NMTMA Growing Season Winding Down EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE With the days getting shorter and the leaves turning color, it is a real good indicator that President the growing season is coming to an end. Jeffrey Holmes If your summer has been anything like mine, you look back and wonder where the days have gone. Vice-President Paul Holmes It has been a good year for golf rounds, and a good year for growing turf. As I have talked with different Superintendents this Executive Secretary year, they have commented on how golf rounds have been up Thomas J. Reed and that the turf problems have been fairly mild. 3733 Apollo Dr. Traverse City, Ml 49684 With the end of the growing season upon us, it also indicates Phone 616-943-8343 that the end of the year is here for our board of directors. It is time for election and re-election of board members to serve on President Jeffrey Holmes the Northern Mich. Turf Managers board. Directors Tom Brogger We have had a committee working on new applicants to run Brian Holmes for election. If we did miss someone who is interested in running for the board, you can Jim Inman still be submitted as a candidate at the October annual Meeting. David Little, CCCS Michael Meindertsma If you are going to take the time and committment to run for the board, we would like Charles Menefee, CCCS you to be committed to your responsibilities once you are elected. Be professional and Michael Morris Kimberly Olson help lead your association. Carry out the job tasks that you are assigned to and make it to Robert Steinhurst Jr., CGCS all meetings. Please attend the October Meeting even if you are not running for the Board. The candi­ dates need your support to get elected. It will also show the candidates that we have a Past Presidents strong association that cares about what is happening. Ed Karcheski C.E. "Tuck” Tate, CCCS I'm looking forward to seeing everyone at Huron Breeze for the annual meeting. David Longfield, CGCS Jonathon Scott, CGCS Tom Brogger EPA May Extend UST Insurance Deadline MTF Liaison David Longfield, CGCS The EPA has proposed a 14-month exten­ approved trust funds. Currently, 22 states sion for Catagory IV underground storage have received EPA approval for UST trust tank owners/operators to prove financial re­ funds; 12 or more have submitted trust GCSAA Liaison Jon Maddern sponsibility. The proposal, which was pub­ fund programs for approval. lished in the Aug. 14 Federal Register, Golf operations should be aware that, Newsletter Editor would push back the federal deadline to regardless of the financial assurance dead­ Michael Morris Dec. 31, 1992 for most golf operations with line, they are already responsible for P.O. Box 1575 Frankfort, Ml 49635 USTs. However, states will have the option cleanup costs, third-party liability and as­ of keeping the current Oct. 26, 1991 dead­ sociated legal fees resulting from a leak or line, or extending it to match federal re­ spill. GCSAA sponsors a low cost UST in­ quirements. surance program that can assure your club EPA is now accepting comments on the or course will have the resources to sur­ RECYCLED PAPER proposal, which was drafted under pressure vive such an incident. For details, call from congressional representatives con­ GCSAA's communications department at cerned about the financial stability of small (913) 832-4470. businesses located in states without EPA- Credit: GCSAA Briefing J Keeping a Weather Eye Professional weather forecasters arrive at their predictions downpour of rain. The telltale step in this pattern is when with the assistance of such instruments as barometers, hy­ fair weather cumulus clouds begin to puff upward like the grometers and thermometers, each of which measures some turrets of a castle. Such towering cumulus clouds are not aspect of the ever-changing atmosphere: air pressure, hu­ always followed by thunderheads but when they occur in midity and temperature, respectively. The wilderness is the west or northwest sky, a little darker and lower than oth­ filled with indicators every bit as accurate, if not so nicely er cumulus clouds, the wise camper begins to make prepara­ calibrated. Knowing how to read them is one of the skills of tions for a sudden storm. outdoorsmanship. Cirrus clouds are made of ice crystals, formed when warm Masses of cold and warm air move across the earth from west to east at a rate of about 600 miles per day, propelled Cumulus clouds, fed by warm updraft of cold front, develop into and around pools and eddies of high and low pressure. towering form, warning of approaching thunderstorms or Air blows clockwise away from the center of a high pressure snow. area, where it escapes upward, cooling as it rises and leaving behind the moisture it contains. Thus a drop in air air suddenly meets cold air (the way your breath forms va­ pressure (a falling barometer) generally means the arrival of por on a cold day). Often they signal nothing more than a a pocket of humid air, clouds, and often rain or snow, high altitude wind pattern, but when they begin to form a particularly when the low pressure area is at the front of an thin, icy layer (cirrostratus) - causing the appearance of a air mass. halo around the sun or moon - it is probably the first warn­ ing of an approaching warm air front, with a long, steady Migrating geese maintain their altitude by sensing air pres­ siege of rain or snow. sure; the more the pressure, the higher they fly. Low flying geese means a falling barometer, an omen of bad weather. Learn To Read The Language Of The Clouds There are many signs of an approaching low pressure area; smoke hovers and turns downward; birds tend to roost; Cold air is heavier than warm, so the front of a cold air mass swallows and bats swoop low; ground odors rise from ditch­ hugs the ground as it moves eastward, pushing warm air like es and marshes; clouds form at low altitudes; the rising hu­ wood shavings before the blade of a chisel. Cold fronts give midity makes hair limp, causes distant objects to appear little warning; winds may change to easterly or northeaster­ closer (because the usual evaporation haze is missing), and ly, often creating a squall line (a band of high winds and precludes the formation of morning dew. These signs are all short lived thundershowers) a few minutes before their arri­ prominent among folklore's favorite foul weather warnings. val. Layers of cumulus clouds (cumulostratus) or thunder- heads may accompany the front itself. Warm fronts move more slowly and give 10-15 hours warning. Wispy cirrus Sound travels a mile in about five seconds; light arrives al­ clouds accumulate and grow steadily lower, and winds often most instantaneously. To find out how many miles away a shift to easterly or southeasterly; long, steady rain from low thunderstorm is, count the seconds between a lightning flash stratus clouds presages and accompanies the front itself. and the thunderclap that follows it, and divide by five. When a cold front overtakes a warm front, the result is called an occluded front; the sky grows dark, and heavy Other bits of weather lore