4

3

3

à

Proceedings
of the

24th

Annual

Northwest

Turfgra ss

Conference

October 7, 8, 9, 1970
Salishan
Glenden Beach, Oregon

¡Proceedings
of the

24th

Annual

Northwest

Turfgrass

Conference

October 7, 8, 9, 1970
Salishan
Glenden Beach, Oregon

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

W e l c o m e to S a l i s h a n .
It h a s b e e n a p l e a s u r e s e r v i n g the N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s
A s s o c i a t i o n in the c a p a c i t y of P r e s i d e n t d u r i n g the p a s t v e a r ,
I w o u l d like to t h a n k the o t h e r D i r e c t o r s a n d a l l of the
c o m m i t t e e s f o r t h e i r fine c o o p e r a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t . T h i s is
the v e r y t h i n g t h a t h e l p s t o k e e p a n y A s s o c i a t i o n a l i v e ,
s u c h as o u r s , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n w e are s o w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d .
O u r m e m b e r s h i p h a s i n c r e a s e d t h i s y e a r as it h a s d o n e
in p r e v i o u s y e a r s w h i c h i n d i c a t e s a h e a l t h y g r o w t h in an
o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t is v e r y w o r t h w h i l e . I look f o r w a r d to
c o n t i n u e d a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h f e l l o w t u r f g r a s s w o r k e r s and w i s h
the N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s A s s o c i a t i o n a n d m y s u c c e s s o r a m o s t
successful future.

3

N O R T H W E S T TURFGRASS A S S O C I A T I O N

1970
Tom

Officers

Keel

President

Doug Weddle

Vice President

Dick

Treasurer

Haskell

Roy L. Goss

Exec. Secretary

B o a r d of

Directors

Al Blair

Puget Sound Seed Co.
1050 W e s t N i c k e r s o n
Seattle , W a . 98119

Art Elliott

Turf 6 Toro SUDPIV Co.
6001 Mavnard Ave. S.
S e a t t l e , W a . 98104

John

Harrison

H a v d e n Lake Golf 6 C . C .
F t . 2 , Box 18
H a v d e n L a k e , I d a h o 83835

Dick

Mitchell

Shaughnessv Golf 6 C. C.
4300 S . W . M a r i n e D r .
Vancouver, British Col.

Dick

Malpass

320 S a n t a Fe D r i v e
Vancouver, W a . 98661

Glen

Proctor

2 0 4 1 S . 320th S o a c e 167
F e d e r a l W a y , W a . 98002

Dick

Schmidt

Fairwood Golf 6 C. C.
1 7 0 7 0 140th A v e . S . E .
R e n t o n , W a . 98055

Tom

Keel

Douglas County Parks
P . O . Box 972
R o s e b u r g , O r e . 97470

4

Doug W e d d l e

T u m w a t e r Valley Golf
P . 0 . B o x 769
Olympia , W a . 98501

Dick

Jackson Park M u n . G . C.
1000 N . E # 135th S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98125

Haskell

C.

Western Wa. Res. 6 Ext.
Center, Puyallup, Wa.
98371

Roy L . G o s s

5

TABLE OF C O N T E N T S

Environmental Pollution and Marine Life—Joel Hedgpeth

7

Understanding the Physical Characteristics of Your
Putting Green Mix—William B. Davis

8

Parks Are For People—Jack Sim
Solving Park Problems—Roy L

_
Goss

17
21

Personnel Management and In-Service Training for
Golf Courses—John Zoller

26

Are You a Good Boss?—W. H. Bengeyfield

28

The Importance of In-Service Training—Tom Keel

32

Proper Specifications for Irrigation Systems—Roger L. Gordon
A Look at Oregon Parks—Their Lawns, Play Fields and

37

Golf Courses—Willard Lighty and Wilbur L. Bluhm

46

Equipment for the Turfgrass industries—Russell E. Rose

55

Trees and Their Care—Bernard G. Wesenburg

65

The Role of Turfgrass in Environmental
Pollution—The O. M. Scott Company

-

Studying the Problem Green—William B. Davis

71
73

Pre- and Post-Emergence Controls for Poa annua—
Roy L. Goss

81

Fusarium Patch Experiments With New Fungicides—Charles J . Gould

89

Agronomic Turfgrass Research Report—Roy L. Goss _____ _

90

Members of The Northwest Turfgrass Association

93

6

Environmental Pollution and Marine Life 1
Joel Hedgpeth2
A l t h o u g h t h e t o t a l v o l u m e o f t h e o c e a n is m o r e t h a n 3 0 0
m i l l i o n c u b i c m i l e s , t h e a c t i v e p a r t in w h i c h l i f e p r o c e s s e s
o f s i g n i f i c a n c e t o m a n t a k e p l a c e , is m u c h s m a l l e r .
Proport i o n a t e l y t o i t s v o l u m e , t h i s s h a l l o w s u r f a c e r e g i o n is c o m parable to the grassy and c u l t i v a t e d areas of the l a n d .
This
p a r t o f t h e o c e a n is v u l n e r a b l e t o p o l l u t i o n i n w a y s w e s t i l l
lack complete i n f o r m a t i o n to e s t i m a t e .
For e x a m p l e , the
development of organochlorine pesticides occurred before we
knew about the life process that c o n t r o l the d e v e l o p m e n t of
shells of marine b i r d s , o r , for that m a t t e r , before we unders t o o d h o w r a p i d l y s p r a y on l a n d c o u l d b e c o m e p a r t o f t h e
atmospheric circulation and enter the active surface layers
o f t h e o c e a n s in a r e a s s o d i s t a n t as t h e A n t a r c t i c .
Now we have become aware of the implications of heating
w a t e r in o u r p o w e r p l a n t s , a n d t h e p o s s i b l e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f
the p r e d i c t e d v o l u m e s of t h e r m a l l y a l t e r e d w a t e r to the preductivity of the s e a s . W h a t has been g e n e r a l l y o v e r l o o k e d
is t h a t w a t e r h e a t e d in p o w e r p l a n t s is d e p r i v e d o f a l a r g e
f r a c t i o n - p e r h a p s 90% - o f t h e m i n u t e p l a n t l i f e on w h i c h
all the rest of the life cycle of the ocean d e p e n d s .
Thus
s t e r i l i z a t i o n o f l a r g e v o l u m e s o f w a t e r , as p r e d i c t e d f o r
the future by e n g i n e e r s , could upset the p r o d u c t i v i t y of the
seas far more effectively than spilling of oil or release of
sewage.
In t h i s c o n t e x t , t a l k of t h e r m a l p o l l u t i o n as n o t h i n g
m o r e t h a n w a r m i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l w a t e r a f e w d e g r e e s , is
fatuous optimism.

— Paper presented at the 2^th N . W . Turfgrass C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
2/
— Oregon State University, Resident Director, Marine
Center, Newport, Oregon
7

Science

Understanding the Physical Characteristics of
Your Putting Green Mix 1
W i l l i a m B. Davis 2
Incomplete information and today's high cost of golf
course development are two major problems that contribute
to putting green f a i l u r e s . Most of us have learned that a
n e w g r e e n m i x is a s u b j e c t a b o u t w h i c h e v e r y o n e f r o m t h e
b a r t e n d e r t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y t u r f s p e c i a l i s t is an e x p e r t .
W e a l s o h a v e l e a r n e d t h a t c o m p r o m i s e is t h e r u l e , n o t t h e
e x c e p t i o n . T h e r e is n o t t o o m u c h w e c a n d o a b o u t t h e
e x p e r t s or the high cost of d e v e l o p m e n t but we can improve
our information and our understanding of the putting green
m i x e s so we can m a k e w i s e r d e c i s i o n s .
Each of us knows of greens that have been rated excellent.
In m o s t c a s e s t h e m i x e s o f w h i c h t h e y a r e c o m p o s e d a r e d i f f e r ent.
I t is n o t u n c o m m o n f o r s o m e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e o n l y t i m e m i x is e q u a l p a r t s of s a n d , s o i l
a n d o r g a n i c m a t t e r . T h e m o s t c o m m o n g r e e n m i x w e s e e is a
50-50 mix of sand and organic m a t t e r . Many of these putting
green m i x e s are r e p o r t e d t o be l a b o r a t o r y t e s t e d , but only
a few are the result of a complete laboratory t e s t .
In t h e s h o r t t e r m a l m o s t a n y s o i l , s a n d , o r o r g a n i c
m a t t e r , s h o r t o f a s u b s o i l , c a n be w o r k e d a n d f o r m e d i n t o a
g r e e n . W i t h c a r e f u l w a t e r i n g a n d p r o p e r n u t r i t i o n it w i l l
g r o w g r a s s , a n d w e a t h e r p e r m i t t i n g w e c a n m o w it i n t o a
putting s u r f a c e . We don't find out w h e t h e r or n o t we have
a g o o d p u t t i n g g r e e n m i x u n t i l w e s u b j e c t it t o t h e s t r e s s
of our climate and t r a f f i c .

Our field e x p e r i e n c e has told us a great d e a l about
soils and the addition of organic a m e n d m e n t s .
As w e a l l
k n o w , sands drain w e l l , are e a s v to w o r k and t h e y are d r o u g h t y .
We k n o w t h a t c l a y s b e c o m e v e r y h a r d w h e n d r y , a r e d i f f i c u l t
to w o r k w h e n w e t a n d t h a t t h e y d r a i n v e r y s l o w l y .
In g e n e r a l ,
m o s t o f u s p r e f e r l o a m b e c a u s e it is e a s i e r t o w o r k o v e r a
wider range of soil m o i s t u r e .
It r e t a i n s w a t e r w h i l e at t h e
z i P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at the 24th N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970.
¿/Extension Turf-Landscape Horticulturist, University
California, Davis.
8

of

same t i m e d r a i n s f a i r l y w e l l . As f o r o r g a n i c a m e n d m e n t s , w e
k n o w t h e y a c t as a d i l u t e n t t o m a k e c l a y s a n d l o a m s e a s i e r
t o w o r k a n d that t h e y h e l p s a n d s t o h o l d m o r e m o i s t u r e . W e
a l s o k n o w t h a t as o r g a n i c m a t t e r b r e a k s d o w n it h e l p s t o c e m e n t
the c l a y and s i l t p a r t i c l e s t o g e t h e r i n t o l a r g e r a g g r e g a t e s ,
g i v i n g u s a m o r e f r i a b l e s o i l . S o w e ask f o r a l o a m , or
s a n d y l o a m , o r l o a m y s a n d and t h i n k w e h a v e an e x c e l l e n t
growing medium for putting g r e e n s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , when we
use these putting greens we subject them to t r a f f i c .
These
loams f a i l in d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e a m o u n t o f t r a f f i c on
them.
The u n i q u e c h a r a c t e r o f a p u t t i n g g r e e n is t h a t it c a n n o t
s e r v e its f u n c t i o n p r o p e r l y u n l e s s it is m o w e d f r e q u e n t l y and
its n i t r o g e n n u t r i t i o n is m a i n t a i n e d h i g h e r t h a n o p t i m u m f o r
the b e s t g r o w t h of g r a s s s p e c i e s . The c l o s e f r e q u e n t m o w i n g
and the h i g h e r n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o d u c e a r e s t r i c t e d
r o o t z o n e . W e can i l l a f f o r d t o f u r t h e r s t r e s s t u r f g r a s s
p l a n t s by a l l o w i n g t h e m t o c o m p e t e f o r w a t e r s o w e t e n d t o
a l w a y s w a t e r w e l l a h e a d of p o t e n t i a l w a t e r s t r e s s . S o , o u r
p u t t i n g g r e e n m i x is a l w a y s m o i s t a n d t r a f f i c can n o w d e s t r o y
any a g g r e g a t i o n of the v e r y s m a l l s i l t a n d c l a y p a r t i c l e s .
T h e s e s m a l l s o i l s e p a r a t e s can t h e n f r e e l y m o v e in b e t w e e n
the f i n e r s a n d s t h a t h a v e t h e m s e l v e s f i t t e d in b e t w e e n the
larger sand particles to reduce the larger pore s p a c e s .
This
is a long w a y of e x p l a i n i n g c o m p a c t i o n . B u t t h e m i x d o e s
b e c o m e c o m p a c t e d and r e t a i n s too m u c h w a t e r r e l a t i v e t o the
s o l i d s a n d the a i r f i l l e d s p a c e s b e t w e e n t h e m . T h i s w a t e r
d r a i n s s l o w l y as w e l l . W h a t w a s o n c e a w e l l - s t r u c t u r e d loam
is n o w a c o m p a c t e d d e n s e loam t h a t n e e d s f r e q u e n t a e r a t i o n
o r r e d u c e d t r a f f i c and p r e c i s e r e g u l a t i o n of w a t e r if w e are
not to lose the turf.
W h a t we w a n t is a m i x t h a t k e e p s a g o o d s t r u c t u r e e v e n
u n d e r the c o n d i t i o n s i m p o s e d u p o n it in a p u t t i n g g r e e n .
T h i s is p o s s i b l e if w e can r e l y on the t e x t u r e to a c t u a l l y
p r o d u c e a s t a b l e s t r u c t u r e . A l l s o i l s a n d s a n d s are m a d e u p
on a c o m b i n a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t p a r t i c l e s i z e s or t e x t u r e .
(See f i g u r e 1 . ) I n d i v i d u a l c l a y p a r t i c l e s r a n g e from .002
and s m a l l e r w h i l e a v e r y c o a r s e s a n d p a r t i c l e r a n g e s from 1
m l t o 2 m l in d i a m e t e r . A s i n g l e s o i l s e p a r a t e s u c h as
m e d i u m s a n d , .25 to .5 m l in d i a m e t e r , u n c o m p a c t e d , h a s an
i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 65 i n c h e s p e r h o u r .
B e c a u s e t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o i l s e p a r a t e s are n e a r l y a l l the
same s i z e t h e y d o n o t c o m p a c t . In m i x e d s i z e s of s o i l
s e p a r a t e s , t h e i r u n c o m p a c t e d i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e is r e l a t i v e l y
h i g h . U n d e r c o m p a c t i o n the i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e b e c o m e s m u c h
l o w e r and the m i x a l s o r e t a i n s m u c h m o r e w a t e r .
9

T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s o f l o o k i n g a t s o m e of t h e p h y s i c a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p u t t i n g g r e e n s o i l s t h a t can h e l p u s u n d e r s t a n d o r e v a l u a t e v a r i o u s s a n d s a n d / o r m i x e s . O n e of t h e
m o s t u s e f u l p r o c e d u r e s is p l o t t i n g t h e m o i s t u r e - r e l e a s e c u r v e
t o g i v e the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e w a t e r and a i r in a n y
mix at different tensions or at different mix d e p t h s .
Since
w e a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h the m o s t a c t i v e r o o t z o n e of a p u t t i n g
g r e e n m i x w e h a v e s t u d i e d t h e a i r a n d w a t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s in
t h e s u r f a c e 3 1/2 i n c h e s . M o i s t u r e - r e l e a s e c u r v e s are u s u a l l y
g i v e n in p e r c e n t v o l u m e o f w a t e r f b u t w e h a v e c o n v e r t e d t h e s e
t o a c t u a l i n c h e s o f w a t e r s t o r e d in t h e s u r f a c e 3 1/2 i n c h e s .

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS SAND *Z
SEPARATES

FINE GRAVEL
ERY COARSE SAND
COARSE SAND
MEDIUM SANO
FINE SAND
VERY FINE SANO
SILT
CLAY

US SIEVE DIAMETER RANGE % PASSING %
NUMBER
SIEVE ANALYSIS
(mm)
10

2.00-Va.***"

10

1.00 - 2.00

39

0.50- LOO
0.25-0.50
0.10 -0.25
0.05-0.10
.002-0.05

00

140
270

100

99.7
97.4
29.1
4.5
3.6

0.3
2.3
68.3
24.6
0.9

0.8

2.8

002

—

O

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS SAND *3
SEPARATES

FINE GRAVEL

VERY COARSE SANO
COARSE SANO
MEDIUM SANO
FINE SANO
VERT FINE SAND

SILT

CLAY

7,
US SIEVE DIAMETER RANGE % PASSING
NUMBER
SIEVE ANALYSIS
(mm)
L oo-l/aIN<M

80.1

18

L O O - 2.00

35

0.50 - 1.00
0.25-0.50
0.10 -0.25
0.05-0.10
.002-0.05
— .002

65.9

10

60

140
270
-

—•

Figure
10

1.

325
143
7.1
53
—

—

19.9

14.2
324
182
7.2
1.8
0.8
45

W i t h i n c r e a s i n g d e p t h o f a m i x , t h e r e is a c o r r e s p o n d i n g inc r e a s e of w a t e r t e n s i o n in t h a t m i x . A t t h e f i r s t b r e a k in
the c u r v e , w a t e r e m p t i e s from t h e l a r g e r p o r e s p a c e s . As
t h e d e p t h of t h e m i x i n c r e a s e s , m o r e w a t e r is r e l e a s e d from
smaller and smaller pore spaces between the s o l i d s ,
(See
figure 2 ) ,
A s t u d y of t h e m o i s t u r e r e l e a s e c u r v e s t h e r e f o r e , s h o w s
how m u c h w a t e r is r e t a i l e d at a p a r t i c u l a r d e p t h of t h e m i x ,
A mix that has good drainage and w a t e r retention properties
at 12-inch depth may retain too much w a t e r at 6 to 8 i n c h e s ,
o r be t o o d r o u g h t y at 16 t o 18 i n c h e s .
All s a n d s , soils and/or m i x e s hold m o r e w a t e r at any
t e n s i o n t h a n it is p o s s i b l e f o r the g r a s s p l a n t t o e x t r a c t
from i t . T h i s u n a v a i l a b l e w a t e r is q u i t e i m p o r t a n t in
evaluating different sands and amendments. Some amendments
do o f t e n i m p r o v e the w a t e r h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y of a s a n d , b u t
this w a t e r m a y n o t be a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p l a n t . (See f i g u r e 3 )
Another extremely important physical characteristic of
a p u t t i n g g r e e n m i x , is its w a t e r i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e . W h e n
it r a i n s t h e r e is n o c o n t r o l o v e r t h e a m o u n t of w a t e r or t h e
r a t e of a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e g r e e n s . W h e n w e i r r i g a t e , e v e n
w i t h the b e s t o f i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m s , s o m e p o r t i o n s of t h e
green m u s t u s u a l l y b e o v e r w a t e r e d t o get e n o u g h w a t e r t o t h e
e n t i r e g r e e n . Due t o the s i z e o f m a n y p u t t i n g g r e e n s , l a r g e
s p r i n k l e r s are n e c e s s a r y to g e t a d e q u a t e c o v e r a g e a n d t h e s e
g e n e r a l l y a p p l y w a t e r a t h i g h r a t e s . If t h e g r e e n is t o be
u s a b l e s o o n a f t e r i r r i g a t i o n , its i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s h o u l d
e q u a l o r e x c e e d the a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e . T h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s
on m a n y p r o b l e m g r e e n s r a n g e from 1/10 inch t o j u s t o v e r 1
inch an h o u r , w h i l e t h o s e on m a n y e x c e l l e n t g r e e n s a r e from
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 inch an h o u r t o an e x c e s s i v e 25 i n c h e s p e r
h o u r . A p p a r e n t l y l a b o r a t o r y i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s o f less t h a n
2 i n c h e s an h o u r are q u e s t i o n a b l y s l o w , b u t i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s
t h a t e x c e e d 10 i n c h e s p e r h o u r are u n n e c e s s a r y .
(See f i g u r e
A i r - f i l l e d p o r o s i t y o f a m i x is m e r e l y a r e c i p r o c a l o f
the total water curve or m o i s t u r e release c u r v e . The solids
in t h e m i x d o n o t c h a n g e , b u t as t e n s i o n i n c r e a s e s w i t h d e p t h
and w a t e r is r e l e a s e d , the s p a c e s l e f t b e t w e e n t h e s o l i d s f i l l
w i t h a i r . F o r t h e b e s t r o o t g r o w t h o f t u r f g r a s s e s 12 to 18
p e r c e n t a i r f i l l e d p o r o s i t y is d e s i r a b l e . As t h e r o o t s of the
g r a s s p l a n t r e m o v e w a t e r , a i r o c c u p i e s t h e s p a c e s b e t w e e n the
s o l i d s ; g o o d r o o t a c t i v i t y d e p e n d s on t h i s o x y g e n in t h e r o o t
z o n e . (See f i g u r e 5)

11

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15

W h i l e s e m e o f t h e s e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p u t t i n g
g r e e n m i x e s a r e i m p o r t a n t , n o s i n g l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c can be
u s e d a s t h e s t a n d a r d f o r a g o o d m i x . M o s t p r e s e n t day s o i l
m i x e s c o n s i s t of 50 t o 80 p e r c e n t b y v o l u m e of s a n d w h i c h
v a r i e s in c o s t from $3 to $10 n e r y a r d d e l i v e r e d . S i n c e sand
is g e n e r a l l y t h e m a j o r c o m D o n e n t of anv p u t t i n g g r e e n m i x
y o u s h o u l d u n d e r s t a n d t h a t s a n d s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y in t h e i r
particle size distribution and therefore their individual
p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A w i d e v a r i e t y of o r g a n i c and ino r g a n i c a m e n d m e n t s a v a i l a b l e t o d a y , if t h e v are u s e d , s h o u l d
r e s u l t in a s o m e w h a t i m p r o v e d s a n d .
A g r e a t d e a l of r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d o n e on s a n d and
a m e n d m e n t s o f p u t t i n g g r e e n m i x e s and vou s h o u l d t h o r o u g h l y
s t u d y t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n . S a n d is y o u r m o s t i m p o r t a n t m a t e r i a l .
T h e r i g h t s a n d m a y be r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e , b u t if it n e e d s
l i t t l e o r n o a m e n d i n g a n d m i x i n g it can be y o u r b e s t and
less e x p e n s i v e m i x . Y o u r s a n d s h o u l d h a v e a n a r r o w r a n g e
of p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n so its s t r u c t u r e w i l l n o t
c h a n g e u n d e r c o m p a c t i o n . T h e n a r t i c l e s i z e s h o u l d be
f a i r l y s m a l l s o as to h a v e r e a s o n a b l e w a t e r r e t e n t i o n and
b e s u i t a b l e f o r p r o p e r top d r e s s i n g . Y o u r m i x s h o u l d n o t
i n c l u d e m a t e r i a l s t h a t g i v e y o u l i t t l e or n o b e n e f i t for
t h e i r c o s t . T h e r e is a p a r t i c u l a r n u t t i n g g r e e n m i x t h a t
can s a t i s f a c t o r i l y m e e t v o u r c o u r s e ' s n e e d s .

16

Parks Are For People1
J a c k Sim2
The s i g n w a s so b i g it d i d n o t i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n , b u t dem a n d e d it! In large l e t t e r s w e r e w r i t t e n the r u l e s f o r the
park hidden behind the sign:
No Pets Allowed
No Bicycles Allowed
No Ball Playing Allowed
No Picnicking Allowed
KEEP O F F THE G R A S S
T h i s is Y o u r P a r k , E n j o y

Yourself!

P A R K S ARE FOR P E O P L E - f o r P e o p l e to Use a n d E n j o y !
I
c a n n o t s t r e s s t o o g r e a t l y the w o r d U s e , b e c a u s e if t h e y are
n o t b u i l t f o r p e o p l e to u s e , t h e n w h y w e r e t h e y b u i l t at a l l .
T h i s one c r i t e r i o n s h o u l d be f o r e m o s t in the m i n d s o f t h o s e
i n d i v i d u a l s g i v e n the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f d e v e l o p i n g p a r k s f o r
public use.
A m e r i c a n s are an a c t i v e p e o p l e , a n d t o t h e m a j o r i t y
is a p l a c e to do t h i n g s . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y t r u e w h e n
entire family becomes involved — perhaps the parents
w a n t t o r e l a x , b u t t h e k i d s s e e k s o m e t h i n g to s a t i s f v
i n t e r e s t and to b u r n up t h e i r e n e r g y .

a park
the
mav
their

T o d a y ' s p a r k u s e r s a r e s e e k i n g s o m e p l a c e to h a v e a p i c n i c ,
p l a y a g a m e of b a l l , just sit a n d r e l a x o r p i t c h a t e n t ,
p a r k t h e i r t r a i l e r o r c a m p e r and s e t t l e d o w n f o r a c o m f o r t a b l e
night.
A p a r k can h a v e as m a n y t y p e s of u s e as t h e p a r k
has p l a n n e d f o r and w i l l a l l o w .

department

M o s t of o u r p a r k s are D a v - U s e p a r k s w h i c h p e o p l e v i s i t on
a d r o p - i n b a s i s , s o m e for an h o u r , s o m e f o r the e n t i r e d a y .
H e r e it is t h a t a v i s i t o r m a v find o r g a n i z e d r e c r e a t i o n
a c t i v i t i e s g e a r e d to a l l a g e s : p l a y g r o u n d s for the v e r y y o u n g ,

£ ' P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden B e a c h , Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
^ / D i r e c t o r of P a r k s a n d F o r e s t , J o s e p h i n e C o u n t y
Grants P a s s , Oregon
17

Oregon,

s o f t b a l l d i a m o n d s , t e n n i s c o u r t s , h o r s e s h o e p i t s , lawn b o w l i n g
c e n t e r s , a n d e v e n d a n c e f l o o r s w h e r e t e e n - a g e r and s e n i o r
c i t i z e n t a k e t u r n s " d o i n g t h e i r t h i n g " . P i c n i c areas for
f a m i l i e s or g r o u p s o f f e r an o p p o r t u n i t y to t h e men of the
f a m i l y t o b u r n s t e a l s o r h a m b u r g e r s , as t h e i r p o c k e t b o o k s
a l l o w . P a r k s w h e r e a c t i v i t i e s s u c h as these t a k e p l a c e are
" h a p p y p a r k s " - - a joy to p l a y in and f r a n k l y a joy t o w o r k i n .
T h e o v e r n i g h t c a m p e r , be he a l o c a l r e s i d e n t w h o lives a
h a l f a m i l e a w a y from the p a r k , o r the t r a v e l e r w h o s e home
b a s e m a y b e a t h o u s a n d m i l e s a w a y , is b e c o m i n g a m o r e and m o r e
f a m i l i a r s i g h t in o u r p a r k s .
T o d a y , m o r e t h a n ever* b e f o r e , t h e A m e r i c a n p u b l i c is a
m o b i l e , t r a v e l i n g f o r c e , one w h i c h m u s t be r e c o g n i z e d and
p l a n n e d f o r . W h i l e the d a y - u s e r and the o v e r n i g h t c a m p e r m a y
appear to have two separate identities, I believe with proper
p l a n n i n g a p a r k can p r o v i d e for b o t h . In this w a y the best
use o f the land m a y be a c h i e v e d and the n e e d s of the p u b l i c
f i l l e d at t h e least c o s t . A s i d e from his c a m p s i t e , the
c a m p e r is s e e k i n g the s a m e t h i n g as the d a y - u s e r , so w h y
d u p l i c a t e f a c i l i t i e s w h e n one can c o m p l e m e n t the o t h e r .
W e have come a long w a y from the time a v a c a n t lot served
as a n e i g h b o r h o o d p a r k , and a w i d e spot in the r o a d as an
o v e r n i g h t c a m p s i t e . T r u e , a r e a s like t h e s e are s t i l l used
on an e m e r g e n c y b a s i s , b u t the m a j o r i t y of the p u b l i c w i l l
n o l o n g e r t o l e r a t e this type of r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s in
p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p . The p a r k u s e r , t o d a y , e x p e c t s to find
adequate p a r k i n g , clean restrooms, playground equipment,
a n d w e l l m a i n t a i n e d t u r f g r a s s in t h e i r d a v - u s e p a r k s . The
o v e r n i g h t c a m p e r e x p e c t s w e l l m a i n t a i n e d c a m p s i t e s w i t h modern
h o o k u p s of e l e c t r i c i t y , w a t e r and s e w e r s , clean r e s t r o o m s ,
d u s t - f r e e r o a d s , a n d h o p e s for w e l l m a i n t a i n e d t u r f g r a s s .
C a m p i n g is f u n , fun for dad if he has p i c k e d the right
a r e a s w h e r e he can h i k e , f i s h , s w i m , or l o a f , as the mood
s t r i k e s ; fun for t h e k i d s , w n o can m e e t n e w friends and
h i k e , s w i m , o r f i s h , p l a v b a l l , t h r o w F r i s b i e s , or acquire
a f a n . Y e s , c a m p i n g is fun for just a b o u t e v e r y o n e e x c e p t
M o t h e r . M o t h e r finds t h a t , e x c e p t for a change of l o c a t i o n ,
h e r d u t i e s are p r e t t y m u c h the same as at h o m e , or p e r h a p s
a l i t t l e h a r d e r . M o t h e r m u s t cook the f o o d , w a s h the d i s h e s ,
w a s h t h e c l o t h e s , and b a d g e r the k i d s to k e e p c l e a n . It is
m o t h e r , m o r e than a n y o n e in the f a m i l y , w h o is w i s h i n g and
h o p i n g , ( y e s , even p r a y i n g ) t h a t the n e x t p l a c e they camp is
n o t a d u s t b o w l . W h e n dad turns into an o v e r n i g h t p a r k , it
18

is m o t h e r w h o s e e y e s s p a r k l e t h e m o s t w h e n s h e s e e s t h e o p e n
a r e a c o v e r e d by an i n v i t i n g m a n t l e of g r e e n t u r f g r a s s .
G r e e n is b e a u t i f u l , y e s , g r e e n is b e a u t i f u l , e s p e c i a l l y
w h e n t h a t green is w e l l m a i n t a i n e d t u r f g r a s s , w i t h s h r u b s
and t r e e s in a p u b l i c p a r k . T h i s is n o t m y o p i n i o n a l o n e ,
b u t one s h a r e d by m i l l i o n s of p a r k u s e r s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d .
Given a c h o i c e , the public w i l l utilize a turfgrass area
r a t h e r t h a n one c o v e r e d b y a n y o t h e r t y p e of m a t e r i a l , be
it n a t u r a l or m a n - m a d e . T h i s s e e m s h a r d for s o m e p a r k
p l a n n e r s to s w a l l o w , a n d t h e y h a v e s p e n t t h o u s a n d s of d o l l a r s
c r e a t i n g c o n c r e t e j u n g l e s -- a c r e s of c o n c r e t e — w h e n a l l
the p u b l i c w a n t s is a p a t c h of g r a s s w h e r e t h e y can s p r e a d a
b l a n k e t and h a v e a p i c n i c .
Divide a n y p a r k in h a l f , and on one h a l f m a i n t a i n a h e a l t h y
t u r f g r a s s c o v e r and on the o t h e r h a l f u s e any o t h e r c o v e r , be
it b a r e s o i l w i t h n o v e g e t a t i o n , s a n d , or c o n c r e t e ; then
p u t the s a m e type i m p r o v e m e n t s on e a c h h a l f . It w o u l d not
t a k e m a n y d a y s of o b s e r v i n g the u s e p a t t e r n to c o n v i n c e
you t h a t t h e r e is s o m e t h i n g m a g n e t i c a b o u t g r e e n t u r f g r a s s —
so m a g n e t i c in fact t h a t p r a c t i c a l l v a l l t h e p e o p l e in t h e
park can be f o u n d on the g r e e n h a l f .
P a r k s are for p e o p l e , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l v s o m e n a r k p e r s o n n e l
s t i l l b e l i e v e p a r k s s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d and m a i n t a i n e d , n o t
for the p u b l i c b u t for the c o n v e n i e n c e of the p a r k m a i n t e n a n c e
c r e w . I h a v e h e a r d the s t a t e m e n t m o r e t h a n o n c e , " Y e s , t u r f grass is n i c e , b u t it's t o o m u c h t r o u b l e t o m a i n t a i n . "
With
t h i s type of a t t i t u d e one w o u l d w o n d e r w h v t h e s e p e o p l e d o n ' t
find some o t h e r tvpe of e m p l o v m e n t .
T u r f g r a s s is m o r e t h a n " n i c e . "
I b e l i e v e it is e s s e n t i a l
in t o d a y ' s p a r k s . E S T H E T I C A L L Y , IT IS T H E P A R K !
An e x p a n s e
of g r e e n t u r f g r a s s m e a n s m o r e t h a n a l l t h e m a n - m a d e p l a y g r o u n d
e q u i p m e n t to the v o u n g s t e r w h o w a n t s to r u n , t u m b l e and r o l l ;
w h o likes t o lie on h i s b a c k and w a t c h the c l o u d s o v e r h e a d ,
or to lie on h i s s t o m a c h and c o u n t the l e a v e s on a p a t c h of
c l o v e r , h o p i n g t o find a f o u r - l e a f e d o n e . T o m o t h e r it m e a n s
c l e a n l i n e s s , a s a f e c l e a n p l a c e for the k i d s and less w o r r y
and w o r k for h e r . T o dad it m e a n s a q u i e t p l a c e ( s o m e t h i n g
we t e n d to o v e r l o o k ) b e c a u s e g r a s s a c t s as a s o u n d d e a d e n e r ,
and he can r e l a x and r e a d u n d i s t u r b e d . T o t h e w h o l e f a m i l y
it m e a n s the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n just b e i n g in a p a r k , and
e n j o y i n g b e i n g in a p a r k !
N o one k n o w s b e t t e r than t h i s g r o u p t h e p r o b l e m s
19

that

c o m e a l o n g w i t h t h e f i r s t t u r n o f s o i l , the f i r s t s o w i n g of
s e e d . B u t f r e a l l y , a r e t h e s e p r o b l e m s o r are t h e y o p p o r t u n i t i e s — o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o p l a n , t o p l a n t and t o d e v e l o p an
a r e a w h e r e y o u n g a n d o l d a l i k e can g a t h e r f o r o u t d o o r r e c r e a t i o n , f o r a c h a n c e t o s i t and " u n w i n d * a m i d s t a g r e e n
oasis.
A man once said we should walk a different way each d a y ,
we should talk to p e o p l e , tell them what we d o , share our
d r e a m s , and then design your park!
It might w e l l make the
difference between building a m o n u m e n t to s t u p i d i t y , or a
park filled with happy people thankful that someone cared
e n o u g h t o r e m e m b e r , a f t e r a l l is s a i d a n d d o n e , P A R K S ARE
FOR PEOPLE!

