PROCEEDINGS
SIXTH

ANNUAL
TURF

OCTOBER

PACIFIC

OF

NORTHWEST

CONFERENCE

13 AND 14. 1952

PULLMAN , WASHING TON

SPONSORED
PACIFIC

NORTHWEST

BY

TURF

ASSOCIATION

AND
THE

STATE COLLEGE OF

WASHINGTON

Table of Contents
Directors and Officers........

E>

Program.............

6

The Midwest Regional Turf Foundation Program.......
..........W. H # Daniel

8

The Use of 251|,5~T for Clover Control in Turf......
.
. .W. H. Daniel
Synthetic Soil Conditioners and Their Applications.
Walter H. Gardner

10
13

The Use and Care of Surveying Equipment
. . . .Max C. Jensen
e • ...

19

Results of the Snowmcld Control Experiments at
Pullman and Spokane, Washington 195>1~1952........ ..
Jack P. Meiners
0.

22

You Can*t Afford to Be Without a Turf Nursery.......
......
Charles G. Wilson

21+

Weed Control in Turf..c

26

Lowell W. Rasmussen

Progress Report on the Pearlwort Control Project At
The Western Washington Experiment Station..
Maynard Grunder
...... c........... e... * a
It f s Easy to Be a Turf Expert

29

Alfred Slinkard

32

Turf Insects in the Pacific Northwest.H. S. Telford

3k

Development of a T u rf Research Program........,...•
..
B. R 0 Bertraxnson

35

Let1 s Put the Grasses to Work......B. R. Bertramson

1+0

Registered Attendance

1^6

Compiled Courtasy of
WEST POINT PRODUCTS CORPORATION
West Point <, Pennsylvania

NORTHWEST TURF ASSOCIATION - OCTOBER 1952
Board of Directors
Mavor S. Boyd
60lf.7 U.S. 10 East, Billings, Montana
Edward Fluter
923 N.E. l55th, Portland, Oregon
George Hammar2101 Cemetery Road, Caldwell, Idaho
John Harrison—-----Hayden Lake C.C., Hayden, Lake, Idaho
Ivan W. Lee
705 Fourth Avenue, Seattle, Wash.
Jay Merrick--—
7201 Hannah Pierce Rd,, Tacoma, Wash.
James 0 ! Brien-1915 Capilano Rd., North Vancouver, Canada
Glen Proctor
lllf.ll Military Rd. , Seattle, Wash.
Carol Wieting
-13501+ 21st N.E., Seattle, Wash.

Officers - 1952-53
Ed Fluter
Manes 0 ! E.*en
A. G. Law---Henry Land

President
--Vice President
Secretary
Treasurer
9212 Winona Avenue, S. W.
Tacoma 95 Wash*

Ivan W. Lee Turf Associations four year representative
on the Agronomy Advisory Board.

1952 PACIFIC NORTHWEST TURF CONFERENCE
Monday and Tuesday, October 13 and 1[[_, 1952
9:00 A.M.

Registration - A.G. Law and Wallace Wade

Morning Program - B.R. Bertramson, Chairman
10:00

Welcome - Dr. C. Clement French, President
of The Washington State College

10:20

The Value of Turf Nurseries - Charles G.
Wilson, Regional Director, United States
Golf Association

10:5>0

Activities of the Mid-west Turf Conference Dr. Wm. Daniels, Turf Research and Extension 3
Purdue University

11:25

A Quarter Century of Trouble Shooting
Specialized Turf - 0. J. Noer, Milwaukee
Sewerage Commission

12:00

Lunch
Afternoon Program, October 13

1:30

Section Meetings - Sections rotàtèd'at 3:15
Cemetery
Chairman, Ivan Lee

Greenskeepers
Chairman, J.K„ Patterson

Fertilization of Turf
Turf Diseases
Dr. C.B. Harston, ExJack Meiners, Plant
tension Soils Specialist Pathology Department
Weeds and Weed Control
Dre Ij.R. Rasmussen,
H. Wolfe, Extension
Weeds Specialist
Repair and Maintenance
of Equipment
7:00

Banquet

Tu^f Insects
Dr. H.S. Telford
L. Schmidt
Clif Everhart
Surveying Techniques
Agr." Engineering

Morning Program, October
Chairman, A. G. Law
9:30

Development of a Turf Research Program - Dr.
B. R. Bertramson, Chairman of Department of
Agronomy

9:1+5

Soil Conditioners - Dr. Walter Gardner

10:15

Fundamentals of an Effective Turf Maintenance
Program.- 0, J, Noer

11:00

Clover Control in Turf - Wm. Daniels

12:00

Lunch
Afternoon Program

1:30

Observation of Turf Plots at the S.C.S. and
roadside plantings,

3:00

Travel to Hayden Lake for evening banquet.

