds and Florida Humus so n e a r l y a p p r o a c h t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e ideal. T o d a y w e find t h e p o s i t i o n a g a i n c h a n g i n g . A l r e a d y m a n y of y o u h a v e h e a r d t h a t s o m e of y o u r m e n a r e n o t r e t u r n i n g in t h e s p r i n g . This, I believe, is o n l y t h e f o r e r u n n e r of w h a t is g o i n g t o h a p p e n in a f e w y e a r s b e c a u s e w o r k e r s of t h e t y p e w e n e e d a r e also n e e d e d in i n d u s t r y . I t a p p e a r s to m e t h a t t h i s is one of t h e g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m s t h a t is f a c i n g the greenkeeping world, partic u l a r l y on c o u r s e s b u i l t since t h e dep r e s s i o n s t a r t e d . E v e n if t h e s u p p l y o n l y g o e s as low a s i t w a s in 1 9 2 9 , we will h a v e t o c o n t e n t o u r s e l v e s w i t h a g r e e n s m a n w h o is i n f e r i o r to t h e one that we have been used to f o r the past f e w y e a r s , w h e r e a s a b e t t e r o n e is needed to-day with increased mechanizat i o n , a b e t t e r a n d g r e a t e r u s e of chemicals a n d a g r e a t e r r e g a r d f o r efficiency on a c o u r s e . T h e i n c r e a s e in b u d g e t s in b e t t e r t i m e s will n o t b e sufficient to a f f e c t t h e w a g e d e m a n d of l a b o r . E v e n w h e n a m a n of e q u a l c a l i b r e c a n be o b t a i n e d in t h e p l a c e of t h e one w h o l e f t , t h e r e is a n a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n s e in t r a i n i n g t h i s man. T h e r e is o n e w a y t h a t golf c o u r s e s can c o m p e t e w i t h i n d u s t r y f o r l a b o r a n d t h a t is b y a s s u r i n g t h e i r e m p l o y e e s w o r k of a s t e a d i e r n a t u r e . T h i s is s o m e t h i n g e x t r e m e l y difficult to give, b u t n o t impossible. F o r i n s t a n c e , in s o m e c a s e s m e m b e r s of t h e club c a n be p r e v a i l e d upon with their connections to obtain winter employment for the men. Most m e n to-day know by experience t h a t w o r k in i n d u s t r y p a y s h i g h w a g e s for a time and then sometimes drops t h e m a n c o m p l e t e l y a f t e r possibly r u i n i n g his h e a l t h u n d e r p o o r w o r k i n g conditions. A t l e a s t golf c o u r s e s h a v e h e a l t h f u l working conditions. T h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h o l d i n g l a b o r on c o u r s e s is t h e b u r d e n of t h e g r e e n k e e p e r f o r t h e m o s t p a r t . If a m a n is h a p p y in his w o r k t h e c h a n c e s a r e t h a t he will b e m o r e likely t o s t a y w h e r e h e is; a t l e a s t h e will w o r k b e t t e r . I n this conn e c t i o n I a m g o i n g to list p o i n t s concerning the greenkeeper t h a t influence t h e s t a t e of m i n d of his m e n . F i r s t — A man would rather work for a g r e e n k e e p e r w h o m he r e s p e c t s a n d w h o m h e k n o w s u n d e r s t a n d s his j o b . S e c o n d — A g r e e n k e e p e r should alw a y s h a v e s e l f - c o n t r o l w h e n h e is a r o u n d his men. Nothing a g g r a v a t e s men more t h a n having somebody f u s s i n g a r o u n d t h e m when t h e y are doing some job. T h i r d — S h o u t i n g and "highballing" a t men is necessary in some cases, b u t shouldn't be practiced on any greensman t h a t can be t r u s t e d . F o u r t h — C o n d i t i o n s t h a t are obviously u n f a i r to labor should be removed. F i f t h — T r u s t and responsibility placed in men appeals to t h e m and makes t h e m p u t more i n t e r e s t into their work. S i x t h — I t is a g g r a v a t i n g to men to see one of their n u m b e r favored especially if the f a v o r e d one is a poor workman. S e v e n t h — G r e e n s m e n p r e f e r a boss who at all times tells t h e m the t r u t h concerning themselves instead of harboring g r u d g e s against them. E i g h t h — T h e g r e e n k e e p e