20

Solving Park Problems1
Roy L. G o s s 2
GRASSES FOR PARKS
T h e f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n in d e v e l o p i n g t u r f g r a s s p r o g r a m s
on p a r k s is t o d e c i d e t h e i n t e n d e d u s e o f e a c h i n d i v i d u a l a r e a .
If t u r f is to be e s t a b l i s h e d for a e s t h e t i c p u r p o s e s o n l y t h e n
we w o u l d r e c o m m e n d t u r f of o n e t y p e . If t h e a r e a is to r e c e i v e c o n s i d e r a b l e t r a f f i c , s u c h as on p l a y f i e l d s o r f o o t b a l l
fields, then we would use a sturdier grass that w i l l withstand
m o r e t r a m p l i n g and c o m p a c t i o n . I f t h e t u r f is t o b e u s e d in
shaded areas around t r e e s , you may wish to use even a third
m i x t u r e o r t y p e o f g r a s s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i n t e n d e d u s e of t h e
a r e a is the p r i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
T h e s e c o n d i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r is t h e s o i l .
Aesthetic
a r e a s w i l l r e s p o n d t o a l m o s t a n y t y p e o f s o i l p r o v i d e d it w i l l
d r a i n r e a s o n a b l y w e l l . As w e a l l k n o w , g r a s s e s w i l l g r o w on
p r a c t i c a l l y a n y k i n d o f s o i l , p r o v i d e d t h e r e is s o m e d e p t h
f o r w a t e r - h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y a n d t h e s o i l is n o t i m p e r v i o u s to
r o o t p e n e t r a t i o n . T h e p r o b l e m s on m a n y of o u r a r e a s b e g i n
w h e n w e b r i n g in t h e t r a f f i c f a c t o r . A g o o d s u g g e s t i o n f o r
l a w n s f o r a e s t h e t i c a r e a s , w o u l d be t o u s e a s a n d y loam s o i l .
S o i l s e v e n as h e a v y a s s i l t l o a m s and s a n d y c l a y l o a m s can
b e u s e d as w e l l , b u t r e q u i r e a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m o f
watering and management.
If t h e i n t e n d e d u s e of t h e a r e a is f o r p l a y a n d r e c r e a t i o n
which receives considerable t r a f f i c , then sandier or lighter
soils should be c o n s i d e r e d . These soils must drain rapidly
s o t h e y w i l l r e a c h m o i s t u r e e q u i l i b r i u m , as r a p i d l y as p o s s i b l e ,
after rains.
U n d e r g r o u n d d r a i n a g e m a y be n e c e s s a r y in m a n y o f o u r
a r e a s . If the s o i l s a r e n o t d e e p a n d h i g h l y p e r m e a b l e , t h e n
d r a i n t i l e s s h o u l d p r o b a b l y b e i n s t a l l e d , p a r t i c u l a r l v in
t h e a r e a s o f i n t e n s i v e u s e . T h e s e l i n e s s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d

— P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N , W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden B e a c h , Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
^ A s s o c i a t e A g r o n o m i s t , Western Washington Research and
Extension C e n t e r , Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , P u v a l l u D ,
Washington.
21

a f t e r t h e a r e a h a s b e e n g r a d e d p r i o r to p l a n t i n g . It is
i m p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , t o p l a c e t h e d r a i n l i n e s o v e r one foot
d e e p in o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h g o o d c a p i l l a r y p u l l or d r a i n a g e
channels into the tile lines. Tile lines established shallower
t h a n o n e f o o t m a y n o t f u n c t i o n v e r y w e l l . It is i m p o r t a n t ,
o f c o u r s e , to b a c k f i l l t h e t i l e l i n e s w i t h p e r m e a b l e m a t e r i a l
s o s o m e s u r f a c e w a t e r m a y e n t e r t h e t i l e s as w e l l .
T h e q u e s t i o n is f r e q u e n t l y a s k e d w h a t can w e d o w i t h our
a r e a b e c a u s e w e c a n n o t a f f o r d t o b r i n g in o n e f o o t o r m o r e of
good sandy soil. The following system briefly described,
h a s b e e n t e s t e d a n d p r o v e d s a t i s f a c t o r y as a s e c o n d b e s t
a p p r o a c h on d i f f i c u l t s i t e s . A r e a s i n t e n d e d for h e a v y t r a f f i c can b e d r a i n e d w i t h s u b s u r f a c e l i n e s , s u b s o i l e d w i t h g o o d
chisels t o break up hardpan or compacted s o i l s , graded to
the proper g r a d e , preferably with some surface contour toward the drain l i n e s , and l a s t , coated with about 3 inches
of sand of putting green specification (falling aoproximately
b e t w e e n 1/4 a n d 1 m l in s i z e ) . T h i s t h r e e i n c h c o a t i n g of
s a n d w i l l p r e v e n t t h e h e a v i e r s o i l b e n e a t h from p u d d l i n g
and compacting and provided that the soil has any permeability
rate at a l l , the sand w i l l provide a cushion so this rate will
n o t b e l o s t . As y o u k n o w , m o s t s o i l s u n d i s t u r b e d , w i l l
p e r c o l a t e w a t e r a t a f a i r l y g o o d r a t e u n l e s s t h e y are p u d d l e d
or c o m p a c t e d . T h e r e f o r e , w i t h s o m e p r o t e c t i o n , w e m a y b e
a b l e t o m a i n t a i n g o o d p e r m e a b i l i t y r a t e s . T h i s is the p u r p o s e of t h e s a n d . T h e s e s a n d s can b e f o r t i f i e d w i t h a n y
good organic additives to maintain better water holding
c a p a c i t y , r e s i l i e n c y , e t c . and t h e n p l a n t e d to t h e d e s i r a b l e
g r a s s for t h e i n t e n d e d u s e .
The third step - the grasses themselves.
q u e s t i o n is w h i c h g r a s s f o r w h i c h a r e a .
1.

Aesthetic purposes

T h e l>ig

only.

In a r e a s W e s t o f t h e C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s , b e n t g r a s s e s
a n d f e s c u e s a r e b e t t e r a d a p t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y the
b e n t g r a s s e s . Regardless of the type of grass that
is p l a n t e d , t h e e v e n t u a l t u r f w i l l b e b e n t g r a s s .
T h e r e f o r e , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t w h a t e v e r m i x t u r e
is u s e d , a t l e a s t a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e o f b e n t g r a s s be
added so the bent w i l l take over uniformly rather
t h a n to e s t a b l i s h in p a t c h e s . A m i x t u r e of 60% r e d
f e s c u e a n d 40% C o l o n i a l - t y p e b e n t h a s b e e n u s e d
s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r m a n y y e a r s . It is n o t n e c e s s a r y
t o a d d as m u c h as 40% b e n t g r a s s , s o i f y o u w i s h , y o u
22

m a y i n c r e a s e t h e f e s c u e c o n t e n t u p t o 80% a n d a d d
20% b e n t g r a s s . A s e c o n d , or a l t e r n a t e p l a n t i n g
for these a r e a s , w o u l d be to use at least 50-60%
i m p r o v e d K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s s u c h as M e r i o n , F v I k i n g ,
W i n d s o r , C o u g a r , N e w p o r t , e t c . a n d a d d a b o u t 30%
red fescue and 10-20% Colonial b e n t g r a s s .
These
a r e a s s h o u l d be s e e d e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 l b s .
per a c r e , h o w e v e r , small seeding rates are satisfactory provided good seed beds and good seeding
equipment are e m p l o y e d . For bluegrass f a n c i e r s ,
p u r e s t a n d s of b l u e g r a s s can b e p l a n t e d f o r a e s t h i c
p u r p o s e s b u t t h e r e is n o g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e y w i l l
last.
Shaded areas intended for picnicking or general u s e ,
w o u l d b e n e f i t from h i g h e r l e v e l s of f e s c u e . A s u g g e s t e d
m i x t u r e f o r s u c h an a r e a w o u l d b e a b o u t 80% r e d f e s c u e a n d
20% C o l o n i a l - t y p e b e n t . T h e f e s c u e s h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o
w i t h s t a n d a b o u t as m u c h s h a d e as a n y of t h e o t h e r s o - c a l l e d
shade-tolerant grasses, although under these conditions, no
grass will stand up to excessive t r a f f i c . Although ryegrasses
are n o t n o t e d f o r w i t h s t a n d i n g e x c e s s i v e s h a d e , the i m p r o v e d
o n e s , s u c h as M a n h a t t a n m a y be p l a n t e d in s o m e a r e a s w i t h
some s h a d e as l o n g as t h e r e is m o r e t h a n m i n i m u m l i g h t r e quirements.
P l a y a n d a t h l e t i c a r e a s s h o u l d be p l a n t e d to e i t h e r
bluegrass mixtures or ryegrasses. The improved bluegrasses
h a v e p r o v e n to b e v e r y e f f e c t i v e in a r e a s o f h e a v y t r a f f i c .
They will withstand considerable trampling. After injury,
t h e y w i l l r e c o v e r q u i t e w e l l due t o t h e r h i z o m a t o u s h a b i t
of g r o w t h . T h i n s t a n d s w i l l b e c o m e m o r e d e n s e from r h i z o m e
d e v e l o p m e n t . If t h e a r e a is n o t u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y , s m a l l
a m o u n t s of b e n t g r a s s e s o r f e s c u e s m a y b e a d d e d w i t h the
b l u e g r a s s for l o n g - t e r m c o v e r .
The perennial r y e g r a s s e s , particularly varieties such
as M a n h a t t a n , w o r k v e r y w e l l on m a n y p l a y a r e a s . T h e y r e s p o n d
w e l l t o t r a f f i c as l o n g as t h e y are n o t w o r n o u t c o m p l e t e l y .
The r y g r a s s e s w i l l n o t r e g e n e r a t e g r o w t h if the c r o w n s are
d e s t r o y e d , s i n c e t h e r e are n o r h i z o m e s . If t h e e f f e c t is
m a i n l y t r a m p l i n g , t h e y can w i t h s t a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t s of
this t y p e o f t r a f f i c . It is e v e n r e a s o n a b l e t o m i x i m p r o v e d
b l u e g r a s s e s a n d r y e g r a s s e s t o g e t h e r in the s a m e p l a n t i n g .
T h e y are v e r y c o m p a t a b l e , r o u g h l y t h e s a m e c o l o r , a n d r e s p o n d
w e l l to m a n a g e m e n t . A s u i t a b l e b l e n d of r y e g r a s s a n d b l u e grass would be approximately 40-50 l b s . of bluegrass and
100 l b s . of r y e g r a s s c o m b i n e d p e r a c r e . I f b l u e g r a s s e s are
23

p l a n t e d a l o n e , t h e y s h o u l d be p l a n t e d a t t h e r a t e o f
lbs• p e r a c r e .

80-100

One i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f r y e g r a s s e s is t h e i r g r o w t h
d u r i n g c o o l w e a t h e r . B l u e g r a s s e s g r o w t h t e n d s t o slow down
a f t e r f r o s t a n d b e f o r e c o n d i t i o n s w a r m up in t h e s p r i n g .
T h e r y e g r a s s e s m a k e s o m e g r o w t h a l l w i n t e r w e s t of the Cascades
a n d r e s u m e g r o w t h e a r l i e r in t h e s p r i n g t h a n b l u e g r a s s e s .
P a r k s , h o w e v e r , a r e u s e d v e r y l i t t l e d u r i n g t h e s e p e r i o d s of
inclement weather.
T h e f o u r t h i m p o r t a n t p r i n c i p l e is m a n a g e m e n t . In a brief
s t a t e m e n t w e can s a y t h a t a e s t h i c a r e a s s h o u l d be m a n a g e d much
t h e s a m e as w e w o u l d a h o m e l a w n . If w e use a 3 - 1 - 2 r a t i o
fertilizer then we should aim for 6-8 l b s . of available nitrog e n p e r 1000 s q u a r e f e e t a n n u a l l y f o r t h e g r e a t e s t b e a u t y .
F o u r l b s . p e r 1 0 0 0 s q u a r e f e e t o f n i t r o g e n from t h i s r a t i o is
a b o u t m i n i m u m . E i g h t l b s . o f n i t r o g e n p e r 1000 s q u a r e feet
from the 3-1-2 ratio should be applied to areas receiving
h e a v y t r a f f i c . Four l b s . o f n i t r o g e n p e r 1000 s q u a r e f e e t is
p r o b a b l y s a t i s f a c t o r y on g e n e r a l u s e a r e a s . T h e s e r a t e s m a y
s e e m h i g h t o s o m e p a r k s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s . It h a s b e e n s h o w n ,
h o w e v e r , in r e s e a r c h a t P u y a l l u p , t h a t t h e s e r a t e s of n i t r o g e n
balanced with phosphorus and potassium w i l l help to control
w e e d s in t u r f g r a s s a r e a s . L o w e r n u t r i t i o n e n c o u r a g e s h e a v y
weed g r o w t h . The amounts of n i t r o g e n , phosphorus and potassium
s u g g e s t e d a b o v e , s h o u l d be d i v i d e d i n t o 3 o r 4 i n d i v i d u a l
a p p l i c a t i o n s for m a x i m u m b e n e f i t t o t h e t u r f .
Many other practices need to be carried out to maintain
g o o d t u r f c o n d i t i o n s . Of t h e m , m o w i n g is p r o b a b l y one of
t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t . T h e a e s t h i c a r e a s s h o u l d b e m o w e d at
h e i g h t s r e c o m m e n d e d f o r l a w n s w h i c h is 3/4 i n c h o r less in
w e s t c o a s t a r e a s . A l l t h e o t h e r g e n e r a l a r e a s and r e c r e a t i o n a l
a r e a s s h o u l d b e m o w e d at 1 1 / 4 t o 1 1/2 i n c h e s in h e i g h t ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y if t h e y are b l u e g r a s s e s o r r y e g r a s s e s .
One
i m p o r t a n t t h i n g t o k e e p in m i n d , a l s o , is t h a t b l u e g r a s s
a r e a s r e q u i r e h i g h e r p H a n d m o r e lime t h a n b e n t g r a s s e s and
r y e g r a s s e s . T h e p H s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d at 6.0 o r h i g h e r ,
a n d t h i s u s u a l l y r e q u i r e s a n n u a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of l i m e in
this particular area.
F o r a r e a s E a s t o f the C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s t h e s a m e g e n e r a l
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s can b e m a d e e x c e p t a l l a r e a s s h o u l d b e p l a n t e d
tc bluegrasses except under dense shade. Here again, mixtures
w i t h h i g h a m o u n t s of f e s c u e s w i l l p r o d u c e b e t t e r t u r f t h a n

24

bluegrasses a l o n e . Ryegrasses may be used East of the
b u t , for the m o s t p a r t , b l u e g r a s s e s are b e s t .

Cascades,

Most a r e a s E a s t o f t h e C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s h a v e a d e q u a t e
a m o u n t s of p h o s p h o r u s and p o t a s s i u m a n d w o u l d r e q u i r e o n l y
n i t r o g e n . L i k e w i s e , l i t t l e o r n o l i m e w i l l b e r e q u i r e d in
t h e s e a r e a s . T h e s a f e s t b e t , w h e t h e r it is E a s t o r W e s t o f
the m o u n t a i n s , is to o b t a i n s o i l t e s t s f i r s t b e f o r e a p p l y i n g
l i m e , phosphorus or p o t a s s i u m .

25

Personnel Management and In-Service1
Training For Golf Courses
John

Zoller2

I would like to present to this meeting a matter which
s h o u l d b e o f i n t e r e s t t o u s a l l , a n d o n e in w h i c h w e a l l
share a responsibility.
T h i s r e s D o n s i b i l i t v is o n e o f p r o p a g a t i o n of our own p r o f e s s i o n .
Of i m m e d i a t e concern t o us
s h o u l d be the p r o b l e m of w h e r e t h e y o u n g men w i l l come from
w h o g o i n t o t h i s w o r k . S c h o o l s o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n w o u l d be
a g o o d s o u r c e , b u t in m o s t c a s e s t h i s d o e s n o t m e e t t h e d e m a n d .
In t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e m o t i v a t i o n is l a c k i n g f o r t h e m t o
s t u d y t h i s in s c h o o l . S c h o l a r s h i p m o n e y t h a t is a v a i l a b l e
is n o t b e i n g u s e d .
Last vear the Evans Scholarship Program
had more scholarships available than applications for it.
T o m y k n o w l e d g e , t h e r e is n o t o n e s t u d e n t at O r e g o n
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y s p e c i a l i z i n g in T u r f M a n g e m e n t .
I am n o t
s u r e o f t h e n u m b e r a t W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t v , b u t it
is n o t m a n y .
I k n o w o f o n l v o n e m a n in O r e g o n w h o s e g o a l ,
at t h e s t a r t o f s c h o o l , w a s t o b e c o m e G o l f C o u r s e S u n e r i n t e n d e n t . We have to stop filling our ranks by a c c i d e n t .
W h a t is t h e s o l u t i o n t o t h i s n r o b l e m w e a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t ?
O n e o f t h e b e s t w a y s w o u l d be t o i n t e r e s t v o u n g n e o D l e in o u r
e m p l o y m e n t t o f o l l o w T u r f M a n a g e m e n t as a c a r e e r .
Almost
all clubs hire part time and student help sometime during
t h e y e a r . T h i s m a k e an i d e a l s o u r c e w i t h w h i c h t o s t a r t .
It can be pointed out that the r e w a r d s for golf course work
are improving all the t i m e , and even at p r e s e n t offer beginning salaries equal to any other field.
A n o t h e r p l a n t h a t h a s m e r i t is a C O O D p r o g r a m w i t h
Community Colleges.
Most cities now have a Community College
program and these schools are aware of the need for trained
turf-managers.
L a n e , Linn B e n t o n , and M u l t n o m a h are three
such schools that I know of. A Coop training program would
b e o f b e n e f i t t o b o t h t h e s c h o o l a n d t h e c l u b . W e , at E u g e n e

i / P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7, 8, 9, 1970.
2/
— S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , Eugene Golf and Countrv C l u b , E u g e n e ,
Oregon.
26

C o u n t r y C l u b are r e a d v and w i l l i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e in s u c h a
p r o g r a m . T h e m o r e w e u p - g r a d e o u r p r o f e s s i o n as a g r o u p ,
the m o r e we w i l l b e n e f i t i n d i v i d u a l l y .
Much has b e e n said and w r i t t e n in the o a s t a b o u t i m p r o v i n g
the image of the G o l f C o u r s e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t .
A few y e a r s ago
we w e n t t h r o u g h a w h i t e c o l l a r and tie e r a . I am s t r o n g l y
O D P O s e d to t h i s . T o m e , t h e r e is n o b e t t e r w a v t o k n o w the
c o n d i t i o n of the f a i r w a y s t h a n t o s i t on t h e t r a c t o r and mow
e i g h t e e n of t h e m . T h e s a m e h o l d s true for tees and g r e e n s .
In s o m e w a y s this is e v e n b e t t e r than p l a y i n g the c o u r s e .
It
is n o t n e c e s s a r y t h a t w e t r y to be s o m e t h i n g o t h e r than w e
a r e . T h e a d v a n t a g e s of golf c o u r s e w o r k are e v i d e n t and it
is n o t hard to p o i n t t h e m o u t .
In t h i s n e x t v e a r , let e a c h one of us m a k e a p r o j e c t t o
i n t e r e s t one y o u n g p e r s o n in p r e p a r i n g for a c a r e e r in T u r f
M a n a g e m e n t , and in so d o i n g w e w i l l a i l b e n e f i t .

27

Are You a Good Boss1
W.

H.

Bengeyfield2

F r o m 60 p e r c e n t t o 70 p e r c e n t o f v o u r o p e r a t i o n a l b u d g e t
is s p e n t o n l a b o r .
I t is an i n d i s p e n s a b l e p a r t o f m a i n t a i n i n g
t h e g o l f c o u r s e . A n d it is y o u r j o b , as s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , t o
develop and hold a c o n t e n t e d , loval and efficient work force.
Human relationships are involved.
Good supervisors constantly
s t r i v e t o i m p r o v e t h e i r s k i l l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s in h a n d l i n g
people successfully.
Are v o u g e t t i n g the m o s t out of y o u r
labor dollar?
American industry has found that good labor management
pays off.
Large c o m p a n i e s c o n t i n u a l l y train and retrain their
s u p e r v i s o r s in t h i s i m p o r t a n t f i e l d . T h e f o l l o w i n g t h o u g h t s
and facts are time tested and have been used by successful
employers for y e a r s .
If v o u w i l l s p e n d a m o m e n t o r t w o in
analyzing them, vou too may become a better boss.
YOUR WORKERS REFLECT

YOU

N o w h e r e is t h e r e a f o r c e o f w h o l l y s a t i s f i e d w o r k e r s .
Each individual has certain abilities and s h o r t c o m i n g s .
I n e x p e r i e n c e d h a n d l e r s of l a b o r , w h e n c o n f r o n t e d w i t h an
e m p l o y e e p r o b l e m f i r s t t h i n k of " f i r i n g " t h e w o r k e r .
This
is t h e e a s i e s t w a y , b u t u s u a l l y t h e w r o n g w a v to h a n d l e t h e
situation.
It costs m o n e y to hire and t r a i n new w o r k e r s .
"Firing" does not always help you do a better job.
The
e m p l o y e r w h o h a s an e x c e s s i v e n u m b e r of t e r m i n a t i o n s is
u s u a l l y the one at f a u l t , rather than the e m p l o y e e .
Set a good example since everyone tends to imitate
o t h e r s . Y o u r e m p l o y e e s a r e i n f l u e n c e d c o n s t a n t l y by y o u r
e x a m p l e . M a n y t i m e s t h e y a r e n o t c o n s c i o u s o f t h i s , b u t it
is t r u e n e v e r t h e l e s s . W h a t y o u a r e , v o u r w o r k e r s w i l l b e c o m e .
Set a good e x a m p l e for them at all t i m e s .
ACQUIRE THE ABILITY TO HANDLE

PEOPLE

Some employers are much more skilled than others

in

.tf P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 U t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 3, 9, 1970.
n/
tJ W e s t e r n D i r e c t o r , U S G A G r e e n S e c t i o n , G a r d e n
28

rove, California

g a i n i n g c o o p e r a t i o n a n d e n t h u s i a s m from t h e i r w o r k e r s .
Such
s k i l l is n o t a m y s t e r i o u s g i f t , b u t is t h e d i r e c t r e s u l t o f
knowledge and t r a i n i n g . F i r s t , h o w e v e r , you m u s t have a
s i n c e r e d e s i r e t o be a^ g o o d b o s s .
Look a h e a d a n d be p r e p a r e d t o a n s w e r y o u r e m p l o y e e s 1
q u e s t i o n s . Be r e a d y to i n t e r p r e t a n d e x p l a i n y o u r o r d e r s ,
r u l e s and p o l i c i e s . I t ' s e a s y to s a y , " t h e s e are t h e r u l e s . "
But it w i l l be f a r m o r e r e w a r d i n g t o t a k e t i m e to t e l l t h e
e m p l o y e e w h y the r u l e s are n e c e s s a r y a n d w h y y o u e x p e c t him
to f o l l o w t h e m .
EMPLOYEES WANT TO KNOW
One of t h e m a i n r e a s o n s w h y an e m p l o v e e s ' t h i n k i n g
often gets t w i s t e d is b e c a u s e he d o e s n o t h a v e a l l o f t h e
facts a n d comes t o t h e w r o n g c o n c l u s i o n , w r o n g i m p r e s s i o n
and d e v e l o p s t h e w r o n g a t t i t u d e . T h e less y o u h o l d b a c k from
y o u r w o r k e r s , t h e b e t t e r y o u can d e f e n d y o u r o r d e r s and
p o l i c i e s . T e l l w h y if p o s s i b l e . Get him to a c c e p t the c h a n g e .
A l w a y s t e l l e m p l o y e e s in a d v a n c e of c h a n g e s t h a t m a y a f f e c t
t h e m . T h i s is an i m p o r t a n t r u l e a n d o n e n o t t o be o v e r l o o k e d .
I m p r e s s e a c h w o r k e r w i t h the i m p o r t a n c e of h i s j o b a n d
t h a t he is a v i t a l p a r t in t h e f u n c t i o n of the e n t i r e m a i n t e n a n c e o p e r a t i o n . An e m p l o y e e w h o s e w o r k is u n n o t i c e d c o m e s
t o f e e l t h a t h i s job is u n i m p o r t a n t a n d q u i c k l y h i s e f f i c i e n c v
d r o p s . If it is u n i m p o r t a n t t o t h e b o s s , it is c e r t a i n l y unimportant to the worker. The wise s u p e r i n t e n d e n t , no matter
how b u s y , w i l l find time t o s h o w an i n t e r e s t in his w o r k e r s ,
even on the m o s t m i n o r j o b s .
GIVE P R A I S E W H E N

DUE

D o n ' t be a f r a i d to g i v e p r a i s e . Y o u m a y p a y c a s h w a g e s
in w e e k l y o r m o n t h l y c h e c k s but y o u p a y m e n t a l w a g e s b y exp r e s s i n g a p p r e c i a t i o n for a job w e l l d o n e . M e n t a l w a g e s p a y
d i v i d e n d s . A w o r d of e n c o u r a g e m e n t is n e e d e d n o w and t h e n just
as one n e e d s f o o d . E m p l o y e e s w i l l w o r k j u s t as h a r d for
m e n t a l w a g e s as f o r c a s h w a g e s . C a s h w a g e s p r o v i d e p h y s i c a l
n e e d s , but m e n t a l wages provide m e n t a l n e e d s .
W h e n p o s s i b l e , p r a i s e in t h e p r e s e n c e of o t h e r s .
This
i m p r e s s e s the e m p l o y e e r e c e i v i n g t h e p r a i s e w i t h y o u r s i n c e r i t v
and e n c o u r a g e s o t h e r s to m e r i t y o u r a p p r o v a l . B u t d o n ' t give
p r a i s e t o o f r e e l y . S a v e it f o r t h e u n u s u a l j o b . A j u s t
p r a i s e t o the i n d i v i d u a l . A few e g o t i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l s m a v
29

" b e c a r r i e d a w a y t " b u t an o c c a s i o n a l p a t on t h e b a c k is a l l
t h a t is n e e d e d by m o s t w o r k e r s . An i n d i r e c t a n d e f f e c t i v e
m e t h o d o f p r a i s e is t o a s k an e m p l o y e e f o r h i s i d e a s . T h i s
g i v e s him a s e n s e o f i m p o r t a n c e a n d h e l p s s u s t a i n h i s e g o .
B e s i d e s , y o u m a y l e a r n s o m e t h i n g a l o n g the w a y .
BE A S Q U A R E

SHOOTER

When a worker comes to you with what may seem a small
complaint or g r i e v a n c e , listen attentively to the entire story.
R e m e m b e r it is i m p o r t a n t t o h i m . D o n ' t cut h i m s h o r t . S o m e t i m e s j u s t l i s t e n i n g t o t h e g r i e v a n c e m a y b e a l l t h a t is
n e e d e d . If y o u f a i l t o h a n d l e c o m p l a i n t s a n d g r i e v a n c e s , y o u
m a y be heading for r e a l t r o u b l e . R e m e m b e r , it's the little
things that c o u n t .
You cannot keep tne respect of your employees unless you
play fair and shoot square. Don't favor those whom you like.
Let n o man say that you have "friends" among your w o r k e r s .
D o n ' t c h e a t o r c h i s e l in a n y w a y a n d a l w a y s g i v e e m p l o y e e s t h e
b e n e f i t o f t h e d o u b t . Be s u r e t o t r e a t e v e r y o n e a l i k e . M a k e
a conscientious effort to understand ana like those w h o "get
on your nerves."
BE A G O O D

INSTRUCTOR

Haven't you heard m a n y people s a y , "I've told that fellow
a d o z e n t i m e s h o w t o d o t h a t j o b , a n d s t i l l he d o e s n ' t k n o w
h o w . " T h i s s h o w s t h a t s o m e b o d y h a s d o n e a p o o r job o f t r a i n i n g . " T e l l i n g " is n o t i n s t r u c t i n g .
I n s t r u c t i n g is t e i l i n g , p l u s s h o w i n g , p l u s t r y o u t
p e r f o r m a n c e a n d f o l l o w - u p . Let t h e w o r k e r d o the j o b . Y o u
ask him q u e s t i o n s . Let h i m ask y o u q u e s t i o n s .
Before
putting him on his o w n , m a k e sure you know that he k n o w s .
USE EACH PERSON'S

ABILITY

P a r t o f y o u r j o b as s u p e r i n t e n d e n t is to d i s c o v e r h i d d e n
t a l e n t . When a man shows he has abilities that w i l l enable
y o u to g i v e h i m g r e a t e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t e s a n d m o r e i m p o r t a n t
t a s k s , u s e t h e m if y o u c a n . T h e r e is n o t h i n g m o r e d e p r e s s i n g
t o an e m p l o y e e t h a n t h e f e e l i n g t h a t h i s a b i l i t i e s are n o t
b e i n g e m p l o y e d t o b e s t a d v a n t a g e . Look u p o n y o u r w o r k e r s
as p o t e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e s f o r b e t t e r j o b s . D o n ' t t r y to k e e p
a g o o d m a n d o w n f o r f e a r of l o s i n g h i m . E n c o u r a g e him to
Improve his abilities w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e . You w i l l b e n e f i t .

