PROCEEDINGS of the 16 th ANNUAL NORTHWEST TURFGRASS CONFERENCE Sept. 26 27 28,1962 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY PULLMAN, WASHINGTON N O R T H W E S T T U R F G R A S S M E M B E R S H I P DUES PARK DEPARTMENTS L e s s than 150 A c r e s T o t a l A r e a 150 A c r e s o r M o r e Annual Dues $20. 00 $40. 00 CEMETERIES L e s s than 400 I n t e r m e n t s per Annum 400-600 I n t e r m e n t s per A n n u m . 600-800 I n t e r m e n t s p e r Annum M o r e than 800 I n t e r m e n t s per Annum $20. $25. $3 0. $40. 00 00 00 00 G O L F COURSES L e s s than E i g h t e e n Holes Eighteen H o l e s or M o r e N u r s e r y , Landscaping, and Ground Spraying F i r m s A r c h i t e c t s and E n g i n e e r i n g F i r m s Equipment and M a t e r i a l Supply F i r m s Participating Membership Associate Membership A l l Others . $20. $40. $20. $20. $20. $10. $ 5. $20. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1. Annual Dues payable on o r b e f o r e M a y 15th e a c h y e a r . Dues a r e b a s e d on annual due date nonprorated. 2. M e m b e r s h i p includes r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e f o r one p e r s o n at Annual T u r f C o n f e r e n c e . Other p e r s o n s f r o m m e m b e r o r g a n i z a t i o n r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e $5. 00. 3. NO I N I T I A T I O N FEES A R E CHARGED. 4. N o n m e m b e r s m a y attend the annual C o n f e r e n c e by paying $10. 00 r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e . F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on dues, contact Northwest Turf T r e a s u r e r . It has been, an honor and p r i v i l e g e to s e r v e as your P r e s i d e n t of the N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s A s s o c i a t i o n during 1961-62. In the y e a r s I have been a f f i l i a t e d with this organization, I have w a t c h e d it g r o w in m e m b e r s h i p , inT h i s has been brought about to a g r e a t t e r e s t , and in quality of o r g a n i z a t i o n . extent by d e v o t e d guidance by your many past p r e s i d e n t s and, of c o u r s e , the enthusiasm and support of all m e m b e r s . I f e e l that this 16th N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e has been one of the f i n e s t c o n f e r e n c e s w e have e v e r had, and I know this is only a beginning of something b e t t e r to c o m e . I want to g i v e m y c o m p l i m e n t s to Don Hogan, m y p r e d e c e s s o r , w h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n made m y j o b e a s i e r , and to extend m y b e s t w i s h e s f o r a banner y e a r to your new P r e s i d e n t , H e n r y Land, Sr. I a l s o e x p r e s s deep a p p r e c i a tion to the b o a r d of d i r e c t o r s and m y c o m m i t t e e s who p e r f o r m e d so f a i t h f u l l y this l a s t y e a r . Continue to support your A s s o c i a t i o n and e n c o u r a g e new m e m b e r s h i p , f o r this is the nucleus of a l a r g e and i m p o r t a n t i n d u s t r y - - T U R F G R A S S . Byron Reed NORTHWEST TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION OFFICERS 1962 1963 Byron Reed H e n r y Land, Sr. Dick H a s k e l l A l v i n G. L a w President Vice-Pres. Treasurer Secretary H e n r y W. Land, M i l t Bauman Dick H a s k e l l Roy L. Goss Sr. BOARD OF DIRECTORS M i l t Bauman O v e r l a k e Golf and Country Club P . O. Box 97, Medina, Washington John H a r r i s o n Hayden L a k e Golf & Country Club Hay den L a k e , Idaho Dick H a s k e l l Seattle P a r k Dept. , 10132 R a i n i e r A v e . , Seattle 88, Washington Don Hogan I r r i g a t i o n E n g i n e e r Consultant 1910 M i n o r Avenue, Seattle 1, Washington H e n r y Land, Sr. T a c o m a Country & Golf Club 9210 Winoan A v e . S. W. , T a c o m a , A. V e r n o n M a c a n L. G e o r g e Mock, Washington V i c t o r i a Golf & Country Club V i c t o r i a , B r i t i s h Columbia Jr. R e g i o n a l C h e m i c a l s , Inc. 1115 No. 94th S t r e e t Seattle 3, Washington Glen P r o c t o r R a i n i e r Golf & Country Club 2222 So. 111th, Seattle, Washington Byron Reed E. P. B a l t z & Son 9817 E. B u r n s i d e St., John Z o l l e r P o r t l a n d 16, Eugene Golf & Country Club Eugene, O r e g o n Oregon MEMBERS NORTHWEST TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION Adams, Fred Banks, H a r v e y JL. 1910 M i n o r A v e n u e Seattle, Wash. Turfco 7020 Golf Club H i l l Rd. B r e m e r t o n , Wash. K i t s a p G & CC Bauman, Clayton 2036 9th St. W. K i r k l a n d , Wash. Glendale G k CC Bauman, Milton B o x 97 Medina, O v e r l a k e GC Borst, F r e d R. Wash. E. 8004 M i s s i o n Spokane, Wash. Ed Short Co. 1015 S. 201st Seattle, Wash. Chas. L i l l y Co. Chase, J. V. 4101 B e a c o n A v e . S. Seattle 44, Wash. J e f f e r s o n P a r k Golf Course Eshelman, 3110 Ruston Way, T a c o m a , Wash. Burkette, Art Donald F. Everhart, Cliff Federspiel, Fred Box 8025 M a n i t o Sta. Spokane, Wash. Manito G & CC 16755 S. W. P a c i f i c Hwy. Lake Oswego, Ore. O s w e g o L a k e G & CC Gettle, R i c h a r d L. 1425 P a c i f i c Highway B e l l i n g h a m , Wash. B e l l i n g h a m GC Gobel, Bill W a l l a Walla, M e m o r i a l P a r k GC Goddard, Goss, R o y L». Gourley, Hale, Murl Boyd Martin Harrison, Harshaw, Haskell, George Bill Dick Wash. 807 N. 3 r d St. Y a k i m a , Wash. Elks GC W e s t . Wash. Exp. Puyallup, Wash. Sta. Box 146 E v e r e t t GC Pinehurst, Wash. White fish, Montana B o cx o 883 Ta ma, Hygrade Wash. Rt. 1, B o x 519 Coeur d ' A l e n e , 4101 B e a c o n A v e . Seattle, Wash. W h i t e f i s h GC Idaho S. Fertilizer Coeur d ' A l e n e P u b l i c GC Golf D i r e c t o r Seattle P a r k Dept. Jacklin, A r d e n W. Dishman, Kuhn, C a r l H. 901 Lane St. Box 3 084 Seattle, Wash. H. D. F o w l e r Co. Land, H e n r y W. , Jr. 23012 B r i e r Rd. Alderwood Manor, Sand P o i n t GC Land, H e n r y W. , Sr. Latimer, Dean W. Lawton, Liotta, George A1 Lufkin, Howard Wash. 9210 Winona A v e . T a c o m a , Wash. Jacklin Seed Company Wash. S. W. 118 04 Woodbine L a n e S. W. T a c o m a , Wash. F o r t L e w i s GC 1919 M a d i s o n Olympia, Wash. O l y m p i a C & GC Pullman, Wash. Wash. 1031 N. E. 114th Seattle, Wash. Macan, A . V. 1110 B e a c h D r i v e V i c t o r i a , B. C. Canada Mitchell, Clarkston, C. B. T a c o m a G & CC Wash. State Univ. Gen. Spray S e r v . Magnolia GC of C l a r k s t o n GC Mock, Donald R. 1115 N. Seattle, 94th Wash. R e g i o n a l Spray Co. Mock, George, 1115 N. Seattle, 94th Wash. R e g i o n a l Spray Co. Mack, Ted Seattle, Wash. Seattle, Wash. McKenzie, Jr. Ken Miller, Don J. 520 S. 53rd T a c o m a , Wash. Miller, R o y E. 773 7 N. E. K i l l i n g s w o r t h P o r t l a n d , Ore. Beardsley, O'Neil, Pingree, Norris Tom Gordon Route 5 Spokane, Galbraith & Company A - 1 Spray S e r v i c e Spokane CC Wash. 3 110 Ruston Way T a c o m a , Wash. Box 442 Ellensburg, E l l e n s b u r g G & GC Wash. Proctor, Glen 2222 S. 111th P L Seattle, Wash. R a i n i e r G & CC Proctor, Larry 1022 S. 74th T a c o m a , Wash. McChord Air B a s e GC Force Putnam, Reed, Ken Byron Reger, Austin S. Ripley, Clarence Rowe, Chen Schmidt, Schutz, L o u i s J. Ray Seattle, Wash. Seattle GC 43 N. E. 202nd A v e . Portland, Ore. E. P . Box 1822 Liberty Lake, L i b e r t y L a k e GC 12110 N. Spokane, B a l t z Co. Wash. Division Wash. W a n d e r m e r e GC 805 P a c i f i c A v e . T a c o m a , Wash. T a c o m a Seed Company Rt. 1, Box 8 Spokane, Wash. Indian Canyon GC 25237 68th S. Kent, Wash. L a k e W i l d e r n e s s GC 3252 F e r d i n a n d St. S. Seattle, Wash. W e s t Seattle GC Scott, L l o y d A. Sears, Elmer 6701 3 0th F e r d i n a n d St. S. W. Seattle, Wash. Forest Lawn Cemetery Werth, Rudy 8023 27th N. W. Seattle, Wash. Jackson P a r k GC White, Sidney S. Rt. 3, Chenowith, The D a l l e s , O r e . Woods, Box 204 Vancouver, N o r m a n H. Rd. B. C. , Canada Wright, V e r n o n W. W. 228 P a c i f i c St. Spokane, Wash. Inland Seed Company Zoller, John 395 Walnut L a n e Eugene, Ore. Eugene CC 1100 S. E. W a v e r l y D r i v e P o r t l a n d , Ore. W a v e r l e y CC Zook, Sam T A B L E OF CONTENTS Page W E L C O M I N G R E M A R K S - M a r k T . Buchanan * P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L A S P E C T S O F T U R F G R A S S SOILS - R o y L. Goss, C h a i r m a n 9 M e c h a n i c a l A n a l y s i s , Sieve A n a l y s i s , and P o r o s i t y T e s t i n g - - W h a t a r e T h e y and What a r e T h e i r V a l u e - Dr. R o y L . Goss Organic Matter, 1 11 T h e r e ' s Nothing Quite L i k e It Bill Bengeyfield 15 Draining T u r f g r a s s A r e a s - M i l t Bauman 19 Grading and Contouring Soils - L o u i s Schmidt 21 Questions r ss s F Soils r o m the Fundamental A s p e c t s and of TAunrsfw ge ra - 23 P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F G R O U N D S P R A Y I N G - G e o r g e Mock, Chairman 31 Fundamentals of Ground Spraying - L a m b e r t C. E r i c k s o n Spray A p p l i c a t i o n of F e r t i l i z e r - R o y L . . . . . 35 Goss 39 T y p e s of Equipment and Its Use - Bud Johnson 41 D i s e a s e s of O r n a m e n t a l s and T u r f g r a s s - Don M o c k 43 Questions P a n e l A s k e d - Fundamentals of Ground Spraying 46 P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F E S T A B L I S H I N G T U R F - Kenneth J. M o r r i s o n , Chairman 47 Seed Bed P r e p a r a t i o n and Seeding T u r f - Kenneth J. Morrison 47 T u r f g r a s s V a r i e t i e s f o r E a s t e r n Washington - A . Varieties, Characteristics, Goetze . . • • . . . . . 49 and Adaptation - N o r m a n « • • • « • Seedling M a n a g e m e n t - V. G. L a w » • • « • « « « C. Brir>k Fundamentals r c hVi t. e cMt u M a n a g e m e n tof- AA. a cr ea nin R e l a t i o n to T u r f Questions and A n s w e r s f r o m the P a n e l on the Fundam e n t a l s of E s t a b l i s h m e n t of T u r f g r a s s e s • • • * « « * 53 57 59 61 Page P A N E L DISCUSSION O F T U R F G R A S S B U D G E T S - P a u l D. Brown, MANAGEMENT Chairman 63 Some A s p e c t s of P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s - G. A . D r e w 65 Golf C o u r s e Budgets - H e n r y W. Land, Jr 69 P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F M A N A G E M E N T - Donald A . Hogan, C h a i r m a n 73 V a r i e t i e s and M o w i n g - Dr. N o r m a n G o e t z e 73 Maintenance F e r t i l i z a t i o n - Dr. N o r m a n G o e t z e 75 T u r f M a n a g e m e n t - Maintenance F e r t i l i z a t i o n A r d e n W. Jacklin 79 F e r t i l i t y E f f e c t s on D i s e a s e D e v e l o p m e n t - R o y L . Goss T u r f g r a s s I r r i g a t i o n - Donald A. £ 83 Hogan 87 A e r i f i c a t i o n - P r i n c i p l e s and P u r p o s e - Bob W i l e y 91 T o p - d r e s s i n g Putting G r e e n s - Glen P r o c t o r 95 Questions and A n s w e r s F r o m the Section on the Fundamentals of M a n a g e m e n t 96 P A N E L DISCUSSION ON P R E P A R I N G A G O L F C O U R S E F O R T O U R N A M E N T P L A Y - Dick H a s k e l l and John Z o l l e r P A N E L DISCUSSION ON F U N D A M E N T A L S O F T U R F G R A S S D I S E A S E A N D I N S E C T O C C U R R E N C E - C h a r l e s L . Gould 97 . . . . 101 Question and A n s w e r S e s s i o n on T u r f g r a s s D i s e a s e and Insect O c c u r r e n c e 108 C o n f e r e n c e Attendance 1962 109 WELCOMING REMARKS M. T . Buchanan D i r e c t o r , A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station Washington State UniversityP u l l m a n , Washington Y o u f o l k s have c o m e a long w a y since the t i m e of your f i r s t c o n f e r e n c e to which I w e l c o m e d you h e r e in 1946. The changes you have o b s e r v e d in your own p r o f e s s i o n and those that I hope you have o b s e r v e d in your l a n d - g r a n t u n i v e r s i t y a r e i n d i c a t i v e of the f a c t that nothing is so constant as change in our t i m e . One m i g h t e v e n conclude that change i t s e l f is a v a l u e in our culture. I have c o m e m o r e and m o r e , m y self, to b e l i e v e that this is so. In m y own c a s e this b e l i e f has been b u t t r e s s e d by e x p e r i e n c e in Pakistan. T h i s i s one of those c o u n t r i e s in w h i c h e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l p r o c e e d m o r e r a p i d l y as people t h e r e a r e w i l l i n g and able to o v e r c o m e t r a d i t i o n and custom so as to p e r m i t d e s i r a b l e changes to o c c u r . I should l i k e to v i s i t b r i e f l y with you f o l k s today about a number of s i g nificant changes that a r e o c c u r r i n g and that a r e in p r o s p e c t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and f o r the institutions that have an a g r i c u l t u r a l o r i e n t a t i o n - - e s p e c i a l l y the a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t stations of l a n d - g r a n t c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s . I am glad to talk with you folks, e s p e c i a l l y , about these m a t t e r s f o r the r e a s o n that you in a v e r y r e a l sense s e r v e as a b r i d g e b e t w e e n f a r m e r s and urban people. And m o r e and m o r e d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l be m a d e in the city. Our Changing A g r i c u l t u r e F i r s t , l e t us look at s o m e of the changes that have o c c u r r e d and that a r e s t i l l taking place in our a g r i c u l t u r a l industry. R u r a l f a r m population in Washington State is 5. 7 p e r cent of total population^). F o r the United States as a whole, 6 per cent of the v o t e r s a r e eng a g e d in c o m m e r c i a l production of a g r i c u l t u r a l products (2). Though c o m p a r a b l e s t a t i s t i c s a r e unavailable f o r 1862, it is evident that t h e r e has been a l m o s t a c o m p l e t e r e v e r s a l of these f i g u r e s within the past 100 y e a r s . W e can, perhaps, l a y s o m e , f c l a i m " to additional population under a b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e or a g r i b u s i n e s s f o r the r e a s o n that much that w a s f o r m e r l y handled by the f a r m e r and his f a m i l y is now done by those who occupy j o b s in the 500 distinct occupations that have p r o l i f e r a t e d into a g r i c u l tural industry. T h e s e occupations in turn m a y be c l a s s i f i e d into eight m a j o r f i e l d s : P r o d u c t i o n , Education, B u s i n e s s , R e s e a r c h , Industry, C o m m u n i c a tions, C o n s e r v a t i o n , and S e r v i c e (3). ff In addition to the 8 m i l l i o n people on the f a r m s , t h e r e a r e 7 m i l l i o n people who produce f o r and s e r v i c e the f a r m s , and 11 m i l l i o n people who p r o c e s s and distribute the products of f a r m s . T h i s m e a n s a total of 26 m i l l i o n people a r e e m p l o y e d in the production, p r o c e s s i n g , and d i s t r i b u t i o n of f o o d and f i b e r in A m e r i c a . T h i s is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40 per cent of the j o b s in the nation (4). 11 Thus, e v e n a g r i c u l t u r e , has m o v e d o f f the f a r m . T h e r e are m o r e than t w i c e as many people c o n c e r n e d with and dependent on a g r i c u l t u r e f o r a l i v i n g who do not l i v e on f a r m s than there a r e those who do. W h i l e 83 per cent of the land is s t i l l within f a r m boundaries, people in urban a r e a s a r e going to have a much g r e a t e r say as to what i s going to be done w i t h the land in this country, including the 83 per cent now d e v o t e d to a g r i c u l t u r e (5). Our p r o d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l plant c u r r e n t l y c o n s i s t s of 3. 7 m i l l i o n f a r m s manned by 8 m i l l i o n f a r m people. Of these 3. 7 m i l l i o n f a r m s , 1. 5 m i l l i o n produce 87 per cent of the total output (6). It is r a t h e r g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d that o n e - h a l f of the p r e s e n t f a r m population could produce all the f o o d and f i b e r needed until 1975 on l e s s than o n e - h a l f of the c u r r e n t l y e x i s t i n g f a r m s . Such, on the one hand, is our b l e s s i n g of abundance and, on the other, our c u r s e of o v e r c a p a c i t y . We in a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h and education m a y take s o m e c r e d i t f o r having had a part in the d e v e l o p m e n t of the m o s t e f f i c i e n t and p r o d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l plant the w o r l d has "known, and, also, by w a y of this a c c o m p l i s h m e n t to p r o v i d e the foundation, m a n p o w e r , and s o m e of the k n o w - h o w f o r the w o r l d ' s g r e a t e s t i n d u s t r i a l and s e r v i c e c o m p l e x . W e m a y take c o m f o r t f r o m our contribution to an a m p l e supply and v a r i e t y of fine, nutritious f o o d f o r our p e o p l e at the l o w e s t r e a l p r i c e in h i s t o r y . We a r e p l e a s e d w i t h our contribution to our nation's international g o a l s that r e l y on f o o d and f i b e r f o r their accomplishment. And w e a r e p l e a s e d to have p a r t i c i p a t e d in much r e s e a r c h that w a s both i n d i r e c t l y and d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e to human m e d i c i n e . In the a r e a of our contributions to s c i e n c e , w e a r e proud that half of all of the l i v i n g A m e r i c a n - t r a i n e d N o b e l Prn.ze w i n n e r s e a r n e d d e g r e e s in l a n d - g r a n t u n i v e r s i t i e s although t h e s e institutions m a k e up only 5 p e r cnet of the nation's c o l l e g e s (7). But w e a r e a l s o c r e d i t e d with having caused the surplus p r o b l e m ! one s u g g e s t e d solution is a m o r a t o r i u m on a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h (8). Agricultural Research, Farm Programs, And and S c i e n c e On T h u r s d a y , M a r c h 22, 1962, I a p p e a r e d b e f o r e the S u b c o m m i t t e e on D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e and R e l a t e d A g e n c i e s A p p r o p r i a t i o n s of the C o m m i t t e e on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s , House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , as C h a i r m a n of the L e g i s l a t i v e C o m m i t t e e of the E x p e r i m e n t Stations of the United States under a u t h o r i z a t i o n of the A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of L a n d - G r a n t C o l l e g e s and State Universities. F o l l o w i n g our t e s t i m o n y , which w a s in support of an i n c r e a s e in f i s c a l 1963 of $7. 5 m i l l i o n in Hatch funds and an i n c r e a s e of $500, 000 in " T i t l e I I " m a r k e t i n g funds, M r . H o r a n m a d e the f o l l o w i n g c o m m e n t s (among others): " M a r k , I do not know w h e t h e r I ought to m e n t i o n this o r not, b e c a u s e (but) I just have to t e l l y o u what our position is. We a r e f e a r f u l on the A p p r o p r i a t i o n s C o m m i t t e e - - t h i s does not extend to o t h e r s who do not have to w o r k with the b u d g e t - - t h a t b u d g e t w i s e w e m a y have painted o u r s e l v e s into a c o r n e r . I think you know what I a m t a l k i n g about. I think we a r e wasting m o n e y in a g r i c u l t u r e , but c e r t a i n l y not on e x p e r i m e n t stations or l a n d - g r a n t colleges. . . . " I f w e could get away f r o m e x p e n s i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o s t s of our f a r m p r o g r a m s , w e would not have any trouble w i t h these budget i t e m s . . . . (9) M M r . H o r a n ' s c o m m e n t s have e n c o u r a g e d m e to seek out s o m e data on R e m e m b e r that the the e x p e n d i t u r e s of the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . United States D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in 1862 p r i m a r i l y as a r e s e a r c h and i n f o r m a t i o n unit. C u r r e n t a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h r e p r e s e n t substantially l e s s than 2 p e r cent of c u r r e n t total expenditures. I shall l e a v e it to you to d e c i d e w h e t h e r or not you a g r e e with M r . H o r a n that the a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r the e x p e r i m e n t stations and the l a n d - g r a n t c o l l e g e s d e s e r v e a higher p r i o r i t y in c o m p a r i s o n with the other e x p e n d i t u r e s of the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . It does s e e m to m e to be quite c l e a r , howe v e r , that the chance f o r obtaining s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s in f e d e r a l a p p r o p r i ations f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h is l e s s e n e d under the p r e s e n t e n v i r o n m e n t within the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e in which such l a r g e and c o n t r o v e r s i a l sums a r e a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r f a r m p r o g r a m o b j e c t i v e s that a r e f a r r e m o v e d f r o m r e s e a r c h and education. By contrast, t h e r e has been a t r e m e n d o u s i n c r e a s e in total support by the f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h . In 1940, f o r e x a m p l e , total f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t support of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t w a s $74 m i l l i o n . Support of a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h w a s $3 0 m i l l i o n , 41 per cent of the total. By 1961, the total support of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t had i n c r e a s e d m o r e than a hundredfold to $8, 164 m i l l i o n , w h i l e the support f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t had doubled to $141 m i l l i o n . The f e d e r a l support to a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h as a p e r c e n t a g e of total r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t had dropped f r o m 41 per cent to 1. 7 per cent of the total (10). T h e r e is s o m e i n t e r e s t at p r e s e n t on the part of the P r e s i d e n t ' s S c i e n c e A d v i s o r and the Bureau of the Budget in i n c r e a s e d funds f o r the support of b a s i c s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h in a g r i c u l t u r e . T h i s is something in which e x p e r i m e n t station d i r e c t o r s and r e s e a r c h a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of the D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e have a g r e a t i n t e r e s t . F a r m and c o m m o d i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s and the c o m m i t t e e s of C o n g r e s s b e f o r e w h o m the U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e budget is heard, h o w e v e r , s e e m to have much l e s s i n t e r e s t in b a s i c r e s e a r c h . T h e i r i n t e r e s t instead s e e m s to be p r i m a r i l y in a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h and s e r v i c e . What Some of Our A d v i s o r s Say T h i s c o n f l i c t in i n t e r e s t and a d v i c e s e e m s to p r e v a i l in the counsel w e r e c e i v e these days f r o m a w i d e v a r i e t y of s o u r c e s . L e t m e t r y to c l a s s i f y and d e s c r i b e a number of changes in e m p h a s i s that a r e c u r r e n t l y being r e c ommended. M o r e Marketing, E c o n o m i c and R u r a l S o c i o l o g i c a l and A d j u s t m e n t R e s e a r c h One of the e a r l i e s t and m o s t p e r s i s t e n t suggestions is that g r e a t e r attention is needed to r e s e a r c h in m a r k e t i n g , to the e c o n o m i c s of f a r m i n g and the handling of f a r m products to the final c o n s u m e r , and to those e c o n o m i c and r u r a l s o c i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s that w i l l aid f a r m e r s and the r e s t of the e c o n o m y to adjust to the r a p i d changes that have a c c o m p a n i e d i m p r o v e d t e c h nology. P r o p o n e n t s of this line of a r g u m e n t point to the f a c t that a g r i c u l t u r e has m o v e d o f f the f a r m . A s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , m o r e than t w i c e as many people c o n c e r n e d with and dependent on a g r i c u l t u r e f o r a l i v i n g do not l i v e on f a r m s than do. C u r r e n t l y , a f t e r 100 y e a r s of heavy o f f - f a r m m i g r a t i o n , w e a r e s t i l l f a c e d with the need f o r o n e - h a l f of our f a r m people to find e m p l o y m e n t elsewhere. " W h y a r e n ' t you doing m o r e to help these p e o p l e ? " they say. " W h y do you continue to spend the l i o n ' s share of y o u r funds f o r production r e s e a r c h in f a c e of the r e v e r s a l of conditions now as c o m p a r e d to the t i m e of e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the l a n d - g r a n t c o l l e g e s ? " A F e w A r e a s of E x c e l l e n c e v s . C o v e r i n g the W a t e r f r o n t A n o t h e r p e r s i s t e n t line of questioning through the y e a r s by c o n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s i n d i c a t e s their b e l i e f that m o r e would be a c c o m p l i s h e d f o r the m o n e y under a m o r e c e n t r a l l y d i r e c t e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m than is p r o v i d e d f o r in the Hatch A c t . Others, including e x c e l l e n t s c i e n t i s t s , a r g u e f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t of a f e w p r o g r a m s in depth in each state r a t h e r than to attempt to do " s o m e t h i n g " f o r e v e r y b o d y . P l a n n e d p r o g r a m s among s e v e r a l states, each s p e c i a l i z i n g in its own a r e a of e x c e l l e n c e and s e r v i n g the w h o l e r e g i o n , a r e encouraged. M o r e E m p h a s i s on International P r o b l e m s A r e l a t i v e n e w c o m e r to this l i s t is the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n that w e e m p h a s i z e r e s e a r c h on p r o b l e m s of a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t in u n d e r d e v e l o p e d a r e a s in o r d e r to m a k e p o s i t i v e contributions to the i n t e r n a t i o n a l g o a l s and f o r e i g n p o l i c y of the United States. Our g o a l s in these a r e a s a r e such, they say, that u l t i m a t e r e t u r n s on i n v e s t m e n t s , e v e n of state funds, in such r e s e a r c h w i l l e x c e e d returns on c u r r e n t " p r o d u c t i o n - o r i e n t e d " r e s e a r c h . A t l e a s t one of the s p o k e s m e n f o r this point of v i e w m a k e s his point v i v i d l y , if not d i p l o m a t i c a l l y , as f o l l o w s : " A l e a d e r among the l a n d - g r a n t institutions stated r e c e n t l y that ' T h e e x p e r i m e n t stations' d i r e c t o r s of the country r e p r e s e n t the o l d e s t national s y s t e m of planning and supporting r e s e a r c h with public funds. ' What he n e g l e c t e d to m e n t i o n w a s the o s s i f i c a t i o n , senility, and i n f i r m i t i e s that have c r e p t into this c o r p o r a t e body. " T h e l e v e l of r e s o u r c e s in f o r e i g n d e v e l o p m e n t and f o r e i g n t r a d e a n a l y s i s . . . is unbelievably, a b y s m a l l y low. . . l e s s than one per cent of the total r e s o u r c e s . . . . T h i s is the product of the thinking in our l a n d - g r a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t stations. . . . How magnanimous ! How s t i r r i n g ! How i m a g i n a t i v e ! N e v e r have the opulent many m e t the u r g e n c y of the wanting many with so niggardly little ! (11)" B a s i c v s . A p p l i e d R e s e a r c h and S e r v i c e A n o t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of s u g g e s t e d r e s e a r c h e m p h a s i s that g o e s c l e a r back to our beginnings is that of b a s i c r e s e a r c h v s . applied r e s e a r c h and service. One could w r i t e a book on this. In fact, w e r e e v e n m y own w r i t i n g s on this topic pulled t o g e t h e r in one place, they would m a k e a s i z e a b l e document. Basic r e s e a r c h is deep-digging, systematic search for It does not r e l y on p r e d i c t e d application f o r its j u s t i f i c a t i o n . to date indicates that r e t u r n s to this s o r t of r e s e a r c h a r e f a r those to r e s e a r c h that seeks to apply known k n o w l e d g e to the cific problems--applied research. new knowledge. Yet experience in e x c e s s of solution of spe- In the e a r l y y e a r s of f o r m a l a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h , the r e s e a r c h p e r sonnel w e r e botanists, z o o l o g i s t s , g e n e t i c i s t s , c h e m i s t s , and the l i k e . They a p p l i e d knowledge in these a r e a s to a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o b l e m s . Since that t i m e t h e r e has been a g r e a t p r o l i f e r a t i o n of s o - c a l l e d a g r i c u l t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s - a g r o n o m i s t s , d a i r y husbandmen, etc. S u b s p e c i a l i z a t i o n has o c c u r r e d in c o m m o d i t y - o r i e n t e d a r e a s and by g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n s . T h e s e m e n have done much e x c e l l e n t w o r k . Many of the b e s t of them a r e now saying, h o w e v e r , that the w a t e r - t a b l e in the w e l l of b a s i c k n o w l e d g e a v a i l a b l e f o r application is goVng down and needs attention; that the e a s y p r o b l e m s have b e e n s o l v e d and the new ones a r e m o r e c o m p l e x ; and that the solutions of t o d a y ' s i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s demand that new p i e c e s be found to n a t u r e ' s j i g - s a w p u z z l e . Thus, our g r e a t e s t push f o r m o r e e m p h a s i s on b a s i c r e s e a r c h in a g r i culture is f r o m our b e s t s c i e n t i s t s . T h e i r c a s e has r e c e i v e d t r e m e n d o u s impetus r e c e n t l y f r o m the upsurge in i n t e r e s t and support to b a s i c r e s e a r c h in other a r e a s by both industry and g o v e r n m e n t . In fact, the support and p r e s t i g e of b a s i c r e s e a r c h in these other a r e a s is so strong that w e a r e in g r a v e danger of losing our b e s t people back to t h e i r parent d i s c i p l i n e s unless w e a r e able to enhance v e r y m a t e r i a l l y our support to b a s i c r e s e a r c h in a g riculture. What about s e r v i c e ? T h i s is something all our l a n d - g r a n t c o l l e g e people in a g r i c u l t u r e do when they a r e asked to i d e n t i f y a plant, a d i s e a s e , or an insect, or when they a r e asked what to r e c o m m e n d as a solution f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m . None of us c l a i m s it. It is o b v i o u s l y not a part of the oncampus teaching p r o g r a m ; not r e s e a r c h ; and it is not o f f - c a m p u s education. Y e t , a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t part of the t i m e of our r e s e a r c h people is consumed by it. It is popular. And y e t it dilutes our e f f o r t s in r e s e a r c h and education. A g a i n , many of our b e s t s c i e n t i s t s a r e w o n d e r i n g what to do to e m p h a s i z e their r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s and d e - e m p h a s i z e s e r v i c e . Some of t h e m and s o m e good f a r m e r s , too, point out that the educational l e v e l of our f a r m e r s is now v e r y high, e s p e c i a l l y in Washington State. Can't they r e a d ? What C r i t e r i a Should W e Use in Choosing Future E m p h a s i s ? So much f o r the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of a f e w of the kinds of suggestions w e r e c e i v e f o r emphasis. A s you see they a r e to s o m e extent c o n f l i c t i n g among themselves. What c r i t e r i a should w e use in evaluating t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s ? The i m m e d i a t e , p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t s of p r o d u c e r s ? The l o n g - r u n i n t e r e s t s of p r o d u c e r s ? D e m o n s t r a t e d and probable r e t u r n s on i n v e s t m e n t s m a d e in r e s e a r c h ? P r o b a b l e s c i e n t i f i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s ? The i n t e r e s t s of a l l of us as c o n s u m e r s and c i t i z e n s ? Though w e have m o v e d s o m e w h a t in the d i r e c t i o n of s e v e r a l of these " t y p e " r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , w e a r e still, I b e l i e v e , conducting a p r o g r a m p r i m a r i l y of i m m e d i a t e i n t e r e s t to our own p r o d u c e r s of f a r m products. This w e have done and a r e s t i l l doing b e c a u s e of our t r a d i t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n ; b e c a u s e t h e r e is far' m o r e good w o r k s t i l l to do in these a r e a s than t h e r e i s l i k e l y to be m o n e y to support it; and b e c a u s e w e have f e l t that w e needed to do this in o r d e r to get continued and g r o w i n g support f o r our p r o g r a m s . A n independent study by D r . T. W. Schultz of the U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago i n d i c a t e s that s o c i e t y has r e a p e d a 40 per cent r e t u r n on its i n v e s t m e n t s in a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h (12). T h i s is good. Thus can w e defend the status quo. What d i r e c t i o n do w e m o v e in o r d e r to i m p r o v e i t ? His studies a l s o indicate a 700 per cent r e t u r n to b a s i c r e s e a r c h . The a n s w e r w o n ' t be a single one; it w o n ' t be one that w i l l l a s t f o r e v e r ; and it w o n ' t be one that w i l l suit all c o n c e r n e d . I have lots of faith, h o w e v e r , that a s a t i s f a c t o r y a n s w e r w i l l be found. Y o u r g r o u p has been among those that have supported f r o m your own funds p r o g r a m s that a r e of m a j o r i n t e r e s t and c o n c e r n to you. T h i s type of support f o r applied r e s e a r c h and f o r educational and s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s is growing. We a r e glad of this b e c a u s e it enhances our a b i l i t y to k e e p such p r o g r a m s m o v i n g despite i n c r e a s e d c o s t s and p r e s s u r e f o r changed e m p h a s i s . Y o u r f u r t h e r c o m m e n t s and suggestions w i l l be w e l c o m e d as w e all s t r i v e to change in a manner that w i l l continue to contribute to p r o g r e s s . References 1. I960 Census. 2. W a l l S t r e e t Journal, 3. Proceedings, Agricultural Board, 4. Proceedings, A g r i c u l t u r a l B o a r d , V o l u m e X, 24-25, A p r i l 1962, p. 28. 5. T . C. B y e r l y , P r o c e e d i n g s , A p r i l 1962, pp. 13-14. 6. O r v i l l e L . F r e e m a n , A d d r e s s at T h i r d Annual B u s i n e s s C o n f e r e n c e of the U n i v e r s i t y of the P a c i f i c , Stockton, C a l i f o r n i a , A p r i l 13, 1962. 7. R i c h a r d B r a d f i e l d , T a l k b e f o r e 2000 s c i e n t i s t s at the m e e t i n g of A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the A d v a n c e m e n t of Science, D e n v e r , C o l o r a d o , M a r c h July 23, 1962, p. 6. V o l u m e X, 24-25, A p r i l 1962, p. 28. A g r i c u l t u r a l Board, V o l u m e X, 24-25, 1962. 8. Stanley A n d r e w s , The F a r m e r ' s Dilemma. 9. D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e A p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r 1963, H e a r i n g s b e f o r e a Subcommittee of the C o m m i t t e e on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s , House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , 87th C o n g r e s s , 2nd Session, F\art V, p. 3 55. 10. A d a p t e d f r o m F e d e r a l Funds f o r Science ( N S F 60-80). 11. Sherwood O. B e r g , Evaluation of L a n d - G r a n t U n i v e r s i t y R e s e a r c h A c t i v i t i e s . P a p e r f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n at the c o n f e r e n c e on " O p t i m i z i n g the Use of F o o d and F o o d - P r o d u c i n g R e s o u r c e s in E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t . " Iowa State U n i v e r s i t y , A m e s , Iowa, F e b r u a r y 22, 1962, pp. 13-16. 