NORTHERN MICHIGAN TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATI MONDAY, MAY 20th, 1985 BIRCHWOOD FARMS Just west of Harbor Springs BEARD COLLECTION Our next meeting of this Association will be held at the above indicated place. We will be the guests of three gentlemen, nemely Tom Brogger, Superintendent, Steve Duemig, Golf Professional and Jim LeDuc, General Manager. We would like to thank these gentlemen in advance for their gratefullness and hospitality for having this meeting at their beautiful location. For those of you that do not know how to get there, keep Petoskey in mind, If you are coming from the south, go through Petoskey on U.S.31 past Bay View, turn left on M-119 and go thru Harbor Springs about two miles where you will see the entrance to Birchwood Farms on your right. Coming from the north, on U.S. 31 at Conway, take a right turn toward Boyne Highland, Wequetonsing, Harbor Springs and you will run into M-119, then continue on it through Harbor Springs. Birchwood Farms is a beautiful residential development having one of the finest golf courses in Northern Michigan and a real challenge for everyone. Might add that is is very demanding at times due to the wooded fairways and the length of some holes. We are very grateful that we are permitted to play. Starting time are not necessary because of being early in the season however you should schedule your being there somewhere between 11530 A. M. and not later than 2 P.M. As with other meetings, you will pick up your ticket for a cart, dinner and $2.00 entrance in the golf game at the Pro Shop or a total of $21.00 per person. To make the golf tournament more interesting, Mr. Jim LeDuc will give a prize of a $25.00 gift certificate in the Pro Shop on the front nine for closest to the hole and the Club will give a $25.00 gift certificate for closest to the pin on the tack nine. Should you wish to contact the Pro Shop for any reason, the phone number is 616/526-62U5. Lunch is available at the club for those wishing to take advantage. Like most of our meetings, it is a dinner meeting and dinner will be served at 6:15 P.M. Prime Ribs and they have an excellent reputation for food. We mention this time for those of you that may not play golf but wish to enjoy the dinner and the business meeting afterward. For those of you wanting to play golf, please arrange your time schedule so that you may relax a few moments before you set down to dinner. Our speaker for the evening will be one of our new members, Mr. Bill Bengeyfield, National Director of the U.S.G.A. Green Section and owner of the Frankfort Golf Club. Bill in addition to being National Director is also Chairman of the U.S.G.A. Research Committee. The purpose of this research committee is to develop and guide the USGA’s multi-dollar turfgrass research efforts over the next ten years or more. The goal is to develop minimal maintenance turfgrasses for golf. On this committee are Dr. Paul E. Rieke, James G. Prusa, George M. Bard, Alexander M. Radfto, James B. Moncrief, Dr. James R. Watson, Charles W. Smith and of course "Bill". Dr. Marvin H. Ferguson was a member until his untimely death recently. So we are fortunate in having as our speaker, one of the guiding lights of the green industry today and whose guidance will control much of the future. We are fortunate to get such an outstanding individual as a speaker so this meeting will be more than worth while. We must know the number of people that will be there and as always before, enclosed is our usual postcard. We want you to tell us if you will be there and if you will bring along another prospective member. This year we are not giving a prize for sending in your postcard regardless if you are present or not. We are doing something much better, we are giving away at every meeting a "GREEN JACKET" (Value $120.00) to some lucky person. You must be present to win. This green jacket is like those of many of our members who wear these at our meetings. In addition, you will also receive a $25.00 insignia to pnt in the pocket with our N.M.T.iuA. trademark. 1 The Contribution of Research to Quality Playing Conditions by Dr. James B. Beard Texas A&M University It is a privilege to represent the turfgrass support these advances in turfgrass of national priorities which severely research of North America in addressing science. This transition from sole reliance limited turfgrass research. the role of research in quality playing on the art of turf culture was necessary conditions. It is a difficult challenge to because such an approach failed to pro­ Modern Turfgrass Science summarize the contributions of research vide the fundamental answers as to “why” The year 1950 marked the start of our in such a short paper. As a result, the so that the turf manager could interpret greatest advances in turfgrass culture. discussion will be primarily an overview the specific cause of a particular problem Both universities and private industry of the highlights. and then make adjustments in the cultu­ developed research efforts solve the pro­ An early benchmark was the invention ral program to best avoid that problem in blems of turfgrass culture and develop­ of the first mechanical lawn mower by Mr. the future. ing a set of scientifically based princi­ Edwin Budding in 1830. In 1980 we cele­ ples. As a result, the 1960’s and 1970’s brated the historic 150th anniversary of Early 1900’s have been a Golden Era in the use of this major event in the evolution of turf By the early 1900’s the intensity of play