30

He w i l l b e n e f i t . A l l t h i s c r e a t e s l o y a l t y t o w a r d y o u ; t h e
q u a l i t y you w a n t m o s t to f o s t e r in y o u r w o r k e r s .
DON'T T A K E Y O U R S E L F T O O S E R I O U S L Y
D o n ' t c o n f u s e d i g n i t y w i t h s e r i o u s n e s s . Be c h e e r f u l
and y o u r w h o l e crew w i l l r e f l e c t y o u r g o o d n a t u r e . Do n o t
r i d i c u l e o r be s a r c a s t i c , o r p l a y p r a c t i c a l j o k e s . One o f
the b i t t e r e s t t h i n g s an e m p l o y e e can s a v a b o u t a b o s s is t h a t
he is s a r c a s t i c . G o o d n a t u r e d k i d d i n g is a l r i g h t if y o u are
s u r e the e m p l o y e e is t a k i n g it in t h e s p i r i t it is g i v e n .
But
h e r e a g a i n , you m u s t k n o w y o u r m a n . R e l a x , d o n ' t be a s t u f f e d
shirt.
P a t i e n c e , t o l e r a n c e , t a c t , a n d an h o n e s t d e s i r e to be
a good b o s s w i l l g o a long w a y t o w a r d c r e a t i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g
l a b o r r e l a t i o n s on y o u r c r e w .
T h i s b u s i n e s s of l a b o r m a n a g e m e n t is a big s u b j e c t a n d
a n e v e r - e n d i n g o n e . C o n s t a n t l y r e f r e s h y o u r s e l f by r e v i e w i n g
the a b o v e p r i n c i p l e s . " B e i n g a g o o d b o s s " n a y s d i v i d e n d s t o
a l l c o n c e r n e d ; and t h i s i n c l u d e s t h e b o s s h i m s e l f .

31

The Importance of In-Service Trainina 1
Tom Keel

2

In t h i s d a y of h i g h c o s t s of l a b o r a n d e q u i p m e n t and
o p e r a t i o n s an a d m i n i s t r a t o r m u s t a l w a y s b e on the l o o k o u t
f o r w a y s of t r a i n i n g p e r s o n n e l . In o u r t y p e of w o r k t o d a v
w i t h the m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n of p a r k s , g o l f c o u r s e s
a n d o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , it is i m p o s s i b l e to h i r e
specialists for every j o b . T h e r e f o r e , we m u s t train our
p e r s o n n e l t o h a n d l e m o r e t h a n one s p e c i f i c d u t y .
P e r s o n n e l w o r k i n g for t h e d e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d h a v e b a s i c
s k i l l s in p l u m b i n g , i n s t a l l i n g a n d r e p a i r i n g i r r i g a t i o n
systems, m o w i n g , aerifying, verticutting, concrete w o r k ,
p u m p s , e t c . A n o t h e r item of t r a i n i n g t h a t is i m p o r t a n t is
the a b i l i t y of p e r s o n n e l u s i n g t o o l s and e q u i p m e n t t o k e e p
it in w o r k i n g o r d e r . I h a v e p e r s o n n a l y s e e n a lot of w a s t e
w h e r e g o o d e q u i p m e n t is h e a v i l y u s e d b u t n o t m a i n t a i n e d so
t h e r e s u l t is m a n y e x p e n s i v e b r e a k d o w n s and loss of t i m e .
G o l f c o u r s e a n d p a r k e q u i p m e n t is e x p e n s i v e a n d in m o s t
c a s e s t h e f u n d s in the o p e r a t i n g b u d g e t is n o t p l e n t i f u l so
it is i m p o r t a n t to t a k e p r o p e r c a r e of w h a t y o u h a v e . In
t h e o p e r a t i n g of e q u i p m e n t , I h a v e f o u n d t h a t s o m e p e o p l e have
a s p e c i a l a b i l i t y t o h a n d l e c e r t a i n e q u i p m e n t b e t t e r than others
h o w e v e r , I s t i l l find it i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e y a l l be i n s t r u c t e d
t o m a i n t a i n it p r o p e r l y .
If a crew is w e l l t r a i n e d and can h a n d l e m o r e than one
or t w o s p e c i f i c j o b s , the w o r k s c h e d u l e is s t i l l u s a b l e
s h o u l d an e m e r g e n c y a r r i v e due t o i l l n e s s o r a c c i d e n t
b e c a u s e y o u c a n s w i t c h y o u r t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l a r o u n d . In
t h e c a s e of v a c a t i o n s , y o u h a v e p e o p l e t r a i n e d to fill in
w h e n o t h e r s are g o n e . E v e n t h o u g h v o u w i l l s t i l l have to
h i r e e x t r a h e l p , t h e y can b e h i r e d to do the m o r e u n s k i l l e d
d u t i e s a n d y o u r p e r m a n e n t crew can h a n d l e the m o r e s k i l l e d
work.
T h e w a y w e h a v e f o u n d in o u r d e p a r t m e n t to t r a i n o u r crew
t o h a n d l e the d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of jobs is " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " .
W h a t is " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " ?
T h e d e f i n i t i o n I like to u s e

.i/Paper p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden B e a c h , Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970.
¿/Director9

Douglas Countv T a r k s
32

Department, Roseburg, Oregon.

is the t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s e t
W h e t h e r y o u t e a c h it w i t h i n
s i d e , it s t i l l is s p o n s o r e d
to discuss three areas that
able.

u p w i t h i n y o u r own d e p a r t m e n t .
y o u r d e p a r t m e n t o r h a n d l e it o u t by your department. I would like
" i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " are a v a i l -

Area 1 A d u l t E d u c a t i o n :
In m o s t a r e a s t h e r e a r e c l a s s e s
o f f e r e d in a d u l t e d u c a t i o n . T h e s e a r e g e n e r a l l y h e l d in the
e v e n i n g h o u r s so m e n can a t t e n d w i t h n o loss o f w o r k t i m e .
I f e e l t h e golf c o u r s e o r p a r k d e p a r t m e n t w h o w i l l b e n e f i t
from this m a n ' s e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d p a v the t u i t i o n and c o s t s
of h i s r e q u i r e d b o o k s or s u p p l i e s . T h e s e c o u r s e s are u s u a l l y
i n e x p e n s i v e a n d c l o s e at h a n d .
C o u r s e s w e h a v e f o u n d a v a i l a b l e in a d u l t e d u c a t i o n
s u i t a b l e for o u r use h a s b e e n C a r p e n t r y , W e l d i n g , S m a l l M o t o r
R e p a i r , Equipment M a i n t e n a n c e , Safety and many o t h e r s .
Area 2 J u n i o r C o l l e g e s :
" I n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " is a v a i l a b l e
a t the m a n y l o c a l c o m m u n i t y and j u n i o r c o l l e g e s . T h e g r o w t h
of t h e s e s m a l l c o l l e g e s in t h e s t a t e of O r e g o n is t r e m e n d o u s
a s , I am s u r e , it is in a l l the w e s t e r n s t a t e s . Y o u m a y h a v e
such a f a c i l i t y in y o u r a r e a .
We h a v e f o u n d t h a t e v e n t h o u g h t h e r e are few c o u r s e s at
p r e s e n t that w o u l d be of b e n e f i t to n e o n l e i n t e r e s t e d in
turf m a n a g e m e n t , in m o s t c a s e s , t h e c o l l e g e is o p e n to
s u g g e s t i o n s and are w i l l i n g to h a n d l e t h e s e c o u r s e s w i t h
a s s i s t a n c e from t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l and a g u a r a n t e e of a
m i n i m u m n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s ; u s u a l l y t e n . S o m e of t h e c o u r s e s
a v a i l a b l e in o u r l o c a l U m p q u a C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e are T u r f
M a n a g e m e n t , W e e d and D i s e a s e C o n t r o l , R e c r e a t i o n F a c i l i t i e s
in F o r e s t r y , F i r s t A i d and S a f e t y , e t c . A g a i n , the m a j o r i t y
of t h e s e c o u r s e s a r e held in the e v e n i n g s o p e r s o n n e l can
a t t e n d w i t h o u t loss of w o r k t i m e .
In o u r d e p a r t m e n t w e h a v e t h e b e l i e f t h a t a n y o n e can
take a c o u r s e if t h a t p e r s o n is i n t e r e s t e d . T h e d e p a r t m e n t
p a y s his t u i t i o n and r e q u i r e d s u p p l i e s . H i s b o o k s are b o u g h t
by the d e p a r t m e n t and a f t e r the c o u r s e is c o m p l e t e d , r e t a i n e d
in the P a r k s D e p a r t m e n t L i b r a r y . I f e e l t h a t w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e ,
the d e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d h a n d l e t h e s e c o s t s as t h e e m p l o y e r
b e n e f i t s as m u c h as the e m p l o y e e . A l s o , c o m D e n s a t o r y t i m e is
given for t h o s e w h o c o m p l e t e the c o u r s e ; t h o s e w h o s t a r t and
do not finish receive n o n e .
Area 3

Denartmentai Training:
33

The last area I would

like

t o t a l k a b o u t t o d a y is w h a t you can s e t u p in y o u r own dep a r t m e n t . I d o u b t t h e r e is o n e g o l f c o u r s e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t
or parks director here who doesn't have some "in-service
t r a i n i n g " g o i n g on w h e t h e r h e is a w a r e of it o r n o t . T h e r e
is n o r e a s o n e v e r y o n e h e r e c a n ' t p a r t i c i p a t e in this for the
b e n e f i t s a r e w e l l w o r t h the t i m e . F o r a n y t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m
y o u m u s t i n c l u d e e v e r y m a n in y o u r d e p a r t m e n t w h o is i n t e r e s t e d in the c o u r s e , n o t just the k e y m e m b e r s .
An i m p o r t a n t f a c t to c o n s i d e r b e f o r e s e t t i n g up any
" i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " p r o g r a m is t h a t t h e p e r s o n h a n d l i n g
t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d be m a d e a w a r e of w h a t y o u are t r y i n g
t o a c c o m p l i s h s o t h a t h i s i n s t r u c t i o n is a p p r o p r i a t e and n o t
o f f on s o m e o t h e r a v e n u e , I h a v e a t t e n d e d t o o m a n y s e s s i o n s
w h e r e t h e m a i n t o p i c is l o s t . F o r e x a m p l e : t h e t o p i c m a y be
" N e w t r e n d s in i r r i g a t i o n " a n d t h e i n s t r u c t o r s t a r t s t a l k i n g
about one specific type of irrigation h e a d . This information
m i g h t b e o f i n t e r e s t to y o u b u t it is n o t w h v v o u c a m e t o the
c l a s s . A l s o , s o m e t i m e s , the i n s t r u c t i o n is t o o t e c h n i c a l
w h e n it i s n ' t n e e d e d . A n o t h e r p r o b l e m is t h e i n s t r u c t o r
w h o t r i e s t o c o v e r t o o m u c h at one t i m e . G i v e p l e n t v of
c l a s s h o u r s t o i m p o r t a n t i t e m s . Y o u can a l w a y s s e t up m o r e
c l a s s e s l a t e r on to c o v e r o t h e r t o p i c s .
In o u r d e p a r t m e n t , t h e c r e w s d i v i d e i n t o C o n s t r u c t i o n ,
M a i n t e n a n c e , Park Caretakers and Information Center Recept i o n i s t s , G r e e n T h u m b C r e w , Y o u t h E m p l o y m e n t and S u m m e r
H e l p . E a c h of t h e s e c r e w s is v e r y i m p o r t a n t and s h o u l d
r e c e i v e e q u a l t r a i n i n g in t h e i r own f i e l d . W e h a v e found
it is a m o r a l b u i l d e r if t h e y are p a r t of t h e o v e r - a l l
picture and included i n s i d e , or o u t s i d e , training s e s s i o n s .
O u r c o n s t r u c t i o n crew is w e l l - t r a i n e d c o n s t r u c t i o n
p e r s o n n e l and m o s t o f the t r a i n i n g t h e y h a v e r e c e i v e d h a s
been through "in-service training" or "on-the-job training,"
e i t h e r in o u r d e p a r t m e n t o r s p o n s o r e d b y o u r d e p a r t m e n t .
S o m e e x a m p l e s of t h e i r t a s k s is b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e s
f o r s o m e of o u r a r e a s . C o n s t r u c t i o n of b o a t r a m p s , b o t h on
the coast and i n l a n d , r o a d s , w a l k w a y s , considerable concrete
w o r k , installing irrigation systems, water systems, sewer
s y s t e m s , c l e a n i n g a l o n g w i t h d e v e l o p i n g p a r k and r e c r e a t i o n
areas and overnight camping a r e a s . Frequently the weather
in o u r p a r t of O r e g o n is k i n d e n o u g h t h a t w e are a b l e t o d o
t h e m a j o r i t y of o u r w o r k d u r i n g the w i n t e r e x c e p t at t h e c o a s t .
By t h e d e p a r t m e n t d o i n g the m a j o r i t y of t h e

34

construction,

we h a v e b e e n a b l e to s a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e m o n e y a n d t h e r e f o r e ,
help sell our budget to the budget c o m m i t t e e . A l s o , we have
b e e n a b l e t o p u t o u t t o b i d the t y p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h
t a k e s p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e to c o n s t r u c t .
O u r r e g u l a r M a i n t e n a n c e Crew is b u s y t h e y e a r a r o u n d
m a i n t a i n i n g the 50 d e v e l o p e d p a r k a r e a s a n d S a l m o n H a r b o r .
T h e y are r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m a i n t a i n i n g t h e b u i l d i n g s in o u r
park a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g w a t e r - f r o n t a r e a s , t u r f a r e a s , c l e a n
u p , garbage handling, e t c .
The C a r e t a k e r s and I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r R e c e p t i o n i s t s h e l p
w i t h t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e o v e r n i g h t c a m p i n g a r e a s and are
much involved with public relations. These caretakers also
c o l l e c t o u r c a m p i n g f e e s . T h e a b o v e a l w a v s w o r k t o g e t h e r and
if e i t h e r one of them h a s a w o r k i n g p r o b l e m it a f f e c t s the
over-all program.
T h e G r e e n T h u m b Crew is m a d e U D of o l d e r m e n w h o are
retired. They work under a federal program through the Nati o n a l Farm B u r e a u A s s o c i a t i o n w h e r e t h e c o u n t y is to show a
20% c o n t r i b u t i o n . T h i s is s h o w n in the form of s u p e r v i s i o n ,
i n s t r u c t i o n on u s e of e q u i p m e n t , e t c . T h i s w e h a v e found t o
be an e x c e l l e n t p r o g r a m .
We h o l d a g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s e s s i o n w i t h the G r e e n T h u m b
C r e w . From t h e s e s e s s i o n s , w e h a v e w o r k e d UP an i m p r o v e d
work s c h e d u l e f o r them and the m e n w h o a s s i s t them in t h e i r
areas.
The Y o u t h E m p l o y m e n t is a s o r t of c o u n t e r p a r t for Green
T h u m b . T h e s e are 16 to 18 y e a r - o l d b o y s h e l p i n g in the
d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p a r k a r e a s bv b u i l d i n g t r a i l s , c l e a r i n g
b r u s h , p a i n t i n g , e t c . We a s s i g n one b o y at a t i m e t o an o v e r n i g h t c a m p i n g area w h e r e he a s s i s t s the c a r e t a k e r s for a
p e r i o d of one or t w o w e e k s at a t i m e . T h i s is a p e r i o d of
r e a l " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " . D u r i n g this t i m e t h e y h e l p
p a i n t t a b l e s , clean f i r e b o x e s , m o w t u r f a r e a s , e m p t v g a r b a g e ,
etc.
W e i n c l u d e t h e s e y o u n g p e o p l e in any d e p a r t m e n t m e e t i n g s
and t h i s has b e e n a h e l p to t h e m and g i v e n them a f e e l i n g of
b e l o n g i n g and b e i n g a p a r t of the d e p a r t m e n t . A l s o , t h e y and
t h e i r a s s i g n e d crew f e e l m o r e c l o s e l v u n i t e d . We h a v e f o u n d
that t h e g e n e r a t i o n gap is n o t a p r o b l e m in o u r d e p a r t m e n t
and that the o l d - t i m e r s and t h e y o u n g f e l l o w s get a l o n g w e l l .
T h e s u m m e r crew is m a d e of v o u n g m e n w h o are e n r o l l e d
35

in

c o l l e g e o r t e c h n i c a l s c h o o l . T h e y a r e u s e d in b o t h
C o n s t r u c t i o n and M a i n t e n a n c e c r e w s .

the

D u r i n g the c o u r s e o f t h e y e a r c o n f e r e n c e s , s e m i n a r s or
w o r k s h o p s a r e h e l d . A g a i n , I w a n t to e m p h a s i z e t h a t a n y
p e r s o n n e l w h o w o u l d b e n e f i t by the p a r t i c u l a r s e s s i o n s h o u l d
be included.
Staff m e e t i n g s , held once a m o n t h , where p l a n s , problems
a n d a i m s of t h e d e p a r t m e n t a r e d i s c u s s e d a r e e x c e l l e n t for
c o m m u n i c a t i o n . These general " b u l l sessions" often produce
i d e a s t h a t are o f r e a l v a l u e .
Be s u r e to i n c l u d e y o u r s e l f on t h e " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g "
p r o g r a m e v e n t h o u g h y o u are i n v o l v e d in s e t t i n g u p y o u r p r o g r a m
f o r y o u r d e p a r t m e n t o r s t a f f . Y o u , as the top s u p e r v i s o r ,
s h o u l d a l w a y s t a k e p a r t in t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s t o b e t t e r y o u r s e l f . A g o o d e x a m p l e is t h e c o n f e r e n c e y o u are a t t e n d i n g n o w .
A n o t h e r r e a s o n t h a t " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " is i m p o r t a n t
is w h e n it c o m e s t i m e f o r s a l a r y r e v i e w . If y o u can show that
y o u r p e o p l e h a v e r e c e i v e d a d d i t i o n a l t r a i n i n g d u r i n g the v e a r ,
t h i s h e l p s y o u j u s t i f y an i n c r e a s e . T h i s has h e l p e d u p g r a d e
o u r p e r s o n n e l ' s s a l a r i e s a n d job p o s i t i o n s .
In c o n c l u s i o n , I f e e l t h a t it is v e r y i m p o r t a n t w h e n any
r e c r e a t i o n o r i e n t e d a g e n c y , w h e t h e r it be p a r k s , g o l f c o u r s e s ,
or o t h e r s , to h a v e a s t r o n g " i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g " p r o g r a m for
t h e b e n e f i t of b o t h t h e d e p a r t m e n t a n d the p u b l i c w h o they
serve.

36

Proper Specifications for Irrigation Systems1
Roger

L.

Gordon2

I used to think that a lack of competent designers was
t h e m a j o r b o t t l e n e c k in t h e i r r i g a t i o n i n d u s t r y , b u t o v e r
t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s I h a v e b e g u n t o r e a l i z e t h a t it is n o t
t h a t s i m p l e . T h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c o i n is t h a t t h e p e o p l e
who purchase the systems g e n e r a l l y know v e r y little about
w h a t they are b u y i n g . They do know the d i f f e r e n c e between a
h i g h e r a n d l o w e r p r i c e , h o w e v e r . As a r e s u l t t h e s e l l e r s o f
systems are not forced to come up with a b e t t e r t o t a l p r o d u c t
but must respond instead to a demand for the lowest p r i c e .
Too often this means that when a new p r o d u c t such as a controlle]
o r v a l v e is i n t r o d u c e d , it w i l l b e u s e d as a s a l e s g i m m i c k
or to somehow make the total system cheaper.
In v i e w o f t h i s , I w o u l d l i k e t o s a y a f e w t h i n g s a b o u t
what I feel the procedure for obtaining a good irrigation
system should b e . Then we w i l l get s o m e w h a t more t e c h n i c a l .
F i r s t , t h e e v o l u t i o n o f s p r i n k l e r e q u i p m e n t in t h e l a s t
ten years has been p h e n o m e n a l . Yet most systems which go into
the ground today are no different and n o better than the ones
built ten years ago.
F o r i n s t a n c e , in l a r g e a r e a s l i k e g o l f c o u r s e s o r p a r k s ,
it is p o s s i b l e t o h a v e c e n t r a l r e m o t e p r o g r a m m i n g in o n e
p l a c e f o r a g r e a t n u m b e r o f a u t o m a t i c s p r i n k l e r c o n t r o l s in
t h e f i e l d and t o h a v e t h e s p r i n k l e r s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s e f i e l d
controls a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l area r e q u i r e m e n t s .
By
doing this we eliminate wet and dry a r e a s , we use n o more
than the m i n i m u m a m o u n t of w a t e r to m a i n t a i n the p l a n t , and
we can compensate for climate v a r i a t i o n s instantly at one
convenient location.
A l l o w i n g t h a t w e h a v e h a d s o m e i n f l a t i o n in t h e l a s t
few y e a r s , t h i s s y s t e m w i l l c o s t n o m o r e t h a n t h e s y s t e m o f
f i v e o r t e n y e a r s a g o d i d in its d a y . B u t , t o o o f t e n , p e o p l e
are s t i l l g e t t i n g t h e s y s t e m of five or ten y e a r s a g o and
p a y i n g t o d a y ' s p r i c e s t o g e t i t . W h a t I a m t r y i n g t o s a y is

— Paper presented at the 24th N . W . Turfgrass C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970.
2/
—Landscape

Irrigation Consultant, Redondo Beach,
37

California.

t h a t w i t h a l l o f t h e n e w p r o d u c t s a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s , it is a
f u l l t i m e job t o k e e p u p w i t h t h e m a n d t o c r e a t i v e l y p u t them
t o w o r k f o r u s in t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t w a y .
T h e f i r s t t h i n g t h a t a s y s t e m p u r c h a s e r s h o u l d d o is
t o a c q u i r e a k n o w l e d g e o f t h e c r i t e r i a f o r j u d g i n g the b a s i c
t h e o r y o f a s p r i n k l e r d e s i g n a n d the c o m p e t e n c y o f t h e p e o p l e
h e is d e a l i n g w i t h . W e w i l l d i s c u s s s o m e o f t h e s e c r i t e r i a
shortly. He should use this knowledge to hire a consultant
t o d o t h e a c t u a l t e c h n i c a l p a r t o f the p r o j e c t . W i t h h i s
k n o w l e d g e o f s o m e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t r e q u i r e m e n t s of h i s p r o j e c t ,
the buyer can be of great assistance to the designer and
c a n a s s u r e h i m s e l f t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s are b e i n g m e t in the
design.
The designer should be retained to prepare complete
plans and specifications for the s y s t e m . They should spell
o u t e x a c t l y w h a t he w a n t s a n d h o w it is t o b e i n s t a l l e d .
The buyer and designer should at this point make up a
list of qualified system installers to consider for the job.
T h e y s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s of p a s t e x p e r i e n c e w i t h
s i m i l a r p r o j e c t s , f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , and r e p u t a t i o n for
conscientious performance and warrantee service.
N e x t c o m e s s t a k i n g o f s p r i n k l e r l o c a t i o n s and l i n e s in
t h e f i e l d . S i n c e t h e b u y e r is g o i n g t o p a y f o r t h i s s e r v i c e
r e g a r d l e s s o f w h o d o e s i t , it is o n l y l o g i c a l t h a t he h i r e
t h e d e s i g n e r f o r t h i s s e r v i c e . T h i s k e e p s t h e d e s i g n e r on
t h e j o b as an o b s e r v e r a n d i n s p e c t o r m u c h m o r e t h a n n o r m a l ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y during the early phases of the installation and
is a d d e d i n s u r a n c e t h a t t h e w o r k w i l l go s m o o t h l y as p l a n n e d .
I a m r e a l l y a m a z e d t h a t t h i s is n o t d o n e v e r y o f t e n .
Most
o f o u r p r o j e c t s a r e d o n e t h i s w a y . A f t e r a l l , the d e s i g n e r
is t h e o n l y p e r s o n i n v o l v e d w h o is f a m i l i a r e n o u g h w i t h t h e
t h e o r y of his d e s i g n , safety f a c t o r s , and flexibility to be
able to make field changes safely and economically.
F i n a l l y , w e h a v e a s - b u i l t d r a w i n g s o f t h e s y s t e m as
it is i n s t a l l e d . If y o u t h i n k a b o u t i t , t h e t y p i c a l s p r i n k l e r
s y s t e m a s - b u i l t d r a w i n g ( i f , i n d e e d , o n e is e v e r m a d e ) is
u s u a l l y n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n an o r i g i n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n p l a n w i t h
a few changes reflecting equipment added or deleted during
installation.
In o r d e r t o k e e p p r e v e n t i v e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r c o s t s
t o a m i n i m u m , w e b e l i e v e t h a t , in m o s t c a s e s , t h e p l a n s h o u l d
b e r e - d r a w n to r e f l e c t a c t u a l l o c a t i o n s o f a l l e q u i p m e n t w i t h
38

d i m e n s i o n s to a l l v a l v e s , e t c . w h i c h m i g h t be d i f f i c u l t t o
locate w i t h the p a s s i n g o f t i m e . A f t e r a l l , t h e o r i g i n a l
p l a n w a s p r e p a r e d f o r a c o n s t r u c t i o n c r e w to u s e in b i d d i n g
and i n s t a l l i n g . T h e a s - b u i l t p l a n w i l l be u s e d b y t h e o w n e r
or his e m p l o y e e s for m a i n t e n a n c e p u r p o s e s . T h e s e a r e v a s t l y
different things. Since most contractors are not prepared
to go t o t h i s e x t e n t , it a g a i n s e e m s l o g i c a l t o m e t h a t t h e
d e s i g n e r s h o u l d be g i v e n t h i s f u n c t i o n . A g a i n , m o s t o f o u r
p r o j e c t s are d o n e t h i s w a y , a n d y e t it is t h e e x c e p t i o n r a t h e r
than the r u l e . A l o n g w i t h the a s - b u i l t d r a w i n g s w e g i v e t h e
o w n e r a W a t e r i n g P r o g r a m and i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r it's i m p l e m e n tation.
So f a r , w e h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r i n g w h a t w e f e e l is the
n e c e s s a r y p r o c e d u r e in o b t a i n i n g a g o o d i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m .
B u t , what about these criteria we mentioned earlier that a
b u y e r s h o u l d f a m i l i a r i z e h i m s e l f w i t h . W e l l , t h e y are s o m e
of the b a s i c r u l e s of g o o d d e s i g n a n d good i n s t a l l a t i o n
practice.
»

The first s t e p in d e s i g n is t h e g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n .
We f i g u r e t h a t the m o r e you k n o w a b o u t a p r o j e c t , the m o r e
v a l u e y o u w i l l u l t i m a t e l y get from the i n v e s t m e n t .
The
e n t i r e e c o n o m y of t h e s y s t e m and it's © D e r a t i o n from the d a y
y o u b u y it to t h e d a y y o u r e p l a c e it w i l l be d e t e r m i n e d r i g h t
here a n d n o w on the d e s i g n b o a r d .
The s i t e n l a n s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d , for l a r g e r D r o j e c t s
at l e a s t , from a c c u r a t e a e r i a l p h o t o g r a n h v . Y o u m u s t h a v e a
t o p o g r a p h i c m a p of the area w i t h at l e a s t 5 foot c o n t o u r s
(2 foot c o n t o u r s are b e t t e r ) . T h e s e are o f t e n a v a i l a b l e from
v a r i o u s s o u r c e s . If t h e y are n o t , h a v e t h e m m a d e for v o u
by a good a e r i a l s u r v e v c o m p a n y .
You s h o u l d h a v e a p l a n t i n g p l a n for l o c a t i o n s , s i z e s
and v a r i e t i e s of the v a r i o u s g r a s s e s , g r o u n d c o v e r s , s h r u b s
and t r e e s .
It is h e l p f u l to h a v e as g o o d a r e a d i n g as p o s s i b l e on
s o i l t y p e s . T h e s e m a y v a r y t h r o u g h o u t the s i t e , b u t v o u
s h o u l d a l w a y s know the w o r s t a r e a s from a w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n
s t a n d p o i n t and t h e i r e x t e n t .
C l i m a t e i n f o r m a t i o n is v e r y i m o o r t a n t . In
k n o w i n g the v a r i o u s s e a s o n s a n d t h e i r e x t r e m e s ,
n a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d in n o r m a l t e m n e r a t u r e s ,
r a i n f a l l , and wind velocitv and direction. The
be b a s e d on w h a t you c o n s i d e r as the w o r s t t i m e
39

a d d i t i o n to
w e are
humiditv,
design should
of t h e y e a r

from a watering s t a n d p o i n t . Long d a y s , excessive h e a t s , and
w i n d s a r e s o m e o f the m o s t c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s .
N e x t w e s h o u l d c o n s i d e r w h a t t h e a r e a s a r e to be u s e d f o r .
O b v i o u s l y , s u c h a r e a s a s t h e l a w n s on a p r i v a t e e s t a t e , a
football f i e l d , a little league ball f i e l d , a golf course, a
city p a r k , and landscaping along a freeway w i l l all receive
d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t , a n d v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of q u a l i t y of m a i n t e n a n c e . In the w a y of i l l u s t r a t i o n , t h e r e is a l i t t l e l e a g u e
b a l l f i e l d n e a r m y h o m e w h i c h h a s a w e l l d e s i g n e d and i n s t a l l e d
h i g h l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , t h e a r e a is
m a i n t a i n e d by v o l u n t e e r h e l p ( f a t h e r s of t h e a s p i r i n g b a l l
p l a y e r s ) , m o s t of w h o m h a v e l i t t l e o r n o k n o w l e d g e of t h e
s y s t e m o r i t s o p e r a t i o n . As a r e s u l t , t h e s y s t e m h a s n e v e r
o p e r a t e d u p to its p o t e n t i a l a n d is c o n t i n u a l l y m i s h a n d l e d
a n d u n m a i n t a i n e d s o t h a t it is in c o n s t a n t n e e d of r e p a i r .
T h e y s h o u l d h a v e h a d the s i m p l e s t t y p e o f s y s t e m p o s s i b l e .
It m a y n o t h a v e d o n e as g o o d a j o b u n d e r i d e a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,
b u t w o u l d h a v e b e e n b e t t e r t h a n w h a t t h e y have.* By c o n t r a s t
a g o l f c o u r s e h a s a c o n t i n u o u s f u l l t i m e m a i n t e n a n c e crew
and o r o c r a m and s h o u l d d e f i n i t e l y t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e
e c o n o m y of a m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d s y s t e m .
N e x t , k n o w w h a t y o u r w a t e r s u p p l y i s . Be a b l e to d e s c r i b e
it b o t h q u a n t i t a t i v e l y a n d q u a l i t a t i v e l y . H o w m u c h w a t e r
is a v a i l a b l e in g a l l o n s p e r m i n u t e a n d a t w h a t p r e s s u r e is
it a v a i l a b l e ?
Are there p u m p s , r e s e r v o i r s , w e l l s , water meters
involved?
If it is a w e l l , h a v e a t e s t run t o d e t e r m i n e w a t e r
q u a l i t y ( c h e m i c a l l y ) , q u a n t i t y , d r a w d o w n , and w h e t h e r s a n d
o r o t h e r s o l i d s are b e i n g p u m p e d . If y o u h a v e one or m o r e
e x i s t i n g p u m p s , o b t a i n p e r f o r m a n c e c u r v e s and a d e s c r i p t i o n
o f t h e s t a r t i n g c o n t r o l s f r o m the m a n u f a c t u r e r o r c o m p a n y
t h a t i n s t a l l e d t h e m . If p u m p i n g from a r e s e r v o i r w e n e e d
t o k n o w t h e t o t a l g a l l o n a g e a v a i l a b l e , h o w and at w h a t r a t e
is it f i l l e d , how g o o d is t h e w a t e r f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of
a l g a e , w e e d s , e t c . , a n d h o w is t h e w a t e r s c r e e n e d b e f o r e
e n t e r i n g the p u m p . For a c i t y w a t e r s e r v i c e w e n e e d t o know
t h e s i z e o f t h e s e r v i c e and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e ( n o r m a l and d u r i n g
peak use periods.)
For all of these w a t e r s o u r c e s , we need
t o k n o w t h e i r e l e v a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e a r e a to be w a t e r e d .
N e x t w e n e e d t o k n o w w h e r e t o o b t a i n a s o u r c e of e l e c t r i c
p o w e r . If a p u m p s t a t i o n is i n v o l v e d , c h e c k t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
o f 2 2 0 V * and 4 H 0 V - 3 p h a s e p o w e r a n d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e
power company will allow across-the-line starting or require
an i n c r e m e n t s t a r t . For t h e s y s t e m a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s , a
s o u r c e o f 1 1 5 V - 60 c y c l e p o w e r of f a i r l y low a m p e r a g e w i l l
be r e q u i r e d .
40

A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t t h i n g w h i c h m u s t be c h e c k e d is t h e
various building code r e q u i r e m e n t s . The Health Department
and P l u m b i n g D e p a r t m e n t w i l l n o d o u b t d i c t a t e t h e t y p e o f
backflow prevention devices required for metered w a t e r services
and the E l e c t r i c a l D e p a r t m e n t w i l l h a v e c o d e r e q u i r e m e n t s
w h i c h w i l l d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r u n d e r g r o u n d w i r i n g is in c o n d u i t
or d i r e c t b u r i a l a n d how d e e p it i s . Be s u r e t o c h e c k a l l
of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e t y p e of p r o j e c t . I
have found an a m a z i n g l y w i d e v a r i a t i o n in c o d e s from one
area t o a n o t h e r .
If o n l y p a r t of t h e a r e a is to be d e v e l o p e d now and t h e
r e s t l a t e r , t a k e t h i s i n t o a c c o u n t by p r o v i d i n g a d e q u a t e
w a t e r and p o w e r for the t o t a l p r o j e c t a l o n g w i t h s u f f i c i e n t
p i p e and w i r e s i z e to a c c o m o d a t e the f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n .
Most of the t h i n g s I h a v e b e e n t a l k i n g a b o u t w i l l be
d o n e by t h e d e s i g n e r as p a r t o f h i s s e r v i c e . T h e p e r s o n
b u y i n g the s y s t e m s h o u l d be a w a r e of t h e m s o t h a t he can m a k e
sure t h a t t h e y h a v e , in f a c t , b e e n c o n s i d e r e d .
N e x t , I w o u l d like t o run d o w n w h a t I c o n s i d e r to be
some of the m a j o r c r i t i c a l d e s i g n c r i t e r i a .
1.