12. T . W. Schultz, Why Continue to A d d to the E x c e s s Capacity of A g r i c u l t u r e T h r o u g h R e s e a r c h ? P r e p a r e d f o r the White House A g r i c u l t u r a l P a n e l on Science and T e c h n o l o g y , M a y 24, 1961. P a p e r No. 6107. P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L OF T U R F G R A S S SOILS ASPECTS Roy L . Goss, C h a i r m a n Bill Bengeyfield M i l t Bauman L o u i s Schmidt It has been pointed out to you that this c o n f e r e n c e w i l l be conducted in the f o r m of panel d i s c u s s i o n s . In o r d e r to p r e s e r v e the idea of a panel, each p e r s o n on the panel w i l l be g i v e n a f e w minutes to d i s c u s s the topic a s s i g n e d or the topic of his choice. A f t e r each panel m e m b e r has had an opportunity to d i s c u s s with you his topic, the e n t i r e subject w i l l be opened to the f l o o r f o r debate, the e n t e r t a i n m e n t of other ideas, and g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n r e g a r d i n g the subject. R e g a r d l e s s of the amount of talk that can be g i v e n by panel s p e a k e r s , t h e r e a r e a l w a y s points existing in s o m e of your minds that a r e not c l e a r , or that w e r e not c o v e r e d , or that you just don f t a g r e e with. In this c a s e it is your opportunity and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to t r y to obtain s a t i s f a c t i o n f r o m the p a r ticular speaker who talked on the subject. It is a p l e a s u r e to be with you and to s e r v e with this panel r e g a r d i n g this m o s t i m p o r t a n t aspect of t u r f g r a s s soils. M y panel m e m b e r s today a r e made up of B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d , L o u i s Schmidt, and M i l t Bauman. B i l l is with the U< S. Golf A s s o c i a t i o n and i s the W e s t e r n D i r e c t o r of the G r e e n s Section. He w i l l speak on " O r g a n i c M a t t e r and P r e - P l a n t i n g F e r t i l i t y R e q u i r e m e n t s of T u r f g r a s s Soils. M L o u i s Schmidt is the Golf C o u r s e Superintendent at the Indian Canyon Municipal Golf C o u r s e in Spokane, and w i l l speak to you r e g a r d i n g the " D r a i n i n g and M i x i n g of Soils f o r T u r f g r a s s A r e a s . " I am sure L o u i s can pass on to you s o m e r e a l good points f r o m his 30 y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e . Milt Bauman of the O v e r l o o k Golf and Country Club, B e l l e v u e , Washington, w i l l speak to you about draining t u r f g r a s s soils. T h e r e a r e f e w people h e r e who can talk of the subject with m o r e r e c e n t and e x t e n s i v e e x p e r i e n c e than M i l t , due to the p r o b l e m s that he has found on his own g o l f c o u r s e . M E C H A N I C A L ANALYSIS, SIEVE ANALYSIS, AND POROSITY T E S T I N G - WHAT ARE THEY AND WHAT ARE THEIR V A L U E Dr. Roy L . Goss The t h r e e physical tests as i n d i c a t e d by the t i t l e of this paper have much s i g n i f i c a n c e to the m o d e r n t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r . A s o i l s u b j e c t e d to s e v e r e t e s t s of c o m p a c t i o n by e x t r e m e usage m u s t m e e t c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . The amount of nutrients that a soil holds, the amount of a i r space as c o m p a r e d to w a t e r s t o r a g e space, and the w a y that the r o o t s and w a t e r penet r a t e a soil a r e all i n t e r r e l a t e d and dependent upon these t h r e e p h y s i c a l c h a r acteristics. A g r e a t deal of m o n e y could be s a v e d if m o r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n would be g i v e n to these f a c t o r s . It a l w a y s c o s t s m o r e to r e b u i l d p r o p e r l y than it does to build the right w a y in the beginning. N o one should r e l y upon his j u d g m e n t in d e t e r m i n i n g the e x a c t p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the soil, r e g a r d l e s s of the amount of e x p e r i e n c e , without f o l l o w i n g l a b o r a t o r y p r o c e d u r e s . The f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n w i l l b r i n g out s o m e of the points c o n c e r n i n g the t h r e e p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s with which this paper is c o n c e r n e d . Mechanical Analysis In o r d e r s u c c e s s f u l l y to study the m i n e r a l p a r t i c l e s of the soil, they a r e usually s e p a r a t e d into convenient groups a c c o r d i n g to s i z e . E v e n though a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n b a s e d on p a r t i c l e s i z e is a r b i t r a r y , it does m a k e p o s s i b l e an actual s e p a r a t i o n and p e r c e n t a g e evaluation. A m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s is a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the p a r t i c l e - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of any g i v e n s o i l s a m p l e . The m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s is used in deciding the t e x t u r a l name of a s o i l as to w h e t h e r it is sand, sandy l o a m , or other. T h i s i n f e r s , then, that the name of these s o i l f r a c t i o n s r e f e r s to p a r t i c l e s i z e Sand Sand p a r t i c l e s range all the w a y in s i z e f r o m 2 m i l l i m e t e r s down to 0. 05 m m in d i a m e t e r . When w e c o n s i d e r that t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 m m to an inch this g i v e s us a good idea of the s i z e of the sand g r a i n s . Sand exhibits h a r d l y any p l a s t i c i t y o r s t i c k i n e s s and is i n f l u e n c e d l i t t l e by changes in m o i s ture content. The w a t e r - h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y is low, and, due to the l a r g e s p a c e s b e t w e e n the p a r t i c l e s , w a t e r m o v e s through v e r y r a p i d l y . Sand p a r t i c l e s f a c i l i t a t e d r a i n a g e and e n c o u r a g e good a i r m o v e m e n t in s o i l s . Silt Silt p a r t i c l e s a r e i r r e g u l a r l y f r a g m e n t a l , of d i v e r s e shape, and a r e s e l d o m smooth or flat. A c t u a l l y , silt p a r t i c l e s a r e v e r y f i n e sand p a r t i c l e s . Q u a r t z is the dominant m i n e r a l making up silt. Silt p a r t i c l e s p o s s e s s s o m e stickiness, p l a s t i c i t y , and adsorption, but to a much l e s s e r d e g r e e than the clay particles themselves. Unless silt is a c c o m p a n i e d by adequate amounts of sand, clay, and o r g a n i c m a t t e r , it is usually an u n s a t i s f a c t o r y constituent. T h e p r e s e n c e of silt i m p a r t s to a s o i l a fine t e x t u r e with slow w a t e r and a i r m o v e m e n t . A soil with high amounts of silt is highly p l a s t i c , sticky when wet, and b e c o m e s hard and cloddy when d r y unless it is p r o p e r l y handled. The w a t e r - h o l d i n g capacity of silty s o i l s is u s a l l y high, and, of c o u r s e , silt i m parts a heavy quality to soils. The particle., s i z e f o r silt r a n g e s f r o m 0. 05 m m to 0. 002 m m in s i z e . Clay A n y s o i l p a r t i c l e having a s i z e of l e s s than 0. 002 m m i s c l a s s e d as a clay particle. The p r o p e r t i e s as d e s c r i b e d f o r silt a r e the s a m e f o r c l a y with the e x c e p t i o n that c l a y p a r t i c l e s i n c r e a s e the w a t e r - h o l d i n g capacity, slow down a i r and w a t e r m o v e m e n t , and i n c r e a s e p l a s t i c i t y and s t i c k i n e s s e v e n m o r e than silt p a r t i c l e s . T h e c l a y p a r t i c l e s or c o l l o i d s m a k e up a l a r g e p o r t i o n of the c h e m i c a l l y active soil separates. P l a n t nutrients a r e held e i t h e r on the s u r f a c e of the c l a y c o l l o i d s or in the platy or l a t t i c e a r r a n g e m e n t within the c l a y c o l l o i d . Soil C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 1. Sands. Sandy s o i l s include all of those of which the sand p a r t i c l e s m a k e up 70 per cent or m o r e of the m a t e r i a l by weight. T h e r e a r e two s p e c i f i c c l a s s e s of sandy s o i l s r e c o g n i z e d . T h e s e a r e sand and l o a m y sand. 2. C l a y s . If a soil is to be d e s i g n a t e d as a clay, it must contain at l e a s t 3 5 per cent of c l a y p a r t i c l e s and usually not l e s s than 40 p e r cent. If c l a y m a k e s up at l e a s t 40 p e r cent of the total s o i l weight, the c l a s s name is usually sandy clay, silty clay, or s i m p l y clay. If a s o i l is a sandy clay, quite often the sand content w i l l be higher than the c l a y content i t s e l f ; and l i k e w i s e in silty c l a y s , the silt f r a c t i o n usually e x c e e d s the amount of clay. 3. L o a m s . In m e c h a n i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , a l o a m is about m i d w a y b e t w e e n sand and clay. A l o a m soil should contain a m i x t u r e of sand, silt, and c l a y p a r t i c l e s that exhibits light and heavy p r o p e r t i e s in about equal p r o p o r t i o n . In a l o a m soil the p e r c e n t a g e of sands is usually l e s s than 50 p e r cent of the total w e i g h t . Sieve Analysis S i e v e a n a l y s i s is the r e s u l t of passing a g i v e n w e i g h t of s o i l through a s e r i e s of s i e v e s ranging f r o m c o a r s e to v e r y fine w h e r e the s e p a r a t e d c o m ponents a r e e x p r e s s e d in p e r c e n t a g e s of the total weight. F o r p r a c t i c a l purp o s e s , in the t u r f g r a s s f i e l d , s i e v e s of the s i z e s of 2 m m , 1 m m , 1/2 m m , 0. 25 m m , and 0. 15 m m a r e all that a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r making a g o o d s i e v e a n a l y s i s . If one hundred g r a m s of a good a i r - d r y s o i l a r e p a s s e d through this s e r i e s of s i e v e s , the p a r t i c l e s i z e s w i l l be s e p a r a t e d out and can be e x p r e s s e d in p e r c e n t a g e s . F o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , sand p a r t i c l e s s m a l l e r than 0. 25 m m in s i z e a r e too s m a l l or too fine and should be a v o i d e d if p o s s i b l e in construction, p a r t i c u l a r l y on putting g r e e n s . Unless a m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s has been p r e v i o u s l y run, the w e i g h t of soil passing through the 0. 25 s i e v e i s m e a n i n g l e s s since w e would not know how much of this m a t e r i a l is silt and clay. F o r e x a m p l e , if 40 g r a m s of the soil p a s s e d through a 0. 25 m m s i e v e and the m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d that the c o m b i n e d silt and c l a y content w a s 18 per cent, then 22 per cent of that passing the 0. 25 m m s i e v e would be fine sand. la making a m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s the s i z e r a n g e of the sand p a r t i c l e s is not indicated. A m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s w i l l indicate only the total amount of sand in the sample. Hence, to l e a r n the i m p o r t a n t f a c t s about the sand, w e must run the sand through s i e v e s to d e t e r m i n e the p a r t i c l e s i z e . It is c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e that v e r y fine sand p a r t i c l e s w i l l i n c r e a s e the compaction, r e d u c e w a t e r and a i r i n f i l t r a t i o n , r e d u c e the amount of a i r space, and r e s t r i c t r o o t growth. P o r o s i t y - - M e t h o d s of D e t e r m i n a t i o n The p o r e space of soil is all space o c c u p i e d by a i r and w a t e r . F o r the m o s t part, the amount of p o r e space i s d e t e r m i n e d by the i n t e r r e l a t e d inf l u e n c e of texture, compaction, and a g g r e g a t i o n . Considerable differences o c c u r in the total p o r e space of v a r i o u s s o i l s . Sandy s o i l s show a r a n g e of f r o m 3 5 to 50 per cent p o r e space w h i l e heavy s o i l s v a r y f r o m 40 to 60 p e r cent and e v e n m o r e in c a s e s of high o r g a n i c m a t t e r and granulation. This may c o m e as a s u r p r i s e to many p e r s o n s who would n o r m a l l y think that t h e r e is m o r e p o r e space in the l i g h t e r or sandy s o i l group. The i m p o r t a n t thing in this case, h o w e v e r , is the s i z e and d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o r e s . Size of P o r e s We r e c o g n i z e two types of individual p o r e spaces, M a c r o and M i c r o . The M a c r o p o r e s r e a d i l y a l l o w the m o v e m e n t of a i r and p e r c o l a t i n g w a t e r . In contrast, the M i c r o p o r e s g r e a t l y i m p e d e a i r m o v e m e n t , and w a t e r m o v e m e n t is l a r g e l y r e s t r i c t e d to slow "capillary action. Hence, in a sandy soil w h e r e the total p o r e space is. low, the m o v e m e n t of a i r and w a t e r is s u r p r i s i n g l y rapid due to the dominance of the M a c r o p o r e s . In h e a v y s o i l s the M i c r o p o r e s a r e the dominating p o r e s and o f t e n maintain t h e m s e l v e s full of w a t e r and have l i t t l e space f o r a i r . A e r a t i o n in heavy s o i l s f r e q u e n t l y is inadequate f o r sati s f a c t o r y r o o t d e v e l o p m e n t and d e s i r a b l e a c t i v i t y . Hence, the s i z e of the individual p o r e spaces r a t h e r than t h e i r c o m b i n e d v o l u m e is the i m p o r t a n t consideration. M o s t soil p h y s i c s textbooks point out that an i d e a l s o i l should have the p o r e space about equally d i v i d e d b e t w e e n l a r g e and s m a l l p o r e s . L e t us say that this type of pore space distribution would probably be suitable f o r n o r m a l a g r i c u l t u r a l purposes, but f o r m o s t t u r f g r a s s purposes, p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e h e a v y t r a f f i c and c o m p a c t i o n is l i k e l y to o c c u r , the amount of n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r e space should be in the o r d e r of 60 p e r cent or g r e a t e r . Porosity Determinations The p o r o s i t y of a soil is c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the r e a l and apparent s p e c i f i c gravity. The r e a l s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y r e p r e s e n t s the w e i g h t of one cc of s o l i d particles. The apparent s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o r v o l u m e w e i g h t is m e a s u r e d by w e i g h i n g a g i v e n v o l u m e of soil in its natural structure, It r e p r e s e n t s the w e i g h t of o n e cc of soil and p o r e space. The total p o r e space of a soil can be c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a : of % p o r e space = (1 - apparent s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y Z— L X 100) T h i s f o r m u l a w i l l g i v e the v o l u m e p e r c e n t a g e of the p o r e space, but does not c h a r a c t e r i z e s i z e of the p o r e s . T h e total c a p i l l a r y and n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r o s i t y m a y be calculated f r o m the v o l u m e , weight, m o i s t u r e content, and density of the soil p a r t i c l e s . The c a p i l l a r y p o r o s i t y is equivalent to the m o i s ture content in p e r cent by v o l u m e . The n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r o s i t y is the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the total and c a p i l l a r y p o r o s i t y . Inasmuch as t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l other p h y s i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s that should be m a d e of soils, the f o r e g o i n g d i s c u s s i o n has pointed out a f e w of the things of w h i c h w e as t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r s must be a w a r e in o r d e r to supply the b e s t media for turfgrass growth. References 1„ The N a t u r e and P r o p e r t i e s of Soils, 2. Soil P h y s i c s , L . D. B a v e r , L y o n Buckman and B r a d y , Second Ed. , 1948. F i f t h Ed. ORGANIC M A T T E R , THERE'S NOTHING QUITE L I K E IT Bill Bengeyfield Western Director Uo S. Go A . G r e e n Section Y o u r c o n f e r e n c e is s t r e s s i n g fundamentals and r i g h t l y so. However, it is s o m e t i m e s d i f f i c u l t to c o m b i n e m a t e r i a l d e s i g n e d to be i n s t r u c t i v e and, at the same t i m e , make it e n t e r t a i n i n g . T h e r e f o r e , you m a y be in f o r a t r e a t m e n t r a t h e r than a t r e a t . O r g a n i c m a t t e r - - W h a t is d e f i n i t i o n would be that o r g a n i c s t a g e s of d e c a y . B a r k , r o o t s , m a t e r i a l s a r e constantly being T h e s e minute o r g a n i s m s b r e a k w e know as humus. it and what does it do? I suppose the b e s t m a t t e r is plant and a n i m a l r e s i d u e s in v a r i o u s m a n u r e s , w o r m s , i n s e c t s , l e a v e s , and s i m i l a r acted upon by b a c t e r i a , fungi, and a c t i n o m y c e s . the r a w o r g a n i c m a t t e r down into a m a t e r i a l It is d i f f i c u l t to d e f i n e humus a c c u r a t e l y . T h e r e i s no d e f i n i t e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n f o r the m a t e r i a l , but it g e n e r a l l y is dark c o l o r e d and has u n i f o r m physical characteristics. It is c o l l o i d a l in nature ( i . e. , m a d e up of fine s l a t e l i k e p a r t i c l e s ) , and this c o l l o i d a l p r o p e r t y is an i m p o r t a n t one. It acts as a " b u f f e r i n g a g e n t " in the soil and r e d u c e s i n j u r y to plants by t o x i c substances and soluble salts. Humus, when m i x e d with the soil, i m p r o v e s s t r u c t u r e by causing g r e a t e r granulation and thus b e t t e r a e r a t i o n and d r a i n a g e . Humus a l s o acts as a soil r e s e r v o i r f o r s t o r e d m o i s t u r e . P l a n t nutrients such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, a r e s t o r e d by it as w e l l . Carbonic a c i d is g e n e r a t e d by the d e c a y p r o c e s s and this l i b e r a t e s insoluble soil nutrients. Thus, humus is often r e f e r r e d to as a g r e a t " m o b i l i z e r " of s o i l nutrients. Humus is a l s o a s o u r c e of e n e r g y food f o r s o i l m i c r o o r g a n i s m s that b r i n g about the i m p o r t a n t n i t r i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s and other l i f e functions within a s o i l . And, of c o u r s e , a high humus content i n c r e a s e s s u r f a c e r e s i l i e n c y w h i c h is so i m p o r t a n t on our putting g r e e n s . T h e r e is f r e q u e n t l y confusion o v e r the f a c t that o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y f e r t i l i z e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , o r g a n i c s o u r c e s such as m o s t m a n u r e s , m u s h r o o m s o i l s , peats, sludge, c o m p o s t m a t e r i a l s , sawdust, and r i c e hulls have l i t t l e o r no nutrient v a l u e . On the other hand, t h e r e a r e o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r s such as c a s t o r bean p o m a c e , t r e a t e d a c t i v a t e d sludge, guano, and c e r t a i n m a n u r e s , as w e l l as u r e a w h i c h is synthetic o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r . The o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r s a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y good m a t e r i a l s to i n c r e a s e o r g a n i c content of a s o i l m i x t u r e . It is i m p o r t a n t , t h e r e f o r e , not to confuse o r g a n i c s o u r c e s and o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r s . T h e y a r e two d i f f e r e n t things. The next question that c o m e s to m i n d is " A r e all o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s of equal v a l u e ? " The a n s w e r is an emphatic no ! R a t e s of d e c a y of the v a r i o u s o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s m e n t i o n e d above and their g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r w i l l v a r y . T h e r e f o r e , these d i f f e r e n c e s must be c o n s i d e r e d in placing a v a l u e on an organic material. F o r e x a m p l e , m a n u r e s f r e q u e n t l y contain f r o m 70 to 80 per cent m o i s ture with only 20 to 30 p e r cent d r y m a t t e r . M a n u r e s d e c a y r a p i d l y and in a short t i m e only about 2 or 3 per cent of the o r i g i n a l w e i g h t r e m a i n s as humus. Spent m u s h r o o m soil supplies e v e n l e s s humus than m a n u r e . In fact, many a u t h o r i t i e s doubt w h e t h e r it m a y be j u s t i f i e d as a p e r m a n e n t s o u r c e of organic matter for soils. Sludges and m o s t other o r g a n i c b y - p r o d u c t s a r e of the s a m e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r as m a n u r e s . T h e r e is a r a p i d b r e a k d o w n with l i t t l e r e s u l t i n g humus f o r permanent improvement. The peats a r e the m o s t d e s i r a b l e f o r m s of o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s . But t h e s e too v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y in structure, state of d e c o m p o s i t i o n , c a p a c i t y to a b s o r b w a t e r , o r g a n i c content, and pH r e a c t i o n . P e a t s g e n e r a l l y f a l l into t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s o s e d i m e n t a r y peat, f i b r o u s peat, and w o o d y peat. S e d i m e n t a r y peat is c o m p o s e d of a m i x t u r e of w a t e r l i l i e s , pond w e e d , pollen, plankton, etc. T h e s e v e r y fine p a r t i c l e s m i x with silt and c l a y d e p o s i t e d in shallow l a k e s and ponds. T h e y a r e sticky, p l a s t i c , and of l i t t l e v a l u e f o r s o i l conditioning. T h e y a r e of no v a l u e f o r t u r f g r a s s production r e g a r d l e s s of the p r i c e . F i b r o u s peat is a m i x t u r e of sedges, m o s s e s , r e e d s , g r a s s e s , cattails, etc. T h e s e a r e the best f o r our purposes. T h e y have been p r e s e r v e d under w a t e r , and this type of d e c o m p o s i t i o n l e f t them highly r e s i s t a n t to f u r t h e r decay. L o n g - r a n g e b e n e f i t is d e r i v e d f r o m their use. P e n n s y l v a n i a E x p e r i m e n t Station has found that o v e r 70 per cent of o r g a n i c m a t t e r f r o m f i b r o u s peat r e m a i n e d in the s o i l a f t e r a t e n - y e a r p e r i o d . F i b r o u s peat c o m e s in s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . The " r a w p e a t " is sold j u s t as it c o m e s f r o m the bog. " C u l t i v a t e d p e a t " is nothing m o r e than the r a w peat that has been t i l l e d and b r o k e n up to hasten decay. " M o s s p e a t " is usua l l y f r o m sphagnum m o s s e s and is equally suitable f o r s o i l conditioning. The w o o d y peats r e s u l t f r o m a g e s of b r e a k d o w n of deciduous and c o n i f e r o u s t r e e s and their a s s o c i a t e d undergrowth. T h i s is not a bad s o u r c e of o r g a n i c m a t t e r , but it does have l o w e r w a t e r - h o l d i n g capacity and is l e s s d e s i r a b l e f o r t u r f g r a s s p u r p o s e s . Sawdust m i g h t be r e f e r r e d to as a w o o d y peat and has the advantages of being i n e x p e n s i v e and e a s y to handle. H o w e v e r , b e f o r e use in t u r f g r a s s s o i l s , it should be w e l l c o m p o s t e d and w e l l r o t t e d in o r d e r to r e d u c e n i t r o g e n t i e - u p . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l new soil a d d i t i v e s or a m e n d m e n t s now o f f e r e d on the m a r k e t . M o s t of these a r e highly i n e r t and should p e r s i s t o v e r a number of y e a r s . E x a m p l e s of these m a t e r i a l s include the c a l c i n e c l a y s , m i c a products, c i n d e r s , and p e a r l i t e . When c o m p a r e d with the functions p e r f o r m e d by humus in the s o i l (as d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r ) , one can see that these synthetic amendments w i l l not f i t all of the advantages of natural o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s . A c t u a l l y , l i t t l e is known of t h e i r l o n g - r a n g e v a l u e or how they c o m p a r e with peats and other o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s o v e r the y e a r s . If they a r e to be used as a substitute f o r natural o r g a n i c m a t t e r , it should be on a t r i a l b a s i s only. P e r h a p s the l a s t question that can be a n s w e r e d h e r e is " H o w much peat or o r g a n i c m a t t e r should t h e r e be in p u t t i n g - g r e e n s o i l s ? M C o n s i d e r a b l e w o r k has been done on this p r o b l e m , and the consensus now is that f r o m 15 to 20 per cent by v o l u m e of the soil m i x t u r e should be in o r g a n i c m a t t e r . Organic m a t t e r b e c o m e s m o r e i m p o r t a n t as w e go t o w a r d higher sand content in p u t t i n g - g r e e n soils. L e t m e s u m m a r i z e by saying, t e r f o r good soil d e v e l o p m e n t . ,f " T h e r e is nothing quite l i k e o r g a n i c m a t - DRAINING TURFGRASS AREAS M i l t Bauman O v e r t a k e Golf C o u r s e B e l l e v u e , Washington T o b e g i n with, w e w i l l talk about f i e l d d r a i n a g e such as would be enc o u n t e r e d in draining turf a r e a s in parks, c e m e t e r i e s , and g o l d c o u r s e f a i r w a y s . A s a rule, but not a l w a y s , an a r e a that r e q u i r e s i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e is a l a y e r e d soil, a t o p s o i l on top of c l a y or hardpan, o r silt on c l a y or hardpan. Any l a y e r e d soil w i l l have a d r a i n a g e p r o b l e m . The h e a v i e r the soil, the m o r e e x t e n s i v e the d r a i n a g e must be. It i s p o s s i b l e to a c h i e v e this d r a i n a g e by ditching and back f i l l i n g with any m a t e r i a l that w i l l c a r r y w a t e r r e a d i l y , such as g r a v e l ; c i n d e r s have been used, but the p r o p e r w a y is to use d r a i n tile. The man doing the d r a i n a g e must c o n s i d e r the topography of the a r e a to be drained, and d e t e r m i n e w h e r e his m a i n d r a i n a g e ditches should be and w h e r e his l a t e r a l s w i l l pick up the m o s t w a t e r . The purpose of the m a i n d r a i n a g e ditch is to c a r r y the w a t e r away r a p i d l y f r o m the l a t e r a l ditches; t h e r e f o r e , this t i l e should probably be l a r g e r than the l a t e r a l s , depending upon the number of l a t e r a l s that w i l l d r a i n into the m a i n d r a i n a g e ditch. The m a i n ditch should have a continuous g r a d u a l f a l l . If it f a l l s too f a s t when o p e r a t i n g at capacity, it w i l l blow out and take out one of s e v e r a l sections of tile. It should not be so f l a t that w a t e r w i l l l i e in it, as it m a y silt up and not o p e r a t e e f f i c i e n t l y . The m a i n t i l e should be l a i d on a f i r m foundation. If the s o i l is not f i r m , pea g r a v e l o r l u m b e r m a y be used. W e c o v e r the tile c o m p l e t e l y with d r a i n g r a v e l o r pea g r a v e l , the j o i n t s being f i t t e d c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r as this line just c a r r i e s w a t e r and does not pick any up. The r e a s o n f o r the g r a v e l is to k e e p the t i l e line clean. A f t e r the t i l e is c o v e r e d with g r a v e l , w e cut a s t r i p of tar paper w i d e enough to c o v e r the ditch and p l a c e this on top of the t i l e g r a v e l . T h i s w i l l k e e p the d i r t and silt f r o m w o r k i n g into the g r a v e l and t i l e . It i s much f a s t e r than cutting tar paper and w r a p p i n g the individual j o i n t s . The m a i n ditch m a y be b a c k - f i l l e d with native soil. The l a t e r a l s a r e the l i n e s that pick up the w a t e r f r o m the ground, and, as a rule, a r e p l a c e d l a t e r a l to the slope of the ground. The ditch should have enough slope or f a l l to c a r r y the w a t e r to the m a i n line. M o s t s o i l s have a t o p s o i l and a subsoil. The w a t e r as a rule m o v e s f a s t e r through t o p s o i l than subsoil, unless the subsoil is a g r a v e l b e d or sand bank. The w a t e r w i l l pass through the topsoil, and as it m e e t s the subsoil, it w i l l stop and f o l l o w the subsoil down the slope. The point w h e r e the t o p s o i l m e e t s the subsoil is w h e r e you w i l l pick up the d r a i n a g e w a t e r . Y o u w i l l place your t i t l e in the l a t e r a l ditch the s a m e as in the m a i n ditch ( t i l e spaced 4 " a p a r t ) and c o v e r with drain g r a v e l o r pea g r a v e l . Then the ditch should be b a c k - f i l l e d with pea g r a v e l to above the p o i n t w h e r e the t o p s o i l m e e t s the subsoil. The r e s t of the ditch should be f i l l e d with a good sandy l o a m . In a r e a s w h e r e you have pockets and the w a t e r stands, e v e n though t h e r e is t i l e underneath, s o m e p r o v i s i o n must be made to l e t the w a t e r into the d r a i n a g e ditch. We use 2 M X 1 2 " c e d a r planking flush with the ground. These m a y be r e m o v e d and c l e a n e d p e r i o d i c a l l y . T h e y do not look as nice as g r a s s , but do look b e t t e r than a mud hole and take w a t e r r a p i d l y . Draining t e e s , putting g r e e n s , bowling g r e e n s , or any i n t e n s e l y used turf a r e a s r e q u i r e a m o r e i n t e n s i v e d r a i n a g e . T h r e e t y p e s of d r a i n a g e should be c o n s i d e r e d - - a i r d r a i n a g e , s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e , and i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e . Air d r a i n a g e is the m o v e m e n t of a i r a c r o s s a turf a r e a . T h e a i r w i l l help d r y the g r a s s and w i l l help to p r e v e n t the f o r m a t i o n of turf d i s e a s e s . S u r f a c e d r a i n a g e is the contouring of the ground s u r f a c e so t h e r e w i l l be no standing w a t e r on the g r a s s f o l l o w i n g i r r i g a t i o n or heavy r a i n s . In placing s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e on a putting g r e e n , the w a t e r should l e a v e the g r e e n in at l e a s t two a r e a s and m o r e if p o s s i b l e . If the w a t e r is run o f f in a single a r e a you w i l l c r e a t e a w e t or soft spot w h e r e your s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e accumulates. In this day and age, m o s t putting g r e e n s a r e manufactured. By this we m e a n w e m i x the soil to p r o p o r t i o n s of sand, soil, o r g a n i c m a t t e r , and p o s sibly soil amendments such as pumace, c a l c i n e d c l a y s , or v e r m i c u l i t e . If the subsoil is heavy enough that t i l e d r a i n a g e i s r e q u i r e d , the subsoil should be g r a d e d in a m a n n e r that w i l l g i v e it good s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e , as the w a t e r that m o v e s through the t o p s o i l w i l l f o l l o w the contour of the subsoil as it r e a c h e s it. T h e r e should be no w a t e r pockets in the subsoil, as it could w e l l r e s u l t in a w a t e r pocket and soft spot in the turf above, e v e n though t h e r e m a y be a good, w e l l - d r a i n e d t o p s o i l above the subsoil. The tile should be e m b e d d e d or t r e n c h e d into the subsoil. The amount of t i l e used would be d e t e r m i n e d by the p o r o s i t y of the subsoil and by the slope of the subsoil. If the subsoil is r e a s o n a b l y flat, m o r e t i l e w i l l be r e q u i r e d than w h e r e the subsoil slope is steep. The t i l e should be spaced i " apart, c o v e r e d with d r a i n or pea g r a v e l . The whole a r e a should be c o v e r e d with a m i n i m u m of 12tf of o v e r b u r d e n f r o m a g r a v e l pit. A l l contouring of the g r e e n should be m a d e with this o v e r b u r d e n m a t e r i a l and the top 10 n or 12" m i x should be p l a c e d on top. The o v e r b u r d e n in this a r e a w i l l run f r o m 8 5 to 89 P e r cent sand, and d r a i n v e r y r e a d i l y . With this m a t e r i a l f o r a b a s e r a t h e r than g r a v e l , t h e r e is a v e r y s m a l l change in c a p i l l a r y action f r o m the top m i x to the o v e r b u r d e n . T h i s m a t e r i a l is e x c e l l e n t to b a c k - f i l l any d r a i n a g e ditch, and i s one of the m o s t e c o n o m i c a l m a t e r i a l s w e can use. Y e t , if has enough clay, silt, and o r ganic m a t e r i a l to g r o w t u r f g r a s s . T h e r e a r e t h r e e types of t i l e d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s . G r i d i r o n is made of 90 d e g r e e l a t e r a l s on one side of the m a i n line. H e r r i n g b o n e s y s t e m is m a d e of l a t e r a l s coming in at an angle f r o m both sides of the m a i n line. In both the g r i d i r o n and h e r r i n g b o n e s y s t e m s the l i n e s a r e p e r f e c t l y straight and a r e spaced an exact distance apart. The other s y s t e m i s random tiling, the one m o s t c o m m o n l y used in f i e l d d r a i n a g e . The h e r r i n g b o n e o r g r i d i r o n s y s t e m s a r e m o r e adapted to an a r e a such as a putting g r e e n . In r a n d o m tiling you have no set pattern and place the tile w h e r e v e r it w i l l pick up the m o s t w a t e r . T h e r e a r e probably m o r e s y s t e m s and m a n y m o r e d i f f e r e n t w a y s of d r a i n a g e that a r e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l . T h i s paper i s p r e s e n t e d on nine y e a r s and 14 m i l e s of d r a i n a g e e x p e r i ence, and the methods m e n t i o n e d above have p r o v e d to be the b e s t and m o s t e c o n o m i c a l in our operation. G R A D I N G A N D C O N T O U R I N G SOILS L o u i s Schmidt Indian Canyon Golf C o u r s e Spokane, Washington The two m o s t i m p o r t a n t topics in g r e e n c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e contouring and s o i l s . P r o b a b l y the m o s t i m p o r t a n t of these two is contouring. In building a g r e e n w e must think of all the surrounding a r e a . W h e r e mounds, traps, and bunkers a r e to be used they a l s o must blend into the g r e e n a r e a . The next tee must a l s o be included in the w h o l e picture. G r e e n s a r e built l a r g e to g i v e a l o t of cup settings. L a r g e g r e e n s w i l l a l s o g i v e us s e v e r a l w a y s to d r a i n off the e x c e s s s u r f a c e w a t e r . Mounds, traps, and g r a s s y hollows can be used to divide the d i f f e r e n t cupping a r e a s , making f o r a m o r e exacting approach shot. Mounds that a r e c l o s e to or running into the g r e e n should be only a f e w f e e t higher than the g r e e n i t s e l f . T r a p s should be just high enough to be seen f r o m the f a i r w a y . L a r g e mounds could be used f a r t h e r away f r o m the g r e e n , but should not d r a i n on the g r e e n or into a trap. The apron must c o m m a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e attention. It should be of s u f f i c i e n t width that it w i l l a l l o w p l a y e r s to s p r e a d out. Mounds, traps, etc. should not be p l a c e d so as to funnel t r a f f i c and cause w o r n paths. If i t ' s p o s s i b l e , plan the next tee short of the g r e e n . This will allow p l a y e r s to l e a v e t h e i r c a r t s and bags in a l a r g e r a r e a and s p r e a d t r a f f i c . On a hole with the s h o r t e s t and e a s i e s t a p p r o a c h shot w e m i g h t build the s m a l l e s t g r e e n and the m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g t r a p s and bunkers. We could build the l a r g e s t g r e e n with a m i n i m u m of h a z a r d s on the hole w i t h the l o n g e s t and m o s t d i f f i c u l t approach shot. With the high c o s t of l a b o r , it would be to our advantage to make all g r a d e s and contours so they could be m o w e d with p o w e r e d equipment. The fancy t r a p s w i t h necks of g r a s s running into the sand, sharp c u r v e s , and r i d g e s should be e l i m i n a t e d to cut maintenance c o s t s . S o m e of the o l d - t i m e construction faults r e a l l y show up with our i n c r e a s e d play. G r e e n s that a r e built into a h i l l s i d e w h e r e all the w a t e r can run onto a g r e e n , f a i r w a y s that d r a i n to and on the g r e e n , g r e e n s that a r e cupped in the c e n t e r a r e all headaches now and s o m e a r e s t i l l being m a d e . If a m a j o r building or r e m o d e l i n g j o b is contemplated, a c o m p e t e n t g o l f c o u r s e a r c h i t e c t should be consulted. He w i l l save many a headache f o r the superintendent and many d o l l a r s f o r his club. W e who have o l d e r c o u r s e s a r e s o m e t i m e s guilty of o v e r w a t e r i n g g r e e n s to t r y to get them to hold a pitch shot. We know this i s not the a n s w e r . With an a v e r a g e of m o r e than a thousand rounds of golf a w e e k and the daily use of p o w e r e d equipment on w e t g r e e n s , w e bring the fine p a r t i c l e s in the s o i l to the top, sealing it so the a i r is shut out. T h i s causes the r o o t s of the g r a s s to c o m e to the top and it b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y to w a t e r m o r e f r e q u e n t l y , thus s t a r t ing a v i c i o u s c i r c l e . The only solution is to change the t e x t u r e of the soil. We know each g o l f c o u r s e has a d i f f e r e n t type of soil, and t h e r e m a y be s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t s o i l s on the same c o u r s e . Soils on g r e e n s need to a b s o r b w a t e r and a i r . Studies have shown how much this is. W e cannot doubt that they a r e right. A l s o , the types of s o i l that w i l l a b s o r b this amount of a i r and w a t e r a r e known. The structure and p o r o s i t y of the soil g o v e r n the r a t e of m o v e m e n t of a i r and w a t e r into the soil. A l s o , they g o v e r n the r a t e of w a t e r m o v e ment through the s o i l to d r a i n a g e depth. T h i s in turn g o v e r n s the toxic g a s e s that a r e in the soil. It could have a d i r e c t b e a r i n g on the amount of turf diseases. We a r e v e r y fortunate to have in the N o r t h w e s t at Puyallup, Wash ington, a staff of s o i l e x p e r t s that can m a k e a m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s of your soil. F o l l o w t h e i r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the l e t t e r . M i x a l l your s o i l s o f f site. M i x enough f o r a l l your w o r k on g r e e n s and enough f o r s e v e r a l top d r e sings. F o l l o w this with g o o d m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s and g i v e the g o l f e r a bette c o u r s e to enjoy. QUESTIONS A N D ANSWERS F R O M T H E F U N D A M E N T A L A S P E C T S O F T U R F G R A S S SOILS Question Is t h e r e any s i m p l e w a y f o r the l a y m a n to d e t e r m i n e m i l l i m e t e r s i z e s in his t u r f g r a s s s o i l s ? A n s w e r (Dr. Goss) Y e s , one can use such things as w i n d o w s c r e e n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g sand p a r t i c l e s i z e . In this case, you m e r e l y have to know how many m e s h e s t h e r e a r e per inch. Since t h e r e a r e 25 m i l l i m e t e r s p e r inch, then s o m e s i m p l e a r i t h m e t i c w i l l t e l l you the r e s t . Y o u can, if you like, go even f u r t h e r and use standard s i e v e s . Question D o e s the E x p e r i m e n t Station have f a c i l i t i e s f o r running m e c h a n i c a l s i e v e and p o r o s i t y a n a l y s e s ? Answer We have been doing s o m e m e c h a n i c a l and s i e v e a n a l y s i s w o r k f o r s o m e people who have sent; in s a m p l e s . W e have the p r o p e r testing equipment f o r m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s , and, of c o u r s e , w e have s i e v e s w h e r e w e can d e t e r m i n e the sand p a r t i c l e s i z e , but w e do not have p o r o s i t y - t e s t i n g equipment. We probably w i l l be going into this m o r e in the future. Question How much sand, a good s o i l ? silt, clay, and o r g a n i c m a t t e r is n e c e s s a r y to m a k e up A n s w e r ( A l l panel m e m b e r s a r e asked to p a r t i c i p a t e in this question) M i l t Bauman: I would s a y that the i m p o r t a n t thing in d e t e r m i n i n g these f a c t o r s is what type of d r a i n a g e do you have to c o n s i d e r . Certainly, t h e r e would be s o m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s with lawns, and you would have to c o n s i d e r o t h e r s with putting g r e e n s ; h o w e v e r , to m e this d r a i n a g e f a c t o r i s v e r y important. I b e l i e v e that a good soil f o r t u r f g r a s s use would contain about 65 per cent sand, about 25 per cent sandy l o a m , about 10 p e r cent clay, and the r e s t o r g a n i c m a t t e r . B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d : I think the m o s t i m p o r t a n t thing, as R o y G o s s has pointed out, is the use that w i l l be made of this t u r f g r a s s a r e a . About 60 per cent sand, 20 per cent sandy l o a m type soil, and 20 p e r cent o r g a n i c m a t t e r by v o l u m e usually m a k e s a good putting g r e e n soil. This is the r e s u l t of studies that have c o m e out of the c o m m e r c i a l l a b o r a t o r i e s that a r e doing p o r o s i t y testing and making r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r putting g r e e n s . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t thing to c o n s i d e r , of c o u r s e , is the type of clay. Question What p e r c e n t a g e of the soil should be p o r e space f o r m a x i m u m d r a i n a g e and w a t e r - h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y ? Answer (Dr. Goss) It is g e n e r a l l y f i g u r e d that the p o r e space should be d i v i d e d b e t w e e n c a p i l l a r y and n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r e space. B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d has a l r e a d y g i v e n you s o m e f i g u r e s on this, and it w a s pointed out e a r l i e r that about 40 per cent of the s o i l should be p o r e space. F o r good d r a i n a b i l i t y , it m i g h t be b e t t e r if w e c o n s i d e r something l i k e 60 per cent n o n c a p i l l a r y p o r e space and 40 per cent c a p i l l a r y , and in this m a n n e r w e would be sure that the d r a i n a g e would be b e t t e r . Question Do the s o i l amendments such as v e r m i c u l i t e , t u r f a c e a n d o t h e r s r e p l a c e the need f o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r in the soil, o r do they r e p l a c e the f r a c t i o n sand? A n s w e r ( L o u i s Schmidt) I think that v e r m i c u l i t e has a place and s o m e of these o t h e r s do also, I do not think they would r e p l a c e o r g a n i c m a t t e r . but M i l t Bauman I go along with L o u i e . I don't think they w i l l r e p l a c e o r g a n i c s . the chief r e a s o n f o r these m a t e r i a l s is f o r w a t e r m o v e m e n t . I think Bill Bengeyfield V e r m i c u l i t e has a place, but not in putting g r e e n s . I think it is b e t t e r f o r packing i n s t r u m e n t s and such things as that, than to put it into putting g r e e n s . I f e e l that v e r m i c u l i t e w i l l l o s e its structure, but not such m a t e r i a l s as the c a l c i n e d c l a y s . R o y Goss In the A p r i l 1962 i s s u e of Golf C o u r s e R e p o r t e r , t h e r e is a good s y m posium on these s o i l m i x t u r e s and amendments, and I think e v e r y one of you ought to r e a d it. One i m p o r t a n t thing that w e must r e m e m b e r i s that such m a t e r i a l s as the c a l c i n e d c l a y s actually have no base exchange c a p a c i t y and can hold nutrients only when they a r e in solution and held within the p o r e spaces of the a g g r e g a t e . Question What depth of s o i l a r e w e talking about when w e n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r the pore space? Answer (Roy Goss) I b e l i e v e w e a r e talking about the n o r m a l depth of s o i l w h e r e r o o t s usually g r o w and on g o l f c o u r s e putting g r e e n s ; this would not be any d e e p e r than 12 to 14 inches. A lawn or other play a r e a s would be around 12 inches deep. Question How about the introduction of w o o d f i b e r ? Answer (Roy Goss) Of c o u r s e , you must r e m e m b e r that the n i t r o g e n r e q u i r e m e n t g o e s up. It is d i f f i c u l t to say e x a c t l y how much n i t r o g e n would be r e q u i r e d when w o o d f i b e r is used, so l e t ' s just s e r v i c e the needs of the plant. Fertil i z e it when it shows the need. Question What i s the o r g a n i c l e v e l content of m o s t of the s o i l s ? Answer (Dr. Halvorson) It depends on w h e r e the s o i l c o m e s f r o m . On the sandier sites, the o r g a n i c m a t t e r is v e r y l o w - - o n l y 1 per cent o r so, but in s o m e of the o l d e r e s t a b l i s h e d turf soils, the o r g a n i c m a t t e r w i l l run o v e r 8 per cent. Question A f t e r a number of y e a r s , do you f e e l it would be n e c e s s a r y to r e t i l l a putting g r e e n to get it back into r e a s o n a b l e s t r u c t u r e ? Answer (Bill Bengeyfield) In N e w England it is often said that when a putting g r e e n b e c o m e s 15 y e a r s old, it is t i m e to r e b u i l d it. I do f e e l that when the g r e e n is not p e r f o r m i n g p r o p e r l y , perhaps not draining p r o p e r l y , and it is not p l a y ing r i g h t in any r e s p e c t , then it should be rebuilt. I don't think t h e r e is any p a r t i c u l a r age that w e can a s s e s s as to when a g r e e n should be rebuilt. M i l t Bauman A s f a r as I a m c o n c e r n e d , in the building of a putting g r e e n the use of a r o t o t i l l e r c e r t a i n l y should be outlawed. I f e e l you can do a l o t b e t t e r j o b with a disk. A r o t o t i l l e r w i l l just f l o p it up in the a i r , l e t it c o m e back down in place, and m a y b e e v e n l e t s o m e of the f i n e s s e p a r a t e f r o m the c o a r s e m a t e r i a l . Question Should the s o i l s be m i x e d on or o f f the s i t e ? A n s w e r ( L o u i s Schmidt) I think they should be m i x e d o f f - s i t e . Y o u can m i x t h e m w i t h a l o a d e r , backend blade, disk, or what, but the m a i n thing is to m i x t h e m o f f the site and then place t h e m on the putting g r e e n a r e a . (Roy Goss) T h i s o f f - s i t e m i x i n g is what w e used on the Joe A l b i Stadium in Spokane, and w e think w e did a r e a l good j o b on this and hope it w i l l play a c c o r d i n g to the w a y w e d e s i g n e d it. Question How do you d e t e r m i n e the s o u r c e of w a t e r f o r d r a i n a g e , and, s p e c i f i c a l l y , how do you d e t e r m i n e the d i r e c t i o n of f l o w ? more A n s w e r ( M i l t Bauman) I find a w e t spot, dig in i m m e d i a t e l y above it, and I usually find a s e a m of w a t e r . Y o u just can't stand back and look at it and find it; you have to dig down and find it. S o m e t i m e s you can find a w e t spot, f o l l o w it up the hill and find the source, and save a l o t of w e t ground. Question How deep do you put t i l e l i n e s ? A n s w e r ( M i l t Bauman) It depends a lot on the d e g r e e of d r a i n a g e you a r e a f t e r . T h e y should be deep enough that you can c o v e r them o v e r to be out of m o s t of the g r a s s r o o t s , and they must be deep enough to pick up the .source of supply. Some of the w a t e r w e have i s c l o s e to the s u r f a c e and our d r a i n l i n e s a r e n e c e s s a r i l y shallow; o t h e r s a r e deep. Question How f a r apart should these t i l e l i n e s be p l a c e d ? A n s w e r ( M i l t Bauman) It depends on how e x t e n s i v e l y you want to d r a i n it and the type of s o i l you have to deal with. I m i g h t g i v e you an e x a m p l e that on a 126-yard hole, w e have 2, 600 f e e t of t i l e line and I don't think t h e r e i s enough t h e r e . I f e e l that when s o m e of these situations a r e as bad as this one, it m i g h t have been b e t t e r in the beginning to s t r i p o f f the p r o b l e m soil, g r a d e and d r a i n the sub-base, b r i n g in sandier s o i l f i l l , and place the sod back on this. Question N o w that w e have d e t e r m i n e d how s o i l s should be m i x e d and w e have done it this way, why is it that s o m e of these g o l f c o u r s e s a r e sanding their greens ? Answer (Roy Goss) E v e n though the p r o c e d u r e i s not c o r r e c t , s o m e c o u r s e s a r e attempting to d r y up the c o u r s e by sand applications to the s u r f a c e . T h i s is m e r e l y hiding our own heads in the sand, b e c a u s e the p r o b l e m that is causing w e t o r s o g g y s u r f a c e s c e r t a i n l y is not in the r a n g e w h e r e the sand can help, but is d e e p e r down in the s o i l p r o f i l e and should be e l i m i n a t e d . L o u i s Schmidt I have p r a c t i c e d the sanding of m y g r e e n s each spring f o r the l a s t ten y e a r s . I have h e a v y s o i l s at Indian Canyon, and I f e e l as though the sand has helped m y g r e e n s . M i l t Bauman P e r s o n a l l y , I am against sanding g r e e n s . T h e r e is no doubt in m y m i n d that w e a r e going to build l a y e r s . You m a y f i r m the g r e e n up a l i t t l e in the w i n t e r , but next s u m m e r you a r e going to get m o r e shallow r o o t s . Bill Bengeyfield I ' l l go along with M i l t on that; h o w e v e r , I think that Sam Zook has s o m e thing to say about this since he has done this f o r a number of y e a r s with r e a l good r e s u l t s . The w a y it w a s done at W a v e r l y w a s to a e r i f y about t h r e e t i m e s a y e a r , taking o f f the old plugs, and r e a p p l y i n g a f a i r l y sharp sand. If you a r e going to use the sanding p r o g r a m , you must a e r i f y regularly. R o y Goss I think B i l l has hit at the r e a l s o u r c e of the trouble. That is, with m e c h a n i c a l equipment you a r e not going to get down o v e r t h r e e to t h r e e and o n e - h a l f inches anyway. If your trouble is b e l o w this, you had b e t t e r just r e b u i l d these g r e e n s in the f i r s t p l a c e . Question (John Z o l l e r ) How about using sands f o r f i r m i n g a s u r f a c e to p r e v e n t t r a c k i n g ? Answer (Roy Goss) Y o u can use s o m e sands f o r helping f i r m a s u r f a c e , but it s t i l l c o m e s back to the o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m . If the soil is draining p r o p e r l y , and it is of the r i g h t texture, you a r e not going to have soft, w e t s u r f a c e s ; hence, no need f o r an application of sand. H o w e v e r , if the s u r f a c e s a r e r e a l w e t and s o g g y and d r a i n a g e is poor, then p r o b a b l y you w i l l hurt l i t t l e by applying sand to these b e c a u s e they should be r e b u i l t anyway. Question: Do you think w e w i l l have m o r e l a y e r s d e v e l o p e d in a w e t c l i m a t e than w e have in a d r y c l i m a t e ? Answer (Bill Bengeyfield) Y o u w i l l have some l a y e r i n g due to s o i l separation, but I don't f e e l q u a l i f i e d to go into it any d e e p e r . R o y Goss You w i l l d e s t r o y the structure and you c e r t a i n l y w i l l have silt and c l a y s m i g r a t i n g to the s u r f a c e , b e c a u s e of puddling and packing f r o m t r a f f i c . T h i s c e r t a i n l y w i l l contribute to l a y e r i n g , and, of c o u r s e , this is m o r e p r e v a l e n t in the w e t a r e a s than in the d r y . Question ( A . V. Macan) I s n ' t it c u s t o m a r y to t o p - d r e s s your g r e e n s with the s a m e m a t e r i a l f r o m which they w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d ? A n s w e r ( M i l t Bauman) If your t o p - m i x i s suitable and g r o w s a g o o d putting g r e e n and i s of the right p a r t i c l e - s i z e distribution, then that is what you should d e f i n i t e l y use. If the putting g r e e n m i x w a s not quite right, then m a y b e you should change it some. Question T o what extent does the added s o i l ( s t r a i g h t sand or o t h e r s ) b e c o m e a part of the subsoil a f t e r it has been a p p l i e d ? Answer (Bill Bengeyfield) If this is applied as a t o p - d r e s s i n g o v e r sod, they you a r e not making a contact and you can d e f i n i t e l y get a l a y e r . In this case, s o m e m e t h o d of cultivation is n e c e s s a r y to m a k e this s o i l contact. Bob W i l e y The point is that so many people think that these s o i l s actually do m o v e by t h e m s e l v e s , ajid this is the point at which we a r e t r y i n g to get. They do not m o v e without the aid of other m e c h a n i c a l equipment. H e n r y Land If you v e r t i - c u t and a e r i f y it b e f o r e t o p - d r e s s i n g , going to be able to help do this m i x i n g job. then I think you a r e K e n Putnam I have applied both sand and t u r f a c e in holes of putting g r e e n s , s o m e t i m e I can s t i l l find the t u r f a c e but I can't find the sand. f e e l i n g that this sand has m o v e d . and a f t e r It is m y R o y Goss I don't think it is so much a c a s e of m o v i n g as you have just l o s t the identity of it. Y o u r putting g r e e n s a r e a l r e a d y v e r y high in sand content, and you could e a s i l y l o s e a l o t of sand that you have applied. Sometimes silt can m o v e in i t s e l f and blend in with the added sands and,'.tend to m a s k the identity of the sand. W e have a l r e a d y a d m i t t e d that sands, silts, and c l a y s m o v e , but c e r t a i n l y not l a r g e sand p a r t i c l e s . Question What would m a k e a good t o p - d r e s s i n g , matter, etc? c o n s i d e r i n g the f e r t i l i t y , organic Answer C e r t a i n l y the amount of t o p - d r e s s i n g that would be a p p l i e d would be d e t e r m i n e d by w h e t h e r or not the g r e e n is being a e r i f i e d or w h e t h e r any other m e c h a n i c a l t r e a t m e n t i s being used. A p e r s o n should be v e r y c a r e f u l about the amount of f e r t i l i z e r applied to t o p - d r e s s i n g , since s e v e r e burns can result. T o p - d r e s s i n g m a t e r i a l s should be f a i r l y high in o r g a n i c content (20 per cent by v o l u m e ) and high to sand, 70 per cent or m o r e . Question Is t h e r e any h a r m in v e r t i - c u t t i n g your plugs back in? Answer (Bill Bengeyfield) No, I don't think t h e r e i s any h a r m in doing this, p r o v i d e d your conditions a r e p r o p e r and your s o i l s a r e good. If you want to true up to the s u r f a c e a l i t t l e m o r e , then s o m e t o p - d r e s s i n g m a y have to be added in addition to these v e r t i - c u t plugs. Question How long does it take peat m o s s to b r e a k down and how much does it actually b r e a k ? Answer (Roy Goss) It depends on the amount of a i r , w a t e r , f e r t i l i z e r , and m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s in the soil. P e a t m o s s w i l l c e r t a i n l y b r e a k down to the final components, just l i k e any other o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l if these w e a t h e r i n g and c h e m i c a l factors are operating. The t i m e v a r i e s f r o m two to ten y e a r s . PANEL DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F GROUND S P R A Y I N G L. G e o r g e Mock, Jr. , M o d e r a t o r Dr. L a m b e r t C, E r i c k s o n Dr. R o y L . G o s s Bud Johnson Don M o c k Introduction L . G e o r g e Mock, Jr. , M o d e r a t o r P r e s i d e n t , R e g i o n a l C h e m i c a l s , Inc. Seattle, Washington F i r s t , I would l i k e to introduce the m e m b e r s of this panel discussion, w h e r e they a r e f r o m , and what they do. F i r s t is D r . L a m b e r t E r i c k s o n who i s with the D e p a r t m e n t of A g r o n o m y at the U n i v e r s i t y of Idaho and who is w o r k i n g on w e e d c o n t r o l p r o b l e m s . M r . Bud Johnson is c o - o w n e r of S c a r b e r r y Mr. Spray S e r v i c e , Seattle, Washington, and is a c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r . Donald M o c k is the S e r v i c e M a n a g e r of Sprague Spray S e r v i c e M a n a g e r of Sprague Spray S e r v i c e , Inc. , Seattle, Washington, and a c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r . Dr. R o y Goss is a T u r f S p e c i a l i s t f r o m the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station at Puyallup, Washington. Our panel w i l l p r e s e n t s o m e of the fundamentals of ground s p r a y i n g with the hope that w e can help you b e t t e r understand the use of p e s t i c i d e s . With the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g need f o r t h e i r use, p e s t i c i d e s and t h e i r p r o p e r application must b e c o m e a m o r e v i t a l part of background k n o w l e d g e with each of you. M o s t of you a r e p r e s e n t l y e n g a g e d in the application of w e e d k i l l e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e s , or f u n g i c i d e s . In v i e w of t h e i r g e n e r a l use, w e w i l l have need f o r m o r e s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n on the m a m m a l i a n t o x i c i t y of these c h e m i c a l tools. T h e r e i s at p r e s e n t much a d v e r s e c o m m e n t on p e s t i c i d e s . A t l e a s t part of this is due to our lack of b a s i c s on the d a n g e r s i n v o l v i n g t h e i r uses. I w i s h to enter a t e r m known as LD50. A r e you a w a r e of how the L D 5 0 p e s t i c i d e a f f e c t s you? F i r s t , l e t m e explain L D ^ q and why you m u s t l e a r n this f a c t o r f o r each p e s t i c i d e you or your m e n apply. i n t e r p r e t e d to m e a n the amount of any c h e m i c a l e x p r e s s e d in m i l l i g r a m s v e r s u s a k i l o g r a m of body w e i g h t n e c e s s a r y to k i l l 50 per cent of the t e s t a n i m a l s . F o r e x a m p l e , if w e had 20 t e s t a n i m a l s all w e i g h i n g e x a c t l y one k i l o g r a m (2. 2 lbs. ) and each of these a n i m a l s w a s f e d 250 m i l l i g r a m s of t e c h n i c a l D D T , 50 p e r cent of the population would be k i l l e d . Thus, L D ^ q is the amount of t e c h n i c a l c h e m i c a l needed to be lethal to 50 per cent of the population of test a n i m a l s . Therefore, D D T technical has an L D 5 Q of 250. If your question is how does this a f f e c t m e , h e r e is how. A l l c h e m i c a l s have a d i f f e r e n t L D J - Q - D D T at 250 is c o n s i d e r e d a f a i r l y safe c h e m i c a l f r o m the standpoint of a p p l i c a t o r , but not all c h e m i c a l s a r e this s a f e . PRODUCT Acti-dione Alanap Aldrin Allethrin Amino Triazole Ammonium Sulfamate. . . Aqualin Aramite A r s e n i c Compounds Atrazine (Baytex) BHC (Benzene Hexachloride) Bordeaux Mixture Butonate Calcium Arsenate Captan Carbyne Chlordane Chlorobenzilate Copper Sulfate Co-Ral Cryolite Cyanide ( H C N Gas) C y p r e x (dodine) Dalapon (Dowpon) D - D Soil Fumigant DDT D D V P (Vapona) D E F Defoliant Delnav Delrad Dexon Diazinon Dibrom Dicapthon Dieldrin Dilan Dimethoate Dinitro Weed K i l l e r s . . . Di-Syston Diuron ( K a r m e x ) D N - 111 Duraset Dylox (Dipterex) Dyrene EDB (Ethylene Dibromide) . Elgetol EMMI Endothal EPN Eptam ( E P T C ) Eradex Ethion LD 50 2 8000 55 650 2500 3900 . 46 6300 13 3080 190 . 500 300 1100 20 3000 1300 457 960 300 56-230 200 3 1000 3860 140 250 56-80 177 50 850 60 125 430 . 370-570 60 .330-4000 . 155-300 . 30 12. 5 3400 330 . 523 0 . 450-500 . 2710 150 , 45 148 40 45 28 1631 1800 96 PRODUCT Fenson Ferbam Folex Fungitox 1-20 Genite Glyodin Guthion HCA Weed Killer Hepthachlor Chloro-IPC Karathane Kelthane Kepone Lead Arsenate Lethane L i m e Sulfur Lindane . . . . . . . . . Malathion Maneb Menazon Metaldehyde Meta-Systox-R Methoxychlor Methyl Parathion MH-30 (Maleic Hydrazide) . Monuron ( T e l v a r ) Morven M y lone Naphthalene A c e t i c A c i d . . Neguvon Nemagon N i c o t i n e Sulfate Omazene OMPA Ovex LD 5 0 1550 3000 1272 230 1400 4000 10- 18 1290 90- 135 6000 8000 809 95 7 400 1000 125 2830 7550 900 400 65 6000 9-25 23 50 3500 2000 650 1000 450-500 173 55 590 10 2050 Paris Green 13-22 Pentachlorophenol . . . . 210 Perthane 8170 Phaltan 10, 000 Phosdrin 6-7 Phosphamidon ( D i m e c r o n ) . 50 Phostex 1200 1300 Phygon (dichlone) P i p e r o n y l Butoxide . . . . 11. 500 Piperonyl Cyclonene . . . 2980 P o t a s s i u m Cyanate . . . . 750 Prometone 2980 1500 Pyrethrins Randox 700 1000-1500 R e d Squill Ronnel ( K o r l a n or T r o l e n e ) . 1700-1740 Rotenone 132 Ruelene 1000 Ryania . . . » Sabadilla Sesone (SES) Sevin Simazine Sodium C h l o r a t e Sodium F l u o r i d e Sodium F l u o s i l i c a t e Spergon ( c h l o r a n i l ) Stam Streptomycin Strychnine Sulfur Sulphenone Systox ( d e m e t o n ) Tabutrex Tartar Emetic TCA TDE(DDD) Tedion 750 4000 850 540 5000 8 50 200 125 4000 1384 6000 16. 2 3 000 1400 6-12 8000 100 5000 3400 14, 700 TEPP Terraclor. Thanite Thimet (phorate) Thiodan Thiram Toxaphene Trithion Urab Urox VC-13 Vegadex Vikane Warfarin Z i n c Phosphide Zineb Ziram 2, 4 - D 2, 4 - 5 - T . . . 1. 2-2o 0 12,000 1603 3. 7 110 865 69 28 5700 3700 270 8 50 100 150 50 5200 3000 666 300 Know what c h e m i c a l s you a r e using, and r e m e m b e r the s m a l l e r the LD50 number the m o r e dangerous the c h e m i c a l is to w a r m - b l o o d e d a n i m a l s , including you. FUNDAMENTALS Dr. L a m b e r t C. E r i c k s o n U n i v e r s i t y of Idaho M o s c o w , Idaho A f i r s t fundamental p r i n c i p l e in ground spraying would usually be cons i d e r e d a p h y s i c a l or m e c h a n i c a l p r i n c i p l e . I am going to place one p r i n c i p l e p r i o r to all others, and it is this. Know your m a t e r i a l , w h e t h e r it is a h e r b i cide, i n s e c t i c i d e , fungicide, or f e r t i l i z e r . Some questions a r e : Is it v o l a t i l e ? Is it a contact or t r a n s l o c a t e d m a t e r i a l ? Is it m o b i l e or f i x e d on contact? Is it soluble or i n s o l u b l e ? Is it a d s o r b e d or a b s o r b e d ? What is its l e a c h a b i l i t y ? What is its r e s i d u a l duration? It is a x i o m a t i c that when the w r o n g m a t e r i a l is used the r e s u l t s w i l l be w r o n g . In t e r m s of p h y s i c a l fundamentals the f o l l o w i n g a r e p l a c e d in o r d e r of declining p r i o r i t y . 1. 2. 3. 4. Capacity Versatility M o b i l i t y or m a n e u v e r a b i l i t y Durability D e f i c i e n t capacity of our p r e s e n t spraying equipment i s probably the f i r s t p r o b l e m one encounters in this day of u n p a r a l l e d change and expansion in the application of a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s . T o do the j o b now and in the i m m e d i a t e future, these questions in r e l a tion to capacity appear paramount. 1. How l a r g e an a r e a must be t r e a t e d in a c e r t a i n ( p r e d e t e r m i n e d ) length of t i m e ? Must w e t r e a t 1, 10, o r 40 o r m o r e a c r e s in a d a y ? 2. What total v o l u m e s must, or potentially could, be r e q u i r e d per a c r e , or 1, 000 square feet, or other unit a r e a ? Illustration: (A) Suppose you w i s h to t r e a t ten a c r e s per day, and suppose that the t e r r a i n and o b s t a c l e s a r e such that your s a f e t r a v e l speed is Z j m i l e s per hour. How w i d e a b o o m can be used in v i e w of the o b s t a c l e s ? L e t ' s a s s u m e that ten f e e t is a w o r k a b l e width. Then: 2. 5 x 5, 280 = 13, 200 l i n e a r f e e t 13, 200 x 10. = 132, 000 sq. f e e t p e r hour 435,600 o Qu /4> x or 232 000 (ten a c r e s ) = 3 . 3 hours A s s u m i n g 50 p e r cent of t i m e u t i l i z e d in f i l l i n g , m i x i n g , and t r a v e l , treating ten a c r e s r e q u i r e s 6. 6 hours with this unit. I n c r e a s i n g the b o o m width 50 p e r cent (to 15 f e e t ) w i l l i n c r e a s e the t i m e e f f i c i e n c y , but not by 50 p e r cent. (B) Suppose that you d e s i r e an application r a t e of 20 gpa. How l a r g e a pump w i l l be r e q u i r e d ? Spacing n o z z l e s at 20 inches, six n o z z l e s w i l l be r e q u i r e d . Select f r o m schedules the n e a r e s t d e s i r a b l e s i z e , e. g. , Spraying S y s t e m s No. 8002 w i l l d e l i v e r 21. 6 gal. at 30 psi. or 0. 17 gpm. p e r n o z z l e . 0. 17 x 6 = 1. 02 gpm. f o r 10-ft. boom. (C) B y - p a s s f o r s p r a y agitation r e q u i r e s two gpm. F r i c t i o n l o s s e s t i m a t e 0. 5 gpm. T o t a l r e q u i r e d = 1. 02 + 0. 5 = 3. 72 gpm. (D) P o t e n t i a l future applications m a y r e q u i r e 80 gpa. 8008 w i l l d e l i v e r 80 gpm. at 27 psi. o r 0. 65 gpm. 0. 65 x 6 = 3. 90 gpm. f o r boom. Then, 3. 9 + gpm. total r e q u i r e d . T h i s i l l u s t r a t e s that pumps j o b should have a capacity of about s e v e n gpm. (E) How l a r g e should the tank b e ? At a s p r a y r a t e of 1. 02 gpm. , 50 gal. w o u l d l a s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 49 min. l e s s 5 gal. = 44 min. A t 3. 9 gpm. the solution would l a s t about ten min. What t i r e p r e s sure psi. w i l l the turf t o l e r a t e ? 3. V e r y f r e q u e n t l y the i m m e d i a t e question is what w i l l or does m y p r e s e n t s p r a y e r d e l i v e r per a c r e . The s i m p l e solution is thisS e l e c t the s p r a y p r e s s u r e you d e s i r e . S e l e c t the s p r a y you w i l l d r i v e . F i l l the tank full of w a t e r . Spray 40 r o d s . M e a s u r e the number of g a l l o n s of w a t e r to f i l l the tank. Then use the f o l l o w i n g formula. gallons used x 66 ,, .. , Ti :—7—r - g a l l o n s applied per acre rxr r length of b o o m in f e e t 4. U n i f o r m i t y of s p r a y c o v e r a g e . F l a t s p r a y patterns usually g i v e m o r e u n i f o r m c o v e r a g e than cone patterns. Spray c o v e r a g e is b a s e d on the distance f r o m the top of the b e g e t a t i o n to the n o z z l e . Eighty o r i f i c e s spaced 20 in. apart r e q u i r e a v e r t i c a l distance of 12 in. f o r single c o v e r a g e . (B) V e r s a t i l i t y - D e f i n i t e r e s t r i c t i o n s must be p l a c e d upon the v e r s a t i l i ty e x p e c t a t i o n s of any h e r b i c i d e s p r a y unit. S p r a y e r s should not be d e s i g n e d f o r applying both h e r b i c i d e s and i n s e c t i c i d e s o r f u n g i c i d e s in plant pest control. M a j o r e m p h a s i s should be p l a c e d on r e s t r i c t ing the w e i g h t of the v e h i c l e , the s i z e of the tank, the width of the boom. (C) M a n e u v e r a b i l i t y - M a n e u v e r a b i l i t y m a y be included under v e r s a t i l ity, but t h e r e a r e additional c o n s i d e r a t i o n s such as: length and height of unit, turning radius, l o c a t i o n and a c c e s s i b i l i t y of the cont r o l to the o p e r a t o r . A l l the l a t t e r f a c t o r s should be b a s e d on minimum requirements. Spraying S y s t e m s per nozzle. 2 + 0. 5 = 6. 4 f o r the p r o p o s e d (D) D u r a b i l i t y - G e a r pumps, spring and b a l l - t y p e p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t o r s , o v e r s i z e s t r a i n e r s and f i l t e r s , s c r e e n d i a m e t e r s d i s t i n c t l y l e s s than o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r s , p l a s t i c - c o a t e d tank i n t e r i o r s , and avoiding i r o n and aluminum. Connections w i l l add to the d u r a b i l i t y of the s p r a y unit and d e c r e a s e the f r u s t r a t i o n s incident to continuing operation. (E) M i n i m u m wind v e l o c i t y is a l w a y s an e s s e n t i a l in s a f e t y of a p p l i c a tion. L a r g e d r o p l e t s i z e , l a r g e o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r s , f l a t s p r a y patterns, and m i n i m u m p r e s s u r e s a r e conducive to m i n i m i z i n g s p r a y drift. SPRAY A P P L I C A T I O N S OF F E R T I L I Z E R Dr. R o y L . Goss W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station Puyallup, Wa s hingto n F o r many y e a r s f e r t i l i z e r s have been applied as liquids o r dilute liquid s p r a y s to v a r i o u s f o r m s of herbage. L i q u i d f e r t i l i z e r s have p r o b a b l y been applied m o r e e x t e n s i v e l y to pasture and hay c r o p s on f a r m s than in any other w a y at this point. H o w e v e r , the popularity of this technique as it i s i n c r e a s i n g today w i l l probably m a k e turf the number one c r o p f o r f e r t i l i z e r s a p p l i e d as liquids in the future. F e r t i l i z e r s can be applied through i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s by e i t h e r d i s s o l v ing d r y f e r t i l i z e r s and inducing them into the i r r i g a t i o n line by d i r e c t suction or with P i t o t or V e n t u r i induction s y s t e m s . Or they can be applied as conc e n t r a t e d liquids induced into i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s in dilute f o r m s . The s y s t e m used by m o s t c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r s today is tank-truck and s p r a y e r a p p l i cation. In this s y s t e m , f e r t i l i z e r s a r e d i s s o l v e d or added to a g i v e n v o l u m e of w a t e r and s p r a y e d on to the t u r f g r a s s e s in a l a r g e enough v o l u m e of w a t e r that no i n j u r y w i l l o c c u r under n o r m a l conditions. Liquid Versus Dry Application L i q u i d s have a d e c i d e d advantage o v e r d r y application in s o m e r e s p e c t s . Many h o m e s and e s t a t e s have t u r f g r a s s a r e a s so i r r e g u l a r in shape that d r y application of f e r t i l i z e r is v e r y d i f f i c u l t . In these instances, s p r a y hoses and s p r a y b o o m s a r e m o r e e a s i l y adapted to the a r e a s . Liquid f e r t i l i z e r s also have the advantage of being p l a c e d i m m e d i a t e l y in the r o o t zone of the g r a s s e s and a r e a v a i l a b l e a l i t t l e f a s t e r . A l s o , the f e r t i l i z e r is a l r e a d y in solution and is m o r e u n i f o r m l y applied to the e n t i r e s u r f a c e . D r y applications can be m a d e just as f a s t and perhaps f a s t e r than liquid applications b e c a u s e t i m e is not w a s t e d in r e m i x i n g tanks of f e r t i l i z e r . Howe v e r , with d r y applications, " o v e r t h r o w i n g " of f e r t i l i z e r p e l l e t s by b r o a d c a s t s y s t e m into adjacent f l o w e r s and o r n a m e n t a l s can s o m e t i m e s be a p r o b l e m , and if the m a t e r i a l is applied by w a y of s p r e a d e r ( f r e e - f l o w ) , burns due to concentration of the m a t e r i a l can o c c u r due to o v e r l a p p i n g or in the turns. During dry, w a r m w e a t h e r , d r y p e l l e t e d f e r t i l i z e r s s o m e t i m e s have an advantage in the fact that they w i l l s i f t down through the g r a s s l e a v e s and do not have to be w a t e r e d in or d i s s o l v e d i m m e d i a t e l y to p r e v e n t burning. If w a t e r is applied s o m e t i m e during the s a m e day of application (and s o m e t i m e s this is not too i m p o r t a n t ) , l i t t l e o r no burning w i l l be e x p e r i e n c e d . However, l i q u i d applications can s o m e t i m e s cause s e v e r e burning i f : (1) the f e r t i l i z e r solution is too concentrated, or (2) the day is too w a r m , or ( 3 ) the f e r t i l i z e r m a t e r i a l is not w a s h e d off the g r a s s soon a f t e r application. Since the burning action of m o s t f e r t i l i z e r s is caused by a d e s i c c a t i o n of the t i s s u e f r o m d i r e c t salt concentration, the liquid applications c e r t a i n l y have the b e s t chance of producing a s e r i o u s burn unless the precautions m e n t i o n e d above a r e o b s e r v e d . A n o t h e r s e r i o u s f a c t o r which often a r i s e s that g i v e s the s p r a y m a n another headache is caused f r o m g r a s s in a w e a k e n e d condition due to other i n j u r y . When a good application of f e r t i l i z e r is applied to g r a s s in this condition, s o m e t i m e s the r e a c t i o n g o e s the w r o n g w a y and the g r a s s e s a r e s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d . T h i s is notably true in the c a s e of p r e v i o u s h e r b i c i d a l inj u r y or i f the turf is on the d r y side at the t i m e f e r t i l i z e r s a r e applied. The b e s t p o s s i b l e r e s u l t s of h e r b i c i d e applications w i l l the w e e d s a r e in an a c t i v e stage of growth. A good f e r t i l i z e r days b e f o r e h e r b i c i d e applications w i l l i n s u r e a b e t t e r kill^of at the s a m e t i m e k e e p the g r a s s e s g r o w i n g v i g o r o u s l y . This any slight i n j u r y f r o m h e r b i c i d e s . be obtained if applications a f e w the turf w e e d s arid w i l l help to m a s k F e r t i l i z e r Ratio and Intensity Is The Important F a c t o r Once w e have a r r i v e d at the p r o p e r r a t i o of nitrogen, phosphorus, and p o t a s s i u m which should be applied to t u r f g r a s s e s , then quality is a f f e c t e d by the intensity of this application. R e s e a r c h r e s u l t s at the W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station indicate that a 3 - 1 - 2 r a t i o of n i t r o g e n to phosphorus to p o t a s s i u m is producing our b e s t quality turf. G e n e r a l l y the h i g h e r p o t a s s i u m l e v e l s in the f o r m u l a s a r e producing turf of s u p e r i o r quality to t r e a t m e n t s with l o w e r p o t a s s i u m l e v e l s . T h i s application r a t i o is f u r t h e r substantiated by the a p p r o x i m a t e r a t i o in which nutrients a r e used f r o m the s o i l by t u r f g r a s s e s . T u r f g r a s s e s do use s e v e r a l t i m e s m o r e p o t a s s i u m than phosphorous f r o m the s o i l s . N i t r o g e n , of c o u r s e , can be applied to any extent within r e a s o n a b l e limits. M o s t of the f a s t - r e l e a s i n g f e r t i l i z e r s produce the b e s t t u r f g r a s s r e sponse if they a r e applied at i n t e r v a l s of one month. Obviously this f r e q u e n c y of application is not e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e f o r e i t h e r the s p r a y a p p l i c a t o r or the home o w n e r . Hence, a happy m e d i u m is s t r i v e d f o r to help m e e t these needs. M o s t c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r s a g r e e that the a v e r a g e home o w n e r can a f f o r d only about t h r e e applications p e r y e a r . In s o m e instances, they w i l l stand the i n c r e a s e d cost of a fourth application. R e s e a r c h r e s u l t s have indicated that with the use of f a s t - r e l e a s i n g f e r t i l i z e r s a m i n i m u m of four applications p e r y e a r i s r e q u i r e d to maintain a good quality without having the e x a g g e r a t e d p e r i o d s of e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h and p e r i o d s of poor growth. The use of s l o w - r e l e a s i n g f e r t i