THE MIDWEST REGIONAL TURF FOUNDATION PROGRAM
W. H. Daniel
Purdue University
Such an activity as the one I*m to review for you can
start very inconspicuously. If it serves a need* has
a program of development and is backed by those served
then it can surely and safely grow far beyond the
initial dream of the originators.
Last year the l£th annual turf conference was held on
the Purdue Campus. During one of those conferences,
back in 1 9 a n d
about one dozen men planned a
foundation through which club membership could support
research on turf problems. Many men, including Joe
Graffis, Carl Bretzlaff, G. 0, Mott, Fred Grau and
0, J, Noer, helped in developing the program.
Initially (from 191+6-1950) the foundation had two major functions: conducting the annual turf conference
and doing graduate student studies on specific problems.
Dr, R. R. Davis, now at Ohio Experiment Station
tested soil mixtures.Mr. Don Likes, now superintendent
at Hyde Park Country Club in Cincinnati, tested fairway grasses. Mr. Ethan Holt did his thesis on bentgrass breeding for 2,[|_-D resistance. In 195>0 this
program was enlarged as I joined the Agronomy Department staff at Purdue as Turf Specialist, It should be
pointed out that theExperiment Station staff is very
active in the program. The Departments of Entomology,
Plant Pathology, Botany and Horticulture cooperated in
the various turf programs and assist in turf * conferences, The Experiment Station has consistantly increased its support of the turf program so that it now
carries at least one-half of the entire turf program
in its budget.
There are three main points concerning our Midwest
Regional Turf Foundation organization. First, it has
an Articles of Corporation as a Foundation and a charter from the state. Second, it has a Statement of
Agreement between the Foundation and Purdue University
which specifies that the Department of Agronomy will
receive funds and utilize them. Third, it has Bylaws
which give it effective organization. One section or
the Bylaws sets up an advisory catncil to advise and
assist in planning the various activities. The success
of the turf extension program is largely due to tins
advisory council. In each golf course superintendent
organization, such as in the Chicago or Cleveland area
there is one member who acts as a county agent m
turf. They know the local situation, they provide

transportation to various golf courses, and they
arrange group meetings and programs. They advise on
our research problems.
How wide has our membership become? There has been
consistant growth and now we have over 200 member club
and turf interests participating. An l8-hole golf
course pays ll+O per year dues. Cemeteries, parks,
dealers and 9-hole golf courses pay $20 per year dues.
We are very happy with the support and close contact
we are having with the industry serving turf management. They provide materials for testing and funds
for research. But more important is the fact that
they are of great assistance in promoting ideas and,
materials which we in .extension and research find beneficial for "Better Turf".
What can such a program do for those who supervise
turf areas? It can assemble and promote information
on turf.We have a good library and a quarterly publication. It can assist on specific problems by doing
research and encouraging various superintendents to
test the material on a limited area. We are working
on clover and Foa annua controls. It can bring educational programs to the local turf superintendent's
meetings. Kodachrome slides are used for this-to a
great extent in our work.
On the Purdue campus we have a 10,000 sq. ft. experimental putting green under playing conditions. There
we conduct our nitrogen-fungicide tests,our 20 selections of creeping bentgrass and bermuda tests. There
are approximately three acres of various grasses for
lawn and fairway tests on the new Agronomy Farm. Some
2,000 individual plots are maintained here. These
areas give us a testing round for any new material or
grass as Z-73 Zoysia or Morion bluegrass.
Let 1 s not kid ourselves into any false sense of security because we have a very specialized turf program
going. Look at the progress being made in breeding
disease resitance in wheat or oats. A new soybean
variety can easily be developed,increased and actually
lead in commercial production volume in five years.
In contrast, Merion bluegrass is still an infant after
sixteen years. New grasses and new materials are becoming available to the turf superintendent thick and
fast. He must know, if he is to be efficient, What
each can and cannot do. Therefore, our Midwest Regional Turf Foundation,the U.S. Golf Association Green,
Section and other cooperative agencies have today a
very real challenge before them. A challenge of good
turf - ready for use.
-o-