Sprinkler Head Spacing - Triangular Spacings
s t a t e d in m a n u f a c t u r e r s c a t a l o g s are o f t e n r a t h e r
i d e a l i s t i c . If v o u s t i c k w i t h the f o l l o w i n g
r u l e , y o u w i l l be on s a f e g r o u n d e x c e p t u n d e r
extreme conditions:
Lawn a n d s h r u b s p r a y s — 60 - 70% of the d i a m e t e r
of c o v e r a g e of t h e p a r t i c u l a r s p r i n k l e r s .
R o t o r p o p - u p or a b o v e - g r o u n d a g r i c u l t u r a l type
i m p a c t s p r i n k l e r s — 50 - 56% of the d i a m e t e r of
coverage.
S p a c i n g s g r e a t e r than t h e s e w i l l o p e r a t e v e r y
p o o r l y a t b e s t in e v e n a l i g h t w i n d c o n d i t i o n .

2.

Precipitation Rate and Water

Requirements

P r e s u m e the f o l l o w i n g s a m p l e

system:

S p r i n k l e r - R o t o r p o p - u p - 20 GPM
Spacing - 70' triangular

41

T o f i g u r e t h e r a t e o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n , u s e the
following formula:
GPM x 96.3

(Sp)2

x

.866

In o u r S a m p l e :
20 x 96.3 = 1926 = .45 i n c h e s p e r h o u r
( 7 0 ) 2 x .866

4243.4

F o r e v e r y h o u r o p e r a t i o n of the e n t i r e s y s t e m ,
.45 i n c h e s of w a t e r w i l l b e a p p l i e d . If y o u
n e e d one inch of w a t e r p e r w e e k e v e r y s p r i n k l e r
w i l l h a v e t o o p e r a t e for 2.2 h o u r s o r a b o u t
two h o u r s a n d t w e l v e m i n u t e s .
N o r m a l l y , of c o u r s e , a s y s t e m is n o t d e s i g n e d
t o o p e r a t e a l l at o n e t i m e b e c a u s e of w a t e r
s u p p l y l i m i t a t i o n s . On l a r g e s y s t e m s , it m a y
t a k e as m a n y as 20 to 30 c o n s e c u t i v e i n c r e m e n t s
to f i n a l l y c o v e r the w h o l e a r e a . If e a c h increm e n t m u s t w a t e r for t w o h o u r s a n d t w e l v e m i n u t e s
( o u r s a m p l e ) and it t a k e s 30 i n c r e m e n t s , t h e n
o u r t o t a l w a t e r i n g t i m e for 1" p e r w e e k w i l l be
2 h o u r s a n d 12 m i n u t e s x 30 - 66 h o u r s p e r w e e k .
N o w y o u can b e g i n t o see t h a t in s o m e a r e a s w h e r e
w a t e r i n g t i m e is r e s t r i c t e d , w e can h a v e a
p r o b l e m . Unfortrunatelv, a c o m m o n p r a c t i c e t o
c u t t h e p r i c e of a g o l f c o u r s e s y s t e m h a s b e e n
t o r e d u c e t h e q u a n t i t y of w a t e r s u p p l v r e q u i r e m e n t and t h e r e f o r e , p i p e s i z e s . If y o u are
u n a w a r e t h a t t h i s m e a n s y o u w i l l be w a t e r i n g
w h i l e p e o p l e are g o l f i n g , it is e a s y to fall
p r e y t o t h i s t r i c k . On p a p e r the s y s t e m s m a y
look a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l .
Piping and Pipe

Materials

T h e t h e o r y and h i s t o r y of p i p e m a t e r i a l s is an
e n t i r e s u b j e c t by i t s e l f . W e h a v e n o t t h e time
h e r e t o d e l v e into it d e e p l y . S u f f i c e to s a y
that p o l y v i n y l chloride (PVC) pipe and fittings
are the m o s t c o m m o n ones b e i n g u s e d in o u r i n d u s t r y
t o d a v . In s m a l l e r s i z e s and for l a t e r a l s p r i n k l e r
lines w e u s e m a i n l v a s o l v e n t w e l d e d j o i n t . In
42

l a r g e r s i z e s for m a i n l i n e s , w e a r e u s i n g P V C w i t h
a r u b b e r r i n g j o i n t m o r e and m o r e . In s i z e s 6"
and o v e r w e c o n s i d e r t h e r e l a t i v e e c o n o m y of
a s b e s t o s - c e m e n t a n d , if t h e c o m p a r i s o n f o r an ind i v i d u a l p r o j e c t is f a v o r a b l e , w e u s e t h a t .
Rubber
r i n g P V C h a s b e e n a v a i l a b l e in o n l y c l a s s 1 6 0 , b u t
c l a s s 200 is s t a r t i n g t o a p p e a r . As l o n g as o u r
static and operating pressures do not get much over
125 P S I a n d o u r v e l o c i t i e s are u n d e r a b o u t f o u r o r
five feet p e r s e c o n d , t h e c l a s s 160 P V C is a d e q u a t e .
If p r e s s u r e s m u s t r u n a b n o r m a l l y h i g h f o r s o m e r e a s o n ,
w e w o u l d go t o an a p p r o p r i a t e c l a s s o f a s b e s t o s c e m e n t . F o r a v a r i e t y of r e a s o n , the s m a l l e r
l a t e r a l l i n e s s e e m t o t a k e t h e g r e a t e s t a b u s e from
pressure surges and physical beating due to surface
loads t r a n s m i t t e d t h o r u g h t h e s p r i n k l e r s e t c .
T h e r e f o r e , we normally increase the class of pipe
on the l a t e r a l s a t l e a s t one c l a s s . On g o l f c o u r s e s
w e u s e c l a s s 160 in t h e m a i n s a n d c l a s s 250 o r 315
in t h e l a t e r a l s .
When calculating pipe sizes for a particular system
( p r e s u m i n g a l l h e a d s are of the s a m e g e n e r a l t y p e )
t h e m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m p r e s s u r e s a n y w h e r e in the
s v s t e m s h o u l d be w i t h i n a r a n g e a m o u n t i n g t o a b o u t
20% of the o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e o f t h e s p r i n k l e r a n d
in n o c a s e s h o u l d t h e m i n i m u m be l e s s t h a n t h e
design operating pressure.
I s u p p o s e I w o u l d b e r e m i s s if I d i d n o t m e n t i o n
the e n d l e s s c o n t r o v e r s y b e t w e e n h y d r a u l i c and
e l e c t r i c c o n t r o l s f o r a u t o m a t i c s y s t e m s . We h a v e
always taken the stand that we try to solve every
p r o b l e m in the m o s t e c o n o m i c w a y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h
g o o d d e s i g n a n d o p e r a t i o n . In this c a s e , t h e
p r o b l e m is t o o p e n and c l o s e a v a l v e w i t h i n c e r t a i n
t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s a n d w i t h an e y e t o w a r d u n i f o r m
r e s p o n s e and y e a r s of t r o u b l e - f r e e s e r v i c e .
Over
the years we have certainly done a great many hydraulic systems which satisfied these requirements
v e r y w e l l . A l s o , h y d r a u l i c h a s a l w a y s h a d an adv a n t a g e in t e r m s of c o s t . In a r e a s w h e r e t h e w i n t e r s
a r e c o l d , f r e e z i n g can c a u s e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f
p r o b l e m s a n d the d e s i g n of the c o n t r o l s y s t e m b e c o m e s v e r y c r i t i c a l if t h e r e is s u b s t a n t i a l e l e v a t i o n
d i f f e r e n t i a l on t h e p r o j e c t s i t e . In a d d i t i o n ,
t h e r e s e e m s t o b e an i n c r e a s i n g l y g r e a t e r v a r i e t y
of e q u i p m e n t a n d f e a t u r e s in e l e c t r i c c o n t r o l s .
For
43

these reasons we have been doing more electric
t h a n h y d r a u l i c r e c e n t l y . E a c h c a s e s h o u l d be
d e c i d e d on
its own m e r i t s , b u t e l e c t r i c s e e m s
to be gaining a f o o t h o l d . H o w e v e r , if wire
p r i c e s d o n o t s e t t l e d o w n , t h i s c o u l d b e an
influencing factor.
Material and Installation

Specifications

M o s t e v e r y p i e c e of s p r i n k l e r e q u i p m e n t t h a t I
can t h i n k o f at t h e m o m e n t , be it s p r i n k l e r s ,
v a l v e s , c o n t r o l l e r s , p i p e , or w h a t h a v e y o u , is
of i t s e l f a m o r e o r l e s s w e l l d e s i g n e d , s e r v i c e a b l e item w h i c h w h i c h h a s a p l a c e in the i n d u s t r y .
One of the things we watch out for during the
d e s i g n p h a s e is t h a t a l l o f t h e e q u i p m e n t w o r k s
w e l l n o t o n l y as an i n d i v i d u a l , b u t is c o m p a t i b l e
w i t h a l l of t h e r e s t of t h e s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s
to make a smooth and efficient assembly.
W h e n w r i t i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s for the m a t e r i a l s w e
try wherever possible to allow alternate brand
n a m e s o r m a t e r i a l s to be s u b m i t t e d . It is i m p o r t a n t
t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s b e w r i t t e n c l e a r l y in a w a v
t h a t d o e s n o t a l l o w an i n c o m p a t i b l e g r o u p of
materials to be submitted.
Installation spcifications should spell out the
t y p e of p e r f o r m a n c e w e e x p e c t d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n .
N a t u r a l l y , t h e y s h o u l d c o v e r s u c h t h i n g s as how
d e e p t h e p i p e is t o be b u r i e d a n d s e t s t a n d a r d s
for c o m p a c t i o n of b a c k f i l l of e x c a v a t e d m a t e r i a l .
T h e y s h o u l d a l s o s e t s t a n d a r d s of c a r e and r e p a i r
o f e x i s t i n g s o d a n d p l a n t i n g s . If t h e p r o j e c t is
an e x i s t i n g one t h a t is in u s e o r a n e w one u n d e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n , it s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y s p e l l e d out
how much interference with these other activities
w i l l be a l l o w e d . W e do a g r e a t m a n y s y s t e m r e p l a c e m e n t s on e x i s t i n g g o l f c o u r s e s and o u r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
spell out very clearly that we will not close a hole
to p l a y . C o n s t r u c t i o n m u s t go on without d i s r u p t i n g
p l a y . T h e l o s s o f r e v e n u e in c l o s i n g a golf c o u r s e
d o w n is f a r in e x c e s s of t h e s m a l l p r e m i u m y o u p a y
f o r t h i s t y p e of i n s t a l l a t i o n . D e t a i l d r a w i n g s s h o u l d
a c c o m p a n y the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s t o c l e a r l y c o v e r s u c h
i t e m s as s w i n g j o i n t s on the s p r i n k l e r h e a d s . A

44

s w i n g j o i n t is a f i t t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t b e t w e e n p i p e
a n d h e a d w h i c h a l l o w s t h e h e a d to b e s e t s t r a i g h t
a n d e x a c t l y to g r a d e , b u t its m a i n p u r p o s e is to
p r o t e c t t h e p i p e from d a m a g e w h i c h can o c c u r from
surface loads applied to the sprinkler h e a d .
All
s p r i n k l e r s on a l l t y p e s o f s y s t e m s from r e s i d e n t i a l
t o g o l f c o u r s e s s h o u l d h a v e s o m e form of s w i n g j o i n t .
T o sum u p , e v e r y s y s t e m s h o u l d b e b u i l t u s i n g o n l y the
b e s t q u a l i t y m a t e r i a l s p r o p e r l y i n s t a l l e d . Do n o t s a v e m o n e y
b y c h e a p e n i n g . I f c o s t s m u s t b e r e d u c e d , d o it b y e l i m i n a t i n g
s o m e o f the less i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s o f o p e r a t i o n o r b y s a v i n g
a small area for future installation. Above a l l , do your
e c o n o m i z i n g on t h e d e s i g n b o a r d , n o t a f t e r y o u s t a r t c o n s t r u c tion.

45

A Look at Oregon Parks - Their Lawns,
Play Fields and Golf Courses1
Willard

Lighty

and W i l b u r

L.

Bluhm 2

S u r v e y q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e s e n t t o 85 O r e g o n c i t y , c o u n t y ,
and district park administrators during J u l y , 1970 to gain
i n f o r m a t i o n on p a r k s t u r f p r o g r a m s .
O f t h e 8 5 , 62 r e s p o n d e d .
T h e i n f o r m a t i o n s o u g h t , a n d r e c e i v e d , is s u m m a r i z e d in t h i s
r e p o r t . The state was divided into four geographical areas
for this report.

t h e N u m b e r R e s p o n d i n g to t h e S u r v e y .
First number, preceding
t h e h y p h e n , in e a c h r e g i o n i n d i c a t e s n u m b e r o f s y s t e m s to
whom surveys were sent. Second number, following hyphen,
i n d i c a t e s t h e n u m b e r o f s y s t e m s r e s p o n d i n g to the s u r v e y .

¿ / P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970,
2/
— A r e a Extension Agents, Oregon State University,
46

Corvallis.

T h i s s u r v e y did n o t i n c l u d e p a r k s f a c i l i t i e s o p e r a t e d a n d
maintained by port a u t h o r i t i e s , various federal and state agencies
private o w n e r s h i p , and others than those previously m e n t i o n e d .
Of t h e 85 w h i c h w e r e s u r v e y e d , 10 are s a i d t o h a v e n o p a r k s
a c r e a g e . T h e o t h e r 75 h a v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 6 , 0 0 0 t o t a l p a r k
a c r e s . Of t h o s e w h i c h r e s p o n d e d , 53 r e p o r t m a i n t a i n e d t u r f
a c r e a g e , 5 have no maintained turf a c r e a g e , and 4 have n o
p a r k s a c r e a g e . A b o u t 12% o f t o t a l p a r k s a c r e a g e s u r v e y e d is
in m a i n t a i n e d t u r f . T h e m a n a g e d t u r f is d i v i d e d a b o u t e q u a l l y
between lawn type turf and athletic-golf u s a g e .
Table 1. Total Park and Park Turf Acreages

Reg ion
Coast
W i l l . Valley
Southern O r e .
Eastern O r e .

Total Acres în Parks
Number
Ave.
Report i ng Acreage
8
23
6
15

5482
14523
8919
1986

685.3
631.4
1486.5
132.4

Acreage Maintained as Turf
Number
Ave.
Acreage
Report i ng
8
21
6
15

181
2160
1113
210

22.6
102.9
185.5
60.0

S e v e r a l p a r k s s y s t e m s r e p o r t e d t o b e in v a r i o u s s t a g e s
of d e v e l o p m e n t . T u r f p r o g r a m s of t h e s e p a r k s o f t e n h a v e a
lower priority than other parks p r o g r a m s . Several respondents
indicated that turf maintenance levels would increase with
maturity of the parks s y s t e m .
N o t a l l r e s p o n d e n t s a n s w e r e d e a c h q u e s t i o n in t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . Certain questions were not applicable or were unanswerable for s o m e d e p a r t m e n t s . T h e r e f o r e , s o m e d i s c r e p a n c y in
number responding to a given question and number of total
r e s p o n d e n t s ( 6 2 ) w i l l be n o t e d in t h e i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h f o l l o w s .
N o r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o r m a n a g e m e n t o f
parks and parks turf programs are intended or should be implied.
N o r d o r e s u l t s of t h i s s u r v e y n e c e s s a r i l y i n d i c a t e d e s i r a b l e
or u n d e s i r a b l e p a r k s t u r f m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s .
W e g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e t h e fine e f f o r t s o f t h o s e w h o coo p e r a t e d w i t h us in t h i s s u r v e y , a n d t h a n k t h e m f o r t h e i r h e l p *
We h o p e t h i s r e p o r t w i l l be o f i n t e r e s t and u s e t o t h e m , as
w e l l as t o o t h e r s w h o m a y , in one w a y o r a n o t h e r , be i n v o l v e d
with parks turf p r o g r a m s .
Budgets and Budget

Allocations

B u d g e t s of p a r k s s y s t e m s s u r v e y e d r a n g e w i d e l y , b u t
g e n e r a l l y in p r o p o r t i o n to p o p u l a t i o n , from a t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s
47

a n d l e s s f o r a n u m b e r of s m a l l e r s y s t e m s t o o v e r a m i l l i o n
d o l l a r s f o r s e v e r a l o f t h e l a r g e r s y s t e m s . T h e s e b u d g e t s are
likely to include entries for construction p r o g r a m s , recreat i o n a l p r o g r a m s , s w i m m i n g p o o l s , a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s as w e l l
as t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t .
Smaller budgeted parks systems tend to use a larger prop o r t i o n of t h e i r t o t a l b u d g e t f o r t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e than do
those systems with larger total budgets. Parks systems with
o n e o r m o r e g o l f c o u r s e s t e n d to d e v o t e r e l a t i v e l y m o r e o f
t o t a l parks budget to turf m a i n t e n a n c e , and the more golf
courses m a i n t a i n e d , generally the relatively greater amount
of t o t a l b u d g e t s p e n t on t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e .
Seven parks systems surveyed, with total budgets ranging
f r o m $ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 to $ 9 7 5 , 0 0 0 , s p e n d on a v e r a g e of 10.6 p e r c e n t
o f t h i s t o t a l b u d g e t on t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e . T h e r a n g e is from
a l o w o f 4 . 3 p e r c e n t t o a h i g h o f 54.3 p e r c e n t .
T e n s m a l l e r s y s t e m s , w i t h t o t a l b u d g e t s b e t w e e n $200
a n d $ 9 0 , 0 0 0 , s p e n d an a v e r a g e of 5 0 . 4 p e r c e n t of t h e i r t o t a l
b u d g e t on t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e . T h e r a n g e is from a low o f 7.3
p e r c e n t to a h i g h of n e a r l y 100 p e r c e n t .
It is d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t a n d m a k e c o n c l u s i o n s on
b u d g e t a r y m a t t e r s f r o m t h e s u r v e y . It w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t
m a n y p a r k s d e p a r t m e n t s h a v e u n i q u e a c c o u n t i n g s y s t e m s in
t h a t t h e y d i f f e r from t h o s e o f o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s . C o s t s are
r e p o r t e d or a l l o c a t e d in d i f f e r i n g w a y s . M a n y of t h e s m a l l e r
d e p a r t m e n t s and d i s t r i c t s a p p a r e n t l y d o n o t h a v e r e s o u r c e s for
c o s t a n a l y s i s a c c o u n t i n g s y s t e m s . It w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t , b e c a u c e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s , the a v e r a g e t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e p e r c e n t a g e s , given a b o v e , are somewhat c o n s e r v a t i v e , especially
for those departments with the smaller total budgets.
S o m e p a r k s s y s t e m s r e c e i v e c e r t a i n t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e items
s u c h as i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r a n d e q u i p m e n t , p e s t c o n t r o l , and f e r t
i l i z e r , d i r e c t l y from c i t y or c o u n t y g o v e r n m e n t s and o u t s i d e
o f t h e p a r k s b u d g e t . S o m e are p r o v i d e d l a b o r from a l o c a l
g o v e r n m e n t l a b o r p o o l . T h e s e are m o r e l i k e l y s i t u a t i o n s w i t h
smaller parks s y s t e m s . Advantages and disadvantages were
b o t h e x p r e s s e d on t h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s .
N i n e p a r k s s y s t e m s r e p o r t e d s p e n d i n g an a v e r a g e o f 5.0
p e r c e n t of t h e i r t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e b u d g e t on i r r i g a t i o n , and
2.7 p e r c e n t o f it on p e s t c o n t r o l . E i g h t s p e n t an a v e r a g e
of 9.4 p e r c e n t of t h e i r t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e b u d g e t on f e r t i l i z a t i o n , a n d s e v e n a v e r a g e d 3.2 p e r c e n t of t h i s b u d g e t on
48

renovation. Relative amounts allocated to each of these maintenance practices for different types of turf - l a w n , athletic
a n d p l a y f i e l d , g o l f - is n o t u n i f o r m as r e p o r t e d , a n d p r o b a b l y
depends upon local needs and other factors rather than turf
t y p e p e r s e . S i z e o f the p a r k s s y s t e m s r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s
p a r t of t h e s u r v e y r a n g e d from $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 u p w a r d t o o v e r a m i l l i o n
dollar total budget.
S o m e d e p a r t m e n t s lump t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s w i t h o t h e r
l a n d s c a p e m a i n t e n a n c e i t e m s , or p o s s i b l y w i t h o t h e r t y p e s of
parks m a i n t e n a n c e . Costs of turf m a i n t e n a n c e and establishment
are n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y a l l o c a t e d to t u r f . A n u m b e r of d e p a r t m e n t s w e r e a p p a r e n t l y u n a b l e t o r e s p o n d t o c e r t a i n p a r t s of
the survey for this reason.
A v e r a g e cost p e r a c r e o f m a i n t a i n e d t u r f f o r 18 r e p o r t i n g
O r e g o n p a r k s is $ 7 6 1 . 6 6 . T h o s e w i t h t o t a l p a r k s b u d g e t s u n d e r
$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 a v e r a g e $58 p e r t u r f a c r e , b u t d e p a r t m e n t s w i t h t o t a l
parks budgets over $10,000 average close to $1000 p e r acre of
maintained turf.
Irrigation
A b o u t 3 , 3 4 4 a c r e s of t h e 3 , 7 5 5 a c r e s o f m a i n t a i n e d t u r f
or n e a r l y 90% w a s i r r i g a t e d . Of t h e i r r i g a t e d a c r e a g e , 36%
was under automatic or semi-automatic systems. The remaining
acreage was irrigated by manual or other m e a n s .
The h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f a u t o m a t i o n w a s f o u n d in E a s t e r n
Oregon counties.
Table 2 .

Irrigation Practices According to Region
^Automated

Total Irrigated Acreage
legion

Number
Reporting

Coast
W i l l . Valley
Southern Oregon
Eastern Oregon

4
18
6
14

Acreage
91
1660
1113
398

Ave.

Acreage

22.8
91.4
185.5
28.4

5
294
773
133

Ave.
1.3
16.3
123.8
9.5

*Manua1
Acreage
82
1363
340
265

Ave.
20.5
75.7
56.7
18.9

Fertilizers
F e r t i l i z e r s u s e d in the p a r k s r a n g e d from s t r a i g h t n i t r o ^ gen m a t e r i a l s t o b l e n d s to o r g a n i c s , s u c h as m i l o r g a n i t e .
These materials used were 45-0-0, 21-0-0, 1 0 - 4 - 6 , 12-4-8,
16-4-6, 16-16-0, 14-7-7, 15-5-10, 10-10-20 and 16-20-0.
One
49

department used weed and feed and one department used a liquid
fertilizer material.
Out of t h e 3 1 d e p a r t m e n t s r e p o r t i n g on f e r t i l i z e r u s a g e ,
11 u s e d u r e a , 6 u s e d a m m o n i u m s u l f a t e , a n d 6 u s e d a f e r t i l i z e r
with a 3-1-2 nitrogen-phosphate-potash r a t i o . Eighteen of
t h e d e p a r t m e n t s u s e d one m a t e r i a l o n l y w h i l e 13 u s e d a v a r i e t y
o f f e r t i l i z e r s t o f u r n i s h the n u t r i e n t n e e d s .
F i f t e e n of t h e 3 1 d e p a r t m e n t s r e p o r t i n g on f e r t i l i z e r
usage had athletic fields with 6 also managing golf courses.
T h e v a l l u s e d m o r e t h a n one f e r t i l i z e r s o u r c e .
A n n u a l r a t e s of m a t e r i a l u s e d are a b o u t t h e e q u i v a l e n t
of 1 t o 2 p o u n d s o f n i t r o g e n / 1 0 0 s q . f e e t p e r y e a r on lawn
a r e a s a n d H to 5 on o t h e r m o r e i n t e n s i v e l y u s e d a r e a s .
T i m i n g of a p p l i c a t i o n s is d i v i d e d a b o u t e q u a l l y b e t w e e n
t h e S o r i n g a n d F a l l on lawn t y p e t u r f w i t h a b o u t 2/3 of the
a p p l i c a t i o n s on a t h l e t i c a n d g o l f f a i r w a y t u r f m a d e in the
s p r i n g . Greens and tees received fertilizers "as needed"
d u r i n g the e n t i r e y e a r .
Renovation
Three renovation practices - aerification, dethatching,
a n d o v e r s e e d i n g - w e r e q u e r i e d . As one m i g h t e x p e c t , t h e r e
is c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e u s e , m e t h o d s , and t i m i n g
of t h e s e p r a c t i c e s . It m a y b e q u e s t i o n a b l e w h e t h e r d i f f e r e n c e s
in e m p l o y m e n t of t h e s e p r a c t i c e s b e t w e e n r e g i o n s o f the S t a t e
are s i g n i f i c a n t ; h o w e v e r , t h o s e p a r k s y s t e m s w i t h l a r g e r
b u d g e t s t e n d to u s e t u r f r e n o v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s m o r e t h a n t h o s e
w h i c h are less w e l l f i n a n c e d (see T a b l e 3 . )
Renovation practices appear to be used according to the
s p e c i f i c n e e d s o f e a c h p a r k s s y s t e m as s e e n b y its m a n a g e m e n t .
T h e r e is n o u n i f o r m i t y in u s e o r t i m i n g of t h e p r a c t i c e s , e v e n
w i t h i n a g i v e n a r e a o f the s t a t e . For e x a m p l e , one p a r k s
d e p a r t m e n t o v e r s e e d s its a t h l e t i c a n d p l a y f i e l d s e v e r y t h r e e
w e e k s , J u l y t h r o u g h m i d - O c t o b e r . O t h e r s , in the s a m e g e n e r a l
a r e a , o v e r s e e d o n c e in f a l l , u s u a l l y S e p t e m b e r o r O c t o b e r .
M a n y r e n o v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s are r e p o r t e d t o b e on an " a s n e c e s s a r y
b a s i s . S u c h u s e a n d v a r i a t i o n is p r o b a b l y an a d a p t a t i o n to
local turf u s e , soils, grass varieties, weather conditions,
available e q u i p m e n t , labor s u p p l y , b u d g e t s , and possibly
o t h e r f a c t o r s . W i t h s u c h v a r i a b i l i t y it is v i r t u a l l y impossible
t o d e t e c t s p e c i f i c p a t t e r n s of u s e . H o w e v e r , it s e e m s r e a s o n 50

able t o a s s u m e , from r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s , t h a t p a r k s
t u r f g e n e r a l l y w o u l d b e n e f i t f r o m a d d i t i o n a l u s e of r e n o v a t i o n
practices.

Table 3 . Percentage of O r e g o n Parks S y s t e m s , Classified A c c o r d i n g to Total
Budget S i z e , Employing V a r i o u s R e n o v a t i o n Practices To Some Extent on L a w n ,
Athletic and Play F i e l d , and Golf T u r f .
Budget
(dollars)

Number
Reporting

Aerification

- 10,000
Lawn
A t h . Sr Play
Golf

Dethatching

0 %
0

Overseeding

0

75

10,000-50,000

33 %

Lawn
A t h . & Play
Golf Fairway
Tees
Greens

9
5
1
1
1

50,000-100,000
Lawn
Ath. & Play.
Golf Fairway
Tees
Greens

8
7
1
1
1

38 %
43
no
no
yes

100,000-500,000
Lawn
Ath. & Play.
Golf Fairway
Tees
Greens

5
5
1
1
1

60 %
60

Over 5 0 0 , 0 0 0
Lawn
Ath. & Play.
Golf Fairway
Tees
Greens

3
4
2
2
2

State Summary
Lawn
Ath. & Play.
Golf Fairway
Tees
Greens

40
27
6
6
6

60
yes
yes
yes

yes
no
yes

67 %
50

100
100
100
35
37
67
67

100

22 %
20
no
no
yes

13 %
14
no
no
no

60
20
no
no
yes

67
25
50

0
0

20
15
17
17
50

33 %
20

no
no
no

13
57
no
yes
yes

80 %
80
no
no
yes

33
75

0

50
50

28
56

0

33
50

Pests
W e e d s , a l o n g w i t h m o l e s a n d g o p h e r s , p r e s e n t e d the b i g gest p r o b l e m s to p a r k p e r s o n n e l . I n s e c t s a n d d i s e a s e s w e r e
nearly insignificant except where golf courses were concerned.
Diseases on g r e e n s g a v e s o m e c a u s e f o r c o n c e r n .
51

Equipment

Investments

M o w e r s c o n s t i t u t e t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e i n v e n t o r y v a l u e of
all equipment with a total value of slightly over $234,000,
T r a c t o r s , a e r i f i e r s , fertilizer spreaders and dethatchers
w e r e m o s t i m p o r t a n t in t h a t o r d e r .
Table 4 .
1tem of
Equ ipment

0-10

Mowe r s
Aer i f i ers
Dethatchers
Spreaders
Tractors
Golf Carts
Other Equipment
Average Total

Average Investment In Equipment In Dollars
Annual Budget in Thousands of Dollars
10-50
50-100
100-500

500 and over

872
0
0
292
750
0
217

$2,068
650
150
497
2,100
1,500
0

$ 3,881
1,000
500
203
3,200
4,500
3,750

$ 7,917
1,133
550
383
9,334
1,700
300

$ 31,354
1,081
1,200
500
22,A67
52,500
4,800

$2,131

$6,965

$17,034

$21,117

$113,902

As b u d g e t s b e c o m e l a r g e r , t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e in e q u i p m e n t p u r c h a s e is w i t h m o w e r s . T r a c t o r s f o l l o w c l o s e l y w i t h
d e t h a t c h e r s in 3rd p l a c e . T h o s e o p e r a t i o n s w i t h b u d g e t s u n d e r
$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 s a c r i f i c e d i t e m s s u c h as d e t h a t c h e r s , a e r i f i e r s and
golf carts. Fertilizer s p r e a d e r s , tractors and mowers constit u t e d s t a n d a r d e q u i p m e n t on a l l o p e r a t i o n s .
M a j o r P r o b l e m s in T u r f

Management

Small departments listed b u d g e t s , w a t e r i n g , p e s t s , traffic
a n d l a b o r as t h e i r m o s t s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s . As d e p a r t m e n t s inc r e a s e d in s i z e , t r a f f i c b e c a m e t h e n u m b e r one c o n c e r n .
Also
i m p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , were w a t e r i n g , l a b o r , vandalism and soil
fertility.
R e n o v a t i o n r a n k e d as l e a s t i m p o r t a n t w i t h m o s t d e p a r t m e n t s .
P e s t s b e c a m e l e s s i m p o r t a n t as d e p a r t m e n t s i n c r e a s e d in s i z e ,
p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e o f a g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o n c e n t r a t e on
those problems.
Responsibility for Turf Establishment
and Maintenance Programs
T h e p a r k s d i r e c t o r is m o r e l i k e l y t o d e l e g a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
f o r t u r f e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e p r o g r a m s in l a r g e r p a r k s
s y s t e m s . Although s m a l l budgeted parks systems report to have
s o m e o n e o t h e r t h a n a p a r k s d i r e c t o r r e s p o n s i b l e , t h i s is be52

Table 5 A .