quality golf course playing surfaces, in culture. Thisfirst mower wasa reel design on golf courses was increasing. Further, the development of professional turf and included a catcher. The first proto­ golf courses were being constructed on managers, and in the generation of re­ type was constructed in a shed and more adverse soil and climatic condi­ search information concerning the fun­ tested on a nearby grassy area at night in tions across North America. When these damental science of turfgrass culture. order to maintain secrecy before patent­ two major factors were combined with The golf turf industry can be proud of ing. This early pioneering research re­ increased costs of labor, it necessitated these accomplishments which are too sulted in 1,000 units of this mower being the initiation of a significant research numerous to discuss in detail in this marketed over the next 20 years by Ran- effort to answer some of the questions article. Thus, some of the key phrases in somes Manufacturing Company. The and problems facing golf course turf this research and development effort will next benchmark was 50 years later in managers. In other words, the problems be highlighted. 1880 when the first powered mower was of maintaining turfs on golf courses were developed. It cut a very narrow swath and becoming increasingly complex and the Turf Equipment Advances was steam driven, but unfortunately art of turf culture was just not providing Some of the early research breakthroughs weighed 11/z tons. Then in 1900 the inter­ the answers. of the 1950’s and early 1960’s were nal combustion engine was introduced in At this point in time, the USGA Green achieved by private companies involved a powered mower. Subsequently, the Section was formed with one of their in the development of innovative turf­ electric mower was developed in 1925. primary objectives being to initiate turf grass maintenance equipment. The During this period of evolution in research concerning the problems of primary motivation for these develop­ mowing equipment, the allied turfgrass maintaining intensively managed turfs. A ments was a need to reduce labor require­ cultural techniques evolved through trial- significant research effort was initiated ments which would translate to increased and-error methods by the practicing turf not only at the research facility in Arling­ efficiency and a lower maintenance cost. manager. The greens and fairway surfa­ ton, Virginia in joint co-operation with For the first time, specific equipment ces were relatively rough by today’s stan­ the USGA, but also at a number of key meeting the needs of turfgrass culture dards and research had not developed universities. Significant landmarks dur­ was developed, including (a) various the cultural techniques, chemicals, and ing this period included the development methods of soil coring, slicing, and spik­ equipment needed forquality turf culture of a number of improved creeping bent- ing, (b) mechanical topdressers, (c) more as we know it today. This art of golf grasscultivars, identification of improved rapid fertilizer application by means of course turf culture remains as a signifi­ fertilization programs for golf course centrifugal spreaders, (d) increased flex­ cant dimension in golf course mainte­ turfs, improved techniques for turfgrass ibility and maneuverability in mowing nance. However, it is becoming less and establishment, and initial identification equipment, especially as a result of the less significant as the basic pool of knowl­ and control of certain major turfgrass application of hydraulic principles to edge concerning the science of growing diseases such as dollar spot and brown mowers, and (e) hydro-planting equip­ turfgrasses enlarges and as this informa­ patch. ment. Because of these advances, the tion is conveyed to the practicing profes­ After this initial thrust of pioneering 1950’s marked a transition from a labor sional turf manager. Research has played, research, the intervening depressional intensive golf course operation to one and continues to play, an important role period in the 1930’s, followed by World based on more skilled employees capa­ in generating the information needed to War II, unfortunately resulted in a change ble of operating and maintaining more GREENMASTER Credit (Continued on next page) o sophisticated turfgrass maintenance equipment. The late 1950’s and 1960’s The Golf Course Superintendent also marked major advances in irrigation By Betty Beckwith components, which brought on the in­ You begin this work when you are young creased feasibility of automatic irrigation It’s out of bed early to meet the sun. systems. Again, most of these major At first you’re .given the menial chores advances occurred primarily through the And soon you ¡earn the whys and wherefores! research efforts of private industry. The As years go on, the pressures grow; end result was not only reduced costs for You apply the things you’ve come to know. labor, but also a significant improvement You read and learn through trial and test in the quality of playing surfaces. And pray the Lord will do his best To make your goals work, as you trust Results, a golf course, trim and lush! Selective Weed Control The years go by, the work goes on, The common use of herbicides specifi­ You love the job and success is won cally adapted for the selective removal of But success is never a thing that’s sure- objectionable weeds from desirable turf­ The elements and unknown often appear. grass species was almost