l i z e r s w h e n e v e r they a r e e f f e c t i v e is c e r t a i n l y an advantage to the c o m m e r c i a l s p r a y e r . H o w e v e r , m o s t of these f e r t i l i z e r s do not lend t h e m s e l v e s to s p r a y applications. Some r e c e n d adv a n c e s in the f i e l d of r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t by the c o m m e r c i a l c o m p a n i e s indicate that such m a t e r i a l s as the n i t r i f i c a t i o n i n h i b i t o r s and the m e t a l a m m o n i u m phosphates m a y be of c o n s i d e r a b l e c o m m e r c i a l v a l u e to the s p r a y a p p l i c a t o r s in the future. T h e s e m a t e r i a l s a r e s l o w l y a v a i l a b l e to the plant and can be handled l i k e any other f e r t i l i z e r . N o doubt f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l be r a p i d l y f o r t h c o m i n g in this a r e a . T Y P E S O F E Q U I P M E N T A N D I T S USE Bud Johnson S c a r b e r r y Spray S e r v i c e Seattle, Washington One of the m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s to ground spraying i s the many types of equipment a v a i l a b l e . Selecting the p r o p e r p i e c e of equipment f o r the j o b can s o m e t i m e s be quite a p r o b l e m to the superintendent of a g o l f c o u r s e , c e m e t e r y , or park. The fact that the equipment is e x p e n s i v e and not in constant use c o m p l i c a t e s the p r o b l e m . F i r s t , you must have p r o p e r a g i t a t i o n - - s o m e type that w i l l k e e p your m a t e r i a l f r o m settling out and reaching r i g h t down to the bottom of your tank and pulling the m a t e r i a l back into suspension is needed. T h i s i s v e r y i m p o r tant when your m a c h i n e sits idle during lunch hour or o v e r n i g h t . There are other types of agitation such as j e t or i n j e c t i o n s y s t e m s . A s of now, w e f e e l that m e c h a n i c a l agitation is the best. T h i s is an a g i t a t o r with paddles of suff i c i e n t length, width, and pitch. A p r o p e r unit should be m o b i l e enough to f i t the job, w h i l e a t r a i l e r unit m a y be the a n s w e r f o r a g o l f c o u r s e or c e m e t e r y . The c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r s have found the tank truck b e s t suited f o r t h e i r use. One that has s e p a r a t e tanks f o r v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s with quick shut-off v a l v e s to k e e p m a t e r i a l s f r o m i n t e r changing is v e r y n e c e s s a r y . P r o p e r f i t t i n g s b e t w e e n tanks a r e a must. For the ground s p r a y e r , two to four tanks a r e r e q u i r e d , and, in a v e r y near future, it m a y be that e v e n m o r e tanks w i l l be needed. H o s e s that w i l l stand c o n s i d e r a b l e w e a r and p r e s s u r e s of up to 1, 200 pounds a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r s . The amount of m a t e r i a l a truck w i l l hold i s only of e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e , since a s m a l l truck with adequate p r e s s u r e and agitation w i l l do as w e l l as a l a r g e r tank. E c o n o m i c a l l y , of c o u r s e , a number of tanks s o m e w h e r e b e t w e e n 400 to 1, 200 g a l l o n s w i l l do the m o s t e f f i c i e n t j o b with a custom a p p l i c a t o r . Now w e c o m e to the s e l e c t i o n of m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e a r e hundreds a v a i l able, but it is s u r p r i s i n g how f e w w e r e a l l y have to deal with. Some a r e set a s i d e because they have phytotoxic e f f e c t s on a number of plants and a r e only good f o r s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s . Some b e c a u s e they have too short a r e s i d u a l action, and, s u r p r i s i n g l y , s o m e b e c a u s e they have too long a r e s i d u a l action. In the past w e thought the l o n g e r a m a t e r i a l l a s t e d and w a s a c t i v e the l o n g e r a m a t e r i a l l a s t e d and w a s a c t i v e the b e t t e r it w a s . Now, b e c a u s e of the upset in n a t u r e ' s balance with such a buildup of m i t e s when using D D T without an a c a r i c i d e , and b e c a u s e of having to s p r a y t r e e s in the home o w n e r ' s y a r d w h i l e t h e r e is still f r u i t on t r e e s , w e have to look f o r s t r o n g e r m a t e r i a l s that g i v e quick k i l l but have r e l a t i v e l y short r e s i d u a l p e r i o d . The names Parathion, Guthion, and T r i t h i o n m a y be to s o m e of you just a l i s t of names; to others, at l e a s t a few, I am sure, a l i s t of poisons which s t r i k e a s m a l l note of apprehension s i m i l a r to the thought of a d i a m o n d - b a c k e d r a t t l e r , tarantula, or scorpion. T o us they a r e n e i t h e r ; they a r e s i m p l y t o o l s of our trade, no m o r e dangerous than a skill saw in the hands of a c a r p e n t e r , a w e l d e r ' s cutting torch, or a p i e c e of r e d hot i r o n to the b l a c k s m i t h . A l l a r e potentially dangerous, but, if c o n t r o l l e d by people who know how to use them, a r e invaluable in our day and age. It g o e s without saying, b e f o r e you use these or any c h e m i c a l s , be sure you understand them, not only how dangerous they can be, but what e f f e c t they have; what m a t e r i a l s you can use in c o m b i n a tion and which m a t e r i a l s you can use with the l e a s t h a r m to the b e n e f i c i a l insects. R e g r e t t a b l y , I do not f e e l t h e r e is a higher authority than o u r s e l v e s when it c o m e s to selection, e f f e c t , and application of these m a t e r i a l s , and, w h i l e I do not b e l i e v e w e a r e in any position l e g a l l y , perhaps, to g i v e s p e c i f i c r e c ommendations, if you have any questions, w e can c e r t a i n l y t e l l you what w e would do under l i k e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . What I a m saying is that w e invite you to add us to your bag of tools. I am sure one of the i n s e c t s that m a k e s you t u r f - c o n s c i o u s people a w a r e that t h e r e a r e t r e e s and o r n a m e n t a l s is the havoc and i n f e s t a t i o n that tent c a t e r p i l l a r s can r a i s e w i t h your w i l l o w s and other native t r e e s . W h i l e the c o n t r o l is r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e , do not o v e r l o o k the use of an a c a r i c i d e with the use of c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s , or you a r e apt to find out the hard w a y that m i t e s g e n e r a l l y a r e much m o r e d i f f i c u l t to c o n t r o l than the c a t e r p i l l a r . Y o u cannot i g n o r e a b r o w n e d - o u t spruce or a c h e r r y t r e e that b e c o m e s d o r m a n t in July or August just b e c a u s e you don't use a lawn m o w e r to t r i m them. T h e s e days when the o r n a m e n t a l c r o p i s fast bypassing the a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p in d o l l a r value, w e can no l o n g e r i g n o r e it, w h e t h e r in your b a c k y a r d or 3 0 f e e t f r o m the putting g r e e n . We f e e l that w e f a l l short in many f i e l d s , one of w h i c h i s the evaluation of e x p e r i m e n t s of new i n s e c t i c i d e s . We r e a l l y need all the help w e can get. W e a r e not r e s e a r c h men, w e a r e s i m p l e a p p l i c a t o r s ; h o w e v e r , the r a p i d l y m o v i n g c h e m i c a l industry is f o r c i n g our hand. W e must e x p e r i m e n t . While it is true w e get much v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m the D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l ture and E x t e n s i o n bulletins, E x p e r i m e n t Station r e s e a r c h f r o m the u n i v e r s i t i e s (which I m i g h t add c o m p r i s e s a s m a l l part of the budget) is done at E x p e r i m e n t a l Stations under c o n t r o l l e d conditions. M a y b e " c o n t r o l l e d " is a poor w o r d . W e do not m i t e counts and a s s i s t a n c e in the f i e l d , w h i c h is our c u s t o m e r ' s yard, or your g o l f c o u r s e s , c e m e t e r i e s , and parks. Y o u must r e a l i z e , too, w e a r e struggling to r a i s e our public i m a g e in the same manner that many of you have done and a r e doing. T o do this, w e m u s t i n c r e a s e our knowledge, and that, g e n t l e m e n , is our r e a s o n f o r being h e r e today. I know this is only a g e n e r a l idea of the fundamentals of ground s p r a y i n g in r e g a r d to insects, but w e invite any questions if you do have any insect problems. DISEASES O F O R N A M E N T A L S A N D T U R F G R A S S E S Don M o c k Sprague Spray S e r v i c e Seattle, Washington I have been a s s i g n e d the topic of " D i s e a s e s of O r n a m e n t a l s as T h e y R e l a t e to Ground Spraying. M T h i s is an e x t r e m e l y b r o a d f i e l d about which m o s t of us know v e r y litt. e Since this is a turf c o n f e r e n c e , I w i l l speak f i r s t on those d i s e a s e s that g i v e us the m o s t p r o b l e m s in w e s t e r n Washington turf. The l e a r n e d g e n t l e m e n who have p r e c e d e d m e on this panel have now c r e a t e d a turf that is f r e e of w e e d s , that has been adequately f e r t i l i z e d , and on w h i c h the i n s e c t s have been c o n t r o l l e d . N o w with p r o p e r w a t e r i n g and m o w i n g schedules, w e should have a g o o d - l o o k i n g turf. Then something happ e n s — w e start losing the g r a s s b e c a u s e of one o r m o r e d i s e a s e s . In w e s t e r n Washington our m a i n p r o b l e m s c o m e f r o m f i v e m a i n turf d i s e a s e s : Snow Mold, F u s a r i u m patch, Ophiobolus patch, R e d T h r e a d , and A n t h r a c n o s e . Now when w e study the cultural r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r c o n t r o l of these d i s e a s e s , w e find s o m e c o n f l i c t i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . In c a s e s of Snow Mold, F u s a r i u m patch, and Ophiobolus patch, w e find that w e should a v o i d high l e v e l s of n i t r o gen. On the other hand, these s a m e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r c o n t r o l s of R e d T h r e a d , and A n t h r a c n o s e a d v i s e us to use adequate nitrogen. N o w it is not uncommon f o r us to find all f i v e of these d i s e a s e s a c t i v e at the s a m e t i m e of the y e a r . So the cultural r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s r e m i n d m e of the w i f e who t e l l s the husband to have a good t i m e , but be good. B e c a u s e these conditions actua l l y exist, w e f e e l v e r y s t r o n g l y that additional r e s e a r c h m u s t be done under the conditions that c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t o r s encounter. S o m e t i m e s w e f e e l that the old saying " L e t s l e e p i n g dogs l i e " perhaps should be applied to t u r f s . We say this b e c a u s e old, n e g l e c t e d t u r f s have a habit of g r e e n i n g up in the spring, d r y i n g out in the s u m m e r , and then g r e e n i n g up again a f t e r the f a l l rains c o m e . W h i l e a n e g l e c t e d turf, undoubtedly, has had outbreaks of F u s a r i u m and R e d T h r e a d and perhaps other d i s e a s e s , they p r o b a b l y went undetected. N o w w e have the stage set f o r the c o m m e r c i a l app l i c a t o r . M r s . Jones d e c i d e s she wants something done to m a k e that old chunk of lawn look l i k e the g o l f c o u r s e putting g r e e n . So the telephone r i n g s and the a p p l i c a t o r s get a c a l l to go look at this chunk of P o a , v e l v e t , quackg r a s s , and w e e d s of all nature, and, m a y b e if w e ' r e lucky, a l i t t l e bent and f e s c u e . In a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , the f i r s t thing w e w i l l r e c o m m e n d is that the lawn be m o w e d and thoroughly w a t e r e d . Then a f t e r a f e w days of growth, w e w i l l apply a s p r a y of h e r b i c i d e s f o r c o n t r o l of w e e d s and c l o v e r . Up to this point e v e r y t h i n g has gone f i n e . Then w e apply a big f e e d i n g w i t h a h i g h - l e v e l of nitrogen. Eighty per cent of the t i m e the lawn w i l l r e s p o n d and w e l e a v e a s a t i s f i e d c u s t o m e r . We have t r a n s f o r m e d an old chunk of g r a s s and w e e d s into a lush g r e e n c a r p e t . T h i s is all fine and good, but the p r o b l e m c o m e s in what happens to the other 20 per cent of the lawns g i v e n the same t r e a t m e n t . T h e y c o m e up with the d a r n d e s t conditions of F u s a r i u m or Ophiobolus patch, and w e w i s h w e n e v e r had anything to do with them. A f e w i n c i d e n c e s l i k e this and it r e a l l y diampens our d e s i r e to do any turf w o r k . But in our o p e r a t i o n w e go back to the drawing b o a r d s . W e used c a l c i u m nitrate, a m m o n i u m nitrate, and f e r r o u s a m m o n i u m sulfate in v a r i o u s combinations. T h e s e f o r m s of n i t r o g e n helped in the c o n t r o l of the d i s e a s e s , but did not a l l o w enough n i t r o g e n to be used at any one f e e d i n g to c o m e up with the r e s u l t that is e x p e c t e d of the c o m m e r c i a l applicator. Then in 1959 c a m e the f i r s t r e a l b r e a k t h r o u g h when Dr. R o y Goss began to recommend, high l e v e l s of potash. We found out that w e could c o m e up with c o l o r without the e x t r e m e l y high l e v e l of n i t r o g e n that w e had been using up to this t i m e . T o take advantage of these f a c t o r s of d i s e a s e c o n t r o l with d i f f e r e n t kinds of n i t r o g e n and c o l o r with high l e v e l s of potash, w e have had w a t e r - s o l u b l e f o r m s of 24-8-16 m a n u f a c t u r e d f o r our own use. T h i s f e r t i l i z e r is made up of a m m o n i u m sulfate, a m m o n i u m phosphate, urea, and m u r i a t e of potash, keeping our r a t i o of 3 - 1 - 2 , but keeping the nit r o g e n d e s i r e d f r o m u r e a at about 50 per cent of the total nitrogen. Further reducing the amount of u r e a in c o o l w e a t h e r , w e use 10 pounds of f e r r o u s a m m o n i u m sulfate f o r our spring feeding and m o s s c o n t r o l . T h i s application is of g r e a t value in the cool, w e t spring to aid in the c o n t r o l of d i s e a s e s . I cannot say w h e t h e r the i r o n and/or the sulfur have s o m e control, o r w h e t h e r it is j u s t that w e a r e not using any u r e a f o r m s of n i t r o g e n that v e r y g r e a t l y r e d u c e the outbreak of d i s e a s e s . A s a p r e v e n t a t i v e in our f a l l application of 24-8-16, w e a r e using l\ ounces of P M A S p e r thousand square feet. L e t m e e m p h a s i z e that I said " a s a p r e v e n t a t i v e . " When w e have s e v e r e attacks of F u s a r i u m , w e apply If, ounces of P M A S in 25 gallons of w a t e r per thousand square f e e t . Y o u should note that. 25 g a l l o n s of w a t e r instead of the usual ten g a l l o n s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d . We do not g e t c o n t r o l with the use of only ten g a l l o n s of w a t e r per thousand square f e e t . I f e e l this is a d i r e c t r e s u l t of the p r a c t i c e of m o s t r e s e a r c h being conducted on turf cut at p u t t i n g - g r e e n height. In the a v e r a g e home lawn that is being cut at about I j inches with a heavy thatch, w e must i n c r e a s e the amount of w a t e r to w e t the s t e m and c r o w n and upper part of the thatch. In any d i s e a s e c o n t r o l p r o g r a m , w e a l w a y s must put r e n e w e d e m p h a s i s on cultural p r a c t i c e . W e r e c o m m e n d thatch r e m o v a l , aeration, and l o w e r cutting height to promote better air drainage. Up to this point I have said v e r y l i t t l e about R e d T h r e a d b e c a u s e it has not been a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m f o r us. We s i m p l y g r o w it out with a good feeding program. In M a y of this y e a r w e had a p r o b l e m on f e s c u e that I m i s t o o k f o r R e d T h r e a d , e x c e p t that I could n e v e r find any " f l a g s . " W e t r i e d the usual t r e a t m e n t of outgrowing it with no s u c c e s s . Then w e t r i e d P M A S with no s u c c e s s . A t this point I had D r . Goss look at s e v e r a l t u r f s that had d e v e l o p e d the p r o b l e m . It w a s l a t e r i d e n t i f i e d as A n t h r a c n o s e . I would l i k e to note that it attacks only the f e s c u e incour case. A t the p r e s e n t t i m e , t h e r e is no r e c o m m e n d e d control. We have t r i e d P M A S and Captan with no r e s u l t s to date. The d i s e a s e has run its c o u r s e f o r this y e a r , and the P o a i s f i l l i n g in n i c e l y at l a s t o b s e r v a t i o n . Snow M o l d is v e r y d e f i n i t e l y a p r o b l e m in w e s t e r n Washington. Somet i m e s it is d i f f i c u l t f o r us to distinguish b e t w e e n it and F u s a r i u m patch. E s p e c i a l l y if at the t i m e w e see the turf, it is not a c t i v e . L e s t w i n t e r w e had a t e r r i b l e outbreak in the Seattle a r e a . P M A S has g i v e n us good c o n t r o l . In s u m m a r y , I w i l l say: (1) Use as l i t t l e n i t r o g e n as p o s s i b l e . (2) The l e s s n i t r o g e n d e r i v e d f r o m u r e a the b e t t e r , e v e n during s o - c a l l e d s u m m e r months, b e c a u s e F u s a r i u m in our a r e a knows no season. (3) Outgrow your R e d T h r e a d . (4) Use P M A S as the m a i n turf f u n g i c i d e . (5) P r a y that you don't get A n t h r a c n o s e or Ophiobolus patch. QUESTIONS ASKED - F U N D A M E N T A L S OF GROUND S P R A Y I N G QUESTION: ANSWER: In using an i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m f o r applying f e r t i l i z e r s , what m a y be the r e s u l t s of applying these on s t e e p e r h i l l s i d e s ? (Goss) QUESTION: ANSWER: PANEL It's a good p o s s i b i l i t y you could have m o s t of the f e r t i l i z e r down in the bottoms, unless you would go to such p r o g r a m s as a e r i f y i n g and/or the use of wetting agents to help g e t the w a t e r and f e r t i l i z e r down to and into the soil. In spraying f u n g i c i d e s with f e r t i l i z e r s , do you get the s a m e e f f e c t as in spraying them s e p a r a t e l y ? (Goss) I can only quote Dr. Gould's r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on this. It's all right to put on s o m e f e r t i l i z e r with the fungicide, but this should be in s m a l l amounts. W e l i k e to i n c o r p o r a t e as l i t t l e f e r t i l i z e r as p o s s i b l e , since t h e r e could be i n t e r a c tions with the fungicide. O n e - f o u r t h to o n e - t h i r d pound of a v a i l a b l e N per thousand square f e e t with the f u n g i c i d e would be s u f f i c i e n t to help o v e r c o m e any burning e f f e c t with the fungicide. P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F ESTABLISHING TURF Kenneth J. M o r r i s o n A. G. L a w Dr. Norman Goetze V. C. Brink A . V. M a c a n SEED BED P R E P A R A T I O N A N D SEEDING T U R F Kenneth J. M o r r i s o n Extension A g r o n o m i s t Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Wa s hingto n H o m e o w n e r s would l i k e a u n i f o r m v i g o r o u s turf as an a t t r a c t i v e setting f o r t h e i r home. When lawns have been p r o p e r l y established, adapted s p e c i e s and v a r i e t i e s planted, and good m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s f o l l o w e d , beautiful turf is the result. In p r e p a r i n g a s e e d bed, r e m e m b e r it is a l o n g - t i m e v e n t u r e . Good s e e d b e d p r e p a r a t i o n is v e r y e s s e n t i a l in maintaining a v i g o r o u s lawn f o r many years. A f t e r the a r e a has been brought to g r a d e , f e r t i l i z e r should be t i l l e d into the soil. The a r e a should then be h a r r o w e d and raked. The s o i l should be packed with a r o l l e r or f l o a t until it is l e v e l and f i r m . If p o s s i b l e , the s e e d b e d should have s e v e r a l w e e k s to settle b e f o r e planting. It is e a s i e r to m a k e the final g r a d e a f t e r the s o i l has settled. A c o r r u g a t e d r o l l e r is i d e a l f o r packing a lawn. It m a y not be a v a i l a b l e , and the smooth w a t e r - f i l l e d r o l l e r s f o r rent at m o s t g a r d e n or h a r d w a r e s t o r e s w i l l do a good job. One w o r d of c a u t i o n - - d o not w o r k the seed b e d with p a c k e r or other equipment when the s o i l is wet. A f t e r the s e e d bed has been p r o p e r l y p r e p a r e d and packed, t h r e e pounds of b l u e g r a s s or c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e per 1, 000 square f e e t of turf a r e a a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r e a s t e r n Washington. T h r e e pounds of b e n t g r a s s o r t h r e e pounds of c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e per 1, 000 square f e e t a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r w e s t e r n Washington. It is c h e a p e r to buy and m i x your own seed than to buy p r e p a r e d lawn m i x t u r e s . In e a s t e r n Washington, l a t e s u m m e r is the b e s t t i m e f o r seeding lawns. The second b e s t t i m e is in e a r l y spring. If s e e d l i n g s a r e m a d e during hot w e a t h e r , it is m o r e i m p o r t a n t to use a mulch m a t e r i a l to k e e p the s o i l m o i s t . In w e s t e r n Washington spring s e e d i n g s a r e best. Annual b l u e g r a s s , chickweed, and p e a r l w o r t w i l l g r o w a l l w i n t e r , w h i l e g r a s s s e e d i n g s a r e d o r m a n t if turf is f a l l - s e e d e d . A f t e r the s e e d has been planted it should be m u l c h e d and kept damp. P e a t m o s s , sawdust, o r straw m a k e good mulching m a t e r i a l . M o s t a r e a s in Washington have sawdust a v a i l a b l e , and it is a cheap, w e e d - f r e e mulching m a t e r i a l . It is n e c e s s a r y that additional n i t r o g e n be used to help d e c o m p o s e the sawdust. Straw has the danger of a high w e e d seed content. If the m u l c h ing m a t e r i a l i s not used, the seed should be c o v e r e d about o n e - q u a r t e r inch deep. Be c a r e f u l not to c o v e r the s e e d too deep. A w h i r l w i n d s e e d e r is one of the b e s t p i e c e s of equipment f o r turf s e e d ing. The c a r t - t y p e s e e d e r s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e on the m a r k e t o r f o r rent. Reg a r d l e s s of the equipment used, the s e e d should be u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r turf a r e a . TURFGRASS VARIETIES FOR EASTERN WASHINGTON A . G. L a w P r o f e s s o r of A g r o n o m y Washington State U n i v e r s i t y P u l l m a n , Washington T h e r e is a v a i l a b l e today at the m a r k e t place a v a s t a r r a y of t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t i e s , each one supposedly b e t t e r than the o t h e r s f o r a s p e c i f i c set of conditions. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e a r e at l e a s t 12 named v a r i e t i e s of Kentucky b l u e g r a s s plus an equally long l i s t of p r o p r i e t a r y brands, each of which m a y be touted as the best. The i n t e r e s t in d e v e l o p i n g new v a r i e t i e s has g r o w n f r o m the w i d e s p r e a d use of t u r f g r a s s f o r home lawns, g o l f c o u r s e s , city parks, and play f i e l d s throughout the United States. The building b o o m of the 1950's and the m o v e to the suburbs, plus the i n c r e a s e d i n t e r e s t in g o l f , have stimul a t e d both E x p e r i m e n t Stations and p r i v a t e seed c o m p a n i e s to d e v e l o p new, and in s o m e c a s e s , i m p r o v e d v a r i e t i e s of t u r f g r a s s . In m a n y c a s e s v a r i e t i e s of the s a m e s p e c i e s a r e as d i f f e r e n t as day and night when g r o w n in a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n f o r a p a r t i c u l a r use. In other c a s e s t h e r e a r e no d i s c e r n i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s among named v a r i e t i e s . With the continued expansion in the use of turf f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l purposes, t h e r e w i l l be many m o r e v e w v a r i e t i e s , s o m e b e t t e r , s o m e no d i f f e r e n t , a v a i l a b l e to the consuming public. It is m o r e and m o r e i m p o r t a n t to have evaluation t r i a l s throughout the a r e a and to exchange e x p e r i e n c e s r e g a r d i n g adaptation, d i s e a s e r e a c t i o n , appearance, and p e r s i s t e n c e , if w e a r e to s e l e c t the b e s t v a r i e t i e s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a . With the i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of s p e c i f i c named v a r i e t i e s adapted to s p e c i f i c conditions, w e must be c a r e f u l in purchasing s e e d to be sure that the s e e d sold actually r e p r e s e n t s a v a r i e t y w e w i s h to purchase. C e r t i f i e d seed is the m o s t r e l i a b l e guarantee of v a r i e t y identity that is a v a i l a b l e in the United States. If the s e e d you buy is c e r t i f i e d you can be sure it r e p r e s e n t s the v a r i e t y stated on the l a b e l . L e t us c o n s i d e r f i r s t the b l u e g r a s s e s adapted f o r turf use in e a s t e r n Washington. A t the p r e s e n t t i m e w e can d i v i d e the s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e into two g e n e r a l types. A . M e r i o n - t y p e Kentucky B l u e g r a s s e s . H e r e w e would include M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s , N e w p o r t b l u e g r a s s of which C j is g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d a synonym, and perhaps W i n d s o r . T h i s g r o u p of b l u e g r a s s e s r e a d i l y f o r m s a dense, f i x e d , l o w r e s i s t a n c e of turf. T h e y a r e b l u e g r a s s e s with c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y w i d e l e a v e s , v e r y v i g o r o u s r h o z o m e f o r m a t i o n , and a r e t y p i c a l l y l o w g r o w i n g . In e a s t e r n Washington they a r e w e l l adapted f o r home lawns, g o l f c o u r s e f a i r w a y s , tees, and park use e x c e p t under conditions of heavy shade. B. The c o m m o n - t y p e Kentucky b l u e g r a s s e s . P a r k , Delta, and m a n y c o m m e r c i a l s e l e c t i o n s that exhibit the t y p i c a l tall g r o w t h of habit and somewhat open turf a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of these b l u e g r a s s e s . In c o n t r a s t to the M e r i o n types, these g r a s s e s a r e m q r e e r e c t g r o w i n g , f o r m a l e s s dense and l e s s w e a r - r e s i s t a n t turf, and, hence, to the d i s c r i m i n a t i n g turf u s e r , a r e used only in a r e a s w h e r e top quality is not a p r e r e q u i s i t e . A d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s of b l u e g r a s s has been used, s o m e in a r e a s of intense shades such as the north side of buildings o r under t r e e s . This variety, rough stalk b l u e g r a s s , w i l l t o l e r a t e r e d u c e d sunlight b e t t e r than the c o m m o n b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s l i s t e d above, but in this condition of shade it is not w e a r resistant. In e a s t e r n Washington, the only d i s e a s e of i m p o r t a n c e that attacks the b l u e g r a s s e s in these g e n e r a l i z e d turf a r e a s at the p r e s e n t t i m e a p p e a r s to be l e a f rust. P a t h o l o g i s t s t e l l us that all of the known v a r i e t i e s a r e s u s c e p t i b l e to this d i s e a s e , although it a p p e a r s to attack the v a r i e t y M e r i o n m o r e r e a d i l y in the f i e l d . T h i s , perhaps, m a y be due to g r e a t e r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y in the M e r i o n , or it m a y be due to the higher f e r t i l i t y l e v e l at w h i c h M e r i o n is n o r m a l l y used. None of the v a r i e t i e s is r e s i s t a n t to the snow m o l d o r g a n i s m s that o c c u r in e a s t e r n Washington. Second in i m p o r t a n c e amongst the t u r f g r a s s e s in e a s t e r n Washington a r e the f e s c u e v a r i e t i e s . While t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l c o m m e r c i a l v a r i e t i e s on the m a r k e t and these a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e i s l e s s d i f f e r e n c e among t h e m than w e see among the b l u e g r a s s v a r i e t i e s . V a r i e t i e s of c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e adapted to e a s t e r n Washington turf use include Pennlawn and Olds. Both these v a r i e t i e s a r e f i n e - l e a v e d , droughtt o l e r a n t g r a s s e s , with somewhat m o r e shade t o l e r a n c e than the c o m m o n b l u e g r a s s e s . Although these two have short r h i z o m e s , they do not s p r e a d as r a p i d l y as the b l u e g r a s s e s ; hence they m a y not heal i n j u r i e s to the turf as r a p i d l y as w i l l M e r i o n o r other b l u e g r a s s e s . T h e y a r e m o r e t o l e r a n t than the b l u e g r a s s e s to l o w light intensity. The tough, b r i s t l e - l i k e l e a v e s a r e highly w e a r r e s i s t a n t ; hence they should be used w h e r e shade is a p r o b l e m . These g r a s s e s g e r m i n a t e and e m e r g e m o r e r a p i d l y than the b l u e g r a s s e s ; hence, f o r g e n e r a l purpose turf, a m i x t u r e of f e s c u e and b l u e g r a s s i s ideal. Chewing f e s c u e is a f i n e - l e a v e d bunchgrass that does not s p r e a d to any extent v e g e t a t i v e l y . When c l o s e - s e e d e d f o r turf, it is v e r y s i m i l a r in a p p e a r ance to c r e e p i n g r e d v a r i e t i e s . Since it does not s p r e a d into f l o w e r beds or lawn b o r d e r s to any extent, it is a popular lawn g r a s s . Other f e s c u e s that a r e not w e l l adapted to e a s t e r n Washington conditions include Illahee and R a i n i e r . T h e s e v a r i e t i e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d in w e s t e r n O r e g o n and a r e adapted to conditions in Washington w e s t of the C a s c a d e s . D u r a r hard f e s c u e i s a r e l a t i v e l y new v a r i e t y of the f e s c u e f a m i l y that is being used f o r d r y land turf w h e r e c l o s e m o w i n g is not e s s e n t i a l . On steep t e r r a c e banks, r o a d s i d e s , and the like, this g r a s s f o r m s a v e r y dense, tough, e r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t sod. It can only be m o w e d with a sharp m o w e r ; hence it should not be used w h e r e c l o s e m o w i n g is e s s e n t i a l . Since it is drought r e sistant, it m a k e s a v e r y e x c e l l e n t g r a s s f o r seeding g o l f c o u r s e roughs. None of the Bent g r a s s e s is adapted f o r g e n e r a l purpose turf use in e a s t e r n Washington. T h e i r use should be r e s t r i c t e d to g o l f c o u r s e g r e e n s w h e r e they can be m o w e d daily, v e r t i c u t , and a e r i f i e d two or t h r e e t i m e s per y e a r , f e r t i l i z e d r e g u l a r l y , and t r e a t e d to c o n t r o l the v a r i o u s d i s e a s e s to w h i c h they a r e susceptible. When used on lawns, they tend to f o r m a thick m a t or thatch a f t e r two or t h r e e y e a r s , and the lawn must then be torn up and reseeded. L i k e w i s e the v a r i o u s v a r i e t i e s of B e r m u d a g r a s s and Z o y s i a a r e not adapted to e a s t e r n Washington. T h e y a r e v e r y s u s c e p t i b l e to w i n t e r i n j u r y in this a r e a , they l o s e t h e i r c o l o r with the f i r s t f r o s t in the f a l l , and they do not g r e e n up until w e l l a f t e r the l a s t f r o s t in the spring. The f o l l o w i n g seed m i x t u r e s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r v a r i o u s uses in e a s t e r n Washington: A. School lawns, p l a y f i e l d s , and city p a r k s - - M e r i o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s , c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e , 50-50 m i x t u r e . M e r i o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s 50% Creeping Red Fescue 50% B. F o o t b a l l f i e l d s - - S o d with M e r i o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s sod or seed t o - - M e r i o n Kentucky M e r i o n Kentucky B l u e g r a s s 50% Creeping Red Fescue 50% If seed is used, the f i e l d must have six months of g r o w i n g w e a t h e r p r i o r to its use. C. H o m e lawns M e r i o n - t y p e Kentucky b l u e g r a s s or M e r i o n - t y p e Kentucky b l u e g r a s s plus c r e e p i n g R e d F e s c u e 50-50 m i x t u r e . T u r f a r e a s that a r e i n t e n s i v e l y used should be f e r t i l i z e d a c c o r d i n g to soil test r e s u l t s f o r potash and phosphorus. T h e y should have at l e a s t four pounds of a v a i l a b l e n i t r o g e n per season. VARIETIES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND ADAPTATION Dr. N o r m a n G o e t z e O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y Corvallis, Oregon The choice of a v a r i e t y of t u r f g r a s s i s dependent upon s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . The c l i m a t e and s o i l s on which this g r a s s is to be g r o w n , of c o u r s e , d e l i n e a t e s rather large environmental areas. T h e use to which the g r a s s is to be puts f u r t h e r l i m i t a t i o n on the v a r i e t i e s within these a r e a s . A t h i r d f a c t o r , of c o u r s e , is the l e v e l of m a n a g e m e n t which these g r a s s e s a r e to r e c e i v e . We have had a r a t h e r i n t e n s i v e t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t y and m i x t u r e testing p r o g r a m in Oregon, and it is m y purpose h e r e to r e v i e w s o m e of the p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s that w e a r e getting f r o m this study. We have b r o k e n the state of O r e g o n ' s c l i m a t e down into two b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s ; that of E a s t and W e s t . W e t r e a t w e s t e r n O r e g o n as a unit and use the C a s c a d e mountains as a dividing line. We d e f i n i t e l y include the Rogue R i v e r V a l l e y in e a s t e r n O r e g o n and all of the W i l l a m e t t e V a l l e y as w e s t e r n O r e g o n . The e x a c t r o l e of the Umpqua R i v e r V a l l e y c e n t e r e d in R o s e b u r g is not r e a l l y known. We s o m e t i m e s can t r e a t it e i t h e r w a y . T h i s d i s c u s s i o n w i l l r e v o l v e around the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and adaptations of v a r i e t i e s of these two b r o a d c l i m a t i c zones. Each of the g r a s s v a r i e t i e s can probably be b e s t c o n s i d e r e d on the b a s i s of its intended use. F o r putting g r e e n s and bowling g r e e n s , w e have found Seaside b e n t g r a s s to be much p r e f e r r e d o v e r A s t o r i a o r Highland v a r i e t i e s of C o l o n i a l bent. Under i n t e n s i v e m a n a g e m e n t schedules, the Seaside bent p r o v i d e s l e s s thatch and responds b e t t e r to the c l o s e f r e q u e n t m o w i n g schedules much b e t t e r than A s t o r i a or Highland. Some e x p e r i e n c e s with P e n n c r o s s b e n t g r a s s have been r a t h e r disappointing. P e n n c r o s s b e n t g r a s s is r e s i s t a n t to s o m e d i s e a s e s which w e a r e not much c o n c e r n e d about in the state, and t h e r e a r e no r e a l advantages to this v a r i e t y . Some of the g o l f c o u r s e s have r e p o r t e d that its a g g r e s s i v e g r o w i n g habits tend to c r e a t e a p u f f i n e s s o r a thatch condition when p r o p e r l y f e r t i l i z e d ; consequently, w e a r e not r e c o m mending it f o r g o l f c o u r s e g r e e n use. T h e r e s e e m s to be l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e a s t e r n and w e s t e r n O r e g o n as f a r as putting g r p e n s a r e c o n c e r n e d . W e have been r e c o m m e n d i n g Seaside b e n t g r a s s throughout the state f o r g r e e n use. F o r g o l f c o u r s e t e e s , w e have been v e r y w e l l p l e a s e d w i t h M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s in e a s t e r n O r e g o n b e c a u s e of its upright g r o w t h habit, its strong r h i z o m e s y s t e m , and its good r e s i s t a n c e to light w e a r when p r o p e r l y managed. We have not been able to k e e p M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s on t e e s in w e s t e r n O r e g o n ; consequently, w e have been p r e f e r r i n g A s t o r i a or Highland b e n t g r a s s . Some of the o p e r a t o r s have been s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r i n g a p o s s i b i l i t y of using M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s on the t e e s in w e s t e r n Oregon, coupled