Park Problems,, Pr ior ity Rat ings.

(Larger the Number, the More Important the Problem)
By Reg ions
Coast
W i l l . Valley
Southern
Eastern

Problem
Traffic
Vandal ism
Budgets
Help
Pests
Water ing
Mowing
Fert i1i ty
Renovat ion
Other

9
2
7
8
10
6T
6T
3
6T
*1

10
6
3
7
5
9
8
4
2
1

7
3
10
4
8
9
5
6
2

State
Average

4
3
10
6T
8
9
7
6T
1
***2

9
3
8
6
7
10
5
4
2
1

Number Reporting
5
17
5
13
*Dra inage, **Soil and Improper Equipment, ***Use of Improper Grasses

Table 5 B .

Problem

40

Park Problems, Pr ior ity Rat ings.

(Larger the Number, the More Important the Problem)
By Annual Total Parks Budget - Thousands of Dollars
0-10
10-50
50-100
100-500
500 and up

Traffic
Vandal ism
Budgets
Help
Pests
Water i ng
Mow i ng
Fert i1ity
Renovat ion
Other
Number Reporting

8T
4
10
8T
5
9
6
3T
3T
1

8
4
10
7
9
6
3T
5
3T
1

10
2
9T
4
5
9T
6
7
3
1

7T
3
8
7T
5T
10T
10T
5T
2
1

10
3T
5T
9
5T
8
1
6
3T
7

9

9

8

6

4

Table 5 C .

Park Problems, Priority R a t i n g s .

(Larger the Number, the More Important the Problem)
Problem

0 - 4

By Number of Turf Employees
5 - 9

10 and over

Traffic
Vandal ism
Budgets
Help
Pests
Watering
Mowi ng
Fert i1i ty
Renovat ion
Other

7
2
9
5
10
8
6
4
3
1

6
2
5
9T
9T
7
10
3
4
1

10
6
7
8
4T
9
5
4T
1
2

Number Reporting

32

5

4

53

c a u s e the s m a l l e r s y s t e m s h a v e n o p a r k s d i r e c t o r as s u c h .
T h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , i n c l u d i n g t u r f , is g i v e n to the p u b l i c
works director, engineer, county extension agent, other
g o v e r n m e n t a l e m p l o y e e , o r u n p a i d p u b l i c o f f i c i a l , s u c h as a
c o u n c i l m a n , as an a d d i t i o n a l d u t y w i t h t h e s e s m a l l e r p a r k s
systems.
O n l y in t h e l a r g e r d e p a r t m e n t s are p e r s o n n e l a s s i g n e d
t o t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e as s u c h . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h i s g r e a t e r
o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s p e c i a l i z a t i o n r e s u l t s in the a d o p t i o n of
more widely used turf management procedures and principles.
However, many small departments use their resources very
wisely.
T h e r e is l i t t l e u n i f o r m i t y in t i t l e , o r p e r h a p s in
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , o f the p e r s o n , o t h e r t h a n p a r k s d i r e c t o r ,
w h o is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t u r f p r o g r a m s . T h o s e l i s t e d , a n d
n u m b e r o f t i m e s g i v e n , w e r e as f o l l o w s : P a r k F o r e m a n ( 4 ) ;
Park Maintenance Foreman (2); Maintenance Supervisor (2);
Maintenance Superintendent (2); County Extension Agent (2);
Turf Foreman (1); Landscape Foreman (1); Landscape Superint e n d e n t (1); Park Superintendent (1); Assistant Director of
Operations (1); Construction Superintendent (1); Supervisor
(1); Public Works Supervisor (1); County Engineer (1); City
Water Marshall (1); and Golf Pro (1).

54

Equipment For The Turfgrass Industries1
Russell

E.

Rose 2

My s u b j e c t is " C u l t i v a t i n g T u r f - g r a s s " !
This means
helping - or "letting" the grass grow instead of "making"
the g r a s s g r o w .
So - - in c u l t i v a t i n g T u r f - g r a s s , it b r i n g s up o u r t w o
turf-grass maintenance problems, n a m e l y , compaction and
t h a t c h , w h a t they are - w h y w e h a v e t h e m - a n d how w e c o n t r o l
them.
T h r o u g h t h e f o l l o w i n g s l i d e s w e w i l l e x p l a i n t h i s - as
w e l l as m e t h o d s of d o i n g t h e job b e t t e r w i t h f e w e r m a n h o u r s .
C O N T I N U I T Y OF 80 RYAN C O L O R S L I D E S ON A E R A T I O N ,
P O W E R R A K I N G , TOP D R E S S I N G & S O D C U T T I N G .
AERATION:
1.

" W h a t is c o m p a c t i o n ? "

2.

" H a r d e n i n g of the s o i l , u s u a l l y the t o p inch" - the
r e s u l t of s q u e e z i n g a i r a n d m o i s t u r e o u t of the s o i l .

3.

" W h v do we h a v e

compaction?"

M

I n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c " - I n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c a c c o u n t s for a
c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of c o m p a c t i o n , h o w e v e r -

5.

" E l i m i n a t i o n of n a t u r e ' s a e r a t o r s is a l s o a b i g c o n t r i b u t o r
to c o m p a c t i o n " - as n i g h t c r a w l e r s , e a r t h w o r m s , a n t s and
i n s e c t s h a v e a l l b e e n p u t i n t o t h e s o i l b y n a t u r e for
a e r a t i o n . T h e s e c r e a t u r e s m a k e o p e n i n g s a n d c a n a l s in
the s o i l a l l o w i n g a i r a n d m o i s t u r e , a s w e l l as n u t r i e n t s ,
to r e a c h t h e r o o t z o n e . T h e s e c r e a t u r e s h a v e o f t e n b e e n
e l i m i n a t e d w i t h the use of c h e m i c a l s .

6.

" W h y do we

7.

A e r a t i o n can do a n u m b e r of t h i n g s - r e l i e v i n g

aerate?"
compaction,

i / P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at the 24th N . W , T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
.l/Ryan E q u i p m e n t C o m p a n y , S t . P a u l , M i n n e s o t a .
55

c u l t i v a t i n g t u r f g r a s s , c h a n g e s s o i l in g r e e n s , h e l p s t o
keep turf level and also removes t h a t c h .
B.

"How often should we aerate?" - this has some variables
a n d d e p e n d s on t y p e o f g r a s s , t y p e of s o i l , k i n d of
w e a t h e r , the a m o u n t o f t r a f f i c a n d the a m o u n t of fertilizers
o r c h e m i c a l s beinjj a p p l i e d .

9s

" S o i l c o n t e n t " - f o r g r a s s p l a n t s t o grow w e l l , a d e s i r a b l e
s o i l is -65% s o i l , 10% m o i s t u r e a n d 25% a i r . W h e n e v e r any
o f t h i s a i r o r m o i s t u r e is r e d u c e d , c o m p a c t i o n d e v e l o p s .

XOo

"When to aerate - how to test?"

lie

T h e s i m p l e s t m e t h o d w e k n o w t o t e l l w h e n t o a e r a t e , is t o
try the screwdriver t e s t . Use a medium size screwdriver
w i t h a b o u t a 4" s h a n k . W h e n t h i s s c r e w d r i v e r s h a n k can
be p u s h e d i n t o t h e t u r f u p t o the h a n d l e , the g r a s s is
g r o w i n g w e l l . W h e n y o u c a n ' t p u s h t h e s c r e w d r i v e r in up
t o t h e s h a n k , t h e g r o w t h is s l o w i n g a n d m a y h a v e s t o p p e d .
A e r a t i o n w i t h i r r i g a t i o n a f t e r w a r d s is r e c o m m e n d e d .

12o

A e r a t i o n is g e n e r a l l y of 3 t y p e s - c o r i n g , s l i c i n g and
r e n o v a t i n g . Aerators are designed for interchangeable
t i n e s , so t h e t i n e can b e c h a n g e d to s u i t the s o i l
condition and the s e a s o n .

13.

T h e l a r g e a e r a t o r s are d e s i g n e d w i t h f l o a t i n g u n i t s to
f o l l o w t h e c o n t o u r of t h e t u r f . In t h i s p i c t u r e , t h e
c o r i n g t i n e is b e i n g u s e d .

1*4.

Do t h e job b e t t e r w i t h o u t any m o r e m a n p o w e r . H e r e a 1 2 '
w i d e by" 9"' long d r a g m a t is a t t a c h e d to t h e a e r a t o r , w h i c h
n o t o n l y c r u m b l e s u p t h e c o r e s as t h e y are r e m o v e d , b u t
it a l s o b r u s h e s up the g r a s s b l a d e s e n c o u r a g i n g m o r e
vertical growth and giving more attractive turfgrass.

15.

A c l o s e - u p of t h e p e n e t r a t i o n from a ^ s l i c i n g t i n e . The
n a r r o w s l i t q u i c k l y c l o s e s u p a f t e r it h a s a b s o r b e d
m o i s t u r e . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s t i n e is u s e d in t h e hot d r y
s e a s o n as y o u r e c e i v e the b e n e f i t s of a e r a t i o n , but
e v a p o r a t i o n is m i n i m i z e d .

16.

C l o s e - u p of a e r a t i n g w i t h t h e r e n o v a t i n g t i n e w h i c h is
d e s i g n e d to d o a g r e a t e r j o b of t u r f d i s t u r b a n c e .
G e n e r a l l y it is u s e d in the f a l l of the y e a r for t u r f
rebuilding and overseeding.

56

17.

And h e r e is v i s u a l p r o o f o f the v a l u e o f a e r a t i o n .
t K T g r a s s g r o w s in t h e h o l e s !

18.

More e v i d e n c e of the b e n e f i t s of a e r a t i o n - t o o b a d he
d i d n ' t go o v e r t h i s p l a c e t w i c e .

19.

A e r a t i n g a g r e e n - T o d o t h e b e s t job p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e
l e a s t a m o u n t o f m a n h o u r s , is the d e m a n d t o d a y !
The
f a s t e s t w a y to a e r a t e a g r e e n is in a c i r c l e m e t h o d as
t h e r e is n o t i m e lost in t u r n i n g o f f the g r e e n . N e x t , a
w i n d r o w is a t t a c h e d t o t h e G r e e n s a i r e , w h i c h g i v e s a
b e t t e r job as t h e w h e e l s of t h e a e r a t o r d o n o t run on top
of the c o r e s . H e r e the Ryan L e v e l a w n , a s i m p l e h a n d t o o l ,
is u s e d to p u s h the c o r e s from t h e m i d d l e of t h e g r e e n
to a w i n d r o w at the e d g e of t h e g r e e n for e a s v p i c k u p .
5/8" d i a m e t e r t i n e s w e r e u s e d on t h i s g r e e n . W i t h t h e s e
l a r g e t i n e s , 3 c u b i c y a r d s of s o i l c o r e s are r e m o v e d for
e v e r y 5,000 s q u a r e f e e t of g r e e n .

20.

The Levelawn will also remove cores that have not been
w i n d r o w e d , b u t the s u r f a c e is not q u i t e as s m o o t h , as the
w h e e l s of the a e r a t o r has p r e s s e d s o m e of the c o r e s into
the t u r f .

21.

f i n i s h i n g up in the c e n t e r (as t h i s p i c t u r e s h o w s ) , can
be d o n e w i t h the a e r a t o r m a k i n g a f i g u r e 8 on e a c h end of
t h e g r e e n . T h e c o r e s are first r e m o v e d on e a c h e n d of
the green w i t h t h e L e v e l a w n . Anv t v p e of h o o p e r o r t r u c k s t e r can be u s e d for p i c k i n g up t h e s i n g l e w i n d r o w of c o r e s
on the e d g e of the g r e e n . W i t h t h i s m e t h o d , a 5,000 s q u a r e
foot green can be a e r a t e d and c l e a n e d U P in o n e h o u r .

22.

T h e G r e e n s a i r e is the b e s t t h a t c h r e m o v e r a v a i l a b l e .
Reg a r d l e s s of how t h i c k the t h a t c h i s , it is r e m o v e d b v the
d e e p p e n e t r a t i n g G r e e n s a i r e t i n e . T h e t i n e r e m o v e s as
large as 5/8" d i a m e t e r w a d of t h a t c h on 2" c e n t e r s w h i c h
is m o r e t h a t c h than can be r e m o v e d bv the v e r t i c a l m o w e r s
and it l e a v e s the green in a p e r f e c t l y o l a v a b l e c o n d i t i o n .
W h e n good top d r e s s i n g is a p p l i e d a f t e r a e r a t i n g and
w o r k e d into the p e n e t r a t i o n s , the b a c t e r i a and
m i c r o o r g a n i s m s n o w w o r k to d e c o m p o s e the t h a t c h
surrounding each h o l e .

23.

P r o f i l e of s o i l s h o w i n g g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e t h a t grass
like t o grow w h e r e the p e n e t r a t i o n s are m a d e .

24.

A lock from u n d e r n e a t h - a p i e c e of t u r f l i f t e d to show
root development wherever penetrations were m a d e .
57

Yes,

roots

25.

A look from t h e top - Y e s , t h e g r a s s g r o w s in the h o l e s !
T h i s is a b e n t g r a s s g r e e n .

26.

T h e s a m e is t r u e w i t h B e r m u d a g r a s s - the g r a s s g r o w s in
the h o l e s .

27.

B a s e b a l l p l a y e r s a r e just as t e m p e r m e n t a l as g o l f e r s .
H e r e the G r e e n s a i r e is u s e d t o k e e p t h e t u r f g r a s s l e v e l
a l o n g the b a s e l i n e s s o t h e y d o n ' t g e t a bad b o u n c e of
the b a l l .

28.

On t h i s c o u r s e , t h e s o i l c o r e s r e m o v e d bv the G r e e n s a i r e ,
are s t o c k p i l e d , p u l v e r i z e d and u s e d as t o p d r e s s i n g .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s m a n , t h i s is r e a l top s o i l as it h a s
all the microorganisms necessarv for good growth.

29.

D i s c s p i k i n g - T h i s is the a e r a t o r to be u s e d d u r i n g the
h o t , d r y m o n t h s , as it c u t s j u s t n a r r o w s l i t s in t h e t u r f p a r t i c u l a r l y b e n e f i c i a l on u n d u l a t e d g r e e n s w h e r e t h e
w a t e r s l i d e s o f f t h e h i g h s p o t s to t h e l o w e r a r e a s . P e n e t r a t i o n s in t h e h i g h s p o t s o p e n u p the t u r f for the
moisture to penetrate.

30.

H e r e is a g r e e n that w a s lost t o d i s e a s e . T h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t u s e d t h e S p i k e a i r e in t w o d i r e c t i o n s , o v e r s e e d e d .
T h i s is the s a m e g r e e n 3 w e e k s a f t e r t h e o p e r a t i o n .

POWER

RAKING

31.

" W h a t is t h a t c h ? "

32.

"The Result of Good

33.

T h a t c h is an a c c u m u l a t i o n of u n d e c o m p o s e d

34.

Dead

stems.

35.

Dead

roots.

36.

Dead

leaves.

37.

"Why do we have

38.

W h e n w e u s e d the f i e l d g r a s s o r n a t i v e g r a s s for o u r
l a w n s , p a r k s and g r a s s a r e a s , t h a t c h w a s n o t a p r o b l e m
b e c a u s e n a t u r e c o u l d w e l l k e e p up w i t h the d e c o m p o s i n g
of t h e c l i p p i n g s , d e a d s t e m s and r o o t s ; d e c o m p o s i n g
t h e m as n e c e s s a r y a n d r e t u r n i n g them t o t h e g r o w t h c v c l e .

Growth."
clippings.

thatch?"

58

N a t i v e g r a s s or f i e l d g r a s s has its s h o r t c o m i n g s - it
g r o w s t h i n and is l i g h t in c o l o r . It is s u b j e c t to an
i n f e s t a t i o n of w e e d s .
39,

So h y b r i d g r a s s e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d . N o w t h i s g r a s s g r o w s
t h i c k e r and is g r e e n e r , and M o t h e r N a t u r e h a s just a
little b i t m o r e t r o u b l e d e c o m p o s i n g the a d d i t i o n a l
c l i p p i n g s , the a d d i t i o n a l d e a d s t e m s and r o o t s . So —
w e s t a r t h a v i n g an a c c u m u l a t i o n of t h a t c h .

40.

Now we c a r r v it a s t e p f u r t h e r and w e are f e r t i l i z i n g t h e
h y b r i d g r a s s e s f s o w e are g r o w i n g the g r a s s 2 and 3 times
f a s t e r t h a n n a t u r e w o u l d n o r m a l l y grow i t . N o w M o t h e r
N a t u r e can n o l o n g e r k e e p u p . T h e a c c u m u l a t i o n is
g r e a t e r t h a n the d e c o m p o s i t i o n .

41,

And h e r e is t h e r e s u l t - y e s , t h a t c h !
Y o u can r e a d i l v
see t h a t it is v e r v d i f f i c u l t for m o i s t u r e and n u t r i e n t s
to b r e a k t h r o u g h this b a r r i e r t o r e a c h the r o o t z o n e .
A l s o , this is a h a v e n for d i s e a s e a n d f u n g i to d e v e l o p .
W h e n this h a p p e n s , t h e g r a s s can be l o s t in just a few
hours.

42.

T h e r e is a p l a c e for t h a t c h as in this c a s e - it m a k e s an
e x c e l l e n t p r o t e c t i v e c o v e r . H e r e it is u s e d for a roof
over a refreshment stand.
It g i v e s good p r o t e c t i o n , b u t
t h a t is just w h a t w e d o n ' t n e e d for ¿rood t u r f g r a s s g r o w t h .
"How to test for t h a t c h ? "

44.

Don't g u e s s - Use a k n i f e t o cut o u t a n i e c e o f t u r f .

45.

G e n e r a l l y t h e r e is n o p r o b l e m w i t h 1 / 4 M t h a t c h .
However,
t h a t is the t i m e to s t a r t w a t c h i n g b e c a u s e w h e n a thatch
d e v e l o D S to 1/2" t h i c k , it can i n c r e a s e q u i t e r a n i d l v t o
3/4" and even 1" - and t h a t s p e l l s t r o u b l e !

46.

"Why do we power rake?"
P o w e r r a k i n g c u t s out c r a b g r a s s o r low g r o w i n g w e e d s .
It
p r e p a r e s a s e e d bed - it r e m o v e s and c o n t r o l s t h a t c h - it
c o n t r o l s grain on p u t t i n g g r e e n s and is a l s o u s e d for
pulverizing cores after aeratine.

47.

"Whv power rake?"
H e r e is a g a r d e n r a k e .

N o t e the w i d e t i n e s .
59

When

this

r a k e is t u g g e d s l o w l y t h r o u g h t h e t u r f g r a s s , it n o t o n l y
p u l l s m u c h of t h e g o o d g r a s s o u t w i t h i t , b u t a l s o
d i s t r u b s m a n y o f t h e r o o t s of t h e g o o d g r a s s .
49.

H e r e w e see a m a n r a k i n g h i s l a w n w i t h a g a r d e n

rake.

N o t o n l y is it a b i g job - b u t a l s o n o t e a l l the g o o d grass
t h a t he is r e m o v i n g . H e v e r y l i k e l y is r e m o v i n g m o r e good
green grass than dead grass.
50.

T h i s m a n u s e s a p o w e r r a k e on h i s

lawn.

H e is r e m o v i n g s o m e 90% d e a d g r a s s - l e s s t h a n 10% o f the
g o o d g r a s s . M u c h e a s i e r t o d o and m u c h g e n t l e r on the
grass.
51.

A c o m p a r i s o n of t h e t i n e s of the g a r d e n r a k e and the r e e l
of a p o w e r r a k e .
N o t e h o w the t i n e s of the g a r d e n r a k e are a b o u t 1/4"
t h i c k , w h e r e a s t h e c u t t i n g b l a d e s on t h e p o w e r r a k e is
not over 1/16" t h i c k . This r e e l , running at high s n e e d ,
g e n t l y l i f t s the d e a d m a t t e r from the s o i l l i n e , f l u f f i n g
it u p on t o p of the g r a s s for e a s y r e m o v a l .
H o w

often should we power rake?

On h o m e l a w n s w i t h f e r t i l i z i n g o n c e o r t w i c e a y e a r ,
p o w e r r a k i n g o n c e a y e a r s h o u l d be a d e q u a t e .
H o w e v e r - c h e c k t h i s by u s i n g the k n i f e

test.

53.

F o r b e n t g r a s s a n d h y b r i d b u r m u d a s , v e r t i c a l m o w i n g as often
as e v e r y 10 d a v s is r e c o m m e n d e d - g o i n g in a d i f f e r e n t direction each time.

54.

A c l o s e - u p of a v e r t i c a l l y m o w e d

green.

It is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t w e m o w m o r e f r e q u e n t l y - l i g h t l y as this d o e s n o t s h o c k the t u r f a n d d o e s n o t i n c o n v e n i e n c e
the golfer.
•

H e r e is a T e n n i s c l u b in t h e n o r t h e a s t s e c t i o n of the
country.
T h e y u s e b e n t g r a s s t u r f a n d as t h i s p i c t u r e s h o w s , a
l a r g e p a r t of t h e g r a s s d i e d in l e s s t h a n 1/2 d a y due to

60

disease. The reason was temperature and humidity - both
c l o s e to t h e 1 0 0 ° m a r k .
T H I S T U R F DOES N O T COME B A C K BY I T S E L F - o v e r s e e d i n g is
necessary!
56.

And h e r e w e s e e the v e r t i c a l m o w e r o r p o w e r r a k e p r e p a r i n g
the t u r f f o r o v e r s e e d i n g . T h i s s i t u a t i o n n o t o n l y
h a p p e n e d at t h i s T e n n i s c l u b , b u t t h r o u g h o u t the e n t i r e
a r e a . It w a s a l s o a g e n e r a l s i g h t o n G o l f C o u r s e g r e e n s
and f a i r w a y s .

57.

O v e r s e e d i n g w a s n e c e s s a r y and h e r e ' s o n e o f t h e g r e e n s 3
weeks after overseeding.
You can see w h e r e t h e s e e d h a s g e r m i n a t e d and r e c o v e r y is
started.

58.

A t h a t c h e d h o m e lawn

...

T h i s w a s one o f the n i c e s t l a w n s in t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d for
s o m e 10 y e a r s , as t h e o w n e r f e r t i l i z e d 3 a n d s o m e t i m e s Mtimes a year.
This s p r i n g , h o w e v e r , his neighbor w h o had done verv little
o u t s i d e of m o w i n g h i s l a w n , h a d a b e t t e r lawn t h a n he d i d .
Let's t a k e a look a t the
59.

reason....

H e r e is a s a m p l e of t h e t u r f -

It h a s a f u l l inch of t h a t c h . N o w o n d e r the m o i s t u r e and
f e r t i l i z e r c o u l d n o t g e t i n t o t h e r o o t zone f o r good g r o w t h .
T h i s is w h a t w e d o in t h i s c a s e . . . .
60.

It is b e y o n d t h e h e l p of t h e p o w e r r a k e s a n d a e r a t o r s .
He h a d t o t a k e a m u c h m o r e d r a s t i c m e a s u r e . R e m o v e t h e
t u r f and s t a r t o v e r !

61.

And n o w he h a s a n e w

lawn.

Y o u can b e t he w o n ' t n e g l e c t h i s D o w e r r a k i n g from n o w
62.

on!

And h e r e is a n o t h e r c u l p r i t in o u r lawn m a i n t e n a n c e
T h i s h a p p e n s to b e c r a b g r a s s - b u t it c o u l d b e any lowg r o w i n g , wide-leafed w e e d . These are very vulnerable to
the v e r t i c l e c u t t i n g b l a d e s of t h e p o w e r r a k e and y o u g e t

61

r i d of t h e m i m m e d i a t e l y . Of c o u r s e , t h e y are g o i n g t o be
b a c k a g a i n n e x t y e a r u n l e s s a p r e c a u t i o n is t a k e n .
63.

H e r e is a n i c e h o m e w i t h a lawn t h a t h a s b e c o m e infested
with crabgrass. The owner elected to anplv a post-emerge n c e c h e m i c a l t o k i l l t h e c r a b g r a s s . N o w t h i s is t h e 1st
of S e p t e m b e r and he n o l o n g e r h a d a g r e e n lawn t h r o u g h the
r e s t of t h e s e a s o n .
N o r d i d he h a v e a lawn w h e n S p r i n g

came!

A p p a r e n t l y he t h o u g h t if a l i t t l e of the c h e m i c a l is
g o o d - I ' l l j u s t a d d a l i t t l e bit m o r e t o be s u r e .
So it k i l l e d t h e g r a s s , b u t g o o d !
problem

T h e a n s w e r t o this

65.

Look for v o u r s e l f - A G A I N , it is n e c e s s a r v to s t a r t all
o v e r , and t h a t ' s a big j o b , as w e l l as an e x p e n s i v e o n e .

66.

M a y b e it w a s w o r t h it in t h i s c a s e .
b l u e g r a s s lawn he n o w h a s .

67.

At the h e i g h t of the c r a b g r a s s s e a s o n , u s e the v e r t i c l e
m o w e r s to cut o u t t h e c r a b g r a s s or w e e d , g e t t i n g rid of
it i m m e d i a t e l y and a l l o w i n g the g o o d g r a s s t o f i l l i n .
A c a t c h e r can be a p p l i e d to s o m e of t h e n o w e r r a k e s ,
h o w e v e r , o n l y p a r t of the s e e d s are g o i n g to be c a u g h t .
T h e best w a y t o c o n t r o l t h i s t v p e of w e e d is w i t h :

68.

The pre-emergence crabgrass chemicals -

Look at the

beautiful

This photo was taken 3 years after the treatment. The
lawn on t h e r i g h t is s t i l l free of c r a b g r a s s , w h e r e a s ,
t h e y a r d on t h e left is a l m o s t a l l c r a b g r a s s .
69.

As w e are g r o w i n g m o r e g r a s s f a s t e r - and on l a r g e
a r e a s s u c h as a t h l e t i c f i e l d s , D a r k s - any a r e a u n d e r
t u r f m a n a g e m e n t , it is n e c e s s a r y to p o w e r r a k e so t h a t
large a r e a p o w e r r a k e s are a v a i l a b l e . T h e y are p u l l e d
by t r a c t o r s a n d t h e v i n c l u d e a h o p p e r t o p i c k u p the
t h a t c h as w e l l as r e m o v e i t .

70.

R e m o v a l of l e a v e s is a l s o n e c e s s a r v w h e r e we w a n t h e a l t h v i
t u r f g r a s s . L e a v e s l a v i n g on the t u r f t h r o u g h o u t the
w i n t e r and s p r i n g , can a c t u a l l y s m o t h e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e
a m o u n t of g r a s s .

62

7 1 . , W h e n u s i n g t h e s e l a r g e s i z e u n i t s , i t is n e c e s s a r y to
make them do a multiple of jobs. The large area power
r a k e a l s o p o w e r s w e e p s — a n d h e r e w e s e e it d o i n g a
flail mowing.
72.

H e r e t h e v e r t i c a l m o w e r o r p o w e r r a k e is u s e d to p u l v e r i z e
c o r e s t h a t h a d b e e n r e m o v e d from t h e t u r f b y the G r e e n s a i r e .
The job is d o n e b e t t e r a n d f a s t e r w h e n c o r e s a r e left in
a w i n d r o w as t h e m a c h i n e s t r a d d l e s t h e w i n d r o w a n d t h e
w h e e l s d o n o t r u n on t o p of t h e c o r e s . T h e r e v e r s e d i r e c tion o f the r e e l m a k e s it p o s s i b l e t o c o m p l e t e l y p u l v e r i z e
the c o r e s w i t h one p a s s .
T h e o p e r a t o r p a r t i c u l a r l y l i k e s the r e v e r s e a c t i o n of
t h e r e e l as it d o e s n o t t h r o w a n y o f the s o i l , o r it
c o u l d be a s t o n e o r p e b b l e , b a c k a t h i s f e e t .

TOP
73.

DRESSING
"Why Top

Dress?"

Top dressing does three things:
( 1 ) it l e v e l s ; ( 2 )
h e l p s t o c o n t r o l t h a t c h ; a n d ( 3 ) it h e l p s to c o n t r o l
grain.
74.

"When and how often should we top

75.

T o p d r e s s ( 1 ) w h e n t h e g r a s s is g r o w i n g w e l l ; a n d
when seeding or overseeding.

76.

A n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f how y o u can d o a b e t t e r job o f top
d r e s s i n g w i t h less m a n h o u r s :

it

dress?"
(2)

A t t a c h e d t o t h e t o p d r e s s e r is a 3 s e c t i o n d r a g w h i c h
l e v e l s in top d r e s s i n g , f o l l o w e d by t h e l a r g e 6 - 1 / 2 '
w i d e d r a g m a t w h i c h d r a g s in t h e t o p d r e s s i n g b e f o r e a n y
f o o t p r i n t s are m a d e on t h e t o p d r e s s i n g . As in a e r a t i n g ,
t h e c i r c l e m e t h o d is t h e f a s t e s t , g o i n g in a c o u n t e r clockwise d i r e c t i o n , u n t i l you get near the c e n t e r , and
t h e n f i g u r e 8 the a r e a as w e d o w i t h the a e r a t o r s .
A 5 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e f o o t g r e e n can be t o p d r e s s e d in t w e n t y
m i n u t e s a n d can b e c o m p l e t e l y d r a g g e d i n , in a n o t h e r
twenty minutes.
SOD CUTTING
77.

E v e n w i t h the b e s t t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t it b e c o m e s
63

necessary

at s o m e t i m e s t o u s e t h e s o d c u t t e r , b u t d o n ' t do it this
way ...
T h i s is the w a y t h e y d i d it b a c k in t h e e a r l y
It t a k e s a l o n g t i m e a n d it h u r t s !

1900fs.

78.

P o w e r e d S o d C u t t e r s d o t h e j o b n o t o n l y b e t t e r and
b u t t h e o p e r a t o r r i d e s as the s o d is a u t o m a t i c a l l y
c u t - o f f in 6 f l e n g t h s a n d r o l l e d .

faster,
cut,

79.

As t h e c u l t u r e d s o d f a r m s g e t b i g g e r , s o m u s t t h e e q u i p m e n t ! H e r e t h e c o m p l e t e S o d H a r v e s t e r c u t s , r o l l s and
c o n v e y s the s o d d i r e c t l y o n t o t h e t r u c k .
T h i s m a c h i n e can h a r v e s t o v e r 1 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e y a r d s of sod
per hour.

80.

And t h e s m a l l e r s o d c u t t e r h a s a n o t h e r u s e !
B y s i m p l y c h a n g i n g the b l a d e , t h e s o d c u t t e r b e c o m e s a
p i p e p u l l e r . T u b i n g a n d w i r e can be p u l l e d u n d e r g r o u n d
w i t h o u t d i s t u r b i n g the s u r f a c e o f t h e t u r f g r a s s .

