PROCEEDINGS of the 15 th ANNUAL NORTHWEST TURF CONFERENCE Sept. 27=28=29,1961 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY PULLMAN, WASHINGTON N O R T H W E S T T U R F M E M B E R S H I P DUES PARK DEPARTMENTS L e s s than 150 A c r e s T o t a l A r e a 150 A c r e s o r M o r e Annual Dues $20.00 $40. 00 CEMETERIES L e s s than 400 I n t e r m e n t s p e r Annum 400-600 I n t e r m e n t s p e r Annum 600-800 I n t e r m e n t s p e r Annum M o r e than 800 I n t e r m e n t s p e r Annum $20. $25. $30. $40. 00 00 00 00 $20. $40. $20. $20. $20. $10. $ 5. $20. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 GOLF COURSES L e s s than E i g h t e e n H o l e s E i g h t e e n H o l e s or M o r e N u r s e r y , Landscaping, and Ground Spraying F i r m s A r c h i t e c t s and E n g i n e e r i n g F i r m s Equipment and M a t e r i a l Supply F i r m s Participating Membership Associate Membership A l l Others 1. Annual Dues payable on o r b e f o r e M a y 15th each y e a r . Dues a r e based on annual due date n o n p r o r a t e d . 2. M e m b e r s h i p includes r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e f o r one p e r s o n at Annual T u r f C o n f e r e n c e . Other p e r s o n s f r o m m e m b e r o r g a n i z a t i o n r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e $5. 00 3. NO I N I T I A T I O N F E E S A R E CHARGED. 4. N o n m e m b e r s m a y attend the annual C o n f e r e n c e by paying a $10. 00 r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e . F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on dues, contact Northwest Turf T r e a s u r e r . NORTHWEST TURF ASSOCIATION B O A R D OF D I R E C T O R S John H a r r i s o n Hayden L a k e Golf & Country Club Hayden L a k e , Ida. Paul Brown Evergreen Cemetery, Seattle 33, Wash. Dick Haskell Seattle P a r k D e v e l o p m e n t 10132 R a i n i e r A v e n u e , Seattle 88, Don Hogan H e n r y Land, 111 E . Aurora Wash. National I r r i g a t i o n Consultants 1910 M i n o r A v e n u e , Seattle 1, Wash. Sr. Byron Reed T a c o m a Golf & Country Club 9210 Winona A v e n u e , S. W. , T a c o m a , Wash. E. P . B a l t z & Son 9817 E a s t B u r n s i d e , P o r t l a n d 16, O r e . Sam Zook W a v e r l y Golf & Country Club 1100 S. E. W a v e r l y D r i v e P o r t l a n d 22, O r e . M i l t Bauman O v e r l a k e Golf & Country Club B o x 97, M e d i n a , Wash. George Mock R e g i o n a l C h e m i c a l s , Inc. 14756-27 N. E. , Seattle 55, Wash. OFFICERS 1960 Glen P r o c t o r Byron Reed H e n r y Land, Sr. J. K . P a t t e r s o n 1961 President Vice-President Treasurer Secretary Byron Reed H e n r y Land, Sr. Dick Haskell A l v i n G. L a w MEMBERS NORTHWEST TURF ASSOCIATION A g a t e B e a c h GC P . O. B o x 1416 New Port, A - 1 P i o n e e r Spraying Service 520 South 53rd Street Tacoma, Wash. B a l t z & Son E. 9817 E. B u r n s i d e S t r e e t Portland, Ore. B e l l i n g h a m G & CC 3729 M e r i d i a n Street Bellingham, B e n t l e y Co. 4126 A i r P o r t W a y Seattle 8, Blue L a k e s GC P . O. B o x 127 Twin Falls, B r o a d m o o r GC 2340 B r o a d m o o r D r i v e Seattle, C e d a r C r e s t GC Route 1 Marysville, P. Ore. Wash. Wash. Ida. Wash. Wash. American Falls, City of A m e r i c a n F a l l s Ida. P . O. B o x 72 Clarkston, C o l l e g e GC P . O. B o x 2446 Parkland, C o l u m b i a E d g w a t e r CC 2137 N. E. B r i d g t o n Road P o r t l a n d 11, O r e . C l a r k s t o n GC, Inc. Wash. The Dalles, The D a l l e s CC D o w C h e m i c a l Co. Wash. 307 B r o a d Street Ore. Seattle 1, Wash. Spokane 13, Down R i v e r GC Wash. DuPont Company 111 Sutter S t . , R o o m 17 San F r a n c i s c o 4, Elks A l l e n m o r e GC 2125 South C e d a r Tacoma, E l k s G & CC B o x 187 Selah, E n u m c l a w GC Route 3 Enumclaw, E s m e r a l d a GC (Spokane P a r k Dept. ) 1604 E. Eugene CC 255 C C Road Eugene, Ore. E v e r e t t G & CC P . O. B o x 146 Everett, Wash. Evergreen 1111 E . A u r o r a Avenue Seattle 33, F i r c r e s t GC 6520 R e g e n t s B l v d . Tacoma, F o r e s t Lawn C e m e t e r y , Inc. Route 2, B o x 1279B Bremerton, F o r e s t Lawn C e m e t e r y 6701 30th A v e . , S. W. Seattle 6, Cemetery C Columbia Calif. Wash. Wash. Wash. Spokane 28, Wash. Wash. Wash. Wash. Wash. Route 3 Olympia, 901 L a n e Street Seattle 14, 2428 A l a s k a n Way Seattle 1, Wash. Gardens of F l o r a l H i l l s B o x 7023 Seattle 33, Glendale CC P . O. B o x 797 Bellevue, G l e n d o v e e r GC 1 4 0 1 5 N . f i . Glisan St. P o r t l a n d 16, O r e . G r a y s H a r b o r CC Route 1 Aberdeen, F o r t L e w i s GC H. D. F o w l e r , Galbraith & Inc. Co. H e m p h i l l B r o s . , Inc. 3300 1st Avenue, Highland Point Gardens 7622 Simmonds Road Bothell, H i l l c r e s t CC, B o x 1083 Boise, Hogan, Don ( I r r i g a t i o n Consultant) H o l m , John, Owner M g r . S. 9060 37th A v e n u e , S. Wash. Wash. Wash. Seattle 4, Wash. Ida. Seattle 8, Spokane, Route 6 Jacklin Seed Co. 135th Street Wash. Alaska Wash. Kenmore, Wash. Dishman, Wash. Jackson P a r k Golf C (Seattle P a r k Dept. ) 1000 E. J e f f e r s o n P a r k & Mun. GC 4101 B e a c o n A v e . , S. (Seattle P a r k Dept. ) Seattle 44, K e l s o Elks Golf C P . O. B o x 247 Kelso, Kitsap G & CC P . O. B o x 397 Bremerton, Seattle, Wash. Wash. Wash. Lewiston, L e w i s t o n G &: CC Ida. Wash. Fairbanks, B o x 1196 Indian Canyon GC (Spokane P a r k Dept. ) Inglewood G & CC Wash. Hayden L a k e , Coeur d ' A l e n e CC Inc. Wash. Wash. Ida. L i b e r t y L a k e GC (Spokane County P a r k s ) B o x 2 35 Liberty Lake, Chas. H. L i l l y Co. 1900 A l a s k a n Way Seattle 1, Wash. Macan, A . 202 C e n t r a l B l d g . Victoria, Manito G & CC P . O. B o x 8025 Manito St a. Spokane 36, Wash. M e r r i l l Maude B o x 340 190 King Geo. Highway White R o c k , B/C. V. Wash. B. C. M i c h e l L u m b e r Co. Box 513 Oswego, M i l l e r P r o d u c t s Co. 7737 N. E. K i l l i n g s w o r t h P o r t l a n d 1, O r e . Mt. V i e w M e m o r i a l P a r k 4100 S t e i l a c o o m Blvd. , S. W. T a c o m a 99, Wash. Mt. Si GC Box 68 N o r t h Bend, Wash. Multnomah Stadium 1844 S. W. M o r r i s o n St. Portland, Northern Lights F a r m and Nu Box 1196 Fairbanks, Northwest Mower & Marine 7710 24th N. W. Seattle 7, Wash. Nu L i f e F e r t i l i z e r s 2030 L i n c o l n A v e . T a c o m a 1, Wash. O l y m p i a C & CC P . O. Box 106 3 Olympia, O v e r l a k e GC P. O. Box 97 Medina, Wash. O s w e g o L a k e CC 20 Iron Mt. Oswego, Ore. P a c i f i c A g r o Co. 3308 H a r b o r A v e . , S. W. Seattle 6, Wash. P e a c e P o r t a l GC Box 340 190 King Geo. White Rock, Blvd. Ore. Ore. Alaska Wash. B. C. Hiway Pendleton, P e n d l e t o n CC 5900 S. W. Scholls P o r t l a n d GC Ferry Ore. P o r t l a n d 19, Ore. Road P r i n e v i l l e GC 133 E. 3rd S t r e e t Prineville, Pullman, Ore. Wash. P u l l m a n GC 1235 C o l l e g e Station R a i n i e r G & CC 1856 So. R a m s e y W a i t e Co. P. O. Box 5173 Eugene, 14756 27th N. E. Seattle 55, Wash. R i v e r s i d e G & CC 8105 N. E. Avenue P o r t l a n d 11, Rogue V a l l e y G & CC P . O. Box 427 Medford, R o s e b u r g GC Route 2, Box 727 Roseburg, R o y a l Oaks CC 8917 N. E. 4th P I . Vancouver, Sandpoint G & CC 8333 55th St. , N. E. Seattle 5, Wash. O. M. Scott & Sons P . O. Box 327 Salem, Seattle G & CC 145th & G r e e n w o o d Seattle 77, Regional Chemicals, Inc. 112th S t r e e t Sunderland Seattle 88, Wash. Ore. Ore. Ore. Ore. Wash. Ore. Wash. Seattle P a r k Dept. 100 D e x t e r Avenue Seattle 9, Wash. Shelton B a y s h o r e GC Box 207 Shelton, Ed Short Co. 2400 Smith A v e . , S. Seattle 4, Spokane G &: CC Route 5 Spokane 53, Spokane P a r k Dept. 504 C i t y H a l l Spokane, Sunset H i l l M e m . Box 461 Bellevue, T a c o m a G & CC G r a v e l l y L a k e Dr. , S. W. T a c o m a 99, Wash. T a c o m a Seed Co. P. O. Box 468 T a c o m a 1, Wash. T h r e e L a k e s P u b l i c GC P . O. Box 234 Wenatchee, Wash. T r i C i t y GC P . O. Box 456 Kennewick, Wash. Van W a t e r s & R o g e r s , Inc. 4000 1st A v e . , S. Seattle 4, Park V e t e r a n s M e m o r i a l GC Wash. Wash. Wash. Wash. Wash. Wash. Walla Walla, Wash. P . O. Box 3417 T a c o m a 99, Wash. W a l l a W a l l a GC P . O. Box 523 Walla Walla, Wash. 1200 S t e w a r t Avenue Seattle, 1100 S. E. W a v e r l e y D r i v e P o r t l a n d 22, Ore. Woodinville, Wash. Wagner Corydom T u r f & T o r o Co. W a v e r l e y CC W e l l i n g t o n H i l l s GC Wash. Wash. Wenatchee G & CC P . O. Box 1479 Wenatchee, W e s t Seattle GC (Seattle P a r k Dept. ) 13017 41st A v e . , So. Seattle, W e s t e r n GC Supply 1240 S. E. Portland, Ore. W e s t e r n P l a s t i c s Corp. 3110 Ruston W a y Tacoma, Wash. 12th Avenue W h i t e f i s h L a k e GC Wash. Whitefish, P . O. Box 1403 Wash. Mont. Yakima, Wash. A s t o r i a G & CC Astoria, Wash. W a l t e r s F e e d Co. Bothell, Walsh. W a n d e r m e r e GC Spokane, Ken F e t t e r s Auburn, Cabinet V i e w CC Libby, Y a k i m a CC ( T o w n & Country Club) Diamond A l k a l i Co. 3945 S. W. 57th A v e . Wash. Wash. Mont. P o r t l a n d 1, O r e . T A B L E OF CONTENTS Page BUDGETING FINANCES I B i l l Sanders 1 B U D G E T I N G F I N A N C E S II H e n r y Land, J r . 3 SNOW M O L D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S I N E A S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N T e d F i l e r and A . G. L a w 7 P A N E L DISCUSSION O F N O R T H W E S T T U R F G R A S S D I S E A S E S C. J. Gould, C h a i r m a n N. A . M a c Lean, B r i t i s h Columbia, Canada I. C. MacSwan, O. S. U. , O r e g o n C. J. Gould, W . W . E . S . , W. S. U. , Puyallup, Wash. T e d F i l e r , W. S. U. , P u l l m a n , Wash. . . . . 9 T U R F M A N A G E M E N T IN H A W A I I A N D J A P A N W. H. B e n g e y f i e l d 21 T U R F R O U N D U P - 1961 J a m e s M . Latham, J r . 25 SOME P A T H O L O G I C A L P I T F A L L S IN P R A C T I C E C h a r l e s J. Gould 29 P A N E L DISCUSSION O N S O I L M I X T U R E S F O R P U T T I N G GREENS R o y Goss, C h a i r m a n , W . W . E . S . , W. S. U. , Puyallup, Wash. K e n Putnam, Seattle GC, Seattle, Wash. B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d , U. S. G. A . , C a l i f o r n i a W a l t e r G a r d n e r , W. S. U. , P u l l m a n , Wash. THE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE Gene C. Nutter R E S E A R C H ON T U R F G R A S S IN W E S T E R N R o y L . Goss / 35 45 WASHINGTON 55 M A N A G E M E N T OF A T H L E T I C A N D P L A Y I N G F I E L D S Norman Goetze 67 T U R F R E S E A R C H IN E A S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N A . G. L a w , J. K . P a t t e r s o n , T . J. M u z i k , R o y Goss 69 and C R A B GRASS C O N T R O L W I T H D A C T H A L R . J. M a r r e s e 73 T H A T C H - ITS CAUSES A N D R E M O V A L John C a r p e r 79 THATCH CONTROL Bob W i l e y 81 Page WEED C O N T R O L FOR O R N A M E N T A L A r t h u r S. M y h r e PLANTINGS A N A P P R A I S A L OF S T R A I N S , V A R I E T I E S , K I N D S OF K E N T U C K Y B L U E GRASS A r d e n W. Jacklin TURFGRASS RECOMMENDATIONS • • • 87 AND 89 93 BUDGETING FINANCES I Bill Sanders1 T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n b a s i c concepts in golf c o u r s e budget p r e p a r a t i o n and p r e s e n t a t i o n that w i l l g e n e r a l l y hold true, r e g a r d l e s s of a c l u b ' s f i n a n c i a l p o sition or t h e i r golf c o u r s e maintenance r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e s e p r a c t i c e s and ideas should be c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d during the e n t i r e budget y e a r , and, of c o u r s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y at the t i m e of budget p r e p a r a t i o n . 1. D e t e r m i n e what your club d e s i r e s as a standard of golf c o u r s e m a i n tenance. C e r t a i n l y no c o n t r a c t o r would bid on a job without s p e c i f i c a t i o n s to d e t e r m i n e what his costs might be. A g o l f c o u r s e superintendent cannot pinpoint his l a b o r , m a t e r i a l s , and equipment needs that c l o s e l y . H o w e v e r , by having a d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n with your g r e e n ' s c o m m i t t e e , or other g o v e r n i n g body, a f a i r l y accurate maintenance p r o g r a m m a y be planned in advance. 2. H a v e i t e m i z e d and c o m p l e t e r e c o r d s of l a b o r , m a t e r i a l s , and e q u i p m e n t costs. T h e s e m a y c o m e e i t h e r f r o m the c u r r e n t job or a p r e v i o u s one. A g a i n a c o m p a r i s o n w i l l be made to the contracting business. G e n e r a l l y a cont r a c t o r ' s bid is based c h i e f l y upon past r e c o r d s of costs on s i m i l a r jobs. Without these r e c o r d s he would be bidding blindly and p r o b a b l y f o o l i s h l y . A golf c o u r s e superintendent is c o n f r o n t e d with a s i m i l a r situation only without the p r o f i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n to be f i g u r e d . Only by past e x p e r i e n c e and cost r e c ords can a budget f o r any future p e r i o d be i n t e l l i g e n t l y c o n c e i v e d . 3. T e r m i n o l o g y is of c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e . L a b e l your budget " M a i n t e n a n c e . " If any construction is planned, submit a s e p a r a t e budget with e x p l a n a t o r y m a t t e r entitled " C o n s t r u c t i o n . " T o o often superintendents a r e trapped into spending part of their maintenance m o n e y on construction p r o j e c t s that c o m e up during the y e a r . E x t r a m o n e y must be a p p r o p r i a t e d e i t h e r at budget t i m e or during the y e a r when p r o j e c t s have to be assumed. 4. Do not submit a budget f o r m o r e than you actually need with the idea of p r o b a b l y having it cut back anyway. T h i s p r a c t i c e has been standard in many clubs but is b a s i c a l l y a poor business approach. You, as the s u p e r i n tendent, should c e r t a i n l y be in a position to know your p r o j e c t e d costs f o r the c o m i n g y e a r . You w i l l i n s t i l l a g r e a t deal m o r e c o n f i d e n c e in your business ability if you can say: " T h i s is what you w i l l r e c e i v e f o r this amount of m o n e y . T h e s e a r e the things that you w i l l have to s a c r i f i c e if l e s s m o n e y is a p p r o p r i ated. " It is a r a r e club o f f i c e r or c o m m i t t e e head who c a r e s to take the d e f i nite r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r l e s s maintenance. If, f o r f i n a n c i a l r e a s o n s , a budget cut is absolutely n e c e s s a r y , be sure and be able, f r o m past cost r e c o r d s , to explain e x a c t l y what that cutback w i l l entail. 5. Submit monthly r e p o r t s to all d i r e c t o r s and g r e e n s c o m m i t t e e m e n r e g a r d i n g expenditures and w o r k p r o g r e s s f o r that month. M i d y e a r and endo f - y e a r budget c o m p a r i s o n to actual costs should also be included with these reports. This w i l l help keep club o f f i c i a l s w e l l i n f o r m e d and able to talk int e l l i g e n t l y to club m e m b e r s r e g a r d i n g the golf c o u r s e . T h i s is important. No club o f f i c i a l l i k e s the f e e l i n g of having a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and n e v e r knowing 1 Superintendent, R i v e r s i d e Golf & Country Club, Portland, Oregon. e x a c t l y what the c u r r e n t status of that r e s p o n s i b i l i t y is. 6. C o o r d i n a t e your budget c a t e g o r i e s with the s y s t e m used by the clubs 1 bookkeeper. Make monthly i t e m i z e d checks to insure continuity and a c c u r a c y . T h i s is s i m p l y c o m m o n sense as w e l l as good business p r a c t i c e . 7. Use purchase o r d e r s or a s i m i l a r d e v i c e . This w i l l s i m p l i f y accur a t e r e c o r d keeping, and consequent e a s e of budget p r e p a r a t i o n . 80 P a y p a r t i c u l a r attention to equipment budgeting. T o o often when budgeting is not p r o p e r l y planned and coordinated, all m a j o r equipment w e a r s out at once and usually at a f i n a n c i a l l y inconvenient t i m e . If your equipment r e p l a c e m e n t value is $25, 000 and the e s t i m a t e d l i f e 10 y e a r s , your equipment budget should be $2, 500 per y e a r . Equally i m p o r t a n t , any m o n e y not spent f r o m this c a t e g o r y during the budget y e a r should be c a r r i e d o v e r to the f o l l o w ing y e a r . This g i v e s a superintendent the f i n a n c i a l d i s c r e t i o n to buy at the o p portune t i m e rather than spending equipment a l l o t m e n t s m e r e l y through f e a r of future budget cuts. 9o K e e p a mental r e c o r d of budget p r o g r e s s in c o m p a r i o n to actual c o s t s . As the y e a r g o e s by, you a r e then p r e p a r e d at any t i m e to d i s c u s s i n t e l l i g e n t l y any phase of your o p e r a t i o n with i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . 10, R e s p e c t the f i n a n c i a l c o n f i n e s of your budget. By anticipating your needs and finishing the y e a r r e a s o n a b l y c l o s e to budget expectations you w i l l build c o n f i d e n c e among club o f f i c i a l s c o n c e r n i n g your business ability. Subsequent budget r e q u i r e m e n t s w i l l be e a s i e r to obtain and c e r t a i n l y the s u p e r i n tendent w i l l place h i m s e l f in a much b e t t e r position f r o m e v e r y standpoint. BUDGETING FINANCES II Henry Land, Sr. * Comparison of Surveys Conducted by National and Local Organizations "NATIONAL SURVEY OF STATISTICS CONDUCTED BY HARRIS KERR, FOSTER & CO., ACCOUNTING FIRM FOR G O L F AND COUNTRY CLUBS FEATURED IN THE C L U B MANAGEMENT MAGAZINE, DEC. i 9 6 0 ISSUE" Cost per Golf Hole, Salaries & Wages Course Supplies, Contracts Repair to Equip., Course Bldgs. , etc. All Other Expenses East South Midwest West 1, 846 439 1, 787 481 1, 850 472 2, 584 281 1,961 429 23 1 134 261 215 206 93 405 422 255 178 $2, 744 $2, 621 $3, 692 $2, 823 $2, 650 TOTAL EXPENSES 1959-1960 Average THE RISE IN GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE COSTS Yearly Average Costs per Hole 1951-52 1952--53 1953-54 1954-55 1955-56 1956-57 $1,878 $2,088 $2,194 $2,246 $2,404 $2,497 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 $2, 628 $2, 729 $2, 823 This is a 50% increase in eight years between 1951-52 & 1959-60. 70% of the 1959-60 totals of $2, 823 was for wages. NATIONAL SURVEY TAKEN FROM THE HORWATH ACCOUNTING MAGAZINE JUNE 196 1 10 Country Clubs 20 Country Clubs 14 Country Clubs (Dues under $100, 000) (Dues of $100, 000 (Dues of $200, 000 to $200, 000) to $400, 000) 1959 Membership Dues and Assessments $77,000 Golf Course Grounds Expenses per hole Payroll 1,223 Supplies 431 & Contracts Repairs to Equip. , Course Bldgs. , Fences, Bridges, etc. 153 Water, Electricity, Etc. 45 TOTAL $1,852 I960 $80,000 1959 I960 $135,000 $148,000 1959 I960 $256,000 $272,000 1,261 482 1,824 478 1,927 497 2,250 488 2,347 556 164 229 219 244 230 52 137 154 183 203 $1,959 $2,668 $2,797 $3,165 $3,338 Ratio to Member Dues 43.2% 44.3% ^Sandpoint Golf and Country Club. 36.3% 34.7% 28.8% 28.6% G O L F COURSE M A I N T E N A N C E BUDGET FOR 1961 SURVEY TAKEN BY THE NORTHWEST G O L F COURSE SUPERINTENDENTS ASSOCIATION OF 10 PRIVATE G O L F CLUBS IN THE P U G E T SOUND A R E A Wages $475 Foreman (per Month) $475 $495 $425 $485 Mechanic (per Month) $450 Year Round Greenskeepers Number Wages (per Hour) 7 $2. 00 7 $2. 05 3 $2. 00 3 $2. 15 5 $2. 00 Summer Labor Number Wages (per Hour) Overtime 2 $2. 00 yes 3 $1. 60 yes 4 $1. 65 yes 4 $1. 50 yes 4 $1, 60 yes Paid Holidays Paid Medical Total Wages (12 Months) 6 6 no 6 6 yes yes no yes no $49, 000 $44, 205 $39, 995 $42, 200 $36, 860 $ 2, 220 $ 6, 700 $ 4, 076 $ $ 5, 200 3, 900 4, 600 4, 100 3, 500 2, 500 800 1, 000 2, 000 2, 000 2, 675 1, 400 1, 800 2, 200 600 1, 500 2, 500 2, 059 1, 000 2, 000 1, 500 1, 500 1, 825 1, 500 1, 500 320 120 240 120 600 $15, 915 $16, 920 $15, 600 $11, 120 $10, 700 $64, $ 3, 915 606 $61, 125 $ 3,396 $55, 595 $ 3,089 $53, 320 $ 2,962 $47, $ 2 , 6560 42 Materials and Other Expenses Misc. Supplies Seeds, 200 500 Fertilizer and Chemicals Top Soil, Sand, and Gravel Light and Power Maintenance and Equip. Repair Gas and Oil Meeting and Travel Expenses Total Materials and Expenses Total per Budget Cost Hole G O L F COURSE M A I N T E N A N C E BUDGET FOR 1961 SURVEY TAKEN BY THE NORTHWEST G O L F COURSE SUPERINTENDENTS ASSOCIATION OF 10 PRIVATE G O L F CLUBS IN THE PUGET SOUND A R E A 6 8 I 9 10 Wages Foreman (per Month) $420 $420 Mechanic (per Month) $400 $420 Year Round Greenskeepers Number Wages (per Hour) 4 $2. 00 5 $2. 06 2 $1.95 3 $1. 90 4 $321/M Summer Labor Numbe r Wages (per Hour) 3 $1. 75 3 $1. 50 4 $1. 50 5 $1. 50 2 $2.68 no no yes no yes 6 4 no 6 no no no no Overtime Paid Holidays 5 Paid Medical Total Wages no $34, 200 $41, 658 $32, 922 $3 2, 270 $25,399 $ 978 $ 1, 240 $ 1, 515 $ 820 $ 1, 843 6, 250 1, 500 1, 850 2, 885 1, 225 250 1, 000 750 1, 000 500 850 1, 800 1, 200 800 Materials and Other Expenses Misc. Supplies Seeds, Fertilizer and Chemicals Top Soil, Sand and Gravel * Light and Power Maintenance and Equip. Repair 1, 850 1, 500 1, 550 2, 220 1, 000 Gas and Oil 1, 600 1, 000 1, 300 1, 500 1, 500 420 210 Meeting and Travel Expense 600 Total Materials and Expenses $11, 528 $ 7, 090 $ 9, 185 $ 9, 815 $ 6, 868 Total Budget $45, 728 $48, 748 $42, 107 $42, 085 $32, 267 Cost per Hole $ 2,540 $ 2,708 $ 2,339 $ 2,338 $ 1,793 Average cost per hole in the Puget Sound Area is $2, 743. Superintendent's annual salary was included in total wages. * Light & Power on Course No. 6 was included in Clubhouse budget. SNOW M O L D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S I N E A S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N T . H. F i l e r and A. G. Law1 "Snow m o l d of t u r f " in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t must include both F u s a r i u m Patch caused by C a l o n e c t r i a g r a m i n i c o l a ( B e r k and B r . ) (conidial stage F u s a r i u m n i v a l e ( F r . ) CES. ), and G r a y snow m o l d caused by Typhula i to ana I m a i , which o c c u r t o g e t h e r to g i v e a d i s e a s e c o m p l e x . Snow m o l d of turf is the m o s t d e s t r u c t i v e d i s e a s e in many parts of the N o r t h w e s t . It is v e r y c o m m o n in e a s t e r n Washington, n o r t h c e n t r a l Idaho, and w e s t e r n Montana w h e r e snow c o v e r s the turf f o r long p e r i o d s . A t t e m p t s to c o n t r o l snow m o l d on turf in this r e g i o n have been only p a r t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l . T e s t s w e r e undertaken to d e t e r mine the r a t e and kind of c h e m i c a l s that would p r o v i d e the b e s t c o n t r o l of snow m o l d . T h i s is a r e p o r t on these tests. The f u n g i c i d e tests w e r e conducted on g o l f g r e e n s at Spokane and Pullman, Washington. A l l tests w e r e conducted on t h r e e r e p l i c a t e d plots 5 x 1 0 f e e t in s i z e . The f u n g i c i d e s w e r e applied as a s p r a y with w a t e r as diluent at the rate of 5 or 10 gallons per 1, 000 square f e e t . The n o z z l e p r e s s u r e was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 psi. The m a t e r i a l s w e r e applied in t h r e e applications ( O c t o b e r , N o v e m b e r , January) or in one application on one of the above dates. R e s u l t s of Fungicide t e s t s a r e shown in T a b l e No. 1 and T a b l e No. 2. T h r e e applications of any of the m a t e r i a l s p r o v i d e d e f f i c i e n t c o n t r o l e v e n of s e v e r e i n f e c t i o n s ; two applications of T a g ( P M A ) , Panogen, C a l o - c l o r , or Cadminate p r o v i d e d adequate c o n t r o l at both l o c a t i o n s . One application in O c t o b e r or N o v e m b e r of T a g , Panogen, C a l o - c l o r , or Cadminate r e s u l t e d in a l o w p e r c e n t a g e of snow mold at Pullman. One application of T a g g a v e l i t t l e c o n t r o l at Spokane ( T a b l e No. 2). Panogen was the only c h e m i c a l that did not cause any d i s c o l o r a t i o n of the turf. T a g and C a l o - c l o r produced the g r e a t e s t d a m a g e on turf in the October treatments. Cadminate t r e a t m e n t s showed s o m e t e m p o r a r y i n j u r y to turf in the October t r e a t m e n t s . The r e s u l t s would indicate that 2 ounces of T a g ( P M A ) or 3 ounces of P a n o g e n ( M e t h y l m e r c u r y d i c y a n d i a m i d e ) in two or t h r e e applications w i l l g i v e good c o n t r o l at both P u l l m a n and Spokane. The r e s u l t s also indicate Cadminate and C a l o - c l o r in t h r e e applications are best f o r the Spokane a r e a . It appears that Cadminate and C a l o - c l o r a r e m o r e e f f e c t i v e against Typhula itoana, the dominant o r g a n i s m in the Spokane a r e a , and l e s s e f f e c t i v e against F u s a r i u m n i v a l e , which is m o r e c o m m o n in P u l l m a n . R e s e a r c h A s s i s t a n t , D e p a r t m e n t of Plant P a t h o l o g y , and P r o f e s s o r , D e p a r t m e n t of A g r o n o m y , Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , Pullman, Washington. T A B L E 1. The E f f e c t of T h r e e A p p l i c a t i o n s of F u n g i c i d e s on Snow Mold at P u l l m a n and Spokane in 1960-61 Dosage p e r 1000 sq. ft. ounces Treatment T a g (10% P h e n y l mercuryacetate ) 2 Panogen ( M e t h y l m e r c u r y dicy andiamide) Cadminate (60% o r g a n i c Cadmium) Calo-clor (Mercurous c h l o r i d e 60% and M e r c u r i c C h l o r i d e 30% a Amount of W a t e r per 1,, 000 sq. ft. gallons P e r cent c o n t r o l Pullman Spokane 2 5 10 96 92 95 93 3 3 5 10 92 97 98 96 3 3 5 10 93 93 99 100 3 3 5 10 84 93 98 100 T o t a l amount of m a t e r i a l at each date (Oct. 20, N o v . 17, and Jan. 10). T A B L E 2. The E f f e c t of One A p p l i c a t i o n of F u n g i c i d e s at D i f f e r e n t Dates on Snow Mold at P u l l m a n and Spokane in 1960-61 P e r cent c o n t r o l Treatment D o s a g e & per 1000 sq. ft. Oct. Pullman Nov. Jan. Oct. Spokane Nov. Jan. Tag 2 91 93 77 69 82 75 Panogen 3 95 89 77 91 91 87 Calo-clor 3 99.4 91 73 98 82 68 Cadminate 3 86 72 99. 9 81 75 a 100 T o t a l amount of m a t e r i a l in one application in f i v e gallons of w a t e r . P A N E L DISCUSSION OF N O R T H W E S T T U R F G R A S S D I S E A S E S C, J. Gould, WSU, C h a i r m a n N. A . M a c L e a n , U B C , Canada I. C. MacSwan, OSU, C o r v a l l i s , O r e g o n C. J. Gould, W W E S , WSU, Puyallup, Wn. T e d F i l e r , WSU, P u l l m a n , Washington Introduction D r . C. J. Gould A s many of you know, we have a unique a r e a h e r e in the N o r t h w e s t , d i s tinct in many r e s p e c t s f r o m the r e s t of the country. T h e m o r e those of us c o n c e r n e d with turf w o r k on it, the m o r e we r e a l i z e the turf a l s o is distinct and unique, and unique in its d i s e a s e s . We have found our d i s e a s e c o m p l e x r e s e m b l e s that of England much m o r e than it does that of other p a r t s of the United States. The m o r e we w o r k on turf d i s e a s e s the m o r e c o m p l e x the total p i c t u r e b e c o m e s . T h i s a f t e r n o o n we w i l l t r y to p r e s e n t to you our l a t e s t thinking on the turf d i s e a s e p i c t u r e as w e now know it to e x i s t in the N o r t h w e s t , hedging with the f a c t that continued i n v e s t i g a t i o n s m a y r e v e a l other d i s e a s e s or change the r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e of the v a r i o u s d i s e a s e s included in the c o m p l e x . We have f o u r m e n h e r e f r o m the N o r t h w e s t ; two Scotch-Canadians, one T e x a n , one h i l l b i l l y f r o m W e s t V i r g i n i a . We a r e going to h e a r f r o m one of the Scotch-Canadians f i r s t . D r . M a c L e a n was educated at WSU and w o r k e d on b o t r y t i s d i s e a s e of r o w c r o p s , a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m on the w e s t side. We w e r e happily a s s o c i a t e d at that t i m e - - a t l e a s t I think so. M y c o l l e a g u e got his d o c t o r a t e d e g r e e and went to C a l i f o r n i a . A p p a r e n t l y he didn't like the c l i m a t e t h e r e , b e c a u s e he c a m e back to the N o r t h w e s t to the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia and has been t h e r e s e v e r a l y e a r s . It has been a challenging e x p e r i once in m o r e w a y s than one M a c started out the f i r s t y e a r with one u l c e r and one graduate student. The next y e a r he had two u l c e r s and two graduate students. L a s t y e a r when I saw him, he had t h r e e graduate students and t h r e e u l c e r s . T h i s y e a r he is assistant to the dean and has f o u r u l c e r s . You see what a d m i n i s t r a t i v e j o b s do to you. With that, I'd like to turn this o v e r to M a c , who w i l l p r e s e n t the d i s e a s e p i c t u r e in B . C. We p r e f e r at this t i m e not to get into c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s b e c a u s e we could spend all day on that, but to t r y to c l a r i f y the d i s e a s e p i c t u r e as such. D r MacLean: T u r f g r a s s D i s e a s e s in B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a N. A . MacLean''" A s I said b e f o r e , this is m y a l m a m a t e r , and it is a l w a y s a j o y f o r m e to c o m e down and v i s i t . C e r t a i n l y it is t h r i l l i n g to see how it is g r o w i n g . P u l l m a n has changed and the u n i v e r s i t y has changed o v e r a f e w y e a r s . Before getting into the d i s e a s e p i c t u r e as we see it in B. C. , I ' d like to b r i n g you g r e e t i n g s f r o m B . C. p e o p l e , superintendents and a l s o those at U B C . We would like to invite you to attend our 5th annual c o n f e r e n c e next y e a r . We don't know whether it is to be in V a n c o u v e r as it has been in the past at the u n i v e r s i t y o r whether we should f o l l o w D r . M a c a n ' s suggestion and hold the c o n f e r e n c e in V i c t o r i a next y e a r . M a c a n has c e r t a i n l y g i v e n us a v e r y w a r m * Pathologist, UBC, B r i t i s h Columbia, Canada. invitation to c o m e to V i c t o r i a , so perhaps w e should change our s i t e . N o w as to d i s e a s e s in B. C. We a r e b e c o m i n g quite c o n c e r n e d with the d i s e a s e p i c t u r e on turf, not only on golf c o u r s e s but on our playing f i e l d s as w e l l . I think perhaps we use turf a little m o r e in B. C. than you p e o p l e do h e r e . We have a g a m e c a l l e d c r i c k e t , and we have many c r i c k e t p i t c h e s . We p l a y s o c c e r and rugby as w e l l as f o o t b a l l . So w e have many, many p l a y f i e l d s , p a r k s , and golf c o u r s e s , and we a r e building new ones all the t i m e . But we do have a v e r y d e f i n i t e d i s e a s e p r o b l e m . Unfortunately, our d i s e a s e p r o b l e m is not static; it changes f r o m y e a r to y e a r . Y o u cannot pinpoint a t i m e when a d i s e a s e is going to occur in our a r e a . You m a y e x p e c t F u s a r i u m in the spring o r in the f a l l , or R e d T h r e a d in the spring, but it d o e s n ' t o c c u r this w a y . We had a lot of R e d T h r e a d this y e a r . L a s t y e a r we had v e r y l i t t l e . T h i s y e a r we had v e r y l i t t l e F u s a r i u m Patch, and we had a lot of it last y e a r . W e a r e finding Ophiobolus P a t c h w h e r e we didn't e x p e c t it to o c c u r , and we a r e finding a lot of Typhula. You w i l l a p p r e c i a t e that B . C . in a r e a c o m p r i s e s many, many square m i l e s . Y o u can put Washington, O r e g o n , and C a l i f o r n i a in B. C. and tuck in a l i t t l e bit of Idaho in the c o r n e r . So we have many e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n ditions, and we have many p r o b l e m s . At the p r e s e n t t i m e we a r e making a s u r v e y of d i s e a s e s throughout the l o w e r p a r t of B. C. We have a National R e s e a r c h grant along with a grant of $800 that p r o v i d e s student help. D r Gould has mentioned we do have s o m e graduate students. We have six this y e a r - - t w o of w h o m w i l l w o r k on turf and w i l l be supported by the N a tional R e s e a r c h Council. So this is the f i r s t thing we a r e doing, and I am sure D r . Gould w i l l a g r e e as w e l l as McSwan and o t h e r s that our p r o b l e m s in B. C. a r e much the same as you have in Washington and O r e g o n . A f t e r you get down into O r e g o n and C a l i f o r n i a , p r o b l e m s change a l i t t l e bit. At the p r e s e n t t i m e we a r e i n t e r e s t e d in F u s a r i u m Patch, p r i m a r i l y on putting g r e e n s , of c o u r s e . With R e d T h r e a d we a r e c o n c e r n e d with playing a r e a s as w e l l as golf c o u r s e s , c r i c k e t p i t c h e s , and f o o t b a l l f i e l d s . Ophiobolus P a t c h is showing up in s o m e of the c o u r s e s down through the F r a s e r R i v e r a r e a and p a r t i c u l a r l y in the Okanogan a r e a through K e l o w n a and V e r n o n . We run into s o m e R h i z o c t o n i a - not too much, but enough to w a r r a n t s o m e study. With the new a r e a s being seeded, we a r e finding s o m e damping off caused by P y t h i u m spp. R h i z o c t o n i a . We have leaf spot, rusts, etc. , but we a r e not too c o n c e r n e d with leaf spot. T h i s is the p i c t u r e as f a r as d i s e a s e s a r e c o n c e r n e d . N o w what a r e we doing about it? We a r e teaching f a c u l t y m o s t l y at B. C. and have v e r y l i t t l e in the w a y of m o n e y as f a r as t r a v e l o r outside e x p e r i m e n t s a r e c o n c e r n e d . N e c e s s a r i l y , we l i m i t o u r s e l v e s to l a b o r a t o r y studies. We a r e m o s t i n t e r e s t e d in the nutritional r e q u i r e m e n t s of the fungi that a r e attacking the g r a s s . We l e a v e the c o n t r o l w o r k to D r . Gould and o t h e r s to the south who have had m o r e e x p e r i e n c e and a r e doing a good j o b . I don't f e e l we can add anything. We a r e i n t e r e s t e d in g r o w i n g fungi in v a r i o u s m e d i a - - a m i n o acids and d i f f e r e n t types of sugars and s t a r c h e s , c a r b o h y d r a t e s , etc. We a r e i n t e r e s t e d now in c a r b o n - n i t r o g e n r e l a t i o n s h i p s . How this w i l l apply l a t e r in that f i e l d we a r e not quite s u r e . T h e s e all a r e things students can do in labs. We a r e also v e r y much i n t e r e s t e d in nutritional r e s p o n s e of s o m e of these o r g a n i s m s . We found s o m e y e a r s ago quite an e r r o r on our p a r t . Some d i s e a s e s such as F u s a r i u m P a t c h would be l i m i t e d a f t e r a v e r y wet season, and we didn't know why. But we planted and inoculated s o m e s o i l with s o m e of these s p e c i e s of F u s a r i u m - - w e f e e l t h e r e is m o r e than one s p e c i e s . We f e e l we p e r h a p s have F . solani and F . r o s e u m showing up in s o m e of our c o u r s e s . think perhaps w e a l s o have f o u r o r f i v e rust v a r i e t i e s . I We found that a f t e r a v e r y , v e r y wet s e a s o n - - o f c o u r s e you know in the N o r t h w e s t it d o e s n ' t rain but the tide c o m e s in once in awhile - - p a r t i c u l a r l y in V a n c o u v e r w h e r e we get 60 to 70 inches of r a i n and in s o m e a r e a s perhaps as much as 140 inches, we got l e s s F u s a r i u m P a t c h the f o l l o w i n g y e a r So last y e a r we undertook a p r o j e c t in which we kept the s o i l above 80 p e r cent of its m o i s t u r e - h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y , and found in making r e i s o l a t i o n , that we a r e able to r e c o v e r F u s a r i u m only about 5 p e r cent of the t i m e . So we f e e l we have hit on something h e r e . Of c o u r s e , you couldn't do it on a golf c o u r s e as a c o n t r o l m e a s u r e . The only thing is to put the c o u r s e under w a t e r f o r a number of w e e k s , but w e a r e studying the a n a e r o b i c and a e r o b i c r e s p o n s e s of these o r g a n i s m s . N e c e s s a r i l y w e find that C o r t i c i u m is c e r t a i n l y not an a n a e r o b e ; it has to have a e r o b i c conditions to t h r i v e and g r o w . W e f i n d that F u s a r i u m sp. on the other hand, t h r i v e s f a i r l y w e l l in a n a e r o b i c a t m o s p h e r e . And m y g u e s s would be that d e s i c c a t e d in l a r g e c y l i n d e r s and with d r y i c e , and other a r t i f i c i a l m e a n s , and g r o w i n g the o r g a n i s m under a n a e r o b i c conditions, we w i l l find that it does f a i r l y w e l l but c e r t a i n l y much b e t t e r than C o r t i c i u m and R h i z o c t o n i a . P y t h i u m d o e s v e r y w e l l too. We a r e v e r y much i n t e r e s t e d in s o i l s amendment studies. We have a p r o j e c t now with Canadian F o r e s t P r o d u c t s in which we a r e using b a r k - - t h a t is, Douglas f i r b a r k . We a r e adding phosphorus to the bark, at r a t e s of 3, 6, and 12 p e r cent, and we have s o m e products now on the L o s A n g e l e s m a r k e t as high as 15 p e r cent that a r e being used on golf c o u r s e s in the L o s A n g e l e s a r e a . We a r e using these products p a r t i c u l a r l y in building new g r e e n s and a l s o as top d r e s s i n g , and we a r e having s o m e s u c c e s s with c r o p s other than turf We a l s o found this last w e e k that when we t o p - d r e s s e d s o m e of the turf f o r p l a y g r o u n d s it is showing up v e r y w e l l . We w i l l be continuing this, and I hope that next y e a r , if you a r e in V a n c o u v e