THE USE OP 2,1|:,5-T POR CLOVER CONTROL IN TURF
W. H. Daniel
Purdue Universifc y
Many of the current turf management practices of today
tend to encourage the growth of clover in turf. The
close cutting, excess watering, weed removal, low nitrogen feeding, disease attacks, turf cultivation,
crabgrass control and compaction all may indirectly
favor clover infestations. Under lawn conditions,
particularly with bluegrass, it is hardly possible to
fertili ze heavily enough with nitrogen to prevent
clover infestation.
Considerable success in clover control has been obtained by using one to three pounds per acre of sodium
arsenite as a weekly spray to repeatedly defoliate and
weaken the clover, particularly as winter approaches.
By the same treatment chickwoed and Poa annua may be
greatly reduced. Research by Nutter and Cornman of
Cornell University showed good results with Endothal,
a product now on the market. Both Endothal and the
sodium arsenite give temporary leaf burning to the turf.
In 1951 several turf superintendents in the Chicago
area began using a mixture of 2,1+,5-T (2,1^,5 Trichlorophenyacetic acid) and 2,1+-D (2,1+Dichlorophenyacetic acid) for clover control. This report is a
' uirmary of various tests conducted at Purdue University using 2,[j.,5-T for clover control. Fairway plots,
located on the Purdue Golf Course, sprayed with2,lj.,5-T
in June, 1951 * at the same time as various rates of
Endothal were used, have shown definitely lesser
clover percentages than those treated with Endothal
during the following year. Where one pound of 2,lf,5-T
acid equivalent was used,there was less than 2% clover
one year a^ter treatment compared to 25$ for untreated
areas.
We have tried ik 11 and summer clover control on a
practice putting green through cooperation with the
Elks Country Club of West Lafayette, Indiana. The
presentation of these results is not to be considered
a general recommendation for its use but to suggest it
as a possibility when management has allowed clover
infestations. One quart of 2,1+,5-T solution, or one
pound of acid equivalent, applied on October 10, 19515
gave an estimated 95$ control of existing clover within one month while a mixture of one quart 2,i|,5-T and
one pint 2,1+-D one-half pound acid equivalent, gave
98$ control. On April 23, 1952, or later that year no
clover could be found on either treated area. Lesser

rates were only partially effective.
On June 16,1952, applications of .75 pound, .5 pound,
and .25 pound per acre of 2,i},,5-T and .5 pound 2,I(-,5-T
plus .25 pound 2,l4-D were used on the north half of
the Elks Country Club practice green. Temperatures
for the fo3.lowing two weeks were high, up to 100° F.,
with very high humidity. There was considerable reduction in the vigor of - the bentgrass but no extended
injury, and it responded to nitrogen applications gave
only 90$ control of the clover and regrowth began
before fall.
On June 18, 1952, three grasses,Merion bluegrass, F-7^
fescue and Astoria bentgrass,maintained as lawn areas,
were treated with 2,ij_,5-T alone and in combination
with 2,ij.-D. Table I shows that clover in bentgrass
was reduced from 18% of the turf to 2% by a summer
treatment. This table shows also that the vigorous
Merion bluegrass was restricting the invasion of clover. Considerable regrowth has taken place on these
plots during the fall of 1952.
Table I. Percent of clover in turf on July 18, 1952,
which was sprayed June 18.

Grasses

1.5Pts.-«2A.5-T/A

lpt. 2,14.,5-T-*
Pt. 2,li-D/A

None

10

MERION BLUEGRASS

0.5

1.5

F-7Ì+ FESCUE

2

k

ASTORIA BENTGRASS

2

2.5

17
18

UNSEEDED

3

3

36

* 1 qt. of both materials is equal to 1 pound of acid.
In the fall of 1952 a series of three applications 10
days apart were made on a lawn area containing approximately 25$ clover in the turf. Clover control of
applications made at all three times,as shown in Table
2, were satisfactory for the higher rates while no
rates of less than one-half pound of 2,1^,5-T acid
equivalent per acre gave complete control.

Table 2. Percent of clover in lawn turf at Purdue
University. Average of 3 dates of application
August 295 September 10 and September 19»
Time after Spraying
Treatment, lbs.