non-existent You exchange ideas in search of a clue; before 1950. As a result of cooperative What’s right in some cases is not always true. research between the chemical compan­ Age and experience do help a lot ies and the state agricultural experiment But often its basics that “hit the spot’’. stations at a number of universities, there You delight in success of the men you’ve taught, An addition to pride that you’ve always sought. were developed 2,4-D and allied phenoxy herbicides which for the first time offered Age 65 has gone and retirement is here, a reliable, safe method for the selective A change so great from many a year. removal of broadleaf weeds from turfs. The day still starts before the sun, Subsequently, in the 1960’s, there was a A yard to mow and golf is fun! second major breakthrough in selective But Superintendents will always be weed control with the development of the Unhappy unless there is turf to see. organic arsenicals, which offered a relia­ They need the problems, miss the pride, ble, effective method of post-emergence Yearn to see sprinklers go side to side. control of many annual grassy weed The calls from friends who need advice problems, especially crabgrass. This was Make an ultimate end, almost nice. followed in the 1960’s by the develop­ Dedicated to my husband ment of a number of organic herbicides Credit: Miami Valley John Beckwith, Class AA Ret. offering effective pre-emergence control of many annual grasses in perennial turf­ grass species. As a result of these re­ search efforts, we have essentially elimi­ tive research between the chemical in­ thrust of attention solely on nitrogen, nated most of the major broadleaf and dustry and the agricultural experiment research began to emphasize the impor­ annual grassy weed problems in golf stations had resulted in great strides in tance of proper balance between nitro­ course turfs, which were such a bane to achieving control of most of our major gen and other nutrients such as potas­ quality playing conditions. It should be turfgrass diseases. A similar situation sium and phosphorous. This more so­ pointed out that this advancement has has evolved in terms of insect control phisticated research involved detailed occurred only in the last 30 years. Al­ through organic insecticides. More re­ assessments of wear tolerance as affected though the evolution of the art and cently the experiment stations have pio­ by potassium levels. This research sup­ science of turfgrass culture has had an neered the integrated pest-management ported by the USGA Green Section at identified history of 150 years, the selec­ concepts. both Michigan State University and Texas tive chemical removal of weeds from A&M University demonstrated the impor­ desirable turfs is a relatively recent phe­ tant contribution of potassium to en­ nomenon which has occurred as a result Fertilizers hanced wear, drought, and cold toler­ of turfgrass research. Significant advances in fertilizers for turf- ance, even though there is no direct grasses occurred during the 1950’s. This effect in terms of color, density, or shoot research involved primarily the natural growth rate. Research during the 1970’s Fungicides and Insecticide organic and ureaformaldehyde types of has resulted in the less intense use of Development slow release materials. Considerable re­ nitrogen and increased use of potassium Research conducted in the 1920’s and search was also conducted concerning and iron, especially as they relate to early 30’s not only identified several major the proper timing and rate of application maintaining quality putting green surfa­ turfgrass diseases on golf courses for the of various fertilizers on golf turf areas. ces. Allied with this has been a continued first time, but also developed inorganic However, it wasn’t until the 1960’s that emphasis on the development of im­ fungicides, such as the mercury and significant strides were made in the de­ proved slow-release carriers. Examples cadmium materials, which proved effec­ velopment and marketing of specialty of advances achieved by cooperative tive in control of certain disease prob­ fertilizers designed to meet the needs of research of private industry and the agri­ lems. However, it was not until the 1950’s golf turf maintenance. These new turf fer­ cultural experiment stations include the and 60’s that effective organic fungicides tilizers were characterized by drastic work with IBDU and the sulfur coated for the control of specific disease prob­ changes in the relative ratios of N,P, and nitrogen carriers. Continued emphasis lems were developed. Most of these fun­ K in comparison to those typically used on the development of improved slow gicides were of the contact type, with the in agricultural fertilizers, as well as the release nitrogen carriers for maximum systemic fungicides being developed addition of an increment of slow release efficiency of nutrient utilization by turf- during the 1970’s. Here again coopera- nitrogen to the fertilizer. After an initial grasses will be required. GREENMASTER (Continued on next page) Turfgrass Cultivar equipment, pesticides, fertilizers, and re­ stresses. An objective of this research is Development lated cultural practices as they affect turf the identification of physiological and quality. By the mid-1960s more research biochemical markers that can be used in The mid-1960's marked a significant a breeding program to greatly speed the expansion in the turfgrass research effort. was being placed on the growth and