r should make up his mind about the qualities of his men himself and n o t on r e p o r t s of members and other greensmen. One t h i n g t h a t I would like to mention b e f o r e closing is in r e f e r e n c e to the f o r m a t i o n of labor unions among g r e e n s m e n . I t is possible t h a t unions have benefited workmen in i n d u s t r y to a certain extent. However, I cannot see where t h e y fit into the golf picture. I t is sometimes possible to f o r c e executives' h a n d s when their f o r t u n e s and r e p u t a t i o n s depend on their organization, but to t r y to f o r c e a g r o u p of men who are g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r f o r athletic and social purposes only into an u n r e a sonable a g r e e m e n t is, I am sure, impossible. Indeed, I imagine t h a t the outcome of any labor trouble in connection with golf would only result in the closing of m a n y courses, the m e m b e r s seeking their exercise elsewhere; the greenkeeper, professional, and m a n a g e r all suffering with the men. It is interesting to note t h a t the men organizing these groups are not connected with golf. I t would a p p e a r t h a t this union movem e n t will arise in all p a r t s of the c o u n t r y sooner or later. I should say t h a t it rests entirely with the greenkeeper to see t h a t conditions on his course are such t h a t the men will remain loyal to him and the club, and so a v e r t what might become a national golf tragedy. Golf course m a i n t e n a n c e miseries will continue as long as the equipment suff e r s f r o m upkeep. —Kent Bradley. NICKEL'S WORTH OF DOING "A nickel's w o r t h of doing is worth a dollar's w o r t h of t a l k , " according to a common-sense philosopher. This is t r u e in every phase of life. The person who actually does something f o r his community, even though the service be insignificant, is a b e t t e r citizen t h a n he who merely talks a b o u t what ought to be done. The person who sandwiches in between the tasks of a busy life f r i e n d l y , helpful, little services f o r others, is doing much more t h a n he who talks of the w o n d e r f u l things he would do if only he had the time or the means. The one who stores his mind with fine t r e a s u r e s f o u n d in literature, by snatching a m o m e n t here and t h e r e f o r reading, day by day, is doing more f o r the general cause of culture and education t h a n he who talks a b o u t the books he would like to r e a d if he only had the time. Likewise, the person who actually begins his bank account with the little money he has, is in a surer way to a t t a i n a competence t h a n the one who is going to begin saving when he gets a " r a i s e " or when he h a s n ' t so m a n y other expenses. — L i t t l e Falls Bank Notes. The annual Turf Growers Field Day will be held this y e a r at the New J e r s e y E x p e r i m e n t Station, New Brunswick, N. J. On J u n e 21st. Definition: A specialist is one who knows more and more about less and less. Do business with dealers who specialize in golf course supplies. Steer clear of the Chick Sale variety, or you'll sooner T H A N later get stuck. —Kent Bradley. Calling a spade a shovel, anyone who brags about the hard work he does maint a i n i n g a course to-day, belongs back in the horse-mower age. Modern methods and equipment make efficient maintenance. •—Kent Bradley. -USE THE NEW IDEAL BULLDOG Greenkeepers, charged with t h e responsibility of keeping courses in the best possible condition, have f o r y e a r s standardized on IDEAL equipment. Designed for durability a n d economical operation Bulldog gang mowers produce results t h a t win t h e acclaim of t h e Greens Committee. They cut large a r e a s faster a n d with fewer men. Available in 3, 5, 7 a n d 9 gangs, i n t e r c h a n g e able. Seven or five-blade units optional. "Bulldog" units have d r o p - f o r g e d ring gears, cut steel pinion gears, one-piece steel roller, chrome-nickel steel double-edged bottom knife, a n d heavy chrome-nickel steel