SUMMARY
T o sum it u p - w e h a v e s h o w n you c u l t i v a t i o n , w h i c h is
s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r e d t o in o u r b u s i n e s s as a e r a t i n g , p o w e r
r a k i n g , a n d e v e n top d r e s s i n g ; h o w e v e r , I w i s h to r e m i n d y o u
t h a t t h i s is just ONE p h a s e of a t u r f m a i n t e n a n c e p r o g r a m !
J u s t as i m p o r t a n t is p r o p e r i r r i g a t i o n - - t o o m u c h is
as b a d as t o o l i t t l e .
Proper fertilization - - apply lightly more often.
P r o p e r m o w i n g - - m o w w i t h a s h a r p m o w e r at t h e h e i g h t b e s t
s u i t e d for t h a t p a r t i c u l a r g r a s s . M o w o f t e n e n o u g h so t h a t
y o u w i l l n o t r e m o v e t o o m u c h of t h e g r a s s b l a d e at one m o w i n g .
B e n e f i t s t h a t can be d e r i v e d from g o o d c u l t i v a t i o n ,
can a l l b e u n d o n e by i m p r o p e r w a t e r i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , a n d
mowing!

64

Trees And Their Care 1
Bernard G .

Wesenburg2

The c u r r e n t fad for " e c o l o g y " and " e n v i r o n m e n t " comes
c l o s e t o an a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t r e e s . P e r h a p s m a n v o f y o u
appreciate t r e e s , but I want to further emphasize their v a l u e .
The International Shade Tree C o n f e r e n c e , I n c . ( I . S . T . C . ) ,
in J u n e 1 9 7 0 r e c o m m e n d e d t h e b a s i c v a l u e o f $ 9 . 0 0 p e r s q u a r e
inch o f t r u n k c r o s s - s e c t i o n m e a s u r e d 4 . 5 f e e t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d .
T o c o m p u t e t h i s b a s i c v a l u e , m e a s u r e t h e d i a m e t e r in i n c h e s
at f o u r a n d o n e - h a l f f e e t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d , s q u a r e t h e d i a m e t e r , t h e n m u l t i p l y by 0 . 7 8 5 4 , a n d f i n a l l y b y $ 9 . 0 0 .

Tree Size
Diameter 4-1/2
Above Ground
10"

16"

ft,

Diameter
Souared

Multiplied
bv 0.7854

100
256

78.54
201

Multiplied
bv $9.00

$
$

706.86
1809.00

T h i s m a y s e e m s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g h . H o w e v e r , r e a l i t y is
t h a t t r e e s o v e r 6 i n c h e s in d i a m e t e r a r e p r a c t i c a l l y i r r e placeable.
A n d , for the g e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of l a n d s c a p i n g ,
t r e e s o v e r 2 i n c h e s in d i a m e t e r a r e o u t of r a n g e of t h e m o n e y
commonlv allowed for l a n d s c a p i n g .
T h e a b o v e m e t h o d o f c a l c u l a t i o n is f o r t r e e s w h i c h a r e
p e r f e c t s p e c i m e n s a n d in I . S . T . C . f s G r o u p I c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
T r e e s in G r o u p II h a v e 80 p e r c e n t of t h a t v a l u e , in G r o u p III
60 p e r c e n t , G r o u p IV 40 p e r c e n t , a n d G r o u p V 20 p e r c e n t .
I . S . T . C . p u b l i s h e s l i s t s of t r e e s f o r v a r i o u s r e g i o n s
of t h e c o u n t r y . H e r e is I . S . T . C . f s l i s t s o f t r e e s f o r O r e g o n
and W a s h i n g t o n :

¿ / P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at the 24th N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden B e a c h , Oregon, October 7, 8 , 9 , 1970.
¿¿Extension Horticulture Specialist, Washington State
Universitv, Western Washington Research 6 Extension
Center, Puvallup, Washington.
65

C l a s s I - 100 P e r c e n t

Value
Tulin tree
Western Sycamore
S c a r l e t Oak

Liriodendron tulipifera
Platanus racemosa
Quercus coccinea
C l a s s II - 80 P e r c e n t

Value

Abies concolor
. . . . . . .
Acer campestre
Acer monspessulanum
Acer palmatum
A c e r p l a t a n o i d e s (and f o r m s )

C o l o r a d o Fir
Hedge MaDle
Montpelier Maple
Japanese Maole
Norway Maple

Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Aesculus carnea
Carpinus betulus
Caruinus caroliniana

Red M a p l e
Sugar Maple
Red H o r s e c h e s t n u t
European Hornbeam
American Hornbeam

Castanea crenata
C e d r u s atlantic
Cedrus deodara
C h a m a e c v p a r i s laws on i ana
Chamaecvparis obtusa

Jananese Chestnut
B l u e Atlas C e d a r
Deodar Cedar
Lawson False Cvnress
Hinoki Cvnress

Cornus florida
Cornus nuttallii
Crataegus phaenonvrum
Ilex aguifolium
Juglans regia

Flowering Dogwood
Pacific Dogwood
Washington Hawthorn
English Hollv
Persian Walnut

Libocedrus decurrens
Liquidambar stvraciflua
Magnolia kobus
Picea pungens fGlauca?
Platanus acerifolia

C a l i f o r n i a Incense
Sweetgum
cedar
Kobus Magnolia
Blue Colorado Snruce
London P l a n e - t r e e

Prunus blireiana
Prunus serrulata 1 K w a n z a n 1
Sequoia semnervirens
Seouoiadendron giganteum

B l i r e i a n a Plum
Kwanzan Cherrv
Redwood
Giant S e q u o i a

C l a s s III - f»0 P e r c e n t V a l u e
A c e r n e g u n d o Variegatura
66

Silverleaf

Boxelder

Arbutus menziesii
Betula alleghaniensis
Crataegus oxyacantha
Crvptomeria japonica

Pacific Madrone
Yellow Birch
English Hawthorn
Crvptomeria

Fagus svlvatica 'Atropunicea'
Gleditsia triacanthos
Juglans nigra
J u n i p e r u s v i r g i n i a n a (and f o r m s )
Laburnum alpinum
Laburnum anagyroides
Malus hybrids
Pinus nigra

Purple European Beech
Honeylocust
Black Walnut
Redcedar
Scotch Laburnum
G o l d e n c h a i n Laburnu#Crabapples
Austrian Pine

C l a s s III - 60 P e r c e n t V a l u e
Pinus
Pinus

sylvestris
thunbergi

(cont'd.)

Scotch Pine
Japanese Black

Pine

P r u n u s c e r a s i f e r a (and f o r m s )
P r u n u s s e r r u l a t a (and f o r m s )
P r u n u s s u b h i r t e l l a (and f o r m s )
P r u n u s v e d o e n s i s (and f o r m s )
Quercus coccinea

Purpleleaf Plum
Oriental Cherry
Higan Cherrv
Hoshino Cherry
S c a r l e t Oak

Ouercus robur
Quercus rubra
Sassafras albidum molle
Thuja plicata
Tilia cordata

E n g l i s h Oak
E a s t e r n R e d Oak
Sassafras
Giant Arborvitae
L i t t l e l e a f Linden

Ulmus

American

americana

Elm

C l a s s IV - 40 P e r c e n t V a l u e
Aesculus hippocastanum
Araucaria araucana
Catalpa bignonioides
Chamaecvparis pisifera
Fraxinus latifolia

Horsechestnut
Monkevpuzzle Araucaria
Southern Catalpa
Sawara Falsecynress
O r e g o n Ash

Paulowinia tomentosa
Pinus monticola
Populus nigra 'Italica'
Prunus avium
Pseudotsuga menziesii

Royal Paulownia
Mountain White Pine
Lombardy Poplar
Mazzard Cherrv
C o m m o n D o u g l a s Fir

67

Salix babylonica
Sorbus aucuparia

B a b y l o n W e e p i n g Wille
E u r o p e a n M o u n t a i n Ast

C l a s s V - 20 P e r c e n t
Acer macrophvllum
Acer saccharinum

Value
Bigleaf Maple
Silver Maple

T h e v a l u a t i o n o f t r e e s is n e x t a p p r a i s e d bv a h o r t i c u l t u r i s t as t o c o n d i t i o n and t h e a b o v e v a l u e is a g a i n m u l t i p l i e d
b y 100 p e r c e n t o r 80 p e r c e n t , 60 p e r c e n t , 40 p e r c e n t , or 20
p e r c e n t , d e p e n d i n g u p o n how good a s p e c i m e n a p a r t i c u l a r tree
was.
T h e p o i n t so f a r is t h a t t r e e s h a v e a c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e
w h i c h is g e n e r a l l y u n r e c o g n i z e d .
A l s o , the c l a s s e s of trees
as t o q u a l i t v is u s e f u l f o r g o l f c o u r s e m a n a g e r s t o be a w a r e
of.
M y t i m e h e r e w i l l be m o s t v a l u a b l e if I can p r o m o t e
c o n c e r n for c h o o s i n g the b e s t t r e e s at p l a n t i n g t i m e .
Choose
a v a r i e t y of the v e r v b e s t t r e e s for the l o c a t i o n s .
Services
of a l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t are a good r o u t e .
S e l e c t t r e e s a c c o r d i n g to the m a t u r e s i z e s d e s i r e d .
It
s e e m s few p e o p l e r e a l i z e t h a t t r e e s can be c h o s e n w h i c h d o n ' t
g r o w t a l l e r t h a n 25 f e e t , or 50 f e e t , or 75 f e e t , e t c .
My a s s i g n e d s u b j e c t is " T r e e s a n d T h e i r C a r e " . So far I
h a v e o n l y c o n s i d e r e d c h o i c e of t r e e s . A n d , the e m p h a s i s deserve
t o be t h e r e .
On M a r c h 6 - 7 , 1 9 6 9 , at a g o l f c o u r s e w o r k s h o p at the
W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y R e s e a r c h and E x t e n s i o n C e n t e r in
P u v a l l u p , I gave a talk titled "Healthv Shade T r e e s " .
That
t a l k is in t h e A p r i l 1969 N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s T o p i c s , V o l .
11, No. 1
S h a d e t r e e s and o r n a m e n t a l t r e e s are e x p e c t e d to get
a l o n g a n d LOOK G O O D w i t h o u t care o r a t t e n t i o n , and t h i s is
l a r g e l y t h e c a s e if r e a s o n a b l y good c h o i c e s h a v e been m a d e .
P r o p e r l v p l a c e d t r e e s s h o u l d n e v e r r e a u i r e p r u n i n g to
c o n t r o l s i z e — o n l y a r a r e c l e a n - u o of d e a d l i m b s , or m i n o r
s h a p i n g of b r a n c h p a t t e r n , or n o p r u n i n g at a l l .
68

T p e e s e l e c t i o n is t h e b e s t c o u r s e t o p u r s u e t o h a v e g o o d
nealthy trees. Trees must be adapted to the climatic extremes
of t h e l o c a l i t y , a n d t o l e r a n t o r r e s i s t a n t t o i n s e c t s and
diseases. Such trees w i l l not need routine s p r a y i n g .
F e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r s h a d e t r e e s is
n o t g e n e r a l l y d o n e at a l l . G o o d t u r f f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m s
are g e n e r a l l y a d e q u a t e f o r t r e e s . If c e r t a i n t r e e s are to
be e n c o u r a g e d or i n v i g o r a t e d , u s e 2 t o 4 p o u n d s of a c o m p l e t e
f e r t i l i z e r ( e . g . 1 0 - 6 - 4 ) p e r i n c h of d i a m e t e r . T r e e s u n d e r
6 inches diameter should receive one-half that r a t e .
The m e t h o d to get the f e r t i l i z e r t o the t r e e r o o t s is
t o p u t the f e r t i l i z e r b e l o w t h e g r a s s r o o t s . P u n c h h o l e s w i t h
a c r o w b a r , e t c . w i t h i n t h e b r a n c h s p r e a d a r e a of the t r e e ,
and put t h e f e r t i l i z e r d o w n i n t o 12 inch d e e p h o l e s .
Earlv
s p r i n g is the b e s t t i m e t o a p p l v i t .
In c o n c l u s i o n , I w a n t t o r e c o m m e n d s o m e e x c e l l e n t t r e e s
t h a t s h o u l d be p l a n t e d m o r e o f t e n . T h e v l i k e l v are n o t t h e
m o s t a v a i l a b l e , b u t if y o u can g e t t h e m , t h e v are e x c e l l e n t
trees.
20-30

feet

Oxdendrum arboreum - Sourwood
30-50

feet

Cladrastis lutea - American
50-75

feet

O u e r c u s p a l u s t r i s - Pin
75-100

Yellowwood

Oak

feet

Fagus s v l v a t i c a - E u r o p e a n B e e c h
Gvmnocladus dioicus - Kentucky Coffeetree
Pinus nigra - Austrian Pine
Q u e r c u s a l b a - W h i t e Oak
Tilia cordata - Littleleaf Linden
O v e r 100

feet

Acer saccharum - Sugar Marie
Ginkgo biloba - Ginkgo

69

Gleditsia triacanthos inermis - Honevlocust
Liquidambar stvraciflua - American Sweetgum

An e x c e l l e n t p u b l i c a t i o n is a v a i l a b l e from C o u n t v A g e n t ' s
o f f i c e s in both O r e g o n and W a s h i n g t o n t i t l e d " P l a n t M a t e r i a l s
f o r L a n d s c a p i n g " . In W a s h i n g t o n it is E x t e n s i o n B u l l e t i n 5 9 2 ;
in O r e g o n it is E x t e n s i o n B u l l e t i n 7 5 8 . It i n c l u d e s s h r u b s
a n d g r o u n d c o v e r s , as w e l l as a l l t h e s i z e c a t e g o r i e s of t r e e s .

70

The Role of Turfgrass in Environmental Pollution1
The O . M. Scott

Company2

Editors note:
Due t o a l a t e c o n t a c t w i t h T K e 0 . M . S c o t t
Company to present this p a p e r , a manuscript was not prepared
in t i m e f o r the p u b l i s h e d p r o c e e d i n g s , a l t h o u g h the C o m p a n y
h a s k i n d l y a g r e e d to p r e s e n t the t a l k . T h e C o m p a n y f u r t h e r
h a s a g r e e d to t h e r e p r o d u c t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n
w h i c h the e d i t o r f e e l s is t i m e l y a n d q u i t e i m p o r t a n t .
Greenery - antidote to pollution
It is r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n in o u r
atmosphere may be steadily declining because of the burning
of f o s s i l f u e l s , v a r i o u s i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s , a n d c o n v e r s i o n
of farm c r o p s , t r e e s a n d o t h e r g r e e n e r y to a r e a s c o v e r e d b y
c o n c r e t e and b u i l d i n g s . W h i l e c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r y m e a s u r e s
w i l l c u r t a i l a i r p o l l u t i o n , it is e s t i m a t e d t h a t in v i e w o f
p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h , t h e r e w i l l b e l i t t l e n e t r e d u c t i o n of
p o l l u t i o n in the n e x t 25 y e a r s .
T h i s r a i s e s the q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e r e is a p r a c t i c a l
w a y to h e l p r e v e r s e t h i s t r e n d . One a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n
s u g g e s t e d b y J o h n F i s c h e r in an a r t i c l e in t h e A p r i l i s s u e
of H a r p e r ' s . H e t h i n k s t h a t t h e n e x t " H e r o e s of t h e R e p u b l i c , "
m a y be t h o s e w h o p l a n t t r e e s i n s t e a d of s u b t r a c t i n g f r o m o u r
g r e e n e r y w i t h b u l l d o z e r a n d s a w . A n d in o u r o p i n i o n , he m i g h t
h a v e i n c l u d e d as h e r o e s t h o s e w h o p l a n t a n d n u r t u r e g r a s s ,
shrubbery and gardens.
O t h e r p o s i t i v e a c t i o n h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d , s u c h as
m a n d a t o r y p r o v i s i o n f o r m i n i m u m l a n d - u s e r a t i o s of g r e e n e r y
in any n e w l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t f o r h o m e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , o f f i c e
buildings, industrial sites and shopping centers.
Furthermore, wherever possible green belts should be
i n s t a l l e d a l o n g t h e n a t i o n ' s h i g h w a y s . T h e g r e e n l e a v e s of
trees and other plants attract and hold pollutant-laden dust
particles which are subsequently washed into the s o i l w h e r e
they eventually disintegrate into basic soil elements.
W h a t e v e r g r e e n e r y y o u n o w h a v e o r p l a n t in t h e f u t u r e ,
t h e f i r s t e s s e n t i a l in its l i f e p r o c e s s is w a t e r . N e x t in
i m p o r t a n c e in p r o m o t i n g l i v e l y g r e e n g r o w t h is f e r t i l i z e r .
"But doesn't that add nitrates to our p o n d s , lakes and
underground waters," you a s k , " and don't these nourish algae
71

and other growth that chokes surface waters?"
is " n o . "

The

answer

Studies extending back many years demonstrate that
t h e r e is n o a p p r e c i a b l e m o v e m e n t i n t o g r o u n d w a t e r s of e v e n
t h e h i g h l y s o l u b l e f o r m s of n i t r o g e n a p p l i e d t o farm c r o p s .
C o n s i d e r i n g the c o s t o f f e r t i l i z e r s , f a r m e r s c o u l d n o t afford
t o a p p l y t h e m if t h e y w e r e n o t h e l d in t h e s u r f a c e s o i l t o
p r o d u c e the q u i c k g r e e n g r o w t h n e e d e d f o r s a t i s f a c t o r y y i e l d s .
T h e e x c e p t i o n is w h e r e s e r i o u s e r o s i o n o f l o o s e , cultiv a t e d s o i l s o c c u r s . In s u c h c a s e s , the f e r t i l i z e r s in the
e r o d e d s o i l s m a y e n d u p in a s t r e a m . B u t e v e n t h a t is relat i v e l y low c o m p a r e d t o t h e e n o r m o u s a m o u n t s of n i t r o g e n and
p h o s p h a t e d a m p e d i n t o p o n d s , l a k e s , a n d s t r e a m s in raw sewage
a n d the e f f l u e n t from s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s .

THE OXYGEN
A b l a d e of

GIVER

grass.

It is q u i e t . It h a s n o m o v i n g D a r t s . Y e t in its growth
p r o c e s s , it t a k e s p o l l u t i n g g a s e s from t h e a i r a n d r e t u r n s
pure oxygen.
In a s e a s o n o f a c t i v e g r o w t h , t h e g r a s s in a w e l l - m a i n t a i n e d l a w n , 50 by 50 f e e t , l i b e r a t e s e n o u g h e x y g e n t o m e e t
t h e n e e d s o f a f a m i l y of f o u r d a y a f t e r d a y .
As it p e r f o r m s t h i s m i r a c l e ^ g r a s s
b a s i c food s u p p l y f o r a n i m a l s a n d m a n .
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , u s i n g t h e e n e r g y of the
d i o x i d e , w a t e r and m i n e r a l s i n t o g r e e n

a l s o p r o v i d e s the
It d o e s t h i s by
sun to turn carbon
growth.

E v e r y l a w n o w n e r is m a k i n g a w o r t h y c o n t r i b u t i o n of lifesustaining greenery.

72

Studying The Problem Green1
William

B. D a v i s 2

In t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f t o d a y ' s g o l f c o u r s e , t h e p u t t i n g
green s t i l l c o m m a n d s our g r e a t e s t c o n c e r n . T h e game of golf
h a s c h a n g e d l i t t l e f r o m its e a r l i e s t f o r m s a n d s o 40 t o 60
p e r c e n t o f t h e g a m e is c o n c e n t r a t e d o n l e s s t h a n 1 / 2 5 o f t h e
course's turfgrass a r e a . What big changes have occurred are
in t h e n u m b e r o f c o u r s e s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f g o l f e r s on a
course, and golf's availability to most e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l ,
and r a c i a l g r o u p s . N o t too m a n y vears a g o any r e l a t i v e l y
smooth s u r f a c e , reasonably w e l l t u r f e d , and closely m o w e d ,
s e r v e d w e l l e n o u g h as a p u t t i n g g r e e n s u r f a c e . P l a y o n s u c h
greens r a n g e d from less than 5,000 to 2 5 , 0 0 0 r o u n d s each y e a r .
T o d a y , v e r y few c o u r s e s a v e r a g e l e s s t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 , m o s t e x c e e d
50,000 and m a n y approach 100,000 rounds a y e a r .
As t h e n u m b e r o f c o u r s e s a n d g o l f e r s h a v e i n c r e a s e d , s o
h a v e r e s e a r c h a n d e d u c a t i o n in t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e m e n t .
Equipment advances have also kept pace with this growth so that
t h e t u r f g r a s s m a n a g e r of t o d a y h a s t h e r e s o u r c e s t o m a s t e r
almost any p r o b l e m . W h y , t h e n , are we faced w i t h so m a n y
problem greens?
There a r e , of c o u r s e , m a n v a n s w e r s to this q u e s t i o n .
Some golf course s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s m a y prefer to blame a p o o r
g r e e n on t h e o r i g i n a l d e s i g n e r o r on t h e g o l f c o u r s e d e v e l o p e r
who m a v have been pennvwise and dollar foolish.
A more
p o s i t i v e a p p r o a c h is t o s i m p l y s h o u l d e r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
for the p r o b l e m s that do e x i s t .
Once we have committed ourselves to t h i s , w e can start s o l v i n g the p r o b l e m instead of
just talking about it.
F i r s t , w e m u s t r e c o g n i z e t h a t m o s t s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s and
turfgrass managers have m i g r a t e d into the field from w i d e l y
d i f f e r e n t b a c k g r o u n d s in b o t h e x p e r i e n c e a n d e d u c a t i o n .
Some
are good g o l f e r s , g r e a t p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s m e n , and s k i l l e d
t e c h n i c i a n s ; s o m e a r e n o t . S o m e of u s h a v e o n l y a few y e a r s '
e x p e r i e n c e w h i l e o t h e r s h a v e h a d m a n y y e a r s in t h e f i e l d .

¿ / P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970.
2/A.E.S., Extension Turf-Landscape Horticulturist,
of C a l i f o r n i a , D a v i s .
73

University

S o m e o f c o n t i n u e t o h a v e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o learn a n d g a i n usef u l e x p e r i e n c e , w h i l e o t h e r s m a y h a v e o n l y t h e e x p e r i e n c e of
o n e year' r e p e a t e d o v e r a s p a n of s e v e r a l . S o m e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s
a n d m a n a g e r s are " b o r n " to l e a d . O t h e r s h a v e t o l e a r n , sanet i m e s p a i n f u l l y , h o w t o l e a d . S o m e of t h e s e are s k i l l e d workers
w h o are c a p a b l e of b e c o m i n g good f o r e m e n a b l e t o t e a c h or
d i r e c t o t h e r s to d o an e q u a l l y s k i l l f u l j o b . For s u c c e s s , we
m u s t d e a l w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s w e h a v e a n d s o w e m u s t h a v e or
develop skills that go beyond our day-to-day operational
m a n a g e m e n t . A l l t h a t w e e a c h h a v e in c o m m o n is o u r i n t e r e s t
and desire to skillfully manage this specialized turfgrass
area.
Is t h i s s p e a k i n g t o the s u b j e c t , t h e s t u d y of p r o b l e m
greens?
If y o u t h i n k n o t , I h a v e a l r e a d y lost y o u and w h a t
follows may have little m e a n i n g . The basis of our unders t a n d i n g is t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t p u t t i n g g r e e n s do n o t h a v e
p r o b l e m s . Men h a v e t h e p r o b l e m s . Men set u p t h e c o n d i t i o n s
t h a t p r o d u c e a p o o r o r a g o o d p u t t i n g g r e e n , and it is t h e i r
s k i l l o r l a c k of s k i l l t h a t m a k e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e . If we
can a c c e p t t h i s i n d i c t m e n t , w e are in a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o do
something about it.
It is a c o m m o n t e n d e n c y t o look f o r a q u i c k o r e a s y
s o l u t i o n t o a n y p r o b l e m . W e h a v e a p o o r p u t t i n g g r e e n , so
m a y b e it w i l l g o a w a y if w e a e r a t e . M a y b e a w e t t i n g a g e n t
will help. More fertilizer, perhaps?
C o u l d w e s p r a y for
disease oftener?
Or m a y b e , a n e w t o p - d r e s s i n g m i x . We h a v e
g o t a h e a d a c h e and w e n e e d q u i c k r e l i e f , s o w e t a k e an
a s p i r i n . T h e a s p i r i n a p p r o a c h d o e s s o m e t i m e s give us t e m p orary r e l i e f , but have we solved the problem?
At b e s t ,
this temporary relief buys time with which to characterize,
s t u d y , a n d a n a l y z e t h e p r o b l e m a n d to r e a c h a p e r m a n e n t
solution.
U n l e s s w e own o u r o w n p r i v a t e c o u r s e , w e m u s t r e p o r t
t o s o m e o n e o r s o m e g r o u p of o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . T h e y
are the p e o p l e w e m u s t c o n v i n c e t h a t w e k n o w o u r b u s i n e s s
a n d w h a t o u r n e e d s are if w e are to f u n c t i o n in t h e i r beh a l f . T h e s o l u t i o n to a n y p r o b l e m g r e e n a l m o s t a l w a y s
m e a n s a c h a n g e o r an a d d i t i o n in the o v e r a l l m a n a g e m e n t
p r o g r a m t h a t u l t i m a t e l y t r a n s l a t e s t o m o r e d o l l a r s or
r e a l l o c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g d o l l a r s . T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t w i l l
h a v e h i s c h a n c e t o p r o v e h i s a b i l i t y by p r e s e n t i n g a c o m p l e t e
a n a l y s i s of the p r o b l e m w i t h a c a r e f u l l y w o r k e d o u t s o l u t i o n
and possible alternatives.
In t h e a n a l y s i s o f any p r o b l e m g r e e n , a c o m p l e t e p a s t
74

h i s t o r y can b e m o s t u s e f u l . W h e n w a s t h e g r e e n f i r s t
constructed?
Do w e h a v e a n y o r i g i n a l c o s t f i g u r e s ?
How
long h a s t h i s g r e e n b e e n a p r o b l e m ?
Does this green present
only a seasonal problem?
What has been our past aspirin
treatment?
How m u c h t i m e is this g r e e n c o m p l e t e l y out o f
play? W h a t d o e s it c o s t in l a b o r a n d m a t e r i a l s as c o m p a r e d
with our good greens?
D o e s it h a v e a d r a i n a g e s y s t e m , a n d
if s o , d o e s it w o r k ?
These and m a n y similar questions should
be a n s w e r e d and w r i t t e n d o w n s o t h e y can b e d i g e s t e d .
In
this h i s t o r y of this g r e e n , a r e c o r d of p l a y can be m o s t
h e l p f u l . Many good greens that are only lightly trafficked
n o w m a y b e c o m e s e r i o u s p r o b l e m g r e e n s u n d e r the s t r e s s o f
h e a v y p l a y . A g r e e n t h a t s e r v e d w e l l in t h e '30's o r '40's
m a y n o t m e e t the n e e d s of t h e ' 7 0 ' s . A h i s t o r y o f u s e can
be o n e of t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s g r e a t e s t a l l i e s w h e r e s o l v i n g
the p r o b l e m m a y i n v o l v e m a j o r e x p e n s e .
S o i l p r o f i l e s a m p l e s from p o o r g r e e n s can a l s o be u s e f u l
in d e s c r i b i n g and a n a l y z i n g p a s t p r a c t i c e s and u n d e r s t a n d i n g
the p r e s e n t p r o b l e m . A w e l l - c o n s t r u c t e d , w e l l - d r a i n e d g r e e n
m a y h a v e b e e n m i s - m a n a g e d in the p a s t and t h e s o l u t i o n m a y
be less c o s t l y t h a n a s u p e r f i c i a l i n s p e c t i o n i n d i c a t e s .
Many
greens have been rebuilt when simply installing a proper
d r a i n a g e s y s t e m or r e m o v i n g a s u r f a c e o r g a n i c - s a n d l a y e r
w o u l d h a v e s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m . A c t u a l s a m p l e s of the p r o f i l e
will also make word description of the green more m e a n i n g f u l ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y to t h e lay p e r s o n .
A g r e e n is s e l d o m b u i l t c o m p l e t e l y as p l a n n e d or as
o r i g i n a l l y v i s u a l i z e d . O v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s , it m a y h a v e
b e c o m e l a r g e r or s m a l l e r . J u s t w h a t are the a c t u a l c o n t o u r s
of the e x i s t i n g g r e e n ? J u s t w h e r e are t h e s p r i n k l e r s l o c a t e d ?
Is t h e s p a c i n g c o r r e c t for t h e t y p e of s p r i n k l e r b e i n g u s e d ?
J u s t w h a t is the p r e s e n t w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n ?
What
is the i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e ? H o w d o e s it c o m p a r e w i t h the
sprinkler application rate?
T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n can be e a s i l y
o b t a i n e d by the s u p e r i n t e n d e n t a n d t w o h e l p e r s in l e s s t h a n
o n e d a y in the f i e l d . D a t a t a k e n in t h e f i e l d can then be
d e v e l o p e d into m e a n i n g f u l g r a p h s w h i c h in turn can be s t u d i e d
and w i l l h e l p in the s o l u t i o n of the p r o b l e m . E v e n if a
c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n c a n n o t be c a r r i e d o u t , the i n f o r m a t i o n
g a i n e d m a y be u s e f u l in i m p r o v i n g t h e p r e s e n t m a i n t e n a n c e
program.
T h e e q u i p m e n t a n d p r o c e d u r e s for o b t a i n i n g d a t a on y o u r
p r e s e n t g r e e n are n o t e x p e n s i v e o r c o m p l i c a t e d . Y o u w i l l n e e d
a t r a n s i t or l e v e l , t h r e e 1 0 0 - f o o t t a p e s , s e v e r a l w i r e s t a k e s ,
75

76

200 t o 400 #2 v e g e t a b l e o r f r u i t c a n s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s i z e
of t h e g r e e n , o n e o r t w o 2 5 0 - m l c y l i n d e r s , t h r e e o r f o u r
s h e e t s of l a r g e g r a p h p a p e r , a n d o n e o r m o r e r i n g i n f i l t r o meters.
T o l a y o u t a g r e e n , t h e #2 c a n s a r e p l a c e d o n 5 - f o o t
c e n t e r s u s i n g as a b a s e l i n e a t a p e s t r e t c h e d b e t w e e n the
two sprinkler heads that n e a r l y b i s e c t the center of the g r e e n .
From t h i s b a s e l i n e , s q u a r e t h e g r e e n a n d l a y o u t t a p e s t o g i v e
y o u t w o s e c o n d a r y l i n e s 40 t o 60 f e e t a p a r t t h a t are p a r a l l e l
to each other and perpendicular to the b a s e l i n e . (See figure
1).
T h e o r i g i n a l b a s e l i n e t a p e is t h e n m o v e d t o o n e e n d of
the s e c o n d a r y l i n e s a n d c a n s are set o u t a l o n g t h e t a p e
every 5 feet. Move this baseline tape 5 feet along the
s e c o n d a r y l i n e s a n d r e p e a t s e t t i n g o u t c a n s on 5 - f o o t c e n t e r s
u n t i l t h e e n t i r e g r e e n is c o v e r e d . ( S e e f i g u r e 2 ) .
T h i s g r i d of c a n s on 5 - f o o t c e n t e r s c a n n o w b e u s e d t o
g i v e us a c o m p l e t e a n d a c c u r a t e t o p o g r a p h y of t h e g r e e n .
U s i n g a t r a n s i t , y o u can t a k e e l e v a t i o n s t o the n e a r e s t t e n t h
o f a f o o t e v e r y 5 f e e t o v e r the e n t i r e g r e e n a n d s u r r o u n d i n g
a p r o n . F i e l d d a t a p l o t t e d on g r a p h p a p e r a n d p o i n t s o f
equal elevation connected with contour lines give a picture
of t h e t o p o g r a p h y of the g r e e n as i t a c t u a l l y e x i s t s .
These
contour lines w i l l pinpoint surface drainage p r o b l e m s , w i l l
be h e l p f u l in d e t e r m i n i n g b e t t e r cut) p l a c e m e n t , and can be
u s e d to s t u d y a n d lay o u t a m o r e e f f i c i e n t t i l e d r a i n a g e
s ^ f t e m . (See f i g u r e 3 . )
T h e s p r i n k l e r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n a n d its p r e c i p i t a t i o n
r a t e can b e d e t e r m i n e d b y r u n n i n g t h e s p r i n k l i n g s y s t e m for
1/2 h o u r , m e a s u r i n g t h e w a t e r c a u g h t in e a c h o f t h e #2 c a n s .
If t h e s y s t e m is r u n f o r e x a c t l y 1/2 h o u r , t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n
r a t e can be r e a d d i r e c t l y t o t h e n e a r e s t 1 / 1 0 0 i n c h p e r h o u r
b y p o u r i n g t h e w a t e r from t h e c o l l e c t i o n can i n t o a g r a d u a t e d
c y l i n d e r . E a c h m i l l i m e t e r m a r k i n g on the c y l i n d e r is e q u a l
to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 / 1 0 0 i n c h p e r h o u r if t h e s p r i n k l e r is r u n
for 1 / 2 h o u r . ( E x a m p l e :
A r e a d i n g o f 25 m i l l i m e t e r s w o u l d
e q u a l .25 o r 1 / 4 i n c h . A r e a d i n g o f 175 m i l l i m e t e r s w o u l d
be e q u a l t o 1.75 i n c h e s o r 1 3/4 i n c h e s p e r h o u r . )
When
t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n is p l o t t e d on g r a p h p a p e r a n d e q u a l p r e c i pitation rates are joined by contour l i n e s , we w i l l have
the d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n o f t h e s p r i n k l e r s y s t e m .
(See
figure 4.)
T y p i c a l l y , p r o b l e m g r e e n s m a y t a k e w a t e r o r h a v e an
77

WAYWARD GOL*
^ HAY WARD , CALIF

BOURSE
GREEN

TOPOGRAPHY
Figure

WAYWARD GOL*
WAYWARD , CALIF

m

SPRINKLER PATTERN

0

COURSE
GREEN * 6,

• GO

.00'.SO

•

%
wind velo m y

Figure

78

3.