w i t h a r e s o d d i n g p r o g r a m e v e r y two or t h r e e y e a r s . Golf c o u r s e f a i r w a y s r e q u i r e g r a s s e s which r e s p o n d to m i n i m u m amounts of m a n a g e m e n t , y e t need to r e c o v e r f r o m r a t h e r s e r i o u s d i v o t and t r a f f i c w e a r . In w e s t e r n Oregon, r e g a r d l e s s of what w e plant on the f a i r w a y s , they ultimately become bentgrass. We a r e suggesting Highland o r A s t o r i a bentg r a s s . Some of the new construction a r e a s a r e using m i x t u r e s of the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s and Highland b e n t g r a s s . The c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s p r o v i d e a playable turf m o r e quickly than straight Highland b e n t g r a s s , and if the rough and f a i r w a y a r e planted in one o p e r a t i o n the f e s c u e s s u r v i v e a l i t t l e bit b e t t e r in the shady portions of the rough. We s o m e t i m e s p r e f e r Highland o v e r A s t o r i a f o r the f a i r w a y b e c a u s e it does not r e q u i r e as much c a r e f u l w a t e r i n g and it r e c o v e r s f r o m t e m p o r a r y drought p e r i o d s much b e t t e r than f a i r w a y s in w e s t e r n O r e g o n . In e a s t e r n Oregon, I think w e have had the b e s t s u c c e s s with c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s o r m i x t u r e s of c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s and the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s . L i t t l e advantage has been seen in using named v a r i e t i e s of c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s f o r f a i r w a y use when w e a r e p r a c t i c i n g m i n i m u m maintenance in e a s t e r n O r e g o n conditions. M o s t of the home lawns in w e s t e r n O r e g o n contain high p e r c e n t a g e s of b e n t g r a s s . Some h o m e o w n e r s a r e attempting to e s t a b l i s h b l u e g r a s s lawns, but m o s t of them b e c o m e contaminated with w i l d s t r a i n s of b e n t g r a s s o v e r a p e r i o d of f r o m t h r e e to f i v e y e a r s . Consequently, w e have not been r e c o m mending b l u e g r a s s e s f o r w e s t e r n Oregon, but have been suggesting e i t h e r s t r a i g h t stands of b e n t g r a s s or m i x t u r e s using 75 per cent or m o r e by w e i g h t of c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e v a r i e t i e s and C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s e s . The f e s u c e s p r o v i d e good e a r l y e s t a b l i s h m e n t and r e m a i n in the dense shade a l i t t l e bit b e t t e r than the b e n t g r a s s e s . V a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s within the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e g r o u p have been v e r y s m a l l . In other w o r d s , any of the v a r i e t i e s of c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e e s s e n t i a l l y a r e the same as f a r as w e s t e r n O r e g o n conditions a r e concerned. F o r home lawns, which a r e to r e c e i v e g o o d m a n a g e m e n t , w e p r e f e r the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e o v e r Chewing 1 s f e s c u e . Straight f e s c u e lawns in w e s t e r n O r e g o n have not been to s a t i s f a c t o r y , because, when the c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s a r e w e a k e n e d by r e d thread, w e o f t e n d e v e l o p r a t h e r m e s s y looking patches of b e n t g r a s s . If w e plant s o m e b e n t g r a s s in the f e s c u e , w e m o s t often a v o i d this patchiness e f f e c t . A s f a r as the C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s v a r i e t i e s a r e concerned, w e p r e f e r the A s t o r i a b e n t g r a s s along the c o a s t a l a r e a s of w e s t e r n O r e g o n and in the V a l l e y a r e a s on lawns w h i c h a r e to r e c e i v e excellent water management. F o r lawns which a r e to be w a t e r e d only p e r i o d i c a l l y w e p r e f e r the Highland b e n t g r a s s . We use these v a r i e t y d e s i g n a t i o n s b e c a u s e by just s p e c i f y i n g C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s one usually g e t s e i t h e r A s t o r i a o r Highland, w h i c h e v e r happens to be the m o s t e c o n o m i c a l at the m o m e n t . F o r e a s t e r n O r e g o n lawns, w e a r e m o s t enthusiastic about the b l u e g r a s s varieties. F o r lawns r e c e i v i n g only a m i n i m u m amount of c a r e , the c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s has been m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y . F o r lawns r e c e i v i n g e x t r a amounts of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i t y and a good w a t e r i n g p r o g r a m , M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s has p r o v e n v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . Without additional amounts of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i t y , h o w e v e r , it is actually i n f e r i o r to c o m m o n Kentucky b e c a u s e of its s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to rust and other d i s e a s e o r g a n i s m s . It, of c o u r s e , has been v e r y r e sistant to H e l m e n t h o s p o r i u m , which is quite s e r i o u s on s o m e strains of c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s . Special m e n t i o n should be made of N e w p o r t Kentucky b l u e g r a s s f o r its e x c e l l e n c e of p e r f o r m a n c e in the m o r e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e r e g i o n s in southern parts of Oregon. In s o m e l o c a t i o n s , it has actually been s u p e r i o r to M e r i o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s . M i x t u r e s of b l u e g r a s s e s and c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s have been v e r y s u c c e s s f u l in e a s t e r n Oregon, but have not r e a l l y been s u p e r i o r to s t r a i g h t b l u e g r a s s lawns. T h e r e is no p l a c e f o r any bentg r a s s v a r i e t i e s in e a s t e r n O r e g o n f o r home lawns. In fact, w e would l i k e to see m o r e attention g i v e n in making absolutely sure that t h e r e is no bent contamination in s e e d l o t s being used f o r lawns in the e a s t e r n O r e g o n r e g i o n s . F o r athletic a r e a s and other u s e s i n v o l v i n g i n t e n s i v e m e c h a n i c a l w e a r , w e a r e m o s t enthusiastic about A l t a f e s c u e b e c a u s e of its tough r e s i s t a n t nature. A l t a f e s c u e i s adapted to an e x t r e m e l y w i d e r a n g e of soil pH. It is v e r y d r o u g h t - t o l e r a n t , d e e p - r o o t e d , and m a k e s good late f a l l and e a r l y spring growth. It must be m o w e d at l e a s t two inches in height, p r e f e r a b l y m a y b e e v e n as high as t h r e e inches. It is a slow s t a r t e r during the seedling y e a r , and it has a poor r h i z o m e s y s t e m . Consequently, it must be planted at r a t e s as high as f r o m f i v e to ten pounds per 1, 000 square f e e t to a v o i d d u m p i n e s s . If a r e a s of f o o t b a l l f i e l d s r e c e i v e s e v e r e damage, they m u s t be p e r i o d i c a l l y o v e r s e e d e d to maintain A l t a ' s density. We a r e r e c o m m e n d i n g it f o r use throughout the state of O r e g o n f o r a r e a s r e c e i v i n g the m o s t i n t e n s i v e w e a r conditions. In e a s t e r n Oregon, many people a r e m i x i n g the c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s with it. The b l u e g r a s s tends to f i l l in the a r e a s that have been damaged, and w e get a m o r e u n i f o r m turf if it is not too i n t e n s i v e l y used. On the i n t r a m u r a l a r e a s and a r e a s r e c e i v i n g only a m i n i m u m amount of w e a r , s t r a i g h t c o m m o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s is s a t i s f a c t o r y in e a s t e r n Oregon. We see no place f o r M e r i o n Kentucky b l u e g r a s s f o r t h e s e a r e a s b e c a u s e of its higher maintenance r e q u i r e m e n t s . In w e s t e r n Oregon, m a n y people a r e m i x i n g c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e with A l t a f e s c u e to get a m o r e f i n e - t e x t u r e d turf. T h e r e is no place f o r b e n t g r a s s in any part of the state on a r e a s r e c e i v i n g i n t e n s i v e m e c h a n i c a l damage. We have r e c e n t l y o b s e r v e d that S-23 p e r e n n i a l r y e g r a s s is just about as r e s i s t a n t to m e c h a n i c a l w e a r as A l t a f e s c u e and is much m o r e quickly established. We have had s e v e r a l r a t h e r s u c c e s s f u l plantings of S-23 r y e g r a s s and A l t a f e s c u e on a r e a s w h e r e they wanted to use the turf f o r heavy m e c h a n i c a l w e a r in l e s s than one y e a r a f t e r planting. S u m m a r i z i n g the individual g r a s s s p e c i e s by v a r i e t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is as f o l l o w s : BENTGRASSES H i g h l a n d - - d a r k blue in c o l o r , strong c r e e p i n g habit, f a i r drought r e sistance, r e q u i r e s c l o s e f r e q u e n t m o w i n g . A s t o r i a - - w e a k e r c r e e p i n g habit, light g r e e n in c o l o r , r e s i s t a n c e , fine t e x t u r e . poor drought Seaside — r e q u i r e s c l o s e m o w i n g , poor drought r e s i s t a n c e , strong c r e e p i n g habit, used only f o r putting g r e e n s and bowling g r e e n s . P e n n c r o s s - - f a i r l y r e s i s t a n t to b r o w n patch, v e r y a g g r e s s i v e , f r e q u e n t thatch c o n t r o l on putting g r e e n s . requires V e g e t a t i v e s e l e c t i o n s have not been s u f f i c i e n t l y t e s t e d in O r e g o n conditions to w a r r a n t any conclusions at this t i m e . BLUEGRASSES M e r i o n - - r e s i s t a n t to H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m l e a f spot, r e q u i r e s high amounts of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i t y , and is quite s u s c e p t i b l e to rust. N e w p o r t - - f a i r l y r e s i s t a n t to rust, susceptible to H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m l e a f spot, and t o l e r a t e s higher t e m p e r a t u r e s much b e t t e r than Merion. P o a t r i v i a l i s - - e x c e l l e n t shade t o l e r a n c e , light g r e e n in c o l o r , e r e c t type of g r o w t h habit. non- V a r i e t i e s such as Delta, P a r k , C - l , and e x p e r i m e n t a l s e l e c t i o n s f r o m p r i v a t e industry and other e x p e r i m e n t stations a r e under test, but no cond i f f e r e n c e s under O r e g o n conditions have been found at this t i m e . FESCUES C r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e s g e n e r a l l y a r e s u s c e p t i b l e to r e d t h r e a d under w e s t e r n O r e g o n conditions and all have good shade tolerance., T h e y a r e dark g r e e n in c o l o r and p r o v i d e a dense turf. N o consistent d i f f e r e n c e s among Pennlawn, Illahee, R a i n i e r , and c o m m o n c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e have been observed. C h e w i n g ' s f e s c u e - - s l i g h t l y m o r e drought r e s i s t a n t than c r e e p i n g r e d f e s c u e ; it is d a r k e r blue in c o l o r and is m o r e d i f f i cult to m o w . A l t a f e s c u e - - v e r y w i d e - l e a f e d , tough, d r o u g h t - r e s i s t a n t , s l o w l y established, w e l l adapted to a w i d e range of pH conditions and m a k e s good a l l - s e a s o n g r o w t h . SEEDLING MANAGEMENT V. C. Brink P l a n t Science D i v i s i o n U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia V a n c o u v e r , B. C. " A c c e n t the p o s i t i v e " is a d v i c e w i d e l y given, but today I am not going to heed it. M y accent is on the negative. Nine out of ten seedling m a n a g e m e n t " p r o b l e m s " which c o m e to m y attention a r e b e s t l e f t to s o l v e t h e m s e l v e s . M a y I i l l u s t r a t e ? 1. Often the v e r y young stand of turf is w e e d y and w e e d c o n t r o l is r e q u e s t e d . H e r b i c i d e s a r e applied to, but, in m y v i e w , the s e e d l i n g s a r e c o m m o n l y m o r e h a r m e d than helped. In m o s t instances the w e e d s a r e annuals and usually d i s a p p e a r with the institution of r e g u l a r m o w i n g . If the w e e d s a r e c o a r s e p e r e n n i a l g r a s s e s , such as V e l v e t g r a s s , often l i t t l e can be done but to r e - e s t a b l i s h the stand on s t e r i l i z e d or w e e d - f r e e soil. 2. V e r y often attempts a r e m a d e to apply m i n e r a l f e r t i l i z e r s o r other a m e n d m e n t s such as peat to young s e e d l i n g s . A l l too often the f e r t i l i z e r " b u r n s " the seedlings, w h e r e a s if l e f t alone the " y e l l o w a r e a s " g r e e n up in a w e e k or two as the s e e d l i n g s gain a foothold. P e a t and t o p - d r e s s i n g s applied to new seedings to " f i l l i n " s m a l l g u l l i e s c r e a t e d by h e a v y rain or o v e r w a t e r i n g a r e b e s t f i l l e d in a f t e r the turf is established. 3. F r e q u e n t l y a v e r y young stand of g r a s s l o o k s uneven, or in p l a c e s s e e d l i n g s s e e m f e w and in other p l a c e s thick. Usually, c a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n shows that e v e n in the thin spots t h e r e a r e enough s e e d l i n g s to m a k e a good stand, and, g i v e n a f e w days or w e e k s , as the s e e d l i n g s g r o w the b a r e spots d i s a p p e a r . P a t i e n c e , not spot r e s e e d i n g and raking, unless s k i l l f u l l y done, is o f t e n c a l l e d f o r . N o r m a l l y v a s t l y m o r e s e e d l i n g s establish, s e v e r a l hund r e d m i l l i o n s per a c r e , than a r e needed f o r adequate c o v e r . 4. I have r a r e l y been able to apply f u n g i c i d e s to v e r y young s e e d l i n g s without damaging them. D o s a g e s acceptable f o r e s t a b l i s h e d turf a r e often too h e a v y f o r seedling turf. Quite often I have been a g r e e a b l y s u r p r i s e d at s e e d ling c o m e b a c k on untreated a r e a s . Often a cutback on w a t e r i n g o r a change in w e a t h e r p r o v e d to g i v e b e t t e r c o n t r o l of m i n o r epip^hytotics. P e r h a p s I have said enough to explain m y v i e w : " a c c e n t the n e g a t i v e in seedling m a n a g e m e n t . " A s a seedling the g r a s s plant is weak, and, v e r y often, the l e s s " m a n a g e m e n t " or " m a n h a n d l i n g " it r e c e i v e s , the b e t t e r a r e its chances f o r s u r v i v a l and rapid e s t a b l i s h m e n t . A n o t h e r w a y to say m y p i e c e is to say that p r o p e r s e e d bed p r e p a r a t i o n and seeding p r a c t i c e s obviate seedling m a n a g e m e n t . Seedling p r o b l e m s , with f e w exceptions, a r i s e when p r o p e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is not g i v e n to seed m i x t u r e s , seeding t i m e , seed bed p r e p a r a t i o n , w e e d control, s o i l f e r t i l i t y , and all the other p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r g e r m i n a t i o n . We a r e all something l i k e the cowboy who pays 80 d o l l a r s f o r a hat, 100 bucks f o r a pair of boots, and $1. 99 f o r his " l e v i s . " S o m e t i m e s w e cut on some e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e of s e e d - b e d p r e p a r a tion, and w e end up with a b a r e bottom. I should not c a r r y the n e g a t i v e accent too f a r . of s p e c i a l note f o r s e e d l i n g s . T h e r e a r e s o m e things 1. Under the long b r i g h t hours of sunshine in spring when the s o i l is c o o l and the a i r is d r y and w a r m , d e s i c c a t i o n of s e e d l i n g s is a distinct hazard. Though s o i l m o i s t u r e m a y s e e m adequate, sprinkling m a y be n e c e s s a r y . 2. A g o o d - s i z e d g r a s s seedling is e s s e n t i a l f o r w i n t e r s u r v i v a l of autumn-sown s w a r d s . If this cannot be a c h i e v e d and the seeding is v e r y late, heavier rates are recommended. We have d e m o n s t r a t e d , r e p e a t e d l y , under a v a r i e t y of conditions, that dense seedling stands s u r v i v e v e r y much b e t t e r than thin s e e d i n g s ; a continuous c o v e r of g r a s s , e v e n if it is made up of v e r y young s e e d l i n g s , m o d e r a t e s s o i l s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e changes s i g n i f i c a n t l y . 3. The t i m e to start m o w i n g newly e s t a b l i s h e d turf is a m a t t e r of unc e r t a i n t y . A l s o , t h e r e is uncertainty about the height of the f i r s t cuttings. T h e rule of thumb that f e s c u e s and b l u e g r a s s e s should be a l l o w e d to g r o w to 2n-2"2 M b e f o r e cutting and that bents should be a l l o w e d to g r o w to I4" 1 12" ! ' is probably as good a rule as any. M o r e i m p o r t a n t is the height of the f i r s t cuttings; p r e f e r a b l y the f i r s t cut should be high and cutting height g r a d u a l l y r e d u c e d in succeeding cuttings to the d e s i r e d l e v e l . About 1" b e l o w the f i r s t cutting is the rule f o r the f i n a l cutting. Of c o u r s e , it is i m p o r t a n t to a l l o w the s e e d bed to f i r m up b e f o r e cutting, but e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h is d i s t i n c t l y h a r m f u l . Under our conditions, s e e d l i n g s d e v e l o p i n g in w a r m cloudy w e a t h e r s e e m to be v e r y v u l n e r a b l e to d a m a g e by c l o s e clipping. We have t r i e d , but not v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l y , to a s s o c i a t e the the v u l n e r a b i l i t y with l o w c a r b o h y d r a t e f o o d r e s e r v e s in r o o t and stem. F U N D A M E N T A L S OF A R C H I T E C T U R E IN R E L A T I O N T O TURF MANAGEMENT A . V. M a c a n Golf A r c h i t e c t V i c t o r i a , B. C. T h e r e i s a strange m i s c o n c e p t i o n about bunkers, v i z . , that they a r e d e s i g n e d t o punish bad shots. T h e y a r e p r i m a r i l y d e s i g n e d to i n c r e a s e the i n t e r e s t in the playing of the g a m e . P o o r p l a y e r s pay the b i l l s l i k e the l o w handicap p l a y e r s , but poor p l a y e r s not only d i s l i k e being in bunkers but slow the pace of the c o u r s e and i n c r e a s e the t i m e it takes a l l p l a y e r s behind them to play t h e i r round. The m o r e poor p l a y e r s t h e r e a r e , the s l o w e r the pace of the g r e e n . Bunkers f r o m the tee should be so f a r away that poor p l a y e r s cannot r e a c h them. Ben Hogan g o e s so f a r as to s u g g e s t 10 per cent of this g a m e is p l a y e d with your clubs , 90 per cent with your head. If, f o r instance, a poor p l a y e r f i n i s h e s in a bunker 240 y a r d s f r o m the tee with his S E C O N D shot, I suggest it i s his head not his swing which r e q u i r e s e x a m i n a t i o n . The m o r e penal y o u r c o u r s e ( P i n e V a l l e y is p o s s i b l y the s u p r e m e s a m ple of a penal c o u r s e ) , the m o r e c e r t a i n it is that w e a k e r p l a y e r s w i l l s c o r e badly. How s o m e of t h e m get around at a l l i s hard to understand; perhaps their e n t e r t a i n m e n t is p r i d e in m e m b e r s h i p in so f a m o u s a club o r m a y b e the m e m b e r s a r e none of t h e m rabbits. T h e r e i s an unquestioned tendency today to d e v e l o p super c o u r s e s w h i c h only the p r o f e s s o r can play, and s o m e of them cannot do that. I note that in 1961 when L i t t l e r w o n at Oakland H i l l s , a f e w t r a p s w e r e f i l l e d in that e x i s t e d in 1950 when Hogan with a superb final round won the open. S e e m i n g l y , it w a s d e e m e d too tough e v e n f o r the p r o f e s s o r s . I hope and b e l i e v e this phase w i l l pass, and g o l f a r c h i t e c t s w i l l m o r e c a r e f u l l y o b s e r v e such a c o u r s e as the M a s t e r s of Augusta w h e r e the i m m o r t a l Bob Jones and the late A l i s t e r M c k e n z i e set out to d e v e l o p a c o u r s e suitable f o r the e n j o y m e n t of the club m e m b e r s and, when needed, a superb, and e x c i t i n g test of the b e s t of p l a y e r s . Q U E S T I O N S A N D A N S W E R S F R O M T H E P A N E L ON T H E F U N D A M E N T A L S OF E S T A B L I S H M E N T OF TURFGRASSES QUESTION: W h e n e v e r g r a s s r e a c h e s the height that you want to maintain it, should it be m o w e d that soon a f t e r s e e d i n g ? Has t h e r e been a change in the thinking that this is not so? ANSWER: (Dr. QUESTION: ANSWER: QUESTION: ANSWER: QUESTION: ANSWER: Brink) C e r t a i n l y the bents do not c o m e up to the upright g r o w t h habits as do the f e s c u e s . I do not think w e a r e too f a r o f f in our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on that, and c e r t a i n l y these g r a s s e s should be m o w e d by the t i m e they a r e six w e e k s old. (Bill Bengeyfield) Can you condemn a g r a s s f o r being too a g g r e s s i v e ? (Dr. Goetze) A c t u a l l y , in the case of P e n n - C r o s s it does a v e r y good j o b f o r us e x c e p t when w e s t a r t spending too much t i m e getting r i d of e x c e s s thatch. If you want to m a k e this t r e a t m e n t of e x t r a v i g o r o u s g r o w t h a part of our p r o g r a m , then P e n n C r o s s is probably the b e s t g r a s s f o r us. But I think w e a r e going to end up spending m o r e t i m e in m a n a g e m e n t and w e a r ing out Bob W i l e y ' s m a c h i n e s than taking c a r e of this p r o b l e m . ( C o m m e n t f r o m Bob W i l e y ) I f e e l that the m e c h a n i c a l e l i m i n a t i o n of thatch of P e n n - C r o s s i s not a l t o g e t h e r the only a n s w e r . We a l s o need to use a d i f f e r e n t type of top d r e s s i n g p r o g r a m . Do you think that a m u n i c i p a l c o u r s e should be a s e r i e s of traps? ( A . V. M a c a n ) No I do not. With the quality of p l a y e r that you find on m u nicipal c o u r s e s , it takes them long enough to get around the c o u r s e as it is without handicaping them with a s e r i e s of traps. How do you c o n t r o l s m a l l patches of bent in b l u e g r a s s l a w n s ? (Dr. Norman Goetze) F o r the c o n t r o l of this b e n t g r a s s in b l u e g r a s s in w e s t e r n Washington and Oregon, w e can do it w i t h c h e m i c a l s ; but m o s t of these a r e too d e t r i m e n t a l to other plants. P A N E L DISCUSSION O F T U R F G R A S S M A N A G E M E N T BUDGETS P a u l D. Brown, M o d e r a t o r G. A . D r e w H e n r y W. Land, Jr. Introduction P a u l D. Brown, M o d e r a t o r Seattle, Washington Our panel c o n s i s t s of t h r e e p e r s o n s , m y s e l f ( P a u l B r o w n ) , M r . G r a h a m D r e w , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, V a n c o u v e r , B. C. , and M r . H e n r y Land, Jr. of the Sand P o i n t Golf and Country Club, Seattle. A s an introduction, I would l i k e to put f o r t h a couple of questions. have a budget? Is it good or bad? Why F i r s t , a budget is a preplanned p r o g r a m f o r the length of t i m e c a l l e d f o r , g e n e r a l l y a y e a r . If planning ahead i s a good thing, then a budget i s good. If a superintendent w o r k s on a h i t - o r - m i s s , d a y - b y - d a y manner, a budget w i l l do him no good. The b e t t e r a superintendent can plan ahead, the b e t t e r he w i l l be able to m a n a g e his turf. Second, the drawing up of a w o r k a b l e budget takes r e a l thinking and a r r i v i n g at d e c i s i o n s . A good budget w i l l include a thorough k n o w l e d g e of w o r k i n g conditions and l a b o r m a n a g e m e n t . It w i l l p o r t r a y a picture of the equipment, its age, conditions, and d e p r e c i a t i o n . It w i l l d e t e r m i n e the purchase of m a t e r i a l s such as f e r t i l i z e r , h e r b i c i d e s , seed, s p r i n k l e r s , and all m a t e r i a l s e i t h e r pertaining to golf, c e m e t e r y , park, r e c r e a t i o n , or i n d u s t r i a l types of turf and landscaping. T h i r d , it w i l l i t e m i z e the p r o p o s e d c o s t and outlay of e v e r y phase of operation. It w i l l d e t e r m i n e the number of m a n - h o u r s f o r each season and d e p a r t m e n t of l a b o r . It w i l l a p p r o x i m a t e the c o s t of f e r t i l i z e r , l i m e , seed, tools, and equipment. It w i l l show cause f o r new equipment and d e p r e c i a t i o n of old equipment. So much f o r the budget. The next thing is how you d e t e r m i n e the budget. T h i s must be c o v e r e d by i n c o m e . T h e r e i s no j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a budget that cannot be m e t equally by r e v e n u e . S o m e w h e r e down the line, this p o r p o s e d budget w i l l be s c r u t i nized. It m a y be the State L e g i s l a t u r e , the County or City C o m m i s s i o n e r , the P a r k Board, the B o a r d of D i r e c t o r s , or the G r e e n s C o m m i t t e e . T h i s is w h e r e you w i l l need the utmost c o n f i d e n c e in your a b i l i t y to m a n a g e or s u p e r v i s e y o u r operation. And, when it is once approved, it w i l l tend to e l e v a t e your position as a good superintendent. Y e s , a budget is a good thing if it has a good superintendent to back it up and to abide by e v e r y detail and i t e m p r o c l a i m e d within it. We shall p r o c e e d , then, with the r e s t of our panel and hear f r o m M r . D r e w and M r . Land, Jr. SOME A S P E C T S OF P U B L I C RELATIONS G. A. D r e w D e p a r t m e n t of U n i v e r s i t y E x t e n s i o n U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia V a n c o u v e r , B. C. It is i n t e r e s t i n g that in this age of astronauts and s a t e l l i t e s and pushbutton c o n v e n i e n c e s , w e must continue to talk about our public o r human r e l a t i o n s . The n e c e s s i t y to c o m m u n i c a t e , p a r t i c u l a r l y on an individual b a s i s , has been with us since the beginning of mankind. And y e t in many r e s p e c t s this s e e m i n g l y s i m p l e act of communicating with one another b e c o m e s inc r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t as m o r e and m o r e t e c h n o l o g i c a l subjects, each with its own t o n g u e - t w i s t i n g t e r m i n o l o g y , a r e heaped upon us to be r e a d or l i s t e n e d to and understand. The m a n u f a c t u r e r s a r e constantly urging us to buy a v a s t a r r a y of new products which have e v o l v e d out of these t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances. Whether w e need them or not is incidental. T o do the job, the a d v e r t i s i n g w o r l d e m p l o y s c o m m u n i c a t i o n s p e c i a l i s t s and p s y c h o l o g i s t s to a d v i s e it of our subconscious l i k e s and d i s l i k e s . The resulting m e s s a g e s about products thus persuade the unsuspecting c o n s u m e r to buy this brand instead of that brand, and that to be up to date he should not be seen with anything l e s s than such and such a m o d e l , or that the new l a r g e r package outshines them all. B y now you must be w o n d e r i n g what a l l this has to do with the topic at hand. The thoughts which I have been leading up to a r e : f i r s t l y , that in a b r o a d sense it is b e c o m i n g m o r e and m o r e d i f f i c u l t to c o m m u n i c a t e with one another and be sure that w e a r e understood. Secondly, that s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a tion is being g i v e n to the a r t or s c i e n c e of attracting p e o p l e ' s attention and influencing t h e i r b e h a v i o r . L e t m e e l a b o r a t e these points as they apply to your position as superintendents. W e all know that t h e r e is a t r e m e n d o u s amount of s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h and t e c h n o l o g y as w e l l as p r a c t i c a l k n o w - h o w behind the production and m a i n tenance of good turf. A l l of you, in v a r y i n g d e g r e e s , w i l l be f a m i l i a r with this s p e c i a l i z e d knowledge. It i s this f a m i l i a r i t y which could be a danger point, not only at budget t i m e but at a l l t i m e s in your a s s o c i a t i o n with club members. I b e l i e v e it can be s a f e l y a s s u m e d that not a l l a s p e c t s of your duties as superintendents w i l l be c o m p l e t e l y understood by the g r e e n c o m m i t tee w i t h which you must w o r k . The w i s e superintendent w i l l r e a l i z e this and m a k e s p e c i a l e f f o r t s to e x p l a i n adequately each d e t a i l which a p p e a r s on the budget sheet. Only in this w a y can a sympathetic understanding be expected, p a r t i c u l a r l y if new e x p e n d i t u r e s a r e being budgeted f o r . T o do this w i l l r e q u i r e a c c u r a t e r e c o r d - k e e p i n g on a continual b a s i s e v e r y day of e v e r y w e e k of e v e r y month of e v e r y y e a r . Only in this w a y can the superintendent hope to have at his f i n g e r t i p s all the i n f o r m a t i o n which m a y be r e q u i r e d at any g i v e n t i m e . It is often n e c e s s a r y to draw c o m p a r i s o n s f r o m the e x p e r i e n c e s of other y e a r s ; h e r e again a r e e s s e n t i a l . T o r e l y upon m e m o r y alone is poor p r a c t i c e and can c e r t a i n l y not be condoned. I n f o r m a t i o n such as total a r e a of g r e e n s , cost of renovating f a i r w a y s , amounts and dates of f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a tions, and the l i k e is not only i m p o r t a n t to the superintendent but of i n t e r e s t to the g e n e r a l club m e m b e r s h i p . You w i l l do much to enhance your r e l a t i o n s if you m a k e a p r a c t i c e of divulging s o m e of this i n f o r m a t i o n when the o p p o r tunity p r e s e n t s i t s e l f . In addition, if you have the m e a n s or can r e a d i l y d e v i s e them, it would be to your advantage to c o n s i d e r c o m m u n i c a t i n g in the v i s u a l sense. T h i s can be done through the w e l l - k n o w n n e w s l e t t e r or by a p p r o p r i a t e l y w o r d e d photographs showing any new w o r k which you m a y have a c c o m plished. The b e f o r e - a n d - a f t e r type of t r e a t m e n t would be p a r t i c u l a r l y e f f e c t i v e . L e t us not f o r g e t that the g o l f c o u r s e i s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t part of the e n t i r e operation, and anything which can be done to i n f o r m the m e m b e r s h i p of e v e r y t h i n g c o n c e r n e d w i t h its maintenance w i l l be that much b e t t e r in c r e a t i n g an a w a r e n e s s of your r e q u i r e m e n t s . I am told that a number 4 of people quite often j o i n g o l f clubs s i m p l y f o r the s o c i a l a s p e c t s . If this is the case, it s e e m s doubly i m p o r t a n t that you pay p a r t i c u l a r attention to this a s p e c t of m e m b e r s h i p r e l a t i o n s just mentioned. Much m o r e could be said about the points m e n t i o n e d so f a r ; indeed, books have been w r i t t e n about s o m e of them. T h i s l e a d s m e to m y next point which I c o n s i d e r to be e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t . If you find y o u r s e l f lacking in the'afyility to e x p r e s s y o u r s e l f or do not understand the fundamentals of keeping r e c o r d s , then the onus is on you to take the n e c e s s a r y steps to c o r r e c t this situation. M o s t educational o r g a n i z a t i o n s , w h e t h e r it be u n i v e r s i t y , school board, Y. M. C. A . , or others, g i v e evening c l a s s e s in subjects such as these, and t h e r e is s e l d o m an e x c u s e f o r not taking advantage of them. A t this point, I should explain a d i f f i c u l t y w h i c h I e n c o u n t e r e d in the p r e p a r a t i o n of these r e m a r k s . T h e r e is o b v i o u s l y a g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the duties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of s o m e superintendents in the United States and m o s t of those in B. C. - - c e r t a i n l y in the V a n c o u v e r a r e a . I w a s s u r p r i s e d to l e a r n of the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s which many of them do not have and in m y e s t i m a t i o n should have. F o r instance, s o m e superintendents, I l e a r n , do not p r e s e n t a p r e p a r e d budget to the g r e e n c h a i r m a n . In m o r e than one instance, I found that e s t a b l i s h i n g the annual budget w a s m e r e l y a m a t t e r of sitting down w i t h the c h a i r m a n ( o f t e n at his c a l l i n g ) and chatting about the things that would be undertaken in the coming y e a r . I e x p e c t that s o m e o n e w a s taking notes, but it w a s not the superintendent. V a r i a t i o n s in p r o c e d u r e in the d i f f e r i n g c a s e s of public and p r i v a t e c o u r s e s is understandable, but it s e e m s fundamental that a w r i t t e n statement should be p r e p a r e d by and put in the hands of the s u p e r i n tendent in a l m o s t all c a s e s . Unless this is done, it is e a s y to i m a g i n e what could happen if one of the a f o r e m e n t i o n e d influential s o c i a l set w e r e to b e c o m e e l e c t e d as g r e e n c h a i r m a n . F a i l u r e to do this could indicate a c e r t a i n d e g r e e of l a c k of i n t e r e s t on the part of a superintendent, and t h e r e b y d e t r a c t f r o m the e s t e e m with which he could be r e g a r d e d . W h i l e I have a s s u m e d that m y c o l l e a g u e s on this panel w i l l have c o v e r e d the many and v a r i e d aspectp of a budget, I would l i k e to m a k e r e f e r e n c e to one p a r t i c u l a r i t e m which is of c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e . Unfortunately, this r e m a r k is m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e to the people who a r e not h e r e and who s e l d o m attend such functions as this. Y o u people w i l l r e c o g n i z e the i m p o r t a n c e of attending i c o n f e r e n c e s and other educational functions dealing with your p a r t i c ular i n t e r e s t and r e q u i r e m e n t s , and I would u r g e you to continue to g i v e this budget i t e m p r i o r i t y rating. Supplemented with r e a d i n g pertinent to your w o r k and continuous exchange of i n f o r m a t i o n a m o n g s t y o u r s e l v e s , you w i l l be doing the utmost to keep y o u r s e l f f u l l y i n f o r m e d and t h e r e b y be in a b e t t e r position to i m p r o v e your public r e l a t i o n s in the m a n n e r which has been indicated. Much has been w r i t t e n and said about the subject of public r e l a t i o n s , and I a m sure m o s t of you w i l l be as f a m i l i a r with it as 'I. In the final a n a l y s i s , w e do not need to c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s about the s c i e n t i f i c approach m e n t i o n e d earlier. The subtle, somewhat h i g h - p r e s s u r e methods m a y be n e c e s s a r y in big business, but f o r our purpose the o l d - f a s h i o n e d w a y of doing things w i l l bring m o r e results. L e t y o u r s e l f b e c o m e known f o r such attributes as s i n c e r i t y , understanding, and genuine i n t e r e s t , and public r e l a t i o n s w i l l take c a r e of i t s e l f . In conclusion and at the r i s k of offending s o m e of you I would l i k e to m e n t i o n one m o r e point. T i e d up w i t h a l l the e l e m e n t s to be c o n s i d e r e d in public r e l a t i o n s is the m a t t e r of p e r s o n a l appearance. Do you r e m e m b e r this point being d r i v e n home to you in your e a r l y school y e a r s ? It is hardly n e c e s s a r y to do m o r e than m e n t i o n the fact that a neat a p p e a r a n c e c r e a t e s a good i m p r e s s i o n , and, c o n v e r s e l y , a sloppy one has the r e v e r s e e f f e c t . Carrying this f u r t h e r , I would extend the statement to include your equipment, sheds, and o f f i c e s . When w a s the l a s t t i m e you took stock of your surroundings and d e c i d e d to spruce them up? A g a i n this m a y s e e m f a r r e m o v e d f r o m the subj e c t of budgets, but I ' l l s t e a d f a s t l y maintain that it has a b e a r i n g , h o w e v e r remote, on the r e s p e c t and p r e s t i g e with which the superintendent is held, which in turn w i l l d e t e r m i n e his e f f e c t i v e n e s s in p r e s e n t i n g the annual budget. G O L F COURSE BUDGETS H e n r y W. Land, Jr. Superintendent, Sand P o i n t Golf and Country Club T h e r e a r e many d i f f e r e n t methods of p r e p a r i n g a budget. T h e s e a r e b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d by six d i f f e r e n t a r t i c l e s on budgets published in the Golf C o u r s e R e p o r t e r , N o v e m b e r and D e c e m b e r , 1961. T w o other good s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n a r e the U. S. G. A. G r e e n s Section which has a publication entitled, , ! A Guide F o r G r e e n C o m m i t t e e Chairman, " and the other is T u r f M a n a g e m e n t by H. B. M u s s e r . C e r t a i n l y t h e r e i s enough i n f o r m a t i o n in these publications to aid anyone in p r e p a r i n g a budget. C o m p a r i s o n s of budgets w i t h any d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y a r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t , if not i m p o s s i b l e . Many of the r e a s o n s f o r this d i f f i c u l t y w e r e pointed out by M r . M i l t Bauman of the O v e r l a k e Golf and Country Club at the annual m e e t i n g b e t w e e n club o f f i c i a l s and g o l f c o u r s e superintendents. Some of the r e a s o n s that w e r e pointed out w e r e r e l a t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s of location, t e r r a i n , soils, total amount of a c r e a g e , t r e e s , sand traps, types of g r a s s e s , d i f f e r e n t a c counting s y s t e m s , and many other contributing f a c t o r s . By keeping the above in mind, v e y s that have been conducted. I would l i k e to show s o m e s l i d e s on s u r - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GOLF ASSOCIATION GOLF COURSE OPERATING COSTS OF 29 GOLF COURSES PRELIMINARY REPORT--I960 Payroll Costs Low Supplies Maintenance Water Miscellaneous $ 42,100 $ 4,820 $ 1,668 $ 2,126 108,814 29,090 18,641 15,956 15,967 Average 68,900 13,249 6,248 10,248 2,136 °Io 68.4 13.1 6.2 10.2 2.1 High $ Total 246 $100,817 100!