r , o r w h e r e v e r we a r e , you can see what we a r e doing. I m i g h t suggest at this t i m e too b e f o r e I sit down that t h e r e a r e f o u r of us in the plant s c i e n c e d e p a r t m e n t a c t i v e l y engaged in turf, and I ' m s o r r y the o t h e r s a r e not able to be h e r e today. But I know that you m e t D r . Wonhon, M r . B r i n k , and M r . Watanabe b e f o r e . C e r t a i n l y they w i l l continue to p a r t i c i p a t e in this c o n f e r e n c e , and they have asked m e to w e l c o m e you a l l back to B . C . next y e a r . N o t e s on T u r f D i s e a s e s in O r e g o n Iain C. M a c Swan ^ T h e a c c e p t e d standard f o r f i n e lawns in O r e g o n , as in o t h e r a r e a s , has r i s e n in r e c e n t y e a r s . The g e n e r a l p r o s p e r i t y of the p e o p l e has a l l o w e d t h e m t i m e and m o n e y to spend on lawns when t r o u b l e s o c c u r . A l s o , the a v a i l a b i l i t y of new f u n g i c i d e s and f u n g i c i d e c o m b i n a t i o n s has m a d e it e a s i e r to do s o m e thing about the d i s e a s e s . T h e i n c r e a s e d d e s i r e f o r g o o d - l o o k i n g lawns has been r e f l e c t e d in the i n c r e a s e d number of i n q u i r i e s to county e x t e n s i o n agents and other u n i v e r s i t y staff m e m b e r s f o r a n s w e r s to lawn and turf p r o b l e m s . T u r f d i s e a s e s in O r e g o n have not b e e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s u r v e y e d . Our knowledge of the t y p e s and i n c i d e n c e of d i s e a s e s c o m e s p r i n c i p a l l y f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n s by plant p a t h o l o g i s t s , a g r o n o m i s t s , county e x t e n s i o n agents, seed and * Plant P a t h o l o g y S p e c i a l i s t , O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y , Corvallis, Oregon. chemical company representatives, and o t h e r s . the Plant C l i n i c at O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y , T h e two m a j o r turf d i s e a s e s in O r e g o n a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be F u s a r i u m P a t c h and R e d T h r e a d . F u s a r i u m P a t c h is p r o b a b l y the m o s t d a m a g i n g . Red T h r e a d is v e r y p r e v a l e n t on bents and f e s c u e s during the w i n t e r months. T h e third m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i s e a s e is e i t h e r rust o r f a i r y r i n g s . Rusts a r e s e v e r e on b l u e g r a s s e s . T h e p r o b l e m of rust has i n c r e a s e d d i r e c t l y with i n c r e a s e d plantings of b l u e g r a s s e s . F a i r y r i n g s a r e a c o m m o n nuisance and one of the m o s t f r u s t r a t i n g b e c a u s e of a lack of p r a c t i c a l c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s . B r o w n patch caused by R h i z o c t o n i a sp, is r e p o r t e d to be c o m m o n in e a r l y s u m m e r (June). T h e incidence of this d i s e a s e d e c r e a s e s c o n s i d e r a b l y , in C o r v a l l i s at least, a f t e r the w a t e r b i l l s f o r the month of June a r e r e c e i v e d . D a m p i n g - o f f o c c u r s in n e w l y planted lawns in w e s t e r n O r e g o n and s o m e t i m e s s e v e r e l y in southern O r e g o n ( M e d f o r d ) . P y t h i u m sp. and F u s a r i u m sp. a r e p r o b a b l y the c a u s a l o r g a n i s m . H o w e v e r , no doubt other fungi a r e also a p a r t of the d i s e a s e c o m p l e x . F a d i n g - o u t caused by H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m sp. and C u r v u l a r i a sp. o c c u r s f r e q u e n t l y , but has not been a m a j o r p r o b l e m . S i m i l a r l y , H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m f o o t r o t has been of l i t t l e c o n c e r n . No s u r v e y has been m a d e f o r the Ophiobolus d i s e a s e , r e p o r t e d by D r . C. Gould, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y . H o w e v e r , we b e l i e v e it to be p r e s e n t in O r e g o n , and in the past it has p r o b a b l y b e e n confused with f a i r y r i n g . Other O r e g o n turf t r o u b l e s a r e : slime molds, algae, mushrooms, puff balls. C h e m i c a l c o n t r o l of t u r f g r a s s d i s e a s e s in O r e g o n has been b a s e d p r i n c i p a l l y on the r e s e a r c h conducted in other p a r t s of the c o u n t r y . D r . Gould's w o r k at Puyallup has been much a p p r e c i a t e d b e c a u s e w e f e l t that his r e c o m m e n dations w e r e getting c l o s e r to the needs of O r e g o n . We have been f o l l o w i n g his r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c l o s e l y and watching his w o r k with i n t e r e s t . T h e turf v a r i e t y plots e s t a b l i s h e d in m a n y O r e g o n counties by D r . N o r m a n G o e t z e , extension f a r m c r o p s s p e c i a l i s t , O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y , w i l l g i v e us an opportunity to do s o m e s c r e e n i n g and testing of f u n g i c i d e s . T h e i n c r e a s e d d e s i r e f o r f i n e lawns in O r e g o n has e m p h a s i z e d a need f o r i n f o r m a t i o n and training in turf d i s e a s e s , c a u s e s of d i s e a s e s , and d i a g n o s i s and c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s . One of the f i r s t steps in attempting to s a t i s f y this need w i l l be the training of county extension agents. In c o o p e r a t i o n with D r . G o e t z e and other extension s p e c i a l i s t s a o n e - d a y short c o u r s e f o r s o m e county e x t e n sion agents w i l l be held in C o r v a l l i s on O c t o b e r 16. We hope that p r o g r a m s of this t y p e - - w i t h county e x t e n s i o n agents and o t h e r s - a r e continued, in o r d e r that the l e v e l of turf d i s e a s e c o n t r o l in O r e g o n m a y be r a i s e d . T u r f D i s e a s e s in W e s t e r n Washington C h a r l e s J. Gould 1 T h e m o r e w e study the turf d i s e a s e p i c t u r e in w e s t e r n Washington, the m o r e c o m p l e x it b e c o m e s . H o w e v e r , in one r e s p e c t the status r e m a i n s the s a m e - - o u r d i s e a s e c o m p l e x r e s e m b l e s E n g l a n d ' s m o r e than it d o e s any other section of the United States. The d e f i n i t e d i a g n o s i s of turf d i s e a s e s is no e a s y m a t t e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y of s a m p l e s sent through the m a i l s or kept in c l o s e d c o n t a i n e r s f o r m o r e than 24 hours. Under such conditions s c o r e s of n o n p a r a s i t i c f u n g i o v e r r u n the turf, a c c o m p a n i e d by b a c t e r i a , n e m a t o d e s , a l g a e , p r o t o z o a , and other o r g a n i s m s . In such s p e c i m e n s we have a l w a y s found C u r v u l a r i a , R h i z o c t o n i a , s e v e r a l F u s a r i a , and many other m i s c e l l a n e o u s fungi. U n l e s s d e f i n i t e f r u i t i n g b o d i e s of known p a r a s i t e s a r e p r e s e n t (such as of Ophiobolus, w e only m a k e an "educated g u e s s " as to the cause, c o n s i d e r i n g such f a c t o r s as the t i m e of the y e a r , c l i m a t i c conditions, type of g r a s s , etc. It is e s p e c i a l l y n e c e s s a r y in i d e n t i f y i n g turf d i s e a s e s to c o n s i d e r the t i m e of y e a r and p r e c e d i n g c l i m a t i c conditions. Thus, new i n f e c t i o n s of both F u s a r i u m and Ophiobolus m a y v a r y f r o m tan, through b r o w n , to b r i g h t r e d d i s h b r o w n in c o l o r , w h e r e a s old spots a r e a l m o s t a l w a y s g r a y , r e s e m b l i n g those of D o l l a r Spot. N e w F u s a r i u m spots a r e m o r e d i s t i n c t than a r e old ones. The R e d T h r e a d pathogen m a y cause t r o u b l e in d r y w e a t h e r , but the r e d t h r e a d s of the fungus a r e s e l d o m evident at that t i m e . T h e Ophiobolus P a t c h fungus attacks g r a s s in the spring but d o e s n ' t p r o d u c e its f r u i t i n g b o d i e s until f a l l . M o r e than one pathogen m a y be p r e s e n t in a d i s e a s e d a r e a . Thus, w e have found R e d T h r e a d and F u s a r i u m P a t c h fungi t o g e t h e r , as w e l l as those of R e d T h r e a d and Ophiobolus, and many other " m i n o r " f u n g i . T h e status of these m i n o r fungi is uncertain. F o r instance, we had a s s u m e d p r e v i o u s l y that C o l l e t o t r i c h u m (causing A n t h r a c n o s e ) w a s only a w e a k p a r a s i t e , but its w i d e spread appearance in 1961 m a k e s us suspect that it m a y b e c o m e quite a c t i v e on h e a t - i n j u r e d g r a s s and that, once e s t a b l i s h e d , it m a y p e r s i s t f o r a long t i m e . We a l s o b e l i e v e now that we a r e fighting m o r e than one type of F u s a r i u m . Although F . n i v a l e ( F u s a r i u m P a t c h ) s t i l l a p p e a r s to be the m a j o r type, other s p e c i e s have been found in high-cut g r a s s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in w a r m w e a t h e r . Our known d i s e a s e s a r e l i s t e d b e l o w in a rough o r d e r of t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e in w e s t e r n Washington. P e r t i n e n t f a c t s , including c o n t r o l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , a r e contained in the f o l l o w i n g c h a r t s . Plant P a t h o l o g i s t , Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , E x p e r i m e n t Station, Puyallup, Washington. 1 W e s t e r n Washington L O W - C U T (Putting g r e e n ) T U R F (Most important) F u s a r i u m Patch/-- Ophiobolus P a t c h -- HI-CUT (Lawns, Red Thread -- B rown Patch etc. ) T U R F (Most important) Red T h r e a d / - Matting Fusarium -- -- F a i r y Ring Colletotrichum -- -- Ophiobolus P a t c h Slime Mold ^ a) sh s o TJ . r-H _L, (UCftO ^S r-i s ^ s "A t o u tO » u ^ Oh 0)S * o coVaJ o . W) .So C O ow ^j o 2 .a •M £ G co a> o TJ -M Ha> a Oo 1d a0J) •ft -rl G a o o 6 S o O u f-t a X a (3 (<0D r-H a$ rtf U HH £ o * art aO ) H-M C S 2 fl •S 9 S 4-> Co 4) ^ fH 1 4-» a) C -O M O a D s § 4-J riC r-H g 'S b0 § rrH G ^U a) nj bOm £ r-H X uo TJ r-H 2 -a ,H d bo > C O Od ft ^ •h 4> nj C D H .S b0 <1 ^ C O a) ahJ oa g. a o^ O& W) a (U ^ (H0) fH 8 u 5a)rd bo .g »<« Jhs o § CO d 0 § ^ sO o • §" -s £ cC CO -4 TJ 1 O Tl O h u w £ •S.3 o a-3 CI U o r-H •rH f. •H Lj IP w CM C O TJ fvj wQH a>fl) 00 hO JhDu ft<0 •xlaS cdw ^ ^ ctf « < n ^ o ^ 3 o 0ft>) I 9 » .s ^S g ^ ^ C O Jh oOJ, ' 5 aj ^ oft ^r-sH co C TJ XI aJ r•dh ft aJ .HfcOM 4-> £ 12 a) c a) a) ^ b0 £ o b0 H o a .3 4c3 o £ d O O C O 0) I CO 4 3 4) TU 0 43 < pm £rt±J J!** CO . T3 3 fn aJ 0) H U H SP ^ .a I c ^ •H oo Na vu S g I -M 6 f-i c NPl rl (fl C OO c?! o o H. pi ^ 2 HN 'H t-L c M S fl o3 2 ^-h o M M ^ | J ^ -J ^ Sri a ^ a)XT rr-J aJ i Pt C O CdTJ co 0u'3) as Sa co 2ft CJ o 6 6 o U pi o g g o U d o a g o O pi o PJ o g 6 r9 r-f O rQ E rft u0 •a)rH-MC O Jn -h 03 O > S r—I C O o o O OS pi o g g o O a o T) i-H < gu P> (5 6 O u •S2 r— u r-iPQ o13u 3 W E H g bX) a fH •H C O* i oI PJ U ( fn O C d O X> g O C a) S fn<.u •H ia nj •M ^ d-Hh ,2 O bflX) O to PJrt •Is cu aO C •S ^ o 3 HH H in g^ .2 ft ^ n ft 6 a o g g o o PI PI o g g o O P « -TO 8 * 2 9J SM C Ort Xft pi o g g o o £PJ 43 P^ 8 a£ §1 X) ^ h S! o TJ co o . > Sii to O 2 ^ 208 Ur wCO r-t 0Q ( -h ^ > « * ^ £ • H J* d ^ Q> P3 t> *>to V o t5 JS «. P > < u C O ft > > -r-t . . r—) I rt >> o > . ^ r M + > g " ^ rg y C O > S d O ^ aH ! O §g aJ •rq H u rt a] W' P H Ow D i s e a s e S u r v e y in E a s t e r n Washington T . H. Filer1 Fusarium Patch F u s a r i u m P a t c h of turf in the N o r t h w e s t is a s s o c i a t e d with F u s a r i u m n i v a l e ( F r . ) C e s . The f i r s t s y m p t o m of d i s e a s e is the pink m y c e l i a l g r o w t h which a p p e a r s on golf g r e e n s in O c t o b e r to N o v e m b e r , coinciding with c o o l , m o i s t w e a t h e r condition. The d i s e a s e m a y continue all w i n t e r and f o r as long as c o o l , m o i s t conditions p r e v a i l , usually throughout F e b r u a r y and M a r c h in e a s t e r n Washington and n o r t h e r n Idaho. No snow is n e c e s s a r y f o r the d i s e a s e to o c c u r . Snow M o l d Sumptoms of the d i s e a s e a s s o c i a t e d with Typhula itoana I m a i do not app e a r in the f a l l p r i o r to s n o w f a l l and a r e evident only a f t e r snow m e l t s in the s p r i n g . Typhula itoana i n c i t e s d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t only when the turf is c o v e r e d with snow. P o w d e r y M i l d e w - - E r y s i p h e graminis DC T h e f o l i a g e appears y e l l o w or c h l o r o t i c with a c o v e r i n g of white p o w d e r y m i l d e w on the upper l e a v e s . T h e s e s y m p t o m s often occur in the s p r i n g . In late s u m m e r s m a l l , b r o w n i s h - b l a c k dots ( f r u i t i n g b o d i e s ) appear among the p o w d e r y g r o w t h . T h e m i l d e w usually causes l i t t l e d a m a g e to e s t a b l i s h e d turf, but m a y cause d a m a g e to young g r a s s s e e d l i n g s . Control: sulfur dusts. Distribution: g e n e r a l in U. S. Dollar Spot--Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett Injured a r e a s a r e f i r s t b r o w n , l a t e r b l e a c h e d s t r a w c o l o r e d , about two inches in d i a m e t e r . In s e v e r d i s e a s e outbreaks, the s m a l l spots c o a l e s c e to f o r m l a r g e , i r r e g u l a r patches. When the fungus is a c t i v e , a f i n e , white, cobwebby g r o w t h of m y c e l i u m m a y be o b s e r v e d in the e a r l y m o r n i n g w h i l e dew is s t i l l p r e s e n t . D o l l a r spot b e c o m e s a c t i v e when s o i l s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s r e a c h a m i n i m u m of 60° F and i n c r e a s e s in s e v e r i t y with i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s , m a x i m u m i n j u r y o c c u r r i n g at 80° F . It is m o s t n o t i c e a b l e when g r o w t h is slow due to l o w s o i l m o i s t u r e , yet when t h e r e is enough s o i l m o i s t u r e f r o m dew and sprinkling to p e r m i t the pathogen to d e v e l o p . It is p r e s e n t but r a r e l y does d a m a g e to turf in e a s t e r n Washington. When the e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r the fungus, the pathogen can cause s e v e r e d a m a g e to turf. H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m Blight - - H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m spp. T h e m o s t n o t i c e a b l e s y m p t o m s a r e s c a t t e r e d c i r c u l a r to e l o n g a t e leaf spots with p r o m i n e n t , r e d d i s h - b r o w n to black b o r d e r s . T h e spots a r e at f i r s t dark b r o w n in the c e n t e r but b e c o m e s t r a w c o l o r e d to w h i t e . T h i s fungus can a l s o cause a f o o t rot in which the whole leaf sheath is a f f e c t e d , the s t e m and c r o w n a r e k i l l e d , and d i s c o l o r a t i o n s o c c u r on the underground p a r t s . R e s e a r c h A s s i s t a n t , Plant P a t h o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y , P u l l m a n , Washington. Washington State D i s t r i b u t i o n is g e n e r a l in U. S., and the d i s e a s e is c o m m o n in the e a s t e r n p a r t of Washington and n o r t h e r n Idaho. D i s e a s e o c c u r s in c o o l , r a i n y w e a t h e r in e a r l y s p r i n g . It m a y also o c c u r in the f a l l . C o n t r o l with o r g a n i c m e r c u r y . M e l t i n g - Out- - C u r v u l a r ia geniculata ( T r a c y and E a r l e ) B o e d . M e l t i n g - o u t is a d i s e a s e caused by C u r v u l a r i a g e n i c u l a t a . T h e fungus is c o n s i d e r e d by many w o r k e r s to be only a saprophyte, not capable of causing a d i s e a s e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , it does cause c o n s i d e r a b l e d a m a g e to turf in c e r t a i n a r e a s of e a s t e r n Washington. In the W a l l a W a l l a and Y a k i m a a r e a s and along the Snake R i v e r w h e r e the t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e 9 0 ° F or h i g h e r f o r p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s , the fungus is v e r y c o m m o n in the s u m m e r months. Since the fungus is at b e s t only a weak p a r a s i t e , the s y m p t o m s a r e apparent only when the g r a s s is under s t r e s s and the e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions a r e m o r e f a v o r a b l e to the fungus than to the g r a s s . T h e s y m p t o m s a r e p o o r l y d e f i n e d , giving the g e n e r a l appearance of dying out of the turf in i r r e g u l a r patches, not in r i n g s but in s t r e a k s . The g r a s s b e c o m e s c h l o r o t i c and then b r o w n . C o n t r o l by Kromad. B r o w n P a t c h - - P e l l i c u l a r i a f i l a m e n t o s a ( P A T ) D. P . Rogers T h e sumptom m o s t c o m m o n l y connected with b r o w n patch is the t y p i c a l " s m o k e r i n g " of g r a y i s h - b l a c k m y c e l i u m on the outer edge of the ring when the fungus is a c t i v e l y g r o w i n g . T h e l e a v e s b e c o m e w a t e r soaked and black, l a t e r c o l l a p s e , and then b e c o m e light b r o w n in c o l o r . T h e fungus s p r e a d s f r o m a c e n t r a l point, leaving a c i r c u l a r , w i l t e d , b r o w n a r e a usually f r o m one inch to one f o o t in d i a m e t e r , but it m a y r e a c h 20 f e e t a c r o s s . T h e " s m o k e ring 11 is m o r e evident on t a l l e r turf than on the g r e e n s . T h i s fungus causes d a m a g e when t e m p e r a t u r e s f r o m 7 3 ° F to 9 0 ° F c o i n c i d e with high humidity. The fungus b e c o m e s i n a c t i v e at t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 7 2 ° F and t e m p e r a t u r e s above 9 5 ° F . C o n t r o l l e d by o r g a n i c m e r c u r y and t e r r a c l o r . Anthrachose--Collectotrichum graminicola (CES) Wils. The s y m p t o m s of this d i s e a s e e a s i e s t to d e t e c t a r e the black spots on the l e a v e s o r c u l m s . The black c o l o r is due to p r o m i n e n t spines on the s c a b - l i k e l e s i o n s . The r e a l d a m a g e is to the r o o t s , c r o w n , and c u l m of the g r a s s plant. Due to the e x t r e m e l y high t e m p e r a t u r e s o v e r a long p e r i o d of t i m e during the past s u m m e r , A n t h r a c n o s e was a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m in m o s t of e a s t e r n W a s h i n g ton. T h i s fungus can attack any and a l l p a r t s of the g r a s s if the e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions a r e f a v o r a b l e f o r the pathogen. T h e p a r a s i t e r e q u i r e s high t e m p e r atures, with the m o s t s e v e r e d a m a g e to g r a s s o c c u r r i n g when the t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e above 90 F . T h e g r e a t e s t d a m a g e o c c u r s in August and S e p t e m b e r . With t e m p e r a t u r e s above 54 F the fungus can cause s o m e d a m a g e . Use o r g a n i c mercury. Insect D a m a g e A v e r y c o m m o n p r o b l e m in the f a l l of the y e a r is w o r m d a m a g e , including that caused by the sod web w o r m and the cut w o r m . Both cause v e r y s i m i l a r d a m a g e so we can c o n s i d e r them as one. The m o s t c o m m o n s y m p t o m is d a m a g e to the root s y s t e m . L a r g e patches of turf can be l i f t e d f r o m the s o i l in sheets. P r e s e n t findings a r e b a s e d on the number of l a r v a e ( w o r m s ) found in a s i x - i n c h d i a m e t e r of sod. A v e r a g e f i g u r e s a r e d e r i v e d by examining at l e a s t six s a m p l e s taken f r o m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the f a i r w a y . The r o o t s y s t e m of each s a m p l e is c a r e f u l l y t o r n apart and e x a m i n e d c l o s e l y . If an a v e r a g e of two o r m o r e l a r v a e p e r s a m p l e is found in late s u m m e r , it has been shown by D r . H a r w o o d that d a m a g e is s e v e r e enough to r e q u i r e c o n t r o l . One l a r v a p e r s a m p l e is c o n s i d e r e d s e r i o u s in the spring when the l a r v a e a r e l a r g e r . The m o s t e f f e c t i v e s p r a y s based on pounds of actual i n s e c t i c i d e s p e r a c r e a r e 2 pounds of D D T plus 0. 9 pounds of Lindane, o r 3 pounds of H e p t d c h l o r o r 5 pounds of Toxaphene. Nematode Damage P a r a s i t i c n e m a t o d e s have been i s o l a t e d f r o m numerous turf s a m p l e s . It a p p e a r s that the n e m a t o d e s a r e causing s o m e r o o t d a m a g e as w e l l as m a k ing avenues of entrance f o r fungi which cause r o o t or f o o t r o t s . Nematodes m a y b e c o m e a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m in g r e e n and other turf a r e a s in the N o r t h w e s t . Studies should be undertaken in the near future to d e t e r m i n e the amount of d a m a g e actually caused by n e m a t o d e s . T U R F M A N A G E M E N T IN H A W A I I AND J A P A N W. H. Bengeyfield1 T h e r e is nothing we d i s l i k e and avoid m o r e c o n s i s t e n t l y than being m a d e to think. It is much m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e to i g n o r e s o m e of our p r o b l e m s o r to make e x c u s e s f o r t h e i r e x i s t e n c e r a t h e r than to f a c e up to t h e m . Y o u m a y take e x c e p t i o n to some of the points I plan to m a k e this a f t e r n o o n . I hope you do take e x c e p t i o n . F o r if you do, you w i l l have a c c e p t e d the c h a l l e n g e , and both you and I w i l l be f o r c e d to think about it r a t h e r than to i g n o r e it or to d e v e l o p e x c u s e s f o r its e x i s t e n c e . During the next 20 to 25 minutes, we a r e going to t r a v e l f r o m the w e s t coast of the U S A to the Hawaiian Islands, Wake Island and to Japan. T h i s is a distance in e x c e s s of 6, 000 m i l e s and by j e t it is o v e r 10 hours f l y i n g t i m e at 600 m i l e s p e r hour. In a conventional a i r c r a f t , it w i l l take something like 30 hours in the a i r . One of the g r e a t t r u i s m a of any t r a v e l i n g a g r o n o m i s t ( o r p e r h a p s f o r any individual t r a v e l i n g ) is that e v e r y a r e a f e e l s that its conditions a r e d i f f e r e n t than a n y w h e r e e l s e and t h e r e f o r e , its p r o b l e m s a r e d i f f e r e n t . At l e a s t this has been a t r u i s m in m y j o b with the USGA G r e e n Section. E v e r y r e g i o n v i s ited has, to a g r e a t e r or l e s s e r d e g r e e , the f e e l i n g that its p r o b l e m s a r e d i f f e r e n t because its conditions a r e d i f f e r e n t . I think it is s a f e to say that this f e e l i n g e x i s t s in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t . It is only in honesty that I c o n f e s s I do not c o m p l e t e l y a g r e e with this philosophy. T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n fundamentals in turf m a n a g e m e n t , as in any s c i e n c e , that a r e a p p l i c a b l e h e r e , in C a l i f o r n i a , C o l o r a d o , England, H a w a i i , and Japan. The f u n d a m e n t a l s include d i s e a s e con t r o l , nutrition, s o i l s , i r r i g a t i o n , d r a i n a g e , m o w i n g p r a c t i c e s , g r a s s s p e c i e s , etc. If you w i l l concede that these a r e fundamentals and the building stones of good turf m a n a g e m e n t , then we have no p r o b l e m . Certainly there are local situations that m a y cause an adjustment or a m o d i f i c a t i o n . But the p r o b l e m and r e a l danger in our w o r k is when we accept the statement " M y conditions a r e d i f f e r e n t " as an excuse f o r turf that is l e s s than our b e s t . I u r g e you to guard against this type of thinking b e c a u s e it hurts you as an individual, it hurts you as a p r o f e s s i o n a l turf m a n a g e r , and it r e t a r d s turf p r o g r e s s Throughout the United States today t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2, 300 U S G A m e m b e r clubs. T h i s s u m m e r , t h r e e of your P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t c o u r s e s p a r t i c i p a t e d in USGA e v e n t s . K e n Putnam had an outstanding W a l k e r Cup c o u r s e at the Seattle Golf Club. The U S G A N a t i o n a l W o m e n ' s A m a t e u r was held on the f i n e g o l f i n g turf p r e p a r e d by H e n r y Land at the T a c o m a Country Club. John J a s l o w s k i ' s B r o a d m o o r Country Club was conditioned f o r the USGA G i r l ' s Junior T o u r n a m e n t . In our 50th state of H a w a i i , t h e r e a r e e l e v e n U S G A m e m b e r clubs. A p p r o x i m a t e l y half of these a r e m i l i t a r y c o u r s e s , and the r e m a i n i n g half a r e c l o s e l y d i v i d e d b e t w e e n p r i v a t e clubs and m u n i c i p a l o r public f e e c o u r s e s . Un questionably t h e r e w i l l be many new c o u r s e s built in the H a w a i i a n Islands within the next f i v e to 10 y e a r s . At the m o m e n t , I b e l i e v e f o u r a r e under c o n struction or in the planning stage. The Hawaiians l o v e the g a m e of g o l f , and Western Director, USGA, G r e e n Section. the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g t o u r i s t t r a d e w i l l demand m o r e c o u r s e s that a r e b e t t e r maintained. The total a r e a of H a w a i i is l a r g e r than the c o m b i n e d s i z e of Rhode Island and Connecticut. T h e t a l l e s t mountain r a n g e s to 13, 800 f e e t , and the Islands a r e u n b e l i e v a b l e in t h e i r beauty and plant l i f e . The s o i l s of H a w a i i a r e a l i f e t i m e of study in t h e m s e l v e s . T h e y v a r y g r e a t l y and range f r o m h e a v y c l a y s to v o l c a n i c c i n d e r s to c o r a l sands. D r . Sherman of the A g r o n o m y D e p a r t m e n t of the U n i v e r s i t y of H a w a i i showed us v e r y unusual and strange s o i l s . One c l a y s o i l had a shiny, s l i c k s u r f a c e s i m i l a r to m a r b l e . H o w e v e r , when dropped into a b e a k e r of w a t e r , this c l a y s o i l l i t e r a l l y exploded and d i s b u r s e d i m m e d i a t e l y through the w a t e r as would a d r o p of c o l o r i n g . T h i s s o i l c o m e s f r o m a v e r y a r i d s e c t i o n of H a w a i i , and I ' m not c e r t a i n what would happen if a h e a v y r a i n o c c u r r e d . Speaking of r a i n s , these Islands have o f f i c i a l l y r e c o r d e d a r a i n f a l l in e x c e s s of 600 inches in one y e a r . T h i s was on the island of Kauai. H o w e v e r , on the big island of H a w a i i cactus plants g r o w on the L e e w a r d side of the mountain r a n g e s . In Honolulu, f r o m eight to 10 inches of r a i n f a l l s annually. At the Oahu Country Club, l e s s than f i v e m i l e s away, t h e i r annual r a i n f a l l is b e tween 60 and 70 inches. So we see, r a i n f a l l v a r i e s g r e a t l y . T h e m a j o r g r a s s e s of the Hawaiian Islands a r e n a t u r a l l y w a r m - s e a s o n t y p e s . B e r m u d a G r a s s , St. Augustine G r a s s , the P a s p a l e m s , and H e n r y ' s C r a b g r a s s , have wide distribution. H o w e v e r , putting g r e e n s a r e l a r g e l y of s e a s i d e bent although s o m e new ones have been e s t a b l i s h e d in P e n n c r o s s . Some of the public f e e c o u r s e s have B e r m u d a g r e e n s . S u r p r i s i n g l y , P o a Annua does not s e e m to be a m a j o r p r o b l e m on g r e e n s . The H a w a i i a n D e p a r t ment of A g r i c u l t u r e is v e r y s t r i c t in its laws, and it is d i f f i c u l t to introduce new g r a s s s p e c i e s . Sugar cane is a g r a s s , and o f f i c i a l s a r e continually on guard f o r g r a s s d i s e a s e s and i n s e c t s . H o w e v e r , the Oahu Country Club has brought in T i f g r e e n B e r m u d a g r a s s , and it is being g r o w n under c o n t r o l l e d c o n ditions by the Hawaiian A g r i c u l t u r a l D e p a r t m e n t . T h e fundamentals of good turf m a n a g e m e n t s e e m at home in H a w a i i d e spite the g r e a t v a r i a n c e in s o i l s and r a i n f a l l . The Oahu Country Club has r e c e n t l y h i r e d an a g r o n o m y graduate of the U n i v e r s i t y of H a w a i i , M r . M a s a K a w a h a r a . B e c a u s e he has applied sound a g r o n o m i c p r i n c i p l e s to the m a n a g e ment p r o g r a m at the c o u r s e , it has m a d e t r e m e n d o u s f o r w a r d s t r i d e s in the past two y e a r s . Sound f e r t i l i t y p r a c t i c e s , d i s e a s e and i n s e c t c o n t r o l , i m p r o v e d d r a i n a g e on a l l n e w l y built g r e e n s , e l i m i n a t i o n of t r e e r o o t c o m p e t i t i o n , and other sound maintenance p r a c t i c e s have paid off at this club. Conditions m a y be d i f f e r e n t , but the fundamentals apply. F o u r thousand m i l e s to the w e s t of Honolulu l i e s T o k y o and the islands of Japan. T h i s total land a r e a is s m a l l e r than that of C a l i f o r n i a and has o v e r six t i m e s as many p e o p l e . T o c o m p a r e it to the states of Washington and O r e g o n combined, the land a r e a is about 12 p e r cent s m a l l e r w h i l e the population is 20 t i m e s g r e a t e r . I am f a r f r o m being an e x p e r t on Japan o r any of its a c t i v i t i e s . However, I did have an opportunity to v i s i t a f e w c o u r s e s t h e r e and g a t h e r e d s o m e notes that m a y be of i n t e r e s t to you. Japan is a d e l i g h t f u l country with many c u s t o m s that s e e m strange, but only at f i r s t . T h e a v e r a g e w o r k f o r c e on an 18-hole c o u r s e w i l l be about 21 p e r s o n s . When needed, additional w o m e n a r e h i r e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s and other w o r k . The golf c o u r s e superintendent r e c e i v e s 25, 000 yen p e r month o r about $70. 00. T h e golf c o u r s e w o r k e r r e c e i v e s about 15, 000 yen or $42. 00 a month. The superintendent at the Showa Golf C o u r s e was an e x - f a r m e r about 45 y e a r s old. His w o r k e r s a r e paid $1. 00 a day and w o r k f r o m 8: 00 a. m . to 5: 00 p. m . T h e y have a m o r n i n g b r e a k of 10 minutes and an a f t e r n o o n b r e a k of 15 minutes, which s e e m e d to be s e l f - i m p o s e d o r s e l f - c o n t r o l l e d . T h e Japanese p r e f e r to use sod r a t h e r than seed in establishing new plantings. T h i s m a y s e e m s t r a n g e , but it w o r k s . In f a c t , in a r e a s w h e r e new golf c o u r s e s a r e being built, l o c a l f a r m e r s find that they can m a k e m o r e m o n e y by r a i s i n g sod f o r the golf c o u r s e than they can by r a i s i n g f o o d f o r the m a r k e t . The g o v e r n m e n t is c o n c e r n e d o v e r this, and a c r e a g e c o n t r o l s a r e being d i s c u s s e d . Golf at this t i m e s s e e m s to be only f o r the v e r y r i c h o r f o r o f f i c i a l s of l a r g e r c o m p a n i e s that pay the b i l l f o r so many m e m b e r s h i p s annually. Private clubs a r e usually rated as to the s i z e of t h e i r bath r a t h e r than the condition of t h e i r c o u r s e . T h e b i g g e r the bath, the w e a l t h i e r the club. One club boasts a bath that w i l l hold 150 p e o p l e . W e a l t h and p o l i t i c s s e e m to be c l o s e l y a s s o c i ated. I ' m told t h e r e a r e no public f e e c o u r s e s opened to the Japanese public, and t h e r e s e e m s l i t t l e inclination to d e v e l o p such c o u r s e s . H o w e v e r , many of the m i l i t a r y c o u r s e s a r e open to l o c a l i n d u s t r i a l i s t s and b u s i n e s s o f f i c i a l s so that a s m a l l p a r t of the g e n e r a l public m a y o c c a s i o n a l l y be able to p l a y . Caddies and golf c o u r s e w o r k e r s a r e a l l o w e d to p l a y . T h e Japan Golf A s s o c i a t i o n is quite a c t i v e and holds about one t o u r n a ment p e r month. The p r i v a t e clubs and the Japan Golf A s s o c i a t i o n c a r r y on t h e i r own r e s e a r c h w o r k in turf. T h e r e s e e m s to be no s t a t e - s u p p o r t e d turf projects. At the p r e s e n t t i m e , s e v e r a l new c o u r s e s a r e being built in Japan, and these a r e d e s i g n e d by Japanese landscape a r c h i t e c t s who a r e f a m i l i a r with the g a m e . T h e r e appears to be a contest b e t w e e n east Japan and w e s t Japan as to who can build the b e s t golf c o u r s e and the b i g g e s t bath. B e c a u s e of the v e r y humid s u m m e r s , the Japanese have had d i f f i c u l t y g r o w i n g B e n t g r a s s g r e e n s . F o r this r e a s o n , e v e r y 18-hole c o u r s e has 36 g r e e n s . One is f o r w i n t e r p l a y and this is B e n t g r a s s , w h i l e the other is f o r s u m m e r p l a y and a f i n e - l e a v e d Z o y s i a is used. The Bent g r e e n s a r e r e s e e d e d e v e r y late s u m m e r o r f a l l . C l i m a t i c w i s e , the T o k y o - Y o k o h a m a a r e a is s i m i l a r to that of the m i d Atlantic states including Washington D. C. We know that turf g r o w i n g c o n d i tions during the s u m m e r months a r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t in the m i d - A t l a n t i c r e g i o n . H o w e v e r , by using the fundamentals of d i s e a s e c o n t r o l , p r o p e r i r r i g a t i o n techniques and other m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s , our f e l l o w superintendents along the Atlantic coast a r e able to maintain good B e n t g r a s s g r e e n s throughout the s u m m e r . By o b s e r v i n g the fundamentals, I b e l i e v e the Japanese s u p e r i n t e n dent could do the s a m e . T h e r e a r e plenty of w e e d s , but they p r e s e n t no g r e a t p r o b l e m . Crabg r a s s is one of the notorious o n e s . M o s t of the w e e d i n g is done by hand, and as many as 500 w o m e n have been used to hand w e e d an e n t i r e golf c o u r s e . T h e y w e e d e v e r y t h i n g , including the roughs. On a p a r t i c u l a r m i l i t a r y c o u r s e v i s i t e d , t h e r e w e r e no golf c a r t s and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 rounds of golf a day a r e p l a y e d . T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y of c a d d i e s a r e w o m e n , and they a r e e x c e l l e n t . T h e y not only c a r r y clubs, but c a r r y a bag of s o i l with seed f o r divot r e p a i r s . Japanese p l a y e r s a r e v e r y a c c u r a t e on t h e i r short g a m e , but the long h i t t e r s f r o m the U S A w i l l o u t d r i v e t h e m by 100 to 150 y a r d s off the t e e . Howe v e r , on t h e i r own golf c o u r s e s , the Japanese p l a y e r s should not be u n d e r r a t e d . T h e y p l a y e x c e l l e n t approach shots and w i l l sink many. A 10-foot putt is a l m o s t c o n s i d e r e d to be a g i m m y . T h e g r e e n s w i l l a v e r a g e b e t w e e n 4, 000 to 5, 000 square f e e t . T h e y a r e a e r i f i e d as a r e the f a i r w a y s . F e r t i l i t y of a l l a r e a s s e e m e d to be v e r y low, h o w e v e r , and is one of the fundamentals that is being o v e r l o o k e d in Japanese t u r f g r a s s production. Now f o r s o m e s l i d e s of these c o u n t r i e s . I should like to e m p h a s i z e again, h o w e v e r , that c e r t a i n f u n d a m e n t a l s a r e w o r l d w i d e in t h e i r application. W e should use them and not o v e r b u r d e n o u r s e l v e s with the t h e m e that " O u r conditions a r e d i f f e r e n t . " T h e r e is so much to l e a r n ; so much to do; and p r o v i n c i a l i s m w i l l not help us attain these g o a l s . TURF ROUNDUP--1961 James M. Latham, Jr. ^ T h e y e a r 1961 has brought s e v e r a l changes to the t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t p r o f e s s i o n . P r i m a r i l y these changes have taken p l a c e in maintenance o p e r a tions, The s t r e s s is m o r e than e v e r b e f o r e to p r o v i d e the best g o l f i n g turf m o r e days p e r y e a r . With this g o e s a d r i v e to p r e s e n t the m o s t u n i f o r m turf p o s s i b l e . T h e s e g o a l s a r e not new, but with g o l f i n g c o s t s i n c r e a s i n g m o r e p r e s s u r e is brought to b e a r on the superintendents to p r o v i d e t h e m . W e a t h e r w i s e , m o s t of the nation had d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m s to o v e r c o m e . The upper M i d w e s t had one of the d r i e s t w i n t e r s e v e r ; that is, they didn't r e c e i v e the usual snow c o v e r . The n o r t h e a s t e r n r e g i o n r e c e i v e d much m o r e snow than usual. T h e southeast had one of the c o o l e s t and w e t t e s t s u m m e r s on r e c o r d , w h i l e southern F l o r i d a was d r y m o s t of the t i m e . In M i l w a u k e e and m o s t of W i s c o n s i n g r e e n s c r a c k e d open during the w i n t e r , and many g r e e n s w e r e s e v e r e l y d a m a g e d f r o m w i n t e r d e s i c c a t i o n . Tests conducted in M i l w a u k e e expanded s o m e of J i m W a t s o n ' s w o r k on w i n t e r p r o t e c t i o n . W h e r e liquid and d r y applications of snowmold p r e v e n t i o n m a t e r i a l s w e r e m a d e , the d r y f o r m u l a t i o n s p r o d u c e d e a r l i e r g r e e n c o l o r . T h i s m a y have been due to the a c t i v a t e d sludge c a r r i e r r a t h e r than the liquid v s . d r y comparison. Ice rinks a r e quite popular in our a r e a , but usually r e s