reels. Units m a y be lifted off the ground f o r speedy t r a n s pp o r t a t i o n over t h e roughest areas. POWER GREEN5MOWER A copy of the n e w 1937 catalog of mowing D u p l i c a t e s s k i l l f u l h a n d equipment f o r golf courses should be in your work, r e d u c e s c o s t s a n d p r o files for ready reference. Write for your copy df ourc e as f rfiner greens. Write ee demonstration. today. IDEAL MOWER SALES AND SERVICE 111 CYPRESS STREET—BROOKL1NE, MASS. Phone Beacon 2898 - 2899 T h e P r e s i d e n t of one c o m p a n y w r i t e s t h u s . T h i n k it over. "The manufacturing industry of P o w e r E q u i p m e n t , as i t is t o d a y , h a s b e e n built u p o v e r y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e and honest effort to the highest standa r d s of q u a l i t y t h a t e n g i n e e r i n g a n d mechanical ability can produce. The reliable and responsible manuf a c t u r e r knows t h a t the permanency and f u t u r e of his b u s i n e s s d e p e n d s u p o n q u a l i t y p r o d u c t s , b a c k e d b y a policy of s q u a r e d e a l i n g a n d of f a i r t r e a t m e n t t o t h e b u y i n g public. T h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g c h a n n e l s of distribution may change f r o m year to year, a n d t h e seller m a y f e e l he h a s no f u r t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to t h e p u r c h a s e r , b u t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r is a t o n e e n d of t h e line a n d his c u s t o m e r a t t h e o t h e r . He, t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r , m u s t n o t lose t h a t p e r s o n a l or d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e cust o m e r if he is t o c a r r y o u t his policy of p r o v i d i n g t h e k i n d of service t h e cust o m e r w a s told h e w o u l d g e t , a n d to which he is j u s t l y e n t i t l e d . T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r m u s t i n v i t e a n d enc o u r a g e d i r e c t c o n t a c t w h e n e v e r it is d e e m e d t h a t t h e c u s t o m e r can be b e t t e r s e r v e d , and t h e c o n f i d e n c e e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n m a k e r a n d seller should n o t be broken. Every manufacturer takes a great deal of p r i d e in his p r o d u c t a n d t h e r e f o r e is c a r e f u l t o o b t a i n t h e a p p r o v a l of his e n g i n e e r i n g a n d m e c h a n i c a l d e p a r t m e n t s b e f o r e a n y p r o d u c t is p u t on t h e m a r k e t f o r sale . . . k n o w i n g too well t h e d a n g e r s of l o s i n g good will a n d confidence, t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r is ever w a t c h f u l to g u a r d a g a i n s t m i s t a k e s . The h u m a n element plays an importa n t p a r t in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of all k i n d s of p r o d u c t s . All e r r o r s c a n n o t be ent i r e l y e l i m i n a t e d , b u t in e v e r y r e l i a b l e m a n u f a c t u r i n g plant they are being reduced and kept at a minimum. Take, f o r example, the procedure at the . . . . . . . . All m a c h i n e s a r e c a r e f u l l y ass e m b l e d b y e x p e r i e n c e d m e n . All m a chines a r e t h o r o u g h l y i n s p e c t e d a n d w o r k e d - i n on t h e i r own p o w e r a n d e v e r y necessary adjustment made before the machines are crated f o r shipment. Every p r e c a u t i o n is t a k e n t o m a k e s u r e t h a t each m a c h i n e is in ideal a n d first-class w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n w h e n it is r e c e i v e d by the purchaser. t i o n s a n d t i m e l y s u g g e s t i o n s which will p r o v e h e l p f u l if p r o p e r l y t a k e n i n t o consideration before putting any machine i n t o service. T h e p u r c h a s e r h a s a c e r t a i n t y p e of w o r k to be d o n e a n d he p u r c h a s e s a m a c h i n e on t h e a s s u m p t i o n a n d on t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t