development responses of the grass plant screening process to identify selections At this point several full-time turfgrass that possess superior stress hardiness. breeders were employed by the agricul­ itself. The effects of cultural and envir­ onmental factors on root growth re­ Also utilized are costly, sophisticated tural experiment stations. Plant collec­ environmental stress simulation cham­ tions were made throughout North Amer­ sponses were of special concern. In the past, root responses tended to be over­ bers where most of the factors are held ica with thousands and thousands of constantand onedimension of the envir­ individual clones being grown, evaluated, looked since the emphasis was on im­ proving the quality of the above ground onment is varied to assess how that spe­ and screened for desirable characteris­ cific environmental perimeter affects playing surface. However, the trend to tics. Based on this assessment, additional grass growth. thousands of crosses were made, the less availability of water and nutrients necessitated the development of cultural Typical of this type of research is the seed collected, and then grown out for techniques and modification of the en­ wear tolerance investigations at Michi­ further assessment in clonal nurseries. vironment to enhance rooting in order to gan State University and Texas A&M Uni­ Subsequently, seeds from the more achieve maximum efficiency of water and versity. Both field and laboratory dimen­ promising clones were increased and nutrient absorption. The first turfgrass sions are involved. First, a wear stress planted in small micro-turf plots to assess rhizotron was constructed at Texas A&M simulator was developed and tested adaptability to close mowing such as University in 1976 to investigate the which can simulate both foot and vehicu­ occurs on golf course turfs. From this growth and development of root systems lar traffic. Then the commonly used turf­ extensive program were spawned a num­ in acontinuous, undisturbed state. Above grass species were characterized in terms ber of improved turfgrass cultivars for ground shoot growth responses have not of relative wear tolerance, followed by the greens, tees, and fairways. We have seen been ignored during this period in turf­ assessment of various cultural practices major advances in the development of a grass research. Continuing investiga­ such as cutting height, nitrogen/potas- wide range of leaf spot resistant, improved tions have involved various approaches sium fertility, and root zone mixes as they Kentucky bluegrass cultivars as well as a for using plant growth hormones and affect wear tolerance. Paralleling this has major breakthrough in turf-type peren­ regulators to manipulate both the rate of been a laboratory dimension in which nial ryegrasses. We can anticipate even shoot growth and the growth habit of the detailed biochemical analyses and histo­ more advances in the future due to the grass plant. There is much progress yet logical studies have identified lignin and number of concerted programs devoted to be made in this phase of turfgrass the scarified tissue component of stems to turfgrass cuitivar improvement now research wmch can contribute signifi­ as being the majorfactors contributing to under way at more than a half dozen cantly to reduced turfgrass maintenance enhanced wear tolerance. This informa­ agricultural experiments stations. Never costs. tion is being used to characterize a range in the history of turfgrass culture has of turfgrass cultivars within a species for there been such a concerted effort in cui­ comparative wear tolerance. Hopefully tivar improvement. this will lead to a major plant marker that Turfgrass Stress Physiology can be used in breeding programs to Research select for wear tolerant cultivars. Soil Modification The 1970's marked the emergence of a The intensity of traffic placed on the rela­ maior research effort in turfgrass stress tively small area of a putting green under physiology. Turfgrass culture involves the both wet and dry conditions is a very Future Research manipulation of the atmospheric and soil adverse situation to maintain a quality environment to ensure the most favora­ What can we anticipate from research in putting green surface. The 1960’s marked ble conditions under which to produce the 1980’s and ’90’s? Projecting into the a major advance in the development of quality playing conditions. For the first future is a risky occupation. However, specified methods for modifying root time we have developed sufficient fund­ researchers must be thinking ahead 10 zones to avoid soil compaction and its ing and qualified turfgrass researchers and 20 years in terms of selecting prob­ associated problems. Much of this initial capable of using the more sophisticated lems which will be most critical. Among research was started in the 1950’s, but did research techniques to characterize the the future challenges to turfgrass re­ not come to fruition until the mid-1960 s. turfgrass environment and the allied re­ search, I rank water, both availability and The construction of a proper soil root sponses of turfgrass to environmental quality, as the major problem facing the zone for intensively trafficked putting stress. This includes both the effects and turfgrass industry in the upcoming de­ greens and tees is a problem that is very mechanisms of stress injury as well as the cades. It is a much more significant fac­ unique to turfgrass culture. Thus, it re­ cultural practices and plant mechanisms