u l t in c o m p l e t e l o s s of turf under the i c e . At K e r n P a r k , a sheet of p o l y f i l m was used under a p o r t i o n of the plot. R e s u l t s w e r e e x c e l l e n t . T h i s spring the only g r a s s in the a r e a was under the p o l y f i l m . When the sheet was r e m o v e d in A p r i l the P o a t r i v i a l i s was s e v e n inches high. Seed of Pennlawn f e s c u e and P o a t r i v i a l i s g e r m i n a t e d quite w e l l under the sheet. D i s e a s e c o n t r o l is n e c e s s a r y under the p l a s t i c as indicated by W a t s o n ' s t e s t s and c o n f i r m e d by t h e s e . Caloclor m i x e d with a c t i v a t e d sludge was used a c c o r d i n g to p r e v i o u s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . We found this y e a r that the p o l y f i l m must be taken off e a r l y . At B r y n w o o d putting g r e e n g r a s s g r e w to l j inches by A p r i l 15. In T o r o n t o t h r e e hot days s e v e r l y d a m a g e d the turf underneath. D r . R a y K e e n at Kansas State has d e v e l o p e d s e v e r a l new s t r a i n s of B e r m u d a g r a s s e s that have m o r e cold t o l e r a n c e than e x i s t i n g v a r i e t i e s . Where U - 3 and T i f g r e e n show 40 to 50 p e r cent w i n t e r k i l l at B e l t s v i l l e , s o m e of the e x p e r i m e n t a l h y b r i d s s u f f e r l e s s than 10 p e r cent l o s s . A f t e r t h r e e y e a r s of testing in Athens, G e o r g i a , only Seaside bent shows p o o r r e s u l t s . A l l of the s e v e n other bents a r e a c c e p t a b l e putting s u r f a c e s and o f f e r no m a j o r m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s . T h e s e a r e P e n n c r o s s , Cohansey, A r l i n g t o n - C o n g r e s s i o n a l m i x t u r e , Old O r c h a r d , Washington, and N i m i s i l a . F i e l d e x p e r i e n c e continues to show that P e n n c r o s s is an e x c e l l e n t g r a s s , but its a g g r e s s i v e nature r e q u i r e s c l o s e maintenance. W h e r e not maintained adequately a p u f f i n e s s d e v e l o p s , eventually leading to a scalped and e a s i l y f o o t printed surface. N o r l e a P e r e n n i a l R y e g r a s s has been R e l e a s e d f o r sale in Canada. This new v a r i e t y o f f e r s a m o r e l o n g - l a s t i n g and m o r e u n i f o r m turf. T h e c o s t is now $1.75 p e r pound. Agronomist, Milwaukee Sewerage Commission. W h i l e on the subject of g r a s s e s a w o r d of warning is n e e d e d . So f a r , t h e r e is no c e r t i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m f o r stolon bent n u r s e r i e s . Many p e o p l e a r e buying planting stock of these bents,, then finding out l a t e r that the g r a s s is e i t h e r m i x e d , contaminated with w e e d s , o r has p o o r v i a b i l i t y . E v e n with c e r t i f i c a t i o n t h e r e is a h a z a r d of t r o u b l e s o m e w e e d s e v e n though not c l a s s i f i e d as noxious. W i l t e d planting stock is also a p r o b l e m many t i m e s . C a r e should be e x e r c i s e d in s e l e c t i o n of a s o u r c e of planting stock and t i m i n g of shipments to avoid the p o s s i b i l i t y of p o o r stands of g r a s s . P o o r - q u a l i t y seed, purchased on p r i c e alone, is a l w a y s a p o s s i b i l i t y . L a s t f a l l many F l o r i d a c o u r s e s used a cheap Seaside bent f o r o v e r s e e d i n g . A w e e d p r o b l e m d e v e l o p e d as a consequence, and e x p e n s i v e hand weeding was necessary. G e n e r a l l y t h e r e a r e f e w m a j o r w e e d p r o b l e m s today. N u t g r a s s and P o a annua r e m a i n , but other w e e d s can be s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d with existing c h e m i c a l s . D S M A and the h o r m o n e m a t e r i a l s such as 2 , 4 , 5 - T P a r e c o m i n g into w i d e s p r e a d use. Sodium a r s e n i t e is r e g a i n i n g stature as a w e e d - c o n t r o l agent. Much testing of the p r e e m e r g e n c e m a t e r i a l s is being done on the golf c o u r s e l e v e l . T h e m i x e d r e s u l t s shown this y e a r indicate that w e a t h e r , s o i l conditions, t i m i n g , and method of application a r e quite i m p o r t a n t . S t e r i l i z a t i o n of t o p d r e s s i n g m a t e r i a l is b e c o m i n g m o r e i m p o r t a n t as the s o u r c e of c l e a n t o p s o i l is r e d u c e d . Soil p a s t e u r i z i n g , m e t h y l b r o m i d i n g , and c o m p o s t i n g a r e all being used s u c c e s s f u l l y to a c c o m p l i s h w e e d - f r e e t o p d r e s s ing. N e w d i s e a s e s s t i l l c r o p up to p u z z l e p a t h o l o g i s t s . In r e c e n t y e a r s B e r m u d a g r a s s f a i r w a y s in the t r a n s i t i o n zone have been plagued with d e v a s tating attacks of " s p r i n g deadspot. ,f T h i s d i s e a s e s t r i k e s the d o r m a n t g r a s s and k i l l s b e f o r e spring g r e e n u p . L a s t w i n t e r s i m i l a r spots showed up on T i f g r e e n putting g r e e n s a c r o s s the upper South. No single c a u s i t i v e o r g a n i s m has been i d e n t i f i e d . T h i s s u m m e r , M e r i o n f a i r w a y s in the P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e a exhibit a s i m i lar d i s e a s e that a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y k i l l e d f a i r w a y s in L a n c a s t e r , P e n n s y l v a n i a . A g a i n , no single pathogen has been i d e n t i f i e d . T h i s is s e r i o u s enough f o r the M e r i o n B l u e g r a s s Foundation to set up a grant f o r its study at Penn State. In the m a c h i n e r y line, s p i k e r s a r e again c o m i n g into w i d e s p r e a d use. P o w e r spikes, t h r e e gang units, and h o m e m a d e outfits a r e being used both north and south to open the thatch, b r e a k through c r u s t , and a s s i s t in seeding o p e r a t i o n s . T h e y a r e p r o v i n g to be a quite u s e f u l t o o l and do not incur the w r a t h of g o l f e r s , since the m a r k s a r e a l m o s t i n v i s i b l e a f t e r m o w i n g . N e m a t o d e c o n t r o l is f i n a l l y r e c e i v i n g the attention it d e s e r v e s . At M e r i o n , P i n e V a l l e y , and Ponte V e d r a , N e m a g o n applications have m a d e a t r e m e n d o u s i m p r o v e m e n t in putting g r e e n t u r f . D e e p e r , m o r e p r o l i f i c r o o t s y s t e m s a r e the r e s u l t of nematode c o n t r o l , and hence a h e a l t h i e r plant. M o r e and m o r e , b e a u t i f i c a t i o n p l a y s a p a r t in quality golf c o u r s e m a i n tenance. F l o w e r s a r e not too much t r o u b l e to plant, e s p e c i a l l y the annual, seeded t y p e s . Beautif ication is also noted in p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t of t r e e s and saving the d e s i r a b l e native t r e e s . C a r t paths enter the p i c t u r e a l s o . Emil P i c h a at Oak R i d g e in M i n n e a p o l i s a c h i e v e d beauty in laying out c a r t paths near the clubhouse. He used g r a c e f u l c u r v e s and w i d e paths r a t h e r than abrupt; s t r a i g h t - l i n e layouts. C a r t s continue to be a p r o b l e m , but when clubs r e c o g n i z e the p r o b l e m and plan to maintain t h e i r t r a f f i c , the d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e r e d u c e d . Some clubs own and o p e r a t e the c a r t s . B y so doing, they a r e b e t t e r able to r e s t r i c t use during bad w e a t h e r , and a s s i g n the r e v e n u e to c o u r s e maintenance to help r e p a i r c a r t d a m a g e to the turf. T h e r e a r e not " n o r m a l " y e a r s any m o r e . W e a r e all m o r e cognizant of w e a t h e r , golf play, and e x p e n d i t u r e s . W e a r e b e c o m i n g a w a r e that m o d e r n turf m a n a g e m e n t is not a d a y - t o - d a y o p e r a t i o n , but a continuing, l o n g - r a n g e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m . T u r f a r e a s must continue to i m p r o v e . Static m a n a g e ment p r o g r a m s a l w a y s r e s u l t in gradual, then sudden d e c l i n e . C o m p l e t e r e n ovation m a y then be the only w a y of r e c o v e r y . L a r g e , e x p e n s i v e (but t i m e - s a v i n g ) equipment is now the k e y . Can you i m a g i n e f e r t i l i z i n g 36 f a i r w a y s e v e r y two w e e k s ? I t ' s being done right now in N e w J e r s e y . Monthly applications a r e quite c o m m o n . How about m o w i n g f a i r w a y s f o u r to f i v e days a w e e k ? I t ' s being done. So is spiking t w i c e a week, a e r i f y i n g f a i r w a y s f i v e o r six t i m e s a y e a r , and t o p d r e s s i n g g r e e n s once a month. Adequate m a c h i n e r y , safe c h e m i c a l s , p r o p e r f e r t i l i z a t i o n , and s k i l l e d m a n a g e m e n t a r e combined to do these things with f e w e r l a b o r e r s than e v e r b e f o r e . We can, through r e a s o n a b l e e c o n o m i c s and planning, g i v e the g o l f e r s b e t t e r playing conditions, l o n g e r seasons, and the b e a u t i f u l grounds they pay f o r and d e s e r v e . SOME P A T H O L O G I C A L P I T F A L L S I N P R A C T I C E C h a r l e s J. Gould * D i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t is a c o m p l e x which is m a d e up of t h r e e p a r t s : fungus, host, and f a v o r a b l e conditions. T h e last p a r t includes such f a c t o r s as t e m p e r a t u r e , m o i s t u r e , s o i l type, nutrition, etc. S o m e t i m e s , by a l t e r i n g these f a c t o r s , we can a p p r e c i a b l y r e t a r d fungus d e v e l o p m e n t . Conversely, c e r t a i n p r a c t i c e s m a y a c c e l e r a t e it. L e t ' s look at a f e w of the p o s s i b l e p i t f a l l s b e f o r e discussing our r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s during the past y e a r . SOILS. M o s t t u r f - d i s e a s e - p r o d u c i n g fungi l i v e o r s u r v i v e in s o i l . That is one r e a s o n why s o i l f u m i g a t i o n can r e d u c e l o s s e s f r o m d a m p i n g - o f f and s i m i l a r d i s e a s e s . S O I L T Y P E is quite i m p o r t a n t - - f o r instance, turf g r o w n in h e a v y , c o m p a c t , and p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s usually shows g r e a t e r l o s s e s f r o m P y t h i u m and F u s a r i u m fungi than d o e s turf g r o w n in w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s . (This m a y be caused by l a r g e r amounts of c a r b o n d i o x i d e , a change in the b a l a n c e of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , or s o m e other f a c t o r . ) S O I L A E R A T I O N - - L e t e y of U C L A m e n t i o n e d r e c e n t l y ( C a l i f o r n i a T u r f C u l t u r e ) that plant r e s i s t a n c e to pathogens is influenced by a e r i f i c a t i o n of s o i l s . P r e s u m a b l y , the addition of such m a t e r i a l s as p e r l i t e and p u m i c e should aid in d i s e a s e c o n t r o l by lightening h e a v y s o i l s . Such m i x e s a r e under t e s t in c o o p e r a t i o n with D r . G o s s . H o w e v e r , too light s o i l s m a y also e n c o u r a g e c e r t a i n fungus d e v e l o p m e n t since the leaching of n i t r o g e n is i n c r e a s e d and the turf is thus r e n d e r e d m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to pathogens such as the R e d T h r e a d fungus. S E E D S O U R C E is highly i m p o r t a n t , since m a n y turf pathogens, including R h i z o c t o n i a , a r e seed b o r n e . It d o e s n ' t help much to f u m i g a t e s o i l if i n f e s t e d seed is planted. T h e r e f o r e , w e suggest using one of the standard f u n g i c i d e s (such as t h i r a m or captan) f o r seed t r e a t m e n t and a l s o f o r p o s t e m e r g e n c e s p r a y s to r e d u c e d a m p i n g - o f f . VARIETIES. T h e m a j o r groups of g r a s s e s v a r y in s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to d i f f e r e n t pathogens. Thus, under w e s t e r n Washington conditions the bents a r e m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e to F u s a r i u m n i v a l e and Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s , w h i l e f e s c u e s a r e m o r e a f f e c t e d by C o r t i c i u m f u c i f o r m e . V a r i e t i e s within t h e s e g r o u p s of g r a s s e s also v a r y . F o r instance, P e n n c r o s s is much m o r e r e s i s t a n t than is C o l o n i a l to F u s a r i u m . T h e r e a l s o s e e m to be strains of S e a s i d e and P o a annua, s o m e of which appear to be m o r e r e s i s t a n t than o t h e r s to F u s a r i u m . T h e s e l e c t i o n o r h y b r i d i z a t i o n of d i s e a s e - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s is p r o b a b l y our b e s t l o n g - r a n g e solution to the m a j o r turf d i s e a s e s . W A T E R . E v e r y o n e h e r e is f a m i l i a r with the f a c t that w e s e l d o m see much F u s a r i u m unless w a t e r r e m a i n s f o r p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s on g r a s s l e a v e s . C o n v e r s e l y , when g r a s s is w e a k e n e d by u n d e r w a t e r i n g , it b e c o m e s m o r e susc e p t i b l e to C o r t i c i u m , F a i r y Ring, and C o l l e t o t r i c h u m f u n g i . T o o f r e q u e n t w a t e r i n g p r o d u c e s turf with shallow r o o t s y s t e m s that a r e m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to c e r t a i n pathogens. M o s t fungi a r e f a v o r e d by evening i r r i g a t i o n , since the g r a s s r e m a i n s w e t f o r a l o n g e r p e r i o d . T h e p H m a y a l s o be i m p o r t a n t - - f o r instance, alkaline w a t e r m a y f a v o r Ophiobolus d e v e l o p m e n t . W a t e r containing c o n s i d e r a b l e o r g a n i c m a t t e r (such as pond o r lake w a t e r ) should not be used f o r s p r a y i n g , since the o r g a n i c m a t t e r i n a c t i v a t e s m a n y m e r c u r y compounds. * Plant P a t h o l o g i s t , Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , E x p e r i m e n t Station, Puyallup, Washington. W e s t e r n Washington FERTILIZERS. T h e e f f e c t of r a t i o and s o u r c e of f e r t i l i z e r s m a y be one of our m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s in i n c r e a s i n g o r d e c r e a s i n g d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e . We have found that high l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n i n c r e a s e F u s a r i u m and Ophiobolus, but d e c r e a s e C o r t i c i u m and F a i r y R i n g . T h e S O U R C E of n i t r o g e n is a l s o i m portant, i. e. , o r g a n i c s o u r c e s of n i t r o g e n p r o d u c e m o r e F u s a r i u m than i n o r ganic ones unless they a r e used j u d i c i o u s l y . T h e c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t of f e r t i l i z e r s m a y be m o r e i m p o r t a n t than w e have suspected. L e t m e c i t e an e x a m p l e f o r a d i f f e r e n t c r o p . In t e s t s on g l a d i o l u s at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i ment Station f e r t i l i z e r s had no e f f e c t on d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t during the f i r s t y e a r , but showed a m a r k e d e f f e c t in the second. High n i t r o g e n and high m a g n e s i u m s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d the l o s s e s f r o m d r y r o t as c o m p a r e d with l o w l e v e l s . T h i s e n t i r e p r o b l e m of nutrition of turf is a v e r y c o m p l e x one. Res e a r c h on it is u r g e n t l y needed. M O W I N G . T o o short m o w i n g m a y weaken g r a s s and m a k e it m o r e susc e p t i b l e to c e r t a i n f u n g i - - p a r t i c u l a r l y when the height is too suddenly r e d u c e d . T o o high a cut m a y p r o d u c e a m o i s t c h a m b e r e f f e c t that is conducive to the g r o w t h of many fungi, including one (a b a s i d i o m y c e t e ) in w e s t e r n Washington that s m o t h e r s l o w e r g r a s s b l a d e s . Incidentally, g r a s s m o w e r s p r o v i d e a beautiful m e a n s f o r fungi to " h i t c h - h i k e " f r o m f a i r w a y s and s h o u l d e r s to g r e e n s , o r f r o m d i s e a s e d to healthy a r e a s in lawns. M o w e r s should be c l e a n e d a f t e r each d a y ' s use, since the F u s a r i u m fungus m a y quickly p r o d u c e a h e a v y c r o p of s p o r e s on accumulated c l i p p i n g s . AERIFICATION AND THATCH REMOVAL. B l o o m and Wuest, at P e n n s y l v a n i a State, r e c e n t l y pointed out (in the " G o l f C o u r s e R e p o r t e r " ) that n e m atodes m a y be t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m i n f e s t e d to healthy a r e a s by a e r i f y i n g p r o c e d u r e s . It s e e m s p l a u s i b l e to e x p e c t that d i s e a s e - p r o d u c i n g f u n g i could be spread s i m i l a r l y I N S E C T S . Insects can weaken turf and m a k e the g r a s s m o r e to many fungi. Insects m a y also t r a n s p o r t c e r t a i n f u n g i . susceptible T O P D R E S S I N G : Lukens and Stoddard, at Connecticut, ( U S G A J o u r . ) have r e p o r t e d that t o p d r e s s i n g m a y be an i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e of the b r o w n patch fungus. Other fungi m a y a l s o be c a r r i e d by t o p d r e s s i n g . T h e r e f o r e , it is good insurance to f u m i g a t e such m a t e r i a l . D E S I G N of C O U R S E S can be an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t . F o r instance, w e find F u s a r i u m m o s t f r e q u e n t l y in a r e a s of p o o r air and w a t e r d r a i n a g e - - w h e t h e r such p o o r d r a i n a g e a r i s e s f r o m p o o r c o n t o u r ing, h i l l s i d e shading, o r e x c e s s i v e s h r u b b e r y . In s o m e c a s e s the e l i m i n a t i o n of a f e w t r e e s , shrubs, or a hedge has r e d u c e d F u s a r i u m by as much as 75 p e r cent. WALKING. T h i s w e p r o b a b l y can't quite e l i m i n a t e , but it should be pointed out that fungi can be t r a n s p o r t e d on shoes f r o m i n f e s t e d to healthy a r e a s - - w h i c h is another argument in f a v o r of t r e a t i n g shoulders and e v e n f a i r w a y s on golf c o u r s e s . G E N E R A L . F i n a l l y , w e should e m p h a s i z e that the t u r f - p a t h o g e n i n t e r action is a v e r y c o m p l e x one. So many f a c t o r s v a r y that each distinct a r e a on a golf c o u r s e , park, c e m e t e r y , and e v e n home lawn m a y r e q u i r e its own m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m . We cannot say that so much n i t r o g e n is o p t i m u m f o r C o r t i c i u m c o n t r o l , nor that an alternating schedule of P M A and C a d m i u m c h l o r i d e e v e r y two w e e k s is a u t o m a t i c a l l y b e s t f o r all golf g r e e n s . T h o s e of you having c h i l d r e n know that each one responds d i f f e r e n t l y to the same t r e a t m e n t . S i m i l a r l y , each turf a r e a (as a golf g r e e n ) has its own p e r s o n a l i t y which is l e a r n e d only by e x p e r i e n c e , a c c o m p a n i e d by keen o b s e r v a t i o n and a good g r e e n thumb. R E S E A R C H P R O G R E S S D U R I N G 1960/61 Fusarium F u s a r i u m P a t c h (caused by F . n i v a l e ) was quite c o m m o n and o f t e n s e r i ous during 1960/61 on both putting g r e e n and h i g h e r - c u t t u r f . The m i l d , m o i s t w e a t h e r that p r e v a i l e d f r o m S e p t e m b e r of I960 until June of 1961 p e r m i t t e d the F u s a r i u m P a t c h fungus to t h r i v e in p r a c t i c a l l y undiminished v i g o r . T h i s r e sulted in c o n s i d e r a b l e spotting on golf g r e e n s on which a r e g u l a r t r e a t i n g schedule had not been used. T h i s fungus also caused c o n s i d e r a b l e thinning of h i - c u t turf such as that in home lawns. H o w e v e r , s o m e of the thinning of the l a t t e r turf m a y also have been caused by other s p e c i e s of F u s a r i u m , e s p e c i a l l y in late s p r i n g . F U N G I C I D E S . Our b a s i c f u n g i c i d a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n f o r golf g r e e n s in w e s t e r n Washington is s t i l l the s a m e as last y e a r , n a m e l y a b i w e e k l y a l t e r n a t ing schedule of P M A (as phenyl m e r c u r i c acetate @ 3/4 o z . of 10% sol. in 10 g a l . w a t e r p e r 1000 sq. f t . ) and C a d m i u m c h l o r i d e (as Caddy @ 1 o z . of 20% sol. in 10 g a l . w a t e r p e r 1000 sq. f t . ). If a p r e v e n t i v e p r o g r a m is not c a r r i e d on, o r if conditions b e c o m e unusually f a v o r a b l e f o r F u s a r i u m , it m a y be n e c e s s a r y to apply P M A two o r t h r e e t i m e s on s u c c e s s i v e w e e k s and then r e v e r t to the alternating b i w e e k l y schedule with Caddy. During w a r m , sunny w e a t h e r when turf m a y be burned by P M A , add 1 /8 to 1/4 lb. of actual n i t r o g e n (as n i t r a t e t y p e ) as a s a f e n e r to the s p r a y solution. A s w e m e n t i o n e d last y e a r , the P M A g i v e s the quickest k i l l of the F u s a r i u m , but the c a d m i u m p r o d u c e s a d e n s e r turf. The alternating schedule is a i m e d at getting the b e s t t r a i t s of both. S e v e r a l superintendents have r e p o r t e d s u c c e s s with it. Remember, h o w e v e r , that the above r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s must be adjusted to each individual golf c o u r s e and e v e n to each g r e e n . Thus, one of our t o p - n o t c h superintendents has found that a 10-day schedule is n e c e s s a r y on his c o u r s e instead of the 14-day i n t e r v a l that we and c e r t a i n superintendents have found adequate e l s e w h e r e . Be sure to s p r a y shoulders as w e l l as g r e e n s . One o r two s p r a y s in the spring and again in the f a l l should usually be s u f f i c i e n t f o r home lawns. T h e b r o a d - s p e c t r u m m i x e s containing m e r c u r y or c a d m i u m f u n g i c i d e s a r e usually best f o r home o w n e r s since it is i m p o s s i b l e f o r m o s t of them to i d e n t i f y d i s e a s e s d e f i n i t e l y and since m o r e than one pathogen m a y be p r e s e n t . F E R T I L I Z E R S . Another f a c t o r that we need to know m o r e about is that of nutrition. We a l r e a d y know that high amounts of n i t r o g e n m a y r e s u l t in m o r e F u s a r i u m d i s e a s e than l o w amounts. We also know that o r g a n i c s o u r c e s f a v o r m o r e F u s a r i u m d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t than i n o r g a n i c ones. H o w e v e r , we s t i l l con't know the exact amounts of each type that can s a f e l y be used, or the e f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e on them, or the p o s s i b l e balancing e f f e c t of phosphorus, potash, and other compounds. Corticium T h e R e d T h r e a d fungus ( C o r t i c i u m f u c i f o r m e ) w a s m o r e p r e v a l e n t than usual during 1960/61, apparently f o r the same c a u s e s as g i v e n f o r F u s a r i u m P a t c h . T h e fungus was again found m o s t l y on f e s c u e , although it o c c a s i o n a l l y attacked bent and other g r a s s e s . L a b o r a t o r y t e s t s have shown that t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t strains of this fungus. FERTILIZERS. We found s e v e r a l y e a r s ago that n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n g a v e us b e t t e r c o n t r o l of Red T h r e a d than did applications of c e r t a i n f u n g i c i d e s . That is s t i l l the situation today, although t e s t s of f u n g i c i d e s as w e l l as f e r t i l i z e r s a r e continuing. Counts m a d e on D r . Cross' lawn f e r t i l i z e r plots at F a r m 5 showed 132 spots without n i t r o g e n as c o n t r a s t e d to 55 with 4 lbs. and only 18 with 8 lbs. of actual N p e r y e a r . P o t a s h was the next m o s t i m p o r t a n t nutrient with the l o w e s t number of d i s e a s e d spots with highest r a t e s of the e l e m e n t (8 lbs. as c o n t r a s t e d to 4 and 0). Phosphorus was r e l a t i v e l y i n e f f e c t i v e , although the 4 - l b . r a t e produced somewhat f e w e r spots than when it was o m i t t e d . In g e n e r a l , an 8 - 4 - 8 r a t i o was best, f o l l o w e d by other m i x t u r e s containing high l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n . The b e n e f i t f r o m n i t r o g e n has again shown up in f e s c u e plots e s t a b l i s h e d at the home station last y e a r in c o o p e r a t i o n with R o y G o s s . R e c e n t counts showed that the 8 lb. rate of N had only about o n e - t h i r t i e t h the amount of R e d T h r e a d as the check plot, and that the 2 - l b . r a t e had about one-ninth. The e f f e c t of phosphorus and potash was somewhat l e s s m a r k e d in this than in the other test, but a balance a p p e a r e d somewhat b e t t e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y at l o w l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n . T h e s e studies a r e continuing. F U N G I C I D E S . We the R e d T h r e a d fungUs. (with R o y Goss and V e r n at our home f a r m to test have r e d u c e d the d i s e a s e outstanding. T h e fungus ing of the m a t e r i a l s m a y a r e s t i l l t r y i n g to find a f u n g i c i d e e f f e c t i v e against P r e v i o u s attempts have not been v e r y e n c o u r a g i n g , so M i l l e r ) we e s t a b l i s h e d a l a r g e f e s c u e plot last y e a r s e v e r a l of the l a t e s t compounds. A l l of the compounds somewhat, but none have yet a p p e a r e d p a r t i c u l a r l y is just now beginning to b e c o m e a c t i v e , so a f i n a l r a t be a v a i l a b l e in a f e w w e e k s . Ophiobolus P a t c h M o s t of you have seen the dead f a i r y - r i n g - l i k e spots in the f e r t i l i z e r plots at Puyallup. Although the d i s e a s e a p p e a r e d d r a m a t i c a l l y in the late spring of I960, it w a s n ' t until N o v e m b e r that f r u i t i n g b o d i e s of the c a u s a l fungus app e a r e d , t h e r e b y p e r m i t t i n g d e f i n i t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . It p r o v e d to be the fungus we had o r i g i n a l l y s u s p e c t e d - -Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s , which w a s r e c o g n i z e d as a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s e v e r a l y e a r s ago in England. Although the fungus is c o m m o n in the United States on c e r e a l s , it has s e l d o m been r e p o r t e d causing t r o u b l e in turf g r a s s e s . H o w e v e r , it appears to be r a t h e r w i d e s p r e a d in w e s t e r n Washington, and we b e l i e v e it m a y eventually be found to rate as a s e r i o u s d i s e a s e . It was f i r s t found in putting turf (on bent g r a s s ) , but since then it has been c o l l e c t e d f r o m f a i r w a y s and lawns. Since the fungus does not p r o d u c e f r u i t i n g b o d i e s during the a c t i v e p e r i o d of g r o w t h f r o m spring until e a r l y f a l l , it is d i f f i c u l t d e f i n i t e l y to i d e n t i f y during that p e r i o d . T h e r e was only one outb r e a k in I 9 6 0 - - i n late s p r i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e two a c t i v e p e r i o d s of spread in 1961--once in late spring and again in late s u m m e r . F U N G I C I D E S . P M A appeared to suppress the fungus in I960. In the spring of 1961 D r . Goss ran a p r e l i m i n a r y test on his plots using s e v e r a l f u n g i c i d e s in double the usual amount of w a t e r (20 g a l . p e r 1, 000 sq. f t . ) in one application. M o s t of the f u n g i c i d e s s u p p r e s s e d the fungus but did not e r a d icate it. If t i m e p e r m i t s , we w i l l run a l a r g e r test in c o o p e r a t i o n with D r . Goss in 1962. FERTILIZERS. An e x c e l l e n t opportunity was a v a i l a b l e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the e f f e c t of nutrition on the fungus since it a p p e a r e d in plots which w e r e being used f o r f e r t i l i z e r t e s t s . T h e e f f e c t of n i t r o g e n was p a r t i c u l a r l y striking with the 20 lb. r a t e s producing o v e r seven t i m e s as many spots as the l o w e r r a t e s . T h e u n f e r t i l i z e d plot had the f e w e s t of a l l . Phosphorus showed l i t t l e e f f e c t , w h i l e a m e d i u m l e v e l (4 lbs. ) of potash appeared o p t i m u m . L i m e w a s not tested in these plots, but e x p e r i m e n t s in England have shown that it i n c r e a s e s the s e v e r i t y of the d i s e a s e . F a i r y Ring F a i r y Ring is the number one p r o b l e m to many h o m e o w n e r s in w e s t e r n Washington. N i t r o g e n p a r t i a l l y r e l i e v e s the s y m p t o m s . M e r c u r y d r e n c h e s suppress m u s h r o o m f o r m a t i o n but do not e r a d i c a t e the fungus. M e t h y l b r o m i d e f u m i g a t i o n e l i m i n a t e s it, but r e s e e d i n g is n e c e s s a r y a f t e r w a r d s . In an e f f o r t to find a s i m p l e r solution, we obtained s o m e m u s h r o o m - p a r a s i t i c n e m a t o d e s and applied them to some a c t i v e r i n g s in T a c o m a last f a l l . Unfortunately, they didn't do the j o b so w e ' r e s t i l l looking f o r an e a s y c o n t r o l . Anthracnose The fungus ( C o l l e t o t r i c h u m ) causing A n t h r a c n o s e has usually a p p e a r e d only on turf s u f f e r i n g f r o m undernourishment and/or u n d e r w a t e r i n g . However, it was so w i d e s p r e a d in 1961 that perhaps we should c o n s i d e r it as m o r e than a weak p a r a s i t e . It a p p e a r s p o s s i b l e that it r e q u i r e s d r o u g h t - - o r h e a t - i n j u r e d turf in o r d e r to obtain a foothold, but, once e s t a b l i s h e d , it m a y b e c o m e t r u l y p a r a s i t i c , s i m p l y through the action of m a s s e s of inoculum. In c l o s i n g , m a y I e x p r e s s m y deep gratitude f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e : to m y c o - w o r k e r s R o y Goss, V e r n M i l l e r , and M a k s i s E g l i t i s ; to many s u p e r i n tendents and o t h e r s ; and to the N o r t h w e s t T u r f A s s o c i a t i o n , C a l i f o r n i a C h e m i c a l C o r p o r a t i o n , and the USGA G r e e n Section f o r t h e i r f i n a n c i a l aid. Such a s s i s t a n c e has m a t e r i a l l y speeded the production of the above r e s u l t s to you. P A N E L DISCUSSION O N S O I L M I X T U R E S F O R P U T T I N G G R E E N S Panel Members: D r . R o y Goss, C h a i r m a n , WSU, Puyallup, Washington M r . K e n Putnam, Supt. , Seattle Golf and Country Club M r . B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d , W e s t e r n D i r e c t o r , U S G A G r e e n Section D r . W a l t e r G a r d n e r , WSU, P u l l m a n A s a means of introducing this panel d i s c u s s i o n , I would l i k e to take a couple of minutes to mention why this p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m is being handled as a panel d i s c u s s i o n . The actual cost of a putting g r e e n on t o d a y ' s m a r k e t w i l l run s o m e w h e r e in the neighborhood of $5, 000. Of c o u r s e , many c o r n e r s can be cut, and this g r e e n can be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r somewhat l e s s . H o w e v e r , this cutting of c o r n e r s can r e s u l t only in p o o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . Some of the p r o b l e m s such as those c r e a t e d by m i x i n g on site, using p o o r s o i l m a t e r i a l s f o r construction, making the s o i l m i x t u r e too sandy, o r too h e a v y , i m p r o p e r p l a c e m e n t of d r a i n a g e t i l e s , the use of o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s and other a d d i t i v e s , and other p r o b l e m s w i l l be brought out in this panel d i s cussion. E a c h m e m b e r of this panel w i l l d e v o t e six to eight minutes in d i s cussing one phase of this p r o b l e m , a f t e r which the f l o o r w i l l be invited to ask questions d i r e c t e d to these panel m e m b e r s . T h e f i r s t speaker on this m o r n i n g s panel w i l l be M r . Ken Putnam, who w i l l d i s c u s s s o m e of the construction p r o b l e m s in r e l a t i o n to m a n a g e m e n t f r o m the superintendents v i e w p o i n t . K e n Putnam F r o m m y point of v i e w the s o i l m i x t u r e that g o e s into these putting g r e e n s is the m o s t important aspect. If the s o i l s a r e too light, w e have a p r o b l e m holding m o i s t u r e and plant f o o d nutrients during the g r o w i n g season. If the s o i l s a r e too h e a v y , then we have p r o b l e m s in getting w a t e r to d r a i n f r o m these s o i l s during the winter even though p l a y on these putting g r e e n s is c o n tinuous. If the s o i l is p o o r l y m i x e d then the a r e a turns out spotty, that is s o m e a r e a s w i l l hold plenty of m o i s t u r e , o t h e r s w i l l turn d r y too quickly. In this manner then s o m e a r e a s n e c e s s a r i l y must be o v e r i r r i g a t e d in o r d e r to i r r i gate s o m e of the o t h e r s p r o p e r l y . T h e r e f o r e , the i d e a l putting g r e e n s o i l must be one that w i l l hold a golf shot, d r a i n out r a p i d l y enough a f t e r r a i n f a l l and i r r i g a t i o n , hold a m p l e w a t e r to insure the best plant g r o w t h , and hold suff i c i e n t nutrients to maintain e x c e l l e n t plant g r o w t h . Thank you, Ken. The next panel s p e a k e r w i l l be D r . W a l t e r G a r d n e r , Soil P h y s i c i s t , of the Soils D e p a r t m e n t h e r e at WSU. D r . G a r d n e r . Walter Gardner T h e m a i n points that I would like to m a k e this m o r n i n g on the d i s c u s s i o n of s o i l s f o r putting g r e e n construction is r e l a t i n g to p o r o s i t y , and l a y e r i n g and s o m e of the p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d . I am not a p r a c t i c i n g a g r o n o m i s t in this f i e l d and w i l l t h e r e f o r e r e s t r i c t m y r e m a r k s to the b a s i c o r f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s underlying these p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m s . We need p o r o s i t y f o r two r e a s o n s at l e a s t . One of the r e a s o n s is that in o r d e r f o r plants to g r o w p r o p e r l y t h e r e must be an adequate supply of o x y g e n and so t h e r e must be open p o r e s in the s o i l through which g a s e s can m o v e f r o m the a t m o s p h e r e down on into the s o i l to r e p l a c e c a r b o n d i o x i d e which is a p r o d uct of m e t a b o l i s m in the r o o t s . A l s o , these p o r e s w i l l s e r v e to supply o x y g e n which is used in r o o t m e t a b o l i s m . If this t r a n s f e r of a t m o s p h e r i c g a s e s into the s o i l is not adequate then you cannot get good plant g r o w t h . T h e second r e a s o n is that when s o i l m a t e r i a l s a r e wet they tend to slide on one another. T o o much w a t e r in the s o i l leads to too much l u b r i c a t i o n , and when you have a lot of f o o t t r a f f i c on the s o i l the r e s u l t is c o m p a c t i o n . T h i s c o m p a c t i o n , of c o u r s e , r e d u c e s the open porous condition which is n e c e s s a r y f o r good a e r a t i o n and is d e l e t e r i o u s to plant g r o w t h . P o r e s in the soil, of c o u r s e , a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r another r e a s o n . As e v e r y o n e knows plants need w a t e r , and it takes p o r e s in the s o i l to t r a n s m i t w a t e r . T o o l i t t l e p o r o s i t y leads to p o o r a i r m o v e m e n t and, of c o u r s e , p o o r w a t e r m o v e m e n t as w e l l . T h e kinds of s o i l m a t e r i a l which lead to low p o r o s i t y a r e the kinds of s o i l m a t e r i a l which w i l l be p o o r f r o m the point of v i e w of f o o t t r a f f i c . I am sure none of you would go out and m a k e a golf putting g r e e n with c l a y . When c l a y is d r y it is v e r y hard and when it is w e t it is soft and mushy and g e n e r a l l y ends up in a heck of a m e s s . T h e r e f o r e , you must have p o r e s that a r e just the r i g h t s i z e . T h e y should be l a r g e r than the p o r e s which would r e s u l t f r o m the construction with silts and c l a y s If you have p o r e s that a r e too l a r g e they w o n ' t r e t a i n w a t e r b e t w e e n i r r i g a t i o n s , and your turf c r o p m a y s u f f e r f r o m lack of w a t e r . I am not going to t e l l you the kind of s o i l m i x t u r e that is b e s t f o r putting g r e e n s : I think that is the r e a l m of s o m e of these other f o l k s ' s p e c i a l t y , but I w i l l say that w h a t e v e r the p o r p s i t y is, and this leads m e into the next subj e c t , this p o r o s i t y needs to be f a i r l y u n i f o r m f o r an a p p r e c i a b l e depth. Otherw i s e , you get into a p r o b l e m of w a t e r f l o w . I have talked about this to this g r o u p b e f o r e two o r t h r e e y e a r s ago when I d e m o n s t r a t e d m y talk with a m o v i e on how w a t e r m o v e s in the s o i l . I am going v e r y b r i e f l y to t e l l you in w o r d s how this happens just to r e m i n d you. When we have all the p o r e s in the s o i l s f i l l e d with w a t e r we c a l l this saturated f l o w , and w a t e r m o v e s in r e s p o n s e to g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e