are also firmly based in fact. weather, snow or violent winds often result. Take, for example, the expression "Red sky at night, sailor's delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors take warning." (The setting sun shines through tomorrow's air, 500 to 600 miles Insect Thermometer westward; the laws of light refraction are such that if the air is clear and dry, the sky will be red just after sunset. The 110 same laws decree that a red sky just before sunrise means All insects are quiet (105°) that the air that has passed to the east is clearer and drier 100 Bees are idle (102°) than where you are.) 90 There are three basic cloud types: cirrus (wispy), stratus Cicadas sing (83°) (layered) and cumulus (puffy). Each is produced by a specif­ 80 Katydid says KATY-DID-IT (78°) ic air pattern, and each may presage a particular kind of 70 Katydid says KATY-DID (72°) storm. Learn to read the early stages of these developments. Katydid says KAY-TEE (65°) Fluffy white cumulus clouds, for example, are formed by 60 Katydid says KATE (58°) 50 Grasshoppers cannot fly (46°) 1 Cirrus clouds form wispy mares' tales before warm air fronts 40 All insects mute (40°) hit. Next come cirrostrattus, the 'mackerel sky', then rain. All insects dormant (32°) 30 warm updrafts called thermals. They are common on clear days and generally foreshadow more of the same, but they are also the stuff of which thunderstorms are made. When a thermal is intensified by the moist updraft of a low pressure <► To find temperature in Fahrenheit, count a cricket's chirps for 14 sec­ area, the result is a huge billowing thunderhead (cumulo­ onds and add 40. Other insects indicate readings as shown above. nimbus), bringing strong winds, thunder, lightning and a Credit: The Bull Sheet 2 ----------------------------------------- - I I I BUNTING SAND & GRAVEL PRODUCTS, INC. 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CHARLEVOIX AVE., PETOSKEY, Ml 49770 _____________________________________________ J --------------------------------------- \ Letters to Mechanic's Corner k_____________________________________________________________________ ? By David Barlow • Mechanic Supervisor - Garland the Editor I have found in my years of experience in the mechanical field that if you follow the three C's, you will go a long way toward a successful career. You can communicate The Three C's are complaint, cause and correction. directly with the NMTMA and your fellow members 1. COMPLAINT: by writing to: A. Listen to a description of the problem (communicate with the operator before and after repairs). B. Take a short "Road Test" to verify the complaint. Turf Times c/o Mike Morris 2. CAUSE: PO Box 1575 Frankfort, Ml 49635 A. Perform a careful and systematic evaluation to determine the cause of the failures. B. At this point determine the parts needed, and if the unit can be temporarily repaired and put back into service. Share your thoughts and feelings about our 3. CORRECTION: organization or the A. Take time to study the repair and do it correctly. industry in general B. Always "Road Test" or operate the equipment to make sure it works to your satisfaction. ___________________________ J C. Keep a record of repairs for future reference. 3 Superintendents respond to New York Attorney General's Report Editor's Note: Below is GCSAA's response to a report released by tants, acting as a "heat sink" that cools the atmosphere, the New York Attorney General's office concerning golf courses maintaining much-needed greenspace in urban settings, pro­ and pesticide use. viding habitat for thousands of species of birds and wildlife, Association members may receive questions concerning this re­ and filtering pollutants from rain and irrigation water. port from media representatives. Please feel free to use any of the More and more golf courses around the country are utiliz­ statements presented in this news release as responses to these in­ ing effluent (reclaimed wastewater) water for their irrigation quiries. purposes. The natural filtration properties of turfgrass allow this wastewater to be disposed of on golf courses and be The Golf Course Superintendents Association of America cleansed before it reaches the groundwater supply. (GCSAA), responding to a report published late last week by Cadenelli continued, "Golf course superintendents were the New York State Attorney General's Office, called the re­ putting the principles of integrated pest management into port "unsupported by fact, inaccurate and misleading." practice long before 'IPM' became a government buzz­ The report, "Toxic Fairways: risking groundwater contami­ word." nation from pesticides on Long Island golf courses," is based Integrated pest management, or IPM, is the utilization of on a survey of 52 golf courses on Long Island, N.Y. The re­ turfgrass management strategies that are economical and port claims that the golf courses surveyed are treated with as have the least possible effect on people, property and the en­ much as seven times more pesticides per acre than are used vironment. Reduced pesticide usage is an important element to grow food crops. The report implies that the chemicals of any IPM Program. could pose a risk to local groundwater supplies. "Given the expense of chemicals and our own deep con­ GCSAA President Stephen G. Cadenelli, CGCS, Stated. "A cerns about protecting natural resources, why would we use number of points from the report are unsupported by fact, in­ them unnecessarily? Modern emphasis and education is on accurate or misleading. The primary thrust of the report using pesticides 'curatively' as a doctor would use a specific seems to be that simply because these materials are applied medicine to cure a specific problem. Ask those who know - on golf courses, they will de facto enter groundwater. Yet, no extension agents, pesticide regulators, educators - and they scientific evidence is cited in the report to support this no­ will tell you that golf course superintendents are leading the tion. In fact, actual monitoring and sampling studies suggest way in implementing IPM practices," said Cadenelli. that there is very little movement of materials applied on Maria Cinque, turf specialist at the Cornell Cooperative courses - even in more vulnerable soils than those found on extension on Long Island, backed up that statement. "We at Long Island." the Cornell Cooperative Extension have been teaching IPM A major independent study completed on Cape Cod, practices for the last ten years. Many of these practices are Mass, and other university studies at Cornell and Pennsylva­ used by golf courses on Long Island," Cinque said. "I believe nia State University, show that golf course chemicals do not that the amount of pesticides has definitely been reduced pose a threat to groundwater supplies when properly ap­ during this period," she continued. plied. "Any suggestion that turf chemicals, when profession­ Cadenelli noted that superintendents nationwide are using ally and properly applied, will enter groundwater under golf fewer and fewer chemicals more effectively each year. "It courses