tor than energy. I have confidence that quired a concerted research effort to that produce maximum plant hardiness our energy researchers will develop a address this problem. The USGA Green to survive specific environmental combination of alternate energy sources. Section led the way in supporting re­ stresses. These stresses include heat, However, adequate water supplies may search at Texas A&M University to cold, drought, shade, wear, and atmos­ not be available for turfgrass use. Only develop the concept which has come to pheric pollution aspects. During this 1% of the total world water supply is be known as the USGA Green Section period we have started to iook inside the availableto man. By the year 2000, injust Method of putting green construction. It plant to see how it responds to stress two decades, the demand for water will is the main method of putting green con­ environments. This involves the use of increase by 34%. It is probable that this struction being practiced on golf courses sophisticated laboratory instrumentation. increased demand will necessitate the today and has been a major advance in It ranges from monitoring of CO. and establishment of priorities in water allo­ the science of turfgrass culture oxygen levels as related to respiration cation for various uses. The amount of and photosynthesis of grasses to detailed water available for turf use on golf courses biochemical assessments of various plant will be of very low priority. This allocation Growth Investigations components such as carbohydrates, pro­ of water resources could even apply to Through the 1950's much of the research teins, amino acids, and enzymes as they golf courses possessing wells within their effort was devoted to improvements in are affected by various environmental own property. Thus, it is imperative that (Continued on next page J GREENMASTER u (Continued from page U) i research develop turfgrass cultivars and cultural practices with a drastically re­ duced water requirement. It Is also ¡m- r Meet Our New 1985 GCSAA Board portant to develop grasses that have the ability to grow under higher saline condi­ tions, since the useof effluent watercon- taining a higher salt content will be In­ creasing In the upcoming decade. Another area of research emphasis will be the development of minimal malnte- \ nance turfgrasses and cultural systems which will have a lower requirement for our energy and nutrient resources. This dictates a relatively slow shoot growth rate and Increased efficiency of fertilizer use. A third area of emphasis will be the President Vice President development and application of an Inte­ Eugene D. Bastón Riley L. Stottern grated pest management concept. This Is a very complex, but important area. In summary, researchers have a great responsibility to develop new cultivars and cultural practices that will possess a slow vertical shoot growth rate, low water use rate, minimum nutrient requirement, drought hardiness, wear tolerance, dis­ ease and Insect resistance, and green color retention at low fertility levels. The results of this research will be critically needed by the turfgrass Industry during Secretary/Treasurer Director the 1990’s and beyond. Most of the easy John A. Segui Donald E. Hearn turfgrass research has been accom­ plished. The problems facing researchers require more sophisticated and costly facilities and research personnel. Thus, each and every professional turf man­ ager should do his or her part to both articulate and work for the support of the turfgrass research programs around the country. The turfgrass researchers have a major challenge facing them. Be as­ sured that we will be doing our best to maximize the research effort to provide answers to these problems. We appre­ Director ciate the efforts you have made in helping Dennis D. Lyon achieve the research accomplishments of the past and look forward to joining with you In a continued and Increasing effort to provide the research funds WHY DO SUPERINTENDENTS needed to solve the problems facing the BELONG TO GCSAA? Industry In the decades ahead. They are proud of their profession and want to Credit: Greenmaster Improve it. They recognize that a strong organization can better represent the combined Interests of the profession through its unified voice. They are convinced that professional growth can best be achieved through the union of similarly minded colleagues. They realize that their active participation in the Call Association can shape the future of their profession. They have discovered that the Association's activi­ an advertiser ties, programs and publications can keep them abreast of the latest technological Information. first They believe that a strong Association can streng­ then their regional and local turf organizations and programs. They understand that their personal participation can assist other superintendents and the turfgrass Industry. They know that the resources of a vast organization can only act to Increase their professional stature, knowledge and abilities. They appreciate the opportunities they will have to attend national and regional educational assemblies, developed to meet their specific needs. Overseeding Bentgrass Greens, designed to favor the growth and development of creeping bent­ Is It Worth It? grass at the expense of Annual bluegrass encroachment. by Brian M. Silva Many appreciate these points and the advantages associated Cornish & Silva, Inc. with regular overseeding. However, they are nonetheless hesi­ Golf Course Architects