s . With w a t e r pushing on w a t e r , with e x t e r n a l f o r c e s , and with l a r g e r p o r e s the w a t e r m o v e s m o r e r a p i d l y . If you have a lot of w a t e r to evacuate and it is g o ing to be t h e r e under saturate conditions f r o m h e a v y r a i n f a l l , then you need l a r g e p o r e s to c a r r y away the w a t e r . A f t e r the s o i l d r a i n s enough so that the p o r e s a r e no l o n g e r c o m p l e t e l y f i l l e d with w a t e r , then we have w a t e r and a i r p r e s e n t in the s o i l . At this point we go to another kind of f l o w which we c a l l unsaturated f l o w , and h e r e w a t e r f l o w s along the s u r f a c e s of p a r t i c l e s and through f i n e p o r e s b e t w e e n p a r t i c l e s and does not m o v e through the l a r g e p o r e s p a c e s . T h e l a r g e p o r e spaces r e m a i n f i l l e d v^ith a i r . T o get the best m o v e ment we need a quantity of s m a l l p o r e s in o r d e r f o r rapid m o v e m e n t to take p l a c e under unsaturated conditions. Under unsaturated conditions w a t e r would m o v e v e r y , v e r y p o o r l y in a g r a v e l bed; under saturated conditions w a t e r m o v e s r a p i d l y in a g r a v e l bed. Under unsaturated conditions the p o r o s i t y must c o n s i s t of f i n e , interconnecting p o r e s w h e r e w a t e r m o v e s not in r e s p o n s e to g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e s , o r e x t e r n a l pushing f o r c e s , but in r e s p o n s e to pulling f o r c e s which a r e the a t t r a c t i o n of solid s u r f a c e s f o r w a t e r m o l e c u l e s and the a t t r a c t i o n of w a t e r m o l e c u l e s f o r each o t h e r . W a t e r is pulled along s u r f a c e s and through f i n e p o r e s . Now as a consequence of this kind of f l o w , if you have p o r o s i t y changes o c c u r r i n g in the soil, you can have g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s in getting r i d of unwanted w a t e r . L e t us postulate, f o r e x a m p l e , a p r o p e r s o i l m i x t u r e f o r producing a g r e e n that extends to a depth of six inches through the s o i l . N o w let us put a v e r y c o a r s e l a y e r of sand o r g r a v e l and see what happens. N o w if w e apply a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e quantity of w a t e r f r o m r a i n f a l l , w a t e r w i l l m o v e down in the f i n e p o r e s to this c o a r s e l a y e r , but w i l l be r e t a i n e d in the f i n e s o i l and w i l l not m o v e into the c o a r s e l a y e r unless the s o i l is e x c e s s i v e l y w e t . If the s o i l is so wet that we have a saturated condition, then w a t e r w i l l m o v e into these l a r g e p o r e s b e t w e e n l a r g e p a r t i c l e s of sand and p i e c e s of g r a v e l . But when t h e s e c o n d i tions e x i s t the s o i l in the six inches above this l a y e r w i l l be too wet, and if p e o p l e walk on this s o i l it w i l l sink in and l e a v e f o o t p r i n t s . T h e r e f o r e , if you have a lot of w a t e r to w o r r y about, it would be v e r y damaging to have a l a y e r of c o a r s e sand or g r a v e l at six inches in the s o i l . Under d r y conditions this might be an advantage b e c a u s e with this type of situation you do not l o s e a lot of w a t e r to deep p e r c o l a t i o n . D r a i n t i l e s surrounded by g r a v e l c r e a t e l a r g e channels which w i l l m o v e unwanted w a t e r v e r y r a p i d l y . H e r e the i m p o r t a n t thing would be to have these t i l e d r a i n s o r these c o a r s e g r a v e l s at s u f f i c i e n t depth that when you have s a t urate conditions i m m e d i a t e l y above such a l a y e r t h e r e is s u f f i c i e n t depth that the m o i s t u r e in the s o i l and near the s u r f a c e is not e x c e s s i v e . But w h e r e you have e x c e s s w a t e r to get r i d of and you have saturated conditions you must have s o m e open channels to c a r r y the w a t e r away. Any kind of p o r o s i t y change in the s o i l is going to a f f e c t w a t e r m o v e m e n t . Y o u m a y start a golf c o u r s e g r e e n with the p r o p e r s o i l m i x in o r d e r to m a i n tain u n i f o r m p o r o s i t y , but in the p r o c e s s of t r e a t i n g the s u r f a c e of that g r e e n with additions of s o i l m a t e r i a l s you add c o a r s e m a t e r i a l s which e v e n t u a l l y w o r k t h e i r w a y downward as you add new m a t e r i a l . Y o u a r e c r e a t i n g the kind of condition that I talked about w h e r e you have a c o a r s e sand o r g r a v e l l a y e r , and this can c e r t a i n l y w o r k to your d i s a d v a n t a g e . If you add a m a t e r i a l that is too f i n e such as c l a y to the s u r f a c e of your turf and a l l o w it to w o r k its w a y in, you would have a l a y e r that is too f i n e . T h i s would stop w a t e r m o v e m e n t b e c a u s e w a t e r m o v e m e n t through v e r y f i n e m a t e r i a l s is a l s o s l o w e d down. The i m p o r t a n t thing h e r e is to have the right s i z e s of p o r e s and to have t h e m c o n tinuously f o r s o m e depth. One other little thing to mention and then I w i l l quit. If you have p r o b l e m s with wetting due to the production of w a x e s f r o m o r g a n i c r e s i d u e s , s o m e t i m e s you can get in t r o u b l e h e r e b e c a u s e the w a t e r does not w e t this kind of m a t e r i a l and does not wet s o i l p a r t i c l e s which a r e coated with these m a t e r i a l s . W e l l h e r e is one of those things that I am told w o r k s r e a s o n a b l y w e l l , but I have not t r i e d it, I r e l y on these p e o p l e like R o y Goss h e r e to t e l l m e about such things, but if you can put a substance in the w a t e r which w i l l m a k e it wet things b e t t e r which it contacts such as a wetting agent this o f t e n h e l p s . Howe v e r , one should in these m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s t r y to avoid t h e s e l a y e r s of o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l as w e l l as l a y e r s of c o a r s e m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e f o r e , avoid p o r o s i t y s t r a t i f i c a t i o n s in your s o i l s . I think that is a good w o r d to quit on. Thank you, Walt. I am sure that t h e r e w i l l be questions which we w i l l r e t u r n to you, a f t e r you have h e a r d f r o m the last two s p e a k e r s . T h e next speaker on the panel w i l l be B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d of the US Golf A s s o c i a t i o n G r e e n Section Bill Bengeyfield It is an honor f o r m e to be on the same panel with D r . G a r d n e r and these other g e n t l e m e n . F o r the past 10 y e a r s or so the U S G A has s p o n s o r e d r e s e a r c h w o r k on s o i l s f o r putting g r e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n . I think last y e a r at Seattle m y l i t t l e p r e s e n t a t i o n d i s c u s s e d this, so in our f i v e o r s e v e n m i n u t e s ' t i m e I would l i k e to sketch it quickly and if you w i l l a l l o w m e to f i l l in the blanks as w e go through the questioning I think that that would b e b e t t e r . T h e m a i n p r o b l e m in putting g r e e n s , p l a y f i e l d s , park a r e a s , o r any other turf a r e a is c o m p a c t i o n and d r a i n a g e . T h e main p r o b l e m was to d e v e l o p a s o i l that would r e s i s t c o m p a c t i o n and would d r a i n w e l l . So with these two q u a l i t i e s in mind this is what the s c i e n t i s t s at U C L A , T e x a s , and Oklahoma recommend. We w i l l build a c r o s s s e c t i o n of the g r e e n o r w h a t e v e r turf a r e a you happen to be i n t e r e s t e d in. T h i s r e p r e s e n t s the subsoil, and this r e p r e s e n t s your d r a i n a g e hole w h e r e the t i l e s a r e going in. T h i s should be a p p r o x i m a t e l y six inches deep, and the bottom of the t i l e line should have two inches of pea gravel. The p e o p l e who have done this w o r k t e l l us a f o u r - i n c h t i l e should be p l a c e d on this, and of c o u r s e the t i l e must be t i l t e d p r o p e r l y so that you have the n e c e s s a r y g r a v i t y to k e e p the w a t e r out. If it is a g r i c u l t u r a l t i l e , you would put a p i e c e of asphalt paper or something o v e r the j o i n t s to p r e v e n t the s o i l f r o m f i l l i n g the t i l e and back f i l l the r e s t of the ditch with pea g r a v e l . T h e n o v e r the e n t i r e g r e e n the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is f o r a l a y e r of pea g r a v e l . T h i s is a blanket o v e r the e n t i r e s u r f a c e . I have s o m e r e p r i n t s h e r e of these s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , so you don't have to w r i t e t h e m down if you think you need them. O v e r this p e a - g r a v e l l a y e r , we say that you should add one and one-half to two inches of a c o n c r e t e sand. N o w you m a y say that D r . G a r d n e r and these s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e not in a g r e e m e n t b e c a u s e we a r e building l a y e r s into the g r e e n and he just told us that we shouldn't have l a y e r s . But I think you w i l l find that we p r o b a b l y do a g r e e . A f t e r the sand is p l a c e d o v e r the pea g r a v e l t h e r e is an addition of at l e a s t 12 inches of s o i l that m e e t s c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . What a r e these p h y s i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s ? W e l l , y e a r s ago s o i l s c i e n t i s t s d e v e l o p e d the m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s f o r s o i l s . I don't know the h i s t o r y of it, but the a n a l y s i s method has been around a long t i m e , and the method can t e l l us how much sand, f i n e sand, s i l t s , c l a y s , and other m a t e r i a l s t h e r e is in a straight m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s . T h i s was the f i r s t a p p r o a c h that I think D r . Lunt made at U C L A in his study. If you could get the right type of sand and the right type of s o i l and the right type of peat m o s s or o r g a n i c m a t t e r , you could c o m e up with a v e r y e x c e l l e n t s o i l m i x t u r e f o r putting g r e e n s . It would r e s i s t c o m p a c t i o n ; it would d r a i n w e l l . T h e p r o b l e m in the f i e l d , of c o u r s e , is that not e v e r y b o d y can get just the right s i z e of sand, s o i l , and peat. So the w o r k was continued, and D r . H o w a r d of T e x a s got to the end of the p r o b l e m with his w o r k . He e s t a b l i s h e d c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r soils. In this s o i l m i x t u r e that we a r e d i s c u s s i n g here Howard^tells us that there should be 38 p e r cent t o r a l p o r o s i t y . In this 38 p e r cent t o t a l p o r o s i t y o r m o r e , I suppose he wants so much c a p i l l a r y and so much n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r e space. The n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r e space should be 12 to 18 p e r cent, and the c a p i l l a r y is f r o m 15 to 21 p e r cent. T h i s is what he is a f t e r in total p o r o s i t y . A s f a r as i n f i l t e a t i o n r a t e s go, these w o r k e r s subject this to a number of l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e s and then m e a s u r e the i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e . What they a r e looking f o r in this i n f i l t r a t i o n is a s o i l that w i l l accept one-half inch of w a t e r p e r hour at l e a s t and no m o r e than one and one-half inches of w a t e r p e r hour. T h e s e a r e the r a n g e s , and you can see this a l i t t l e bit f u r t h e r than straight m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s . And I think that you can also see that this s o r t of thing cannot be e y e b a l l e d . You can't pick up a hand f u l l of sand and a hand f u l l of s o i l and m i x t h e m t o g e t h e r and say this w i l l do it. W e ' r e not that s m a r t . I ' m not anyway. So we have taken out the e y e b a l l i n g t e c h n i c s , and I think we have gone a step f u r t h e r . P e o p l e who build highways subject t h e i r s o i l s to p h y s i c a l a n a l y s i s , and they want c o m p a c t i o n . In the road s p e c i f i c a t i o n s they d e t e r m i n e e x a c t l y what the c o m p a c t e d l e v e l should be I think I am c o r r e c t in this. We have gone the other w a y . In this s y s t e m of e l i m i n a t i n g c o m p a c t i o n you cannot adopt a d o - i t - y o u r s e l f p r o c e d u r e b e c a u s e this takes l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s i s . You must depend on the s c i e n t i s t s . I am sure the c o l l e g e h e r e could set up f o r it if they a r e not a l r e a d y . T h e r e a r e two l a b o r a t o r i e s that I know of that do c a r r y out the w o r k f o r golf c o u r s e s in the c o u r s e s in the country. T h e r e a r e s e v e n steps in the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . If they m a k e sense to you, you should f o l l o w a l l s e v e n . Don't get p r o p e r l y a n a l y z e d f o r the p r o p e r m i x t u r e and then i g n o r e this. Don't build your g r e e n this w a y , and then m a k e y o u r own s o i l m i x t u r e . It won't w o r k o r if it w o r k s , y o u ' r e lucky. If you buy this p r o c e d u r e , you have to buy a l l the w a y , and if you don't want to buy a l l the w a y , don't do it. If you do f o l l o w all seven steps, I am sure you w i l l be v e r y s a t i s f i e d . T h e r e a r e o v e r 200 g r e e n s built a c c o r d i n g to this method in the country t o d a y . Some of t h e m a r e as old as six y e a r s , and they haven't f a i l e d y e t . T h e y have been e x c e l l e n t , not only as r e g a r d s the p l a y a b i l i t y of the g o l f e r , but a l s o as r e g a r d s the m a n a g e a b i l i t y of the superintendent. S u m m a r y by D r . Goss The t h r e e p r e v i o u s s p e a k e r s have c o v e r e d t h r e e i m p o r t a n t phases in putting g r e e n s and handling s o i l s . I would like to point out one of s e v e r a l things T h i s is the d e s i g n and the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the putting g r e e n s in o r d e r to avoid as many of the sharp b r e a k s and r o l l s as p o s s i b l e . L e t us m a k e the g r e e n s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g , but let us t r y to keep out a l l of the things that w i l l get us into t r o u b l e . During the s u m m e r of 1961, I had m o r e p r o b l e m s with golf c o u r s e s that had d r y spots d e v e l o p w h e t h e r the s o i l s w e r e p r o p e r l y m i x e d or not. W a t e r was running off and not getting into the s o i l s u r f a c e . This is a r e a l headache which we should avoid in our c o n s t r u c t i o n . If we do have sharp b r e a k s o r r o l l s in these putting s u r f a c e s , t h e r e a r e only two w a y s you can take t h e m out. One is by m e c h a n i c a l r e m o v a l such as a e r i f i c a t i o n , and another is by the use of c h e m i c a l wetting agents. Another thing that B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d has v e r y aptly pointed out h e r e is the p l a c e m e n t of d r a i n a g e t i l e . T h i s i s n ' t so i m p o r t a n t in e a s t e r n Washington, O r e g o n , o r Idaho, o r f o r any a r e a in the l o w r a i n f a l l a r e a . H o w e v e r , it is e x c e e d i n g l y i m p o r t a n t in the a r e a s w e s t of the C a s c a d e Mountains. T h i s t i l e p l a c e m e n t is e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e many of our t i l e s a r e not c a r r y i n g any w a t e r f l o w today. T h e y a r e d r y ; they a r e just u s e l e s s c o s t s that have added to a putting g r e e n . A s a m a t t e r of v a r i a t i o n f r o m the techniques p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d , I might point out that g r a v e l pit o v e r b u r d e n , which is a m a t e r i a l containing high amounts of sand and g r a v e l and a v e r y l o w amount of silt and c l a y , is making e x c e l l e n t base m a t e r i a l s f o r putting g r e e n s in w e s t e r n Washington. A l l t i l e lines should be p l a c e d at the point w h e r e w a t e r m o v e m e n t is the s l o w e s t . I m p e r v i o u s l a y e r s a r e w h e r e the w a t e r builds up, and this is w h e r e the t i l e should be p l a c e d . A f t e r the t i l e has been p l a c e d , the g r a v e l pit o v e r b u r d e n can be built up o v e r the t i l e line. T h i s m a t e r i a l can be used f o r e l e v a t i n g the g r e e n to any height that is d e s i r e d a f t e r which you can p l a c e the 12 or 14 inches of m i x e d s o i l m a t e r i a l . The d e s c r i p t i o n of this m a t e r i a l has been adequately pointed out and w i l l not be d i s c u s s e d at this t i m e . If enough of this g r a v e l pit o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l is used f o r r a i s i n g the l e v e l of t h e s e putting g r e e n s , then p e r h a p s no t i l e is needed at all, since s u f f i c i e n t s t o r a g e a r e a has been gained f r o m this m a t e r i a l so that the s u r f a c e could n e v e r b e c o m e wet anyway. One other thing that I would like to point out w h e r e B i l l l e f t off is that a f t e r this s o i l m a t e r i a l has been m i x e d off sight of the putting g r e e n and p l a c e d on the g r e e n a c c o r d i n g to b e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s , t o p d r e s s i n g s can ruin any good w o r k p r e v i o u s l y a c c o m p l i s h e d . If you must t o p d r e s s t h e s e putting g r e e n s , it is a d v i s a b l e that you take the t i m e during the c o n s t r u c t i o n to m i x a f e w m o r e y a r d s of m a t e r i a l and stockpile it as t o p d r e s s i n g f o r that putting g r e e n . This is one w a y of avoiding these l a y e r s and keeping continuity within y o u r s o i l p r o file. T h e r e a r e many other things that we could go into, but I a m sure that t i m e w i l l not p e r m i t . I would like to m e n t i o n one point about m e c h a n i c a l analysis. We have been running m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s f o r s o m e of the golf c o u r s e s in Washington state p a r t i c u l a r l y . We have been running these s a m p l e s a c c o r d ing to the method d e s c r i b e d by B o y o u c o s . Washington State U n i v e r s i t y does not have any p r o g r a m on the P u l l m a n campus f o r running m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s e s . H e r e at P u l l m a n only c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s can be handled. F r o m the r e s u l t s w e have gotten at Puyallup, we have a v e r y a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e of what should go into these putting s o i l s . Just r e m e m b e r you can't guess these s o i l s , you have to a n a l y z e m e c h a n i c a l l y . We n e v e r guess when we g e t s a m p l e s f r o m s o m e one who is building a putting g r e e n . We can look at it and c o m e p r e t t y c l o s e on a g u e s s , but you n e v e r do when it c o m e s to $5, 000 w o r t h of b u s i n e s s . I have run m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s and s i e v e t e s t s on s o i l s which have been sent in as p r o s p e c t i v e s o i l s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n and found much of the sand content would p a s s our f i n e s t s i e v e s , which a r e 1/10 m i l l i m e t e r in s i z e . With s o i l s with sand p a r t i c l e s this f i n e you a r e d e f i n i t e l y going to g e t into t r o u b l e with c o m p a c t i o n , p o o r w a t e r m o v e m e n t , p o o r a i r m o v e m e n t , and g e n e r a l l y p o o r plant g r o w t h . M o s t golf c o u r s e o p e r a t o r s have d i f f e r e n t c o n c e p t s about the c o a r s e n e s s of sands to use. M o s t of the s a m p l e s submitted to m e have b e e n too c o a r s e f o r putting g r e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n . If the m a t e r i a l s you use a r e too f i n e and w a t e r m o v e m e n t is slow, y o u ' r e going to end up with a sloppy s u r f a c e condition with plenty of a l g a e , no g r a s s r o o t s , P o a annua, and a l l other a s s o c i a t e d p r o b l e m s . During the s u m m e r when we apply too much w a t e r , w e run into p r o b l e m s of s u r f a c e s e a l i n g , p o o r a i r m o v e m e n t , high r o o t r e s p i r a t i o n , i n c r e a s e in the CO^ content. It is no wonder that we have p o o r r o o t g r o w t h . In o r d e r to get down to your s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s and to a n s w e r questions f r o m the f l o o r , I am going to t e r m i n a t e m y p o r t i o n of this p r o g r a m h e r e and t h r o w it open f o r g e n e r a l questions f r o m the f l o o r . A r e t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s ? Question, Manny Gueho: Do you f e e l that 12 inches of s o i l m i x t u r e is s u f f i c i e n t on these putting g r e e n s w h e r e h e a v y r a i n f a l l is p r e d o m i n a n t ? Answer: Dr. Gardner I am not sure that I can g i v e you a s p e c i f i c a n s w e r . R e m e m b e r I m e n tioned that if you a r e going to have e x c e s s w a t e r t h e r e has to be a p l a c e f o r it to go. B y building this t o p s o i l as deep as it is e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e , you can p r o v i d e a p l a c e f o r it to go. It is m y judgment that, under usual r a i n f a l l c o n ditions w h e r e you p e o p l e a r e building these golf g r e e n s , you w i l l have s a t u r a tion only a v e r y short distance above this g r a v e l l a y e r . N o w w h e r e the depth of the s o i l should be 12, 18, 24 inches, o r six inches is a m a t t e r of how much r a i n f a l l you a r e going to have to get r i d of. I shall be v e r y happy to accept these p e o p l e ' s e x p e r i e n c e that 12 inches is about right f o r s o i l m i x t u r e depth. If you w e r e in a low r a i n f a l l a r e a you wouldn't have to w o r r y about this. Question: Wouldn't 18 inches be b e t t e r than t w e l v e ? Answer: • Depends upon the a r e a . I think that the m a i n thing h e r e that R o y was getting at and that B i l l pointed out w a s that this m i x t u r e d o e s s e r v e as a s t o r age r e s e r v o i r . The m o r e r a i n you have the g r e a t e r s t o r a g e a r e a s you should have. P e r h a p s you would be b e t t e r off with 18 inches r a t h e r than 12 inches of mix. Question: I notice that t h e i r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e f o r a rate of i n f i l t r a t i o n of one-half to one and one-half inches p e r hour. Some of us have p r o b l e m s of w a t e r standing w h e r e we have used high amounts of 3and in c o n s t r u c t i o n . Why is this so ? Answer: E i t h e r the m i x t u r e w a s n ' t p r o p e r in the f i r s t p l a c e o r e l s e it has been puddled and c o m p a c t e d to the point w h e r e it cannot a c c e p t w a t e r . Question: Has the USGA g i v e n up the 85 p e r cent sand m i x t u r e f o r putting g r e e n s ? T h e y w e r e r e c o m m e n d i n g 85 p e r cent f o r putting g r e e n s . Is the d i s p l a y in the hall, which is 65 p e r cent sand, the p r e s e n t U S G A r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ? Answer: , Bill Bengeyfield T h e 85 p e r cent m i x t u r e was the r e s u l t of R a y L u n t ' s w o r k when this was f i r s t c a r r i e d out. T h i s was about f i v e y e a r s ago. E s s e n t i a l l y With the r i g h t type of sand, s o i l , and o r g a n i c m a t t e r , 85 p e r cent sand would be just e x a c t l y what you might need to obtain this p a r t i c u l a r condition. But as I pointed out these m a t e r i a l s a r e so v a r i a b l e f r o m one p l a c e to another that it is d a n g e r o u s to r e c o m m e n d s p e c i f i c a l l y 85 p e r cent sand. We have l e a r n e d this, and if we have hurt any of you by that r e c o m m e n d a t i o n we a r e s o r r y . But I think I would r a t h e r have an 85 p e r cent s o i l in m y g r e e n than a 50 p e r cent sand. I w i l l take a l l the d r a i n a g e I can get and pour the f e r t i l i z e r on to get the g r a s s g r o w i n g . (Continued by R o y G o s s ) T h i s d i s p l a y in the hall w h e r e 65 p e r cent sand was used w a s not a USGA r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y . T o e x p l a i n it f u r t h e r , that 65 p e r cent was s o i l which contained 65 p e r cent sand and additional sand w a s added to b r i n g the total up to 85 p e r cent total sand in the m i x t u r e . T h i s s o i l is a Puyallup f i n e , sandy l o a m s o i l . A c t u a l l y a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n of the sand in this s a m p l e is s m a l l e r than the m i n i m u m s i z e l i m i t . I think that w i l l explain the d i s p l a y in the h a l l w a y . We c o n f e s s that 85 p e r cent as a f l a t f i g u r e is w r o n g . Question: Johnny H a r r i s o n said that in 1959 the d i s p l a y h e r e had a s o i l l a y e r o v e r a pure sand l a y e r and the w a t e r didn't p e n e t r a t e the sand. Is this s t i l l the p r o p e r thought? Answer: Dr. Gardner T h i s was m y d e m o n s t r a t i o n and was the kind of thing I am talking about h e r e . W a t e r d o e s n ' t p e n e t r a t e the sand until it b e c o m e s saturated just above it. Soil can hold a g r e a t d e a l of w a t e r b e f o r e it b e c o m e s saturated. When it does b e c o m e saturated, w a t e r d o e s p e n e t r a t e the sand, and if you w i l l r e m e m b e r in the d e m o n s t r a t i o n I did show l a t e r p i c t u r e s w h e r e w a t e r had p e n e t r a t e d the sand. T h e r e a r e a l l kinds of sand m i x t u r e s . What you p e o p l e a r e i n t e r e s t e d in h e r e is p o r o s i t y , and you can get the s a m e kind of p o r o s i t y with a lot of d i f f e r e n t kinds of sand m i x t u r e s p r o v i d i n g you know what you a r e doing. The p e r c e n t a g e s of sand which we a r e talking about a r e r u l e s of thumb; if you use this much sand and this much silt and this much c l a y , etc. , you w i l l c o m e out with something in the range of p o r o s i t y that you d e s i r e . But this w i l l r a n g e t r e m e n d o u s l y with the kinds of s o i l m a t e r i a l s you use. A c t u a l l y you can't a f f o r d to run a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of your m a t e r i a l s e v e r y t i m e you a r e going to build s o m e t h i n g . T h e r e f o r e we have r u l e s of thumb which we m a y use f o r the v a r i o u s t y p e s of m a t e r i a l s . B y m e a n s of a d i a g r a m let m e show you quickly how to d e t e r m i n e this p o r o s i t y in which you p e o p l e a r e i n t e r e s t e d . ( T h e apparatus is d r a w n and e x plained. ) With this type of d e v i c e you can m e a s u r e the r e a c t i o n of a number of kinds of s o i l and sand and c e r t a i n m i x e s to p r o d u c e the s a m e kind of c u r v e . N o w this is the kind of thing we want. M a y b e that is too t e c h n i c a l . B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d : While we a r e d i s c u s s i n g these m i x t u r e s I think that Boyd G o u r l e y at the E v e r e t t Country Club in E v e r e t t , Washington, r e c e n t l y built two g r e e n s , and I w o n d e r , Boyd, if you would just c o m m e n t on what you did o v e r t h e r e ? " I n using the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f r o m the testing l a b o r a t o r y we p r o c e e d e d to build the g r e e n e x a c t l y as indicated. We m i x e d a l l m a t e r i a l s off site and then t r a n s p o r t e d these m a t e r i a l s on to the g r e e n , s p r e a d t h e m out, and laid t h e m in p l a c e . T h e s e s o i l s did not c o m p a c t with h e a v y m a c h i n e r y run o v e r t h e m and I f e e l sure that we w i l l have good s o i l s in our new putting g r e e n . " Question: I would like to d i r e c t this to B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d . Could you v e r y b r i e f l y explain the i m p o r t a n c e of m i x i n g of these s o i l m a t e r i a l s and p e r h a p s a p r o c e d u r e that might be s a t i s f a c t o r y ? Answer: M i x it thoroughly off s i t e . T h i s is explained in the U S G A bulletin. O f f site m i x i n g can be a c c o m p l i s h e d by a number of techniques. The best way I have seen is to have a l o a d e r and have your p i l e of sand, s o i l , and peat m o s s and take so many scoops of each in the p r o p e r r a t i o and k e e p m o v i n g this p i l e until you get a m i x . And then when a l l i n g r e d i e n t s a r e m i x e d , you just m o v e this p i l e again with the l o a d e r on to the g r e e n site. One man in a day can m i x a whale of a lot of s o i l s . Boyd, didn't you m i x y o u r s this w a y ? A n s w e r : y e s . T o e n l a r g e f u r t h e r on this m i x i n g - - M i l t Bauman has m i x e d s o i l at O v e r l a k e with the a n g l e d - b a c k - i n blade on a F o r d t r a c t o r . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e a w o n d e r f u l j o b . H e r e you must keep m o v i n g the s o i l back and f o r t h , r o l l i n g it o v e r c o n tinually, bunch it up, push it out again until the m a t e r i a l is c o m p l e t e l y m i x e d . R o y Goss: Other p e o p l e do it with a bucket l o a d e r . In this m a n n e r it can be p i c k e d up, piled, and r e - p i l e d until you get an e x c e l l e n t m i x . If you a r e going to m i x y o u r s o i l s on site on the putting g r e e n , which is a b s o l u t e l y the w r o n g w a y to do it, the b e s t instrument you can use is an o r d i n a r y disk. T h i s i n s t r u ment r o l l s the s o i l s o v e r and o v e r and w i l l e v e n t u a l l y p r o d u c e a r e a s o n a b l y good m i x as c o m p a r e d to other m a c h i n e r y . T h e w o r s t i n s t r u m e n t that you can use, p a r t i c u l a r l y if the s o i l is too d r y , is a f i e l d r o t o v a t o r . In this manner we get a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of sifting out of the c o a r s e m a t e r i a l s f r o m the f i n e . When s o i l s a r e m i x e d that a r e too d r y we get a s e g r e g a t i n g of the f i n e f r o m the c o a r s e m a t e r i a l s . F o r p r o p e r w o r k i n g of these s o i l s the p e r c e n t a g e of m o i s t u r e should not be too f a r b e l o w f i e l d c a p a c i t y . The s o i l s should c o n tain at least 50 p e r cent of f i e l d c a p a c i t y to avoid this s e g r e g a t i o n . • Question: What is t u r f a c e and what a r e the r e s u l t s of its use in puttinggreen construction? • Answer: • Dr. Goss F o r those of you who a r e not f a m i l i a r with t u r f a c e , I w i l l say that it is a f u s e d ( c a l c i n e d ) c l a y . It is v e r y p o r o u s and it is a b s o l u t e l y i n e r t like p u m i c e o r other m a t e r i a l s of that nature. It has no f a c e exchange c a p a c i t y , t h e r e f o r e , it cannot hold any nutrients which a r e not in w a t e r solution. T h e only thing we can say is that the m a t e r i a l w i l l add c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r o s i t y to your s o i l s while at the s a m e t i m e holding c o n s i d e r a b l e m o i s t u r e . We have r e s e a r c h going on this m a t e r i a l at this t i m e , but have no data to p r e s e n t . At Seattle Country Club s o m e of our putting g r e e n s a r e quite old, that is, 30 to 35 y e a r s old which a r e in v a r i o u s stages of c o m p a c t i o n . We have e x p e r i m e n t e d with t u r f a c e h e r e t o f o r e and thought that it would do the j o b f o r us, so this spring we a e r i f i e d the g r e e n s with the h a l f - i n c h spoons and topped them c o m p l e t e l y with t u r f a c e ; in f a c t , we used twenty tons of it. I f e e l that it did something good to the g r e e n s . It is kind of hard to explain b e c a u s e we have e i g h t e e n g r e e n s and they a r e a l l d i f f e r e n t . T h e y a r e a l l c o n s t r u c t e d d i f f e r e n t l y and it is p r e t t y hard to put a u n i f o r m e s t i m a t e on the good that it did, but I f e e l in m y own mind that it is doing a good j o b f o r us. T h i s f a l l , a f t e r the W a l k e r Cup T o u r nament, we a e r i f i e d with the one-half inch spoons and I added a y a r d and a q u a r t e r of paving sand. When we a e r i f i e d this f a l l , we brought up a t r e m e n d o u s amount of this t u r f a c e and it looked like it was in the s a m e condition as it was when we put it in t h e r e . T h i s has only been since last s p r i n g , but we did find an abundance of g r a s s r o o t s in the a e r i f i e r h o l e s . T h e s e h o l e s w e r e a l s o f i l l e d with this t u r f a c e m a t e r i a l . Our p r o g r a m now is to go in next spring, a e r i f y and add m o r e t u r f a c e , not as much as we did last s p r i n g . We think that if we continue this p r o g r a m f o r a p e r i o d of t h r e e y e a r s we w i l l have enough of that stuff to l o o s e n that s o i l up and help us with our w a t e r condition. In addition to the t u r f a c e m a t e r i a l , the use of the n e w e r and i m p r o v e d - t y p e a e r i f i e r s is a l s o helping to do a t e r r i f i c job f o r us in e l i m i n a t i n g our l a y e r s . • When I f i r s t went to the Seattle Country Club s e v e r a l y e a r s ago you could take a plug out of these g r e e n s with a hole cutter and you could count the top d r e s s i n g s . A s a m a t t e r of f a c t , I found a l a y e r of c h a r c o a l down along about six o r six and one-half inches and I asked how it had gotten t h e r e . T h e p r e vious superintendent a n s w e r e d that he had top d r e s s e d these g r e e n s with c h a r c o a l in 1921. You could actually count the top d r e s s i n g s right up to the top. I r e a l l y b e l i e v e we have e l i m i n a t e d a lot in the last f o u r y e a r s by constant a e r i f y i n g and adding the m a t e r i a l s such as t u r f a c e . T h e y have done a r e a l , good job f o r us. THE M A N A G E M E N T D r . Gene C. CHALLENGE Nutter This is a fabulous age in w h i c h to l i v e . R e c e n t l y , a c o m m e n t on the int r i c a t e and e x p a n s i v e t r a f f i c - w a y s of a l a r g e W e s t C o a s t c i t y brought about the c o m m e n t that ! , it s e e m s we a r e building w i d e r and w i d e r throughways on w h i c h to d e v e l o p w i d e r and w i d e r t r a f f i c j a m s . " Another sign of the t i m e s was the humorous p r e d i c t i o n seen r e c e n t l y that f o r the c o m i n g w i n t e r s e a s o n snow t i r e s would be a v a i l a b l e f o r lawn m o w e r s . W h i l e in j e s t , such c o m m e n t s as the above r i s e out of the f r a m e of thought p r o v o k e d by this fabulous and challenging a g e . Golf c o u r s e operations have a l s o p r o g r e s s e d into an e r a of fabulous changes and c h a l l e n g e s . T i m e w i l l not p e r m i t d e t a i l e d r e n u m e r a t i o n , but e v e r y o n e c l o s e to g o l f is a w a r e of the s o c i o l o g i c a l , e c o n o m i c , and technolog i c a l changes in the g a m e and in the d i s c i p l i n e s which s e r v i c e g o l f . One of the g r e a t e s t c h a l l e n g e s in g o l f is that w h i c h f a c e s the g o l f c o u r s e superintendent. It is these conditions and p r o b l e m s surrounding the g o l f superintendent which have i n s p i r e d the topic of t o d a y ' s talk, " T h e M a n a g e m e n t Challenge. " What Is the M a n a g e m e n t C h a l l e n g e ? * " T h e M a n a g e m e n t C h a l l e n g e " is brought to l i g h t m o s t quickly and m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y by r e c e n t c o m m e n t s f r o m M r . H e r b G r a f f i s , E d i t o r of G o l f d o m m a g a z i n e and noted m a n - a b o u t - g o l f . T h e s e r e m a r k s w e r e made at the M a y 1961 m e e t i n g of the M i a m i V a l l e y Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n , and published in this A s s o c i a t i o n ' s o f f i c i a l bulletin, D i v o t s . The e s s e n c e of the r e m a r k s a r e as f o l l o w s : " . . . . The g o l f c o u r s e superintendent is losing out because he is not m o r e of a business man. . . . The consequence of this is that the g o l f superintendent is going to hold a position of s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e in the o r g a n i z a t i o n of the c l u b ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . . . . T o m o v e into the f i r s t echelon of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n it is n e c e s s a r y f o r the g o l f superintendent to have a b e t t e r k n o w l e d g e of business p r i n c i p l e s so that total a d m i n i s t r a t i v e duties can b e c o m e his. P r e s e n t l y the trend is t o w a r d a g e n e r a l m a n a g e r to a s s u m e full control. . . . " A p p a r e n t l y education (in its p r e s e n t l y r e c o g n i z e d a c a d e m i c s e n s e ) is not the a n s w e r to this p r o b l e m . R e c e n t c o m m e n t s f r o m M a r i o n Mendenhall, outstanding superintendent at K e r n w o o d C o u n t r y Club and m e m b e r of the Cincinnati Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n , sustain this opinion and pointed out s e v e r a l c a s e s w h e r e young m e n with u n i v e r s i t y training have f a i l e d to a s s u m e the status in their p r o f e s s i o n that their training should have a f f o r d e d them. While g e n e r a l l y w e l l s c h o o l e d in t u r f g r a s s technology, the c o l l e g e t r a i n e e s M a r i o n r e f e r r e d to w e r e o b v i o u s l y not g i v e n p r o p e r philosophy or adequate background in business management, public r e l a t i o n s , and p e r s o n a l d e v e l o p ment. This p r o b i e m is r e c o g n i z e d by many u n i v e r s i t y people and I note that E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a , and E d i t o r , The Golf C o u r s e R e p o r t e r . your t u r f - t r a i n i n g c o u r s e at WSU includes w o r k in e c o n o m i c s , agement, and p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t . business m a n - In s i m p l e t e r m s , then, " T h e M a n a g e m e n t C h a l l e n g e " threatens that superintendents must e i t h e r W A K E U P OR B E S W A L L O W E D U P ! Golf C o u r s e M a n a g e m e n t R e q u i r e m e n t s T o a r r i v e at the m e a t of this p r o b l e m , l e t us r e v i e w the m a j o r g o l f c o u r s e m a n a g e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s as l i s t e d in T a b l e 1 w h i c h f o l l o w s : T a b l e 1. 