in any amount sufficient to pose risks to humans is seems ironic that this report is issued at a time when we're without foundation in science," Cadenelli said. using better materials in increasingly small amounts. If there Cadenelli continued, "The report and the news release that isn't a problem now, I don't see how there could be one in preceded it refer to the fact that pesticides are applied to the future," he said. courses for 'merely aesthetic' reasons. Plant protectants are The report itself stated that: "There is no reason to believe used to control diseases, insects and unwanted plants that that any water now supplied to Long Island exceeds safe cause damage to a very valuable piece of property. Golf drinking water guidelines for any pesticides." course superintendents manage golf courses in an environ­ Pesticide Application and Storage - mentally responsible manner to ensure that there are accept­ Key elements in Environmental Forum able conditions for golf and to protect the significant invest­ The requirements for the application and storage of pesti­ ment that golf courses represent." cides will be more stringent in the near future. That's the Golf courses are businesses: they provide thousands of message that came from a recent environmental forum host­ jobs and millions of dollars in property taxes. The value of ed by the GCSAA. the land around the golf course is also enhanced, creating a Arty Williams, chief of the Environmental Protection larger volume of tax revenues from homes and businesses lo­ Agency's (EPA) Field Operations Division, said the require­ cated nearby. ments for people who apply restricted-use pesticides (RUPS) Properly maintained turfgrass actually benefits an entire - especially certified applicators - will be getting tougher. community by preventing erosion, cleansing the air of pollu­ Continued on next page... 4 Superintendents respond to New York Attorney General's Report .. .Continued from previous page survey has shown that over 95 percent of all golf course su­ The proposed recommendations are based on a 1985 task perintendents have at least one certified applicator on staff. report on the certification and training of RUP applicators. Many courses have more than one. Although these new re­ These recommendations reflect the need to address several quirements will be tougher, they shouldn't place more of a are of concern, including groundwater protection, worker demand on the superintendent because many of them al­ protection, endangered species protection, chronic toxicity ready have these record-keeping elements in place." of RUPS, and waste and container disposal. The federal law Dennis Howard of EPA's Environmental Effects and Fate that covers pesticide application is the Federal Insecticide, Division next addressed the forum on pesticide storage. Reg­ Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). FIFRA's Section 3 ulations concerning pesticide storage and mixing/loading are requires that any pesticide classified by the EPA for restrict­ still under development, Howard said, and are not expected ed use "shall be applied only by or under the direct supervi­ to be effective until 1993 and 1994, respectively. The stor­ sion of a certified applicator," Section 4 gives each state an age requirements are not expected to affect the majority of opportunity to implement its own pesticide applicator pro­ golf course superintendents because they would apply only gram. Virtually every state has its own version of this pro­ to facilities that store 11,000 pounds or more of pesticide gram. products. The new rules will require certified applicators to keep Rinse pads will likely be required in area where concen­ records of site-specific training, as well as to show compe­ trated pesticides are routinely transferred. This regulation tency of non-certified applicators who are applying RUPS. would affect golf courses that do most of their mixing in the In addition, recertification will be required at least every same location. five years for all certified applicators. Some states already "Even though the storage requirements may not affect golf have similar regulations. Williams said the final rule should course superintendents, they should provide good standards be "on the streets" in 1992. to those courses who are building or remodeling their pesti­ GCSAA Director Randall P. Zidik, CGCS, said, "A recent cide storage facilities," said Zidik. PRESENTING........ A WAREHOUSE ON WHEELS (616) 943-8343 URF 3751 Blair Town Hall Rd. 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(ConnniraïQ.^^ CARLI5L llRELLI Nothing Runs Like a Deere® 19240 West 8 Mile Road 303 1/2 Hawthorne St.- Southfield, Ml 48075 Cadillac, Ml 49601 RON HAGELSTON ELLSWORTH Phone: (313) 354-5644 Phone: (616) 775-6666 SALES REPRESENTATIVE (616) 599-2541 6 What They Don't Teach In Even The Best Schools By Peter McWilliams Our high school and our college meant well, but they Think about all the little miracles in life. Oxygen, for exam­ drilled into us huge quantities of information that we prompt­ ple - we've never been without it. ly forgot. . . and neglected to teach us some of the most fun­ damental skills for living well. Key things that they left out: You Can Have Anything You Want The Puritan ethic tells us: It's wrong to want things. Life is • The purpose of life. nothing but sacrifice and duty, and people who have what • The importance of forgiveness. they want are wicked. That belief leads to frustration. • The need for balance. In recent decades, the popular philosophy shifted to I want it all! But that philosophy also leads to frustration. If you have • How to figure out what we want. it all, you don't have enough time to learn how to use it, • The usefulness of mistakes. much less enjoy it. • How to love ourselves. The truth: You can have anything. . . but not everything you want. Fortunately, our education doesn't end just because'we Sure, there are limitations, but not as many as most of us leave school. Life itself is a classroom, and our teachers are believe. It's just that you may have to give up some things everything that happens to us - both positive and negative. you want less for things you want more. In addition, each of us has our own Master Teacher - that Don't be ashamed of your desires. It's great to want noble voice inside us that seems to be making calm, sure comments things (world peace, good health for all), but it's okay to want in the midst of mental chaos. In a sense, it's life that teaches mundane or self-focused things, too - a red sports car, great us how to live. sex, etc. Respect the whole range of your aspirations. You can't get Why Are We Here? what you want unless you know what it is. And you won't We can't know for sure if there's meaning to life. But it figure out what it is unless you're willing to accept it. makes great practical sense to at least assume that there is. I Love Your Mistakes believe that life's purpose has three parts: One of the most destructive things we learned in school is • Doing. Human beings are busy creatures. We do far that mistakes are bad and