/o SURVEY CONDUCTED BY T H E P A C I F I C N O R T H W E S T G O L F A S S O C I A T I O N 1961 T a k e n f r o m a f i f t y page r e p o r t T h i r t y - e i g h t Golf Clubs p a r t i c i p a t i n g CLASS A CLUBS Dues E x c e s s of $108, 000 No. Clubs Reporting Annual E x p e n s e - 18 H o l e s Low High Average Superintendent--with Lodging 2 $ 5, 340 $ 4, 260 $ 4, 800 Superintendent--without L o d g i n g 9 8, 400 6, 600 7, 377 Laborers 8 43, 247 20, 392 33, 287 10 7, 848 687 7, 456 Oil and G r e a s e 9 2, 238 217 1, 281 N e w Equipment P u r c h a s e d 8 7, 042 600 3, 016 10 3, 206 900 2, 273 C o u r s e A l t e r a t i o n s and L a n d scaping 8 45, 000 1, 200 13, 060 W a t e r and P o w e r 8 2, 93 5 600 1, 613 Other E x p e n s e s 6 18, 000 1, 500 6, 007 10 $109, 072 $19, 442 $59, 056 Sand, Soil, C h e m i c a l s , F e r t i l i z e r s , Seed and Supplies Gas, Equipment R e p a i r s TOTAL EXPENSES CLASS B CLUBS Dues F r o m $60, 000 to $108, 000 No. Clubs Reporting Annual E x p e n s e - 18 H o l e s High Low Average 3 $ 7, 200 $ 5, 400 $ 6, 400 Superintendent--without L o d g i n g 10 8, 160 4, 500 6, 213 Laborers 12 40, 294 8, 620 22, 056 Sand, Soil, C h e m i c a l s , F e r t i l i z e r s , Seed, and Supplies 12 9, 533 1, 336 3, 356 Gas, Oil, and G r e a s e 10 1, 197 525 872 N e w Equipment P u r c h a s e d 11 9, 914 1, 756 4, 581 Equipment R e p a i r s 11 2, 720 602 1, 809 5 6, 841 7 50 2, 53 1 10 5, 455 900 2, 552 8 6, 000 382 2, 3 58 12 $67, 446 $22, 640 $42, 845 Superintendent--with Lodging C o u r s e A l t e r a t i o n s and L a n d scaping W a t e r and P o w e r Other E x p e n s e s TOTAL EXPENSES CLASS C CLUBS Dues L e s s Than $60, 000 No. Clubs Reporting Annual E x p e n s e - 18 H o l e s High Low Average 3 $ 6, 000 $ 3,000 $ 4, 500 Superintendent--without Lodging 10 6, 600 2, 200 5, 110 Laborers 11 18, 000 200 12, 895 Sand, Soil, C h e m i c a l s , F e r t i l i z e r s , Seed, and Supplies 9 3, 219 175 1, 937 Gas, Oil, and G r e a s e 9 2, 715 200 918 N e w Equipment P u r c h a s e d 5 2, 73 0 50 1, 269 Equipment R e p a i r s 8 5, 997 100 1, 728 C o u r s e A l t e r a t i o n s and L a n d scaping 2 1, 100 600 850 W a t e r and P o w e r 9 3, 300 64 1, 442 Other E x p e n s e s 4 4, 752 122 1, 863 $33, 754 $4,366 $24,769 Superintendent--with Lodging TOTAL EXPENSES Conclusions T h e s e r e p o r t s show the r a p i d i n c r e a s e in o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s of g o l f clubs o v e r the past few y e a r s . T h i s has r e s u l t e d in s o m e clubs changing o v e r to g e n e r a l m a n a g e r s in hopes of curbing this r a p i d i n c r e a s e . In m o s t c a s e s , this has not d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d the g o l f c o u r s e o p e r a t i o n e x c e p t the a p p r o p r i a t i o n of n e c e s s a r y funds. Many clubs have set up s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e s to m a k e a c a r e f u l study of funds needed in e v e r y d e p a r t m e n t b e f o r e making a p p r o p r i a t i o n s . They also study methods of r a i s i n g these funds to support an adequate budget. In many c a s e s one can use the s e r v i c e s of l o c a l o r national g r o u p s to help point out the need f o r i n c r e a s e s in o p e r a t i n g funds to cope with p r o b l e m s on the g o l f c o u r s e . S o m e t i m e s this can be v e r y helpful in a c c o m p l i s h i n g b e t t e r g o l f i n g conditions f o r your m e m b e r s . S o m e t i m e s people j u s t c a n ' t see o r understand the p r o b l e m , but when it is p r e s e n t e d by s o m e o n e d i f f e r e n t , it is quite o f t e n r e a d i l y accepted. P A N E L DISCUSSION O F F U N D A M E N T A L S O F MANAGEMENT Dr. N o r m a n G o e t z e A r d e n W, Jacklin Dr. Roy L Goss Donald A, Hogan Bob W i l e y Glen P r o c t o r VARIETIES AND MOWING Dr. N o r m a n G o e t z e O r e g o n State U n i v e r i s t y Corvallis, Oregon Mowing of t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t i e s is i n f l u e n c e d by the use intended f o r the g r a s s , the intensity of the m a n a g e m e n t , and the c l i m a t e and s o i l s of the r e g i o n G e n e r a l l y speaking, w e note that f r e q u e n c y of m o w i n g is a l s o r e l a t e d to height When a g r a s s plant is m o w e d f r e q u e n t l y , its m e r i s t e m a t i c r e g i o n or g r o w i n g point is e l e v a t e d on the stem. T o p r o t e c t that a r e a , w e must, t h e r e f o r e , m o w at a higher height than if it w e r e m o w e d m o r e f r e q u e n t l y . D e s t r u c t i o n of the g r o w i n g point l o w e r s the turf density by causing the g r a s s to r e i n i t i a t e new g r o w i n g points f r o m the c r o w n instead of the e x i s t i n g stem. T o m a i n t a i n those dense t u r f s d e s i r e d by m o s t people, w e must p r o t e c t the m e r i s t e m a t i c r e g i o n s by our m o w i n g c y c l e s . The b e n t g r a s s e s have the l o w e s t r e q u i r e m e n t s in m o w i n g heights, and f o r m o s t d e s i r a b l e b e n t g r a s s turf, w e must now m o w it m o r e frequentlyM o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y stands of b l u e g r a s s turf a r e obtained by m o w i n g heights of 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches. The fundamental r e a s o n f o r this high m o w i n g height is not thoroughly understood. Some people suspect that it is r e l a t e d to the d e v e l o p m e n t of h o r i z o n t a l l e a f g r o w t h at the higher m o w e r heights, r e s u l t i n g in a g r e a t e r photosynthetic a r e a . T h i s is an i n t e r e s t i n g a r e a of t u r f g r a s s r e s e a r c h which has not y e t been f u l l y e x p l o r e d . The f i n e - l e a f e d f e s c u e s a r e not v e r y c r i t i c a l in t h e i r m o w i n g height r e quirements. The alta f e s c u e must be m o w e d at l e a s t two inches in height, p r e f e r a b l y m a y b e even t h r e e inches. A t the l o w e r heights, it d e v e l o p s a v e r y weak r o o t s y s t e m , and it l o s e s its g o o d r e s i s t a n c e to m e c h a n i c a l w e a r . W e need to be m o r e cognizant of the b a s i c p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s of an individual g r a s s plant and how the m a n a g e m e n t schedules that w e i m p o s e upon it influence its g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t . A g r a s s plant does not r e a c t b e c a u s e of any d e l i b e r a t e thought p r o c e s s , but instead r e a c t s to i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s . The b e t t e r w e can understand these r e a c t i o n s , the b e t t e r w e can cope with s o m e of its p r o b l e m s . The g r a s s plant d e r i v e s its e n e r g y f r o m e x p o s u r e of the l e a v e s to the sunlight through a p r o c e s s c a l l e d photosynthesis. E v e r y time we defoliate the g r a s s plant by m o w i n g o r other t r e a t m e n t , w e r e d u c e that photosynthetic area. The g r a s s plant is r e s p i r i n g or using e n e r g y throughout the 24-hour p e r i o d . E x c e s s e n e r g y c r e a t e d during the d a y t i m e is s t o r e d in the r o o t zone. If w e c o m p l e t e l y d e f o l i a t e the g r a s s plant, the initiation of new g r o w t h o c c u r s at the e x p e n s e of r o o t r e s e r v e s in the e a r l i e r photosynthetic a c t i v i t y . Consequently, m o w i n g schedules must be e s t a b l i s h e d w h i c h w i l l l e a v e s o m e photosynthetic a r e a f o r the r e p l e n i s h m e n t of r o o t r e s e r v e s . If c o m p l e t e d e f o l i a t i o n is used, it must be used i n f r e q u e n t l y so that r o o t r e s e r v e s a r e not e n t i r e l y depleted. M o r e fundamental w o r k is needed in this phase of m a n a g e ment. MAINTENANCE FERTILIZATION Dr. Norman Goetze O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y Corvallis, Oregon In addition to the usual e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s including c l i m a t e , s o i l s , type of g r a s s , and the use being made of the g r a s s , the l e v e l of maintenance f e r t i l i z a t i o n is a l s o dependent upon the o b j e c t i v e s of the maintenance p r o g r a m . T h e r e a r e b a s i c a l l y t h r e e a p p r o a c h e s used in f e r t i l i z a t i o n of lawn g r a s s e s . The f i r s t i n v o l v e s a m i n i m u m amount of maintenance in which w e a r e i n v o l v e d in m e r e l y keeping the g r a s s a l i v e with a m i n i m u m expenditure. The second l e v e l of maintenance i n v o l v e s getting the absolute m a x i m u m u t i l i z a t i o n of all m a n a g e m e n t f a c t o r s , including f e r t i l i z a t i o n . T h i s l e v e l of m a i n t e n a n c e i s that which is m o s t often p r a c t i c e d in c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r e , in which w e a r e c o n c e r n e d with the m o s t e f f i c i e n t f e r t i l i z e r use. The t h i r d and highest l e v e l of maintenance is getting absolutely the highest quality of turf at any cost of maintenance. We o f t e n t i m e s t e r m this l u x u r y consumption. Here we are c o n c e r n e d with the m a x i m u m amounts of f e r t i l i z e r that can be used without any d a m a g e to the turf. The philosophy of f e r t i l i z a t i o n is d i f f e r e n t f o r each of these t h r e e l e v e l s of maintenance. Many of the c o n f l i c t s in r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s and p r a c t i c e s on t u r f g r a s s f e r t i l i z a t i o n can be r e s o l v e d if w e r e c o g n i z e these d i f f e r e n c e s in l e v e l s of maintenance. Instead of developing a u n i f o r m set of r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t u r f g r a s s f e r t i l i z a t i o n , l e t ' s take a look at s o m e of the f a c t o r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of each of the f e r t i l i z e r e l e m e n t s . Nitrogen L a r g e r quantities of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r a r e r e q u i r e d on turf than any of the other f e r t i l i z e r e l e m e n t s . Much of the n i t r o g e n u s e d in turf f e r t i l i z a t i o n , h o w e v e r , is w a s t e d and n e v e r b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e to the t u r f g r a s s plant. N i t r o g e n can be l o s t f r o m t u r f g r a s s by s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s . A p r o c e s s c a l l e d d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n accounts f o r m i n o r l o s s e s f r o m the s u r f a c e of the turf when e x c e s s amounts a r e applied and a r e l e f t on the s u r f a c e . In this p r o c e s s , the n i t r o g e n - c o n t a i n i n g compounds a r e b r o k e n down into e l e m e n t a l n i t r o g e n gas, which is in turn r e l e a s e d to the a t m o s p h e r e . A v e r y s i m i l a r p r o c e s s c a l l e d a m m o n i f i c a t i o n a l s o accounts f o r s o m e s u r f a c e l o s s e s . In this case, the n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r m a t e r i a l s a r e c o n v e r t e d into g a s e o u s a m m o n i a g i v i n g the v e r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o d o r . T h e s e l o s s e s a r e quite small, e x c e p t when h e a v i e r amounts of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r a r e used. L e a c h i n g of the n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s by e x c e s s i v e r a i n s o r h e a v y i r r i gations accounts f o r a v e r y high d e g r e e of l o s s of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r . The m o r e soluble f o r m s , such as the n i t r a t e s and urea, a r e e s p e c i a l l y s u s c e p t i b l e to this type of l o s s . T u r f g r a s s clippings contain f r o m 3 to 6 p e r cent n i t r o g e n on an a i r - d r y b a s i s . R e m o v a l of the c l i p p i n g s throughout the season can t h e r e f o r e account L e a v i n g the f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e l o s s of n i t r o g e n f r o m the t u r f g r a s s a r e a . clippings on the turf, h o w e v e r , does not g i v e us much f e r t i l i z e r stimulation. Much of the n i t r o g e n that is in the clippings is n e v e r m a d e a v a i l a b l e to the t u r f g r a s s r o o t s again, because the clippings do not c o m p l e t e l y decay. A good s h a r e of the g r a s s clippings and the o l d e r r o o t s r e m a i n s intact in the s o i l as o r g a n i c m a t t e r . The o r g a n i c m a t t e r content of many of the o l d e r turf s o i l s m a y be as high as 8 or 10 per cent. Some of the new turf s o i l s contain as l i t t l e as 2 or 3 per cent o r g a n i c m a t t e r . T h r o u g h the y e a r s the a c c u mulation of o r g a n i c m a t t e r accounts f o r copious quantities of nitrogen. Soil o r g a n i c m a t t e r has a c a r b o n - n i t r o g e n ratio of a b o u t l O : h Thus, when we a r e r a i s i n g the o r g a n i c m a t t e r content of a soil w e i g h i n g 2, 000, 000 pounds p e r a c r e by 1 per cent, w e a r e actually adding 20, 000 pounds of o r g a n i c m a t t e r . Since this o r g a n i c m a t t e r has a n i t r o g e n content of about 10 per cent, w e a r e e f f e c t i v e l y tying up one ton of actual n i t r o g e n per a c r e , j u s t to r a i s e the o r g a n i c m a t t e r content by 1 per cent. N i t r o g e n that is not l o s t f r o m the turf s o i l by any of the p r e v i o u s p r o c e d u r e s i s t h e r e f o r e a v a i l a b l e to the plant. N i t r o g e n acts as a stimulation to growth. If e x c e s s i v e amounts a r e made a v a i l a b l e to the plant, e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h r e s u l t s in a d e c r e a s e d plant f o o d r e s e r v e , which u l t i m a t e l y can d a m a g e the r o o t s y s t e m . G r a s s t i s s u e that is g r o w i n g e x c e s s i v e l y f a s t m a y a l s o be m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to c e r t a i n fungus d i s e a s e s . The m o s t s e n s i b l e n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m i n v o l v e s use of types of f e r t i l i z e r that w i l l m i n i m i z e the potential l o s s e s and y e t m a k e only s m a l l amounts of n i t r o g e n a v a i l a b l e to the plant at any one t i m e . Phosphorus P h o s p h o r u s b e h a v e s in turf s o i l s a l t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t l y than nitrogen, It is not c o n v e r t e d into v o l a t i l e f o r m s w h i c h can e v a p o r a t e f r o m the s u r f a c e , and it is l i k e w i s e v e r y d i f f i c u l t to be leached, It is v e r y e f f e c t i v e l y kept f r o m the t u r f g r a s s plant r o o t s by being t i e d up with the s o i l c o l l o i d s y s t e m . T h e phosphorus b e c o m e s attached to the soil p a r t i c l e s with m o r e strength than the plant can e x e r t in absorbing the phosphorus. A d d i t i o n a l amounts of phosphorus m a y n e v e r b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e to t u r f g r a s s plants b e c a u s e the phosphorus m o v e s so p o o r l y through the s o i l and a c c u m u l a t e s on the s u r f a c e . The phosphorus content of t u r f g r a s s clippings i s v e r y low, and depletion of phosphorus r e s e r v e s is not i n f l u e n c e d by d i s p o s a l of the clippings. Under l o w l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n , it is v e r y d i f f i c u l t to d e m o n s t r a t e any phosphorus r e s p o n s e on turf beyond the s e e d l i n g y e a r . A t the upper l e v e l s of t u r f g r a s s maintenance f e r t i l i z a t i o n , a phosphorus r e s p o n s e can be demonstrated. Of m o r e i m p o r t a n c e than the absolute amount of phosphorus used is the r a t i o of n i t r o g e n to phosphorus. Potassium L a r g e quantities of p o t a s s i u m e x i s t in m o s t t u r f g r a s s s o i l s , and, under m i n i m u m l e v e l s of f e r t i l i t y , t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t quantities of this e l e m e n t f o r the t u r f g r a s s . P o t a s s i u m is v e r y r e a d i l y l e a c h e d f r o m s o i l s , but additional quantities of p o t a s s i u m a r e constantly being m a d e a v a i l a b l e by the d e c o m p o sition of the b a s i c m a t e r i a l f r o m which our s o i l s a r e d e r i v e d . Organic soils and s o m e sands a r e v e r y l o w in potassium. Some p o t a s s i u m is a l s o t i e d up in the base change c o m p l e x of s o i l s . Under higher l e v e l s of maintenance, p o t a s s i u m m a y be l i m i t e d in b e t t e r quality turf. T h i s has been d e m o n s t r a t e d r e p e a t e d l y on s o m e of the o l d e r putting g r e e n s throughout the country, which have been r e c e i v i n g higher l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i t y o v e r a long p e r i o d of t i m e . When e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h is stimulated through the addition of n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r , the p o t a s s i u m m a y be r e m o v e d through the c l i p p i n g s at a f a s t e r r a t e than is being accounted f o r by the d e c o m p o s i t i o n of the b a s i c m i n e r a l s in that soil. Under those conditions, it is e a s y to d e m o n s t r a t e a p o t a s s i u m r e s p o n s e . L a r g e quantities of p o t a s s i u m can be r e m o v e d through the t u r f g r a s s clippings, since the t u r f g r a s s plant is not able to e x c l u d e e x c e s s i v e amounts of potassium. The plant a b s o r b s these e x t r a amounts through a p r o c e s s c a l l e d luxury consumption. The exact amounts of p o t a s s i u m to be used in m a i n t e nance f e r t i l i z a t i o n have not been c l e a r l y d e f i n e d by g o o d e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k to date, Sulfur T h i s e l e m e n t has n e v e r r e c e i v e d much attention in t u r f g r a s s f e r t i l i z a t i o n r e s e a r c h , but in c e r t a i n r e g i o n s of the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t sulfur has shown to be l i m i t i n g . Sulfur is v e r y s i m i l a r to n i t r o g e n in its p r o c e s s e s of l o s s f r o m t u r f g r a s s soils. The i n o r g a n i c f o r m s of sulfur a r e v e r y r e a d i l y leached, and the o r g a n i c f o r m s behave in e x a c t l y the s a m e w a y as nitrogen. It can a l s o be r e m o v e d by the clippings, but the sulfur content is much l o w e r than the n i t r o g e n content, 16-20 f e r t i l i z e r has been v e r y popular in the w e s t e r n r e g i o n s of the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t f o r a long p e r i o d of t i m e . Many w o r k e r s have thought that this w a s due to the phosphorus content. Many of the s o i l s in those a r e a s a r e d e f i c i e n t in sulfur, and the sulfur content of the 16-20 w a s s u f f i c i e n t to g i v e a good turf response. C r i t i c a l r e s e a r c h on the e x a c t needs of t u r f g r a s s plants is c o m p l e t e l y lacking. Until such r e s u l t s a r e a v a i l a b l e , use of s u l f u r - c o n t a i n i n g f e r t i l i z e r s , e s p e c i a l l y on the w e s t e r n slopes of the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t , is strongly recommended. Iron T u r f g r a s s w o r k e r s have been w a y ahead of w o r k e r s in a l m o s t all other e c o n o m i c c r o p s in t h e i r r e c o g n i t i o n of the r o l e of i r o n f o r m o s t e f f i c i e n t p r o duction. We have been e s p e c i a l l y cognizant of the r o l e of iron, b e c a u s e it s e r v e s as a part of the c h l o r o p h y l l m o l e c u l e . T h i s m a t e r i a l , as you know, i m p a r t s the d e s i r a b l e g r e e n c o l o r to t u r f g r a s s . T h e r e a r e l a r g e quantities of i r o n in a l m o s t all types of soil. M o s t of it, h o w e v e r , is not a v a i l a b l e to the plant r o o t s , b e c a u s e it is e i t h e r c l o s e l y t i e d up with the s o i l m i n e r a l s , or is in such a f o r m that the plant cannot a b s o r b it. A d d i t i o n s of s m a l l amounts of a v a i l a b l e f o r m s of i r o n to the s o i l usually a r e not v e r y e f f e c t i v e in i m p r o v i n g the t u r f g r a s s , b e c a u s e the iron, too, b e c o m e s attached to the soil m i n e r a l s or is c o n v e r t e d to f o r m s that a r e not a v a i l a b l e to the plant r o o t s . I r o n is m o s t e f f i c i e n t l y used by f o l i a r applications of e x t r e m e l y s m a l l amounts. I r o n is not v e r y r e a d i l y s t o r e d in g r a s s plants, and if it is applied to the f o l i a g e , f r e q u e n t applications a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r the d e s i r e d e f f e c t . Other M a t e r i a l s C a l c i u m , m a g n e s i u m , boron, c o p p e r , cobalt, molybdenum, zinc, and m a n g a n e s e a r e a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r t u r f g r a s s plants. V e r y l i t t l e r e s e a r c h has been done on t h e i r use, and they need not be c o v e r e d in this discussion. TURF MANAGEMENT - MAINTENANCE FERTILIZATION A r d e n W. Jacklin Jacklin Seed Company Di s hman, Wa s hington I am approaching maintenance f e r t i l i z a t i o n of turf p r i m a r i l y f r o m a h o m e o w n e r ' s v i e w p o i n t . The p r i n c i p l e s i n v o l v e d , h o w e v e r , apply to t u r f s in g e n eral. What a r e w e looking f o r when w e f e r t i l i z e - - w h y f e r t i l i z e ? If the a v e r a g e home turf m a n a g e r could p r e s c r i b e or dictate just what he wanted f r o m his lawn, with or without f e r t i l i z e r , he would l i k e l y c o m e up w i t h about this lineup: 1. deep or sharp g r e e n c o l o r , 2. good density, 3. a m i n i m u m of m o w i n g - - j u s t enough g r o w t h to r e n e w the g r a s s f r o m w e a r spots, d a m a g e , etc. , and 4. l e s s f r e q u e n t or a m i n i m u m w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t . Let's c a l l these our o b j e c t i v e s . Can w e c o m e near to g i v i n g him what he w a n t s ? L e t ' s see. How can we, or do we, get c o l o r ? Right h e r e I w i l l l e a d with m y chin. I d i f f e r quite d e f i n i t e l y with many r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s and, m a y I add, many technical r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . The quick and e a s y w a y to g e t c o l o r and, f o r a t i m e , the cheapest w a y , is with quickly a v a i l a b l e , h i g h - n i t r o g e n - c o n t e n t c h e m i c a l o r , m o r e p r o p e r l y said, i n o r g a n i c f e r t i l i z e r . F o r the home owner lawn m a n a g e r I do not a g r e e that this is a good r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . Why? L e t ' s start out with g r a s s r o o t s and tops. A g r a s s plant's top and r o o t a r e a l w a y s p r e t t y much in balance. Now what does this m e a n to u s ? Simply, it m e a n s that if w e have four inches of top g r o w t h the r o o t s a r e p r e t t y much b a l a n c e d with that top growth. So if w e cut o f f the top two inches of top g r o w t h w e cut o f f one-half, and the r o o t s y s t e m m o v e s quickly to c o m e into b a l a n c e with the r e d u c e d top by shedding o n e - h a l f of its feeding r o o t s y s t e m . Right h e r e is the crux of our p r o b l e m . The o n e - h a l f of the r o o t s y s t e m that i s shed is the outer p e r i p h e r y of the s y s t e m . A s g r a s s r o o t s a r e m o s t l y down, this m e a n s that the shedding is roughly the l o w e r o n e - h a l f of the total s y s t e m . Now any p r a c t i c e that s t i m u l a t e s rapid top g r o w t h - - w h i c h quickly a v a i l able c h e m i c a l nitrogen does if applied in quantity s u f f i c i e n t to p r o m o t e our g r e e n g r o w t h o b j e c t i v e - - i n e v i t a b l y causes f r e q u e n t m o w i n g o f f of high p e r c e n t a g e s of top g r o w t h with accompanying r o o t l o s s e s . R o o t s don't g r o w back as quickly as upright top g r o w t h under high n i t r o g e n a v a i l a b i l i t y , so w e get e v e n s h a l l o w e r root s y s t e m s and l e s s s o i l depth to supply f e r t i l i t y and m o i s ture; sprinkling r e q u i r e m e n t s go up; m o r e n i t r o g e n i s needed to maintain c o l o r ; and w e a r e on the m e r r y - g o - r o u n d with each application of quickly a v a i l able or hot-shot c h e m i c a l n i t r o g e n a g g r a v a t i n g the situation. N o w l e t f s look at s o d d i n g - - r e m e m b e r our numbers 2 and 3 o b j e c t i v e s - m o r e g r a s s , deep carpet, and density. High l e v e l of a v a i l a b l e n i t r o g e n in s o i l s r e t a r d s sodding of s o d - f o r m i n g grasses. L o w l e v e l of a v a i l a b l e n i t r o g e n in the s o i l - - d o w n around m i n i m u m g r o w t h r e q u i r e m e n t s - - p r o m o t e s sodding. In our Kentucky b l u e g r a s s s e e d f i e l d s , by c o n t r o l l i n g a v a i l a b l e n i t r o g e n l e v e l s in the soil, p a r t i c u l a r l y in the f a l l when sodding is m o s t v i g o r o u s , w e have d e m o n s t r a t e d t i m e and again that w e can take a good, bunch-type Kentucky b l u e g r a s s s t a n d - - s t a r v e it f o r n i t r o g e n - - a n d it w i l l sod in solid. We can take a thickly sodded Kentucky b l u e g r a s s stand and m a k e it g r o w into a bunch-type stand with a high l e v e l of nitrogen. A g r o n o m i s t s have known the p r i n c i p l e i n v o l v e d f o r s o m e t i m e in t r e a t i n g s o - c a l l e d " s o d binding. 11 F e r t i l i z e with n i t r o g e n at good, high r a t e s to o v e r c o m e n s o d binding. ,f Ripping up or m e c h a n i c a l l y thinning the stand is not the answer. AdT h i s s a m e r e l a t i o n s h i p of n i t r o g e n to sodding holds true in lawn. ditionally, w e know that a high l e v e l of a v a i l a b l e n i t r o g e n p r o m o t e s upright top growth. F a s t g r o w t h and upright g r o w t h a r e s i m p l y the r e s u l t of c o m p e t i t i o n f o r light. Rapid g r o w t h is upright, e l o n g a t e d growth. E l o n g a t e d g r o w t h m e a n s l o n g - l e a f sheaths. L o n g - l e a f sheaths m e a n that the l e a v e s a r e high up f r o m the crown, or, to say it another way, the l e a f canopy is high. Anything other than v e r y - h i g h - m o w i n g height cuts d e e p l y into the canopy, and total l e a f s u r f a c e is reduced, as w e l l as l e a v i n g a stubby, s h i n g l e d - l o o k i n g growth. So, no m a t t e r how w e approach the e f f e c t of rapid g r o w t h w e c o m e up with the same result. H i g h - l e v e l a v a i l a b l e s o i l n i t r o g e n r e s u l t s in l o w d e n s i t y - - i t 1 s just that s i m p l e . M o w i n g d e e p l y into top g r o w t h r e s u l t s in shallow r o o t s y s t e m s . Shallow r o o t s y s t e m s r e s u l t in m o r e f r e q u e n t w a t e r i n g being n e c e s s a r y . More f r e q u e n t w a t e r i n g , in the Spokane a r e a at least, r e s u l t s in c r e e p i n g b e n t g r a s s invasion, by f a r our m o s t s e r i o u s home lawn p r o b l e m . O v e r g r o w g r a s s - - g e t into trouble. M i l k soil nutrients out of the s o i l by stimulating g r o w t h and a c t i v i t y of soil m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l l i f e with hot-shot n i t r o g e n - - something 1 s going to run out and b e c o m e l i m i t i n g . N o w l e t ' s go back to our o b j e c t i v e s . 1. 2. 3. 4. D e e p or sharp g r e e n c o l o r . Good density. A m i n i m u m of m o w i n g L e s s frequent watering requirement. Can w e attain them with quickly a v a i l a b l e , c h e m i c a l n i t r o g e n f r o m higha n a l y s i s f e r t i l i z e r ? I think not, with the w e l l - b e i n g of the home o w n e r ' s turf in mind. So l e t ' s start o v e r , beginning with our number 1 o b j e c t i v e - - c o l o r . We know that the n i t r o g e n route is one w a y - - t o a point and w i t h t i m e limits. Now, w e ' r e talking about g r a s s c o l o r . What is c o l o r ? C h l o r o p h y l l and c h l o r o p l a s t s . What is c h l o r o p h y l l ? In e x t r e m e s i m p l i c i t y , i t ' s i n t e r r e l a t e d i r o n and m a g n e s i u m ions surrounded by nitrogen, carbon, h y d r o g e n and carbon, and h y d r o g e n o x y g e n and carbon. Other t r a c e m i n e r a l s a r e p r e s e n t in c h l o r o p l a s t s w h i c h a r e other c o l o r e d parts p r e s e n t in addition to c h l o r o p h y l l . W e ' v e c o m e a long w a y in l e a r n i n g how to handle i r o n on our t u r f s f o r color--chlorophyll. But other t r a c e m i n e r a l s a r e a l s o i n v o l v e d . I r o n substitution alone f o r displacing o r making a v a i l a b l e other t r a c e s in the b a s e exchange s y s t e m i s n ' t the w h o l e a n s w e r . I t ' s part of it, but the total a n s w e r i s with c o m p l e t e f e e d i n g balanced out with the s o i l ' s a b i l i t i e s to supply each and e v e r y e l e m e n t . The use of m i n o r or t r a c e e l e m e n t s c o m b i n e d with j u d i cious feeding of a balanced nutrient f o r m u l a f o r c o l o r is the a l t e r n a t i v e to the straight n i t r o g e n route. So much f o r c o l o r . N o w l e t ' s look at o b j e c t i v e s 2, 3, and 4 - - g o o d density w i t h a m i n i m u m top g r o w t h so we don't have to m o w too much and too d e e p l y and s t i l l have a m a x i m u m depth of root s y s t e m so w e can w a t e r w i t h l e a s t f r e q u e n c y . Right h e r e I must go back and point out that I g a v e only a part of the picture when I d r e w the p i c t u r e of m o w i n g . I did it to m a k e m y point without confusion on the e f f e c t on the r o o t s y s t e m of deep m o w i n g on f a s t - g r o w i n g top g r o w t h . A c t u a l l y , w e can have a deep r o o t s y s t e m without t a l l top growth, b e c a u s e the r e l a t i o n s h i p of top to r o o t in turf g r a s s is b e t w e e n the total l e a f s u r f a c e - - n o t height a l o n e - - a n d the r o o t s y s t e m . l So a l o w - g r o w i n g , l o w - c r o w n , dense, h e a v i l y l e a v e d top g r o w t h w i l l b a l a n c e out with a heavy deep r o o t s y s t e m if w e can attain that kind of top g r o w t h . Can w e ? Sure w e can if we don't go hot-shot n i t r o g e n happy. H e r e , then, is the place f o r natural, s l o w - r e l e a s i n g o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n s o u r c e s g i v i n g even, l o w l e v e l n i t r o g e n feeding to the turf. H e r e , also, is w h e r e the synthesized, s l o w r e l e a s i n g u r e a f o r m s a r e finding t h e i r p l a c e . I have p u r p o s e l y a v o i d e d phosphorous p o t a s s i u m and other f e r t i l i t y e l e m e n t s in this d i s c u s s i o n . T h e r e is no question about t h e i r need and v a l u e in turf f e e d i n g . I b e l i e v e in and s e l l b a l a n c e d f o r m u l a f e r t i l i z e r s . R a t i o s w i l l v a r y with v a r y i n g s o i l s and c l i m a t e s . H o w e v e r , it i s not m y purpose to d i s c u s s these h e r e . M y purpose is to l e a v e with you m y opinion r e g a r d i n g b a l a n c e d f o r m u l a , l o w - l e v e l n i t r o g e n f e e d i n g v e r s u s quickly a v a i l a b l e , high n i t r o g e n content, c h e m i c a l f e r t i l i z a t i o n . We must e x e r c i s e c a r e and judgment in our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the home lawn m a n a g e r . I t ' s e a s y to do him a d i s s e r v i c e w i t h a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s p e c t a c u l a r in its e a r l y p e r f o r m a n c e but h a r m f u l in the long run. F E R T I L I T Y E F F E C T S ON D I S E A S E D E V E L O P M E N T Dr. R o y L . Goss A s s i s t a n t A g r o n o m i s t and E x t e n s i o n S p e c i a l i s t in A g r o n o m y W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station Puyallup, Washington A g r e a t amount of w o r k has been done o v e r the past s e v e r a l y e a r s with the t u r f g r a s s d i s e a s e s . A c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of k n o w l e d g e has b e e n gained on the e f f e c t of f e r t i l i z e r s and other f a c t o r s on d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t . In r e c e n t y e a r s , w o r k has been conducted through the W e s t e r n W a s h i n g ton E x p e r i m e n t Station at Puyallup, and p a p e r s have been published r e g a r d i n g the c o n t r o l of F u s a r i u m P a t c h caused by the fungus F u s a r i u m n i v a l e (1). One of the studies i n c o r p o r a t e d into this e x p e r i m e n t on the c o n t r o l of F u s a r i u m P a t c h w a s the e f f e c t of f e r t i l i z e r s , both intensity and ratio, upon the d e v e l o p m e n t of this d i s e a s e . The r e s u l t s of these studies i n d i c a t e d that the l e v e l of n i t r o g e n applications as w e l l as the s o u r c e of n i t r o g e n could g r e a t l y influence the amount of d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t . In all c a s e s the higher l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n caused much m o r e F u s a r i u m d e v e l o p m e n t . In these e x p e r i m e n t s it w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d that when n i t r o g e n w a s tained f r o m u r e a that m o r e d i s e a s e d e v e l o p e d than when other s o u r c e s n i t r o g e n w e r e used. L i k e w i s e s o m e of the o r g a n i c s o u r c e nitrogenous t e r i a l s i n c r e a s e d the amount of F u s a r i u m d e v e l o p m e n t during the e a r l y obof mafall. The E f f e c t of F e r t i l i t y on Ophiobolus P a t c h (Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s ) The fungus Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s causing the d i s e a s e Ophiobolus P a t c h w a s f i r s t i d e n t i f i e d in Washington in N o v e m b e r , I960 (2). E v e n though the d i s e a s e w a s p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d in England, it has not been a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m e l s e w h e r e in the United States a c c o r d i n g to l i t e r a t u r e . In f e r t i l i z e r plots at the W e s t e r n Washington. E x p e r i m e n t Station, a v a r i a b l e intensity of Ophiobolus d e v e l o p m e n t w a s o b s e r v e d within the d i f f e r e n t f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t m e n t s . A c l o s e r watch w a s kept t h e r e a f t e r on the d i s e a s e d a r e a to d e t e r m i n e what p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s nitrogen, phosphorus, and p o t a s s i u m could have upon the d e v e l o p m e n t of this d i s e a s e . E f f e c t s of F e r t i l i t y on Ophiobolus P a t c h D e v e l o p m e n t P l o t No. and F e r t i l i z e r T r e a t m e n t 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 910. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19- 20-0-0 20-4-0 20-4-4 20-4-8 0-0-0 20-0-4 20-0-8 12-0-0 12-0-4 12-0-4 12-4-0 12-4-4 12-4-8 6-0-0 6-0-4 6-0-8 6-4-0 6-4-4 6-4-8 January 4 5 6 4 0 4 5 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 2 Disease Ratings ^ September ! 