tant to introduce another variety of grass into their putting “I tried that a couple of years ago and didn’t see any results”. greens. This is especially true on greens originally planted to All too often, that’s the response to the suggestion for annual velvet bentgrass. A close examination of such greens find they overseeding of putting greens. However, a closer look at the often contain as much creeping bentgrass and Annual bluegrass potential for improvement inherent in this practice as a regular as they do velvet bent. The situation is similar on greens pro- component of ones’ maintenance program could beg a different pogated to South German bent or a combination of vegetative response to this suggestion. bents such as Arlington and Cohansey. Many of these greens There are a number of characteristics considered important suffer a painful degree of separation and take on the patchwork on putting greens. Color, putting speed, resiliency, recuperative quilt appearance mentioned earlier. potential, smoothness and the like are among these. A good case, An overseeding program would develop a greater degree of though, could be made for saying that these characteristics pale uniformity and this improved uniformity would flatter the ef­ in comparison to uniformity and consistency. forts of both the golfer and the superintendent. More consis­ Whether greens are fast or slow, it’s important to achieve tent and predictable results could be gained by both. and maintain uniformity and consistency from green to green By now, you’re doubtlessly ready to cast aside this issue of throughout a course. While some might argue that the golfer The Collaborator, call to order your seed and jump on the band­ should be able to determine the speed of each and every green wagon proudly waving your banner for annual overseeding. for himself and that making surface texture and speed of greens Right? Well, even if this supposition is not entirely correct, let’s consistent and uniform diminishes the challenge confronting the look into the practice of overseeding a bit further. golfer, even the most skilled of eyes find it difficult to deter­ One of the keys to the success of any overseeding operation mine differences from green to green merely through visual in­ is good seed-to-soil contact. The development of proper seed- spection. And as we all observe, the Rules of Golf, killjoys that to-soil contact on a new golf course or a project entailing com­ they are, prevent the player from testing the speed of each and plete renovation is relatively easy. However, when overseeding every green. is carried out on an area of actively growing turf, proper soil- Once the golfer determines green speed and adjusts his stroke to-seed contact is more difficult to attain. accordingly, he should be able to expect uniform and consis­ There are a number of methods by which an appropriate tent conditions, relatively speaking, from green to green. Even degree of seed-to-soil contact can be achieved on actively grow­ with such uniformity and consistency, the golf architect, in ing turf. Remember, the less the surface is disturbed, the less developing surface contour variety from green to green, will the chance for success of your overseeding due to poor soil-to- help keep the game sufficiently challenging on the putting seed contact. Any combination of the following would serve surfaces. to maximize the essential seed-to-soil contact. That it is difficult to gain this desired degree of uniformity One technique involves the use of small, power-driven sheer and consistency on greens that are a patchwork quilt of different seeder that places the seed just below the surface of the green. bentgrasses and annual bluegrass is obvious. This lack of unifor­ Special thin coulters are available that barely disturb the put­ mity poses problems for the superintendent as well as the golfer. ting surface. With any of the overseeding techniques, minimal The various species and varieties can respond quite differently thatch levels that permit the seed to germinate in the soil rather to basic maintenance practices including fertilization, topdress­ than in the thatch will greatly favor seedling survival. ing, vertical mowing, and pesticide applications. Variable Soil cultivation in the form of aerification is another frequently responses to environmental conditions, most notably used practice to gain soil-to-seed contact. Soil cores should be temperature extremes, are also obvious. The annual overseeding removed prior to seeding and a topdressing follows the applica­ program would encourage the development of a greater unifor­ tion of seed. The topdressing should then be slowly dragged mity of species and variety predominating the putting surfaces or matted into the open aerification holes. and permit the golfer and superintendent to better predict the A combination of soil cultivation practices can truly maximize results of their respective efforts. the chances of germination and survival. A moderately deep Additionally, we often ask the impossible of greens original­ vertical mowing carried out immediately after the removal of ly planted to bentgrass. In many instances these greens receive aerification cores will greatly increase the amount of soil open no additional desirable seed following initial establishment. This for contact with seed. The vertical mowing should be carried is so in spite of the fact that Annual bluegrass is consistently out to a depth sufficient to bring a small amount of previously producing