i t will do his w o r k s a t i s f a c t o r i l y as well a s e c o n o m i c a l l y . A n y r e l i a b l e m a n u f a c t u r e r will g l a d l y e x t e n d his f a c i l i t i e s a n d h e l p t h e p u r c h a s e r g e t t h e m o s t good o u t of t h e product purchased. m a i n t a i n s a c o m p l e t e ind e x filing s y s t e m t h a t h a s t h e n a m e , a d d r e s s a n d d a t e of e v e r y p u r c h a s e r a n d t h e k i n d of machine he purchased. This i n f o r m a t i o n enables the service d e p a r t m e n t t o check b a c k t o g e t t h e k i n d a n d m o d e l of m a c h i n e a n y c u s t o m e r m a y w r i t e a b o u t a n d to r e n d e r p r o m p t a n d d i r e c t service. The enjoys the enviable r e p u t a t i o n of p r o d u c i n g t h e h i g h e s t quality and most dependable products of t h e i r kind on t h e m a r k e t , a n d is recognized as the largest m a n u f a c t u r e r of its c o m b i n a t i o n line of g r a s s c u t t i n g and maintenance machinery. It considers t h e c o n f i d e n c e a n d good will of its c u s t o m e r s , e m p l o y e e s a n d sales org a n i z a t i o n , its b i g g e s t a n d m o s t v a l u a b l e asset. I t s policy shall be to m e r i t a cont i n u a n c e of t h i s confidence a n d good will a n d to r e n d e r t h e p u r c h a s e r s of its products a broad-gauged service." A m a n u f a c t u r e r has a f a r better k n o w l e d g e of his p r o d u c t s t h a n a n y o n e else, a n d he also h a s j u s t as m u c h i n t e r est in t h e m a c h i n e d o i n g t h e w o r k in a s a t i s f a c t o r y m a n n e r as h a s t h e p u r chaser. He carefully prepares instruc- "Man succeeds not by antagonizing or c h a n g i n g N a t u r e , b u t b y r e c o g n i z i n g Nature's laws." " P u t t i n g it off will n e v e r p u t it o v e r . " " M a n r e a p s w h a t e v e r he sows, u n l e s s he h a p p e n s to be a n a m a t e u r g a r d e n e r . " N o t S a f e t o L e a v e It t o Him W h e n S a n d y m e t his girl in t h e even i n g , she w a s l o o k i n g i n t o a c o n f e c t i o n e r ' s w i n d o w , so he p o l i t e l y i n q u i r e d : " W e e l , J e n n i e , w h a t a r e y' g a u n t ' h a v e the nicht?" A n x i o u s n o t to ask t o o m u c h , she answered: " O h , I'll j u s t t a k w h a t you'll t a k , Sandy." " A h , t h e n , " said S a n d y , " w e ' l l t a k a walk." •—Bank N o t e s . , i r I T h e Pennsylvania Super-Roller Greens M o w e r is more than a machine, it is a too/ which, in the hands of the experienced greensk e e p e r , p r o d u c e s true, r i b l e s s greens of championship course quality. But-don't take our w o r d for it, ask the man w h o knows, the man responsible for the condition of the greens which your members play. N o doubt he will tell you, as hundreds of other greenskeepers have told us,"Hand Mowers Make the World's Finest Greens and Pennsylvania Makes the World's Finest Hand Mower." : - T H E P E N N S Y L V A N I A S U P E R - R O L L E R GREENS P r o v e d b y c o m p e t i t i v e t e s t s a s the p r e c i s i o n m o w e r . H i g h s p e e d cyli n d e r w i t h 8 b l a d e s of f i n e s t steel. A l u m i n u m rollers. D u s t p r o o f ; self- LAWN M O W E R WORKS PRIMOS, PENNA. MOWER a l i g n i n g b e a r i n g s . T r a i n of t h r e e cut gears. A l e m i t e lubrication. S t a y t i t e H a n d l e . 