Acid Equivalent

1 month

2months

28

23

None
1# 2 A - D

kv

5r

1# 2,1^,5-T

0.3

0.3

1# 2,1^5-T & £# 2,1^-D

0.3

0.1

M

2,1+,S-T

2

1.5r

M

2,1+,5-T & Ì 2 A - D

2

2r

r N"cw leaves on old stolons.
Observations on golf courses where these materials
have been used lead to one precaution. If applied on
dense matted areas of creeping bent which have dry
soil below, these can be injured by 2,1+,5-T.
Based on these observations the current recommendation
for clover control in fairways and lawns is a fall
application of one pound of the amine form of 2,l4.,5~T
acid equivalent. In most formulations this is equal
to one quart of2,ij.,5>-T solution. If broadleaf weeds,
need to be controlled, then add one-half pound of
2 a c i d
equivalent, one pint solution to
the
2,ij.,5~T solution. Late fall applications, October in
the Midwest, have given the cleanest turf areas as
treatments made at that tin© will also kill the fall
growth of new weeds, including some Poa annua and
chickweed. Clover control is only one step in turf
improvement. Adequate nitrogen fertilization and soil
cultivation should be included in the program.
-o-

SYNTHETIC SOIL CONDITIONERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Walter H. Gardner
Department of Agronomy
State College of Washington
Introduction
"Soil Conditioner" is the general name that is being
applied to the new synthetic materials intended to
improve soil tilth. Pine textured soils tend to pack
and become compact and dense with the result that they
are poorly aerated and take water slowly from rains,
waterings or irrigation. A marked improvement in the
structural condition(tilth)of such soils brought about
by small additions of soil conditioners often is
accompanied by phenomenal increases in plant growth.
Such effects, however, will be important only under
conditioners where tilth is extremely poor naturally
or where surface crusting is so severe that seedling
emergence or water entry is virtually prevented.
Otherwise the effects of soil conditioners on plant
growth will be slight or absent. Even where direct
benefits on plant growth are slight the use of soil
conditioners may still have value from the standpoint
of culture since the more stable structure induced by
them will permit working the soil without damage over
a wider range of moisture conditions.
The tremendous public interest in soil conditioners
stimulated by the announcement of Krilium by the
Monsanto Chemical Company (Philadelphia Meetings of
the American Association for the advancement of Science
December 29, 1951) resulted in the appearance in 1952
of dozens of products claiming soil conditioning
properties. Currently there are more than fifty trade
names for soil conditioning materials on the market.The
exploitation of this interest in soil conditioners has
been rapid and irresponsible! there has been little
opportunity to evaluate the virtues and limitations of
the various soil
conditioners.
Krilium was not
intended for release on the general market before 1953
in order to obtain more experience with its use* but
its release was forced in 1952 due to the appearance
of competing products which have had even less testing.
At present prices the useof these materials is limited
to small-scale applications or to applications where
high cash returns justify the expense of the soil
conditioner. Competition
and mass production are
expected to bring about very material decreases in
prices in which event extensive agricultural use might
result. Wide-spread agricultural use of soil condit-

ioners could conceivably have
upon our agricultural economy.

a most profound effect

Soil conditioners are not equally effective in all
soils and the rate and method application seems to be
somewhat critical in many soils. In soils where they
have had the greatest effect, yield increases up to ip
per cent have been reported for a few crops. The size
and quality of such crops as carrots and potatoes have
also been reported to have been greatly improved. Soil
conditioners may have a place in seed bed preparation
on soils which form hard crusts deleterious to proper
germination and emergence of seedlings. However, soil
conditioners must not be regarded as a cure-all for
ailing soils. The conditioners, themselves, contain,
no plant nutrients and sound aoil management practices
including the use of organic matter and fertilizers,
arc still of major importance.
Chemical nature and effect on soil structure
Basically most of the legitimate conditioning materials
have as the conditioning agent some form of hydrolyzed
polyacrylonitrile.
One of
the
most
effective,
conditioning materials is a modified vinyl acetatemaleic acid compound which is available through only
one manufacturer at the present time. These materials
are thought to be synthetic replacements for the
natural polysaccharide or polyuronide resins-formed in
the soil during the decomposition of organic residues
and green manures by microorganisms. The mechanism by
which soil structure is improved is not yet completely
understood. The result, however,is a binding together
of small soil particles such as clay into stable
aggregates. The materials form a very tight bond with
clay particles and unless present in very high concentrations will not move in the soil. Hence, they
are non-leachable and must be mixed mechanically with
the soil. The conditioners do not by themselves
create a desirable soil tilth; they do, however, tend
to stabilize soil aggregates that are formed by
mechanical
mixing
or possibly by natural soils
aggregating processes.
A number of other soil conditioning materials are on
the market, not all of which are effective. In Italy
and Holland substances are avilable which purport to
be chemical conditioners carried on a peat moss base.
Similar materials may soon be available on the American
market and, according to reports,at prices considerably below those of the presently available soil