should be punished. more than simple survival would require. This suggests that If you avoid mistakes, you avoid accomplishing anything. we thrive on doing. All this doing leads to. . . Without failure there's no experimentation. . . no learning. • Learning. The more we do, the more we learn. . .and the . . and no growth. more we learn, the more we do. It's a continuing cycle. But it It's by finding out what doesn't work that we learn what would quickly become tedious without the 3rd element. . . does. James Joyce wrote; "Mistakes are the portals of discov­ • Enjoying. Some people complain about being on a tread­ ery. Makes excellence, not perfection, your goal." mill. Others pay hundreds of dollars for the privilege of going Forgiving is For Giving into a gym and running on one. Nursing a grievance may make us feel righteous. . . but it Joy can exist no matter what else is going on in your life. doesn't make us feel happy. Forgiving and forgetting makes There are lessons to be learned even from confusion and you available for giving and for getting. pain. . . and learning is enjoyable, even if the events them­ When you forgive someone, you give not only to that per­ selves aren't. son, but to yourself. Instead of focusing on hurt, anger and be­ trayal, you open yourself up to love, joy and adventure. The Attitude of Gratitude When we judge others, we also judge ourselves for being judgemental. Deep down we know that we're inhibiting our The human brain evolved to take familiar things for grant­ happiness. ed, allowing our ancestors to sit up and take notice when a Say to yourself; I forgive (name of person) for (perceived of­ saber-toothed tiger approached. That means we need to be fense). I forgive myself for judging (person) for (offense). consciously grateful for the good in our lives, or we may not It's simple. Try it. notice it at all. You choose your attitude at any given moment. Ask your­ Life Is a Balancing Act self: Do I focus on the good in my life or on the bad? Another incorrect thing that school taught: There's always a We all have plenty of both, and the mind can concentrate right answer. Life is one contradiction after another. . . and on only a narrow spectrum at any one time. most contradictions are valid. It's a simple formula. If you focus on the good stuff, life is We need to be vigilant to sense when we should rest and enjoyable. If you focus on the bad, life is miserable. when we should act... when we should be flexible and when That doesn't mean we should never feel bad. Pain and loss we should stand firm. . . what we should accept and what we happen to everyone from time to time, and sometimes feeling should change. bad is precisely the appropriate response to a situation. When in doubt, consult your Master Teacher - that quietly But it's more often the little, day-to-day occurrences that confident and sensitive inner voice. Ask: What would a Master make or break our happiness. You can focus on the guy who do? Then do it. cut you off in traffic on the way to work this morning. . . or on the one who kept the store open a few minutes late just to accommodate you. Credit: The Bottom Line 7 Understanding and Pronouncing Scientific N Confident Use of Nomenclature Is an Acquired Skill By Paul C Golf course superintendents recognize the need to be well- Different Functions of Latin Names informed on the biology and control of turfgrass diseases. An Scientific names, particularly genus names, are often amus­ important part of this success is the ability to communicate ingly descriptive. The name of the fungal genus Rhizoctonia with colleagues and specialists about technical subjects such means "root murderer," based on the Greek words "rhiza" as turfgrass pathology. (meaning "root") and "Ktonos" (meaning "murder"). The fun­ Golf course superintendents, like other professionals, are gal genus Pythium is based on the Greek word "pythein," more receptive to learning about technical subjects when meaning "to cause to rot." they can confidently use some of the terminology. Scientific names often describe an important feature of the I can assure you that plant pathologists are not born with organism. For example, "nivale" means "snowy" in Latin, so the ability to rattle off scientific names of pathogens (disease- it should come as no surprise that Michodrochium nivale is a causing microorganisms) or active ingredients of fungicides. fungus that causes snow mold. Like most students, I was a bit intimidated at first by scientific The cigar-shaped spores of fungi in the genus Bipolaris names, and I was impressed with how easily they rolled off germinate at both ends ("Bipolar" germination). the tongues of my professors. However, it is simply an ac- Schlerophthora macrospora is a species of Schlerophthora quired skill, onw that plant pathology students have no with unusually large spores. choice but to learn. Scientific names sometimes reflect the most common or first-recorded host plant. For example, Magnaporthe Poae is Origins of Scientific Names. commonly found on most species of Poa, particularly Poa Scientific names of plants and fungi are based on "botani­ pratensis and Poa annua. Although it is a pathogen of creep­ cal Latin," which is a language of sorts that is distinct from ing bentgrass, Gleocercospora sorghi was first identified as a the classical Latin being taught in our schools. Botanical Latin pathogen of sorghum. is best described as a "modern Romance language" of special Sometimes fungal names are used to honor past scientists. technical applications, derived from Rennaissance Latin, with The genus Puccinia was named after Thomaso Puccini, an much plundering of Ancient Greek. eighteenth century Italian anatomist. The genus name Gaeu- Why are scientific names in Latin? Why not English, French mannomyces means "fungi of Gaumann", a German mycolo­ or Russian - not some musty old language that nobody speaks gist from earlier this century. anymore? A frustration one often encounters with scientific names is During the eighteenth century when modern scientific that they are often changed. Name changes are particularly names were first developed, Latin was considered to be a common in the dynamic field of turfgrass pathology. very scholarly language. Scientists often corresponded with Believe me, it is just as frustrating to plant pathologists as it one another in Latin rather than in their native languages, and is to golf course superintendents to have to learn a new name sometimes even spoke to one another in Latin. It was natural fafter having gotten used to the old one. So why change for them to use Latin in their scientific work, so a tradition de­ names already accepted by the scientific community? veloped for naming all plants and fungi using Latin. First, let's look at the reasons for assigning scientific This tradition later became a strict scientific convention at names. One reason is to denote individuality. For example, the first international Botanical Congress in Cambridge, Eng­ the name Pythium aphanidermantum refers to a single spe­ land in 1930. At this meeting, scientists agreed that the