4.

.0O-I.0O
1,00-UP

= c-to/vipH

infiltration rate at less than the application or precipitation rate of the existing sprinkling s y s t e m .
Infilitration
r a t e s are m e a s u r e d at s a t u r a t e d f l o w . T h i s is d o n e b y s e t t i n g
r i n g i n f i l t r o m e t e r s i n t o t h e g r e e n , f i l l i n g t h e m w i t h 10
to 12 i n c h e s o f w a t e r , a n d m e a s u r i n g t h e l o s s o f w a t e r o v e r
given t i m e i n t e r v a l s . R i n g i n f i l t r o m e t e r s can b e m a d e from
w e l l c a s i n g , o i l d r u m s c u t in h a l f , o r a n y l a r g e can o r
c y l i n d e r t h a t is o p e n on b o t h e n d s . T h e s e c y l i n d e r s are
d r i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 i n c h e s i n t o t h e g r e e n a n d the s o i l
tamped around the edges of the cylinder to insure n o leakage
t h r o u g h t h e o u t s i d e o f the c y l i n d e r . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f w a t e r
loss can b e d o n e w i t h a r u l e r o r y a r d s t i c k a c c u r a t e l y t o 1/8
inch a n d w i t h a h o o k g a u g e t o 1 / 1 0 0 of an i n c h .
Measurements
of w a t e r l o s s s h o u l d be t a k e n a t 1 5 - m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s u n t i l s u c h
time as t h e m e a s u r e d w a t e r loss c o m e s i n t o e q u i l i b r i u m .
If
w a t e r is b e i n g lost a t the r a t e of 1 / 4 i n c h e v e r y 15 m i n u t e s ,
t h i s is t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f 1 inch p e r h o u r a t t h a t
r i n g . S e v e r a l r i n g s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d on the g r e e n to g e t a
t r u e p i c t u r e of t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n f o r t h e g r e e n . (See f i g u r e
5.)

wayward aoL*
HAVWAAft , CALIF

INFILTRATION

course
0KCCM

RATE
in

fhr

Figure

5.

A V 6 * O.ii

T h i s s y s t e m o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g s o m e of the p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the g r e e n can g i v e t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t d o c u m e n t e d
i n f o r m a t i o n . H e can u s e i t t o d e v e l o p a b e t t e r m a n a g e m e n t
p r o g r a m o r t a k e s t e p s t o m a k e m a j o r i m p r o v e m e n t s , w h i c h in
79

m o s t cases must be sold to a lay group not having a techn i c a l b a c k g r o u n d . T h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s job is n o s m a l l task
s i n c e h e is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of the d a y - t o d a y m a i n t e n a n c e o f a g o l f c o u r s e , b u t h i s t r u e w o r t h is
measured b y his ability to solve p r o b l e m s .

80

Pre-and Post-Emergence Controls for Poa annua 1
Roy

L

Goss2

Poa a n n u a , c o m m o n l y r e f e r r e d t o as a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s , is
p r o b a b l y the m o s t r e s e a r c h e d w e e d in t h e t u r f g r a s s i n d u s t r y
t o d a y . W h e n Poa a n n u a m o v e s i n , d e s i r a b l e t u r f g r a s s e s t e n d
to m o v e o u t . Many b a s i c s t u d i e s n e e d t o b e c o n d u c t e d t o
determine the exact causes of why desirable turfgrass becomes
thin a n d P o a a n n u a i n c r e a s e s . C e r t a i n l y , s o m e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s
of e n c r o a c h m e n t are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i s e a s e s , i n s e c t s and
injury factors caused by t r a f f i c , c h e m i c a l s , over application
of f e r t i l i z e r , e t c . T h e r e m a y be o t h e r u n e x p l a i n e d b i o l o g i c a l
or c h e m i c a l r e a s o n s w h y P o a a n n u a is s o p e r s i s t e n t . T h e f a c t
r e m a i n s , h o w e v e r , t h a t in the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t , t h i s w e e d y
grass u s u a l l y p e r p e t u a t e s i t s e l f as a p e r e n n i a l a n d o n l y
o c c a s i o n a l l y l i v e s up to its n a m e as an a n n u a l . T h i s is d u e ,
p r i n c i p a l l y , to a " f r i e n d l y c l i m a t e " f o r t h e m o s t p a r t in
t h i s a r e a b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y the s u m m e r s a r e h o t a n d d r y e n o u g h
t h a t w e e x p e r i e n c e v a s t l o s s e s of a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s .
These
are the t i m e s w h e n w e b e c o m e m o s t c o n c e r n e d a n d w a n t to d o
something about i t .
In o r d e r t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d the p l a n t a n d s o m e if its
i d i o s y n c r a s i e s , let us t a k e a look a t a few r e f e r e n c e s , in
published literature, regarding this p l a n t .

BRIEF LITERATURE

REVIEW

J u h r e n e t a l . (6 ) r e p o r t e d in 1 9 5 7 t h a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s
and h i g h l i g h t i n t e n s i t i e s r e s u l t e d in g o o d g r o w t h of a n n u a l
b l u e g r a s s . H e a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d l o w
light i n t e n s i t i e s a l s o f a v o r e d g o o d g r o w t h . T h e p o o r e s t
conditions for the growth of annual bluegrass were high tempe r a t u r e s a n d low l i g h t i n t e n s i t i e s . He f u r t h e r r e p o r t e d t h a t
t h e p h o t o p e r i o d w a s i m p o r t a n t f o r the g r o w t h a n d s u r v i v a l o f
annual bluegrass. A 16-hour photoperiod produced plants that
w e r e l a r g e r t h a n t h e 12 o r 8 h o u r p e r i o d r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e . For hot c o n d i t i o n s , a p h o t o p e r i o d of at least

ì ^ P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t the 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
—^Associate A g r o n o m i s t , W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n R e s e a r c h 6 E x t .
Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington.
81

12 h o u r s w a s n e c e s s a r y for good s u r v i v a l . S h o r t e r photoperiods,
u n d e r h o t c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t e d in m a n y d e a d s e e d l i n g s .
Cool
8 - h o u r p h o t o p e r i o d s , h o w e v e r , r e s u l t e d in s m a l l e r , y e t , v e r y
healthy seedlings.
J u s k a and H a n s o n ( 7 ) h a v e r e p o r t e d on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l
r e q u i r e m e n t s for P o a a n n u a . T h e y f o u n d t h a t t h e t o t a l top
y i e l d w a s g r e a t e r f o r a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s g r o w n in a s i l t - l o a m
s o i l t h a n in l o a m y s a n d . In t h e s a n d c u l t u r e s , l a r g e dec r e a s e s in c l i p p i n g s , c r o w n s , a n d r o o t s w e r e o b t a i n e d at a
pH o f 4.5 c o m p a r e d to pH 6 . 5 . T h i s pH e f f e c t w a s n o t observed
in t h e s i l t l o a m s o i l . T h e y c o n c l u d e d from t h e i r t e s t s that
a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s d o e s n o t d i f f e r from o t h e r b l u e g r a s s e s in
its r e s p o n s e to t h e m a j o r e l e m e n t s N , P , a n d K . A s i g n i f i c a n t
finding by these r e s e a r c h e r s , was that four times more seedh e a d s w e r e p r o d u c e d b y a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s in l o a m y s a n d at a
pH o f 6.5 t h a n at 4 . 5 . S e e d h e a d n u m b e r s did n o t d i f f e r
s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h pH l e v e l s in the silt l o a m s o i l .
PREEMERGENCE

CONTROL

M a n y of the p r e e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t
t h e d e s i r a b l e p e r m a n e n t g r a s s e s as w e l l as t h e u n d e s i r a b l e
a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e is the d e g r e e to w h i c h
the p l a n t s can w i t h s t a n d the t r e a t m e n t . O l d e r , m o r e m a t u r e
p l a n t s can w i t h s t a n d m u c h m o r e d r a s t i c t r e a t m e n t than the
v o u n g e r s e e d l i n g g r a s s e s w i t h l i t t l e r e s p e c t to s p e c i e s
d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r is t h a t m o s t of o u r des i r a b l e t u r f g r a s s e s , in t h e m a t u r e c o n d i t i o n , can w i t h s t a n d
t h e h e r b i c i d e t r e a t m e n t . G a s k i n (3 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t tests
w i t h Z v t r o n , T r i f l u r a l i n , D a c t h a l and o t h e r s s h o w e d t h a t
t h e s e h e r b i c i d e s c a u s e d a r e d u c t i o n in t h e n u m b e r of r h i z o m e s
a n d n u m b e r of t i l l e r s in M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s w h e n a p p l i e d at
the r e c o m m e n d e d r a t e s . G o s s ( 4 ) r e p o r t e d from a s e r i e s of
e x p e r i m e n t s , that D a c t h a l ( D C P A ) at 1 0 # / a c r e and B e t a s a n
( B e n s u l i d e ) at 1 5 # / a c r e g a v e g o o d c o n t r o l of a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s
s e e d l i n g s for a p e r i o d in e x c e s s of 12 w e e k s . O t h e r m a t e r i a l s
w e r e e f f e c t i v e b u t o n l v the t w o m a t e r i a l s a b o v e w e r e n o n p h y t o t o x i c to m a t u r e t u r f .
B i n g h a m e t a l . ( 1) r e p o r t e d in o v e r s e e d i n g e x p e r i m e n t s
with cool season g r a s s e s , the following results: With bermuda
grass g r e e n s , they found that DCPA (Dacthal) and Bensulide
( B e t a s a n ) i n h i b i t e d the g e r m i n a t i o n of P o a a n n u a but w e r e able
to e s t a b l i s h a n n u a l r y e g r a s s and r e d fescue one m o n t h a f t e r
chemical treatment. The red f e s c u e , h o w e v e r , established
w e a k e r t h a n the a n n u a l r y e g r a s s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e
82

is a g r a d u a l w e a k e n i n g o r d e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e c h e m i c a l a p p l i e d
and r e s u l t s v a r y w i t h t h e s p e c i e s o f g r a s s i n v o l v e d .
J u s k a and H a n s o n ( 8) r e p o r t e d s a t i s f a c t o r y e s t a b l i s h m e n t
of b l u e g r a s s , r e d f e s c u e , a n d a n n u a l r y e g r a s s in k i l l e d sod
in e a r l y N o v e m b e r , b e f o r e f r o s t , a f t e r t h r e e a n n u a l a p p l i c a tions of c h l o r d a n e , lead a r s e n a t e , calcium a r s e n a t e , DCPA
(Dacthal) and DMPA (Zytron). The last herbicide application
w a s m a d e in A p r i l a n d t h e t h r e e g r a s s s p e c i e s w e r e o v e r s e e d e d
in S e p t e m b e r . H o w e v e r , t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f h e a v y f r o s t s a n d
colder w e a t h e r , there was definite seedling injury.
Plant
s t r e s s a p p a r e n t l y is an i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t
t o a p l a n t ' s a b i l i t y t o t o l e r a t e t o x i c m a t e r i a l s . In o n e of
these t e s t s , arsenic rates ( 4 3 5 # , 8 7 0 # , and 1740#/acre) all
p r o d u c e d the m o s t s e v e r e i n j u r y t o t h e s e e d l i n g s . T h i s coi n c i d e s w i t h p e r s o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n s and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in
a p p l e o r c h a r d s in C e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n .
Lead arsenate conc e n t r a t i o n s w e r e so h i g h in t h e s u r f a c e of t h e s o i l , t h a t
c h e w i n g s f e s c u e a n d c l o v e r c o v e r - c r o p s h a d t o be e s t a b l i s h e d
in e a r l y s p r i n g b e f o r e h e a t a n d m o i s t u r e s t r e s s w a s a f a c t o r .
Frequently the arsenic level was high enough to eliminate
ciover and reduce the fescue s t a n d . Lance (9) reported his
s u c c e s s w i t h a r s e n i c a l p r o g r a m s on g o l f c o u r s e f a i r w a v s . He
r e p o r t e d t h a t a r s e n i c a l p r o g r a m s are m o r e e f f e c t i v e a t p H o f
6.0 o r h i g h e r b u t n o t o v e r 7 . 8 . T w o t o f o u r w e e k s m u s t be
a l l o w e d from the time lime is a p p l i e d a n d t h e a r s e n i c
applic a t i o n is m a d e . L a n c e u s e d 48% t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e for his
t r e a t m e n t . He r e p o r t e d t h a t p h o s p h o r u s m u s t be e l i m i n a t e d
in t h e f e r t i l i z e r p r o g r a m o r u s e as l i t t l e as p o s s i b l e in t h e
case of s e v e r e d e f i c i e n c i e s . P h o s p h o r u s w i l l t e n d t o t i e u p
the s o l u b l e a r s e n i c a n d p r e v e n t s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n t r o l .
Lance
does h o w e v e r , recommend the use of ample nitrogen and potassium
T h e t o x i c i t y t o a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s can b e a c h i e v e d w i t h l e v e l s
of 16 t o 30# p e r 1 0 0 0 s q u a r e feet of 48% t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e
d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e s o i l t y p e . S a n d s t a k e m u c h less t h a n
h e a v i e r s o i l s . Lance r e c o m m e n d s t h e i m m e d i a t e a n d c o n t i n u e d
o v e r s e e d i n g w i t h 5 - 2 0 # b l u e g r a s s s e e d p e r a c r e s i n c e the
b l u e g r a s s s e e d l i n g w i l l s u r v i v e 8# o f c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e p e r
1000 s q u a r e f e e t a n y a p p l i c a t i o n . H e f u r t h e r r e p o r t s t h a t
a f t e r the t o x i c l e v e l h a s b e e n r e a c h e d , 2 - 4 p o u n d s of 48%
c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e / 1 0 0 0 s q u a r e feet a p p l i e d in t h e s h o r t d a v s
of s p r i n g or f a l l w i l l m a i n t a i n t o x i c i t y . H e r e p o r t s t h a t
s h o r t , c l o u d y , c o o l d a y s w i l l e n h a n c e the t o x i c i t y c o n s i d e r a b l y
H a w e s ( 5 ) r e p o r t e d on s o m e e f f e c t s o f c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e
a n d i n d i c a t e d t h a t in e a r l y y e a r s s o m e d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e
e n c o u n t e r e d s i n c e f o r m u l a t i o n s w e r e v a r i a b l e in r e l e a s e o f
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a v a i l a b l e a r s e n i c . S o m e r a t e s w e r e t o o h i g h b e c a u s e of the
h i g h a r s e n i c c o n t e n t a n d low p h o s p h o r u s p r e s e n t in t h e s o i l s
of s o m e p u t t i n g g r e e n s . H e r e p o r t s t h a t t h e l e v e l of a r s e n i c
n e c e s s a r y t o c o n t r o l u n d e s i r a b l e g r a s s e s is n o t h i g h e n o u g h
t o k i l l t h e d e s i r a b l e o n e s , it is c e r t a i n l v h i g h e n o u g h to
w e a k e n t h e s e g r a s s e s by r e d u c i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e p l a n t s
to p r o d u c e t h e i r own f o o d . P l a n t s , t h u s w e a k e n e d , are m o r e
s u s c e p t a b l e to i n j u r y by o t h e r s t r e s s f a c t o r s . He f u r t h e r
states that the principle reason that permanent grasses do
s u r v i v e in w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s w h i c h h a v e r e c e i v e d h e a v y
a r s e n i c t r e a t m e n t s is due t o t h e fact t h a t a r s e n i c a l s w o r k
by p r o d u c i n g a t h i n l a v e r of c h e m i c a l at the s o i l s u r f a c e and
n o t a t o x i c c o n d i t i o n t h r o u g h o u t the s o i l p r o f i l e .
Unlike
m o s t p r e e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s , a r s e n i c a l s d o n o t b r e a k down
in the s o i l . A f t e r m a n y y e a r s of a p p l y i n g a r s e n i c a l s the
l a y e r b e c o m e s q u i t e t h i c k . On p u t t i n g g r e e n s w h e r e m i d s u m m e r r o o t s are o f t e n s h o r t , it m a y w e l l be t h a t b e n t g r a s s e s
w i l l h a v e t h e i r e n t i r e r o o t s y s t e m e x i s t i n g in t h e a r s e n i c
l a v e r . W h e r e s o i l s h a v e p o o r s u r f a c e and s u b - s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e , l o s s e s of p e r m a n e n t t u r f are v e r y c o m m o n at or n e a r the
arsenic level needed to control Poa annua.

It is o f t e n d i f f i c u l t to get s u c c e s s f u l g e r m i n a t i o n and
g r o w t h in o v e r s e e d i n g w h e n the a r s e n i c l e v e l has r e a c h e d t h a t
n e c e s s a r y t o c o n t r o l the g e r m i n a t i o n of P o a a n n u a , for this
r e a s o n , it is u s u a l l y n e c e s s a r y to v i g o r o u s l y b r e a k the s o i l
s u r f a c e l a y e r by m e c h a n i c a l m e a n s b e f o r e s e e d i n g in s o i l
t r e a t e d w i t h h i g h r a t e s of a r s e n i c a l s . loss ( u n p u b l i s h e d data)
f o u n d t h a t h i g h r a t e s of lead a r s e n a t e c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d
b e n t g r a s s s e e d l i n g s w h i l e n o t k i l l i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r of
P o a a n n u a s e e d l i n g s . T h e h e i g h t of the s e e d l i n g s w e r e reduced,
however.

M i l l e r ( 1 0 ) S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the L o u i s v i l l e C o u n t r y
C l u b at L o u i s v i l l e , K e n t u c k y , r e p o r t e d g o o d s u c c e s s on the
c o n t r o l of P o a a n n u a in g o l f c o u r s e f a i r w a y s from a p p l i c a t i o n s
of c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e . H i s p r o g r a m w a s c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h D r .
W . H . D a n i e l of P u r d u e U n i v e r s i t y . O v e r a t h r e e - v e a r p e r i o d
M i l l e r w a s a b l e t o r e d u c e t h e P o a a n n u a on h i s f a i r w a v s from
a b o u t 20% d o w n t o 2% w i t h s u c c e s s i v e a p p l i c a t i o n s of 200 #/acre
o f m a t e r i a l . 200# of t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e w a s a p p l i e d in
O c t o b e r 1 9 6 6 , 2 0 0 # in M a r c h , 1967 and 200# a p p l i e d in O c t o b e r
1 9 6 7 . In O c t o b e r 1 9 6 8 , a n o t h e r 1 0 0 # / a c r e w a s a p p l i e d and
a n o t h e r 100# in A p r i l 1 9 6 9 . In A u g u s t 1 9 6 9 , the f i n a l 100#
p e r a c r e w a s a p p l i e d . In t h e s p r i n g of 1 9 7 0 , M i l l e r r e p o r t e d
t h a t 18# of f o r m u l a t i o n p e r 1000 s q u a r e feet h a d r e d u c e d his
P o a a n n u a to l e s s t h a n 2 % . He q u o t e d t h a t "I f e e l that calciui

84

a r s e n a t e is an e x c e l l e n t h e r b i c i d e but m u s t be u s e d w i t h d i s c r e t i o n
and f o r e t h o u g h t . It is n o t a b l a c k a n d w h i t e s i t u a t i o n in
a p p l y i n g X n u m b e r of p o u n d s of m a t e r i a l and g e t t i n g c o n t r o l of
P o a a n n u a and c r a b g r a s s . T h e r e is a v e r v d e f i n i t e g r a y a r e a in
b e t w e e n a n d m a n v v a r i a b l e s t h a t can e f f e c t the r e s u l t s in the
material."
Daniel (2) reported that when bentgrass-Poa annua
f a i r w a y s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e in t h e C h i c a g o
a r e a , the b e n t g r a s s s p r e a d r a o i d l v w h e n the P o a w a s w e a k e n e d and
that o v e r s e e d i n g w i t h b l u e g r a s s e s and b e n t g r a s s r e s u l t e d in a
change from 95% P o a a n n u a t o 98% b e n t and b i u e g r a s s in less than
three v e a r s t i m e .
T h e s e are b u t a few of t h e m a n v r e f e r e n c e s f o u n d in t h e
l i t e r a t u r e b u t s h o u l d s u f f i c e to p o i n t o u t t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e
w o r k is b e i n g d o n e in this a r e a .
POST-EMERGENCE

CONTROL

T r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e is n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r e d a o r e - e m e r g e n c e
h e r b i c i d e , h o w e v e r , it has b e e n r e p o r t e d as h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l
as a p o s t - e m e r g e n c e t r e a t m e n t . S i n c e m a n v p e o p l e are n o t
w i l l i n g to r i s k the c h a n c e s of h e a v v u s e of a r s e n i c a l s at t h i s
t i m e , o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s s h o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d .
R e s e a r c h at the W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n R e s e a r c h and E x t e n s i o n
C e n t e r at P u v a l l u o in 1970 h a v e b e e n i n i t i a t e d in b o t h p r e and p o s t - e m e r g e n c e c o n t r o l of Poa a n n u a . It is f e l t bv the
w r i t e r t h a t the m a i n t e n a n c e of n e a r p e r f e c t s t a n d s of b e n t grass on p u t t i n g g r e e n s is t h e s u r e s t w a v for o r e - e m e r g e n c e
c o n t r o l of P o a a n n u a . T h e r e are m a n v p r o b l e m s , h o w e v e r , in
m a i n t a i n i n g p u r e s t a n d s of b e n t . D i s e a s e s p r o b a b l v are the
n u m b e r one e n e m v of b e n t g r a s s a r e a s . W h e n d i s e a s e s s u c h as
E u s a r i u m P a t c h or O p h i o b o l u s P a t c h d i s e a s e k i l l o r s e v e r e l v
injure b e n t g r a s s t u r f , r e - i n v a d i n g s p e c i e s a r e i i k e l v t o be
Poa a n n u a . An e x p e r i m e n t h a s b e e n i n i t i a t e d to d e t e r m i n e the
i n v a s i o n r o u t e s of P o a a n n u a a n d t h e s p e e d at w h i c h it w i l l
invade b i u e g r a s s t u r f . T h i s e x p e r i m e n t c e n t e r s a r o u n d the
use of B e t a s a n , T r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e , a n d f u n g i c i d e s in a
n u m b e r of c o m b i n a t i o n s . We d e s i r e t o learn w h a t w i l l h a p p e n
if B e t a s a n a l o n e is u s e d w i t h o u t t h e u s e of f u n g i c i d e s .
Likew i s e , we w o u l d like to know w h a t w i l l h a p p e n if w e u s e B e t a s a n
in c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h g o o d f u n g i c i d e s to c o n t r o l d i s e a s e s . F i n a l l y ,
t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e w i l l be u s e d both a l o n e a n d in c o m b i n a t i o n
w i t h f u n g i c i d e s . It has b e e n felt b y t h e w r i t e r f o r a n u m b e r
of v e a r s t h a t m i s u s e of s o m e of the g o o d o r e - e m e r g e n c e h e r b icides is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o n l v p a r t i a l c o n t r o l of n o a a n n u a .
Obviously pre-emergence herbicides decompose gradually over
a p e r i o d of t i m e , u n t i l t h e v lose t h e i r t o x i c i t y . If the
85

l e v e l of t o x i c i t y o f B e n s u l i d e is m a i n t a i n e d h i g h t h r o u g h o u t
t h e y e a r , t h e r e s h o u l d b e l i t t l e o r n o e s t a b l i s h m e n t of P o a
a n n u a . T h e r e f o r e , p a r t o f t h i s t e s t r e v o l v e s a r o u n d the u s e
o f B e n s u l i d e s e v e r a l t i m e s p e r y e a r . O b v i o u s l y the t o t a l
a m o u n t o f a c t i v e i n g r e d i e n t u s e d w i l l be h i g h e r t h a n t h a t
r e c o m m e n d e d f o r a n y s i n g l e a p p l i c a t i o n . T h i s is o n l y an idea
a n d is c u r r e n t l y b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d m o r e r e s u l t s w i l l
b e d i s c u s s e d n e x t y e a r . D e t e r m i n a t i o n s w i l l b e m a d e from
t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s as t o w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e m a t e r i a l s b e i n g
t e s t e d w i l l p o s t - e m e r g e n t l y r e m o v e P o a a n n u a as w e l l as m a i n taining good pre-emergence control.
A s e c o n d p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t w a s i n i t i a t e d in the s u m m e r
o f 1970 f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f P o a a n n u a p o s t - e m e r g e n t l y .
K e r b , s i m a z i n e , p a r a q u a t , M S M A ( o r g a n i c a r s e n i c a l ) and f e n a c
w e r e a l l t e s t e d in a p i l o t p r o g r a m . N o n e of t h e s e m a t e r i a l s
are p r e s e n t l y b e i n g r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e c o n t r o l of P o a a n n u a
e v e n in b l u e g r a s s t u r f . H i g h r a t e s of K e r b a n d p a r a q u a t
c o m p l e t e l y k i l l e d M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s t u r f s o the d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n s e l e c t i v i t y a n d c o m p l e t e k i l l m a v be q u i t e f i n e .
P r e v i o u s r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t low r a t e s of s i m a z i n e m a y
be e f f e c t i v e in s e l e c t i v e l y r e m o v i n g P o a a n n u a from M e r i o n
b l u e g r a s s t u r f . T h i s is b e i n g r e t e s t e d at v a r i o u s r a t e s to
d e t e r m i n e its e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

P r o p a n e f l a m i n g w a s t e s t e d r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e l y on P o a
a n n u a i n f e s t e d M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s . " S i n g l e - p a s s " f l a m i n g and
"double" flaming were tested for e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
One-pass
f l a m i n g w a s e f f e c t i v e in b u r n i n g o f f a l l s e e d h e a d s of P o a
a n n u a , killing some small s e e d l i n g s , but not killing vigorous
m a t u r e p l a n t s n o r i n j u r i n g M e r i o n b l u e g r a s s t o any e x t e n t .
This leaf burn rapidly disappeared when the field greened
u p i m m e d i a t e l y . D o u b l e f l a m i n g r e s u l t e d in s o m e a r e a s b e i n g
s o m e w h a t c h a r r e d a n d k i l l e d m o s t of the m a t u r e P o a a n n u a
p l a n t s a n d a l l of t h e s e e d l i n g s . T h i s d o u b l e f l a m i n g , howe v e r , d i d n o t k i l l o r d e s t r o y the P o a a n n u a s e e d t h a t had
a l r e a d y d r o p p e d to t h e s o i l s u r f a c e . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e t h a t
the Merion bluegrass recovered quite rapidly but subsequent
g e r m i n a t i o n of t h e a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s s e e d h e l p e d to re-establish
t h e p o p u l a t i o n . In one t e s t , the i n t e n s i t y of f l a m i n g w a s
s t e p p e d u p to t h e p o i n t w h e r e a l l v e g e t a t i o n w a s k i l l e d and
a t t h i s t i m e a p e r f e c t s t a n d of P o a a n n u a h a s b e e n established,
T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t f l a m i n g can be c a r r i e d t o e x t r e m e s t o
the p o i n t w h e r e t h e d e s i r a b l e g r a s s e s are c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d as w e l l as P o a a n n u a b u t n o t the s e e d of P o a a n n u a
w h i c h w a s p r o t e c t e d in t h e o r g a n i c d e b r i s on the s o i l s u r f a c e .
It is felt t h a t p r o p a n e f l a m i n g h a s q u i t e a lot to
86

o f f e r in the f u t u r e f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f P o a a n n u a . If P o a a n n u a
does not comprise m o r e than 30-50% of the stand then flaming
can b e u s e d t o e r a d i c a t e t h e m a t u r e p l a n t . I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
flaming the area pre-emergent herbicides m a y be applied to
p r e v e n t t h e g e r m i n a t i o n a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a d d i t i o n a l P o a
a n n u a s e e d l i n g s . If t h i s p r o g r a m is s u c c e s s f u l , it w i l l be
fast a n d n o t t o o e x p e n s i v e .
In s u m m a r y , it is f e l t t h a t m a n y i n r o a d s a r e b e i n g m a d e
i n t o the s e l e c t i v e c o n t r o l of P o a a n n u a , p r e - and p o s t - e m e r g e n t l v .
As w i t h c r a b g r a s s , s o m e g o o d c o n t r o l s w i l l p r o b a b l y t u r n u p
in the n e x t four or f i v e y e a r s . In the m e a n t i m e , w e l l b a l a n c e d
n u t r i t i o n a l p r o g r a m s , good d i s e a s e c o n t r o l p r o g r a m s and good
m a n a g e m e n t w i l l h e l p t o k e e p P o a a n n u a at a m i n i m u m .
Results
at the R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n at P u y a l l u p i n d i c a t e t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s
of w e t t a b l e s u l f u r h a v e g r e a t l y r e d u c e d P o a a n n u a e s t a b l i s h m e n t in p u t t i n g g r e e n t u r f . T h e r a t e s b e i n g t e s t e d are from
1 to 3.5 l b s . of w e t t a b l e s u l f u r p e r 1 0 0 0 s q u a r e feet p e r
season. The exact reasons for this effect are n o t w e l l unders t o o d , h o w e v e r , pH a n d p h o s p h o r u s a v a i l a b i l i t y a f f e c t s are
possible. This coincides with the work reported by Juska
and H a n s o n (8) w h e r e t h e y s t a t e d t h a t f o u r t i m e s as m a n y
s e e d h e a d s w e r e p r o d u c e d b y P o a a n n u a on l o a m v s a n d at a pH
of 6.5 t h a n at a pH of 4 . 5 . T h e r e f o r e , the e f f e c t s of
s u l f u r m a v be t h a t in r e d u c i n g the pH t o p r o d u c e t h i s e f f e c t .
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s are c o n t i n u i n g in a l l p h a s e s of t h i s r e s e a r c h .