conditioners. Several natural materials which are
'mined" in the earth are being pushed as
soil
conditioners and a number of !,biological1f
soil
conditioners are being offered. Industrial by-products
from paper mills, fish canneries, and other industrial
plants are being investigated as to their effects.>on
the physical properties of soil. Some of these may
also carry plant nutrients and hence have value as
fertilizer.
The advertising claims concerning the value
of
conditioning materials are often grossly exaggerated,
and completely misleading, effective soil conditioning
materials may be purchased under a number of different
trade names but not all of the materials on the market
are legitimate soil conditioners. Extravagant claims
should be viewed with suspicion.
Soil Conditioner Formulations
Aside from the actual differences in soil conditioning
materials themselves, a large part of the variation in
commercial offerings as in the formulation. Several
of the large chemical manufacturers sell the basic
soil conditioning materials to a number of different,
chemical distributors for formulation into their own
products. In some instances identical products
may
be sold under several different trade names. A few of
the soil conditioning materials are sold only in
powder form and many may be had in both liquid and,
powder form. Some are sold as a powder or in flake
form to be put in water solution by the ultimate user.
The actual amount of soil conditioner material in the
product purchased on the retail market will vary
considerably. At the present time none of
the
materials *are available through retail sources in pure
form for the reason that effective use requires,
application to the soil in dilute solution or in mixture with some inert carrying material. If and when
the pure form becomes available, package recommendations will likely call for pre-mixing of the material
with some substance such as pulverized dry soil before
application is made to the soil itself.
Several of the soil conditioning materials on the
market are formulations containing added fertilizers.
Although this type of formulation may be desirable for
use in gardens or in other small-scale applications,
its suitability for large scale applications ^ is
questionable upon economic groujids.
Fertilizers
requirements of different soils are widely
different
and a single formulation could not fit all requirements

Formulatin of soil conditioners with fertilizers by
the user for combined application may, however, be an
economical procedure.
Rate of Application
The rate of application depends upon the kind of
conditioner, the type of soil and the aggregating
effect which is desired. Work on soil conditioners
has not progressed sufficiently to permit making raterecommendations on the basis of soil types. For this
reason any general recommendations must be regarded
as suggestive and some testing should be done before
large scale applications Are made.
In general,the cost of small scale applications around
the home is not so great but what small differences in
rate can be disregarded. However, when the application
becomes greater than a few square feet such difference
become important. For example, one company recommends
application of soil conditioner at the equivalent rate
of from 0.05> to 0.10 per cent of the dry soil weight.
At the lower rate of application it would cost about
$300 to treat the surface three inches of an ordinary
city lot. At the higher rate this cost would be
doubled. At present prices, the cost of treating a
square foot of soil to a depth of three inches would
be between five and ten cents depending upon the rate
of application. The cost of treating thesoil in an
ordinary flowa*
pot containing about two pounds of
soil would be from one-half to one cent.
Because of the many different materials and formulation
on the market it is impossible now to make general
rate
recommendations.
Until such time as
the
formulation of soil conditioning materials is indicated
on the package the user must rely on package directions. Some experimenting is desirable to determine
the best rate for a particular soil. Depending upon
the soil this could be,greater or less than the rate
indicated on the package,»
Method of Application
It would be impossible to discuss field application of
soil conditioners adequately without first giving
a great deal of technical information. Some
of the
principles of application can be illustrated
in
description of a method for preparing potting soil.
Garden and flower bed application could not be carried
out in the same manner but the requirements for
producing a favorable soil structure are the same.
A measured amount of dry soil is placed upon a table

and the proper amount of powder soil conditioner
is added and mixed thoroughly with the soil. After a
thorough mix is obtained water is added, in small,
amounts and the soil mixed with a trowel or by hand.
As much water should be added as the soil will hold
and still have a desirable tilth as it is mixed and
stirred with the hands. Aggregates must be formed
by
physical
mixing since the function of soil
conditioners is not to make structure but is to
stabilize structure that is formed. After the soil is
mixed it must be left at least 2i| hours before using
to allow the conditioner material time to form the
bonds between soil particles which are necessary
for
stabilization.
A quart of dry soil weighs about 2 l/l| pounds. This
would require about 0.002 pounds of soil conditioner
at an average rate of application (0.1$). If the
conditioning material contains only I/I4. actual soil
conditioner then the required amount of the materials
would be 1+ x 0.008 pounds. The exact weight of the
soil conditioner material depends upon the formulation
but as a rough figure one level teaspoon of material
would weigh from 0.005 to 0.007 pounds. This would
mean that for pure materials 1/3 of a teaspoon would
be required for a quart of soil . Some experimentation
is required to determine the best rate of application.
When liquid soil conditioners are used the dry mixing
step, of course,
is
ignored.
The
liquid soil
conditioner should be diluted with water and then
mixed into the soil as before. The rate of application
with the liquid conditioners is not easily specified
and the only recourse is to follow package directions
as closelyas possible.
The important steps in soil preparation with soil
conditioners are: (1) thorough mixing of conditioner
material with the soil, (2) formation of desired soils
tilth through mechanical mixing and, where necessary
with the addition of water and (3) allowing the soil
to stand at least 21+ hours before using it in any way
that will tend to destroy the desirable tilth that has
been formed., With, several of the powdered forms of
soil conditioning materials a special precaution may
be necessary in some
soils.
Some of the soil
conditioner materials take up water from damp soil at
a very rapid rate and form a gummy mass on the surface
of
the soil if not mixed in immediately after
application. It is to prevent this and to insure
uniform application that some of the materials are
sold in a clay carrier. Pre-mixing with dry s d l will
also helpto prevent such gum-ball formation.