1. Golf C o u r s e M a n a g e m e n t R e q u i r e m e n t s . Turfgrass Technology The s c i e n c e of g r o w i n g g r a s s including k n o w l e d g e of g r a s s e s , s o i l s , nutrition and f e r t i l i z a t i o n , i r r i g a t i o n , pest p r o b l e m s and c o n t r o l , etc. K n o w l e d g e of Golf C o u r s e Operations K n o w l e d g e of the g a m e and of p l a y e r r e q u i r e m e n t s and activities. 3. Labor Management (Employee Relations) W o r k e r training, j o b m o t i v a t i o n , w o r k execution, b e n e f i t s and w e l f a r e , etc. 4. worker W o r k Planning P r o b l e m a n a l y s i s , p r o j e c t planning, w o r k s u p e r v i s i o n , of r e s u l t s , m o d i f i c a t i o n and i m p r o v e m e n t of m e t h o d s . 5. Business M a n a g e m e n t P u r c h a s i n g , r e c o r d k e e p i n g , accounting, o f f i c e maintenance, and a c t i v i t i e s . 6. review cost analysis, budgets, Public R e l a t i o n s and P e r s o n a l I m p r o v e m e n t M e m b e r s h i p r e l a t i o n s , e m p l o y e r r e l a t i o n s , p r e s s and public relations, professional development, personal advancement. A s we r e v i e w these s i x m a n a g e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u c c e s s f u l g o l f c o u r s e operation, w e note that they can be g r o u p e d into three m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s , as can the m a n a g e m e n t operations of any e n t e r p r i s e w h e t h e r it be a l a r g e c o r p o r a t i o n or a s m a l l business. T h e s e three c a t e g o r i e s a r e : A. Production Activities 1. 2. 3. Turfgrass Technology K n o w l e d g e of Golf C o u r s e Operations Labor Management B. C. Administrative Activities 4. W o r k Planning 5. Business M a n a g e m e n t S a l e s m a n s h i p ( F o r the S u p e r i n t e n d e n t - - P u b l i c 6. Relations) Public R e l a t i o n s and P e r s o n a l I m p r o v e m e n t It should be noted that P a r t C r e f e r s to s e l l i n g the superintendent p r o f e s s i o n a l l y and p e r s o n a l l y , since the o p e r a t i o n s of a g o l f c o u r s e and the f u n c tions of the superintendent deal with s e r v i c e s r a t h e r than a m a t e r i a l product. Evaluation of Superintendents' M a n a g e m e n t A b i l i t y The o b j e c t i v e approach in tackling any p r o b l e m is f i r s t to d e t e r m i n e the p r e s e n t status. T h e r e f o r e , it is n e c e s s a r y and w i s e f o r us to r e v i e w , on a c o u n t r y w i d e b a s i s , the c u r r e n t status of the superintendent's m a n a g e m e n t ability. This is to c a s t no r e f l e c t i o n on individuals, but is intended to evaluate the p r o f e s s i o n as a whole in o r d e r to g i v e a m o r e o b j e c t i v e a n a l y s i s and insight of the p r o b l e m . Only through such c r i t i c a l p r o f e s s i o n a l a n a l y s i s can w e d e t e r m i n e the b e s t approach f o r s o l v i n g "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e . " T a b l e 2 g i v e s an e s t i m a t e of the superintendent's m a n a g e m e n t a b i l i t y in the three m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s of g o l f c o u r s e o p e r a t i o n d i s c u s s e d above. These f i g u r e s a r e a v e r a g e e s t i m a t e s f r o m consulatation with t u r f g r a s s s p e c i a l i s t s who a r e f a m i l i a r with g o l f c o u r s e o p e r a t i o n s and superintendents' a c t i v i t i e s across North America. T a b l e 2. Evaluation of C u r r e n t M a n a g e m e n t A b i l i t y A m o n g Golf C o u r s e Superintendents. P e r c e n t a g e e s t i m a t e by v a r i o u s p e r f o r m a n c e l e v e l s in three m a j o r m a n a g e ment categories. P e r c e n t a g e of Supt's Management Performance Percentage Rating Category Level Rating F a i r to E x c e l l e n t A. B. C. Production Administration Selling Excellent Good Fair Poor 15% 25% 40 to 50% 10 to 20% 100% 80 to 90% Excellent Good Fair Poor 4 50 5% 10% 20 to 3 0% 56 to 65% 100% 34 to 45% Excellent Good Fair Poor 1% 4 to 5% 15 to 20% 74 to 8 0% 100% 20 to 26% T h i s a n a l y s i s would indicate that the superintendents, l i k e the f a r m e r s , a r e heavy on the production side. Of c o u r s e , this is not actually true, but this evaluation points up that the s t r i k i n g d e f i c i e n c y in the s e l l i n g and a d m i n i s t r a tive a s p e c t s has p l a c e d many golf c o u r s e o p e r a t i o n s and many g o l f s u p e r i n tendents in the s a m e m a r g i n a l operations as many s m a l l f a r m s in t o d a y ' s s o c i e t y and e c o n o m y . Fortunately, h o w e v e r , g o l f c o u r s e w o r k is in a m o r e f a v o r a b l e position than s m a l l f a r m operations b e c a u s e of the g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t in golf, and the i n c r e a s e in g o l f c o u r s e f a c i l i t i e s . Another f a c t o r is the s h o r t a g e of g o l f c o u r s e superintendents brought about by r e t i r e m e n t of o l d e r m e n in the business and the r e l a t i v e l y s c a r c e number of young m e n entering the p r o f e s s i o n . W e r e this not the c a s e , many g o l f superintendents on the j o b today w o u l d be out of w o r k - at l e a s t until they a c c e p t e d "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e " and i m p r o v e d their a b i l i t i e s in a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and s e l l i n g aspects of g o l f c o u r s e o p e r a t i o n . If this a n a l y s i s s e e m s to be harsh, it is only because of the stark s e r i o u s n e s s of the p r o b l e m at hand. It should undeniably and e x p l o s i v e l y point up to all s u p e r intendents "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e . " The O r d e r of I m p o r t a n c e T a b l e 1 brought out the six r e q u i r e m e n t s of g o l f c o u r s e m a n a g e m e n t in o r d e r of e m p h a s i s g i v e n by t o d a y ' s superintendent. Now, having s u b j e c t e d o u r s e l v e s to a s e v e r e s e l f - a n a l y s i s , and having d e c i d e d that t h e r e must be " s o m e changes made, " l e t us decide the o r d e r of i m p o r t a n c e that should be p l a c e d on the s i x m a n a g e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s in T a b l e 1, b a s e d on the p r o f e s sional and p e r s o n a l need of t o d a y ' s c a r e e r superintendents. A f t e r c a r e f u l thought, the f o l l o w i n g o r d e r s e e m s m o s t l o g i c a l : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Business M a n a g e m e n t and Techniques Public Relations W o r k Planning E m p l o y e e R e l a t i o n s and L a b o r M a n a g e m e n t Turfgrass Technology K n o w l e d g e of Golf C o u r s e Operations This c e r t a i n l y does not mean that t u r f g r a s s t e c h n o l o g y should be c a s t aside and a new o r d e r of superintendents e v o l v e d w h o s e talents a r e p r i m a r i l y business m a n a g e m e n t and public r e l a t i o n s . Such an a p p r o a c h in this day and age when t u r f g r a s s technology is advancing so r a p i d l y would be r i d i c u l o u s . Superintendents cannot r e l a x their i n t e r e s t , their training, or their e m p h a s i s on t u r f g r a s s technology. R a t h e r , superintendents m u s t continue to place inc r e a s i n g e m p h a s i s on the advancing t e c h n o l o g i c a l f r o n t i e r . H o w e v e r , they must begin additional training p r o g r a m s in the i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s of a d m i n i s tration and public r e l a t i o n s . They must begin to "burn the night o i l " to catch up in these f i e l d s of d e f i c i e n c y if w e a r e to a v o i d the threat to our p r o f e s s i o n , e m p h a s i z e d by H e r b G r a f f i s in the opening r e m a r k s of this p a p e r . M e e t i n g the M a n a g e m e n t C h a l l e n g e N o w that w e have talked about "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e , " what can be done about i t ? It would be both ridiculous and r e m i s s to discuss this p r o b l e m without o f f e r i n g s o m e p o s s i b l e solution. I r o n i c a l l y , it s e e m s e a s i e r f o r m e to p r e s e n t the solution than to c r e a t e c o n c e r n f o r the p r o b l e m . The j o b of i m p r o v i n g the superintendent's status in m a t t e r s of business m a n a g e m e n t and public r e l a t i o n s r e s o l v e s into two a p p r o a c h e s . The f i r s t i n v o l v e s S E L F , or p e r s o n a l , i m p r o v e m e n t . with P R O F E S S I O N A L c o n c e r n and i m p r o v e m e n t . A. ^ The s e c o n d deals Self ( P e r s o n a l ) I m p r o v e m e n t The r e a s o n it is so d i f f i c u l t to a l e r t and c o n v i n c e superintendents of "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e " is that they have not been p r o p e r l y a l e r t or r e c e p t i v e to the p r o b l e m . This d i f f i c u l t y s t r i k e s at the h e a r t of one of the r e a l p r o b l e m s of adult training. An e x c e l l e n t a r t i c l e in the M a r c h i s s u e of N a t i o n ' s B u s i n e s s d i s c u s s e s " E i g h t Steps to B e t t e r T r a i n i n g . " This e x c e l l e n t a r t i c l e points out that b e f o r e adults can be s u c c e s s f u l in training p r o g r a m s , they must f i r s t want to l e a r n . C h i l d r e n can be induced to l e a r n or m a s t e r subjects in which they have no i n h e r e n t i n t e r e s t because they r e s p o n d to e x t e r n a l c o m p u l s i o n such as the d e s i r e f o r g o o d g r a d e s or the d r e a d of flunking. On the other hand, adults w i l l l e a r n only when they have a strong inner m o t i v a t i o n to d e v e l o p a new s k i l l or a p a r t i c u l a r type of k n o w l e d g e . T h e i r d e s i r e can be awakened or s t i m u l a t e d by outside influence, but they can n e v e r be f o r c e d to l e a r n unless they want to. Secondly, the a r t i c l e points out that adults w i l l l e a r n only what they f e e l a need to l e a r n . C h i l d r e n , f o r e x a m p l e , can be induced to l e a r n a p r o g r e s s i o n of m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d subjects as they advance along n o r m a l l e a r n i n g s t a g e s f r o m k i n d e r g a r t e n through c o l l e g e . In many stages of this l e a r n i n g l a d d e r , c h i l d r e n have no a p p r e c i a t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p of a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t to their advanced c o u r s e s or future c a r e e r s . H o w e v e r , they do l e a r n as they p r o g r e s s because they a r e r e q u i r e d to l e a r n . An adult, on the c o n t r a r y , must s e e an i m m e d i a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between the training s u g g e s t e d and the p r o b l e m s at hand. B e i n g m o r e p r a c t i c a l , the adult m i n d e x p e c t s i m m e d i a t e r e s u l t s . c The other steps in the i m p o r t a n t e i g h t - p o i n t training p r o g r a m make e x c e l l e n t r e a d i n g . H o w e v e r , the two r e v i e w e d above indicate that we must f i r s t evaluate o u r s e l v e s c r i t i c a l l y , understand the p r o b l e m , then want s e r i o u s l y to i m p r o v e enough to s a c r i f i c e time, e f f o r t , and m o n e y . The f o l l o w i n g a r e six steps f o r a d e s i g n e d s e l f - i m p r o v e m e n t p r o g r a m f o r g o l f superintendents: 1. Educational m e e t i n g s - s h o r t c o u r s e s - s e m i n a r s Fortunately, w e now have a v a i l a b l e a c r o s s the continent many Chapter A s s o c i a t i o n m e e t i n g s , state and r e g i o n a l t u r f g r a s s c o n f e r e n c e s , in addition to national m e e t i n g s such as the Annual International T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e and Show s p o n s o r e d by the Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a . More and m o r e of these educational m e e t i n g s a r e beginning to o f f e r subjects on business m a n a g e m e n t and p e r s o n a l i m p r o v e m e n t in addition to e x c e l l e n t t r e a t m e n t of t u r f g r a s s t e c h n o l o g y . 2. Reading a. In o r d e r to k e e p a b r e a s t of the t i m e s it is e s s e n t i a l that all superintendents s u b s c r i b e and thoroughly r e a d a l l m a g a z i n e s , n e w s l e t t e r s , books, and p e r i o d i c a l s in the t u r f g r a s s f i e l d . A r e v i e w of these publications is p r e s e n t e d in the Educational M i m e o " C a r e e r s in Golf T u r f " published by the Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a and a v a i l a b l e on r e quest f r o m the H e a d q u a r t e r s O f f i c e of G C S A A at no c o s t . b. E v e r y superintendent should r e a d m o r e business and public r e l a t i o n s m a g a z i n e s such as U. S. W o r l d N e w s , Nation 1 s Business, K i p l i n g e r L e t t e r s , H a r v a r d Business R e v i e w , Fortune, The Q u a r t e r l y R e v i e w of Public R e l a t i o n s , etc. c. F u r t h e r s e l f - i m p r o v e m e n t c o m e s f r o m r e a d i n g m o r e bpoks on humanities, philosophy, and e c o n o m i c s . 3. G r e a t e r e f f o r t on the j o b W o r k harder at d e v e l o p i n g and o r g a n i z i n g the job. Don't be s a t i s f i e d with your o f f i c e , your l i b r a r y , your shop condition, your e m p l o y e e - t r a i n i n g methods, your s u p e r v i s i o n , or anything e l s e about the j o b that you p e r f o r m . Such s e l f - c o m p l a c e n c y leads to a c a r e e r rut and i n e f f i c i e n t use of our human r e s o u r c e s - A m e r i c a ' s m o s t v a l u e d natural a s s e t . 4. Night school courses A l m o s t any c o m m u n i t y in a l m o s t any s e c t i o n of the continent o f f e r s nig^it s c h o o l training, e i t h e r f r o m the l o c a l high s c h o o l or the l o c a l c o l l e g e , on such subjects as bookkeeping, accounting, typing, e c o n o m i c s , s a l e s m a n s h i p , and many other subjects i m portant to a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a n a g e m e n t and p e r s o n a l i m p r o v e m e n t . 5. Dale C a r n e g i e and T o a s t m a s t e r s Attend e i t h e r the Dale C a r n e g i e or T o a s t m a s t e r s c o u r s e s on s p e e c h and p e r s o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e s e p e r s o n a l training c o u r s e s a r e perhaps the m o s t f o r w a r d steps in d e v e l o p i n g a r t i c u l a t e and e f f e c t i v e a b i l i t y to s e l l p r o g r a m s , p r o f e s s i o n s , and causes - - i n c l u d i n g s e l f - a d v a n c e m e n t . An e x c e l l e n t a r t i c l e on this s u b j e c t a p p e a r s in the July i s s u e of The Golf C o u r s e R e p o r t e r . 6. W i n t e r School C o u r s e s Take l e a v e and attend t u r f - m a n a g e m e n t s c h o o l . M o r e and m o r e l a n d - g r a n t c o l l e g e s a r e now o f f e r i n g s p e c i a l schools in t u r f g r a s s t e c h n o l o g y . A s m e n t i o n e d above, it is e s s e n t i a l that the p r o g r e s s i v e , m o d e r n , and e f f e c t i v e superintendent continue to m a s t e r the basic a s p e c t s of t u r f g r a s s s c i e n c e . In addition, m o r e and m o r e of these schools a r e b e c o m i n g a w a r e of the other a s p e c t s of g o l f c o u r s e m a n a g e m e n t and a r e o f f e r i n g e l e c t i v e c o u r s e s in business m a n a g e m e n t and p e r s o n a l a d v a n c e m e n t . Some of the i m p o r t a n t schools include M a s s a c h u s e t t s State U n i v e r s i t y ; P e n n s y l v a n i a State U n i v e r s i t y and R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t y . Every superintendent who has not e n j o y e d the b e n e f i t of c o l l e g e training in t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t should c o n s i d e r a r r a n g i n g a l e a v e of absence to attend one of these two-year w i n t e r s c h o o l s . In addition to the t w o - y e a r w i n t e r turf s c h o o l s , many of the landg r a n t c o l l e g e s o f f e r f o u r - y e a r c o u r s e s in t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t leading to the B a c h e l o r of S c i e n c e d e g r e e in A g r i c u l t u r e with s p e c i a l i z a t i o n in t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t . * ^ B. The P r o f e s s i o n a l I m p r o v e m e n t A s p e c t While p e r s o n a l i m p r o v e m e n t is the f i r s t step in c a r e e r advancement, a c l o s e second in i m p o r t a n c e is the a s p e c t of p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n c e r n and outlook. Superintendents must r e c o g n i z e that their p r o f e s s i o n w i l l advance only in p r o p o r t i o n to their p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t and p a r t i c i p a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g four e l e ments a r e e s s e n t i a l in a p r o f e s s i o n a l p r o g r a m : 1. Build s t r o n g e r l o c a l or chapter a s s o c i a t i o n M e n of a p r o f e s s i o n must m e e t p e r i o d i c a l l y on a l o c a l scene to discuss p r o b l e m s p e c u l i a r to their a r e a . This is c e r t a i n l y true among g o l f c o u r s e superintendents b e c a u s e of the w i d e v a r i a t i o n they encounter in c l i m a t e , s o i l s , and g e o g r a p h y . H o w e v e r , to be s u c c e s s f u l , these l o c a l c h a p t e r s m u s t be built f i r s t on educational strength, and s e c o n d on f e l l o w s h i p maintenance. Many chapter a s s o c i a t i o n s r e s o r t to c o c k t a i l p a r t i e s , dinner, and g o l f as their principal activities. T h e s e groups w i l l r e m a i n w e a k and u n c e r t a i n until they r e a l i z e that education must b e c o m e the theme of such meetings. F e l l o w s h i p is i m p o r t a n t and e s s e n t i a l to group m a i n tenance, but it must not b e c o m e the p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e of chapter meetings. 2. Support and p a r t i c i p a t e in the national f r o n t Many aspects of c a r e e r building r e q u i r e p r o m o t i o n s on a national f r o n t . F o r e x a m p l e , superintendent publicity at national g o l f tournaments is an e f f e c t i v e means of advancing the cause of the superintendent. This type of public r e l a t i o n s is r e f e r r e d to among o r g a n i z a t i o n s as " i m a g e building. " It means placing the picture or the i m a g e of the A s s o c i a t i o n b e f o r e the public on a w i d e s c a l e . C e r t a i n l y there is p r i m e need f o r such public r e l a t i o n s by the g o l f superintendents' p r o f e s s i o n . F r o m another v i e w p o i n t , a national o r g a n i z a t i o n , with m o r e m e m b e r s and l a r g e r operating fund, is in position to advance the p r o f e s s i o n a l front, or i m a g e , of an o r g a n i z a t i o n much m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y than s m a l l groups w o r k i n g independently. A l s o the p r o f e s s i o n can advance many m o r e m e m b e r s h i p s e r v i c e s f r o m a strong national f r o n t than through l i m i t e d l o c a l r e s o u r c e s and e f f o r t s . The Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a is constantly s t r i v i n g to advance the cause of the superintendent through national public r e l a t i o n s , education, and p r o f e s s i o n a l p r o g r a m s . 3. R e s p e c t and a d v a n c e m e n t of p r o f e s s i o n a l ethics E v e r y v o c a t i o n and p r o f e s s i o n c a r r i e s with it c e r t a i n obligations to which its m e m b e r s must s u b s c r i b e i f they a r e to w o r k together in harmony f o r the individual and c o l l e c t i v e g o o d of their p r o f e s sion. Such ethics e m p h a s i z e the r i g h t s and i m p o r t a n c e of the individual, and the d e v e l o p m e n t of standards which advance the causes and b e n e f i t s of m e m b e r s h i p at l a r g e . The absence of such standards and d i s c i p l i n e m a y r e s u l t in chaos among p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k e r s and the undoing of the p r o f e s s i o n . 4. E x e r t p r o f e s s i o n a l influence l o c a l l y E v e r y superintendent has the opportunity and the obligation to e x e r t his p r o f e s s i o n a l influence in c o m m u n i t y p r o b l e m s . He should be a m e m b e r of, and f r e q u e n t l y a d d r e s s , l o c a l g a r d e n clubs. He should be of a s s i s t a n c e (to a r e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e ) to the m e m b e r s of his club in m a t t e r s of lawn and other turf p r o b l e m s . He should be a constant f r i e n d of the county a g r i c u l t u r a l agent and a c t i v e in exchanging i n f o r m a t i o n , and he should be w e l l known as a t u r f g r a s s authority by a l l l o c a l b u s i n e s s m e n who deal with t u r f g r a s s supplied and s e r v i c e s . T o advance the cause of his p r o f e s s i o n he should be r e p r e s e n t e d in l o c a l c i v i c clubs and should be w e l l known to the l o c a l p r e s s . A c t i v i t i e s of this type w i l l advance his p e r s o n a l cause and build the i m a g e of his p r o f e s s i o n on the home f r o n t . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of M a n a g e m e n t T a l e n t You have h e a r d it spoken that the m o s t i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t in m a n a g e m e n t i n v o l v e s the f i r s t t h r e e l e t t e r s - - M A N. N o s t a t e m e n t could be t r u e r . G r e a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s and g r e a t a c t i v i t i e s c e n t e r around the talents and a b i l i t i e s of individual m e n - - t h e l e a d e r s . In o r d e r to a c c e p t and to advance n the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l l e n g e " it is n e c e s s a r y to r e v i e w and advance, in addition to p r o f e s s i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , personal characteristics. The attached e x e r c i s e is d e s i g n e d to s c r e e n p e r sonal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r m a n a g e m e n t a b i l i t y . It is m o d i f i e d f o r this paper f r o m H a r v a r d Business R e v i e w ' s s u r v e y on " d e v e l o p i n g m a n a g e m e n t talent. " I c h a l l e n g e you to r e v i e w the two sets of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in this table, c o m plete the e x e r c i s e by f o l l o w i n g d i r e c t i o n s in the table, and then c o m p a r e your a n s w e r s with your own p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . It m i g h t be w i s e to place this table w h e r e you can r e v i e w it f r e q u e n t l y - - p e r h a p s d a i l y - - i n o r d e r to r e m i n d y o u r s e l f that m a n a g e m e n t talents and a b i l i t i e s i n v o l v e many things above and beyond the i m m e d i a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of the job, including p e r sonal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . If you would l i k e to c o m p a r e your a n s w e r s to those d e v i s e d by H a r v a r d Business R e v i e w , m e r e l y d r o p a note to m y o f f i c e r e q u e s t i n g its s u m m a r y of results. My address is: Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a P . O. Box 1385 J a c k s o n v i l l e Beach, F l o r i d a Thank you f o r a l l o w i n g m e to discuss with you "the m a n a g e m e n t c h a l lenge. " SCREENING PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT ABILITY 1 1. Below are pairs of adj ectives which have been used to describe the kind of person who makes the best manage ment specialist or organization leader. Check the adjective in each pair which you think more important in developing management ability. a. f _ J sociability J unassuming a "B b. | | polished modest sincere cautious determined aggressive "B "B systematic assured 2. 1. B B B B B courageous ambitious o. capable dignified conservative kind B B B practical responsible forceful enterprising cheerful punctual sympathetic orderly r. p i plain-spoken steady resourceful serious s. [ " I temperate painstaking f. nJ entertaining pleasant m.( g. r j calm J energetic n. | | smooth jolly • | precise reserved a t. I m I intelligent considerate B discreet civilized v. • sharp-witted J respectable "B a industrious accurate x. ( | independent attractive tolerant careful "B "B deliberate popular aa, bb, B B patient good-natured foresighted stable Below are pairs of adjectives ordinarily describing undesirable characteristics of management leaders. the adjective in each pair which you consider least desirable. B dull sullen B unambitious hard b. P J cocky J distant c. I disorderly I anxious B f. I I i impatient J meddlesome [excitable opinionated retiring ^J clumsy willful carefree critical gloomy d. P J egotistical J commonplace • B B B B unfriendly dissatisfied "B m apathetic intolerant tense crafty -B "•B solemn erratic u. argumentive careless v. forgetful outspoken w. reckless militant x. slow purposeless y. stingy bashful z. B B Check | hazy 1 rattlebrained I sentimental I loud ^rebellious ~J daydreamer ^cynical placid • pessimistic J self-seeking meek irritable aa# l _ j temperamental [Jtightfisted easygoing self-satisfied bb. L J shallow •sly Modified for this paper from Harvard Business Review "Summary on Developing Management Talent." R E S E A R C H ON T U R F GRASS I N W E S T E R N Putting G r e e n F e r t i l i z a t i o n Roy L. WASHINGTON Trials Goss * T h i s e x p e r i m e n t w a s i n i t i a t e d in 1960 to d e t e r m i n e the p r o p e r c o m b i n a tion of n i t r o g e n phosphorus and p o t a s s i u m f o r putting g r e e n s . The same s c h e d u l i n g and r a t e of f e r t i l i z a t i o n has b e e n f o l l o w e d f o r the y e a r s I960 and 1961. Due to the high l e v e l of f e r t i l i t y of the s o i l w h e r e this e x p e r i m e n t is being conducted, the d i f f e r e n c e s in f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t a r e not showing up as f a s t as w e r e e x p e c t e d . H o w e v e r , s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e a p p a r e n t at this t i m e and a r e i n d i c a t e d in the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . T h e table r e p r e s e n t s an a v e r a g e of t h r e e r a t i n g s taken throughout 1961. T h r e e c r i t e r i a w e r e u s e d in e v a l u a t i n g these plots, n a m e l y , c o l o r , d e n s i t y , and the amount of Ophiobolus patch. The f i r s t f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s c o l o r , the s e c o n d f i g u r e d e n s i t y , and the f i g u r e f o l l o w i n g the dash is the p e r c e n t a g e of the total p l o t a r e a a f f e c t e d by d i s e a s e . The r e a son f o r m a k i n g a d i s e a s e e v a l u a t i o n at this t i m e is b e c a u s e i t is f e l t that nut r i t i o n p l a y s an i m p o r t a n t r o l e in the d e v e l o p m e n t of d i s e a s e . T a b l e 1. F e r t i l i z e r E f f e c t s on C o l o r D e n s i t y - D i s e a s e 0 on Putting G r e e n T u r f . Treatment N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9- 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. a b c 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 Average P K 0 4 4 4 Check 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 9/10-3 9/10-3 9/10-2 10/10 - 2 7/10-3 8/10-2 9/10-3 9/10 - 1 9/10 - 1 10/10 - 1 10/10 - 2 10/10 - 1 9/10 - 1 8/10-2 7/10 - 1 7/10 - 1 8/10-2 7/10 - 1 8/10-3 8 4 8 0 4 8 0 4 8 0 4 8 0 4 8 C o l o r R a t e d 1 - 10. Color3-/Density^--Disease0 R a t i n g of 10 = b e s t . D e n s i t y R a t e d 1 - 10. R a t i n g of 10 i s b e s t . D i s e a s e ( e s t i m a t e d in per c e n t of p l o t c o v e r e d ) i s Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s ( o p h i o b o l u s patch). Assistant Agronomist, Puyallup, Washington. W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n E x p e r i m e n t Station, F r o m the table it is apparent that f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t apparently has not a f f e c t e d the density of the turf. In all c a s e s the density was r a t e d as 10, w h i c h is the highest rating. H o w e v e r , the c o l o r v a r i e d f r o m a r a n g e of 7 to 10, 7 being the p o o r e s t c o l o r and 10 being the best. F r o m the table it is seen that plots number 4, 10, 11, and 12 have the b e s t c o m b i n a t i o n of c o l o r , density, and lack of d i s e a s e . It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note that plots f a l l i n g in the i n t e r m e d i a t e n i t r o g e n range, n a m e l y 12 pounds per thousand square f e e t per season, had m o r e plots in the high rating a r e a than those with the high n i t r o gen (20 pounds N per thousand per season). T h i s tends to indicate that s o m e p r o b l e m s a r e o c c u r r i n g in the high n i t r o g e n plots to k e e p the quality of turf down. T h e s e data tend to indicate that perhaps 12 pounds of n i t r o g e n per thousand square f e e t per season m a y produce turf with f e w e r p r o b l e m s than when w e go to c o n s i d e r a b l y higher r a t e s . It was i n t e r e s t i n g to note that in the f i r s t part of the season ( e a r l y s p r i n g ) that the plots with the high n i t r o g e n applications a p p e a r e d the best. By m i d season, h o w e v e r , the m e d i u m range of n i t r o g e n (12 pounds N per thousand per s e a s o n ) was showing the best. In S e p t e m b e r , plots r e c e i v i n g s i x pounds of n i t r o g e n per thousand square f e e t f o r the s e a s o n had as d e s i r a b l e an a p p e a r ance as the other plots. It is not f e l t that this is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of what could be e x p e c t e d in all c a s e s . P e r h a p s the r e a s o n f o r this d i f f e r e n c e is that s o m e i n j u r y was sustained by the higher n i t r o g e n plots, due to f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t s during the hot w e a t h e r . The E f f e c t of F e r t i l i z e r T r e a t m e n t on Ophiobolus P a t c h In a l l c a s e s , plots r e c e i v i n g high n i t r o g e n a l s o s u f f e r e d m o s t s e v e r e l y f r o m ophiobolus patch. This f o l l o w s the g e n e r a l pattern as r e p o r t e d p r e v i ously by D r . C. J. Gould in other d i s e a s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . It does appear, h o w e v e r , that phosphorus or p o t a s s i u m is having any a f f e c t upon the d e v e l o p m e n t of this d i s e a s e . Some of the plots have high d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e whether they contain phosphorus alone, p o t a s s i u m alone, or phosphorus and p o t a s s i u m in combination. It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note that many of the plots r e c e i v i n g p o t a s s i u m during the hotter months w e r e badly i n j u r e d . The m o s t s e v e r e i n j u r y o c c u r r e d when p o t a s s i u m and n i t r o g e n w e r e in combination. High n i t r o g e n alone c a u s e d l i t t l e or no burning, hence the burning was attributed a l m o s t e n t i r e l y to the potash. F r o m the r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d here, it should b e c o m e obvious that potash applications should be held to a m i n i m u m during the hottest p a r t of the g r o w ing season. Since the potash produced only a s u p e r f i c i a l burn, the plots did r e c o v e r rather quickly. P o t a s h can be s a f e l y applied during the hotter p a r t of the g r o w i n g s e a s o n if o v e r c a s t or c o o l days a r e s e l e c t e d f o r application. Washing the g r a s s blades thoroughly is a l s o i m p o r t a n t to p r e v e n t this potash burn. The E f f e c t of F e r t i l i z e r T r e a t m e n t on R o o t Y i e l d s of Putting T u r f Since the r o o t s a r e equally as i m p o r t a n t as the tops of the g r a s s , one s a m p l e 4 inches in d i a m e t e r and 8 inches deep was r e m o v e d f r o m the center of e a c h of the plots to d e t e r m i n e this e f f e c t . In r e f e r r i n g to the table below, s e v e r a l conclusions can be drawn: T a b l e 2. N P K Mean Root 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 20 20 20 20 0 4 4 4 Check 20 0 20 0 0 0 4 8 4 8 1. 1. 1. 1. *2. 1. *2. 70 62 70 55 54 87 36 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 4 8 0 4 8 0 4 8 0 4 8 2. 38 2. 08 *3. 12 1. 55 2. 11 2. 37 1. 94 *2. 82 *2. 76 1. 78 2. 14 2. 31 Plots) 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 Grand M e a n = 2. 14 Note f r o m the table that the highest r o o t y i e l d s f r o m the plots r e c e i v i n g high n i t r o g e n w e r e f r o m plots r e c e i v i n g p o t a s s i u m . B y o b s e r v i n g the r e m a i n der of the plots i t can be found that the highest r o o t y i e l d s w e r e f r o m plots r e c e i v i n g potassium. F u r t h e r , it can be found that the l o w e s t r o o t y i e l d s w e r e f r o m plots r e c e i v i n g phosphorus and no p o t a s s i u m . 1962. T h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s w i l l be continued and other data w i l l be c o l l e c t e d in P o a Annual C o n t r o l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s With the e x c e p t i o n of c r a b g r a s s , P o a annua has p r o b a b l y been i n v e s t i gated just about as much as any other t u r f g r a s s w e e d . B e c a u s e of the many p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d with this plant, it is a v e r y poor turf w h e r e e x t e n s i v e traffic occurs. A plastic a i r - s u p p o r t e d greenhouse, which is being c a l l e d the bubble house, was c o n s t r u c t e d at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station in F e b r u a r y 1961. This house is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 f e e t w i d e by 100 f e e t long. The house w a s d e s i g n e d by the A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t of WSU, by M r . W a l t e r Matson. The funds f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of this house w e r e p r o v i d e d in the m o s t part by the Diamond A l k a l i C o m p a n y and f u r t h e r supported by the N o r t h w e s t T u r f A s s o c i a t i o n . The r e s e a r c h w h i c h brought about the d e sign and c o n s t r u c t i o n of this house was s p o n s o r e d by grants f r o m the W a s h i n g ton F a r m E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n C o m m i t t e e . This house was built s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t u r f g r a s s r e s e a r c h and p r i m a r i l y at this t i m e f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of P o a £nnua control. F o u r t e e n d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s w e r e a p p l i e d to b a r e s o i l in M a r c h 1961 in an e f f o r t p r e - e m e r g e n t l y to c o n t r o l annual blue g r a s s . A f t e r the c h e m i c a l s w e r e a p p l i e d to the soil, p e r i o d i c s m a l l plot s e e d i n g s w e r e made into e a c h of the t r e a t e d plots to d e t e r m i n e the length of t i m e these m a t e r i a l s w e r e e f f e c t i v e in keeping down g e r m i n a t i o n . Of the m a t e r i a l s tested, s i x of these a p p e a r e d to be w o r t h y of f u r t h e r testing. Of these s i x m a t e r i a l s , both Dacthal and Z y t r o n , w h i c h a r e good c r a b g r a s s p r e - e m e r g e n t h e r b i c i d e s , showed up v e r y good f o r the purpose of p r e - e m e r g e n c e c o n t r o l of P o a annua. T h e s e t r i a l s w i l l be continued again this f a l l and w i n t e r , and the b e s t of the m a t e r i a l s w i l l be t e s t e d f o r phytoxicity under f i e l d conditions in the s p r i n g of 1962. If these m a t e r i a l s p r o v e to be e f f e c t i v e in p r e - e m e r g e n c e c o n t r o l and have a l o w o r d e r of phytoxicity, a p r o g r a m or schedule w i l l be w o r k e d out f o r the a p p l i c a t i o n of these m a t e r i a l s to old e x i s t i n g P o a a n n u a - i n f e s t e d turf and a l s o f o r applications to c l e a n bent g r a s s turf. Root Growth Investigations In an e f f o r t to d e t e r m i n e if c e r t a i n m a t e r i a l s w o u l d i n c r e a s e the r o o t g r o w t h of t u r f g r a s s e s , e s p e c i a l l y during the s e a s o n when the r o o t s a r e needed the m o s t (during w a r m s u m m e r months), an e x p e r i m e n t was d e s i g n e d and i n i t i a t e d at the O v e r l a k e Golf and Country Club. A g r a n t of $500 was p r o v i d e d by the Golf C o u r s e Superintendents A s s o c a t i o n of A m e r i c a R e s e a r c h and S c h o l a r s h i p Fund f o r these i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . Jim, Bauman, c u r r e n t l y attending Washington State U n i v e r s i t y as the f i r s t t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t m a j o r , a s s i s t e d in conducting this e x p e r i m e n t . T w e l v e d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s at d i f f e r i n g c o n c e n trations w e r e r a n d o m i z e d and r e p l i c a t e d four t i m e s on a p r a c t i c e putting g r e e n at the O v e r l a k e Country Club. T h e s e m a t e r i a l s included two w e t t i n g agents, namely, A q u a g r o , P r o p e n , and s e v e r a l of the v i t a m i n s , as f o l l o w s : V i t a m i n B , thiamin, pyridoxin, niacin, and a c o m b i n a t i o n of the f o u r . Urease, Indole a c e t i c acid, a h o r m o n e solution c a l l e d H o r m e x , and a t r e a t e d a m m o n i u m sulphate f e r t i l i z e r w e r e u s e d in these t e s t s . The r e a s o n f o r testing these v a r i o u s v i t a m i n s , h o r m o n e s , and sugar compounds is that if a g r e a t e r r o o t s y s t e m can be d e v e l o p e d , m o r e of the s o i l p r o f i l e can be u s e d f o r obtaining nutrients and w a t e r during s u m m e r s t r e s s p e r i o d s . A l s o , during the hottest p a r t of the s u m m e r , r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s go up quite high. It is c o n c e i v a l b l e that i n s u f f i c i e n t f o o d r e s e r v e s can be p r o duced to maintain healthy, a c t i v e g r o w t h within the plant; hence, the r e a s o n f o r applications of s u g a r . B r i e f l y , the four m a t e r i a l s applied apparently p r o d u c e d turf having l o n g e r - t h a n - a v e r a g e r o o t s . The a v e r a g e r o o t length at the t i m e the t e s t was made was 4. 