62 f 62 7 6 6 6 1 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 2 D i s e a s e r a t e d in Ophiobolus P a t c h caused by Ophiobolus g r a m i s . Ratings a r e f r o m 1-10. A rating of 10 is s e v e r e , m o r e than 40 per cent of the plot being i n f e c t e d . F r o m the table above it is obvious that the amount of n i t r o g e n applied is the i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in this c a s e . P e r h a p s the s o u r c e of n i t r o g e n is just as i m p o r t a n t ; h o w e v e r , s o u r c e e x p e r i m e n t s have not been conducted at this t i m e . T h e s o u r c e of n i t r o g e n in these e x p e r i m e n t s is f r o m u r e a alone. U r e a is being u s e d since all f e r t i l i z e r applications on these plots with the e x c e p t i o n of phosphorus go on as s p r a y t r e a t m e n t s . A s the r a t e of n i t r o g e n application d e c r e a s e s so does the amount of inf e c t e d or d i s e a s e d a r e a . When this d i s e a s e f i r s t a p p e a r e d it w a s e v e n m o r e pronounced on the h i g h e r - f e r t i l i z e d plots. H o w e v e r , as t i m e p r o g r e s s e s the d i s e a s e s e e m s to b e c o m e m o r e g e n e r a l l y w i d e s p r e a d . F e r t i l i t y E f f e c t s on R e d T h r e a d ( C o r t i c i m u n f u c i f o r m e ) D e v e l o p m e n t In t r i a l s conducted a£ Puyallup f o r two y e a r s , it has been shown that higher r a t e s of n i t r o g e n s e r v e as good c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s f o r r e d t h r e a d during the g r o w i n g season. Since this d i s e a s e causes a l e a f tip burning or browning e f f e c t , subsequent g r o w t h and r e m o v a l of i n f e c t e d parts by clipping p r o d u c e s a d e s i r a b l e appearance. N i t r o g e n w i l l produce this g r o w t h e f f e c t as long as other e l e m e n t s a r e p r e s e n t in s u f f i c i e n t amounts. T h i s does not i m p l y that no f u n g i c i d a l or other c o n t r o l s a r e n e c e s s a r y , since the d i s e a s e can b e c o m e s e r i o u s at t i m e s in the f a l l e v e n on w e l l f e r t i l i z e d turf. H o w e v e r , a good f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m is i m p o r t a n t throughout the g r o w i n g season. Conclusions T h e r e a r e no d e f i n i t e conclusions f r o m these studies at this t i m e . An e x p e r i m e n t is being set up c u r r e n t l y to study Ophiobolus P a t c h in m o r e detail. H o w e v e r , f r o m two y e a r s of o b s e r v a t i o n w e can g e n e r a l l y conclude that the higher the amount of n i t r o g e n the g r e a t e r the i n f e c t i o n f r o m Ophiobolus P a t c h w i l l be, p a r t i c u l a r l y in the e a r l y stages of d e v e l o p m e n t . A t this t i m e t h e r e s e e m s to be l i t t l e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n phosphorus and p o t a s s i u m with n i t r o g e n on the i n c i d e n c e of this d i s e a s e ; h o w e v e r , these f a c t o r s w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d m o r e thoroughly in the future. One i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n during the s u m m e r of 1962 has been the o c c u r r e n c e of white m o l d in c e r t a i n plots throughout the f e r t i l i z e r e x p e r i m e n t . T h i s white m o l d is b e l i e v e d to be caused by a B a s i d i o m y c e t e . Some p r o b l e m s of a r a t h e r s e r i o u s nature a r e o c c u r r i n g along with this d i s e a s e . These areas s e e m to be puffing m o r e and a r e being s c a l p e d by the m o w e r . R e c o v e r y is g e n e r a l l y quite slow. The t r e a t m e n t s a f f e c t e d w o r s e in this c a s e a r e numbers 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 18. It m a y be concluded h e r e again that nutrition m a y be a f a c t o r in the d e v e l o p m e n t of this p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m . 1. Gould, C. J . , Goss, R. L . , and M i l l e r , V. L». " F u n g i c i d a l T e s t s - F o r The C o n t r o l Of F u s a r i u m P a t c h D i s e a s e Of T u r f . " P l a n t D i s e a s e R e p o r t e r 45:2, F e b r u a r y , 1962. 2. Gould, C. J. , Goss, R. L . , and E g l i t i s , M a k s i s . "Ophiobolus P a t c h D i s e a s e of T u r f in W e s t e r n Washington. " P l a n t D i s e a s e R e p o r t e r 45:4 A p r i l , 1961. TURFGRASS IRRIGATION Donald A . Hogan I r r i g a t i o n E n g i n e e r Consultant Seattle, Washington We a r e all a w a r e of the need f o r i r r i g a t i o n . It would s e e m that our p r i m a r y c o n c e r n is, t h e r e f o r e , the c o s t - - i n i t i a l , operating, and e f f i c i e n c y . N a t u r a l l y , all of our planning and o p e r a t i o n is p r e d i c t e d on a v a i l a b l e w a t e r supply. One can s c a r c e l y d i s c u s s this subject today without i m m e d i a t e l y b e c o m i n g a w a r e of the need f o r s o m e type of automatic c o n t r o l of our i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m . Since w e have talked about the fundamentals of s p r i n k l e r distribution p r e v i o u s l y , I shall confine m o s t of m y r e m a r k s to the a s p e c t of p e r m a n e n t type installations and automatic c o n t r o l s . T h e r e is no doubt that the b e s t s p r i n k l e r i r r i g a t i o n can be a c h i e v e d with the p r o p e r pattern of r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t - r a n g e s p r i n k l e r s . T h i s is b e c a u s e a b e t t e r penetration of thatch plus a c c e p t a n c e of the m o i s t u r e by the s o i l w i l l r e s u l t with s m a l l e r d r o p l e t s i z e which is i n d i c a t i v e of the s m a l l e r - d i a m e t e r s p r i n k l e r s . In addition, the c l o s e r spacing of the s h o r t e r - r a n g e s p r i n k l e r s is l e s s d i s t o r t e d by wind e f f e c t , and a m i n i m u m of o v e r s p r a y in a r e a s not d e s i r e d to be w a t e r e d w i l l result. T h e r e f o r e , w e have d i g r e s s e d f r o m l o n g range, s i n g l e - l i n e patterns to m u l t i r o w c o v e r a g e . C e r t a i n l y we a r e cognizant of the continual i n c r e a s e in l a b o r c o s t plus the d i f f i c u l t y in obtaining w a t e r m e n on a seasonal b a s i s with nighttime o p e r a tion. T u r f g r a s s a r e a s used f o r g o l f c o u r s e s , athletic f i e l d s , and parks a r e r e c e i v i n g m o r e utilization, m i n i m i z i n g the t i m e a v a i l a b l e f o r maintenance. A l s o , the c o m p e t i t i o n in the c e m e t e r y f i e l d m a k e s it n e c e s s a r y to do l e s s maintenance, including w a t e r i n g during the d a y l i g h t hours. Solutions to these p r o b l e m s can b e s t be r e a c h e d with the installation of a p e r m a n e n t i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m with s o m e type of automatic c o n t r o l . The cont r o l can v a r y in d e g r e e to the condition of the a r e a s i n v o l v e d . This means that the s y s t e m can be d e s i g n e d with a range of c o n t r o l w h e r e b y a r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t number of s p r i n k l e r s w i l l o p e r a t e simultaneously in the same a r e a or d i v i d e d in c o n t r o l to w h e r e each individual s p r i n k l e r is c o n t r o l l e d s e p a r a t e l y . F o r e x a m p l e , an e n t i r e f a i r w a y on a g o l f c o u r s e or a c o m p l e t e s e c t i o n of a c e m e t e r y or a park m i g h t o p e r a t e through a single c o n t r o l v a l v e or be d i v i d e d into s m a l l e r groups of s p r i n k l e r s , p o s s i b l y ten, a half dozen, two or t h r e e , and f i n a l l y to each single s p r i n k l e r . T h e r e a r e many f a c t o r s that influence this c h o i c e in d e s i g n such as topography, w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y , f i r s t cost, type of a r e a , and soils, too numerous to d i s c u s s in d e t a i l in this paper. Generally speaking, h o w e v e r , the m o r e finite c o n t r o l w i l l g i v e b e t t e r r e s u l t s of i r r i g a tion and higher e f f i c i e n c y of w a t e r i n g . When c o n s i d e r i n g the i n s t a l l a t i o n of a f u l l y automatic s y s t e m with r o t a r y pop-up s p r i n k l e r s , w e must r e c o g n i z e that t h e r e i s a p r a c t i c a l l i m i t as to range ( d i a m e t e r ) of the s p r i n k l e r and p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e . E x p e r i e n c e has shown that p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e s in e x c e s s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3/10 of an inch an hour w i l l not s a t i s f a c t o r i l y penetrate turf and thatch so as p r o p e r l y to distribute to the soil. T h e r e f o r e , in the c a s e of m o s t s p r i n k l e r s on the m a r k e t , a m a x i m u m d i a m e t e r of 100 to 110 f e e t should be used with a m a x i m u m spacing b e t w e e n s p r i n k l e r s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 to 7 5 f e e t f o r no wind condition. S p r i n k l e r s of l a r g e r s i z e in this c a t e g o r y g e n e r a l l y w i l l y i e l d too g r e a t a p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e for most turfgrass areas. In the event a s e m i - a u t o m a t i c s y s t e m is d e s i r e d , s p r i n k l e r s of the a b o v e grounds a g r i c u l t u r a l - i m p a c t type used in conjunction with q u i c k - c o u p l i n g v a l v e s can be u t i l i z e d at a l o n g e r range and g r e a t e r spacing than the r o t a r y pop-up sprinkler. H e r e d i a m e t e r s up to 130 f e e t w i t h spacings to 90 f e e t can be used and s t i l l maintain s a t i s f a c t o r y d r o p l e t s i z e and p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e s when ope r a t i n g at the p r o p e r w a t e r p r e s s u r e . One must be p a r t i c u l a r l y c a r e f u l when using p a r t - c i r c l e s p r i n k l e r s on automatic s p r i n k l e r s y s t e m s . T o a c h i e v e the s a m e radius as f u l l - c y c l e s p r i n k l e r s , m o s t r o t a r y pop-up s p r i n k l e r s r e q u i r e the same g a l l o n a g e f o r the part-cycle sprinklers. T h e r e f o r e , if 180° or a r c is s e l e c t e d , the p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e would be t w i c e the r a t e of the f u l l - c i r c l e s p r i n k l e r and should not be o p e r a t e d the s a m e length of t i m e and by a c o n t r o l v a l v e that is a l s o o p e r a t i n g f u l l - c i r c l e sprinklers. The b e s t solution is to have the p a r t - c i r c l e s p r i n k l e r s grouped separately. The single n o z z l e of an a g r i c u l t u r a l p a r t - c i r c l e s p r i n k l e r f o r s e m i - a u t o m a t i c use is not quite so c r i t i c a l in r a t i o of g a l l o n a g e to radius b e t w e e n p a r t - and f u l l - c i r c l e operation. H o w e v e r , it i s s t i l l d e s i r a b l e , and b e s t r e s u l t s can be had by separating these s p r i n k l e r s in c o n t r o l . The amount of w a t e r r e q u i r e d to g r o w turf adequately v a r i e s a p p r e c i a b l y due to conditions of t e m p e r a t u r e , humidity, type of soil, type of g r a s s , wind conditions, and many other f a c t o r s . Many a g r o n o m i s t s w i l l d e t e r m i n e that this range is f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1. 0 inches per w e e k to 2. 2 inches p e r w e e k , depending on the a r e a w h e r e the turf e x i s t s . I b e l i e v e that s a t i s f a c t o r y turf can be m a i n t a i n e d on l e s s w a t e r , p r o v i d e d a high d e g r e e of e f f i c i e n c y in app l i c a t i o n is r e a c h e d . E x p e r i e n c e has shown that f o r a r e a s of t e m p e r a t u r e in the range of 70 to 80°, only about 0. 7 5 inches is r e q u i r e d per w e e k . Similarly, in the 80 to 9 0 ° range about 1. 0 to 1. 2, and in the 90 to 100° r a n g e about 1. 5 to lo 7 has p r o v e n adequate. H o w e v e r , an additional s a f e t y f a c t o r should be added when designing a s y s t e m . A u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l can be a d e c i d e d a s s e t in the e f f i c i e n c y of w a t e r d i s tribution E x a c t amounts can be applied without the e l e m e n t of human e r r o r . T h e r e f o r e , a m i n i m u m amount of w a t e r can be applied up to the needs of the turf without o v e r w a t e r i n g . A n o t h e r d e c i d e d advantage, p a r t i c u l a r l y in tight s o i l s , is that during a g i v e n scheduled w a t e r i n g p e r i o d the application to any a r e a m a y be p r o p o r t i o n e d w h e r e b y a s m a l l amount is applied f i r s t to b r e a k the s u r f a c e tension, and then the e n t i r e amount of w a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n can be d i v i d e d into a number of c y c l e s to e l i m i n a t e runoff and ponding. F r e q u e n c y of application is a l s o a topic of many v a r i a b l e s and c o n s i d e r a tions. G e n e r a l l y , it is b e s t to w a t e r i n f r e q u e n t l y on a g i v e n a r e a with a m a x i m u m applied during each i r r i g a t i o n p e r i o d . T h i s amount is d e t e r m i n e d by the a b i l i t y of the s o i l to r e t a i n the m o i s t u r e within a d e s i r e d depth of root zone. F o r the s a m e s o i l conditions, w a r m , d r y - c l i m a t e g r a s s e s m a y be w a t e r e d much m o r e i n f r e q u e n t l y than cool, m o i s t - c l i m a t e g r a s s e s that tend to d e v e l o p a shallow r o o t structure. O n c e - a - w e e k application f o r d e e p - r o o t e d turf f o r f a i r w a y s , c e m e t e r i e s , parks, and p l a y f i e l d s has p r o v e n adequate. However, f o r the s h a l l o w - r o o t e d g r a s s e s at l e a s t two applications per w e e k a r e n e c e s s a r y . C l o s e l y cut putting s u r f a c e s with a m i n i m u m of thatch c o v e r m a y r e q u i r e m o r e f r e q u e n t application. Some superintendents w a t e r t h e i r putting g r e e n s v e r y h e a v i l y on Mondays, and augment with l e s s e r applications during the r e s t of the w e e k . In c l o s i n g , I would l i k e to e m p h a s i z e that often the i r r i g a t i o n m a i n t e nance is t r e a t e d too l i g h t l y , which not only inhibits turf g r o w t h but a g g r a v a t e s other turf p r o b l e m s . T h e r e f o r e , i r r i g a t i o n of t u r f g r a s s a r e a s should r e c e i v e as much attention as any other phase of turf maintenance. AERIFICATION--PRINCIPLES AND PURPOSE Bob W i l e y A e r o - T h a t c h Inc. Rahway, N. J. S o m e t i m e - - c e n t u r i e s a g o - - a e r i f i c a t i o n by a p p l i c a t i o n of a tool took place when p r i m i t i v e man o b s e r v e d that b r e a k i n g the soil s u r f a c e aided plant g r o w t h and produced a g r e a t e r f o o d y i e l d . N o doubt this cultivation of the s o i l w a s p e r f o r m e d with pointed sticks and sharp stones. V e r y p r i m i t i v e , v e r y i n e f f i c i e n t , but e f f e c t i v e . Not only w a s it e f f e c t i v e , but it m a r k e d the inception of the evolution of a g r i c u l t u r e and s p e c i f i c a l l y s o i l cultivation which is m y subject at this t i m e . A s the methods of soil t i l l i n g w e r e d e v e l o p e d and i m p r o v e d and m o r e c o m p l e t e and rapid p u l v e r i z a t i o n of the soil r e s u l t e d , it b e c a m e an a s s u m e d conclusion that s u r f a c e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n w a s one o b j e c t - - i n f a c t - - m a y b e the p r i m e intent of cultivation. Whether this i s t r u l y b e n e f i c i a l in a l l w a y s is questioned by s o m e r e s e a r c h men. C e r t a i n l y w e in t u r f g r a s s culture know that the d r a s t i c e f f e c t s of c o m p l e t e s u r f a c e p u l v e r i z i n g a r e only an e x t r e m e and l a s t r e s o r t in the solution of our p r o b l e m s . We would a l l l i k e to have the b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s of t i l l i n g out turf soil if they could be obtained with no s e r i o u s s u r f a c e d a m a g e . It would appear n e a r l y h o p e l e s s to look f o r a m e t h o d of cultivation w o r t h the t i m e , expense, and e f f o r t , and then e x p e c t no a p p r e c i a b l e turf s u r f a c e i n j u r y . H o w e v e r , the indomitable s p i r i t of the m e n f a m i l i a r with the p r o b l e m s p r e s e n t in managing t u r f g r a s s under p r e s s u r e has d r i v e n them to s e a r c h f o r this p a r a d o x i c a l p r o c e d u r e . The p r i m i t i v e sticks and sharp stones of the h i s t o r i c r e s e a r c h e r s have in our f i e l d their c o u n t e r p a r t s . E a r l y t u r f - c u l t i v a t i o n t o o l s w e r e slow, b a c k b r e a k i n g d e v i c e s to puncture the s u r f a c e . S q u a r e - t i n e d f o r k s , pointed s t e e l rods, n a i l - s t u d d e d b o a r d s , spiked r o l l e r s - - a l l m a n p o w e r e d - - w e r e used to m a k e holes, to puncture, so that a i r and w a t e r could e n t e r the soil. F r o m this e l e m e n t a r y beginning g r e w the concept that turf cultivation w a s p r a c t i c a l l y l i m i t e d to hole or silt punching, and w a s f o l l o w e d , as m e c h anization of turf culture d e v e l o p e d , by a number of m o r e or l e s s e f f e c t i v e h o l e - or slit-punching d e v i c e s , m o s t of which have s e r v e d w e l l within t h e i r limitations. The i m p l e m e n t s which w e r e d e v e l o p e d f o r a e r i f i c a t i o n w e r e v a r i e d and interesting. A s e a r l y r e f i n e m e n t of these tools, although s t i l l man p o w e r e d , w a s the E n g l i s h tapered, h o l l o w - t i n e f o r k brought h e r e by W a l t e r T o t t y of Echo L a k e Country Club, W e s t f i e l d , N. J. T h i s tool, which set the pattern f o r l a t e r m a c h i n e s with r e s p e c t to hole cutting or punching, cut and l i f t e d a c o r e out of the s o i l . Although the f o l l o w i n g c o m m e n t s m a y not be a l l i n c l u s i v e nor m a y the o r d e r of m e n t i o n be s t r i c t l y c h r o n o l o g i c a l with r e s p e c t to the i m p l e m e n t s mentioned, n e v e r t h e l e s s the r e c e n t h i s t o r y of a e r i f i c a t i o n is g e n e r a l l y as follows. F o l l o w i n g the E n g l i s h h o l l o w - t i n e f o r k and the t y p e - s p i k e - t o o t h disc, w h i c h is in c o m m o n use today, c a m e the T u r f e r a t o r . T h i s w a s an e x c e l l e n t pjiece of equipment. It c o n s i s t e d of a set of s m a l l soil a u g e r s w h i c h d r i l l e d h o l e s through the turf into the s o i l b e l o w . The r e s u l t w a s f i n e but the p r o c e s s slow. The Night C r a w l e r w a s quite s i m i l a r , e x c e p t that it punched holes with hollow tines r a t h e r than d r i l l i n g them. T h i s w a s a c u m b e r s o m e m a c h i n e and slow. The m o s t w i d e l y a c c e p t e d of all the a e r i f i c a t i o n equipment w a s the W e s t P o i n t A e r i f i e r w h o s e p r i n c i p l e w a s a g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d v e r s i o n of the hollow tine. Undoubtedly t h e r e a r e m o r e W e s t P o i n t m a c h i n e s on g o l f c o u r s e s today than any other make, although in r e c e n t y e a r s the Ryan G r e e n s a i r e has been making headway in the t u r f g r a s s f i e l d . T h e r e is one c o m m o n denominator in all of these m a c h i n e s . They are d e s i g n e d to a e r a t e by making h o l e s ; g e n e r a l l y speaking, these m a c h i n e s all puncture the soil in one w a y or another. None of these m a c h i n e s c u l t i v a t e s , and with the s e v e r e c o m p a c t i o n f a c t o r s of today, n a m e l y , heavy t r a f f i c , f r e quent m o w i n g , and w e i g h t y m a c h i n e r y , cultivation without s u r f a c e d a m a g e is the g r e a t need. Obviously a e r i f i c a t i o n alone f a l l s short of the c o m p l e t e need of l o o s e n i n g the soil. We all know the definition of soil c o m p a c t i o n and have e x p e r i e n c e d or o b s e r v e d it in f i n e t u r f g r a s s a r e a s . We have seen the s o i l s t r u c t u r e so a l t e r e d that w a t e r could not p e r c o l a t e , a i r had been f o r c e d out, r o o t g r o w t h w a s g r e a t l y i m p e d e d , and the t u r f g r a s s e s dwindled away to nothing. T h e r e a l need at this point is cultivation. Since soil a c t i v i t y and plant g r o w t h d e c r e a s e as c o m paction i n c r e a s e s , it f o l l o w s that plant g r o w t h w i l l i m p r o v e as c o m p a c t i o n d e c r e a s e s and s o i l a c t i v i t y is r e s t o r e d , a l l other f a c t o r s being f a v o r a b l e . Soil puncturing has done much to s a t i s f y a e r a t i o n needs but l i t t l e to r e l i e v e c o m paction. T h e r e must be b e t t e r w a y s to i m p r o v e soil structure than by p e r forating. Thatch Thatch, an accumulation of o r g a n i c m a t t e r ( l e a v e s , stems, and r o o t s ) , as it b e c o m e s g r e a t e r in depth and density has an e f f e c t on the m o v e m e n t of w a t e r and a i r into the soil b e l o w . We m a y liken dense thatch to a p o o r l y m a n a g e d c o m p o s t pile, and in so doing see m o r e c l e a r l y the n e c e s s i t y f o r keeping it under control. When w e make a c o m p o s t pile, the o b j e c t is to conv e r t u n d e c o m p o s e d o r g a n i c m a t t e r into d e c o m p o s e d , healthy humus and humus s o i l by encouraging the m i c r o b i a l a c t i v i t i e s by which c o n v e r s i o n is brought about. M o i s t u r e and a i r in s u f f i c i e n t quantities a r e n e c e s s a r y to supply the m i c r o p o p u l a t i o n .so it m a y l i v e and m u l t i p l y to f e e d upon and c o n v e r t this und e c o m p o s e d o r g a n i c m a t t e r into u s e f u l m a t e r i a l . A e r a t i o n equipment can and does contribute to thatch control. The d e g r e e to which it contributes is g o v e r n e d by the p r i n c i p l e e m p l o y e d . The h o l l o w - t i n e type of equipment r e m o v e s a quantity of thatch with each plug of s o i l r e m o v e d . H o w e v e r , the quantity is s m a l l in r e l a t i o n to the amount p r e s e n t . The spoon-type equipment, being somewhat s i m i l a r in action and p r i n c i p l e to the hollow tine, r e m o v e s m o r e but s t i l l a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l quantity. The s p i k e - d i s c machine r e m o v e s no thatch and w i l l only puncture the s u r f a c e . T h e s e punctures c l o s e quickly, so again w a t e r and a i r m o v e m e n t is r e s t r i c t e d . M i c r o r o t a r y cultivation, as a c c o m p l i s h e d by the s a w - t o o t h - t y p e equipment, d i s p l a c e s thatch f r o m a c u l t i v a t e d g r o o v e in a continuous m a n n e r throughout the a r e a . Layers Any t u r f g r a s s a r e a which has r e c e i v e d a t o p - d r e s s i n g of p o o r l y p r e p a r e d m a t e r i a l , an application of sand and/or humus, or of a single topd r e s s i n g substance m a y and often does have a l a y e r of this m a t e r i a l which r e s t r i c t s the m o v e m e n t of w a t e r and a i r into the s o i l b e l o w . In turn this inhibits r o o t g r o w t h b e l o w the l a y e r . A e r a t i o n m a c h i n e s play an i m p o r t a n t part in r e l i e v i n g this condition and i m p r o v i n g it by puncturing or, e v e n b e t t e r , by cutting continuous g r o o v e s through it. In summation I would say that it a p p e a r s that a e r a t i o n of t u r f g r a s s a r e a s w h i c h a r e used f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s in a n e c e s s a r y p r a c t i c e . The purpose should be to maintain and in s o m e c a s e s to r e s t o r e s o i l s t u r c t u r e so that the m o v e m e n t of w a t e r and a i r is not r e s t r i c t e d , to c o n t r o l the accumulation of thatch, and to r e l i e v e the e f f e c t s of l a y e r s w h e r e they e x i s t . The type of equipment e m p l o y e d to a c c o m p l i s h this w i l l r e m a i n a m a t t e r of c h o i c e of the individual. H o w e v e r , it is s a f e to say that s o i l cultivation which g o e s beyond m e r e soil puncturing must be the g o a l of the t u r f g r a s s industry. TOP-DRESSING P U T T I N G GREENS Glen P r o c t o r ^Rainier Golf and Country Club Seattle, Washington T h r o u g h the y e a r s that I have been a g o l f c o u r s e superintendent, I have been c a r r y i n g on a t o p - d r e s s i n g p r o g r a m . In m y thinking t h e r e have been many m i s t a k e s made in t o p - d r e s s i n g . During the 1930's w e depended on our c o m p o s t t o p - d r e s s i n g as part of the f e r t i l i z e r p r o g r a m . M o s t of the c o m p o s t t o p - d r e s s i n g is built up f r o m b a r n y a r d m a n u r e . If you had a c o n t r a c t with a f a r m e r f o r the b a r n y a r d m a nure, you w e r e quite fortunate. T h i s b a r n y a r d m a n u r e w a s m i x e d with what w e thought w a s the p r o p e r soil, g e n e r a l l y adding l i m e and superphosphate, s o m e nitrogen, and a l i t t l e potash. T h i s w a s a p r e t t y e x p e n s i v e p r o c e d u r e . During 193 5 and 1936 m o s t of the g o l f clubs w e r e paying c o m m o n l a b o r on the g o l f c o u r s e s $3 5 a month. The c o s t e v e n with this cheap l a b o r w a s about six to s e v e n d o l l a r s per y a r d by the t i m e the c o m p o s t had been turned t h r e e or four t i m e s and s c r e e n e d . In those days s o i l w a s g e n e r a l l y f r e e f o r the finding. The r e s u l t s f r o m this type of t o p - d r e s s i n g w e r e good p r o v i d e d that the s o i l s used in the c o m p o s t w e r e of the right c o m p o s i t i o n and m a t c h e d those of the putting g r e e n s w h e r e the c o m p o s t w a s to be used. M y p e r s o n a l thinking is that a good many of our p r o b l e m s today such as l a y e r e d g r e e n s w e r e caused by the w r d n g m i x t u r e of s o i l s in the t o p - d r e s s i n g . A c t u a l l y , if it w e r e not f o r smoothing the s u r f a c e of the putting g r e e n , w e would be b e t t e r if w e had n e v e r used any t o p - d r e s s i n g . So in looking back o v e r the m i s t a k e s w e have made in the past, m a y b e w e should include poor t o p - d r e s s i n g p r o g r a m s as one of them. A t one t i m e t o p - d r e s s i n g with sand w a s a l m o s t a standard p r o c e d u r e with R e s e a r c h throughout the nation has p r o v e n this to be a lot of superintendents. the w o r s t thing to do. T o d a y with m o d e r n a e r i f i e r s the picture has been changed somewhat. With the h o l l o w - t i n e a e r i f i e r s you can l e a v e the plugs on the g r e e n , put on soil a d d i t i v e s , and a l s o include l i m e . F o l l o w i n g this t r e a t m e n t , put a v e r t i c u t o v e r the g r e e n to chew up the plugs and m a t them in. T h i s w i l l g i v e a s a t i s f a c t o r y job of t o p - d r e s s i n g without any change in soil, other than the a d d i t i v e s put on with the plugs b e f o r e v e r t i c u t t i n g . A g a i n , be c a r e f u l about what you a r e adding to the a e r i f i e r plugs. Add s t r a i g h t sand, and you w i l l get in trouble b e c a u s e it w i l l s e p a r a t e and again you a r e building m o r e p r o b l e m s . Q U E S T I O N S A N D A N S W E R S F R O M T H E S E C T I O N ON T H E F U N D A M E N T A L S OF M A N A G E M E N T QUESTION: (George Harrison) Is t h e r e any p a r t i c u l a r t i m e on any of these p a r t i c u l a r e l e m e n t s when its application would g i v e any d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s ? ANSWER: (Dr. Goetze) T h e r e is a lot of a r g u m e n t about that. Some people say that b e cause phosphorous does not m o v e r e a d i l y through the s o i l that is b e t t e r to apply it in the f a l l or w i n t e r so that it w i l l have a chance to get into the r o o t zone. A c t u a l l y , so f a r as w e know now, no one knows just when it would be b e s t to add s o m e of these nutrients. QUESTION: A f t e r a e r i f y i n g and b r i n g i n g the plugs to the s u r f a c e , should a p e r s o n f i l l these holes up, just l e a v e t h e m open, or t r y to rub back in the m a t e r i a l that c a m e out? A N S W E R : (Bob W i l e y ) A f t e r getting i n f o r m a t i o n on the type of turf, s i z e of spoons on the a e r i f i e r , etc. , I g e t into m o r e a r g u m e n t s on this subject, but I don't think i t ' s p o s s i b l e to f i l l a l l of those h o l e s back up with any m a t e r i a l , w h e t h e r you rub back in the m a t e r i a l you brought up or w h e t h e r you apply new m a t e r i a l . I think that eventually they w i l l f i l l up with one thing o r another, and I don't think I would be too c o n c e r n e d about it. T h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y so on a c e m e t e r y , which is your p r o b l e m . P A N E L DISCUSSION ON P R E P A R I N G A G O L F C O U R S E F O R TOURNAMENT P L A Y Dick H a s k e l l D i r e c t o r of M u n i c i p a l Golf f o r the City of Seattle and John Z o l l e r Golf C o u r s e Superintendent f o r the Eugene Country Club Eugene, O r e g o n T o a n s w e r this b r o a d question, w e m u s t f i r s t ask the scope of the t o u r nament. Is it national, r e g i o n a l , o r l o c a l ? Each of these t y p e s of tournaments demands a d i f f e r e n t type of t r e a t m e n t . In the l a s t 27 y e a r s in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t , w e have had 13 tournaments that would q u a l i f y as national in scope. We w i l l deal with s o m e of the f o l l o w i n g in s o m e d e t a i l : 1» 193 5 USGA public L i n k s Championship, Portland, Ore. E a s t m o r e l a n d Golf C o u r s e , 2. 193 7 USGA A m a t e u r , 3. 1947 PGA, 4. 1952 USGA A m a t e u r , 5. 1953 USGA P u b l i c L i n k s Championship, Seattle, Wash. 6. 1955 R y d e r Cup M a t c h e s (England v s . Portland, Ore. 7. 1958 Canadian Open, P o i n t G r e y Country Club, V a n c o u v e r , Canada. 8. I960 N C A A ( I n t e r c o l l e g i a t e ) Championship, Eugene, O r e . 9. 1961 USGA W o m e n ' s A m a t e u r , T a c o m a , Wash. A l d e r w o o d Country Club, Manito Country Club, Spokane, Portland, Ore. Wash. Seattle Golf Club, Seattle, Wash. W e s t Seattle Golf C o u r s e , U. S. A . ) P o r t l a n d Golf Club, B. C. , Eugene Country Club T a c o m a Country and Golf Club, 10. 1961 USGA Junior G i r l s , B r o a d m o o r Golf Club, Seattle, Wash. 11. 1961 W a l k e r Cup M a t c h e s (England v s . Seattle, Wash. 12. 1961 P G A T o u r T o u r n a m e n t s , B r o a d m o o r Golf Club, Seattle and C o l u m b i a - E d g e W a t e r Golf Club, P o r t l a n d , O r e . 13. L P G A T o u r T o u r n a m e n t s , R a i n i e r Golf and Country Club, and E s m e r a l d a Golf Club, Spokane, Wash. U. S. A. ), Seattle Golf Club, Seattle, Some of the tournaments in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t that a r e s t r i c t l y r e g i o n a l in scope a r e : (1) I960 W e s t e r n A m a t e u r , W a v e r l y Golf C o u r s e , P o r t l a n d , Oregon, (2) The annual P N G A A m a t e u r Championships in Seattle, P o r t l a n d , Spokane, V a n c o u v e r , and V i c t o r i a , and (3) state opens and a m a t e u r s at v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s . The f o l l o w i n g outline w i l l help to d e t e r m i n e the p r e p a r a t i o n s n e c e s s a r y : lo 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. P r a c t i c e f a i r w a y s and pitching g r e e n s . P r a c t i c e putting g r e e n s . C o u r s e t e e s ( l o n g e r and s h o r t e r length). F a i r w a y s ( w i d e r or n a r r o w e r - - 5 0 y a r d s is standard width. Greens. Hazards. A d d i t i o n a l parking. A d d i t i o n a l clubhouse w o r k ( c o m f o r t stations and sanikans). A d d i t i o n a l equipment needed ( f l a g s t i c k s and m a r k e r s ) . A d d i t i o n a l c o s t : (who b e a r s i t ? ) . C o u r s e on day of p l a y : a. H o l e cutting (who s p o t s ? ) b. P l a c i n g t e e m a r k e r s . c. L o c a l r u l e s to be o b s e r v e d ? One e x a m p l e of a p p r o p r i a t i n g a p r a c t i c e f a i r w a y w a s evident in the 1953 public links at W e s t Seattle Golf C o u r s e . T h e r e w a s no p r a c t i c e f a i r w a y a v a i l a b l e , so P e t e M a s t e r s o n , then D i r e c t o r of Golf f o r the City of Seattle, obtained the use of the adjoining f o o t b a l l f i e l d and b a s e b a l l f i e l d f o r ten d a y s ' p r a c t i c e use. The o v e r - a l l length w a s about 250 y a r d s - - j u s t about long enough for some wood practice. The big p r o b l e m w a s to k e e p the young b o y s and g i r l s o f f this a r e a during this t e n - d a y p e r i o d . T h e s e kids had b e e n so used to having f r e e run of the f i e l d - - i t w a s quite a p a t r o l l i n g p r o b l e m to k e e p the kids f r o m being hit by f l y i n g g o l f b a l l s . We haven't b e e n able to find an instance w h e r e a pitching g r e e n w a s c o n s t r u c t e d just f o r tournament use. In 1952 at the USGA A m a t e u r at Seattle Golf Club, it w a s r e p o r t e d that s p e c i a l use had to be m a d e of the 17th and 18th f a i r w a y s f o r additional p r a c t i c e use. T h i s p r e s e n t e d quite a p r o b l e m in the a f t e r n o o n when these f a i r w a y s w e r e being used by the m a t c h e s that went that f a r . In 1961 at the USGA W o m e n ' s A m a t e u r at T a c o m a Country and Golf Club, the p r a c t i c e f a i r w a y a d j o i n e d the 10th and 18th f a i r w a y s . W h e n e v e r m a t c h e s w e r e p r o c e e d i n g down the 10th and up the 18th f a i r w a y , anyone p r a c t i c i n g on the side of the 18th (and the 10th on the l e f t ) had to hold up. T h e r e w e r e m o r e than a f e w c a s e s w h e r e the p l a y e r ' s b a l l got m i x e d up with the many p r a c t i c e b a l l s . The i d e a l p r a c t i c e set-up is l i k e W a v e r l y Country Club, P o r t l a n d , or F i r c r e s t in T a c o m a , w h e r e the p r a c t i c e f a i r w a y does not p a r a l l e l any c o u r s e f a i r w a y . In the c a s e of p r a c t i c e putting g r e e n s the USGA r e c o m m e n d s that the contour and s u r f a c e , as c l o s e l y as p o s s i b l e , r e s e m b l e the c o u r s e putting greens. The s a m e height of cut should be used as on the c o u r s e . T h e building of new c o u r s e t e e s is much in e v i d e n c e when p r e p a r i n g f o r a national tournament. A t W e s t Seattle in the 1953 USGA P u b l i c L i n k s eight new t e e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d just f o r this p a r t i c u l a r tournament. In each c a s e the c o u r s e w a s m a d e l o n g e r ; h o w e v e r this i s n ' t a l w a y s the c a s e . In T a c o m a f o r the 1961 USGA W o m e n ' s A m a t e u r the tournament c o m m i t t e e asked that the 5th hole be shortened f r o m 240 y a r d s to 180 y a r d s (250 y a r d s is an odd length f o r w o m e n ) . The superintendent, H e n r y Land, Sr. , built a 2, 0 0 0 - s q u a r e - f o o t tee, and it is now used e x c l u s i v e l y f o r the w o m e n of the club. I ' m sure the w o m e n have thanked H e n r y L a n d many t i m e s f o r this shortening. In the case of putting g r e e n s , the USGA r e c o m m e n d s that the height of cut be in the v i c i n i t y of 7/32 to 3/16 inch. T h i s , of c o u r s e , w i l l v a r y , d e pending on w h e t h e r the s u r f a c e s can take this low cut. Much is said on how f i r m or soft these g r e e n s should be. In s o m e c a s e s it has been r e c o m m e n d e d that all p u t t i n g - g r e e n w a t e r i n g be suspended f o r the duration of the tournament. T h e s e steps can be too d r a s t i c in the opinion of the maintaining superintendent (hot w e a t h e r ) . He has to account to the m e m b e r s f o r the c o u r s e the r e s t of the y e a r . The height of the c o l l a r is about 1/2 to 3/4 inch. T h i s n o r m a l l y extends f o r about f i v e feet. The next a r e a , extending about six feet, is to be cut at about t w o - i n c h height. T h i s " f r o g ' s h a i r " r e g i o n is one of the m o s t c o n t r o v e r s i a l topics in g o l f i n g c i r c l e s . T o o often a shot just b a r e l y off the g r e e n is s e v e r e l y p e n a l i z e d - - w h e r e a s a m o r e e r r a t i c shot is not p r o p e r l y penalized. C o m m e n t f r o m the f l o o r : K e n Putnam, superintendent of the Seattle Golf Club, stated that his g o l f club w a s not going to a c c e p t any future national t o u r naments that r e q u i r e d any a l t e r i n g of the c o u r s e as the m e m b e r s play it. Ken stated that a l l this additional c o s t is b o r n e by the club. T h e r e w a s a question r a i s e d as to the sanity of such r e q u e s t s . We have seen s e v e r a l c a s e s w h e r e new h a z a r d s have been c o n s t r u c t e d just f o r c e r t a i n tournaments. In s o m e c a s e s these additional h a z a r d s have been r e m o v e d a f t e r the tournament is o v e r . Of c o u r s e , such construction is r a t h e r e x p e n s i v e f o r use f o r just a s i x - d a y tournament. It would s e e m that additional h a z a r d s should be c o n s t r u c t e d with future use in m ind. There should be an i m p r o v e m e n t in the c o u r s e to j u s t i f y any l a r g e expenditure. The p r o b l e m s of p r o v i d i n g s u f f i c i e n t parking f o r l a r g e g o l f tournaments a r e w i t h us. The Seattle Open at B r o a d m o o r in 1961 and 1962 has m a d e g r e a t use of the U n i v e r s i t y of Washington f o o t b a l l parking lot w i t h a shuttle bus running to and f r o m the g o l f c o u r s e . T h i s has w o r k e d out v e r y w e l l at a f e e of $1. 