18 i n c h c u t of l e n g t h s b e t w e e n $$ a n d 13^ i n c h e s . KENT'S COMMENTS " O u t of t h e f r y i n g pan, a n d into t h e fire" M o d e r n version, O u t of F r a z e r ' s , a n d into F u n k & W a g n a l l s ' . We a r e all a - d i t h e r over t h e f a c t t h a t t h e " g r e e n k e e p e r s " a r e n o t listed this y e a r in a c e r t a i n golf d i r e c t o r y . H o w e v e r , t h e r e is some solace in k n o w i n g t h a t t h e word is on t h e list f o r t h e n e x t p r i n t i n g of a popular dictionary Like m o w i n g poa a n n u a w h e n wet, (and t h e r e ' s p l e n t y this y e a r ) , slip one step, stride one step "Time marches on!" T h e n i g h t - r a t e s g a g in t h e last ( M a y ) issue w a s n o t p l a g u e r i z e d f r o m a n o t h e r p a p e r as m a y seem. T h e g a g w a s passed on s i m u l t a n e o u s l y by this chronic-comm e n t a t o r to t h e E d i t o r s of " T h e Greenk e e p e r s ' R e p o r t e r , and t h e "Newsletter." H o t tip...There will he a n e w t y p e of f u n g i c i d e on t h e m a r k e t n e x t y e a r . This is n o t a lily-gilding-type dye, b u t , as we g e t it, a vaporized metallic m e r c u r y condensed or p r e c i p i t a t e d on a colloidal base m a t e r i a l . F e a t u r e s a r e , 0% metallic m e r c u r y content, non-burning, quick acting, long lasting in effect, v e r y little d a n g e r f r o m poison by h a n d l i n g , will n o t corrode m e t a l s . I t is a w o r t h y c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e t r a d e f r o m t h e N. J. S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station. Two f o r m s a r e available, f o r d r y a n d s p r a y m e t h o d of application. H a v i n g no f o o t - b a l l field t y p e of publicity, this can be c o n s t r u e d as a scientific advancem e n t . T r u e Science, we a r e told b y some one in t h e " k n o w " , is n e v e r a c c o m p a n i e d by b a l l y h o o ! "A soft answer turneth away wrath." W h e n you h a t e to a d m i t a t h i n g , say, " I have come to t h e definite conclusion t h a t p e r h a p s you a r e r i g h t ! " THE WEATHER T h e w e a t h e r has i n t e r e s t e d m a n since t h e first a g r i c u l t u r i s t w a t c h e d t h e sun a n d r a i n m a t u r e his crops and t h e first m a r i n e r v e n t u r e d on an ocean which r e f l e c t e d t h e t e m p e r of t h e winds. T h e first p r i m i t i v e h u t w a s an a t t e m p t to a m e l i o r a t e a n n o y a n c e s caused by w e a t h er. P r o g n o s t i c a t i o n s and prophesies of t h e w e a t h e r a r e such a n c i e n t h a b i t s of m a n t h a t t h e y h a v e become almost instinctive. W i t h m a n ' s m a s t e r y of t h e u p p e r air came opportunities for atmospheric studies which have revolutionized this a n c i e n t science. A i r p l a n e ascents at r e g u l a r intervals, air s o u n d i n g with accurate instruments for measuring temp e r a t u r e , humidity, d e n s i t y a n d pressure, h a v e m a d e possible air m a s s analysis a n d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e origin of t h e s e h u g e c u r r e n t s of air which a r e c o n s t a n t l y moving, side by side, or one above t h e other, t h r o u g h t h e u p p e r a t mosphere. E a c h air m a s s r e t a i n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s which i d e n t i f y its source of origin. The p o l a r C a n a d i a n , w h e r e t h e oblique sun r a y s of w i n t e r f a l l on a snow covered expanse, gives to t h e air qualities of t e m p e r a t u r e and d r y n e s s which a r e r e a d i l y distinguishable f r o m t h e air which h a s r e s t e d on t h e w a r m , moist, t r o p i c a l Gulf of Mexico long enough t o be i m p r e g n a t e d with t h e conditions of t h a t region. Air rises or f a l l s w h e n p r e s s u r e changes, because it e x p a n d s or cont r a c t s . E x p a n d i n g air does work, cont r a c t i n g air h a s w o r k done upon it, with r e s u l t i n g c h a n g e s in a c t u a l or p o t e n t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e . H o t air will hold m o r e w a t e r v a p o r t h a n cold air. and as it cools, t h e w a t e r which it c a n n o t r e t a i n becomes clouds, r a i n or snow. As air cools w h e n it rises, precipitation m a y r e s u l t f r o m an a s c e n d i n g air m a s s or f r o m t h e c o n t a c t of a w a r m body of air with a cold one. At t h e plane of c o n t a c t b e t w e e n two such bodies t h e r a d i a t i o n of t e m p e r a t u r e causes disturbances, a