vast quantities of new seed on a yearly basis. Need applied topdressing or soil to the surface of the green. After we be reminded just how much seed? Research has shown that removal of the thatch debris brought to the surface, seeding takes a single Annual bluegrass plant can produce over 400 seeds dur­ place on a green where aerification holes and vertical mowing ing the flush of inflorescence in the late spring and early grooves offer an infinite number of sites for seed-to-soil contact. summer. Spiking or slicing greens with mechanical disk spikes can also Expecting the desirable bentgrasses to compete with Annual be used during seedbed preparation prior to overseeding, three bluegrass solely on a vegetative basis is clearly a case of ex­ of four passes over the putting green — more if possible — will pecting far too much. A vigorous bentgrass overseeding pro­ be required prior to seeding taking place. gram would play an integral role in a maintenance scheme (cont’d. page ) 6 (Overseeding cont’d.) rigation and fungicide treatments will improve seedling survival. It is somewhat difficult to argue convincingly against a well Many are the tons of seed that have never been given a fighting founded overseeding program. Conditions of surface uniformity chance during overseeding due to improper seedbed prepara­ and consistency on greens can be improved. Greater competi­ tion. Actively growing turf certainly permits less than optimum tion on the part of desirable grasses can be gained against the conditions for the germination and growth and development of encroachment of Annual bluegrass. Obviously, such results will seedlings. Merely going through the motions of seedbed not be realized by a one-shot effort, or by half-hearted annual preparation with the thought of minimizing golfer disturbance will serve no purpose. An intensive soil cultivation program, efforts. To be effective, a sound overseeding program must be carried combining aerification, vertical mowing and spiking will result out on a continuing and annual basis. The frequently asked ques­ in more open soil and reduce the level of competition imposed tion is, “For how many years should I continue the overseeding by existing turf. The topdressing that follows seeding will per­ program?” I would suggest an overseeding program be initiated mit you to develop acceptable putting conditions. Once seeding and continued for as long as the Annual bluegrass component has taken place, irrigation schedules have to be adjusted in order of your putting greens continues to seed profusely each and to keep the seed consistently moist but not overwet. For two every season. In other words, the time limit on overseeding to three weeks following overseeding, repeated light syringing should be open ended. Expecting the bentgrasses to compete throughout the day will stimulate germination and assure seedl­ merely on a vegetative basis against a plant that is such an ac­ ing survival. complished seed producer is expecting far too much. As to the seed itself, one of the improved creeping bentgrass The results to be gained from overseeding will not be im­ varieties such as Penncross or Penneagle represents a good mediate. Three to four years may be required before you even choice. These grasses exhibit an aggressive growth rate that per­ see a hint of progress. The vigor with which you go after the mits them to germinate and develop under the less than ideal program will greatly influence its success. Just think for a minute seedbed conditions associated with overseeding. Once estab­ about how much Annual bluegrass seed is collected in the soil lished, this aggressive nature further allows these grasses an of a green 10, 20, 30, or more years old. Even at 8,000,000 increased ability to compete against the ever-present Annual seeds per pound, it will take a tremendous amount of creeping bluegrass. bentgrass seed merely to affect an equilibrium with the Annual In the past, much has been made of the tendency for such bluegrass in the soil. aggressively growing grasses to thatch and become puffy under This shouldn’t dissuade you. Without annual overseeding, putting green conditions. However, experience has shown this your present putting surfaces will, at the very best, remain static. to be more an indictment related to improper cultural practices The desirable grasses will be competing merely on a vegetative rather than an inherent problem of the respective grasses. Con­ basis and experience has generally shown this to be a losing temporary cultural practices on greens, including light and fre­ proposition. quent topdressing, light vertical mowing and judicious use of In many cases, the initiation of an annual overseeding pro­ nitrogen will keep thatch levels in check while maintaining the gram will seek to affect a distorted equilibrium that has aggressive growth habit so desirable for recuperative potential developed over the years and favors annual bluegrass encroach­ and competitive ability against annual weed encroachment. ment. It will take time to shift this equilibrium, but a shift will Under such conditions, it is obvious that seedling mortality result from a dedicated and vigorous annual overseeding will be high. While the chances of overseeding success increase program. with the intensity of the seedbed preparation, relatively high Credit: Our Collaborator, N.Y. seeding rates should be used. Minimum seeding rates of two pounds per 1000 sq. ft. are suggested and this can be divided into two applications per