Seed bed applications may differ somewhat from other
applications in that one is concerned only with
obtaining surface structure which is stable, friable,
and permeable to water. Experimental work is in
progress at various places on the application of soil
conditioners to the surface of the soil without mixing.
Such methods have proved effective under a few special
conditions
but general
conclusions are not • yet
warranted. The big problem in seed bed preparation is
to secure the proper mixing and at the same time to
have'stifficient'moisture present to permit the soil
conditioner to form the necessary bonds between caly
particles.
Under some soil conditions
the soil
conditioner powder can be applied, raked in to the
desired depth and then the area sprinkled lightly with
the necessary water.
In the Palouse area
such
techniques have produced crusting which has hindered
emergence of seedlings.
It appears necessary to
actually stir or mix the soil after water has been
added to assure formation and preservation
of a
desired soil tilth. The exact amount of water necessary for aggregate formation is not known but, as a
general rule, sufficient water should be present to
form small aggregates, yet not so much as will puddle
and form overly large aggregates.
Soil conditioners may have a tremendous potential for
improving and in stabilizing soil structure under
field conditions whore structure is difficult to
maintain. This is particularly true with turf where
he&vy foot traffic keeps soils in a perpetually poor
physical condition. The great problem, here, however,
is in use of soil conditioning materials on established
turf where mechanical mixing is prohibited. Further
research in this field of application is badly needed.
There do, however, appear to be possibilities for
adding soil conditioners in solution tend taking
advantage of natural soil structure building processes
such as freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, and
root penetration to produce the desired soil tilth.
Until further research Is done, application of soil
conditioning materials to established turf should be
done on a small experimental scale.
General
The effects of poor soil structure on crop growth is
more important than we are often willing to recognize.
Practically, however, there has been little that could
be done about structure except in small-scale operations
where large-scale use of the natural soil
conditioners —manures and composts --was economically
feasible. The potential of synthetic soil conditioners

for stabilizing soil structure is tremendous. However
these materials have been available for such a short
time that this potential has been only partially
explored. Research workers 'are studying the use of
soil conditioners as rapidly as possible but it will
be several years before any valid appraisal can be
made. In the meantime,users of such soil conditioning
materials should recognize that there is much to be
learned and therefore should keep an open mind on the
subject.
In intended applications where economic
considerations are of major importance some small-scale
trials might prove of considerable value.
—o —
THE USE AND CARE OP SURVEYING EQUIPMENT
Max C. Jensen
Although the original survey is a job for an engineer,
it is often practical for a non-engineer to measure
distances and to find differences in elevation between
points. It does require careful thinking and the
knowledge of a few basic principles. For example, one
must know that distances are always measured in the
horizontal plane.
Further vertical distances are
measured by comparing the instrument reading taken
when the rod is at one location with the reading taken
when the rod is at another location. It is also
necessary to keep in mind that surveying equipment
requires careful usage and good care to maintain its
accuracy.
Distances are Always Measured Horizontal!?/:
The instrument for measuring
"chain" or "tape".It is simply a
marked off in feet and tenths of
11
chain" can be bought in lengths
200, 300, and 500 foot lenghts.

distances is called a
special steel ribbon
feet, or inches. The
of 25, 50, 66, 75,100

Distances between points are always measured horizontally. On level ground, this distance is obtained by
measuring along the ground surface between the; point.
On sloping ground the' procedure is more difficult.