l t h o u g h t h e m a i n masses of air a r e n o t affected. Such a plane of cont a c t is called a f r o n t . These f r o n t s slope f o r w a r d or back a n d t h e air s o u n d i n g s r e v e a l t h e angle of t h e slope of t h e w e d g e of t h r u s t i n g air which f o r c e s itself u n d e r a n o t h e r air mass. The air is as r e s t l e s s as t h e ocean. T h e r e is c o n s t a n t m o v e m e n t , and t h e courses of air masses a r e c o n s t a n t l y plotted. W i t h t h e direction in which t h e y a r e m o v i n g established, and, knowing t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e air masses w i t h which t h e y a r e destined to come in cont a c t , an a c c u r a t e p r e s u m p t i o n of w e a t h er conditions can be m a d e . T h e slight motion in m a s s of t h e e a r t h caused by the* i r r e g u l a r i t i e s in t h e relative m o t i o n s of t h e e a r t h a n d t h e moon p r o d u c e t h e m o v e m e n t of t h e air. I t is now claimed t h a t by a s t r o n o m i c a l calculations t h e s e m o v e m e n t s can be p r e dicted f o r f r o m one to two y e a r s in advance a n d g e n e r a l w e a t h e r conditions f o r e c a s t f o r a like period. Make Your Greens and Fairways The Most Beautiful PREVENT BROWN PATCH !n Your Section Leading T u r f A u t h o r i t i e s declare t h a t M e r c u r y is t h e effective ingredie n t f o r control of B r o w n P a t c h . Our M i x t u r e , 2-3 Calomel, 1 - 3 Corrosive S u b l i m a t e , is endorsed. Our PFIZER MERCURIAL Contains 81% MIXTURE many guarantee cost. Mercury- years of experience better Write for Chas, Pfizer & Co., inc. 81 Maiden Lane New York, N. W O O D Conn. € O The Perfect Combination Victory Acclimated BENT & SONS L. I.— Milford, T o l e d o , Ohio Y. NEW ENGLAND GROWN Winter-hardy, Division F. H. W O O D R U F F Beilerose, your lower details. G r a s s Seed W r i t e f o r circular is service, SEED for Putting G r e e n Fertilizer I t s g r e a t e s t t e s t i m o n i a l has been its c o n t i n u e d use f o r y e a r s by New England greenkeepers. and New England Golf Courses Direct from the farms of Hovey's Grass Seed in Mixtures and Reliable A. N. PECKHAM R. I. Only reliable dealers advertise Varieties Productive Hovey & Company 130 KINGSTON, Separate Broad Han. in t h e St.—Boston, 1454 - 1455 NEWSLETTER. Mass. RULES FOR FORETELLING Wind Barometer THE from High and steady SW to N W High and r i s i n g r a p i d l y SW to N W High a n d f a l l i n g slowly V e r y high, f a l l i n g slowly SW to N W SW to N W H i g h and f a l l i n g slowly H i g h and f a l l i n g r a p i d l y s s H i g h and f a l l i n g slowly H i g h and f a l l i n g r a p i d l y High a n d f a l l i n g slowly S E to N E S E to N E E to NE H i g h and f a l l i n g r a p i d l y E Low and f a l l i n g slowly Low a n d f a l l i n g r a p i d l y S E to N E S E to N E Low and rising slowly Low and f a l l i n g r a p i d l y S S to SW to SE Low and f a l l i n g r a p i d l y E to N L o w and r i s i n g r a p i d l y Going to W to SE to SE to N E WEATHER Weather Indicated F a i r and little t e m p e r a t u r e change f o r one or two days. F a i r followed by w a r m e r and rain within two days. Rain in 24 to 36 hours. F a i r a n d slowly rising t e m p e r a t u r e f o r two days. Rain within 24 hours. I n c r e a s i n g wind with r a i n in 12 to. 24 hours. Rain in 12 .to 18 hours. I n c r e a s i n g wind with rain in 12 hours. S u m m e r — l i g h t winds, f a i r . Winter— r a i n in 24 hours. S u m m e r — R a i n in 12 to 24 hours. W i n t e r — R a i n or snow and i n c r e a s i n g winds. Rain will c o n t i n u e one or two days. Rain a n d high w i n d ; clearing and cooler in 24 hours. C l e a r i n g soon a n d f a i r several days. Severe s t o r m soon, c l e a r i n g and cooler in 24 hours. N o r t h e a s t gales with heavy r a i n or snow, followed in w i n t e r by cold wave. C l e a r i n g and colder. This table, f u r n i s h