only cies of fungus, different in microscopic appearance from all names acceptable across all political borders were Latin* Bi­ others, nomials. These are Latin-based names in which the name of However, another reason for assigning names is to reflect the genus (group of related species) is followed by the name genetic relationships, just like our own surnames. of the species (an interbreeding population of organisms). Rhizoctonia solani is closely related to Rhizoctonia cereal- As an example, Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass) is relat­ is, as evidenced by the shared genus name, Rhizoctonia. ed to Poa Annua (Annual Bluegrass), but the two are separate It makes sense that scientific names should reflect family and incapable of interbreeding by normal means. Note that relationships among fungi. The problem is that we just don't by convention, scientific names are italicized or underlined. know very much about the family relationships of this strange Probably the main benefit of using botanical Latin is that is collection of creatures. a politically neutral language, since it is a 'dead' language no With each passing year, mycologists (scientists who study longer spoken in any society. If scientists in the United States fungi) learn more and more about fungi and about the fea­ assigned names in English, national pride would dictate that tures that reveal family relationship. As we learn more about French scientists use French, Chinese scientists use Mandarin, fungi, we often realize we have been using the wrong name and so on. By using botanical Latin, Scientists throughout the for a particular fungus. When this happens, it doesn't make world can all agree on the name of each organism without sense to ignore it, although plant pathologists share the frus­ cultural bias in assigning scientific names. tration of having to learn a new name for an old fungus. Change of Address, Membership Application info available Any member with a change of address should immediately contact Thomas J. Reed at 3733 Apollo Drive, Traverse City, Ml 49684. He should also be contacted if any person would like to apply for membership in NMTMA. 8 lames of Turfgrass Pathogens and Fungicides I Based On Knowing Some Fundamental Guidelines. ?. Vincelli Becoming Familiar With Scientific Names tive ingredient. For example, "thiophanate-methyl" is an ab­ breviated name for "dimethyl, 4,4-ophenylenebis[33- While golf course superintendents do not need to recog­ thioallophanate]." Clearly, the common name serves as a nize the scientific names of all known plant pathogens, there much more manageable name for an active ingredient than is value in being able to recognize and pronounce the names a formal chemical name. of important pathogens of turfgrasses, indeed, most superin­ Included with this presentation (page 10) are tables that tendents know the names and correct pronunciation of sever­ list common turfgrass pathogens and fungicidal active ingre­ al pathogens. However, some scientific names may be unfa­ dients, along with a generally accepted pronunciation of miliar. each, using an informal system of symbolizing pronuncia­ In addition to scientific names of fungal pathogens, this tion. The only instructions for using this system presentation provides pronunciations for fungicidal active in­ are: 1) capitalized syllables receive the stress or accent; gredients. Learning to recognize names of active ingredients and 2) the letter 'y' should be pronounced as in zsky'. Hope­ in formulated fungicidal products provides several benefits. fully, all other pronunciations are intuitive. These include improving a superintendent's ability to select the right fungicide for a particular disease and allowing cost- Acknowledgement comparisons among products having the same ingredients. The comments of Joseph L. Peterson, Rutgers University, Having confidence in how to pronounce these names im­ and Peter J. Landschoot, Pennsylvania State University, were proves a superintendent's ability to communicate and ask most helpful in preparing this article and are gratefully ac­ questions about active ingredients. knowledged The common names of fungicidal active ingredients often are an abbreviated form of the full chemical name of the ac­ Credit: Golf Course Management TURFGRASS INC. Serving you better with... Technical information Fungicide Programs Free timely delivery ... Quality products Fertilizers The Andersons, Lebanon, Sustane, Country Club, Nitroform, Turfgrass Chemicals Dupont, Ampel, Ciba-Geigy, W.A. Cleary, Chipco, Daconil, Mobay, Elanco, NIAD, Dow, Monsanto, Expedite, Bio Groundskeeper, Agri Diagnostics, Reveal, Sierra Chemical, Nor-Am, Riverdale, PaneSea', Miller, Agri-Plex for X, Roots, BiosFe Seeds Northrup King, Medalist Turf Products Spreaders & Sprayers Cyclone, Spyker, Back Pack, Wheely, Spray Hawk Golf Supplies Lewisline, Par Aide, Standard Fore Par, Yankee, United Stockmen, Chix, Fox Valley Safety Equipment Mine Safety Equipment Soil Management Grid System, TerraFlow, Terrabond, TerraCover Markers Richway, Blazon 1-313-437-1427 - Kimberly Olson, Turfgrass Agronomy 1-800-521-8873 - Gene Johnanningsmeir, Turgfrass Agronomy 9 Pronunciation of Scientific Names of Common Turfgrass Pathogens Disease Pathogen(s) Pronunciation anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola kah-leh-TA-trik-um grah-min-NIK-ok-la brown patch Rhizoctonia solani ry-zok-TOW -nee-us so-LAY-ny copper spot Gloeocercospora sorghi glee-oh-ser-KAH-spor-uh SORE-gy dollar spot Lanzia sp. Moellerodiscus sp. LAN-zee-us mo-ler-oh-DIS-kus (=Sclerotinia homeocarpa) skler-oh-TIN-ee-us ho-mee-o-KAR-pah Gray leaf spot Pyricularia grisea py-rih-ku-LARE-ee-uh GRIS-ee-uh leaf spot & melting out Bipolaris spp. Drechlera spp. by-po-LAR-is DREK-sler-uh (=Helminthosporiium spp.) hel-min-tho-SPOR-ee-um necrotic ring spot Leptosphaeria korrae lep-tow-SFEER-ee-uh KOR-ree powdery mildew Erysiphe graminis er-ree-S Y-fee GRAM-in-is Pythium blight Pythium aphanidermatum PITH-ee-um ah-FAN-ih-der-MAY-tum red thread & pink patch Laetisaria sp. Limonomyces sp. lay-tih-S ARE-ee-uh lym-oh-no-M Y-seez (=Corticium fuciforme) kor-TIS-ee-un few-sih-FOR-mee rust Puccinia sp. URomyces sp. puk-SIN-ee-uh yes-ROM-mih-seez smut Ustilago striiformis Urocystis agropyri yew-stil-AL-go stry-ih-FOR-mis yes-ro-SIS-tis ag-ro-Py-ry snow mold, gray (=Typhula blight) Typhula incamata TIF-yew-lay in-kar-NAY-tah snow mold, pink (=Fusarium patch) Microdochium navale (=Fusarium nivale) my-kro-DO-kee-um nee-VAH-lee few-SAR-ee-um Nee-VAH-lec southern blight Sclerotium rolfsii skler-OH-shum ROLF-see-eye spring dead spot Leptosphaeria korrae lep-tow-SFEER-ee-uh KOR-ree Gaeumannomyces graminis goy-man-oh-M Y-seez GRAM-in-is Ophiosphaerella herpotricha OH-fee-oh-sfee-RELL-usherr-po-TRIK-uh summer patch Magnaporte poae mag-na-POOR-thee PO-ee take all patch Gaeumannomyces graminis goy-MAN-oh-MY seez GRAM-in-is (=Ophiobolus patch) yellow patch Rhizoctonia cerealis ry-zok-TOW-nee-uh see-ree-AL-is (=low temperature brown patch yellow tuft Sclerophthora macrospora skier-AH F-thor-uh mak-ro-SPOR-uh (=downy mildew) Pronunciation