15 inches deep f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s . Sugar i n c r e a s e d the r o o t length by a l m o s t 1 inch. V i t a m i n B 1 2 i n c r e a s e d r o o t length s l i g h t l y m o r e than the a v e r a g e . P y r i d o x i n ( V i t a m i n B ° ) i n c r e a s e d r o o t length by about 3/4 of an inch. And, f i n a l l y , a f o u r - w a y m i x of all v i t a m i n s i n c r e a s e d r o o t length by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3/10 of an inch. F r o m these conclusions, it is obvious there a r e no d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e s in r o o t length f r o m any of these m a t e r i a l s ; h o w e v e r , e v e n this much i n c r e a s e could be e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t under c e r t a i n s t r e s s conditions. F r o m the inf o r m a t i o n gained f r o m this investigation, f u r t h e r t r i a l s w i l l be initiated on d i f f e r e n t s o i l types to d e t e r m i n e if such t r e a t m e n t s a r e p r a c t i c a l . Lawn T u r f g r a s s Investigations T w o l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n (4 and 8 pounds per thousand square f e e t per s e a son, 0 and 4 pounds of phosphorus, and 4 and 8 pounds of p o t a s s i u m per thousand square f e e t per s e a s o n ) have been u s e d ain a l l combinations to y i e l d f e r t i l i z e r plots on these lawn g r a s s e s . The m a i n f e r t i l i z e r plot being 7 f e e t by 20 feet, it was d i v i d e d in half and each half of the plot is being cut at tjvo d i f f e r e n t heighths. The high cut is l j inches and the l o w cut is 3/4 inch. By dividing the plots thus, d e t e r m i n a t i o n s can be made as to the e f f e c t of f e r t i l i t y t r e a t m e n t on these g r a s s e s and the i n t e r a c t i o n of cutting height and f e r t i l i t y l e v e l . E v e n though this t e r m i n a t e s the second y e a r of f e r t i l i z e r applications, only m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s appear b e t w e e n the plots in the 4 - and 8-pound n i t r o g e n l e v e l . The higher n i t r o g e n l e v e l is d e f i n i t e l y b e t t e r than the l o w l e v e l , but no apparent d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t b e t w e e n the phosphate and potash t r e a t m e n t s . Perhaps the r e a s o n f o r this is that the native s o i l s , w h e r e this e x p e r i m e n t is e s tablished, a r e f e r t i l e and have good p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t i e s . The E f f e c t of F e r t i l i t y on W e e d Invasion In r e c o r d i n g data f r o m the plots, it was i n t e r e s t i n g to note that plots r e c e i v i n g the l o w l e v e l of n i t r o g e n contained on an a v e r a g e 18 m o r e w e e d s per plot than the plots r e c e i v i n g high n i t r o g e n without r e g a r d to the l e v e l of phosphate and potash. This was so f o r the plots r e c e i v i n g the high cut. F o r plots r e c e i v i n g l o w cutting the a v e r a g e number of w e e d s p r e s e n t f o r the h i g h - n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t was f i v e w e e d s per plot. The a v e r a g e number of w e e d s p r e s e n t on plots r e c e i v i n g l o w n i t r o g e n f o r the l o w - c u t t i n g t r e a t m e n t w a s 14 w e e d s per plot. The conclusion can o b v i o u s l y be made then that at this stage of g r o w t h w e e d s can be c o n t r o l l e d , at l e a s t in part, with a g o o d n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m . It is s i g n i f i c a n t a l s o to point out that the check plots r e c e i v i n g no n i t r o g e n phosphorus nor p o t a s s i u m had an a v e r a g e of 3 0 w e e d s per plot. This l e a v e s l i t t l e doubt then as to the e f f e c t of a good f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m on w e e d e s tabli s hme nt. The E f f e c t of Cutting H e i g h t on W e e d I n v a s i o n V a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s have r e p o r t e d in the l i t e r a t u r e f o r s o m e t i m e on the e f f e c t s of cutting heights on w e e d d e v e l o p m e n t and invasion. M o s t of the i n v e s t i g a t o r s p r e v i o u s l y have r e p o r t e d that l o w cutting heights usually r e s u l t in higher w e e d populations. A t this t i m e these r e s u l t s have not o c c u r r e d at this l o c a t i o n . By c o m p a r i n g the high cut with the l o w cut, when both r e c e i v e d high n i t r o g e n l e v e l s , it can be seen that the high-cut plots have an a v e r a g e of about nine w e e d s per plot as c o m p a r e d to about s i x w e e d s per plot f o r the l o w cut t r e a t m e n t . A l m o s t i d e n t i c a l p r o p o r t i o n s w e r e m a i n t a i n e d in the plots r e c e i v i n g l o w - n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t when c o m p a r i n g high with l o w cutting, the only d i f f e r e n c e h e r e being that l o w - n i t r o g e n t r e a t m e n t a l l o w e d a g r e a t e r w e e d invasion. The m e a s u r e m e n t of thatch was not a t t e m p t e d this y e a r , but w i l l be an i m p o r t a n t phase of the study in the f o l l o w i n g y e a r . A t the p r e s e n t t i m e , i m portant d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t b e t w e e n the amount of thatch f o r m a t i o n in c o m p a r i n g 3/4 with l j inch cutting heighths. The high cutting is producing a s e r i o u s thatch p r o b l e m w h i c h w i l l r e q u i r e v e r t - c u t t i n g , p o w e r raking, or s o m e means of thatch r e m o v a l in the near future. The l o w - c u t (3/4 i n c h ) plots a r e in e x c e l l e n t condition i n s o f a r as thatch f o r m a t i o n is c o n c e r n e d . A technique w i l l be d e v e l o p e d f o r a c c u r a t e l y m e a s u r i n g and r e p o r t i n g this thatch in the f o l l o w ing y e a r . F r o m the table f o l l o w i n g , it can be o b s e r v e d that t r e a t m e n t No. 6, 8 pounds of nitrogen, no phosphorus, and 8 pounds of potash, p r o d u c e d turf with f e w e s t numbers of w e e d s . T a b l e 3. F e r t i l i z e r and Cutting E f f e c t s on W e e d Invasion in L a w n T u r f Treatment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. High Cut ( l j M ) A v e r a g e No. W e e d s / P l o t L o w Cut ( 3 / 4 " ) N. P. K. 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 4 8 0 0 4 8 4 8 0 Note: N u m b e r s under T r e a t m e n t r e f e r to l b s . of a v a i l a b l e nitrogen, phosphorus and p o t a s s i u m a p p l i e d per 1, 000 sq. ft. per s e a s o n d i v i d e d into monthly a p p l i c a t i o n s . 11 10 9 8 8 6 13 13 13 15 12 15 32 8 7 6 7 9 4 11 10 9 11 13 15 32 Fumigation Investigations Many of the p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d with t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to w e e d y or t r a s h y s o i l at the time that the t u r f g r a s s e s a r e e s tablished. Some w e e d s , due to their highly s p e c i a l i z e d nature, w i l l not only c o m p e t e with our d e s i r a b l e t u r f g r a s ses, but in many instances w i l l c o m p l e t e l y o v e r - r i d e them and eventually dominate the stand. The number one e n e m y today, of c o u r s e , is P o a annua. Other w e e d s , such as m o u s e e a r chickweed, dandelion, plantion, p e a r l w o r t , v e l v e t g r a s s , w a t e r g r a s s , dog fennel, pineapple w e e d , and many others, can be s e r i o u s when g r a s s e s a r e in the s e e d l i n g s t a g e . T h e s e w e e d s a l l g r o w just as f a s t or f a s t e r than the t u r f g r a s s e s . In o r d e r to s t a r t a turf planting and maintain its pure botanical c o m p o sition, it is n e c e s s a r y to e l i m i n a t e as many of these w e e d s as p o s s i b l e b e f o r e t r y i n g to e s t a b l i s h a t u r f g r a s s . I f e e l that one of the g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m s facing us in the c o n t r o l of P o a annua today is the f a c t that this g r a s s b e c o m e s e s t a b l i s h e d at the t i m e that the d e s i r a b l e b e n t g r a s s e s a r e getting their s t a r t . Whene v e r d e s i r a b l e g r a s s e s a r e l o s t by d i s e a s e , then w e a l s o have good avenues of e s t a b l i s h m e n t of P o a annua. One thing is c e r t a i n and that is, if w e have a c l e a n s e e d b e d in the b e ginning, w e w i l l g i v e our d e s i r a b l e t u r f g r a s s e s the b e s t p o s s i b l e chance f o r s u r v i v a l and p e r f o r m i n g p r o p e r l y . Since I have p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d on f u m i gants and their use, this r e p o r t w i l l be l i m i t e d to r e p o r t i n g on the use of new fumigants and a b r i e f s u m m a r y of the old ones. T a b l e 4. Material Vorlex Vorlex Vapam Telone Cyanamid Trizone Pounds per 1000 Sq. ft. P e r cent w e e d c o n t r o l A v e r a g e of 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s 3 qts. 4 qts. 10 qts 200 pounds per A . 70 pounds per 1000 200 pounds per a c r e 10% 90% 75% 76% 98% 100% The s o i l m o i s t u r e at the time of application of these fumigants was at f i e l d c a p a c i t y . The T r i z o n e , being a gas, was i n j e c t e d into the ground and the plots w e r e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c o v e r e d w i t h a p o l y e t h e l y n e t a r p by means of a m e c h a n i c a l tarp l a y e r . V o r l e x and V a p a m , both being liquids, w e r e a p p l i e d to the soil, V o r l e x by w a y of c h i s e l e d i n j e c t o r , and V a p a m by means of s p r i n k l e r can. A w a t e r s e a l of j to 1 inch of w a t e r should be a p p l i e d to both of these m a t e r i a l s f o l l o w i n g their s o i l application. In the e a r l y t e s t in M a y i r r i gation w a t e r was not a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , plots w e r e r e - e s t a b l i s h e d in August and w e r e s e a l e d with w a t e r . The p e r c e n t a g e w e e d c o n t r o l in the r e t e s t with w a t e r s e a l was s i g n i f i c a n t . The V o r l e x t r e a t e d plots i n c r e a s e d their w e e d c o n t r o l to 95 per cent and V a p a m i n c r e a s e d up to 98 per cent c o n t r o l . It is obvious then that w a t e r sealing with these two m a t e r i a l s is e x t r e m e l y i m p o r tant. The conclusions can be drawn f r o m this s e r i e s of tests that T r i z o n e , V o r l e x , Vapam, and C y a n a m i d w i l l g i v e e x c e l l e n t w e e d c o n t r o l if u s e d a c c o r d ing to m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . In using fumigants p r i o r to t u r f g r a s s planting two s i m p l e precautions must be taken. The s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e must be high enough (50 d e g r e e s or m o r e ) f o r n o r m a l plant g r o w t h . The s o i l m o i s t u r e should be at f i e l d c a p a c i t y and should be m a i n t a i n e d at f i e l d c a p a c i t y during the f u m i g a t i o n p e r i o d . And f i n a l l y m o s t of the fumigants should be a l l o w e d 10 days to three w e e k s to finish their f u m i g a t i o n action with the e x c e p t i o n of the g a s e s such as T r i z o n e and M e t h y l B r o m i d e . In the l a t t e r p a r t of the f u m i g a t i o n p e r i od the s o i l should be r e s t i r r e d and a l l o w e d a s h o r t a e r a t i o n p e r i o d b e f o r e planting. Just r e m e m b e r that until better c o n t r o l f o r s o m e of the w e e d tests in t u r f g r a s s plantings c o m e s along, the fumigants w i l l aid g r e a t l y in m a i n t a i n ing c l e a n conditions. C o m p a c t i o n Studies A s e v e r y turf m a n a g e r knows, c o m p a c t i o n is a deadly e n e m y to t u r f g r a s s e s . With the a v e r a g e soil, the g r e a t e r the amount of t r a f f i c the g r e a t e r the c o m p a c t i o n i m p a r t e d to the s o i l . Due to the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g demand f o r play a r e a s such as play f i e l d s , athletic f i e l d s , and g o l f c o u r s e s , the p r o b l e m of c o m p a c t i o n is b e c o m i n g m o r e s e v e r e . The e f f e c t s of c o m p a c t i o n a r e m o r e noticeable e v e n in a r e a s w h e r e r a i n f a l l is the highest during the use season. In m o s t a r e a s g o l f c o u r s e putting g r e e n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y , g e t s o m e r e s p i t e f r o m c o m p a c t i o n during the late f a l l , w i n t e r , and v e r y e a r l y spring months. During the w i n t e r months, on g o l f c o u r s e s w e s t of the C a s c a d e Mountains, playcontinues n o r m a l l y unless unusual c o l d conditions f o r c e discontinuance of play. This o r d i n a r i l y does not occur, but if so, f o r only b r i e f p e r i o d s . E v e n though s o i l s a r e c o m p a c t e d at a l l t i m e s of the y e a r , c o a s t a l g o l f c o u r s e s r e c e i v e the additional three or four months c o m p a c t i o n that other g o l f c o u r s e s do not e x p e r i e n c e . C o m p a c t i o n can occur at any t i m e when the s o i l m o i s t u r e is s u f f i c i e n t so that the s o i l s a r e p l a s t i c . This condition e x i s t s at a l l t i m e s during the playing s e a s o n when i r r i g a t i o n and/or r a i n f a l l is s u f f i c i e n t f o r n o r m a l g r o w t h of t u r f g r a s s e s . S o i l c o m p a c t i o n can be b l a m e d on s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . A m o n g them a r e the f o l l o w i n g : ( 1 ) e x c e s s i v e c l a y content, ( 2 ) e x c e s s i v e s i l t content, ( 3 ) e x c e s s i v e v e r y fine sand p a r t i c l e s , ( 4 ) any combination of the three, ( 5 ) e x c e s s i v e m o i s ture, and ( 6 ) e x t e n s i v e use of t u r f g r a s s a r e a s w h i l e the m o i s t u r e content of the s o i l is above f i e l d c a p a c i t y . Surely, if a l l of these above f a c t o r s e x i s t e d in any one s o i l a r e a , trouble would c e r t a i n l y ensue. E v e n so, many of these f a c t o r s do occur in the s a m e a r e a and c e r t a i n l y all of them occur o v e r a w i d e a r e a . In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the amount of t r a f f i c n e c e s s a r y to induce c e r t a i n d e g r e e s of c o m p a c t i o n and a l s o to d e t e r m i n e the b e s t w a y of e l i m i n a t i n g this compaction, an e x p e r i m e n t w a s d e s i g n e d at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station f o r this study. A c o m p a c t i o n machine was built to s i m u l a t e c o m paction induced by foot t r a f f i c . This machine has 16 f e e t w h i c h actually walk on the t u r f g r a s s , and a d e s i r e d amount of t r a f f i c can be i m p o s e d on the turf a r e a with l i t t l e expenditure of time and l a b o r . T h i s machine was built by M r . Ed Jennings, a m e c h a n i c at the O v e r l a k e Golf and Country Club. The funds f o r purchasing the basic machine and f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of the c o m p a c t i o n m a chine w e r e f u r n i s h e d as a g r a n t f r o m the A e r o - t h a t c h C o m p a n y of Rahway, New Jersey. A f t e r the machine was t e s t e d on site and d e t e r m i n e d to be s a t i s f a c t o r y in operation, it was turned o v e r to M r . J. R o b e r t s and M r . J. B. S i m p s o n of the A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t of WSU to d e t e r m i n e the actual c o m pacting f o r c e . T h e i r findings w e r e as f o l l o w s : The unit p r e s s u r e of a 180pound man walking was a p p r o x i m a t e l y eight pounds per square inch. The unit p r e s s u r e of the c o m p a c t i o n machine, when operating, was 11. 1 pounds per square inch. This indicates, then, that the c o m p a c t i o n machine was e x e r t i n g a f o r c e a little in e x c e s s of a man 180 pounds of w e i g h t . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e could be made up by using a shoe with a p p r o x i m a t e l y three square inches m o r e of surface. The e x p e r i m e n t a l putting g r e e n at the E x p e r i m e n t Station was d i v i d e d into four s t r i p s of ten f e e t each. The c o m p a c t i o n machine was run the length of the putting g r e e n o v e r three of these s t r i p s . S t r i p number 1 r e c e i v e d 100 rounds of t r a f f i c daily, s t r i p number two, 200 rounds daily, s t r i p number three, 3 00 rounds daily, and s t r i p number 4 r e c e i v e d no t r a f f i c . Since the g r e e n is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 48 f e e t long, it was d i v i d e d into four r e p l i c a t i o n s of 12 f e e t each. E a c h r e p l i c a t i o n was f u r t h e r subdivided into three s t r i p s of four f e e t each. V e r t i c a l to the d i r e c t i o n of the compaction, these four f o o t s t r i p s w e r e t r e a t e d as f o l l o w s : S t r i p number 1 was t r e a t e d to the m a x i m u m depth with the A e r o - t h a t c h machine. S t r i p number 2 was a e r o f i e d with a R y a n G r e e n s A e r o f i e r , and s t r i p number 3 r e c e i v e d no a e r o f i c a t i o n . The a e r o f i c a t i o n t r e a t m e n t was p r a c t i c e d three t i m e s throughout the y e a r with the c o m p a c t i o n being induced daily, with the e x c e p t i o n of a b r i e f p e r i o d when e x c e s s i v e r a i n f a l l made the s u r f a c e too w e t . In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the d e g r e e of compaction, w a t e r i n f i l t r a t i o n tests w e r e run in an e f f o r t to s e c u r e a c c u r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s . Due to p r o b l e m s e x i s t i n g which cannot be e a s i l y c o n t r o l l e d , this s y s t e m is d i f f i c u l t to adapt to f i e l d conditions. M i n o r v a r i a t i o n s in s o i l s w i l l produce s e r i o u s d i f f e r e n c e s in r e s u l t s of i n f i l t r a t i o n . H o w e v e r , s o m e u s e f u l data w e r e g a i n e d f r o m these inf i l t r a t i o n studies. The a r e a r e c e i v i n g 100 rounds of t r a f f i c daily, r e g a r d l e s s of the m e c h a n i c a l treatment, a c c e p t e d f i v e c e n t i m e t e r s of w a t e r f r o m the I2 inch g l a s s tube per minute on the a v e r a g e . The s t r i p r e c e i v i n g 200 rounds of t r a f f i c daily a c c e p t e d an a v e r a g e of four c e n t i m e t e r s of w a t e r per minute. The s t r i p r e c e i v i n g 3 00 rounds of t r a f f i c daily a c c e p t e d l e s s than 2. 5 c e n t i m e t e r s of w a t e r per minute, and the s t r i p r e c e i v i n g no c o m p a c t i o n a c c e p t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4. 5 c e n t i m e t e r s of w a t e r per minute. The a v e r a g e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e of w a t e r a s s e s s e d to the e f f e c t of the m a chines w h i c h a r e d e s i g n e d to r e l i e v e c o m p a c t i o n was a p p r o x i m a t e l y the same in the c a s e of the A e r o - t h a t c h and the G r e e n s A i r A e r o f i e r . Both m a c h i n e s , h o w e v e r , i n c r e a s e d the i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e c o n s i d e r a b l y o v e r the c h e c k e d a r e a w h e r e no r e l i e f f r o m c o m p a c t i o n was g i v e n . F r o m the data indicated, it is obvious, of c o u r s e , that the m o r e t r a f f i c o v e r a g i v e n a r e a , the s l o w e r w i l l be the i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e of the w a t e r . There is one confusing f a c t o r h e r e , h o w e v e r , and that is that the a r e a r e c e i v i n g no c o m p a c t i o n a c c e p t e d w a t e r at a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e r a t e as the a r e a r e c e i v ing 100 rounds of t r a f f i c daily. Upon c l o s e e x a m i n a t i o n of the a r e a s , it was found that the a r e a not being c o m p a c t e d had e x t e n s i v e thatch f o r m a t i o n , as c o m p a r e d to l i t t l e or no thatch f o r m a t i o n on the other plots. This is an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r and s e r v e s as a p a r t i a l explanation as to why golf c o u r s e s in w e s t e r n Washington cannot g e t s u f f i c i e n t thatch to produce a good playing mat. F u r t h e r conclusions f r o m this e x p e r i m e n t m a y be drawn that the m o r e the w i n t e r t r a f f i c on play a r e a s , the m o r e damaging it is to both the g r a s s and the s o i l . This t r a f f i c should be r o u t e d to other a r e a s , or e l i m i n a t e d during the p e r i o d of the y e a r when the g r o w t h is the s l o w e s t and the s o i l is the w e t t e s t . F u r t h e r studies a r e being conducted along this line with d i f f e r e n t s o i l mixtures. Surfactant I n v e s t i g a t i o n s A c c o r d i n g to W e b s t e r ' s d i c t i o n a r y , s u r f a c e tension can be d e f i n e d as "that p r o p e r t y , due to m o l e c u l a r f o r c e s , by which the s u r f a c e f i l m of a l l l i q uids tends to take a f o r m having the l e a s t s u p e r f i c i a l a r e a . " When w a t e r is s u b j e c t e d to c o n s i d e r a b l e tension, the angle of contact b e t w e e n the w a t e r d r o p l e t and the s u r f a c e b e c o m e s v e r y steep, or in other w o r d s , has v e r y l i t t l e contact with the s u r f a c e . When the tension is r e l i e v e d at the i n t e r f a c e between the w a t e r d r o p l e t and the m a t e r i a l on which it is r e s t i n g , the d r o p l e t b e c o m e s f l a t t e n e d and has c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e a r e a in contact with the contacting m e d i a . Any method by which this tension can be r e d u c e d can be t e r m e d a surfactant. The surfactants that w i l l be d i s c u s s e d at this t i m e a r e c h e m i c a l wetting agents that due to their action upon these w a t e r d r o p l e t s r e d u c e the s u r f a c e tension and cause a flattening of the w a t e r d r o p l e t , u l t i m a t e l y making b e t t e r contact b e t w e e n the w a t e r d r o p l e t and the s u r f a c e . The need f o r surfactants or wetting agents has been constantly with us, p a r t i c u l a r l y during the s u m m e r p e r i o d . In p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s of hot, d r y w e a t h e r , s u r f a c e tension builds up quite high on g r a s s y s u r f a c e s and on s o i l s u r f a c e s . B e c a u s e of this high tension, w a t e r tends to run o f f of the s u r f a c e or r e m a i n as individual d r o p l e t s r a t h e r than t r y i n g to seek e n t r a n c e into the s o i l or g r a s s . The s t e e p e r the slopes, the m o r e pronounced the r u n - o f f e f f e c t . E v e n in a r e a s which appear flat, m i n o r v a r i a t i o n s in e l e v a t i o n on the s u r f a c e w i l l o c c u r . S m a l l i s o l a t e d a r e a s that a r e only s l i g h t l y higher than the surrounding a r e a m a y not r e c e i v e any w a t e r at a l l e v e n though a m p l e i r r i g a t i o n s a r e being p r a c t i c e d . T h i s has been one of the m o s t c o m m o n p r o b l e m s in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t during the s u m m e r months on both home lawns and putting greens. F a i r w a y s , of c o u r s e , a r e constantly b o t h e r e d w i t h this p r o b l e m , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e a number of r o l l s and mounds o c c u r . Many wetting agents have been a v a i l a b l e f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s to help c o m bat this p r o b l e m of d r y spots. M o s t of the b e s t wetting agents a r e a l l of the c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of non-ionic o r g a n i c . This m e a n s that not being ionic, they w i l l enter into no c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n w i t h the s o i l and w i l l produce no c h e m i c a l or p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r a l changes. And being o r g a n i c , they w i l l b r e a k down or be c o n v e r t e d to h a r m l e s s products in the s o i l . T h e s e a r e the d e s i r able wetting agents, and those w h i c h contain ionic f r a c t i o n s , such as s o d i u m salts, should be a v o i d e d if at a l l p o s s i b l e . In an e f f o r t to d e t e r m i n e how p r a c t i c a l and p r o f i t a b l e it would be to use wetting f o r the r e l i e f of d r y spots and b e t t e r i n f i l t r a t i o n and p e n e t r a t i o n of w a t e r , two i d e n t i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d on the O l y m p i a Country Club and the T a c o m a Country Club. O l y m p i a Country Club has e x p e r i e n c e d c o n s i d e r a b l e trouble w i t h w a t e r penetration on putting g r e e n s that w e r e only two y e a r s old. E v e n though thatch f o r m a t i o n s w e r e of no s i g n i f i c a n c e , w a t e r was e n t e r i n g the s u r f a c e v e r y une v e n l y o v e r the e n t i r e putting g r e e n , l e a v i n g a g r e a t many d r y spots. A t the T a c o m a Country Club, the conditions w a s s i m i l a r , but not n e a r l y so s e v e r e . The m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e in the m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s b e t w e e n these two e x p e r i ments w a s that the putting g r e e n at O l y m p i a had not been a e r i f i e d , and the putting g r e e n at T a c o m a had been a e r i f i e d with a G r e e n s a i r e a e r i f i e r . In this m a n n e r , we w e r e able to g e t i n f o r m a t i o n on the e f f e c t s of wetting agents on both a e r i f i e d and n o n - a e r i f i e d putting g r e e n s . Only two m a t e r i a l s w e r e t r i e d in both of these e x p e r i m e n t s , h o w e v e r , d i f f e r e n t dates of a p p l i c a t i o n w e r e tested. P r o p e n , a s u r f a c t a n t produced by the P r o c e s s C h e m i c a l Company, was a p p l i e d at three ounces per 1000 square feet, and A q u a - g r o w , m a n u f a c tured by the A q u a t r o l s C o r p o r a t i o n of A m e r i c a , was a p p l i e d at eight ounces per 1000 square f e e t . Both of these r a t e s w e r e r e c o m m e n d e d by the m a n u f a c t u r e r s . Both m a t e r i a l s w e r e a p p l i e d at the c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n d i c a t e d above once per s e a son, twice per season, and e v e r y t h r e e w e e k s . Check plots w e r e m a i n t a i n e d for comparison. In o r d e r to evaluate the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of these wetting agents in reducing d r y spots or i n c r e a s i n g the i n f i l t r a t i o n of w a t e r , the numbers of d r y spots found in the plots at the t i m e of the third application w e r e used to evaluate this e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T h e s e d r y spots v a r i e d in s i z e f r o m s i x inches in d i a m e t e r up to e i g h t e e n inches. V i s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n was a l l that w a s n e c e s s a r y to make this d e t e r m i n a t i o n . H o w e v e r , s e v e r a l spots w e r e plugged to v e r i f y v i s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n . The table b e l o w w i l l indicate the e f f e c t i v e n e s s produced by these wetting agents. T a b l e 5. Wetting A g e n t s - O l y m p i a . N u m b e r s of D r y Spots Rep. I 1 Propen 2 Propen 3 wks Propen Aqua G r o - 2 Aqua G r o - 3 Check 6 1 2 0 0 6 Rep. II Rep. Ill Rep. IV 1 9 8 1 0 5 10 5 3 0 0 6 10 8 5 2 0 10 A v g . No. D r y Spots 7 6 4 1 0 7 Since v e r y f e w d r y spots d e v e l o p e d on the putting g r e e n at T a c o m a due to thorough a e r i f i c a t i o n , no individual plot data w e r e taken. F r o m the data obtained above at Olympia, it is obvious that d r y spots can be e l i m i n a t e d by the use of these wetting agents. T h e y a r e e a s y to apply and, f r o m what is known today, a r e h a r m l e s s additives to the s o i l . One i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r w h i c h should be c o n s i d e r e d in the use of surfactants is that the total w a t e r application f o r the s u m m e r m a y be c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d . The i m p o r t a n t thing h e r e is that w e quite often i r r i g a t e the total s u r f a c e only to a c c o m m o d a t e a h a l f - d o z e n d r y spots o v e r the a r e a . If w e can induce these d r y spots to take w a t e r , then w e m a y be able to extend the i r r i g a t i o n p e r i o d unless other s e r i o u s s o i l r e s t r i c t i o n s occur in these d r y spots. N o t only w i l l w e save in application of w a t e r , but in hand l a b o r which is i n v o l v e d s o m e t i m e s in hand w a t e r i n g these d r y spots. We w i l l a l s o be able to s a v e in f e r t i l i z a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y n i t r o g e n . By attempting to i r r i g a t e these g r e e n s or other turf a r e a s u n i f o r m l y , we w i l l not be leaching so much n i t r o g e n out of the s u r f a c e . M o r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l be made on these surfactants in the near future to d e t e r m i n e if p r o l o n g e d use w i l l cause hydrophobic e f f e c t s or any other d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s to t u r f g r a s s e s . M A N A G E M E N T OF A T H L E T I C AND P L A Y I N G FIELDS Norman Goetze* The production of h i g h - q u a l i t y turf f o r playgrounds and athletic a r e a s inv o l v e s the s a m e p r i n c i p l e s u s e d in a l l other turf a r e a s . Many t i m e s these p r i n c i p l e s must be used in p r a c t i c e s d i f f e r e n t l y because of the unique demands of this type of turf. This d i s c u s s i o n w i l l outline s o m e of the a l t e r a t i o n s in m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s adopted f o r athletic turf production. A t many institutions, the s u p e r v i s i o n r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s have not been c l e a r l y delineated. M a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s under these conditions a r e f a r too often b a s e d on p e r s o n a l i t i e s and p o l i t i c s . H i g h - q u a l i t y turf r a r e l y r e s u l t s f r o m d i s o r g a n i z e d s u p e r v i s i o n . G e n e r a l l y , when m a n a g e m e n t is c l e a r l y in the hands of one individual, the quality of turf is much h i g h e r . T h e r e is l i t t l e need f o r the a g r o n o m i c phases of athletic turf m a n a g e m e n t until the s u p e r v i s i o n has been d e l e g a t e d to one individual. Mowing Height of m o w i n g is not too important, but is d e t e r m i n e d by the type of g r a s s and its use. F r e q u e n c y of m o w i n g should be f a i r l y constant throughout the y e a r , whether the turf is being u s e d or not. A l l o w i n g tall g r o w t h of f o o t ball turf during s u m m e r and returning to a s h o r t m o w i n g height in the f a l l weakens the r o o t s y s t e m and the stand is m o r e e a s i l y i n j u r e d by heavy t r a f f i c . B e n t g r a s s should be m o w e d at 3/4 inches, b l u e g r a s s e s and fine f e s c u e s at la inches, and tall f e s c u e at 2 inches or m o r e . Watering Since g r a s s r o o t s a r e u l t i m a t e l y d i s t r i b u t e d in the s o i l w h e r e m o i s t u r e is a v a i l a b l e , d e e p e r r o o t p e n e t r a t i o n can be obtained by thorough i r r i g a t i o n to This w i l l r e d u c e the number of i r r i g a t i o n s a depth of eight inches or m o r e . r e q u i r e d , p r e v e n t s u r f a c e compaction, and i m p r o v e w a t e r e f f i c i e n c y w h i l e producing a s t r o n g e r - r o o t e d turf. I r r i g a t i o n should be c o m p l e t e d at l e a s t six hours b e f o r e use on sandy s o i l s and at l e a s t two days b e f o r e use on h e a v y c l a y s o i l s to a l l o w the s u r f a c e to d r y to p r e v e n t c o m p a c t i o n . Fertilization H e a v y use of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s should be a v o i d e d just p r i o r to and during p e r i o d s of heavy use, since n i t r o g e n causes a succulent top g r o w t h m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e and r e s t r i c t s r o o t g r o w t h . Athletic a r e a s u s e d f o r s u m m e r s p o r t s should be f e r t i l i z e d in f a l l and s p r i n g . Football f i e l d s should be f e r t i l i z e d in late s p r i n g and m i d - s u m m e r . The r o l e of phosphorus, potash, sulfur, and other nutrients f o r athletic turf has not been studied in r e s e a r c h . Consequently they should be u s e d as in other turf g r o w ing on s i m i l a r s o i l conditions. Extension F a r m Crops Specialist, Oregon. O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y , Corvallis, Soil C o m p a c t i o n Since m o s t athletic e v e n t s a r e conducted on a c a l e n d a r basis i r r e s p e c t i v e of w e a t h e r conditions, heavy use is often e x p e r i e n c e d during r a i n y w e a t h e r . Saturation of the s u r f a c e l a y e r s by l i g h t r a i n f a l l during an athletic e v e n r e s u l t s in s o i l c o m p a c t i o n near the s u r f a c e . C o m p a c t i o n cannot be p r e v e n t e d by a l t e r i n g the s o i l m i x under these conditions, but instead must be r e l i e v e d by m e c h a n i c a l t r e a t m e n t during s e a sons of non-use or during p e r i o d s when the s o i l can be kept in a n o n - s a t u r a t e d condition. F i e l d a e r i f i e r s or any other type of equipment w h i c h r e m o v e s a c o r e f r o m the c o m p a c t e d zone a r e r e c o m m e n d e d . S p i k e r s actually c r e a t e additional c o m p a c t i o n at the bottom of the hole and along the sides w h i l e g i v i n g t e m p o r a r y r e l i e f to c o m p a c t i o n by a l l o w i n g f o r better a i r c i r c u l a t i o n . E s t a b l i s h m e n t and O v e r s e e d i n g F o l l o w i n g seasons of heavy use and p a r t i a l l o s s of stand, i n t e r e s t is often e x p r e s s e d in c o m p l e t e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the f a c i l i t y . T h i s is u n n e c e s s a r y and usually u n s a t i s f a c t o r y unless a s o i l or d r a i n a g e condition is to be corrected. O v e r s e e d i n g p r i o r to the l a s t athletic e v e n t of the season usually w i l l r e p a i r the h e a v y - t r a f f i c k e d a r e a s . A l i g h t h a r r o w i n g w i l l a s s i s t in c o v e r ing the s e e d s if the l a s t a c t i v i t y did not i n v o l v e c l e a t e d shoes. Y e a r l y or b i y e a r l y o v e r s e e d i n g is f a r l e s s e x p e n s i v e and e a s i e r than c o m p l e t e r e n o v a t i o n jobs. If c o m p l e t e r e n o v a t i o n is n e c e s s a r y because of i m p r o p e r d r a i n a g e or s o i l conditions, a c o m p l e t e y e a r is r e q u i r e d f o r b e s t e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a tough w e a r - r e s i s t a n t turf. The d e v e l o p m e n t of a t e m p o r a r y f a c i l i t y using annual r y e g r a s s w i l l p r o v i d e a l o n g e r p e r i o d f o r d e v e l o p m e n t of the m o r e s l o w l y e s tablished turf s p e c i e s on the p e r m a n e n t f a c i l i t y . Many r e n o v a t i o n j o b s have f a i l e d b e c a u s e the turf has been used h e a v i l y too soon a f t e r planting. Gras ses H e a v i l y used athletic a r e a s in w e s t e r n a r e a s a r e being planted w i t h A l t a f e s c u e at 200 to 400 pounds per a c r e . H e a v y amounts of s e e d a r e r e q u i r e d because it is noncreeping and because the s e e d s i z e is l a r g e . S i m i l a r turf in e a s t e r n and c e n t r a l r e g i o n s is m o s t l y d e v o t e d to Kentucky b l u e g r a s s or Merion bluegrass. Unless h e a v i e r f e r t i l i t y and e x c e l l e n t w a t e r i n g schedules a r e planned, the Kentucky b l u e g r a s s is p r e f e r r e d because of its b e t t e r drought t o l e r a n c e . A l t a f e s c u e has been s u c c e s s f u l l y used on highly alkaline s o i l s in these r e g i o n s . A t h l e t i c turf not r e c e i v i n g heavy c l e a t e d t r a f f i c can contain b e n t g r a s s e s in w e s t e r n r e g i o n s and the f i n e - l e a v e d f e s c u e s throughout the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t . B e n t g r a s s e s a r e not adapted to the inland a r e a s and the b l u e g r a s s e s do not p e r s i s t in the w e s t e r n r e g i o n s . B e n t g r a s s e s should not be m i x e d w i t h A l t a f e s c u e or any of the b l u e g r a s s e s . T U R F RESEARCH IN E A S T E R N WASHINGTON A. G. L a w , J. K. Patterson, T. J. Muzik, and R o y Goss^ Data w e r e obtained on the e f f e c t of v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l s on the s u r v i v a l of c r a b g r a s s during the 1960-61 season. C o l l e c t i o n s of c r a b g r a s s seed w e r e obtained f r o m f o u r states and planted in the g r e e n h o u s e in M a r c h , 1961. Dacthal at 1, 2, and 6 lbs. per a c r e and Z y t r o n at 5 and 10 lbs. per a c r e w e r e applied to the s u r f a c e of the s o i l at planting t i m e . Results of these t r i a l s a r e shown in T a b l e 1. T a b l e . 