e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s W e a t h e r B u r e a u , is a d a p t e d f o r use with A n e r o i d B a r o m e t e r s . T h e infinite v a r i e t y of w e a t h e r experienced d u r i n g t h e e a r l y m o n t h s of t h e y e a r , especially in N e w York and N e w E n g l a n d , offers a g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t e s t i n g its a c c u r a c y t h a n any o t h e r season. (The T h r e a d of L i f e ) . LAWN TURF DAY AT SCANDALS MASS. TO STATE BE AIRED COLLEGE IN COURT G ( g r a s s ) m e n have e n t e r e d secret i n d i t e m e n t s a g a i n s t p r o m i n e n t t u r f growers. W a r r a n t s have b e e n issued; and a r r e s t s m a d e . T h e t r i a l s of these m e n should be a t t e n d e d by all persons d e s i r i n g to g r o w fine t u r f and lawns, as it is known t h a t m u c h valuable i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s u b j e c t of t u r f g r o w i n g will be b r o u g h t out in the testimony and evidence p r e s e n t e d . THERE EXPERT WILL WITNESSES SNAPPY and a Fair (green) ORDER OF COURT BE LAWYERS Judge. JURORS PROCEDURE 10.00 A. M. 10.30 A. M. 11.30 A. M. T h e s t a t e m e n t of J o e G r e e n g r a s s . C e m e t e r y S u p e r i n t e n d e n t on trial. P a r k S u p e r i n t e n d e n t on trial. 12.30 P. M. Recess f o r Lunch. . 1.45 P. M. Athletic field and P l a y g r o u n d Director on trial. 3.00 P. M. A Lowley H o m e o w n e r vs. J o e G r e e n g r a s s . 4.00 P. M. R e n d e r i n g of verdicts and g e n e r a l discussion. T h e r e will be recesses d u r i n g which witnesses m a y consult e x p e r t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r problem. COURT CONVENES Thursday, July AT 29, 10.00 1937 A. M. W O H T H I N G T O X - CRampionsHip M o w i n g E q u i p m e n t for C h a m p i o n s h i p C o u r s e s BEAUTIFUL FAIRWAYS—TRUER GREENS— SAVINGS IN TIME, TROUBLE A N D MONEY. Championship courses arechosen for smoother fairways and t r u e r g r e e n s . T h a t ' s w h y 4 1 o f t h e last 5 2 U . S., E n g l i s h a n d C a n a dian national championship courses u s e Worthington. Worthington trouble, at lower Tractors costs. do more jobs, more easily with less W o r t h i n g t o n G a n g M o w e r s last longer, serve b e t t e r — a n d with exclusive hand adjustment and lubrication method that requires greasing only twice yearly, they help pay for themselves i n time and labor savings. For a championship course at your club—Worthington t h e m o w i n g equipment that pays f o r itself in labor savings. T e a r off coupon now f o r f r e e catalog—send it in f o r inf o r m a t i o n that makes your job easier and cuts your costs. W o r t h i n g t o n Mower Comoany Dept. G - N Stroudsburg, Pa. Please send, without obligation, illustrated catalog 011 your equipment. Workington mower \Cmhami City State. M a i n Office: Sales Agencies: Stroudsburg, P a . A l l Principal Cities Bncl&iiei* Sprinklers A S I Z E FOR EVERY NEED Tell area us to your be available and BUCKNER tion to volume covered for we will trial wanted— pressure send without now you a obliga- you. Distributed by N E W ENGLAND T O R O West Newton, COMPANY Mass. T h e first p r a c t i c a l a n t control f o r use on p u t t i n g g r e e n s . T h o u g h f o r m a n y y e a r s a most vexing problem, A n t u b e has m a d e it e l e m e n t a r y . A f e w m i n u t e s weekly r o u t i n e stops t h e most difficult i n f e s t a t i o n s . I t is now a s t a n d a r d m a i n t e n a n c e p r o d u c t in over a t h o u s a n d clubs throughout the country. You t a k e NO R I S K when b u y i n g A n t u b e . A box of one dozen C O U N T R Y C L U B SIZE is $9.25. Use a tube. If n o t satisfied with results, r e t u r n 11 a n d owe n o t h i n g . Two D R O P P E R a t t a c h m e n t s in each dozen box p r e v e n t s a n y w a s t e a n d cuts application time in half. Start A n t u b e control early THE ONE DROP ANTUBE ^Raoe Less trouble ANT KILLER M ^ ' Distributed by NEW ENGLAND TORO later COMPANY