of Common Fungicidal Active Ingredients Common Name Pronunciation Some Trade Names* anilazine ah-NILL-uh-=zeen Dyrene benomyl BEN-oh-mill Tersan 1991 chloroneb KLOR-oh-neb Terraneb SP, Pro turf Fungicide V chlorothalonil klor-oh-THAL-oh-nill Daconoil 2787 eth azole ETH-uh-zol koban, Terr azole fenarimol fen-NARE-eh-mol Rubigan fosetyl-Al fah-sehj-TEEL AL aliette iprodione ip-ro-DY-OWN Chipco 26019, Proturf Fungicide VI mancozeb MAN-ko-zeb Fore, Dithane DF, Manzate 200, Mancozeb, Penncozeb metalaxyl met-uh-LAX-ill Subdue, Proturf Pythium Control pentachloronitro-benzene PEN-ta-KLOR-oh-NY-tro-BEN-zeen Terraclor, Turfcide, PCNB (=PCNB, =quintozene) Quintozene KWIN=to-zeen Terraclor, Turfcide, PCNB (=pcntachloronitro-benzene, =PCNB propamocarb pro-PAM-oh-karb Banol propiconazole pro-pee-Kah-nuh-zol Banner thiophanate-methyl thy-oh-FAN-ateMETH-ill Cleary 336-F, Fungo50, Topsin-M, Protruf systemic fungicide thiram THY-ram Spotrete triadimefon try-uh-D Y-mef-on Bayleton, Protruf Fungicide VII vinclozolin vin-KLO-zo-lin Touche, Vorian * Registered trademarks listed are only a partial list offungicides available. Inclusion does not imply any endorsement or preferential treatment. 10 51 DUO dranh ¿tBíxum, ¿Mtdpgan 481196 (313)349-7779 (800-888-7779) HYDROTHERAPY FOR GRASS! Midwest's Largest Stocking Dealer For R&R PRODUCTS To keep your grass healthy and happy, count on Com­ mercial Pump Service to solve any water problem. QUALITY REPLACEMENT PARTS Whether it’s a new, high-tech pumping system, a retro­ TORO JACOBSEN HAHN-WESTPOINT CUSHMAN fit on existing equipment or on-the-spot repairs for RYAN ROSEMAN RANSOMES MOTT any system, Commercial Pump has the experience, NATIONAL YAZOO FORD EXCEL the parts and the people you’ll learn to love. REEL SHARPENING COMPOUND After all, no one knows the water business better. Call (800) 426-0370 and let’s talk about it. The worst FLYMO - POWER PRUNER - AaB-SORBOIL EMULSIFIER you can get is a very pleasant conversation. 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ROHOSA 18-4-1Ö • For faster play on your greens call us for your Contact your Distributor with NAIAD sod installations. or call • We specialize in green installations, tees and 1-800-233-0628 problem patchwork. WATER/SOIL PENETRANT- • Call to place your sod order or to arrange for in­ WETTING stallation of your greens. One green or your en­ AGENT tire golf course. LeßSrinon TOTAL TURF CARE ROHOZA TURF PROFESSIONALS A division of Lebanon Chemical Corporation SEWICKLEY, PA 15143 P.O.Box 180 • Lebanon,Pennsylvania 17042 412/266-4138 - 412/266-1140 h ON COURSE WITH NATURE The Nest Box Project by NANCY P. SADLON A handmade bluebird box by Colonel Robertson represents one design alternative. Environmental Specialist, The ventilation slits improve airflow and provide a light source to encourage the USGA Green Section bluebird to enter. Snags and tree cavities once provided Society (NABS), who has encouraged coons, opossums, etc. to reach the nest. many areas of suitable habitat for cavity­ bluebird nesting in Georgia. At 80 years • Locate boxes no closer than 100 nesting birds, but land development and old, Colonel Robertson has constructed yards apart; 200 yards is better. Closer more manicured maintenance trends over 1,000 nest boxes and still sells a placement violates feeding territories, have reduced these habitat sites. For ex­ few each year. He continues to monitor causing birds to fight. ample, the North American bluebird has 60 boxes on three different Georgia golf • Choose an open area not shaded experienced a 90% decline in the past courses: Cherokee Country Club, Polo completely by trees. 50 years, and habitat loss has been a sig­ Field Club, and Brookfield West C.C. • Use 3/4" weather-resistant wood nificant cause of this decline. Colonel Robertson's first nest boxes and paint the exterior a neutral color Artificial nest boxes can provide alter­ were placed in a nearby cemetary, that simulates bark. native nest sites, enticing birds to occu­ which provided acres of short grass and Provide ventilation, drainage, and a py new habitat areas. Besides cavity­ an ample supply of insects. This effort, predator guard to the nesting box. Venti­ nesting species, birds that usually nest however, resulted in failure as many of lation improves temerature and airflow, on tree tops, such as osprey, eagles and the boxes were stolen. Recognizing this as well as providing a light source. Light owls, have been encouraged to use arti­ problem, the golf course was identified is important to encourage birds to enter ficial nests with imaginative designs. as an excellent location for providing the box. The bluebird box should be in Waterfowl also can be encouraged to both security and bluebird habitat. It place by the end of March, but it's never nest on artificial floating islands. Partici­ took only a short time to learn how to too late to get started. Many species look pation in a nest box project is an easy build bluebird boxes and where to place for future nest sites during migration. and economical way to increase bird them so they did not interfere with golf Most of all, be patient. It takes approxi­ nesting success, help balance loss of nat­ and yet were desirable to the bluebirds. mately two years before your nest boxes ural habitat, and offer an opportunity for He emphasizes, as does NABS, that will attract a noticeable population. superintendents to take an active role in bluebirds can help reduce certain in­ Don't forget about the nest boxes conservation and enhancement of the sects on a golf course, and thus reduce once they have been contructed and environment. the volume of chemical usage necessary mounted. Monitoring the boxes remains Nest box position is one of the most to control these pests. From considera­ an important aspect of the project. Care­ important considerations in attracting ble experience as both golfer and blue­ ful observation of nest box activities al­ birds. Specific nest site characteristics bird expert, he recommends: lows you to determine and correct prob­ for each species vary, based on instinct, • Use an average of 13 to 14 bluebird lems with predators, parasites, or habitat site, and nesting characteristics. houses per 18-hole golf course. competitors. It is important to pay attention to the • Place the box to the side or back of correct habitat (i.e., open fields, wooded tees, out of the golfer's way. (Use of nest For More Information Contact: area), as well as species preference for boxes as 150-yard markers has not been • Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Pro­ nest height above ground, distance to successful for Colonel Robertson, as gram, Hollyhock Hollow Sanctuary, good cover, spacing between boxes, etc. they get hit by golf balls, annoying both Routee 2, Box 131, Selkirk, NY 12158 Bluebirds golfer and bird. (518/767-9051). Nest boxes are a familiar subject to • Mount on a metal pole, one inch in • North American Bluebird Society, Colonel W.R. Robertson, active for 20 diamater. Trees represent natural pas­ P.O. Box 6295, Silver Springs, MD years with the North American Bluebird