LITERATURE

CITED

1.

Bingham, S . W , , R. E . S c h m i d t , and C . K . C u r r y .
1969.
A n n u a l B l u e g r a s s C o n t r o l in O v e r s e e d e d B e r m u d a G r a s s
Putting Green T u r f . A g r o n . J . 6 1 : 9 0 8 - 9 1 1 .

2.

D a n i e l , W . H . S u c c e s s w i t h A r s e n i c s on 50 a c r e s - b e n t .
1970. Turf Conference Proceedings M R T F , Purdue U .
LaFavette, Indiana.

3.

G a s k i n , T . A . 1 9 6 4 . E f f e c t of P r e - e m e r g e n c e C r a b g r a s s
H e r b i c i d e s on R h i z o m e D e v e l o p m e n t on K e n t u c k y B l u e g r a s s .
Agron. J . 56:340-342.

4.

G o s s , R o y L . 1 9 6 4 . P r e - e m e r g e n c e of A n n u a l
(Poa a n n u a L . ) A g r o n . J . 5 6 : 4 7 9 - 4 8 1 .

5.

H a w e s , D o u g l a s T . A r s e n i c a l s for P o a a n n u a C o n t r o l .
The A g r o n o m i s t . U . of M a r y l a n d , D e c . 1 9 6 8 .

87

Bluegrass

6«

J u h r e n t M a r c e l l a , Wilfred Noble and F . W . W e n t .
1957.
T h e S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f P o a a n n u a as an I n d i c a t o r of Smoi
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I . E f f e c t s of T e m p e r a t u r e , Photoperioi
a n d Light I n t e n s i t y D u r i n g G r o w t h of the T e s t - P l a n t .
Plant Physiol.

7.

J u s k a , F . V . a n d A . A . H a n s o n . 1 9 6 9 . N u t r i t i o n a l Requirem e n t s of P o a a n n u a . A g r o n . J . 6 1 : 4 6 6 - 4 6 8 .

8.

J u s k a , F . V , a n d A . A , H a n s o n . 1 9 6 4 . E f f e c t of Preemerb e n c e C r a b g r a s s H e r b i c i d e s on S e e d l i n g E m e r g e n c e of
Turfgrass Species. Weeds.
12:97-100.

9.

L a n c e , P h i l . 1 9 7 0 , W h i t e m a r s h g i v e s P o a the H e a v e Hoa.
W e e d s , Trees and T u r f .
9:8:26-27.

10.

M i l l e r , L o u i s E . 1 9 7 0 . S u c c e s s w i t h A r s e n i c s on 40 AcresBent. Turf Conference Proceedings MRTF, Purdue U.
LaFavette, Indiana.

88

Fusarium Patch Experiments With New Fungicides1
Charles

J.

Gould2

B e n l a t e ( b e n o m y l ) s t i l l a p p e a r s to b e one of t h e b e s t o f
t h e n e w f u n g i c i d e s for t h e c o n t r o l o f F u s a r i u m P a t c h ( F . n i v a l e )
and the p r o d u c t i o n of h i g h q u a l i t y t u r f . W e h a v e b e e n t e s t i n g
it on t w o e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s a t 1 a n d 2 o z . / l O O O s q . f t . ; a t
2 f 3 and 4 w e e k i n t e r v a l s ; a n d in c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a w e t t i n g
a g e n t a n d w i t h s u l f u r . V e r y p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n obt a i n e d w i t h 2 o z . o f B e n l a t e e v e r y 2 o r 3 w e e k s in 10 g a l l o n s
of w a t e r p e r 1000 s q . f t . R e g i s t r a t i o n o f B e n l a t e f o r u s e on
turf is e x p e c t e d in t h e n e a r f u t u r e .
A n o t h e r p r o m i s i n g n e w c o m p o u n d is B r o m o s a n (a m i x t u r e
of P M A , t h i r a m a n d t r i b r o m o s a l i c y l a n i l i d e ) a t 4 o z . / l O O O s q .
f t . Fore ( D i t h a n e M - 4 5 ) , w h i c h h a s b e c o m e o u r s t a n d a r d
f u n g i c i d e (at 8 o z . / l O O O s q . f t ) , is a l s o g i v i n g g o o d r e s u l t s
in the c u r r e n t t e s t s . O t h e r f u n g i c i d e s u n d e r t e s t a r e :
M e r t e c t 160 ( t h i a b e n d a z o l e ) , M a l l i n c k r o d t 1 s M F - 4 4 3 , C a l o - C l o r ,
P M A , w e t t a b l e s u l f u r and i r o n s u l f a t e .
Unfortunately not enough Fusarium developed last fall or
t h i s s p r i n g in e i t h e r one o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s t o e n a b l e
us to differentiate between excellent and mediocre fungicides.
T h e r e f o r e , we w i l l repeat the tests during the 1970/71 season.
C o r t i c i u m ( C . f u c i f o r m e ) R e d T h r e a d a p p e a r e d on p a r t o f
one of the e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a s d u r i n g the w i n t e r .
Mercurycontaining fungicides gave the best control; next best were
Fore and B e n l a t e .
M y d e e p a p p r e c i a t i o n goes t o m y f e l l o w c o o p e r a t o r s :
D r . Roy L . Goss a n d M r . V . L . M i l l e r for t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e in
t h i s r e s e a r c h . For f i n a n c i a l a n d o t h e r s u p p o r t I am g r a t e f u l
t o the N o r t h w e s t T u r f g r a s s A s s o c i a t i o n a n d t o t h e v a r i o u s
chemical companies involved.

i:'Paper p r e s e n t e d
at the 24th N . W . Turfgrass Conference,
Salishan, Gleneden B e a c h , Oregon, October 7 , 8 , 9 , 1970.
2/
— P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t , W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n R e s e a r c h and E x t e n s i o n
Center, Washington State University, Puvallup, Washington.
89

Agronomic Turfgrass Research Report1
Roy
NUTRITION

L.

Goss2

RESEARCH

N i t r o g e n , P h o s p h o r u s a n d P o t a s s i u m s t u d i e s are continuing
on t e n - y e a r o l d C o l o n i a l b e n t g r a s s t u r f . S o i l l e v e l s of all
n u t r i e n t s i n c l u d i n g c a l c i u m are c o n t i n u i n g to d w i n d l e and deficiencies of these elements are becoming more noticeable.
T u r f t h a t w a s r e - e s t a b l i s h e d in the s u m m e r o f 1 9 6 9 on t h e
p u t t i n g g r e e n r e s e a r c h a r e a , h a s r e s p o n d e d v e r y w e l l t o treatm e n t a n d the s a m e d e f i c i e n c i e s e x i s i n g in the o l d e r turf are
e q u a l l y as p r o n o u n c e d , o r m o r e s o , in the y o u n g t u r f . T h e
p l o t s w e r e r e - e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h o u t d i s t u r b i n g the s o i l , b u t
s i m p l y b y r e m o v i n g t h e o l d s o d in a v e r y t h i n l a y e r .
S u l f u r r e s e a r c h is c o n t i n u i n g in c o m b i n a t i o n s w i t h
n i t r o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s . P o t a s s i u m is b e i n g a p p l i e d in a
u n i f o r m a p p l i c a t i o n to a l l a r e a s e x c e p t t h e c h e c k p l o t s in
t h e s u l f u r r e s e a r c h a r e a . S u l f u r c o n t i n u e s to p r o d u c e
s u p e r i o r q u a l i t y t u r f from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f d e n s i t y , t e x t u r e ,
a n d c o l o r q u a l i t y . F i f t y p o u n d s of w e t t a b l e s u l f u r p e r acre
(1.15 lbs./lOOO square feet) produces a reasonable response
b u t 1 5 0 l b s . p e r a c r e (3.45 l b s . / l O O O s q u a r e f e e t ) p r o d u c e s
even better results. Interestingly e n o u g h , all sulfur rates,
p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e h i g h e s t r a t ^ p r o d u c e d p l o t s w i t h l i t t l e or
n o P o a a n n u a in t h e m . A l l p l o t s w i t h o u t s u l f u r h a v e v a r y i n g
p e r c e n t a g e s o f a n n u a l b l u e g r a s s a n d s o m e o f t h e m are 50% or
more.
All plots receiving phosphorus without sulfur have ext r e m e l y h i g h p o p u l a t i o n s of P o a a n n u a . P l o t s r e c e i v i n g b o t h
p h o s p h o r u s a n d s u l f u r h a v e s o m e P o a b u t less t h a n t h o s e w i t h out sulfur. This indicates a reaction between phosphorus
a n d t h e i n c i d e n c e of P o a a n n u a and a l s o an i n t e r a c t i o n between
p h o s p h o r u s and s u l f u r . It is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s u l f u r is
l o w e r i n g t h e pH of t h e s o i l , t h e r e b y , c a u s i n g a t i e - u p of
p h o s p h o r u s , r e d u c i n g its a v a i l a b i l i t y . H i g h a m o u n t s o f

z l P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 2 4 t h N . W . T u r f g r a s s C o n f e r e n c e ,
Salishan, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, October 7 , 8, 9 , 1970.
^ A s s o c i a t e Agronomist, Western Washington Research 6 E x t .
Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington.
90

p h o s p h o r u s are g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r e d by b l u e g r a s s e s f o r b e s t
growth.
POA A N N U A P R E - E M E R G E N C E

PROGRAM

The Poa annua pre-emergence control program was initiated
in the s u m m e r of 1 9 7 0 . C o m b i n a t i o n s of B e t a s a n and f u n g i c i d e s
and t r i - c a l c i u m a r s e n a t e a n d f u n g i c i d e s a r e b e i n g a p p l i e d to
p u t t i n g g r e e n t u r f ( H i g h l a n d b e n t g r a s s ) t o d e t e r m i n e if t h e s e
t r e a t m e n t s w i l l k e e p down P o a a n n u a . T h e g o a l s of t h i s research are:
1.

D e t e r m i n e w h a t w i l l h a p p e n if p r e - e m e r g e n c e
are u s e d w i t h o u t f u n g i c i d e s .

2.

Determine what w i l l happen if fungicides are used
without pre-emergence herbicides.

3.

D e t e r m i n e w h a t w i l l h a p p e n if f u n g i c i d e s a n d p r e emergence herbicides are applied to the same a r e a .

4.

C o n s i d e r t h e s a m e p o i n t s a b o v e o n l y s u b s t i t u t i n g tric a l c i u m a r s e n a t e in the p l a c e of the p r e - e m e r g e n c e
herbicides.

KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS

herbicides

STUDIES

P l o t s of M e r i o n a n d C o u g a r K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s are m a t u r e
a n d h a v e b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o t r e a t m e n t s for the o a s t y e a r .
A t t e m p t s are b e i n g m a d e t o m a i n t a i n oH l e v e l s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y
6.0 o r h i g h e r t h r o u g h a n n u a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f g r o u n d l i m e s t o n e .
P r e - e m e r g e n c e h e r b i c i d e s h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e p l o t s in
S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 7 0 . O b s e r v a t i o n s w i l l c o n t i n u e t o d e t e r m i n e if
K e n t u c k y b l u e g r a s s can b e m a i n t a i n e d as a p u r e m o n o s p e c i e s
in W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n .
GROWTH REGULATOR

STUDIES

Several different growth regulators were investigated
in e a r l y s u m m e r , 1 9 7 0 , to d e t e r m i n e t h e i r e f f e c t in i n h i b i t ing the g r o w t h o f g r a s s e s . M o s t o f the m a t e r i a l s w e r e n u m b e r e d
c o m p o u n d s and h a v e n o t b e e n r e l e a s e d on t h e m a r k e t . S o m e of
the n u m b e r e d m a t e r i a l s d e m o n s t r a t e d f a i r t o g o o d p r o p e r t i e s .
Of t h o s e t h a t are on the m a r k e t , C F - 1 2 5 M a i n t a i n a p p l i e d a l o n e
and m i x e d w i t h M a i n t a i n 3 , p r o d u c e d b e t t e r r e s u l t s t h a n M H - 3 0 .
M a i n t a i n 3 and M H - 3 0 , b o t h b e i n g v e r y s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s , p r o v i d e d
some p h v t o t o x i c i t y i n i t i a l l y , b u t t h e g r a s s e s a l l r e c o v e r e d .

91

SEEDHEAD

INHIBITORS

T r e a t m e n t s w e r e c o n t i n u e d in the s p r i n g of 1970 w i t h PoS a n , w h i c h is a P o a a n n u a s e e d h e a d i n h i b i t o r . Good inhibition
w a s o b t a i n e d at the m a n u f a c t u r e r s r e c o m m e n d e d r a t e for periods
u p t o e i g h t w e e k s o r s o d u r a t i o n . S o m e y e l l o w i n g of the turf
w a s n o t e d in t h e b e g i n n i n g but w a s s o o n d i s a p p e a r i n g and the
p l o t s w e r e e v e n a d e e p e r g r e e n t h a n t h e o r i g i n a l t u r f . It
a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s e s e e d h e a d i n h i b i t o r s h a v e a p l a c e in our
total program for Poa annua control.
COOPERATIVE AGRONOMIC, PATHOLOGIC

STUDIES

S t u d i e s are c o n t i n u i n g w i t h D r . C . J . G o u l d at the
P u y a l l u p R e s e a r c h C e n t e r for t h e c o n t r o l of F u s a r i u m
p a t c h and O p h i o b o l u s p a t c h d i s e a s e s of t u r f . T h e s e w i l l not
b e e l a b o r a t e d u p o n at t h i s t i m e s i n c e D r . G o u l d has p r e sented this r e p o r t .

92

MEMBERS OF THE N O R T H W E S T TURFGRASS
ASSOCIATION
A-L S p r a y S e r v i c e
520 S 53d S t .
T a c o m a , W a . 98408

Bend Golf Club
Murphy Road
B e n d , Oregon 97701

Agate B e a c h G o l f C o u r s e
Box 1416
Newport, Ore. 97321

Bellingham Golf 6 Country
3729 M e r i d i a n S t .
Bellingham, Wa.

A l d e r b r o o k Inn
Alderwood Development
U n i o n , W a . 98492

Dennis H . Besley
4360 G o r d o n H e a d R d .
Victoria, British Columbia

Inc.

Amxco Inc.
Box 128
Moxee C i t y , W a . 98935

B. G. 6 P. Inc.
2 0 4 1 S . 3 2 0 t h , S p a c e 167
Federal W a y , W a . 98002

A n d e r s o n , David A .
5475 S . W . 182nd
B e a v e r t o n , O r e . 97005

Broadmoor Golf Club
2340 B r o a d m o o r D r i v e
S e a t t l e , W a . 98102

A s t o r i a Golf 6 C o u n t r y
W a r r e n t o n , O r e . 97146
Baily, Robert
4949 C a n a d a W a y
Burnabv 2 , British

E.

Brooks, Michael D. H.
2220 M a r i n e D r i v e W .
Vancouver, British Columbia

Club

Cal-Turf, Inc.
5417 S a n t a C l a r a A v e .
C a m a r i l l o , Calif. 93010

Columbia

Baldwin 8 Son
4430 N . 8th
T a c o m a , W a . 98406

Calvarv Cemetery Assoc.
7 2 0 1 54th A v e . W .
T a c o m a , W a . 98467

Baywood Country Club
Box 573
E u r e k a , C a l i f . 95524

C a n i l a n o G o l f and C o u n t r y C l u b
520 S o u t h b o r o u g h D r .
West Vancouver British Columbia

B a l t z , E . P . 6 Son
9817 E a s t B u r n s i d e S t .
P o r t l a n d , O r e . 97216
3ellevue Municipal Golf
111 116th A v e . S . E .
B e l l e v u e , W a . 98004

Club

Carnation Golf Course
R t . 1 , B o x 530
Tall C i t v , W a . 98024
Course
Cascade Golf Course
Cedar Fails Road
N o r t h 3 e n d , W a . 98045
93

Cedar Crest Golf Course
Rt. 1
M a r y s v i l l e , Wa. 9 8 2 7 0

Elanco Products
69 M i d w a y R o a d
S a n A n s e l m o , C a l i f . 94960

James R. Chapman
708 N . E . 1 0 8 t h A v e .
V a n c o u v e r , W a . 98664

E l k s G o l f 8 C o u n t r y Club
187 *
Selah, Wa. 98901

Clarkston Golf 8 Country Club
Clarkston, Wa.

E m e r a l d T u r f g r a s s F a r m s , Inc
R t . 1 , Box 1 4 6 A
S u m n e r , W a . 98390

Duane R , Coffman
2475 Dexter A v e . N .
S e a t t l e , W a s h . 98109
H a y d e n L a k e Golf 6 C o u n t r y
R t . 2 B o x 18
Havden L a k e , Idaho 83835

E n u m c l a w G o l f 8 C o u n t r y Club
R t . 3 , B o x 599
Enumclaw, Wa.
CI
E u g e n e G o l f 8 C o u n t r y Club
255 C o u n t r y C l u b R d .
Eugene, Ore. 97401

College Golf Course
Box 2446
P a r k l a n d , W a . 98444

E v e r e t t G o l f 8 C o u n t r y Club
Box 1 1 0 5
Everett, Wa. 98201

Corvallis Country Club
1850 S . W . Whiteside Dr.
Corvallis, Ore,

Evergreen Soil Service
R t . 1 , B o x 46-B
Quincv, W a . 98801

Columbia-Edgewater Golf Club
Box 11223 Piedmont Station
Portland, Ore. 97211

Evergreen-Washelli Memorial
11111 Aurora Ave. N .
Park
S e a t t l e , W a . 98133

Cumberland Valley Turf
520 P a c i f i c A v e .
S u m n e r , W a . 98390

Fairwood Golf Club
17070 140th A v e . N . E .
R e n t o n , W a . 98055

Douglas Countv Parks
P . O . B o x 972
R o s e b u r g , O r e . 97470

Richard Fankhauser
D i v . of E n g i n e e r i n g 8 A r c h ,
219 G e n e r a l A d m i n . B l d g .
Olympia, W a . 98501

Eastside Soraying 6 Fogging
10021 126th N . E .
Service
K i r k l a n d , W a . 98033

Fred Federspiel
1 6 7 5 5 S . W.* P a c i f i c H w y .
Lake O s w e g o , O r e . 97034

Edmonds School District
Maint. Dept.
3800 196th S . W .
L y n n w o o d , W a . 98036

Fircrest Golf Club
6520 R e g e n t s B l v d .
T a c o m a , W a . 98466
94

Forest Hills Golf Course
Rt. 2
Cornelius, Ore.

Grays Harbor Country Club
5300 C e n t r a l P a r k D r .
A b e r d e e n , W a . 98520

F o r e s t Lawn C e m e t e r y
5409 K i t s a p W a v
Bremerton, W a . 98310

Green Valley Fertilizer 6
1 2 8 1 6 80th A v e . N . C h e m i c a l C o .
Surrey, British Columbia

Forest L a w n , Inc.
6 7 0 1 30th A v e . S . W .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98126

Greenup Spray Service
12437 1st A v e . S . W .
Seattle, Wa.

F o r t Lewis G o l f C o u r s e
F t . L e w i s , W a . 98433

John S. Haines
Power Spraying 6 Pruning
4700 E Oregon S t .
Bellingham, Wa.

H . D. Fowler, Inc.
13400 30th S . E .
Bellevue, W a . 98004

Co.

Dave Hulo
2604 N . E . 138th
Portland, Ore.

Gallery Golf Course
Naval Air Station
Whidbey Island
Oak H a r b o r , W a . 98277

Hangman Valley Golf Course
1029 S . Garry R d .
Liberty L a k e , W a . 99019

General Spray Service of Magnolia, Inc.
1 0 3 1 N . E . 114th
S e a t t l e , W a . 98125

Hemphill Bros., Inc.
201 Boren Avenue N .
Seattle, W a . 98109
Hercules, Inc.
Alcoa Bldg.
Maritime Plaza
Golden Gate Center
San F r a n c i s c o , Calif. 94111

G i f f o r d s the G a r d e n e r s
1003 N . C e n t r a l S t .
O l y m p i a , W a . 98502
Glendale Country Club
13440 Main S t .
B e l l e v u e , W a . 98004

Don H o g a n
37th A v e . S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98108

Glendoveer Golf Course
14015 N . E . G l i s a n S t .
P o r t l a n d , Ore. 97230
Globe-Evergreen Fertilizer Co.
Foot of C r a m p t o n S t .
Vancouver, British Columbia
W . R. Grace & Co.
Box 168
H a l s e v , O r e . 97248
95

Holvrood Cemetery
205 N . E . 205th
Seattle, W a . 98155
Charles Hoydar 6 Assoc.
4 6 1 2 U n i o n B a y P l a c e 1 N.. E .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98105

Xnglewood Country
Rt. 6
Kenmore, Wa.

Club

L i b e r t y Lake G o l f C o u r s e
Box 1822
L i b e r t y L a k e , W a . 99019

Inland Toro Distr. Inc.
B o x 532
Yakima, W a . 98901

L i l 1 A u g u s t a Golf C o u r s e
9571 Avondale Rd.
Redmond, Wa.

Jacklin Seed Co.
8803 E . S p r a g u e
Dishman, Wa.

Charles H . Lilly C o .
5200 D e n v e r S t . S o .
Seattle, Wa. 98101

Jackson Park M u u n . Golf C .
1000 N . E . 135th S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98125

Malmo Landscapers N . W .
7520 B r i d g e p o r t W a y
T a c o m a , W a . 98467

Jefferson Park M u n . Golf
4101 Beacon Ave. S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98108

Manito Golf 6 Country Club
Box 8025 M a n i t o S t a t i o n
Spokane, Wa.

Jenks-White Seed
Box 267
Salem, Ore.

C.

Co.

M a r i n e D r i v e Golf C l u b
B o x 5039 P o s t a l S t a t i o n E .
Vancouver 13, British Col.

Robt. Trent Jones, Inc.
360 B r y a n t S t .
Palo A l t o , Calif

M c C h o r d A i r F o r c e Golf Course
Box 4026
McChord A F B , W a . 98438

Edgar F. Kaiser
( A u k e Sy B y l e )
Deer H a r b o r , W a . 98243

M e r i d i a n V a l l e y Golf Club
13801 240th S . E .
K e n t , W a . 98031

Kitsap Golf 6 Country
6800 Golf Club Road
B r e m e r t o n , W a . 98310

Club

Messmer1s Landscaping
24664 156th S . E .
K e n t , W a . 98031

Kokanee Springs Golf C .
B o x 62
Crawford B a y , British Col.

Michelbook Country Club
1 3 0 1 M i c h e l b o o k Lane
McMinnville, Ore.

LaGrande Country Club
Box 836
L a G r a n d , Ore. 97850

Miller Products Co.
7737 N . E . Killingsworth
Portland, Ore. 97201

Lake C u s h m a n M a i n t . C o .
B o x 307
H o o d s p o r t , W a . 98548

Mountain View Memorial Park
4100 Steilacoom Blvd S . W .
T a c o m a , W a . 98409
96

M o s e s Lake G o l f C l u b
Box 329
M o s e s L a k e , W a . 98837

Olympia Golf 6 Country
R t . 6 , B o x 212
Olympia, Wa. 98501

Mt• Si G o l f C o u r s e
Box 68
N o r t h B e n d , W a . 98045

Olympic Landscaping
941 N . 182nd, Suite 2
S e a t t l e , W a . 98133

Nile Country Club
500 N . E . 2 0 5 t h S t .
E d m o n d s , W a . 98155

Oregon Toro Distributors
2000 N . E . Madison
P o r t l a n d , Ore. 97214

North Coast Seed Co.
2204 A i r p o r t W a y S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98134

O v e r l a k e Golf 6 C o u n t r y
Box 97
M e d i n a , W a . 98039

North Shore Golf 6 Country
1611 Browns P t . Blvd.
T a c o m a , W a . 98422

Club

Club

O s w e g o Lake C o u n t r y C l u b
20 Iron M o u n t a i n B l v d .
Lake O s w e g o , O r e .

C.

Northern Industries Ltd.
245 N o . 8 R o a d RR 2
Richmond, British Columbia

Pacific Agro Co.
1075 S . W . S o o k a n e S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98134

Northwest HosDital
1 5 5 1 N . 120th
S e a t t l e , W a . 98133

Pacific Lutheran U n i v .
M a i n t . Dept. c/o W . B . Moore
T a c o m a , W a . 98447

Northwest Mowe^s
1149 N . 98th S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98103

Poison Co.
625 L a n d e r S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98104

N u L i fe F e r t i l i z e r s
Box 883
Tacoma, W a . 98401

Portland Golf Club
5900 S . W . S c h o o l s Ferry
P o r t l a n d , O r . 97219

Oakbrook Golf 6 C. C.
8102 Z i r c o n D r i v e S . W .
T a c o m a , W a . 98498

William D. Postlewaite
R t . 1 , Box 264
B e a v e r t o n , Ore. 97005

O a k s r i d g e Golf C o u r s e
R t . 3 , Box 3 0 1
Elma, Wa.

Puget Sound Seed Co.
1050 W . N i c k e r s o n S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98109

Ocean S h o r e s E s t a t e s I n c .
Ocean S h o r e s , W a . 9 8 5 5 1

Rainbird Sprinklers
W . L. Johnston
R t . 1 , Box 1042
C a m a s , W a . 98607
97

Rd.

Rainier Golf 6 Country
1856 S . 1 1 2 t h S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98188

Salishan Properties Inc.
Box 148
G l e n e d e n B e a c h , O r e . 97388

CI.

Rediturf Inc.
B o x 946
Albany, Ore. 97321

Sand Point Country Club
8333 55th A v e . N . E .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98115

R e d m o n d G o l f Links
7730 Learv Way N . E .
R e d m o n d , W a . 98052

David Schodde
B o x 622
E n u m c l a w , W a . 98022

Reed and Cross Inc.
160 Oakway Road
Eugene, Ore. 97401

Scott Lake Golf Course
R t . 4 , Box 393A
Olympia, Wa. 98501

Riverside Golf 6 Country
8105 N . E . 33rd Drive
Portland, Ore. 97211

C.

Seattle Golf Club
2 1 0 N . W . 145th S t .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98177

James F. Roberts
20875 Valley Green Drive
A p t . 122
C u p e r t i n o , Calif 95014
Rock Creek Golf S Country
3680 N . W . Columbia A v e .
Somerset, West
P o r t l a n d , Ore. 97229

Seattle Parks 6 Rec. Dept.
100 D e x t e r A v e . N .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98109

Club

Royal Colwood Golf 6 Country
629 G o l d s t r e a m A v e .
Victoria, British Columbia

C.

Shadow Hills Country
Box 2529

Club

E u g e n e , O r e . 97402
Sham-Na-Pum

Royal Oaks Country Club
8917 N . E . 4th P l a i n R d .
Vancouver, Wa.

( M e m o r i a l P a r k G o l f C l u b Inc,
72 G e o . W a s h i n g t o n W a y
R i c h l a n d , W a . 98352
Shaughnessy Golf 6 C . C .
4300 S . W . M a r i n e D r i v e
V a n c o u v e r 1 3 , B r i t i s h Columbi

Sahalee Country Club, Inc.
Box 183
R e d m o n d , W a . 98052
William Sander
S u i t e 103
12750 S . W . Pacific
T i g a r d , Ore. 97223

Seattle School Dist. N o . 1
Maint. Dept.
815 4th A v e . N .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98109

SheIton-Bayshore Golf Club
Box 89
SheIton, Wa.

Hwy.

98

Sherstobitofff Nick N .
Catlegar 6 Dist. Golf Club
P . O . Box 1 2 1
Thrums, 6 , British Columbia

Sunriver Golf Course
Sunriver Properties Inc.
Box 1224
Bend, Ore. 97701

S h o r e l i n e S c h o o l D i s t . N o . 412
N . E . 158th 6 2 0 t h A v e . N . E
S e a t t l e , W a . 98125

Sunset Northwest
1919 A v e . N . E .
Bellevue, W a . 98004

Ed S h o r t C o .
2450 6th A v e . S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98134

S u n t i d e s Golf C o u r s e
2215 Pence Road
Yakima, Wa.

J a c k R . Sim
Rt. Ill Courthouse

Swift Agricultural Chemical
Box 245 N .
Portland, Ore. 97201

Grants P a s s , O r e .

Co.

Tacoma Golf 6 Country Club
G r a v e l l e y Lake D r i v e S . W .
T a c o m a , W a . 98498

S i m i l k B e a c h Golf C o u r s e
R t . 72 Box 375
Anacortes, Wa.

Tarn 0 ' S h a n t e r G o l f C l u b
1313 1 8 3 r d A v e . N . E .
Bellevue, W a . 98004

A. R. Smith 6 C o . , Inc.
919 H o u s e r W a y N .
R e n t o n , W a . 98055

T a v l o r , Pearson 6 Carson Ltd.
2331 Alberta S t .
Vancouver, 1 0 , British Columbia

Spokane Country Club
Box 7750
S p o k a n e , W a . 99208

A. H. Tavlor
4949 C a n a d a W a y
Burnaby 2 , British

Spokane Park Dept.
504 C i t y H a l l
Spokane, W a . 98250

Columbia

Turf 6 Toro Supply Co.
6001 Mavnard Ave. S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98104

Sun Dance Golf C l u b I n c .
Rt. 1
N i n e M i l e F a l l s , W a . 99026

Tumwater Valley Golf
P . O . Box 769
Olympia, W a . 98501

Sun I r r i g a t i o n C o ,
916 N . E . 64th
S e a t t l e , W a . 98115

Club

C i t y of T w i n F a l l s
B o x 309
Twin Falls, Idaho 83301

Sun Land A s s o c i a t e s ,
Kenneth L. Putnam
R t . 2 , Box 29
S e q u i m , W a . 98382

T w i n L a k e s Golf 6 C o u n t r v
3460 S . W . 320th
Federal W a y , W a . 98002
99

C.

1

Van Waters 6 R o g e r s , Inc.
4 0 0 0 1st A v e . S .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98104
Vancouver Golf Club
771 Austin Ave.
New Westminster, British

W e l l i n g t o n H i l l s G o l f Course
W o o d i n v i l l e , W a . 98072
Western Plastics Corp.
2 3 3 0 P o r t of T a c o m a R d .
Tacoma, W a . 98421
Col.
West Seattle Golf Course
4470 35th A v e . S . W .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98106

Velsicol Chemical Corp.
341 E . Ohio S t .
Chicago, 111. 60611
Veteran Memorial Golf Course
Walla W a l l a , W a . 99362

W i l l a m e t t e V a l l e y C o u n t r y CI
2396 N . E . Country Club Dr.
C a n b y , O r e . 97013

Wagner's (Ben) Nursery Service
504 C l a y S t .
Walla W a l l a , W a . 99362

W i n g P o i n t G o l f 6 C o u n t r y CI
R t . 5 , B o x 5195
B a i n b r i d g e I s l a n d , W a . 98110

Walla Walla Country Club
B o x 1236
Walla W a l l a , W a . 99362

W e n a t c h e e G o l f 6 C o u n t r y Clu
1479 Box
Wenatchee, Wa.

Wandermere Golf Course
Rt. 5
S p o k a n e , W a . 98253

Wilson 6 Geo. Meyer 6 Co.
318 Q u e e n A n n e A v e . N .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98109

Washington Tree Service
17868 28th A v e . N . E .
S e a t t l e , W a . 98155

Yakima Metro Park
Box 171
Yakima, Wa.

Waverley Country Club
Box 1100 S . E . Waverley
P o r t l a n d , O r e . 97222

Dr.

PB-£923-267~P.PAM
5-29T
100

District

N O R T H W E S T TURFGRASS
M E M B E R S H I P DUES
1.

Annual dues, $25.00, payable on or before
May 15th each year. Dues are based on annual due date nonprorated.

2.

Membership includes registration fee for one
person at Annual Turf Conference. Other persons from member organization

registration

fee $8.00.
3.
4.

N O INITIATION FEES ARE CHARGED.
Non members may attend the Annual Conference by paying a $15.00 registration fee.
For further information on dues, contact the
Northwest Turf Treasurer.