1. E f f e c t of C h e m i c a l s on S u r v i v a l of Seedlings of Six C o l l e c t i o n s of C r a b g r a s s Planted in the G r e e n h o u s e . Collection Number 1-Lewiston, Ida. 67. 5 37. 7 8. 5 0. 0 1. 2 0 2-Calif. (Hairy) 57. 5 25. 5 4. 7 0. 0 0. 5 0 3-Calif. (Smooth) 67. 7 19. 7 4. 1 1. 2 1. o 0 4 - Arizona 81. 0 40. 0 5. 0 0. 0 0. 5 0 5-Oregon 33. 7 16. 5 4. 0 0. 0 0. 5 0 84. 5 38. 5 8. 0 1. 7 1. 7 0 6-Prosser, * Check N u m b e r of Seedlings A f t e r 60 D a y s Z y t ron Dacthal 10#/A 6#/A 1 #/A 2#/A 5#/A Wn. It can be seen that t h e r e w e r e w i d e d i f f e r e n c e s in g e r m i n a b i l i t y of the c r a b g r a s s c o l l e c t i o n s , ranging f r o m 84 per cent to 33 p e r cent. Essentially c o m p l e t e k i l l of s e e d l i n g s r e s u l t e d f r o m the use of Dacthal at 6 lbs. p e r a c r e , or Z y t r o n at 10 lbs. per a c r e , applied to the s o i l s u r f a c e at seeding t i m e . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 per cent c o n t r o l w a s obtained with Dacthal at 2 lbs. p e r a c r e under g r e e h o u s e conditions. As a part of this t r i a l , six turf and f i e l d g r a s s e s w e r e planted the the s a m e t i m e and subjected to the s a m e t r e a t m e n t s . It w a s hoped to find if t h e r e w e r e h i g h e r t o l e r a n c e s to these c h e m i c a l s among the p e r e n n i a l turf and f i e l d g r a s s e s than with c r a b g r a s s . T h e s e data a r e r e c o r d e d in T a b l e 2. * Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t No. 1571. T a b l e 2. Variety Pennlawn E f f e c t of C h e m i c a l s on S u r v i v a l of Seedlings of Six F i e l d and T u r f G r a s s e s Planted in the G r e e n h o u s e . Check Verm Peat 48 34 1#/A Verm Peat 26 40 Dacthal 2#/A Verm Peat 31 39 6#/A Verm Peat 13 45 Zytron 5#/A 10#/A Verm Peat Verm Peat 28 24 0 0 Ranier 47 41 36 40 27 38 20 42 0 32 0 21 Merion 29 26 0 22 2 24 0 9 0 11 0 14 PNW 78 49 12 47 8 38 5 30 0 24 0 28 Newport 47 27 5 28 17 30 2 30 0 7 0 14 S. Brome 23 27 26 17 34 16 15 21 5 10 2 17 Average — 45 34 19 30 21 29 9 29 18. 0 0 20 .8 At the low r a t e s of Dacthal, n a m e l y 1 and 2 lbs. p e r a c r e , the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e v a r i e t i e s and smooth b r o m e g r a s s showed v e r y l i t t l e s e e d l i n g m o r t a l i t y c o m p a r e d with the check. The b l u e g r a s s e s showed c o n s i d e r a b l e m o r e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to both c h e m i c a l s with M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s showing the g r e a t e s t injury. As an e x p l o r a t o r y part of this e x p e r i m e n t , half of each g r e e n h o u s e f l a t was mulched with v e r m i c u l i t e and half with peat m o s s . When t r e a t e d with Z y t r o n at e i t h e r 5 or 10 lbs. per a c r e , the v e r m i c u l i t e - m u l c h e d a r e a s showed e s s e n t i a l l y no s e e d l i n g s u r v i v a l of any of the g r a s s e s in c o n t r a s t to v e r y good s u r v i v a l with the peat m o s s mulch. A s i m i l a r trend was o b s e r v e d f o r the Dacthal t r e a t m e n t at 6 lbs. p e r a c r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r the b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s . This d i f f e r e n t i a l r e s u l t f r o m the use of the two mulch m a t e r i a l s p o s s i b l e could explain s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s between e x p e r i m e n t s in the g r e e n h o u s e as r e p o r t e d in the l i t e r a t u r e . It is thought the d i f f e r e n c e in s u r v i v a l m a y be due to the t i e up of the c h e m i c a l by the o r g a n i c m a t t e r of the peat mulch. W e have no data on this point, h o w e v e r . F i e l d t r i a l s w e r e conducted in c o o p e r a t i o n with the C l a r k s t o n Golf and Country Club at C l a r k s t o n , Washington, to d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v a r ious c h e m i c a l s in the c o n t r o l of c r a b g r a s s . T h e s e data are r e p o r t e d in T a b l e 3. T a b l e 3. E f f e c t of P r e - e m e r g e C h e m i c a l s on C r a b g r a s s C o n t r o l at the C l a r k s t o n Golf and Country Club, 1961 A v e r a g e C o n t r o l Rating* 1961 I960 - 1961 R e t r e a t e d Not R e t r e a t e d Rate/Acre Number R e p s with O b s e r v a b l e Burn Dacthal 4 lbs. 8 lbs. 12 lbs. 4. 25 1. 50 1. 25 2. 75 2. 75 1. 00 8. 25 7. 75 7. 00 0 2 2 Z y t r o n E. 10 lbs. 15 lbs. 20 lbs. 1. 50 1. 00 1. 25 2. 75 1. 00 1. 25 8. 25 8. 25 8. 25 0 2 3 2 lbs. 3 lbs. 4 lbs. 8. 00 7. 75 8. 25 "A" 86 lbs. 6. 50 "B" 4 lbs. 6. 25 "C" 4 lbs. 7. 75 "D" 860 lbs. 1. 00 3 "E" 430 lbs. 1. 50 2 6 lbs. 8. 00 T . B. A . N I A 6370 Check 0 2 3 9. 00 1 = Complete control 10 = No c o n t r o l E x a m i n a t i o n of the data f o r 1961 shows that Dacthal and Z y t r o n w e r e e x t r e m e l y e f f e c t i v e in the c o n t r o l of c r a b g r a s s . T h e r e w e r e no i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between the 8- and 12-lb. r a t e s of Dacthal and the 10-, 15-, or 2 0 - l b . r a t e s of Z y t r o n . T w o c o m m e r c i a l p r e p a r a t i o n s l a b e l l e d M D n and " E " w e r e e f f e c t i v e at the r a t e s used. Other m a t e r i a l s t e s t e d w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y i n e f f e c t i v e . Some burn or d i s c o l o r a t i o n of the p e r e n n i a l turf was o b s e r v e d with the higher r a t e s of both Dacthal and Z y t r o n , but this d i s c o l o r a t i o n had d i s a p p e a r e d by t h r e e months a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . The I960 plots w e r e split in half, and half of each of the Dacthal and Z y t r o n plots r e t r e a t e d in 1961. T h e s e data a r e r e p o r t e d in columns 2 and 3 of T a b l e 3. On the plots not r e t r e a t e d , it can be seen that t h e r e w a s e s s e n t i a l l y no c o n t r o l of c r a b g r a s s f r o m the I960 t r e a t m e n t s . On the. r e t r e a t e d half of the plots, c o n t r o l p e r c e n t a g e s f o l l o w e d v e r y c l o s e l y those obtained on the 1961 plots. Hence, w e would conclude f r o m this that t h e r e is v e r y l i t t l e , if any, c a r r y o v e r e f f e c t of e i t h e r of these two c h e m i c a l s i n s o f a r as c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l is c o n c e r n e d . V a r i o u s p o s t e m e r g e n c e c h e m i c a l s w e r e t r i e d in 1961 and the data r e p o r t e d in T a b l e 4. Of the m a t e r i a l s used in 1961, D r i c r y l showed c o n s i d e r a b l e T a b l e 4. E f f e c t of P o s t e m e r g e C h e m i c a l s on C o n t r o l of C r a b g r a s s at C l a r k s t o n Golf and Country Club, 1961. T r e a t m e n t & Rate Dates Applied 1 3 2# 4# 6# 9. 00 8. 75 4. 75 1 3 Dricryl 3# 5# 7# 3. 50 2. 00 1. 25 2 2 2 Casoron 3# 5# 7# 10. 00 8. 25 8. 00 4 4 4 RR-Stam 2# 4# 6# Check 1961 No. Reps with O b s e r v a b l e Burn 7. 00 5. 25 4. 25 Shell 6623 6/21 & 7/7 Average C o n t r o l Rating 1 8. 50 - 1 = Complete control 10 = No c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e n e s s at the 5 - l b . rate and w a s quite s a t i s f a c t o r y at the 7 - l b . r a t e . T w o t r e a t m e n t s w e r e applied, one on June 21 and one on July 7. Data taken on S e p t e m b e r 1 showed a v e r y high rating f o r the D r i c r y l t r e a t m e n t s without e x c e s s i v e d i s c o l o r a t i o n or burn of the p e r e n n i a l g r a s s e s . Some r e d u c t i o n of c r a b g r a s s was o b s e r v e d in the plots r e c e i v i n g 4 and 6 lbs. of Shell 6623 and Stam. H o w e v e r , in these plots, quite s e r i o u s d i s c o l o r a t i o n or burn o c c u r r e d that w a s s t i l l o b s e r v a b l e in S e p t e m b e r . The v a r i e t y turf n u r s e r y was maintained this y e a r with o b s e r v a t i o n s b e ing taken on the r e l a t i v e d e s i r a b i l i t y of d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s of f e s c u e s and b l u e g r a s s e s to s i m u l a t e lawn conditions. D i f f e r e n t i a l f e r t i l i z e r t r i a l s w e r e not attempted this y e a r . Of the v a r i o u s f e s c u e s tested, P e n n l a w s c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e continues to have the b e s t g e n e r a l rating f o r lawn use. Of the b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s under t r i a l , M e r i o n continues to have the highest g e n e r a l rating with v e r y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e among M e r i o n and Scott-2 and P . N. W. Rust has not been a f a c t o r in this n u r s e r y , hence the high rating of M e r i o n . Eight new a c c e s s i o n s and v a r i e t i e s of b l u e g r a s s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t r i a l s in 1962 and data w i l l be taken on r a t e of e s t a b l i s h m e n t and turf d e s i r a b i l i t y . CRABGRASS C O N T R O L WITH D A C T H A L D r . R. J. Marrese Introduction At a m e e t i n g of this nature, and a f t e r many of you have spent a s u m m e r fighting against or l i v i n g with c r a b g r a s s , the s p e a k e r w i l l r e f r a i n f r o m a d i s cussion of this pest and what it can do to an e s t a b l i s h e d sod. T h i s paper w i l l , h o w e v e r , attempt to c o v e r the nature, use, and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a v e r y i n t e r esting and unique c r a b g r a s s h e r b i c i d e . T h e r e a r e many f a c t o r s to c o n s i d e r . C o m p a r a t i v e l y speaking, each c h e m i c a l has its advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s . H o w e v e r , as r e g a r d s c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l in turf, on c h e m i c a l is c u r r e n t l y a v a i l able which c o m b i n e s so many advantages as a l m o s t to put it in a c l a s s by i t self. T h i s m a t e r i a l is Dacthal, a product of the Diamond A l k a l i Company. In o r d e r to p r e s e n t this point of v i e w in a thorough m a n n e r , s o m e b a s i c p r i n c i ples m a y be touched on, and of n e c e s s i t y , Dacthal w i l l be c o m p a r e d to other crabgrass herbicides. If we w e r e to l i s t the m o s t d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s wanted in any c r a b g r a s s h e r b i c i d e , they might r e a d something like the f o l l o w i n g : 1. E f f e c t i v e and dependable 2. R e a s o n a b l y s a f e (to the a p p l i c a t o r , other humans, tal plants, and e s t a b l i s h e d lawn g r a s s e s ) 3. E c o n o m i c a l as p o s s i b l e 4. A m i n i m u m of applications 5. Without e x c e s s i v e r e s i d u e 6. E a s e of use and r e a s o n a b l y f o o l - p r o o f animals, ornamen- Dacthal, the d i m e t h y l e s t e r of 2, 3, 5, 6 - t e t r a c h l o r o t e r e p h t h a l i c acid, in the past four y e a r s has p r o v e n to be, pound f o r pound, the m o s t e f f e c t i v e and dependable p r e - e m e r g e n c e c r a b g r a s s h e r b i c i d e on the m a r k e t . Only Z y t r o n has looked as e f f e c t i v e and dependable, but at o n e - h a l f again to t w i c e the r a t e s of application as Dacthal. T a b l e s 2 - 5 show this f a c t v e r y c l e a r l y . The a r s e T h e y a r e not p r e d i c t a b l e f r o m n i c a l s a r e conspicuous by t h e i r i n c o n s i s t e n c y . l o c a t i o n to l o c a t i o n or y e a r to y e a r . Chlordane, on the other hand, shows m o r e c o n s i s t e n c y ; it is c o n s i s t e n t l y of l i t t l e e f f e c t i v e n e s s . Another m a t e r i a l , c a l c i u m p r o p y l arsonate, has not g i v e n good r e s u l t s at m a n y l o c a t i o n s . Little e m p h a s i s has been g i v e n to its f a i l u r e s ; m o r e often, such f a c t o r s as the p r o b l e m of r e s e e d i n g have p r e d o m i n a t e d . R e s e e d i n g in an a r e a t r e a t e d with i n e r t s would also be safe, but this application, l i k e c a l c i u m p r o p y l a r s o n a t e , would not inhibit the d e v e l o p m e n t of c r a b g r a s s to any w o r t h w h i l e d e g r e e . M o r e about this l a t e r on. D i p h e n a t r i l e , too, has not shown any d e g r e e of consistent and e f f e c t i v e c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l in m a n y l o c a t i o n s . In the pure f o r m , Dacthal is a white c r y s t a l l i n e solid. It p o s s e s s e s a low vapor p r e s s u r e and is only v e r y s l i g h t l y soluble in w a t e r . It is o d o r l e s s with a f a i r l y high m e l t i n g point. P r a c t i c a l l y , this means the technical m a t e r i a l , as w e l l as the w e t t a b l e powder f o r m u l a t i o n s , is stable. It is this b a s i c Technical Service Representative, Diamond A l k a l i Company. Agricultural Chemicals Division, s t a b i l i t y and " i n e r t " qualities which make Dacthal so s a f e . The acute o r a l LD5()on rats is g r e a t e r than 3, 000 m g . /Kg. of body weight. The acute d e r m a l t o x i c i t y on rabbits is g r e a t e r than 10, 000 m g . /Kg. body w e i g h t . Dacthal, included at a r a t e of 1 per cent of the diet, caused no h a r m f u l e f f e c t on r a t s when f e d this diet f o r 30 days. Dacthal is also not i r r i t a t i n g to the skin or e y e s . D r . H. J. A m l i n g of Auburn U n i v e r s i t y says Dacthal is one of the s a f e s t m a t e r i a l s he has e v e r w o r k e d with. Though turf is not an e d i b l e product, this is an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r when c o n s i d e r i n g a h e r b i c i d e ' s use near c h i l d r e n and household pets. T h i s m a m m a l i a n s a f e t y is, of c o u r s e , in c o n t r a s t with the a r senicals. T h i s issue should not be used in a " s c a r e - t y p e " p r o g r a m , but it chould be mentioned. The a r c e n i c a l s a r e , in f a c t , poisons. B y f a r , m o s t o r namental plants t e s t e d to date a r e c o m p l e t e l y t o l e r a n t to Dacthal, e v e n at e x c e s s i v e l y high r a t e s , and when s p r a y e d d i r e c t l y on the plant i t s e l f . However, t h e r e has been an o c c a s i o n a l r e p o r t of thinning of f e s c u e s , all of which do thicken up r e a d i l y , though. Dacthal w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r the c u r r e n t season under many l a b e l s . T h o s e containing this h e r b i c i d e m a y be r e c o g n i z e d by the r e g i s t e r e d Dacthal t r a d e m a r k and the sunburst e m b l e m containing the w o r d Dacthal. V a r i o u s f o r mulations w i l l be a v a i l a b l e , but b a s i c a l l y Dacthal should s t i l l be one of the m o s t e c o n o m i c a l p r e - e m e r g e n c e c r a b g r a s s h e r b i c i d e s on the m a r k e t . The r e s i d u a l of Dacthal s t r i k e s what w e f e e l is the happy medium. It is long enough so that one application w i l l do the job f o r one g r o w i n g season, but not e x c e s s i v e w h e r e it might d a m a g e the lawn g r a s s e s . It should be noted, as f a r as r e s e e d i n g is c o n c e r n e d , that t h e r e is a s t r o n g c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n d e t r i m e n t to t u r f g r a s s seed and e f f e c t i v e c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l . Calcium propyl a r sonate, d i p h e n a t r i l e , and chlordane a r e t h r e e of the supposedly " s a f e - t o - s e e d a f t e r " chemicals. T h e y a r e also c h e m i c a l s which do not do a good j o b f o r long enough, lacking f u l l season control. Dacthal and Z y t r o n a r e m o r e toxic to d e v e l o p i n g s e e d l i n g s but a r e also outstanding in their c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l . Table 1 shows that this f e a t u r e of Dacthal m a y be o v e r p l a y e d . T h e r e a r e a l s o many s p e c i e s and v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s which need f u r t h e r c l a r i f i c a t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , at B o y c e T h o m p s o n Institute they have found the s e e d l i n g s of Seaside, P e n n c r o s s , and C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s e s to be m o r e t o l e r a n t than those of Highland. C r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e is m o r e t o l e r a n t of Dacthal in the s e e d l i n g stage than C h e w i n g ' s . Pennlawn, and I l l a h e e . The a r s e n i c a l s show long r e s i d u a l e f f e c t s . It should be r e m e m b e r e d , though, that a r s e n i c b e h a v e s in the s o i l much l i k e phosphorus. It m a y be that it would also r e p l a c e phosphorus in plant a b s o r p tion. A r s e n i c , h o w e v e r , cannot be used by plants in their m e t a b o l i s m . This m i g h t e a s i l y lead to p h y s i o l o g i c i m b a l a n c e . T h i s is what is meant by n o n s e l e c t i v i t y . Many l o n g - l a s t i n g c h e m i c a l s a r e those which w i l l not distinguish b e tween w e e d and c r o p s p e c i e s . Chlordane as a compound shows f a i r l y good r e s idue. That is as c o n c e r n s its breadkown. Y e t , it is not an e f f e c t i v e c r a b g r a s s herbicide. The r e a s o n f o r this is s i m p l e enough. Chlordane is b a s i c a l l y an i n s e c t i c i d e and not a h e r b i c i d e . Dacthal is s t r i c t l y a p r e - e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e . F o r optimum r e s u l t s it must be applied in e a r l y spring b e f o r e c r a b g r a s s has g e r m i n a t e d . In m o s t a r e a s , this c o i n c i d e s with b l o s s o m f a l l of F o r s y t h i s . Application rates are 10-12 pounds of t e c h n i c a l Dacthal p e r a c r e . T h e s e r a t e s w i l l a l s o c o n t r o l the f o l l o w i n g other w e e d s in turf and o r n a m e n t a l plantings: C a r p e tweed C o m m o n Chickweed Fall Panicum Florida Pussley Green Foxtail Johnson G r a s s Lambs quarter Lovegrass Purslane Texas Millet Witchgrass Yellow Foxtail A p p l i c a t i o n of the d r y m a t e r i a l m a y be m a d e with any suitable s p r e a d e r . F o r best r e s u l t s , the a r e a should be gone o v e r t w i c e , the second application c r o s s w a y s to the f i r s t . R a t e s up to 24 pounds of a c t i v e m a t e r i a l p e r a c r e have shown no d a m a g e to e s t a b l i s h e d t o l e r a n t lawn s p e c i e s such as b l u e g r a s s . T h e r e is no f i n e line between c o n t r o l on the one hand and g r a s s d a m a g e on the other. In conclusion, Dacthal has c o n s i s t e n t l y g i v e n e x c e l l e n t c o n t r o l of c r a b g r a s s at r a t e s of 10-12 pounds p e r a c r e . T h i s has been so both as the 50 per cent w e t t a b l e powder and in c o m m e r c i a l granular f o r m u l a t i o n . E x c e l l e n t r e sults ( g r e a t e r than 95 p e r cent c o n t r o l ) have been obtained in m o s t tests all y e a r s and in all l o c a t i o n s . T h i s is i m p o r t a n t ! If c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l is to b e c o m e an annual f e a t u r e of lawn c a r e , then the c o n s u m e r must be supplied with a product which is e f f e c t i v e and c o n s i s t e n t l y so. What Some of The E x p e r t s Say 1. D r . J. F . A h r e n s - - C o n n e c t i c u t A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station published in The Connecticut A r b o r i s t , January 1961, pp. 2-5 ( s e e T a b l e 2). " W i t h s o m e of the p r e - e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s on e s t a b l i s h e d turf e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s w e r e obtained. T h r e e compounds - - d a c t h a l , z y t r o n , and c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e - - a l l applied in late A p r i l or e a r l y M a y in d r y p o w d e r f o r m u l a t i o n s , c o n t r o l l e d b e t t e r than 95 p e r c e n t of the c r a b g r a s s f o r the season. Z y t r o n and dacthal a l s o p e r f o r m e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y at l o w e r d o s a g e s . Both of these m a t e r i a l s a r e p r o m i s i n g also because of t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y l o w t o x i c i t y to humans. 11 " C o m p a r e d to Zytron, Dacthal, or T r i c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e , h o w e v e r , ' H a l t s ' does a r e l a t i v e l y poor job of c o n t r o l l i n g c r a b g r a s s . " 2. Dr. R. R. D a v i s - - O h i o A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station Published in The P e s t i c i d e Institute N e w s , W i n t e r 1961, pp. 16-20 ( s e e T a b l e 3). "In those e a r l y studies, it w a s found that r e s u l t s with a r s e n i c a l s w e r e inconsistent f r o m l o c a t i o n to l o c a t i o n due to s e v e r a l s o i l f a c tors. T h i s l i m i t a t i o n to the use of a r s e n i c a l s f o r c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l remains. A w i d e range of r e s u l t s has been e x p e r i e n c e d on the E x p e r i m e n t Station campus and the spots w h e r e a r s e n i c a l s w i l l g i v e good or poor c o n t r o l cannot be p r e d i c t e d . " " D a c t h a l has been tested f o r two seasons at the Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station. T e n pounds of a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t per a c r e has g i v e n good c o n t r o l both y e a r s . " " Z y t r o n has been tested f o r two s e a s o n s . T w e n t y pounds of a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t per a c r e has g i v e n good c o n t r o l both y e a r s . 11 3. D r . R. L . G o s s - - W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station published in A g r i c h e m i c a l W e s t , June 1961, pp. 13-14 ( s e e T a b l e 4). " I t can be r e a d i l y o b s e r v e d that t r e a t m e n t s with Dacthal at 10 lb. a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t p e r a c r e and Z y t r o n at 15 lb. per a c r e g a v e e x c e l l e n t c o n t r o l of c r a b g r a s s . . . . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e the s a m e in 1959 when conducted under duplicate conditions. n 4. D r . E. C. R o b e r t s - - I o w a State U n i v e r s i t y published in Iowa F a r m Science, A p r i l 1961. v o l . 15, pp. 5 - 7 ( s e e T a b l e 5). " D a c t h a l and Z y t r o n (granular f o r m u l a t i o n s ) r e s u l t e d in better c r a b g r a s s c o n t r o l than chlordane or the m a t e r i a l s containing a r s e n i c . Dacthal and Z y t r o n w e r e equally e f f e c t i v e in this r e g a r d . Results f r o m the use of these two new c h e m i c a l s w e r e m o r e c o n s i s t e n t at d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s than the r e s u l t s f r o m other m a t e r i a l s . " T a b l e 1. I. T o l e r a n c e of T h r e e L a w n g r a s s Species to T h r e e Dacthal F o r m u l a tions. 1961 T r i a l s Conducted at the U n i v e r s i t y of Rhode Island. (Personal Observations). Chewings F e s c u e Seeded; then t r e a t e d at s a m e t i m e Formulation 1. 2. 3. II. D A C T H A L 1. 5G Rid D A C T H A L SY 1. 5G 4 weeks later % G r a s s Stand 20 20- 25 100 50 50 70 75 80 90 Merion Bluegrass Seeded; then t r e a t e d at s a m e t i m e 1. 2. 3. D A C T H A L 1. 5G Rid D A C T H A L SY 1. 5G 2 weeks later 4 weeks later % G r a s s Stand Formulation [II. 2 weeks later 15 15 95 95+ 95 + 95 95 + 95+ 95 Astoria Bentgrass Seeded; then t r e a t e d at s a m e t i m e Formulation 1. 2. 3. D A C T H A L 1. 5G Rid D A C T H A L SY 1. 5G 2 weeks later 4 weeks later % G r a s s Stand 70 85 100 60 80 100 80 90 100 T a b l e 2. P r e - e m e r g e n c e C r a b g r a s s C o n t r o l . R e s u l t s of A p r i l 29 A p p l i c a t i o n s and O b s e r v a t i o n s R e c o r d e d S e p t e m b e r I960. Material Trade Name Dosage * % C o n t r o l in September Approximate C o s t per 2, 500 sq. ft. Zytron Dow M - 1 3 2 9 (Not on m a r k e t ) 10#/A. 20#/A. 86 99 $9. 95 Dacthal Rid 7. 5 # / A . 10#/A. 95 97 $6-7 L e ad Arsenate Pax 18#/1000 sq. ft. * 45 $10-12 Chlordane Halts 60#/A, * * 60 $9. 95 Calcium Arsenate No C r a b 370#/A. 95 $6-10 Amount actual i n g r e d i e n t R e c o m m e n d 20#/1000 sq. ft. W a t e r a f t e r application. T a b l e 3. The P e r Cent C r a b g r a s s in a Kentucky B l u e g r a s s Sod, O c t o b e r 5, I960. The P r e - e m e r g e n c e C h e m i c a l s W e r e A p p l i e d A p r i l 7, I960. Chemical Rate P e r 1000 sq. ft. % Crabgrass 10-5-60 Dacthal 10. 0 lb. of 2. 3% 1 Zytron 6. 0 lb. of 8% 1 L i l l y 31864 3. 7 lb. of 12. 5% 1 Chlordane 40. 0 lb. of 5% 20 Calcium Arsenate 15/0 lb. of 73% 26 None 49 N u m b e r s e n c l o s e d by a c o m m o n line a r e not c o n s i d e r e d to be d i f f e r e n t . T a b l e 4. S u m m a r y of C h e m i c a l s T e s t e d at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i ment Station in I960. Treatment Mean C o n t r o l in % Dacthal W - 5 0 @ 5# A . I. /ac. Dacthal W - 5 0 @ 10# A. I. /ac. 100% Zytron Emul. @ 15# A I. /ac. 100% Zytron Granular @ 15# A I. /ac. 95% Pax @ 25#/l000 sq. ft. 90% Calcium Arsenate @ 20#/1000 sq. f t . 60% Falone @ 3 gal. /ac. 40% T a b l e 5. ( A v e r , of 4 r e p l i c a t i o n s ) 68% Crabgrass Control F r o m Chemical Crabgrass P r e v e n t e r s Applied B e f o r e Seedling E s t a b l i s h m e n t , 1.960. Material Av. Rate of A p p l i c a t i o n * No . C r a b g r a s s Plants per sq. f t . Location 1 No T r e a t m e n t - Location 2 17. 8 7. 8 Pax 20#/l000 sq. f t . 6.0 0. 7 No C r a b 18#/1000 sq. f t . 6. 0 0. 5 Calcium Arsenate 16#/1000 sq. ft. 4.0 0. 7 Chlordane 6 # / l 0 0 0 sq. ft. 2. 2 3. 7 Dacthal 10#/A. 0. 5 0. 9 Zytron 22#/A 0. 0 0. 5 F i g u r e s obtained f r o m another set of data. T H A T C H — ITS CAUSES AND R E M O V A L John Carper"'" A f t e r that bang-up s o c i a l hour s p o n s o r e d by the d e a l e r s and d i s t r i b u t o r s of turf supplies and equipment, and the banquet l a s t night, I ' m in no condition to c o m e up with those w i t t y sayings attributed to m o r n i n g - a f t e r s p e a k e r s . If P r o f e s s o r L a w w i l l take c a r e of this l i t t l e pink paper f r o m the l o c a l constabul a r y , I ' l l get down to business. T h a t c h - - I t s Causes and R e m o v a l A y e a r ago, I would have g i v e n you the a n s w e r s , but in p r e p a r i n g m y talk I probed f a r t h e r into this subject and found out how l i t t l e I know, and as D r . Gould said y e s t e r d a y about d i s e a s e s , I should have quit w h i l e I was ahead. T h e r e a r e so many conditions that enter into the p i c t u r e of thatch causes, such as f e r t i l i t y , m o i s t u r e , a e r a t i o n , the p o r o s i t y of s o i l s , and many o t h e r s . The p r e v e n t a t i v e s and c u r e s c o m e under good turf m a n a g e m e n t . We could discuss these causes and c u r e s all day and s t i l l not have the answers. T h e r e a r e but f e w t r i e d - a n d - s e t r u l e s f o r turf m a n a g e m e n t . Rem o v a l of thatch has d e v e l o p e d into a c o m p l i c a t e d subject. T h e s e subjects w i l l be c o v e r e d by M r . Bob W i l e y of the A e r o - T h a t c h C o r p . , Rahway, N. J. H e has t r a v e l e d e x t e n s i v e l y , and can g i v e you and o v e r - a l l p i c t u r e in the U. S. , so I w i l l l i m i t m y talk to the m a c h i n e r y and a f e w p i c t u r e s . I w a s unable to obtain p i c t u r e s of m o s t of the equipment, so I took s o m e m y s e l f , but m o s t of them a r e riding around l o s t in the U. S. m a i l s . However, here are a few. This shown the Westpoint, a spoon type that p e r f o r a t e s and t e a r s at the earth and thatch, r e m o v i n g plugs. This is the s a m e type in a f a i r w a y a e r i f i e r . This is a Ryan, a h o l l o w - t i n e d type of a e r i f i e r that r e m o v e s a c o r e , plug, of earth and thatch. or T h i s is a V e r t i c u t , a v e r t i c a l type of m o w e r , and these a r e the H e n d e r son and Jacobsen v e r t i c a l m o w e r s . T h e y r e m o v e the thatch by a slight p e n e t r a t i o n of knives. This is a h a m m e r knife m o w e r , with s t r a i g h t k n i v e s that r e m o v e thatch s i m i l a r to ttte v e r t i c a l m o w e r s , but the knives a r e f r e e swining and use c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e to p e n e t r a t e and r e m o v e the the thatch. Then t h e r e a r e numerous p o w e r r a k e s that use w i r e tines to r e m o v e the l o o s e thatch and c o m b the turf. *Ed Short Company, Seattle, Washington. T h i s is an A e r o - T h a t c h with k n i v e s that p e n e t r a t e deep in the turf and s o i l and r e m o v e a n a r r o w cut, cultivating the s o i l , w h i l e a e r i f y i n g , r e n o v a t i n g , r e m o v i n g thatch, and p r e p a r i n g a seed bed. T h i s is the f o u r - f o o t A e r o - T h a t c h on the p o w e r t a k e - o f f of a t r a c t o r . w i l l p e n e t r a t e to t h r e e inches. It is a l s o used to p r e p a r e s e e d beds. It Nature has one of the g r e a t e s t a e r i f i e r s - - w e a t h e r - - t h e action of f r e e z i n g and thawing, This p i c t u r e is of the d r y i n g and c r a c k i n g of the e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e in s o i l s . T h i s is a h e r d of hogs a e r i f y i n g with t h e i r snouts. Then t h e r e a r e tools of t o r t u r e , known as hand r a k e s , what have you. idiot s t i c k s , and And now to g i v e you a p r e s e n t a t i o n of a e r i f i c a t i o n and thatch c o n t r o l in this United States. H e r e is Bob W i l e y of the A e r o - T h a t c h C o r p o r a t i o n and of F e r t i l e Soil I n c o r p o r a t e d , Rahway, N e w J e r s e y . Bob W i l e y THATCH CONTROL Bob W i l e y 1 It is indeed a g r a t i f y i n g e x p e r i e n c e to be invited to p a r t i c i p a t e in this e d ucational m e e t i n g and to appear b e f o r e you to d i s c u s s mutual ideas and p r o b l e m s . M y i n t e r e s t and m y subject c o n c e r n d a m a g e to and d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the g r o w t h zone of turf and p r a c t i c e s to p r e v e n t and c o r r e c t the d a m a g e and d e t e r i o r a t i o n . By growth zone I r e f e r to the p l a c e occupied by the upper f e w inches of the s o i l . T h i s zone of the turf c o n s i s t s of r o o t s , s o i l , l o w e r s t e m s , and other m o r e - o r - l e s s r e l a t e d m a t e r i a l s found in intimate a s s o c i a t i o n with these r o o t s and s t e m s . As a nontechnical o b s e r v e r of the m a n y p r a c t i c e s d e s i g n e d and intended to p r o v i d e conditions to sustain healthy turf in this g r o w t h zone, I must in t a l k ing with you point out that I r e f l e c t not only m y own but also the v i e w s , opinions, o b s e r v a t i o n s , and findings of o t h e r s d i g e s t e d and r e v i e w e d by m e in the light of the broad and v a r i e d contacts which I have the good fortune to e n j o y in m y t r a v e l s throughout the United States and Canada. Should I be guilty of any i n a c c u r a c i e s , excuse them, p l e a s e , as something to be e x p e c t e d f r o m the p r a c t i c a l r a t h e r than the technical man. As a c o m m e r c i a l man r e p r e s e n t i n g a company v i t a l l y c o n c e r n e d with the p r a c t i c e s pertaining to the g r o w t h zone, I shall quite unintentionally and unc o n s c i o u s l y c o l o r m y c o m m e n t s with a s e l l e r ' s philosophy. F o r this I don't apologize. In m o v i n g about this f a i r land of ours I find m y s e l f in f i r s t - h a n d contact with the many conditions of s o i l s , t e m p e r a t u r e s , r a i n f a l l , e c o n o m i c s , and l o cal ideas which I had f o r m e r l y only r e a d or h e a r d about. I am about to mention c e r t a i n t e r m s which a r e constantly used in d i s c u s sions of turf in all parts of the country p a r t i c u l a r l y when the growth zone in the topic of c o n v e r s a t i o n . T h e y a r e : thatch, l a y e r s , c o m p a c t i o n , t o p - d r e s s i n g , w i l t i n g , r o o t culture, p o r o s i t y , a e r a t i n g , cultivation, v e r t i c a l m o w i n g , r e n o vation, and many o t h e r s . In g e n e r a l they mean the s a m e to e v e r y o n e c o n c e r n e d with them, but t h e r e a r e v a r i a t i o n s which o c c a s i o n a l l y produce m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s . If you do not understand m y use of any of these t e r m s or it you d i s a g r e e with m y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , I shall be p l e a s e d to d i s c u s s the d i f f e r e n c e s e i t h e r at the end of this talk o r l a t e r on. The g r o w t h zone is that p a r t i o n or c r o s s - s e c t i o n in turf wher-e a l l e x t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s of turf m a n a g e m e n t , m a i n l y w a t e r i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , t o p - d r e s s i n g , m o w i n g , and other s i m i l a r o p e r a t i o n s , u l t i m a t e l y combine into the i n t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s , meaning the natural functioning of the s o i l by which plant l i f e is sustained. T h i s v i t a l zone is the beginning and the end w h e r e anything which a f f e c t s this zone or b u r i e s its function, e i t h e r f a v o r a b l y or u n f a v o r a b l y with r e s p e c t to plant g r o w t h , d e t e r m i n e s good or bad turf. Within the upper and l o w e r l i m i t s of this r a t h e r m e a g e r g r o w t h zone a r e c a r r i e d on the many s o i l functions such as c o n v e r s i o n of f e r t i l i z e r m a t e r i a l s f r o m unavailable to a v a i l a b l e s , the v a r i o u s m o v e m e n t s and functions of w a t e r , A e r o - T h a t c h Company, Rahway, N e w J e r s e y . the t r a n s f e r of g a s e s including the a l l - e s s e n t i a l o x y g e n , the highly c o m p l e x a c t i v i t i e s of the m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l population, and the r e s p o n s e s of the plants to t h e s e v a r i o u s s o i l functions. E v e r y conscious e f f o r t of the turf man is d i r e c t e d to the ideal and o p t i m u m functioning and conditioning of the g r o w t h zone. W a t e r i n g , draining, m o w i n g , g r o o m i n g , a e r a t i n g , cultivating, f e r t i l i z i n g , l i m i n g , s o i l c o n d i t i o n ing, t o p - d r e s s i n g , and p r o t e c t i n g f r o m c o m p a c t i n g , burning, and other injur i o u s f a c t o r s a r e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d the u l t i m a t e in g r o w i n g conditions. H o w e v e r , the use to which our golf c o u r s e turf and that of c e r t a i n other r e l a t e d f i e l d s of r e c r e a t i o n is put r e s u l t s in a v e r y s e r i o u s d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the g r o w t h zone. The t r a f f i c p r o d u c e s c o m p a c t i o n , the p r a c t i c e s f o l l o w e d to p r o vide good playing conditions f r e q u e n t l y i m p o s e h a r m f u l i n f l u e n c e s on the plants, the s o i l , and the m i c r o f l o r a and fauna. The e c o n o m i c s of an o p e r a t i o n , h o w e v e r , often l i m i t d e s i r a b l e , b e n e f i c i a l a c t i v i t i e s and f o r c e the adopting of h a r m ful ones. M e c h a n i z a t i o n has introduced many such a c