sageways for predators, allowing rac­ 20916-6295 (301/384-0744). Credit: USGA Green Section Record 12 Wildflower Sod Excites Gardeners Wildflower sod is a new product that is bringing excite­ ment to the home gardening landscape because it provides an instant, natural landscape. The sod is affordable, weed free, and as easy to install as grass sod. Grown and sold by Hydroject" 3000 King Ranch in Belle Glade, Florida, wildfolower sod consists of dense, 5 foot square mats of perennial wildflower plants that are at least three months old and have well developed root systems. The roots quickly take hold on soil that has been prepared like a typical garden. Some of the perennial wildflowers in the sod begin to bloom after six weeks. Most begin blooming in the spring of the second year. Many favorites are included, such as Black- Eyed Susan, Purple Cornflower, Dame's Rocket, Gaillaraia, Johnny Jump-Up, Shasta Daisy, Rockcress and Wallflower. Applewood Seed Company, a Colorado firm known for pi­ oneering the usage of wildflowers, developed and patented the prcess whach is marketed under the brand name Wild­ flower Carpet®. The flowers are suited to climates through­ out the United States and Canada, with the exception of Southern Florida and Southern Texas. Similar to grass sod, Wildflower Carpet® requires consis­ tent moisture for three to four weeks after installation. Weed­ ing is usually unnecessary because the dense layer of wild­ A Revolutionary Turf Cultivation Tool flower plants forms a barrier that is difficult to penetrate. In For More Information Call: the fall, the wildflowers may be mowed to a height of six inches. Over a period of time, the wildflowers best suited to Spartan Distributors, Inc. your area will predominate. 487 W. Division Sparta, Ml 49345 PHONE: (616) 887-7301 For more information contact King Ranch, P.O. Box 1210, Belle Glade, Florida 33430, (407) 996-7257 <___________________ __ __________________ / A Commitment to Quality Turf Care ^^^Arthur Hills and Associates i«ÎÎ ? Products ’""" golf course architects Tee Time® Master planning services for renovation Fertilizer/Pesticides or new development. and Specialty Products for the Golf Course Professional Please call our Toledo office for more information: Distributed by: © P.O. Box T 28064 Pontiac Trail S. Lyon, MI 48178 . . 1-800-521-8873 or 313-437-1427 (call collect) (419) 841-8553 or write the professional's 7531 W. Bancroft St. partner» Call Toll Free: Toledo, OH 43615 IheCCCC* Customer Service: 1-800-251-LAWN (Ohio) Andersons 1-800-253-LAWN Lawn Fertilizer Division (Outside Ohio) P O. Box 119 Sales Office: 1-800-225-ANDY Maumee, Ohio 43537 (2639) 13 Looking for a "Fast Food" Version of the USGA Spec Green by James T. Snow National Director, USGA Green Section IT'S COME to this: After listening to golf sistently good turf conditions, and, with CHEAP - Okay, okay, the best materi­ course architects, builders, superinten­ judicious maintenance, decades of als sometimes cost more (but often not), dents, amd others complain endlessly good performance. It means a method and it could cost a few hundred dollars about USGA specifications for green of construction based upon good scien­ for laboratory testing and a few thou­ construction, and watching them modify tific principles and years of proven field sand dollars more for the time needed to the specs a hundred different ways to experience; in other words, the USGA put down the intermediate coarse sand meet their own desires and beliefs, I've recommended method of green consd- layer. And let's really go first class and decided that what these people must truction. hire a quality-control person for $40,000 really want is a "fast food" version of the Why wouldn't everyone build FOOL­ on a $500,000 (or more) green construc­ specs! PROOF greens? Some critics say that tion project. The extra cost for doing it What constitutes my definition of "fast USGA greens are too difficult, time con­ the right way to ensure long-term suc­ food" specs, you ask? It's simple. Green suming, and costly to build. But are cess is usually less than 10% of the toal. construction according to the "fast food" these criticisms justified? Let's take a Another point in favor of the specs. method must be all of the following: look, comparing USGA specs to other methods of green construction. FOOLPROOF - Admittedly, there is • EASY little that is foolproof in the world, but • FAST EASY - USGA greens are fully de­ USGA greens are by far the safest bet • CHEAP scribed in a 24-page booklet and a 25- when it comes to green construction. • FOOLPROOF minute videotape. Laboratory personnel For all of the criticism, no one has come and Green Section agronomists are forth with a scientifically bac d, time- Unfortunately, building greens is not available to answer questions and pro­ tested method that's better, or even com­ the same as flipping burgers. If you look vide other assistance. Sure, it takes parable. long enough and set your taste stan­ some planning and coordination to During the past year, we've heard dards low enough, it's possible to find build USGA greens, and it takes more from every imaginable corner of the restaurants that serve food that meets all steps than the alternative fly-by-the- game about how the USGA ought to four performance characteristics. If any­ seat-of-your-pants method. But which change its specs to make them easier, one tells you he can build greens that method is actually easier? With USGA faster, and cheaper. Not surprisingly, meet all four standards, though, my ad­ greens, all you have to do is follow the most recommendations best served an vice would be to look elsewhere. directions. One point in favor of the individual's needs, rather than the needs It's not hard to find greens built with USGA specs. of golf courses for top-quality greens. the first three characteristics in mind - Rest assured, however, that the USGA is EASY, FAST, and CHEAP. They're the FAST - It's true, building a USGA not going to put its name on construc­ ones that often fail and must be rebuilt, green is not the same as deciding to get tion methods designed primarily to or else cost many times their original ex­ in your bulldozer, pushing up some make green construction cheap, without pense in terms of extra maintenance "native soil," planting some grass seed, including the foolproof. If we ever en­ costs, poor-quality turf, aggravation, and and calling it a green. It requires seek­ dorse "fast food" green construction unhappy golfers. ing out the best materials, allowing time techniques, it only will be after exten­ The fourth characteristic - FOOL­ for laboratory testing, mixing the com­ sive scientific investigation and extend­ PROOF - is the standard the smart mon­ ponents carefully, and following ed field testing, and after the fat and ey goes with. It means building a green through with all the details to ensure cholesterol have been removed, too. according to the method most likely to success. One point in favor of the crit­ succeed, a method that ensures good ics, but nothing that some planning Credit: USGA Green Section drainage, resistance to compaction, con­ couldn't change. 