Hold Chain App.
horizontal j —
-Point B
Use plumb bob toj
hold chain and '
Sloping Ground

Distance Between
points are always
measured horizontally

^

On sloping ground, it is necessary to hold the chain
approximately level to measure the distance. When the
chain is held so that it appears level, it is ordinarily near enough to level to give an adequate measurement, The chain end can be located directly above the
down-slope point by using a plumb bob* If the course
is downhill, the "Head chainman" must plumb from the
desired mark on the top to the ground. If uphill,
the "rear chainman" must plumb from the point on the
ground to the point on the chain« When the ground is
uneven, each chainman may have to use the plumb bobs«
Distances in some of the older surveys are recorded in
"engineer*s chains" or
"Gunter1s
chains".
An
"engineer's chain" is 100 feet in length. It is made
up by 100 links, each 1 foot long. Measurements made
with the engineer1s chain are easily reproduced with
our present chains or tapes.
The "Gunter1s chain" is 66 feet long and composed of
100 links, each 7.92 inches long. The Gunter*s chain
is k- rods in length and 80 of them make a mile.
Further, 10 square Gunter1s chains are 1 acre.
When
distances are recorded in gunter1s chains it is
necessary to be careful to convert the number of
correct distances in feet.
Vertical Measurements are Read With a Level Instrument
The most common instrument for
measuring
vertical
distances is called a level. The level is a telescope
equipped with an "eye-piece" and cross-hairs to
control one 1 s line of sight when one looks through
it. The telescope has a "spirit level" type leveling

bubble at such that when the bubble is centered
telescope is exactly level.

the

When one looks through the level to the level rod, the
cross-hair bisects the rod at the level line of sight.
Since the rod is marked off in feet, beginning with
zero at the bottom of the rod, the "rod reading" is
simply the distance from the level line of sight
down to the point.

In this example Point B is 7.2 - 1.1 equals
6.1 feethigher than Point A.

For example, if one read 7.2 when the rod was held at
one point, it would mean that your instrument was 7.2
feet higher than the point. Then if the rod was held
at another point and your instrument reading was 1.1,
your instrument would be 1.1 feet above the second
point. Therefore, if the level instrument is 7.2 feet
above one point and only 1.1 feet above the other, the
latter point would be 6 0 1 feet above the former. This
is the principle by which verticle distances
are
measured.

Surveying Instruments are Precision Equipment:
Surveying equipment, including chains, is precision
made. They should be cared for accordingly.
The chain should be wiped clean and dry after using.
It should be- coiled up or wound on a reel and stored
in a dry place when not in use. When in use, it is
good practice to prevent the chain being run ovBr,
although low-pressure car tires crossing it will often
not be injurious. Iron-tired vehicles will kink the
chain and often cut it completely in two.
Level instruments should be handled wiihout abrupt
jarring. Adjustment screws should never be twisted,
tight, rather, only snug. If the instrument has gotten
wet during use,it should be wiped dry before returning
to the instrument box. Dust should also be removed.
The instruments, the tripod, and the level rod should
all be stored in a dry place when not in use.
Should there be questions after you return home concerning the use of surveying instruments, or their
care, I invite you to write to me at the Department of
Agricultural Engineering, State College of Washington.
-oRESULTS OP THE SNOWMOLD CONTROL EXPERIMENTS
AT PULLMAN AND SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, 1951-1952
Conducted by Jack P. Meiners
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station
Department of Plant Pathology and Inland Empire
Greenskeepers Association
The results of the National Turf Fungicide Trails on
control of snowmold on turf at the WSC Golf Course in
Pullman and at the Indian Canyon Municipal Golf Course
in Spokane are given in the attached table.
The treatments were applied in early December just
before the first snowfall.
The
winter was very
favorable for development of the snowmold, especially
at Pullman, so that the treatments received a very
good tests.
At both WSC and Indian Canyon, Pnraturf and PMAS were
outstanding in controlling the snowmold. Calochlor
was nearly as effective in both places.

In addition, at Spokane, Tersan and Spergon gave fair
control but these same materials gave little or no
control at Pullman where the snowmold infestation was
much more severe.
On the other hand Cadminate gave fair control in
Pullman but little control in Spokane.
In most cases, the dosages used in these experiments
were lighter than recommended for snowmold. It is
believed that when snowmold is especially
severe
greater dosages of some of the materials would have
produced nearly perfect control.
An additional experiment to compare wet vs.
dry
application of treatment was made at Pullman. The
method of application used seemed to have no effect on
the degree of control obtained except in the case of
Cadminate where the dry treatment gave better control
than the wet.
The effect of 15 fungicides on the percent
snowmold on golf greens in Pullman and Spokane.

of

Average Percent Snowmold
Treatment

Dosage/1000 sq. ft.