t i v i t i e s which have f r e quently h a r m e d the g r o w i n g zone but which, of e c o n o m i c n e c e s s i t y , had to be expected. Since d a m a g e to and d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the g r o w t h zone is i n e v i t a b l e and accepted as a n e c e s s a r y e v i l in turf maintenance, it f o l l o w s that many d e v i c e s , products, and methods, ranging f r o m e x t r e m e l y e f f e c t i v e to s e r i o u s l y h a r m f u l , w i l l be d e v e l o p e d to attempt to p r e v e n t or c o r r e c t the d a m a g e and r e s t o r e d e t e r i o r a t e d conditions. H o w e v e r , g r e a t c a r e and much good c o m m o n sense must be e x e r c i s e d to make c e r t a i n that u n d e s i r a b l e conditions a r e r e c o g n i z e d , sound p r a c t i c e s a r e f o l l o w e d to c o r r e c t these conditions, and that s e l f - s t y l e d e x p e r t s s e l l i n g a multitude of u s e l e s s and s o m e t i m e s h a r m f u l n o s t r u m s don't c o m p l i cate the a l r e a d y d i f f i c u l t situation. The three m o s t p r e s s i n g p h y s i c a l conditions found in the g r o w t h zone which p r e v e n t the maintenance of good healthy turf a r e thatch, l a y e r s , and compaction. T h e s e t h r e e conditions, e i t h e r singly or in combination produce, contribute to, or a g g r a v a t e n e a r l y all t r o u b l e s found on golf g r e e n s . T h i s m a y sound r a t h e r e x a g g e r a t e d , but even a h u r r i e d a n a l y s i s of turf p r o b l e m s o c c u r ring f r o m day to day w i l l p r o v e the s t a t e m e n t c o r r e c t . Thatch, as w e all know, is that h e t e r o g e n e o u s accumulation of both o r ganic, and to a l e s s e r d e g r e e i n o r g a n i c , m a t e r i a l s which is n e c e s s a r y to g i v e turf the r e s i l i e n c e or cushion which good turf is e x p e c t e d to have but which, as it continues to d e v e l o p beyond a d e s i r a b l e d e g r e e , i n t e r f e r e s with w a t e r i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , insect and d i s e a s e c o n t r o l , p r e c i s i o n m o w i n g , and plant health. L i k e f i r e , thatch is a good s e r v a n t but a bad m a s t e r . The l i m i t s of thatch in the growth zone a r e about the s a m e . The l o w e r l i m i t is where r o o t s accumulate r a t h e r than d e c o m p o s e , and the upper l i m i t is w h e r e s t e m s , l e a v e s , and f o r e i g n m a t t e r start to mat into the f i r s t stage of thatch production. B e t w e e n these l i m i t s w e find a curious r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t i n g between both l i v i n g and dead plant m a t e r i a l s , with s o m e of the l i v i n g plants s u r v i v i n g a l m o s t h y d r o p o n i c a l l y in the thatch. No w o n d e r that w i l t i n g is so p r e v a l e n t and hard to combat on a h e a v i l y thatch g r e e n . We m a y liken e x c e s s i v e thatch to a p o o r l y managed c o m p o s t p i l e , and in so soing see m o r e c l e a r l y the p r o c e d u r e s f o r maintaining the d e l i c a t e balance b e t w e e n a n e c e s s a r y v o l u m e of thatch and a h a r m f u l o v e r - a c c u m u l a t i o n . When we make a c o m p o s t p i l e the o b j e c t is to c o n v e r t o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l into a healthy humus or humus s o i l by encouraging the m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t i e s by which the conv e r s i o n is brought about. F a s t , healthy c o m p o s t production c a l l s f o r m o i s t u r e in e i t h e r too g r e a t or too l i t t l e supply and f r e e p a s s a g e of a i r and other g a s e s as a r e s u l t of c u l tivation and s e p a r a t i o n of o r g a n i c s , by introduction of i n o r g a n i c s such as sand and soil, c o r r e c t i o n of pH, and by not adding anything to the p i l e to stop or r e tard the action of the m i c r o p o p u l a t i o n . Good thatch m a n a g e m e n t c a l l s f o r an adequate supply of m o i s t u r e through the thatch, not just in w i d e l y s p r e a d holes but u n i f o r m l y distributed, and p r e venting e x c e s s m o i s t u r e by maintaining good s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e , with r e s p e c t to both runoff and penetration or p e r c o l a t i o n . L a y e r s and c o m p a c t i o n i n t e r f e r e with good m o i s t u r e m o v e m e n t s so they can actually contribute to thatch buildup. F u r t h e r good turf m a n a g e m e n t maintains r e a d y m o v e m e n t of a i r and g a s e s through cultivation, a e r a t i o n , g r o o m i n g , and the use of c o r r e c t l y d e signed t o p - d r e s s i n g . E f f e c t i v e cultivation and a e r a t i o n , a c c o m p l i s h e d by h e a v y - d u t y , highly s p e c i a l i z e d m a c h i n e s , p r o v i d e t r e m e n d o u s v o l u m e of void either l e f t open or a u t o m a t i c a l l y f i l l e d with l o o s e n e d s o i l . G r o o m i n g and v e r t i c a l m o w i n g d e v i c e s open up and r e m o v e f r o m the upper l e v e l of the thatch c o n s i d e r a b l e l o o s e m a t e r i a l to allow f o r connection b e t w e e n the a c t i v i t i e s above this l a y e r and penetration to the l o w e r l e v e l of the thatch. F r o m the beginning of t i m e - - t h a t is, f i n e turf t i m e - - t h e need f o r topdressing was recognized. Of c o u r s e the obvious but not the m o s t i m p o r t a n t need f o r t o p - d r e s s i n g is f o r trueing the s u r f a c e . But the r e a l l y i m p o r t a n t use f o r top d r e s s i n g is, as in a c o m p o s t p i l e , the s e p a r a t i o n of young o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l with m a t u r e m a t e r i a l s . B y this I m e a n that when the turf m a t e r i a l s such as l e a v e s and s t e m s a r e kept s e p a r a t e by the application of f u l l y d e c o m p o s e d o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l and s o i l as found in a good t o p - d r e s s i n g , d e c o m p o s i t i o n takes p l a c e r e a d i l y . If r e g u l a r p e r i o d i c t o p - d r e s s i n g with the m a t e r i a l that w i l l maintain an open s t r u c t u r e in the upper thatch l e v e l and e v e n t u a l l y e v o l v e into a sandy l o a m is p r a c t i c e d thatch w i l l not be a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m . The application of m a t e r i a l s , both c h e m i c a l and other, to g r e e n s f o r a number of r e a s o n s is n e c e s s a r y . We can h a r d l y question the use of f u n g i c i d e s e v e n though they do not g e n e r a l l y aid m i c r o b i a l function. W e cannot question the use of i n s e c t i c i d e s nor s o m e h e r b i c i d e s . But w e can and do question the use of m a t e r i a l with an i m m e d i a t e or a r e s i d u a l t o x i c i t y , a p e r m a n e n t h a r m f u l e f f e c t on the s o i l s t r u c t u r e or m i c r o b i a l population, o r any p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , o r c h e m i c a l s o i l conditioner which w i l l p r e v e n t or at l e a s t f a i l to contribute to the d e v e l o p m e n t of a good sandy l o a m s o i l body in the g r o w t h zone. Be f r o m M i s s o u r i in all such m a t t e r s . D o n ' t w a s t e your club's m o n e y , j e o p a r d i z e your club's p r o p e r t y , and r i s k your job and reputation by using anything that does not have the unqualified a p p r o v a l of the turf r e s e a r c h men in the a d v i s o r y s e r v i c e d or in the e x p e r i m e n t a l stations turf d e p a r t m e n t . T o r e c a p these r e m a r k s on thatch l e t m e say that the p r i n c i p l e s of good c o m p o s t production a r e the p r i n c i p l e s of thatch c o n t r o l . L a y e r s constitute a v e r y s e r i o u s hindrance to good growth zone conditions. T h e y produce l a t e r a l paths f o r the m o v e m e n t of w a t e r and s o i l solutions r a t h e r than the d e s i r a b l e continuous v e r t i c a l paths which a l l o w p a s s a g e both up and down. T h e y act as r o o t b a r r i e r s with the r e s u l t that shallow r o o t i n g f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r s ; they p r o duce conditions of poor d r a i n a g e ; and they p r o v i d e z o n e s f o r accumulation of c h e m i c a l s which can have an e x t r e m e l y h a r m f u l e f f e c t on r o o t d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t l a y e r s a r e those at or b e l o w the l o w e r l i m i t s of the g r o w t h zone. T h e s e have usually been caused by p o o r c o n s t r u c t i o n or by a b n o r m a l l y h e a v y application of t o p - d r e s s i n g . . H o w e v e r , l e s s p r o m i n e n t but just as s e r i o u s a r e those in the growth zone i t s e l f caused by application of p o o r l y made t o p - d r e s s i n g s f r o m which l i g h t - w e i g h t , w a t e r - r e p e l l i n g humus m a t e r i a l s have f l o a t e d out. The sand and s i l t s e t t l e into these l a y e r s or t o p - d r e s s i n g app l i e d at such long i n t e r v a l s , and they b u r y l a y e r s of v e g e t a t i o n which, in the absence of a i r could not d e c o m p o s e . Other l a y e r s have been caused by a p p l i cation of sand, o r g a n i c s such as peat m o s s , or a v e r y c l a y e y s o i l . H o w much h a r m w i l l c o m e with r e s p e c t to l a y e r s f r o m the r e c e n t l y a d v e r t i s e d s o i l i m p r o v e r s or c o n d i t i o n e r s r e m a i n s to be seen. H o w e v e r , l a y e r s n e v e r i m p r o v e no m a t t e r f r o m what s o u r c e they have d e r i v e d e x c e p t by actual cultivation. C o m p a c t i o n is a m o s t f r u s t r a t i n g p r o b l e m since n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g that happens on turf leads to g r e a t e r c o m p a c t i o n and n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g used to r e duce c o m p a c t i o n i n t e r f e r e s with the turf. It in indeed u n n e c e s s a r y to e n u m e r ate the causes of c o m p a c t i o n as they a r e so c o m m o n and obvious. H o w e v e r , since c o m p a c t i o n of the growth zone leads to m o r e thatch, a g g r a v a t i o n of the e f f e c t s of l a y e r s , and g e n e r a l l y p o o r e r g r o w i n g conditions it is m o s t i m p o r t a n t that it be constantly combatted. F o r a l o n g - r a n g e e f f e c t , t o p - d r e s s i n g with a high o r g a n i c sandy l o a m m a t e r i a l , l i g h t l y but f r e q u e n t l y , is the best p r a c t i c e . But be sure of what this t o p - d r e s s i n g w i l l u l t i m a t e l y produce in the w a y of s o i l t e x t u r e and s t r u c t u r e . Make the use of f l o c c u l a t i n g agents such as g y p s u m and l i m e a r e g u l a r p a r t of your turf p r o g r a m e x c e p t of c o u r s e , in those parts of the country w h e r e such a p r a c t i c e is not r e c o m m e n d e d . Plan your maintainance to r e d u c e t r a f f i c on your turf and l i g h t e n all equipment w h e r e p o s s i b l e . Use much w i d e r w h e e l s , in f a c t , r o l l e r type and w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e the w i d e , soft rubber m o d e l s . Cultivate f r e q u e n t l y - - t h i s is not to be confused with a e r i f y i n g . Spiking, d i s c i n g , and a e r o - t h a t c h i n g a r e cultivating o p e r a t i o n s w h e r e b y m o r e qr l e s s continuous l i n e s of b r e a k a g e a r e cut into the c o m p a c t e d s o i l r a t h e r than m e r e p e r f o r a t i o n s w h o s e w a l l s a r e t h e m s e l v e s g l a z e d and c o m p a c t e d e v e n m o r e than the surrounding soil. By constant attention to thatch c o n t r o l , l a y e r g r o o v i n g , or s l i c i n g and c o m p a c t i o n cultivation, the growth zone can be maintained in a f a r b e t t e r c o n dition f o r the production of good turf. At this point I w i s h to mention that although m y talk has been d i r e c t e d t o w a r d turf on g r e e n s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e is g r o w i n g e m p h a s i s on the handling of tee and f a i r w a y t u r f s in all parts of the country as only g r e e n s turf had been until quite r e c e n t l y . In the e a s t e r n part of the United States the demand f o r s h o r t - c u t f a i r w a y s has f o r c e d out of these a r e a s n e a r l y all d e s i r a b l e g r a s s e s . P o a annua and w e e d s have taken o v e r to the extent that now hundreds of f a i r w a y s a r e being or need to be r e n o v a t e d , and then a r e being t r e a t e d with f u n g i c i d e s , f r e q u e n t l y P M A S and iron. Of c o u r s e , this c r e a t e s a thatch p r o b l e m on f a i r w a y s . Fortunately f o r the company I r e p r e s e n t , this need f o r r e n o v a t i o n , cultivation, and thatch c o n t r o l has c r e a t e d a t r e m e n d o u s m a r k e t f o r our equipment. In w a r m - w e a t h e r g r a s s a r e a s the B e r m u d a s , e s p e c i a l l y h i g h b r e d s , under m o d e r n cultivation methods have b e c o m e rank thatch p r o d u c e r s both with r e s p e c t to a b o v e - g r o u n d v e g e t a t i o n and b e l o w - g r o u n d r h i z o m e s . M e c h a n i c a l thatch c o n t r o l is an absolute must. N i t r o g e n c o s t savings alone j u s t i f y this c o n t r o l . F u r t h e r , the r e c e n t s e r i o u s inroads of d i s e a s e in B e r m u d a point to two conditions which e x i s t when d i s e a s e s a r e a c t i v e . M e c h a n i c a l thatch c o n t r o l has a c o r r e c t i v e b e a r i n g on both. The d e n s i t y of the thatch s e e m s to contribute to the intensity of the d i s e a s e s , and the o l d e r p o r t i o n s of the B e r m u d a turf s e e m to be m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e than the n e w e r g r o w t h . Having e x p r e s s e d by v i e w s quite thoroughly I now invite questions e i t h e r at this point or a f t e r the m e e t i n g . W E E D C O N T R O L FOR O R N A M E N T A L A r t h u r S. M y h r e PLANTINGS 1 R e s e a r c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e s t a r t e d in 1957 at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station f o r the purpose of finding safe, dependable, and e c o n o m i c a l c h e m i c a l h e r b i c i d e s f o r k i l l i n g w e e d s in o r n a m e n t a l n u r s e r y stock. Handw e e d i n g , hoeing, and cultivation have been c o s t l y and t i m e consuming in the maintenance of n u r s e r i e s , as w e l l as f o r o r n a m e n t a l plantings in parks, a r b o r e t u m s , g o l f c o u r s e s , etc. N u r s e r y m e n , with w h o m w e a r e w o r k i n g c l o s e l y , a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y int e r e s t e d in w e e d - k i l l i n g h e r b i c i d e s that a r e r e a s o n a b l y s a f e to use and a r e e f f e c t i v e f o r long p e r i o d s . In o r d e r to obtain this type of c o n t r o l , w e have t e s t e d s o m e of the m o r e potent c h e m i c a l s at v a r y i n g r a t e s . I n c r e a s e d potency of c h e m i c a l , h o w e v e r , l e s s e n s the m a r g i n of s a f e t y so that u t m o s t c a r e and p r e c a u t i o n must be taken in their application. It is e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t that there be good agitation of m a t e r i a l s as they a r e being applied, a c c u r a t e c a l i b r a t i o n of s p r a y e r so rate of output is a c c o r d i n g to d i r e c t i o n , and m a t e r i a l s applied at l o w p r e s s u r e in s u f f i c i e n t amounts of w a t e r to g i v e u n i f o r m c o v e r age. Many h e r b i c i d e s a r e e f f e c t i v e only on g e r m i n a t i n g w e e d s . It is n e c e s s a r y , t h e r e f o r e , that a p p l i c a t i o n of such h e r b i c i d e s as s i m a z i n e , neburon, diuron, p r o p a z i n e , sesone, etc. be made onto w e e d - f r e e , f r e s h l y w o r k e d top s o i l . B e s t r e s u l t s a r e obtained when r a i n f a l l or s u p p l e m e n t a l i r r i g a t i o n f o l l o w s application. T i m e of a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l v a r y with l o c a l e . E a r l y spring and f a l l a r e c o n v e n i e n t t i m e s to apply these c h e m i c a l s . O r n a m e n t a l shrubs and h e r b a c e o u s p e r e n n i a l s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y in their t o l e r a n c e to c h e m i c a l h e r b i c i d e s . E x t e n s i v e tests conducted at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station indicate it cannot be a s s u m e d that when a c e r t a i n shrub v a r i e t y shows t o l e r a n c e , then a l l v a r i e t i e s within the s a m e group or f a m i l y w i l l l i k e w i s e be t o l e r a n t . A n e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e of this can be c i t e d f r o m r e s u l t s obtained with the use of c h e m i c a l h e r b i c i d e s on h o l l y . I l e x A q u i f o l i u m , E n g l i s h holly, planted as r o o t e d cuttings in 19 57, r e c e i v e d y e a r l y s p r a y applications at l o w to high r a t e s f o r a p e r i o d of f i v e y e a r s . T o date, no d a m a g e to these plants has o c c u r r e d . I l e x c r e n a t a , Japanese holly, h o w e v e r , g i v e n the same t r e a t m e n t s has shown c o n s i d e r a b l e f o l i a g e d i s c o l o r a t i o n and d e c r e a s e d growth. Rhododendrons and a z a l e a s a r e other shrubs that a l s o show v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of t o l e r a n c e . Of 3 5 c h e m i c a l s tested, s i m a z i n e has shown m o s t p r o m i s e on c o n i f e r o u s e v e r g r e e n shrubs and many kinds of b r o a d l e a v e d e v e r g r e e n shrubs, both f r o m the standpoint of good c o n t r o l of annual w e e d s and l e a s t d a m a g e to shrubs. R a t e s of two pounds actual per a c r e f o r b r o a d l e a v e d e v e r g r e e n s and four pounds actual f o r c o n f i e r o u s e v e r g r e e n s a p p l i e d in M a y on m e d i u m - h e a v y s o i l s have g i v e n e x c e l l e n t s u m m e r w e e d c o n t r o l . R a t e s a p p l i e d at half these amounts on l i g h t e r s o i l s l i k e w i s e g a v e good w e e d c o n t r o l . Assistant Horticulturist, Puyallup, Washington. W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station, The f o l l o w i n g c o n i f e r s have shown t o l e r a n c e : C h a m a e c y p a r i s c y a n o v i r i d i s ( B l u e - g r e e n c y p r e s s ) , C. E l l w o o d i i ( E l l w o o d c y p r e s s ) , Juniperus P f i t z e r i a n a ( P f i t z e r j u n i p e r ) , Taxus spp. ( Y e w ) , Thuja Spp. ( A r b o r v i t a e ) . B r o a d l e a v e d e v e r g r e e n s that showed l i t t l e or no d a m a g e at two pounds w e r e : A r c t o s t a p h y l o s U v a - U r s i (Kinnikinnick), C o t t o n e a s t e r h o r i z o n t a l i s , E r i c a c a r n e a , E r i c a d a r l y e n s i s ( H e a t h e r ) , Euonymus r a d i c a n s ( W i n t e r c r e e p e r ) , I l e x A q u i f o l i u m ( E n g l i s h holly), L a u r o c e r a s u s z a b e l i a n a ( Z a b e l ! s l a u r e l ) , P o t e n t i l l a f r u t i c o s a (Shrubby C i n q u e f o i l ) , P e r n e t t y a m u c r o n a t a ( P e r n e t t y a ) , P i e r i s j a p o n i c a (Japanese p i e r i s ) , Rhododendron v a r . Cynthis, R . Jock, V i b u r n u m tinus ( L a u r e s t i n u s ), V i b u r n u m D a v i d i i , Osmanthus D e l a v a y i . R o o t e d cuttings of I l e x C r e n a t a (Japanese holly), Buxus ( B o x w o o d ) , A z a l e a m o l l i s , and c e r t a i n e v e r g r e e n a z a l e a s have shown f o l i a g e d a m a g e . Establ i s h e d plants of these, h o w e v e r , show l i t t l e or no d a m a g e at l o w e r r a t e s . Other c h e m i c a l h e r b i c i d e s that have shown p r o m i s e a r e : neburon, a t r a z i n e , p r o p a z i n e , amiben, and t r i e t a z i n e . diuron ( g r a n ) , Studies a r e a l s o u n d e r w a y with p e r e n n i a l f l o w e r s w h i c h to date have been s e n s i t i v e to the m a j o r i t y of h e r b i c i d e s tested. A N A P P R A I S A L OF STRAINS, V A R I E T I E S A N D KINDS OF K E N T U C K Y BLUEGRASSES A r d e n W. Jacklin * In analyzing v a r i o u s s t r a i n s , v a r i e t i e s , and kinds of Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s , f i f t e e n v a r i e t i e s underwent testing in a s e r i e s of t r i a l s on the Jacklin F a r m in Idaho on i r r i g a t e d land. T h e s e included: Blue Mountain, N K 95, O P 2 3 , Delta, G e a r y , S-21, A r b o r e t u m , P a r k , T r o y , Iowa C o m m o n , two P o a a m p l a x P o a p r a t e n s i s hybrids, M e r i o n and N e w p o r t . The m a j o r i t y of the plots w e r e planted in the s p r i n g of 1958. The 1958 g r o w i n g season w a s poor f o r s e e d l i n g s , consequently the f i r s t c r o p h a r v e s t e d in 1959 was c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w n o r m a l on all plots. The 1959 and I960 s e a sons w e r e m o r e n e a r l y n o r m a l so the y i e l d f i g u r e s f r o m the i960 h a r v e s t a r e quite r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . A p o r t i o n of the o b s e r v a t i o n s made w e r e : Blue Mountain was r a t h e r a v e r a g e . O P 23 r u s t e d and m i l d e w e d . Delta h a r v e s t e d e a r l y and y i e l d e d w e l l . It is not a f a s t s o d d e r - - i t s r h i z o m e s a r e s p a r s e . G e a r y is a good, v i g o r o u s ncommon"type. S - 2 1 is a v i g o r o u s c o m m o n type with g o o d c o l o r and unif o r m i t y . A r b o r e t u m is a s o m e w h a t tall and i r r e g u l a r c o m m o n type. Park starts good and is a v i g o r o u s , open, c o m m o n type. T r o y d o e s n ' t f o r m a dense sod. It is tall and c o a r s - - a hay type. Iowa c o m m o n p e r f o r m e d as e x p e c t e d . The P o a hybrids showed s t e r i l i t y . P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t was s l o w s t a r t i n g . M e r i o n y i e l d e d w e l l and d e m o n s t r a t e d its c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . N e w p o r t y i e l d e d the most seed. The " L e a f s p o t " and S t e m r u s t " evaluations in the c h a r t a r e f r o m the l i t e r a t u r e and o b s e r v a t i o n s in the C e n t r a l and E a s t e r n U. S. , as these two d i s e a s e s do not occur in the Spokane a r e a . T h e r e has been no p r o b l e m with s t r i p e d smut in the Spokane a r e a . N e i t h e r has P o a annua or bent s u r v i v e d . In a new s e r i e s of Kentucky b l u e g r a s s plots Jacklins have 35 strains and v a r i e t i e s under test. P r o d u c t i o n f o r r e g i o n a l adaptation can be a c c o m p l i s h e d . A s e r i e s of f i v e sets of s l i d e s f r o m the spring s t a r t to f a l l h a r v e s t w e r e shown of each v a r i e t y in the plots w h i c h w e r e 3 0 ft. w i d e by 3 00 ft. long. Jacklin S e e d Company, Inc. , Dishman, Washington. KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS VARIETY Plant Comparatively 1 to 1 0 - - N o t rated or judged Variety or Strain Origin or Ownership Sodding l=vigorous to 10=slow Plant Height l=short to 10=tall Plant Weight l=heavy to 10=light Root and Rhizome l=heavy to 10=light Seedling Vigor l=high to 10=low Turf Density l=high to 10=low Turf Color l=dark to 10= light Vegetative Charac ter (appeal) l=high to 10=low Blue Mt. High altitude Volunteer 5 5 5 5 4 6 5 7 N K 95 Nor thrup King 8 4 4 7 2 6 5 5 O P 23 JSCO Selection 4 7 4 4 4 5 4 6 Delta Canadian Selection 8 4 4 7 2 6 5 5 Geary Revolunteer Common 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 S-21 JSCO Selection 5 6 4 3 4 4 4 4 Arboretum St. Louis Arboretum 5 7 4 4 4 5 5 7 Park Minnesota Synthetic 5 6 4 4 2 5 5 3 Troy Montana Release 7 10 1 ? ? 10 4 10 Iowa Common Commercial 5 5 5 7 4 5 5 8 9 1 10 7 10 3 1 2 10 2 8 9 9 8 10 9 Ampla X Carnegie Institute Pratensis BR L. Ampla X Prate ns is Carnegie Institute N L. Delta Canadian Selection 8 4 4 7 2 6 5 5 P. N. W. Wash. State not released 2 1 9 4 7 1 2 2 Merion U. S. D. A. U. S. G. A. 2 2 5 1 7 1 1 1 Newport Carnegie Institute 1 3 4 1 3 4 6 6 SEED YIELDS D i s e a s e Resistance l=most 1 O=most Leaf Stem Leaf Spot Rust Rust Maturity l=early to 10=late Seed Bu. Wt. 1=heavy to 10=light lbs. P e r A c r e Size l=large to 10=small Year Planted 1959 I960 1961 V a r i e t y or Strain (repeated) ? 5 5 4 5 3 1959 Seedling 987 561 Blue Mt. 4 4 5 1 7 5 1959 Seedling 1043 621 N K 95 ? 8 ? 5 4 5 1959 Seedling 714 381 O P 23 4 4 5 1 7 10 1958 564 854 629 Delta 5 5 5 4 5 3 1958 293 973 476 Geary 3 4 4 4 4 3 1958 228 896 472 S - 21 5 5 5 4 5 5 1958 143 973 596 Arboretum 4 5 4 4 4 5 1958 221 938 694 Park ? 4 ? 6 3 1 1958 136 903 441 Troy 5 5 5 4 5 8 1958 257 1008 557 Iowa Common Ampla X ? 4 ? 10 5 4 1958 none 112 111 Pratensis Ampla X ? 4 ? 10 6 4 1958 none 259 270 Pratensis 4 4 5 1 7 10 1958 550 854 592 Delta 3 4 4 10 3 5 1958 107 819 459 P. N. W. 1 6 7 6 10 10 1958 143 665 349 Merion 7 7 2 6 1 1 1958 386 1218 971 Newport T U R F GRASS R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S R e v i s e d N o v e m b e r 1961 T h e T u r f C o m m i t t e e of the Washington Seed Council, in r e s p o n s e to r e quests f r o m schools and other public a g e n c i e s , has p r e p a r e d these b a s i c r e c ommendations f o r turf m a n a g e m e n t . T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r i l y g e n e r a l in nature. T h e f e r t i l i t y , t e x t u r e , and d r a i n a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the soil, the i r r i g a t i o n p r a c t i c e s , and the intensity of t r a f f i c ( w e a r ) on the turf a r e f a c t o r s which must be c o n s i d e r e d f o r each s p e c i f i c site. T h e r e f o r e , we u r g e that t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s be i n t e r p r e t e d and a m p l i f i e d f o r each s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n by the l o c a l s e e d s m a n and turf authority, both f o r new seedings and f o r c o r r e c t i n g m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s on existing turf. I. SEED M I X T U R E S A. E a s t of C a s c a d e s 1. T y p e of a r e a s a* b. c. 2. B. Suggested P e r c e n t in m i x t u r e School lawns - (no p l a y a r e a ) Kentucky b l u e g r a s s Creeping red fescue 50 50 Playfields Kentucky b l u e g r a s s Creeping red fescue Chewings f e s c u e 70 15 15 Waste or infrequent use a r e a s Chewings o r H a r d f e s c u e 100 V a r i e t i e s of g r a s s e s adapted to E a s t e r n Washington M e r i o n , N e w p o r t , D e l t a , P a r k , C o m m o n Kentucky bluegrass Pennlawn, Olds, C r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e Chewings f e s c u e W e s t of C a s c a d e s 1. T y p e of a r e a s a. b. School lawns - (no p l a y a r e a ) Bentgrass (Colonial types) Creeping red fescue Playfields Creeping red fescue Chewings f e s c u e Bentgrasses On wet s i t e s , t a l l f e s c u e m a y be substituted f o r b e n t g r a s s and chewings f e s c u e . 30 70 50 20 30 Suggested P e r c e n t in m i x t u r e c. 2. C. W a s t e or i n f r e q u e n t use a r e a s Chewings f e s c u e 100 V a r i e t i e s of g r a s s e s adapted to W e s t e r n Washington A s t o r i a , Highland, C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s Seaside, P e n n c r o s s , C r e e p i n g b e n t g r a s s Pennlawn, R a i n i e r , I l l a h e e , C r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e Chewings f e s c u e T h e T u r f C o m m i t t e e r e c o g n i z e s that b e n t g r a s s cannot be e x p e c t e d to p r o v i d e an adequate turf f o r p l a y g r o u n d use in E a s t e r n W a s h i n g ton. T h e y f u r t h e r r e c o g n i z e that Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s have only a m i n o r p l a c e in turf in W e s t e r n Washington. In this a r e a , the b l u e g r a s s e s have been only m o d e r a t e l y p e r s i s t e n t through c a r e f u l m a n a g e m e n t on w e l l - d r a i n e d , deep l o a m to sandy l o a m s o i l s . R y e g r a s s e s can be m i x e d with the above turf g r a s s e s in e i t h e r a r e a when t h e r e is a need f o r rapid e s t a b l i s h m e n t of ground c o v e r . Howe v e r , use low r a t e s since the r y e g r a s s e s a r e strong c o m p e t i t o r s and w i l l d e l a y e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the l o n g - l i v e d , f i n e - l e a v e d turf grasses. G e n e r a l m a n a g e m e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r both E a s t e r n and W e s t e r n Washington. A. Fertilization 1. A p p l y n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s at l e a s t t h r e e t i m e s during the season. Use one and o n e - h a l f pounds actual n i t r o g e n p e r 1000 square f e e t p e r application. 2. L i m e m a y be needed on acid s o i l s . 3. Use f e r t i l i z e r s with p o t a s s i u m and phosphorus when s o i l t e s t r e sults show the need. 4. A p p l y f e r t i l i z e r only when the g r a s s l e a v e s a r e d r y . t e r i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r application. B. Apply wa- Mowing 1. F e s c u e s and Kentucky b l u e g r a s s one and o n e - h a l f inches 2. M e r i o n type Kentucky b l u e g r a s s t h r e e - q u a r t e r s inch 3. Bentgrass o n e - h a l f to one inch 4. T u r f a r e a s should be m o w e d o f t e n enough so that not m o r e than o n e - h a l f the total leaf length is r e m o v e d at any one t i m e . C o n f e r e n c e Attendance 1961 Adams, Fred Anderson, Banks, Seattle, Milton Washington Tacoma, Washington Bremerton, Harvey- Washington Metro Park District K i t say GC Barclay, Earl Oswego, Bauman, Clayton 2036 9th Street, W e s t K i r k l a n d , Washington Glendale G & CC Bauman, Milton 235 10th A v e n u e , W e s t K i r k l a n d , Washington O v e r l a k e G & CC Route 5 Spokane, Spokane G & CC Beardsley, Norris Oregon Nat'l Irrigation Consultants Washington Bengeyfield, Wm, P . O. B o x 567 Garden G r o v e , Blaskowsky, Aaron Baumclaw, Borst, Fred Brinkworth, Babe Brusseau, W. Burkette, Art Canode, C. Carper, John C. L. Oswego CC USGA California Washington E n u m c l a w GC 2400 Sixth A v e n u e , South Se attle, Washington Ed Short Co. Minne apo l i s, Minne s ota T o r o Manufacturing Co. 2707 W e s t K i e r n a n A v e . Spokane 13, Washington D o w n r i v e r GC Seattle, C h a r l e s L i l l y Co. Washington Washington State U n i v e r s i t y Dept. of A g r o n o m y P u l l m a n , Washington 2400 Sixth A v e n u e , South Seattle 4, Washington Ed Short Co. Chonle, H. C. Yakima, Wash. T u r f & I r r i g a t i o n Company Clark, Vancouver, Canada Dave Deshler, Dustin, Dye, Melvin F . John Robert Spokane, Washington B . C. P o i n t G r e y GC Washington Se attle, Wa shington D o w C h e m i c a l Company Pomeroy, R o b e r t D y e Seed Ranch E a s t e r n Washington State C h e n e y j College Washington Washington Everhart, Cliff P . O. B o x 8025, Manito Sta. Spokane 36, Washington Manito G & C C Fairburn, Don Seattle, Wash. T u r f & T o r o Federspiel, Fred Feinberg, Filer, Chester Theodore Fluter, Ed Gabel, Bill Garletts, Hank Washington Lake Oswego, Portland, Oregon O s w e g o L a k e G & CC Oregon D i a m o n d A l k a l i Co. Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington Dept. of P l a n t P a t h o l o g y 14015 N. Glisan S t r e e t Portland, Oregon G l e n d o o v e r GC Walla Walla, Washington M e m o r i a l GC Oak H a r b o r , Washington G a l l e r y GC B. C. , Canada Uplands GC * Gavan, Frank Gettle, Richard Goetze, Norman Goddard, Goss, Murl Roy- Gould, Charles Gourley, Gueho, Hale, Hall, Boyd Manny Martin Marion Harrison, 1425 P a c i f i c H i g h w a y B e l l i n g h a m , Washington B e l l i n g h a m GC O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y Corvallis, Oregon F a r m C r o p s Dept. Selah, Y a k i m a E l k s GC Washington W e s t e r n Wash.. E x p e r i m e n t Sta. Puyallup, Washington Research Agronomist W e s t e r n Wash. E x p e r i m e n t Sta. Puyallup, Washington Plant P a t h o l o g y Pinehurst, E v e r e t t GC George Whitefish, John Harshaw, Wm. H a r t , J. C. V a n c o u v e r GC B. C. Montana Washington W h i t e f i s h GC E v e r e t t M e m o r i a l GC Ag. Extension Service Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington Dept. of P l a n t P a t h o l o g y B o x 883 Nu-Life Fertilizers Tacoma, Harrison, Washington 771 Austin Road New Westminster, Canada Everett, John Harris, Victoria, Washington Hayden L a k e , Coeur d ' A l e n e , Wenatchee, Idaho Idaho Washington Hayden L a k e CC Coeur d ' A l e n e Public GC T h r e e L a k e s GC 10132 R a i n i e r Avenue Seattle 88, Washington Seattle P a r k Dept. Hogan, Don 1910 M i n o r A v e n u e Seattle, Washington Professional Engineer Hogatt, P . O. B o x 1479 Wenatchee, Washington Wenatchee G & CC Haskell, Dick George Ingram, Ed 1819 East 14th Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia S e y m o u r GC Jacklin, Arden Dishman, Jacklin Seed Co. Jaslowski, Junor, John Harvey Krumbholz, Kuhn, Walter Carl Lambert, Margareta Washington 2906 12th Avenue N. Renton, Washington B r o a d m o o r GC 6585 S. W. Scholls F e r r y Rd Portland, Oregon P o r t l a n d GC Spokane, L e o Cook Co. Washington 901 Lane Street Seattle, Washington H. D. F o w l e r Co. , Inc. Woodstock, M o r t o n C h e m i c a l Co. Illinois Land, H e n r y J r . 23012 B r i e r Road A l d e r w o o d M a n o r Washington Sandpoint G & CC Land, H e n r y Sr. 9210 Winona A v e n u e , S. W. T a c o m a 99, Washington T a c o m a G & CC Latham, Milwaukee, Milwaukee Sewerage Comm. Jim Wisconsin 11804 Woodbine Lane T a c o m a 99, Washington F o r t L e w i s GC L a w , A l v i n G. Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington Dept. of A g r o n o m y Lawton, 1919 N. M a d i s o n O l y m p i a , Washington O l y m p i a G & CC Latimer, Dean George Ledford, Wes W e s t 228 P a c i f i c Avenue Spokane 4, Washington Inland Seed Co. Leonard, Joe B o x 1083 B o i s e , Idaho H i l l c r e s t C C Inc. Pullman, P u l l m a n GC Liotta, A1 Macan, V e r n o n A . Washington 1110 B e a c h D r i v e V i c t o r i a , B . C. Canada Golf C o u r s e A r c h i t e c t M a c Swan, Iain C. O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y Corvallis, Oregon McCoy, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington Dept. of A g r o n o m y Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington D i r e c t o r , Institute of A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences Gene Madsen, L. L. Maguire, J a m e s D. Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington Dept. of A g r o n o m y Marrese, R. J. Cleveland, D i a m o n d A l k a l i Co. McCracken, McKay, Les Gordon McKenzie, Mac Lean, Kenneth Neil Boise, Ohio Idaho Chilliwack, Canada Union F a r m & Garden Supply B.C. C h i l l i w a c k GC 2428 A l a s k a n W a y Seattle, Washington G a l b r a i t h Company Vancouver, Canada Univ. of B r i t i s h Columbia B. C. Miller, Carl Libby, Miller, Don 520 South 53rd Street T a c o m a , Washington A - 1 Spray S e r v i c e Miller, Roy Portland, Oregon Miller Products Jerry Portland, Oregon Miller Products Mills, Mitchell, Charles Montana Clarkston, Washington Munro, J e r r y 7622 Simmonds Road B o t h e l l , Washington Nutter, J a c k s o n v i l l e Beach, Gene Oestreicher, Peatt, Archie Alf Perry, Ray Spokane, Washington Victoria, Canada B. C. Dishman, Cabinet V i e w GC C l a r k s t o n CC Highland Gardens Fla. Washington Golf C o u r s e Supt. Assn. Spokane P a r k B o a r d Jacklin Seed Co. Proctor, Glen 2222 South 111th Seattle, Washington R a i n i e r G & CC Putnam, Kenneth 122 9 N. 172nd Seattle 33, Washington Seattle GC Reed, Byron Reger, Auston 43 N. E. 202nd Portland, Oregon E . P . B a l t z and Son B o x 235 L i b e r t y L a k e GC Liberty Lake, Rogers, Tom Ripley, Clarence Rogers, Rowe, Ed Chen 4126 A i r p o r t W a y Route 5 Spokane, W a n d e r m e r e GC Washington N o r t h w e s t M o w e r and M a r i n e Co. P . O. B o x 468 T a c o m a 2, Washington T a c o m a Seed Company United Equipment Co. Dale Spokane, Sander, Bill Portland, Neil B e n t l e y Co. 7723 24th N. W. Seattle, Washington Runyon, Sater, Washington Washington Oregon R i v e r s i d e G & CC 6th and H S t r e e t Spokane P a r k Dept. Schmidt, Louis Spokane, Washington Schmidt, Ray Great Falls, Montana Indian Canyon GC M e a d o w l a r k G &: CC Senska, Elizabeth South 1421 D i v i s i o n Spokane, Washington C h e m i c a l W e e d and P e s t Control Schultz, Jack Portland, F o r e s t H i l l s GC Slinkard, A1 U n i v e r s i t y of Idaho M o s c o w , Idaho D e p a r t m e n t of A g r o n o m y C a l i f o r n i a C h e m i c a l Co. Stelzer, Lorin Richmond, Thorpe, Thomas Victoria, Canada Venable, Marc Oregon California B . C. 7723 24th N. W. Seattle, Washington R o y a l C o l w o o d GC N o r t h w e s t M o w e r and M a r i n e Co. Wade, Rolland S. Walla Walla, Washington Werth, Rudy 8023 27th N. W. Seattle, Washington Jackson P a r k GC White, Sidney Route 3, Chenowith Rd. T h e D a l l e s , Route 3 Oregon T h e D a l l e s G & CC White, Quentin E a s t 2115 E v e r e t t e Spokane, Washington E s m e r a l d a GC Wiley, Robert Rahway, N e w J e r s e y Aero-Thatch, Inc. Williams, Glenn W o o d w a r d , D. A. Walla Walla, Washington M e m o r i a l GC Walla Walla, Washington W a l l a W a l l a CC Wright, Vern W e s t 228 P a c i f i c A v e n u e Spokane 4, Washington Inland Seed Co. Zirbel, Gerald Chicago, M o r t o n C h e m i c a l Co. Zook, Sam Illinois 1100 S. E. W a v e r l e y D r i v e P o r t l a n d 22, O r e g o n W a v e r l e y G & CC