season. On a golf course with average size greens, this seeding rate requires an expenditure for seed in excess of $1000. Just for a minute, though, consider the ex­ pense involved in maintaining greens comprised mainly of An­ Think nual bluegrass through summer stress periods. Certainly the ad­ If you think you are beaten, you are, ditional syringing and fungicide treatment costs add up quick­ If you think you dare not, you don’t. If you like to win — but you think you can’t, ly. Better yet, imagine the cost in dollars and golfer inconve­ It’s almost certain you won’t. nience associated with a set of greens that come through a winter in poor shape after Annual bluegrass has exhibited its all too If you think you’ll lose, you’ve lost, For out of this world we find infamous susceptability to a variety of winter injuries. Success begins with a fellow’s will, The timing of overseeding is critically important. While spring It’s all in the state of mind. and fall are the times often considered the best for seeding, they If you think you’re out-classed, you are. are definitely not the best times for overseeding existing turf. You’ve got to think high to rise. Cool soil temperatures in the spring and fall, coupled with ex­ You’ve gotta be sure of yourself, treme competition on the part of existing grasses, render these Before you can win the prize. periods wholly inappropriate for overseeding. Carried out in Life’s battles don’t always go the summertime, however, prior to the prime germination period To the stronger or fastest man, of Annual bluegrass, overseeding will give the bentgrass seedl­ But sooner or later the man who wins, ings an increased level of competitive ability. Soil temperatures Is the man who thinks he can. at this time will permit excellent germination, while proper ir­ 7 1985 membership booklets have been mailed under separate cover by "Special ^th Class Book Rate". If perchance you have not received your booklet before this meeting, please tell us as we will have extra books available. If you do not come to the meeting and would like a book, then please get in contact with Torn Reed. We would be remiss if we did not remind all of you, that this booklet was made possivble only, by the people that have advertised in it. Withour their cooperation and support, there would be no membership booklet. We suggest therefore, that when you are contemplating your purchases during 1985, that you will keep the advertisers uppermost in your mind, in appreciation for their gracious cooperation *********************************************************************************** In the April issue of G.M. magazine, Dr. Eldon R. Everhart, Horticulture Specialist from Iowa Lakes, makes the statement that "Topping Trees Shortens Tree Life". The closer a tree is to maturity, the less tolerant it is to severe pruning. This is a good thing to keep in mind when moving trees or replacing others. There are a few that have not paid their 1985 dues. If you are one of these, your fellow directors would appreciate your so doing because it places a burden or. them or someone to remind you. If there is any question whether you have paid or not, the answer is that you should have in your possession a 1985 membership card so stating. There could be exceptions however at this writing everyone that has paid should also have received the new card. Please do not make us remind you, instead make out your check and either give or mail to our Treasurer Tom Reed. We would also like feedback on the new membership booklet publication and welcome any suggestions as to how we could improve it. If you would like to write an article to be included in our news letter, we would be most happy for the input. We are open to all suggestions and everyone will be given deep consideration. Remember this is your Association and we want to improve it, year after year. ******************************** ******************************************** ******* Certification A new requirement for eligibility for Certification became effective after the Washington, D.C., Con­ ference and Show. GCSAA Class A members who qualify for Certification must now have two at­ Attestor testors visit their golf courses during the growing season to complete a personal interview and tour of the golf course. At the completion of the tour and interview, the attestor completes an Attestor Requirement Visitation Report which is then returned to the GCSAA Education Department. Each applicant must have two attestors visit his or her golf course, and both attestors must give their recommendations before the applicant may sit for the Certification examination. Each attestor must be a current CGCS, except under unusual circumstances. These exceptions must be approved by the Certification Committee Chairperson. New Certification applications available through the Education Department reflect this policy. This new policy’s implementation was scheduled as part BEARD COLLECTION of the Certification Long Range Plan. For more information, call Shari Nieder at 1-800-GSA-SCJPT. MAIL THAT POSTCARD TODAY AND REMEMBER TO BRING ALONG A PROSPECTIVE MEMBER...................... ******^**^^***4HB6**^**-#4H<‘***********HHHI-****4He**^****^*4HHe******* ************* First voter: ”1 don’t know who to vote A necking party is an affair that in­ The distance between some people’s for. I don’t know any of the Candida1' variably lasts until somebody gives in, ears is one block. Second voter: "I'm more puzzle, gives up, or gives out. you. I know them all.” 8