14 Putting on the Edge of Disaster By Jerry Tarde When old Bill Fownes wanted to check the green speed at But the real culprit is a yard-long metal rod known as the Oakmont, he would walk out to the second hole and carefull Stimpmeter, which was developed to quantify green speed. drop a ball on the back of the putting surface. If it didn't roll When it was introduced in the mid-'70s, the USGA surveyed down the slope, off the front of the green and into the fair­ more than 1,500 greens in 36 states and found that the aver­ way, he would tell the crews to cut and roll the green again. age roll was 6 feet 6 inches on the Stimpmeter. "It's crept up over the years until the average is closer to 8 today, and 9 At least that is according to Oakmont lore. For most of this feels slow to some people," says Snow. century, Oakmont has set the standard against which all oth­ er top clubs measure their green speeds. Now comes evi­ The result has been higher expenses for maintenance of dence from architect Pete Dye that green speed in the old weaker turf that is more susceptible to disease. Several years days may be wildly exaggerated. ago in the midwest, dozens of country clubs noticed that their bentgrass greens were dying of bacteria known as C15 Dye has had motion pictures of the 1962 U.S. Open at Decline, while the greens at neighboring daily fee and mu­ Oakmont studied by mathematical experts. Analyzing the nicipal courses were unaffected. Turf-types began calling it time lapse of putts rolling across the greens, they have con­ "Rich Man's Disease," because it hit only the wealthy cours­ cluded that Oakmont's speeds back then were "about 8 on es like Muirfield Village and Butler National, where the the Stimpmeter," which is considered relatively slow today. greens were cut too low. If true, Dye's discovery is important because it might curb "Trying to maintain consistently fast greens means always the chase for faster greens, golf's costly equivalant to the living on the edge of disaster," says Snow. arms race. "The USGA is trying to raise $10 million to find hardier turf," says Dye, "All they've got to raise is the mow­ Some classic, old courses have now increased their speeds ers, 1/16 of an inch.." to the point that severely undulating greens are unputtable. Then members argue that the greens have 'settled' over time But golfers persist in the mistaken belief that faster is bet­ and need to be rebuilt. Of course, all they need to do is play ter. And, just as mistakenly, club members argue that their the greens at the speed they were designed for. greens were faster back in the '50s and '60s. Most agrono­ mists agree that this is not possible, and USGA Green Sec­ Now some courses are starting to post their green speeds tion National Director, Jim Snow, cites four innovations that on locker room bulletin boards. This only encourages idiotic have greatly added speed in recent times: competition among clubs for the fastest greens in town and leads macho golfers to demand higher numbers or the super­ • It's only been in the last 15 years that clubs cut intendent's job. greens seven days a week; they used to be cut every other day, a big change. Longtime turf authority, Al Radko, says good putting be­ gins at 7 feet 6 inches. And for everyday play, it should not • Cutting greens at 3/16ths was considered very close get above 9. and 1/4th of an inch was common until the 1970's; the introduction of thinner bedknives (against which The PGA Tour aims to have its greens at around 10 feet, the rotary blades of mowers cut) allowed greens to and the U.S. Open shoots for 10 to 11 1/2 feet. But these are be scalped below 1/8th of an inch. once-a-year accasions, with the host club's maintenance program targeted for tournament week. • Clubs used to top-dress greens once or twice a year; now they do it lightly every three weeks. SPEED KILLS, we've learned. If not your superintendent, your greens. • And until the 1970's, we didn't have verticutters and groomers, new machinery that takes the excess Credit: Indiana G.C.S.A. top growth off the leaves of grass 15 Special Calendar: Turfgrass Environmental Education Program November 7 East Lansing GCSAA Regional Seminar, Holiday Inn Maximizing Job Satisfaction December 2-5 Cincinnati Ohio Turfgrass Foundation Annual Show Contact (614) 292-2601 2-6 East Lansing Your Home Turf at MSU Contact Dr. Frank Rossi at (517) 353-0860 2-6 Hickory Comers MSU School of Turfgrass Management 7 NMTMA/MMTMA Christmas Party - Grand Traverse Resort (The Bear) Acme, Outside Traverse City January 20-22 Lansing Michigan Turfgrass Conference Holiday Inn (Formerly the Clarion) 23 East Lansing Kellog Center, MTF/MSU Environmental Workshop Think Tanks, Storage Tank Issues in the Turfgrass Industry February 8-11 Toronto, Canada CGCS’s 43rd Annual Canadian Turfgrass Conference & Show Contact (800) 387-1056 10-17 New Orleans, LA GCSAAs 63rd International Conference & Show The Greatest Show On Earth! 24 Novi Late Winter Seminar Series 25 Grayling Employee Relations 27 Grand Rapids Recruitment, Training, Motivation and Retention of Employee Ohio Golfer wins Senior Amateur crown FRANKFORT - It wasn't the classic way to Bosshard, who owns a chemical pro­ Tampa, FL, 1-up in Saturday morning's win a national championship. cessing company, won the final match other semifinal match. But then, when it comes to match play with a double bogey on the 435-yard This golf tournament, put on by the - one on one - all that matters is who won par-4 13th hole. Beecroft putted, putted USCA, had 160 players qualifying for the most holes. off the green, chipped, then putted twice the low 64 to compete further. They And on Saturday at Crystal Downs, it more for a triple-bogey seven. played qualifying rounds on Monday was Bill Bosshard of Copley, Ohio. The pair halved the 139-yard par-3 and Tuesday, in winds gusting to 48 He had five bogeys and a double bog­ 14th hole with birdies. m.p.h., on a strange golf course. Crystal ey in the final match, but still won the "The greens here are like the rest of the Downs C.C. is rated by Golf Magazine 37th U.S. Senior Amateur Championship golf course, it takes patience," said Boss- as the best course in Michigan, 10th in on his first try. hard, who survived the cut by just one the U.S. and 16th in the world. Players 55-year-old Bosshard defeated 1988 stroke after two rounds of stroke play are from every state and Canada and, champion Clarence Moore of Winnsbo­ Monday and Tuesday. "There is no way with their fine play, course records ro, S.C., in Saturday's semifinals. to force anything. The sickest feeling in have not changed. This course has Bosshard then topped Morris Beecroft, golf is to hit a putt then have to go back Mike Morris as the Golf Superintendent 61, of Newport News, VA., who shared to your bag for your wedge. That's a and Fred Muller as the PGA Pro. It was medalist honors with Moore, 5-and-4 in heartbreaker." built by Alister Mackenzie with the the championship match. Beecroft defeated Dick Goerlich of help of U.S. architect Perry Maxwell. 16