00 round trip. T h i s shuttle bus idea is a must f o r a club with parking facilities like broadmoor. The additional clubhouse w o r k usually i n v o l v e s the m o v e m e n t of the m e m b e r s out of t h e i r l o c k e r s f o r the p e r i o d of the tournament. T h e r e is the usual moaning, but this d o e s n ' t l a s t long. In the l a r g e r tournaments it is n e c e s s a r y to install s e v e r a l p o r t a b l e c o m f o r t stations (sanikans). The l o c a tion of the f o o d c o n c e s s i o n s is important. W e a r and t e a r on turf should be considered. It is r e c o m m e n d e d that an e x t r a set of f l a g s t i c k s and t e e m a r k e r s be a v a i l a b l e in c a s e of p i l f e r a g e . On the day of play of the tournament, it is the s o l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the c o m m i t t e e to l o c a t e the cutting of the holes. T h i s s a m e c o m m i t t e e does the positioning of the tee m a r k e r s . A l l l o c a l r u l e s should be s p e l l e d out in detail. It is often d i f f i c u l t f o r the tournament p l a y e r to adjust to c e r t a i n l o c a l r u l e s . The use of l i m e around c e r t a i n questionable a r e a s has been a c c e p t e d . No m a t t e r how much c a r e the superintendent takes, t h e r e a r e going to be a few m i s s e d spots. Since this is e s p e c i a l l y so in s t r o k e c o m p e t i t i o n s , it is r e c o m m e n d e d that the holes not be changed in the c o u r s e of play f o r the w h o l e day. W h e n e v e r the hole b e c o m e s damaged, changing is then j u s t i f i e d . If r a i n should m a k e the hole unplayable, this would be j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r m o v i n g the hole; h o w e v e r , w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e , this should be anticipated and holes cut on higher ground. In s u m m a r y , it would be safe to say that g o l f c o u r s e superintendents do not f a v o r a l t e r i n g t h e i r c o u r s e s just f o r tournament use. Too, it is hard to i m a g i n e that the superintendent would have his c q u r s e in b e t t e r shape f o r tournament than he would have f o r the m e m b e r s (who u l t i m a t e l y pay the b i l l ) . T h i s " b e t t e r f o r a tournament' 1 is f a s t b e c o m i n g a myth; h o w e v e r , this is b o r d e r i n g on the philosophy of why w e hold tournaments. It has been said that tournaments a r e the only w a y s w e can t e s t the p r o w e s s of the p l a y e r s . Does this p r o w e s s need t e s t i n g ? John and I would l i k e to thank the USGA f o r the use of its T o u r n a m e n t Manual and K e n Putnam, Glen P r o c t o r , H e n r y Land, Sr. , and A . V. M a c a n f o r t h e i r sage r e m a r k s in helping p r e p a r e this p r e s e n t a t i o n . P A N E L DISCUSSION ON F U N D A M E N T A L S O F T U R F G R A S S DISEASE A N D INSECT O C C U R R E N C E Dr. C h a r l e s J. Gould Plant Pathologist W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station Puyallup, Washington You probably f e e l that t u r f g r a s s e s have much m o r e than their due share of d i s e a s e s , and you a r e probably c o r r e c t . T h e r e is much m o r e l i k e l i h o o d f o r an accumulation of u n d e s i r a b l e o r g a n i s m s in p e r e n n i a l c r o p s such as g r a s s e s than in ones such as potatoes w h i c h a r e h a r v e s t e d e v e r y y e a r and with which c r o p rotation can be e m p l o y e d . H o w e v e r , it is much e a s i e r to a s s e s s the d a m a g e f o r the latter,, Incidentally, l o s s e s f r o m plant d i s e a s e s in these and other c r o p s a r e h e a v y - - a b o u t t h r e e b i l l i o n d o l l a r s on the a v e r a g e each y e a r f o r all c r o p s in the United States. But what is the d o l l a r v a l u e of an unsightly lawn hit by R e d T h r e a d ? How does one e s t i m a t e the l o s s f r o m F u s a r i u m spots which d e v e l o p on a g r e e n just p r i o r to a tournament? P e r h a p s w e could use a p e r c e n t a g e of the annual m a i n tenance cost. A c c o r d i n g to r e c e n t studies in C a l i f o r n i a , this c o s t f o r all turf a v e r a g e s about $20 per p e r s o n per y e a r . On this b a s i s w e obtain a f i g u r e of $3. 6 b i l l i o n f o r the United States. H o w e v e r , the installation c o s t is about t h r e e t i m e s as high, so w e a r e actually speaking h e r e of an industry with a t e n - b i l l i o n - d o l l a r capital i n v e s t m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , anything that a f f e c t s it is bound to be important. Since this f i e l d is b e c o m i n g m o r e and m o r e technical, it is a p p r o p r i a t e today to r e v i e w c e r t a i n b a s i c a s p e c t s of t u r f g r a s s d i s e a s e s . Our s c i e n c e of p h y t o - p a t h o - l o g y ( f r o m the G r e e k m e a n i n g : p l a n t - d i s e a s e study) is only 100 y e a r s old, but many of the known d i s e a s e s a r e much o l d e r . Rusts, blights, and m i l d e w s a r e m e n t i o n e d in the B i b l e . The R o m a n s thought that gods w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i s e a s e s , and they e v e n had a god f o r rusts to w h o m they o f f e r e d s a c r i f i c e s w h e n e v e r it a p p e a r e d n e c e s s a r y . F a i r y Ring is another o l d - t i m e p r o b l e m . The m u s h r o o m s w e r e suppose to appear w h e r e f a i r i e s had danced the night b e f o r e . T o o much sap w a s the cause of s o m e other d i s e a s e s , a c c o r d i n g to d i f f e r e n t people. In 1845 and 1846 a d i s a s t r o u s f a i l u r e of the potato c r o p o c c u r r e d which r e s u l t e d in the r e a l beginning of our s c i e n c e . P o t a t o e s , the m a j o r food of I r e l a n d and much of Europe, w e r e d e v a s t a t e d by blight d i s e a s e . In I r e l a n d alone o v e r one m i l l i o n people died and another I j m i l l i o n e m i g r a t e d . What could cause such a t r a g e d y ? D e B a r y , a g r e a t s c i e n t i s t in G e r m a n y , p r o v e d that a fungus w a s the cause of this d i s e a s e in potatoes. W h e r e do the o r g a n i s m s c o m e f r o m that cause such h a v o c ? In many c a s e s , they have m o v e d along with their host plants f r o m t h e i r o r i g i n a l h o m e s . In other c a s e s they have f t jumped M f r o m native d i s e a s e d plants to new c u l t i v a t e d hosts. Many o r g a n i s m s a l s o mutate, or change, so new s t r a i n s a r i s e - - s o m e of which m a y be able to a f f e c t p r e v i o u s l y r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s . Whatsis a D i s e a s e ? We could g i v e you a hundred d i f f e r e n t a n s w e r s to this, but a good s i m p l e d e f i n i t i o n is a " d e v i a t i o n f r o m n o r m a l . ,! The f a c t o r s causing d i s e a s e m a y be roughly g r o u p e d as f o l l o w s : N o n p a r a s i t i c or p h y s i o l o g i c a l - - smog, sulfur dioxide fumes, w a t e r l o g g i n g , nutrient d e f i c i e n c i e s and e x c e s s e s , etc. sunburn, P a r a s i t i c higher p l a n t s - - s u c h as m i s t l e t o e and dodder. N e m a t o d e s - - small roundworms. hasn*t as y e t been f u l l y d e t e r m i n e d . T h e i r i m p o r t a n c e in turf in Washington V i r u s e s - - I n f e c t i o u s agents too s m a l l to be seen with the usual ( l i g h t t y p e ) m i c r o s c o p e . Not thought to be a p r o b l e m in g r a s s e s used f o r turf. V i r u s e s cause tobacco m o s a i c , y e l l o w dwarf of b a r l e y , m u m p s in man, etc. B a c t e r i a - - o n e - c e l l e d m i c r o s c o p i c o r g a n i s m s that r e p r o d u c e by dividing and do not have d e f i n i t e nuclei. T h e y m a y d i v i d e e v e r y 20 minutes. They cause such c o m m o n d i s e a s e s as c r o w n g a l l and f i r e blight, but a r e not y e t a p r o b l e m in t u r f g r a s s e s . F u n g i - - l o w f o r m s of plant l i f e that lack c h l o r o p h y l l and r e p r o d u c e by s e e d l i k e b o d i e s c a l l e d s p o r e s . T h e y usually produce m a s s e s of strands (hyphae) which, g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r , a r e c a l l e d m y c e l i a . T h e r e a r e about 40, 000 d i f f e r e n t types of fungi, of which at l e a s t 750 o c c u r on g r a s s e s . Alm o s t a l l of our turf d i s e a s e s a r e caused by this group of o r g a n i s m s . The m a j o r t y p e s a r e as f o l l o w s : A . P h y c o m y c e t e s ( w a t e r m o l d s ) - - h y p h a e usually without c r o s s w a l l s . S p o r e s often s w i m m i n g . Cause Damping off and P y t h i u m blight of g r a s s e s . L a t e blight of potatoes and downy m i l d e w s on peas a r e e x a m p l e s of d i s e a s e s caused by these fungi on other c r o p s . B. B a s i d i o m y c e t e s - - s p o r e s f o r m e d on a club or basidium. In this group a r e included the rusts, smuts, and m u s h r o o m s . F a i r y Ring, R e d T h r e a d , B r o w n Patch, and Typhula snow m o l d a r e g r a s s d i s e a s e s caused by Basidiomycetes. C. A s c o m y c e t e s - - s p o r e s f o r m e d in a sac or ascus, usually eight at a t i m e . Sclerotinig, D o l l a r Spot and Ophiobolus P a t c h a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d i s e a s e s on g r a s s e s . P e a c h l e a f c u r l is one of many i m p o r t a n t d i s e a s e s found on other hosts. M o s t a s c o m y c e t o u s fungi a l s o produce nonsexual s p o r e s . In addition, t h e r e a r e other fungi f o r which no sexual s p o r e s t a g e s a r e known. T h e s e ( a s e x u a l ) fungi f a l l into the next group. D. Fungi I m p e r f e c t i - - s o m e t i m e s , as with the F u s a r i u m P a t c h ( C a l o n e c t r i a g r a m i n i c o l a ) fungus, w e know that the sexual stage is"an A s c o m y c e t e , but e i t h e r w e don't usually see it, or, b e c a u s e of custom, w e continue calling the fungus by its i m p e r f e c t name. S e v e r a l other turf pathogens a l s o a r e g r o u p e d here, including the H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m blight and A n t h r a c n o s e fungi. N o t all b a c t e r i a and fungi a r e h a r m f u l . In fact, if it w e r e n ' t f o r the r o l e many of them play in rotting dead a n i m a l s and plants, w e wouldn't be h e r e today. Some fungi a r e used f o r f o o d ( m u s h r o o m s ) ; s o m e produce a n t i b i o t i c s ; many a r e s y m b i o t i c - - o n r o o t s of peas, pines, and other plants. M i l l i o n s of b a c t e r i a and thousands of fungus f r a g m e n t s can o c c u r in one spoonful of soil f r o m an o r d i n a r y lawn, and m o s t of these a r e b e n e f i c i a l . If they w e r e not present, the pathogenic types wouldn't have any c o m p e t i t i o n and the d i s e a s e l o s s would be t e r i f f i c . Incidentally, if fungi attack l i v i n g plants w e c a l l them p a r a s i t e s - - b u t if they l i v e only on dead m a t e r i a l they a r e c a l l e d s a p r o p h y t e s . Many of our turf pathogens can do both, e i t h e r simultaneously o r at d i f f e r e n t t i m e s of the y e a r . How Do W e N a m e F u n g i ? Many fungi have both s c i e n t i f i c and c o m m o n names. S c i e n t i f i c names a r e the same all o v e r the w o r l d , w h i l e c o m m o n names v a r y with language and l o c a l i t y . In o r d e r to a v o i d confusion, w e usually use at l e a s t the genus name in our d i s c u s s i o n s . Fungi a r e named in much the s a m e w a y as g r a s s e s a r e . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s of b l u e g r a s s e s . Each distinct type is a s p e c i e s - - a s annua f o r annual b l u e g r a s s and p r a t e n s i s f o r Kentucky. But both a r e s i m i l a r enough to be p l a c e d in the s a m e g e n u s - - P o a in this c a s e . Let's take F u s a r i u m as an e x a m p l e of the fungi,. T h e r e a r e many d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s that attack g r a s s e s , but our m o s t c o m m o n one is c a l l e d n i v a l e . Others d i s tinctly d i f f e r e n t a r e c u l m o r u m , a v e n a c e u m , etc. Since they r e s e m b l e each other in c e r t a i n key c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (as s p o r e shape), they a r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r under the genus F u s a r i u m . C l o s e l y r e l a t e d g e n e r a a r e g r o u p e d into f a m i l i e s , f a m i l i e s into o r d e r s , and o r d e r s into c l a s s e s . But f o r us the key w o r d s a r e the genus and s p e c i e s names, such as F u s a r i u m nivale, Ophiobolus g r a m i n i s , C o r t i c i u m f u c i f o r m e , etc. What S y m p t o m s Do Fungi C a u s e ? We usually think of fungi in r e l a t i o n to dead g r a s s . H o w e v e r , s o m e fungi m a y cause a change in c o l o r , as the d a r k e r g r e e n g r a s s a s s o c i a t e d with F a i r y Ring. Others m a y stunt plants. Some produce g a l l s - - a s c e r t a i n types of rusts on t r e e s . Others cause w i l t i n g , and, of c o u r s e , m a n y cause death d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y . How Do Fungi S p r e a d ? One m e t h o d is by the s p o r e s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r . C e r t a i n s p o r e s , as those of the Pythium blight fungus, can s w i m under t h e i r own p o w e r . Others (as with F a i r y R i n g ) a r e f o r c i b l y shot into the a i r and then blown about by the wind. Spores of the F u s a r i u m fungus m a y be d i s p e r s e d by the splattering of r a i n d r o p s or in i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r . Fortunately, m o s t s p o r e s p e r i s h , since each fungus produces hundreds of thousands of s p o r e s . Only if they land on a suitable substrate and a l s o have a suitable e n v i r o n m e n t do they s u r v i v e . H o w e v e r , m a n and his m a c h i n e s a r e probably r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 90 per cent of the spreading of fungi in t u r f g r a s s . D i s e a s e d f r a g m e n t s a r e e a s i l y picked up, p a r t i c u l a r l y on clubs, shoes, and e s p e c i a l l y on l a w n m o w e r s . This is p a r t i c u l a r l y true of F u s a r i u m - d i s e a s e d p i e c e s of l e a v e s and the r e d m y c e l i a l strands of the C o r t i c i u m fungus. D i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t in such c a s e s is f a s t e r than with s p o r e s since a h e a v i e r r e s e r v e of food is p r e s e n t in the f r a g m e n t s . Still, d i s e a s e d spots don't usually f o r m overnight, d e s p i t e what m a n y people think. F o r instance, F u s a r i u m nivale g r o w s r a t h e r s l o w l y at f i r s t , f o r m i n g a 4 - to i - i n c h spot that i s f a i r l y w e l l hidden by healthy o v e r l a p p i n g g r a s s b l a d e s . Then, with this a r e a as a base, the fungus a p p e a r s to " e x p l o d e " during f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r . We have noticed on putting turf r e g u l a r l y t r e a t e d w i t h f u n g i c i d e s that the d i s e a s e did not b e g i n to r e a p p e a r until six w e e k s or m o r e a f t e r t r e a t m e n t s had been discontinued, d e s p i t e the p r e s e n c e of n u m e r ous i n f e s t e d a r e a s only a f e w inches away. (It w a s unlikely that the f u n g i c i d e s p r o v i d e d r e s i d u a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r such a long p e r i o d , since heavy r a i n s p r o b ably w a s h e d away m o s t of the m a t e r i a l and the continued g r o w t h of g r a s s supp l i e d untreated s u r f a c e s . ) Conditions F a v o r i n g I n f e c t i o n Just as with human beings, d i f f e r e n t fungi l i k e d i f f e r e n t conditions. H o w e v e r , in g e n e r a l , i n f e c t i o n o c c u r s m o s t r e a d i l y when conditions a r e m o r e u n f a v o r a b l e f o r the host than they a r e f o r the fungus. One of the m o s t i m p o r The B r o w n P a t c h fungus is, aptant of such f a c t o r s is that of t e m p e r a t u r e . parently, c o m m o n in w e s t e r n Washington, but it causes trouble only during hot m u g g y w e a t h e r , which r a r e l y o c c u r s . Typhula snow m o l d attacks only at t e m p e r a t u r e s near f r e e z i n g in e a s t e r n Washington. M o s t of our s e r i o u s p a r p sites p r e f e r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n these e x t r e m e s . Although w e have found s t r a i n s of F u s a r i u m that v a r y in t h e i r o p t i m a l t e m p e r a t u r e s , w e b e l i e v e that the m a i n e f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e on this o r g a n i s m is an i n d i r e c t one. Thus, under l a b o r a t o r y conditions, F u s a r i u m nivale e a s i l y attacks b e n t g r a s s at 70° F . , but outdoors w e s e l d o m find it o c c u r r i n g at this t e m p e r a t u r e . Why? M o s t l i k e l y b e c a u s e the g r a s s is s u f f i c i e n t l y d r y during m o s t of each day at this t e m p e r a t u r e to p r e v e n t f a s t g r o w t h of the fungus. Fungus m y c e l i u m is so f r a g i l e that it d r i e s e a s i l y . Therefore, external m o i s t u r e is an absolute r e q u i r e m e n t f o r d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t . M o r e m o i s t u r e and s l o w e r g r a s s g r o w t h a r e the m a i n r e a s o n s f o r the s e r i o u s d i s e a s e outb r e a k s w e usually g e t in the f a l l and l e s s often in the spring. B e s i d e s t e m p e r a t u r e , nutrition is another i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g the s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of the g r a s s plants. E x c e s s i v e n i t r o g e n i n c r e a s e s l o s s e s f r o m F u s a r i u m on bent, but inadequate n i t r o g e n m a y a l s o w e a k e n the plants and m a k e them m o r e susceptible. High l e v e l s of n i t r o g e n enable f e s c u e s to outgrow the C o r t i c i u m , but w e do not now b e l i e v e that n i t r o g e n n e c e s s a r i l y induces r e s i s t a n c e ; instead it s e e m s to k e e p the g r a s s g r o w i n g ahead of the fungus. The f u l l e f f e c t of phosphate and potash have not y e t been d e t e r m i n e d , but it i s evident that they a l s o have s o m e influence. In g e n e r a l , it a p p e a r s that all t h r e e e l e m e n t s a r e needed in the right p r o p o r t i o n f o r g r e a t e s t d i s e a s e r e s i s t ance. p H - ^ A s the s o i l b e c o m e s m o r e alkaline (as f r o m applications of l i m e ) attacks by both Ophiobolus and F u s a r i u m i n c r e a s e in s e v e r i t y . T h e r e a r e many other f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g d i s e a s e d e v e l o p m e n t , including o r g a n i c m a t t e r , soil texture, drainage, and light, but the ones d i s c u s s e d above appear to be m o s t important. H o w e v e r , w e actually have v e r y l i t t l e a c c u r a t e data on the full e f f e c t of these v a r i o u s f a c t o r s on our turf pathogens. Until these a r e obtained, w e a r e m o r e or l e s s " s p r a y i n g in the dark. " T h e best place to hit a p a r a s i t e is at the w e a k e s t link in its l i f e c y c l e . Until m o r e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n can be obtained, w e don't know what the w e a k e s t link is and w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , just have to continue " s p r a y i n g along. " How P l a n t D i s e a s e s A r e Controlled C o n t r o l is often c l a s s i f i e d under the f o l l o w i n g four headings: E x c l u s i o n - - i . e. , an attempt to k e e p pathogens f r o m being introduced. Our F e d e r a l Quarantine S e r v i c e e n f o r c e s many r e g u l a t i o n s a i m e d at excluding plant d i s e a s e s f r o m the United States. H o w e v e r , our m o s t s e r i o u s turf pathogens a r e so w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d in the N o r t h w e s t that this p o s s i b l e approach is only of a c a d e m i c i n t e r e s t at the p r e s e n t t i m e - - a t l e a s t f o r the d i s e a s e s a l r e a d y here. E r a d i c a t i o n - - i s our m a i n standby. T h i s is e s s e n t i a l l y what w e b e l i e v e w e a r e doing when w e s p r a y or drench d i s e a s e d turf w i t h P M A , Cadmium, etc. H o w e v e r , it usually is only a m a t t e r of minutes b e f o r e the pathogen is r e i n t r o d u c e d on shoes or on equipment. T h i s explains the need f o r r e p e a t e d spraying, as w e l l as the d e s i r a b i l i t y of spraying a d j a c e n t a r e a s w h e r e fungi m a y be r e s i d i n g - - a s c o l l a r s or shoulders around g r e e n s . P r o t e c t i o n - - i s a c o m m o n c o n t r o l m e a s u r e f o r such plants as r o s e s , potatoes, and apples. H o w e v e r , w e don't b e l i e v e it is of much i m p o r t a n c e with turf since the g r a s s g r o w s so r a p i d l y . If w e e v e r get to the point of using g r o w t h r e t a r d a n t s - - w h i c h w i l l k e e p g r a s s f r o m g r o w i n g - - w e w i l l have an e n t i r e l y new d i s e a s e picture and p r o t e c t i v e spraying m i g h t b e c o m e a n e c e s s i t y . R e s i s t a n c e - - is often the l a s t m e a s u r e r e s o r t e d to, but f r o m the l o n g t e r m v i e w p o i n t it is by f a r the best. It a l s o usually takes the m o s t e f f o r t and t i m e to a c c o m p l i s h . Obtaining r e s i s t a n c e in t u r f g r a s s e s in the past has usually been incidental to the s e a r c h f o r other d e s i r a b l e cultural c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . In o r d e r to a c h i e v e this goal, j o i n t e f f o r t s b e t w e e n p a t h o l o g i s t s and a g r o n o m i s t s a r e going to b e c o m e m o r e e s s e n t i a l in the future. In w e s t e r n Washington, w e have noticed that P e n n c r o s s and c e r t a i n strains of P o a annua a r e quite r e s i s t ant to F u s a r i u m nivale. Other g r a s s e s a r e r e s i s t a n t to D o l l a r Spot, rust, etc. You all know that M e r i o n is m o r e susceptible to rust than is Kentucky b l u e g r a s s , but, on the other hand, M e r i o n is the m o r e r e s i s t a n t of the two to H e l m i n t h o s p o r i u m blight. T h e s e a r e just a f e w of the e x a m p l e s . F o r w e s t e r n Washington w e p a r t i c u l a r l y need a suitable bent that is r e s i s t a n t jto F u s a r i u m and Ophiobolus, and a f e s c u e that is r e s i s t a n t to Corticium (Red Thread). Current Recommendations for Control Our c u r r e n t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e l i s t e d in E x t e n s i o n M i m e o 2049 a v a i l a b l e f r o m your county agent. Our turf d i s e a s e r e s e a r c h is conducted in c o o p e r a t i o n with R o y L . Goss ( A g r o n o m i s t ) and V. L . M i l l e r ( C h e m i s t ) , with aid f r o m state funds and g r a n t s f r o m the N o r t h w e s t T u r f A s s o c i a t i o n , U. S. G. A . G r e e n Section, and C a l i f o r n i a Chemical Corporation. T o these groups w e e x p r e s s our a p p r e c i a t i o n . Terms Since a r t i c l e s on turf d i s e a s e s a r e b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y technical, w e a r e l i s t i n g b e l o w f o r your r e f e r e n c e some of the t e r m s often used. T h e y a r e taken f r o m the USDA Y e a r b o o k on P l a n t D i s e a s e s f o r 1953. A G A R - - A g e l a t i n l i k e substance e x t r a c t e d f r o m a s e a w e e d . A L T E R N A T E H O S T - - O n e of two kinds of plants upon which a p a r a s i t e fungus must d e v e l o p to c o m p l e t e its l i f e c y c l e . B A C T E R I U M - - A one-celled, plant l i f e . m i c r o s c o p i c o r g a n i s m which is a l o w f o r m of C A U S A L O R G A N I S M - - T h e o r g a n i s m that p r o d u c e s a g i v e n d i s e a s e . C H E M O T H E R A P Y ( k e m - o - t h e r - a - p e e ) - - T h e t r e a t m e n t of d i s e a s e by c h e m i c a l s that w o r k i n t e r n a l l y . E P I P H Y T O T I C ( e p - i - f y - t o t - i k ) - - T h e sudden and d e s t r u c t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t of a plant d i s e a s e , usually i n v o l v i n g an e x t e n s i v e a r e a . F R U I T I N G B O D Y - - A c o m p l e x fungus structure that contains or b e a r s s p o r e s and f r o m which they a r e d i s s e m i n a t e d . F U N G I C I D E ( f u n - j i - s i d e ) - - A c h e m i c a l that k i l l s or inhibits fungi. Bordeaux m i x t u r e , l i m e - s u l f u r , and f e r b a m a r e f u n g i c i d e s . ( A l s o P M A and cadmium chloride. ) F U N G U S ( f u n g u s ) - - A l o w f o r m of plant l i f e which, lacking c h l o r o p h y l l and being incapable of manufacturing its own food, l i v e s o f f dead or l i v i n g plant o r animal m a t t e r . The body of a fungus c o n s i s t s of d e l i c a t e individual t h r e a d s known as hyphae, many of w h i c h f o r m b r a n c h e d s y s t e m s called mycelia. L E S I O N ( l e e - z h u n ) - - A l o c a l i z e d spot of d i s e a s e ^ t i s s u e . b l i s h e r s , and scabs a r e l e s i o n s . Spots, cankers, M Y C O R H I Z A ( M y - c o - r e e - z a ) - - A mutually b e n e f i c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p of r o o t s w i t h fungi. Some t r e e s cannot g r o w n o r m a l l y without the p r e s e n c e of M Y C O R H I Z A L fungi. N E M A T O D E ( n e m - a - t o d e ) - - A r o u n d w o r m having a tubular body with a mouth and w e l l - d e v e l o p e d a l i m e n t a r y canal. P A R A S I T E - - A n o r g a n i s m that obtains its nutrients w h o l l y o r in part f r o m another l i v i n g o r g a n i s m . P E S T I C I D E - - A n agent that d e s t r o y s pests, or n e m a t o c i d e . such as a fungicide, insecticide, P H Y S I O L O G I C R A C E - - A subdivision of s p e c i e s of fungus b a s e d on its a b i l i t y to i n f e c t a s e l e c t e d v a r i e t y of its host plant, R E S T I N G S P O R E - - A spore, often t h i c k - w a l l e d , that can r e m a i n a l i v e in a dormant condition f o r s o m e length of t i m e , l a t e r g e r m i n a t i n g and, in pathogenic fungi, initiating infection. S A P R O P H Y T E ( s a p - r o e - f i g h t ) - - A n o r g a n i s m that f e e d s on dead o r g a n i c m a t t e r . A d j e c t i v e : saprophytic. S C L E R O T I U M ( s k l e e - r o e - s h e - u m ) - - A hard, compact, rounded m a s s of fungus f i l a m e n t s (hyphae) which usually s e r v e s as a r e s t i n g body to c a r r y the fungus through u n f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r . Some fungi can s u r v i v e f o r many y e a r s in soil, plant r e f u s e , or s e e d by m e n a s of s c l e r o t i a . They v a r y in s i z e f r o m those that a r e m i c r o s c o p i c to s o m e that a r e s e v e r a l inches in d i a m e t e r . S P O R E - - T h e one- to m a n y - c e l l e d r e p r o d u c t i v e unit of a fungus. Spores c o r respond in function to the s e e d of plants. Some s p o r e s a r e v e r y light in w e i g h t and can be r e a d i l y blown about by wind; o t h e r s a r e m o v e d about by w a t e r , man, a n i m a l s , i n s e c t s , and m a c h i n e r y . When conditions a r e f a v o r a b l e , any v i a b l e s p o r e is capable of g e r m i n a t i n g and producing a new fungus body. S P O R U L A T I O N - - The p r o c e s s of producing s p o r e s . V E C T O R - - A n agent that t r a n s m i t s d i s e a s e . V I R U S ( v y e - r u s ) - - A n i n f e c t i o u s agent too s m a l l to be seen with a compound microscope. Q U E S T I O N A N D A N S W E R SESSION ON T U R F G R A S S D I S E A S E AND INSECT OCCURRENCE QUESTION: What type of s p r a y i n g do you think is getting the b e s t r e suits - fine s p r a y or drench t y p e ? ANSWER: ( D r . Gould) S o m e w h e r e in b e t w e e n is getting the best. I don't think a fine s p r a y is n e c e s s a r y at all. A c t u a l l y , in our e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k w e went to only a 40-pound p r e s s u r e . The i m p o r t a n t thing a l w a y s is to have good c o v e r a g e . QUESTION: How long a f t e r application of f u n g i c i d e s should w e w a i t b e f o r e applying w a t e r such as though i r r i g a t i o n . A N S W E R : ( D r . Gould) I have no e v i d e n c e to back it up, but I f e e l sure that the j o b i s done within 30 minutes a f t e r application. I t ' s a case of k i l l r i g h t away or i t ' s not going to w o r k . One point that I would l i k e to m a k e v e r y c l e a r h e r e and that's what Dr. T e l f o r d has brought out p r e v i o u s l y in that the m e r c u r i e s a r e v e r y dangerous to handle b e c a u s e they w i l l be a b s o r b e d through the skin. If you have c e r t a i n m e n who a r e m o r e susceptible to burning f r o m the m e r c u r i e s , than get s o m e o n e who does not r e a c t so in applying them. A p p l i c a t o r s should a l w a y s use g l o v e s f o r p r o t e c t i o n in applying m e r c u r y f u n g i c i d e s . C o n f e r e n c e Attendance 1962 Abbott, H a r o l d T. Adams, Fred Banks, Harvey 107 Johnson Hall Pullman, Washington Wash. State Univ. 1901 M i n o r A v e n u e Seattle, Washington Turfco 7020 Golf Club H i l l Road B r e m e r t o n , Washington K i t s a p G & CC Bauman, Clayton 2036 9th S t r e e t K i r k l a n d , Washington Glendale G & CC Bauman, Milton Box 97 O v e r l a k e GC Medina, Bengeyfield, Bluhm, Bill Wilber L. Washington Box 567 Garden G r o v e , Salem, USGA G r e e n Section California Oregon Co. E x t e n s i o n A g e n t Borst, F r e d R. E. 8004 M i s s i o n Spokane, Washington Ed Short Co. Brigl, Clemens 321 S. B a l s a m M o s e s L a k e , Washington P a r k and R e c r e a t i o n Director Brink, V e r n o n C. D i v i s i o n of P l a n t Science V a n c o u v e r , BC, Canada Univ. of B C Burkette, 1015 S. 201st Seattle, Washington Chas. L i l l y Co. 2450 6th Avenue S. Seattle 4, Washington Ed Short Co. 4101 B e a c o n A v e . Seattle, Wash. J e f f e r s o n P a r k Golf Course Carper, Chase, Art John J. V. S. Chonle, H. O. 808 S. 58th A v e . Y a k i m a , Washington Turfco Clayton, Seattle, Univ. of Wash. Cockburn, Drew, George Robert G r a h a m A. Edwards, Arthur Washington 1523 63rd E v e r e t t , Washington Maintenance S e r v i c e Dept. of E x t e n s i o n V a n c o u v e r , BC, Canada Univ. of B C 102 Wash. A v e . Pullman, Washington DA from Alberta U. of Idaho E r i c k s o n , L a m b e r t C. A g r o n o m y Dept. M o s c o w , Idaho Eshelman, Don F. 3 110 Rushton W a y T a c o m a , Washington E v e r hart, Cliff Box 8025 Manito Station Spokane, Washington Manito G & CC Fairburn, Don Spokane, Turfco Federspiel, Flute r, Fred Ed Washington 16755 S. W. P a c i f i c Hwy. L a k e Oswego, O r e g o n O s w e g o L a k e G & CC 923 N. E. Portland, G l e n d o o v e r GC 155th Oregon Gavan, Frank 3300 Cadboro Bay Road V i c t o r i a , BC, Canada Uplands GC Gettle, Dick 1425 P a c i f i c Highway B e l l i n g h a m , Washington B e l l i n g h a m GC Gobel, Bill W a l l a Walla, M e m o r i a l P a r k GC Goddard, Goetze, Murl Dr. Gould, D r . Gourley, Gueho, Hale, Norman Charles Boyd Manny Martin Harris, Bill Harrison, George Washington 807 N. 3 r d S t r e e t Y a k i m a , Washington E l k s GC Corvallis, O r e g o n State U n i v e r s i t y Puyallup, Box 146 Pinehurst, Oregon Washington Washington 611 Shaw A v e n u e New Westminster, Canada White fish, BC, Montana V a n c o u v e r GC W h i t e f i s h GC M e a d o w P a r k GC B o x 883 Tacoma, HyGrade Fertilizer Washington William Rt. 1, B o x 519 Coeur d ' A l e n e , Idaho Hartman, Richard 1620 S. W. Custer St. Portland, Oregon Dick E v e r e t t GC 7108 Hanna P i e r c e Rd. T a c o m a , Washington Harshaw, Haskell, W e s t e r n Washington E x p e r i m e n t Station 4101 B e a c o n A v e . S. Seattle, Washington Coeur d ' A l e n e P u b l i c GC Golf D i r e c t o r , Seattle P a r k D e p a r t m e n t Hoyte, E r i c W. 9501 49th N. E. Se attle, Wa s hington Dishman, Jans, 1213 T y l e r S t r e e t Corvallis, Oregon Secty. , Highland B e n t g r a s s C o m m . of O r e g o n 3 54 S. W. 134th Seattle, Washington S c a r b e r y Spray S e r v i c e F r e d C. Johnson, Bud Kaemingk, Jim Kido, Dr. Geo. S. Washington Jacklin Seed Company Jacklin, A r d e n W. Box 36 E v e r son, Washington 3636 B r u n e l l D r i v e Oakland, C a l i f o r n i a O. M. Scott & Sons Co. Kuhn, Carl 901 L a n e S t r e e t B o x 3 084 Seattle, Washington H. D. F o w l e r Co. Land, H e n r y W. , Jr. 23012 B r i e r Road Alderwood Manor, Sand P o i n t GC Wash. 9210 Winona A v e . S. W. T a c o m a , Washington T a c o m a C & GC 11804 Woodbine L a n e S. W. T a c o m a , Washington F o r t L e w i s GC L a w , A l v i n G. A g r o n o m y Dept. P u l l m a n , Washington Wash. Lawton, 1919 M a d i s o n Olympia, Washington O l y m p i a C & GC Land, H e n r y W. , Sr. Latimer, Dean W. Geo. Ledeboer, Ledford, Loan, Liotta, F r i t z B. Wes E. E. A1 Lufkin, Howard Macan, A . Mitchell, Mock, V. C. B. Don State Univ. 4883 H a y e s v i l l e D r . No E. Salem, O r e g o n 228 W. P a c i f i c Spokane, Washington B o x 162 P a r k w a t e r Sta. Spokane, Washington United Equipment and Supplies Pullman, Wash. Washington 103 1 N. E. 114th Seattle, Washington State Univ. Gen. Spray S e r v . Magnolia GC of 1110 B e a c h D r i v e V i c t o r i a , BC, Canada C l a r k son, 1115 N. Seattle, Washington 94th Washington C l a r k s t o n GC R e g i o n a l Spray Co. Mock, Geo. , Jr. Manion, G e r a l d M. McKenzie, Ken 1115 N. Seattle, 94th Washington K a l i spell, Seattle, Montana Washington Miller, Don J. 520 S. 53rd T a c o m a , Washington Miller, R o y E. 773 7 N. E. K i l l i n g s w o r t h Portland, Oregon Beardsley, Norris Route 5 Spokane, Inc. G a l b r a i t h & Company A - 1 Spray S e r v i c e Spokane CC Tom 3 110 Ruston Way T a c o m a , Washington Person, Nils A. U n i v e r s i t y of Washington Seattle, Washington Gordon T o r o P r o d . , Manions, Washington O'Neil, Perigree, R e g i o n a l Spray Co. Box 442 Ellensburg, E l l e n s b u r g G & CC Washington Proctor, Glen 2222 S. 111th P I . Seattle, Washington R a i n i e r G & CC Proctor, Larry 1022 S. 74th T a c o m a , Washington McChord A i r F o r c e Base GC Seattle, Seattle GC Putnam, Reed, Ken Byron Reger, Austin S. Ripley, Rowe, Clarence Chen Runyan, Dale Washington 43 N. E. 202nd A v e . Portland, Oregon E. P . B a l t z Co. B o x 1822 L i b e r t y Lake, L i b e r t y L a k e GC 12110 N. Spokane, Washington Division Washington W a n d e r m e r e GC 805 P a c i f i c A v e . T a c o m a , Washington T a c o m a Seed Company Spokane, Washington United Equipment Schmidt, L o u i s J. Rt. 1 B o x 8 Spokane, Washington Indian Canyon GC Schmidt, Ray 501 3 r d A v e . N. G r e a t F a l l s , Montana M e a d o w L a r k GC 2523 7 68th S. Kent, Washington L a k e W i n d e r n e s s GC Schutz, Ray 4220 L e w i s A v e . G r e a t F a l l s , Montana M e m o r i a l P a r k GC Scott, L l o y d A. 3252 F e r d i n a n d St. S. Seattle, Washington W e s t Seattle GC Sears, Elmer 6701 30th F e r d i n a n d St. S. W. Seattle, Washington Forest Lawn Cemetery Bill 1421 S. D i v i s i o n St. Spokane, Washington C h e m i c a l W e e d and P e s t Scott, Bart Senske, Smyth, E v e r e t t P. Thorpe, Tom Tyson, Vann, Ken Bill B o x 608 Ephrata, 629 G o l d s t r e a m A v e . V i c t o r i a , BC, Canada R o y a l C o l w o o d GC 7108 Hanna P i e r c e Rd. T a c o m a , Washington M e a d o w P a r k GC B o x 806 Quincy School D i s t r i c t Quincy, Wade, Rolland Ward, Joe Watson, Werth, D. Washington W a l l a Walla, Washington Silver Lake, L. Rudy White, Washington Sidney S. Oregon 8023 27th N. W. Seattle, Washington Jackson P a r k GC Robert Rahway, N e w J e r s e y Woods, N o r m a n H. B o x 204 Vancouver, Zook, John Sam C h e m i c a l Co. Rt. 3 Chenowith Rd. The Dalles, Oregon Wiley, Zoller, Penn P h i l l i p s Co. r Calif. E 2115 E v e r e t t St. Spokane, Washington V e r n o n W. M. L u c a s and Ortho W a y Richmond, C a l i f o r n i a White, Quentin A. Jr, Wroght, W a l l a W a l l a CC BC, Aero-Thatch, Inc. Canada W. 228 P a c i f i c St. Spokane, Washington Inland Seed Company 395 Walnut L a n e Eugene, O r e g o n Eugene CC 1100 S. E. W a v e r l e y D r i v e Portland, Oregon Waverley CC