Check
Actidione
Crag (>31)
1025
Calochlor
Calocure
Cadminate
Puraturf
Puraturf 177
Puraturf GG
PMAS
Special Semesan
Tersan
Spergon
Tact-C-Lect
75
Orthocide 1+06

200 ppm.
3.0 oz.
3.0 oz.
2.0 oz.
2.0 oz.
1.6 oz.
0.2 oz.
1.6 oz.
.o5 pts
0.1 pts.
3.0 oz.
3.0 oz.
3.0 oz.
1.5 oz.
3.0 oz.

Pullman

Spokane

96
97
87
90
38
7^4-

18
18
22
19

57
2k
91
83
23
90
96
96
76
92

- o -

9
9
1
iZ

6
1
11
3
k
.6

9

YOU CAN'T AFFORD TO BE WITHOUT A TURF NURSERY
Charles G. Wilson
U.S.G.A. Green Section
In recent months your Green Section regional office
has had many inquiries from the Pacific
Northwest
concerning the value of Meyer Zoysia and Merion
bluegrass. It is a challenge to turf superintendents
to give the public information concerning the adaptability of these grasses. The superintendent should
be the first to try new materials, because by so
doing, ho furthers his own position as a
turf
specialist. The place to try an new grass or chemical
is in the turf nursery,
Snowmold disease has been and will continue to be a
serious problem in Eastern Washington and Oregon. It
severly attacks seaside bent and Pea annua turf. Dr.
Boyce in Canada has found that Congressional (C-19)
bent is highly resistant to snowmold - yet how many
superintendents in these areas' have tried Congressional
bent in their nursery?
Pearlwort is a serious pest in putting green turf
throughout this entire area. It has been proven that
aggressive improved bents will keep it in check.
Doesn 1 1 it make sense to experiment with improved
grasses as well as magical chemicals in fighting your
weed and disease problems?
The turf nursery is the place to test and try. It is
your club or turf installations protection against
disaster. Truly, a nursery can be likened to an
insurance policy. It is your bet that trouble won f t
occur, and protection when it does. There always is a
need for patching material on any turf installation.
The weather elements, mistakes, and in some instances
vandalism can wipe out a good stand of
turf.
Correction of such damage is rapid and much less pain*
lesswhen you have a turf nursery. New chemicals may
be tricky to use. It is far better to ruin some
nursery turf while experimenting rather than number18 green in front of the clubhouse.
The cost of developing and maintaining a turf nursery
may be less than you realize. Calcium Cyanamid and
Methyl Bromide can be used to sterilize the soil and
thus provide weed-free seedbeds. Proper location near
the barn assures that materials and
maintenance
equipment are close at hand. A little increase material of improved grasses can be secured at slight cost.

Por instance, Bob Scott, superintendent, Five Farms
Country Club, Baltimore, Maryland, increased
nine
2-inch plugs of an improved bent into ten 13$-feet
rows and a 300 square foot putting sod in 2 years» Yet
we still hear that it is cheaper to seed than stolonize. Clif Runyan, Superintendent, Spring
Grove
Cemetery, Cincinnatti, seeds Merion bluegrass at 10
ounces to the acrel Under favorable conditions he has
an acre of Merion nursery sod in 1-year at a cost of
about fi^.OO! Eb Steiniger, superintendent, Pine,
Valley Golf Club, New Jersey, has about $ acres of
nursery area on his practice driving range. Different
grasses, fertility rates, water management, etc. are
under test where the members can not only use the
area, but also can observe the progress being made.
Conversely, many small homes in the Mid-Atlantic area
have established 101 x 10* nursery plots in their back
yard for increase of turf grasses adapted to their
area. This area is used for plugging material to
plant the remainder of their lawn area.
The Mid-Atlantic Association of G olf Course Superintendents has made an exhaustive survey on the value of
turf nurseries. The Association's published findings
are as follows:
VALUE OF TURF NURSERIES
1. Economic - nursery pays for itself many times over
the cost of establishment and maintenance.
2. Nursery grown stolons give much quicker cover than
seed in any new construction.
3. Putting Green Nursery provides an ideal source of
improved bents for introduction into an existing
green. Cup changes taken from the nursery will convert
an old green to a better turf, painlessly and at
slight cost.
1+. A nursery is the ideal testing ground for new
fungicides, herbicides, and fertilizers.
5. A nursery makes the superintendent part of the
research team. It is a natural
proving
ground.
Recommendations from experiment stations and the Green
Section must be finally tested
under your growing
conditions.
6. A nursery keeps
work on the course.
7. A

nursery

aids

employees busy when
in

identification

they cannot
and

enhances

superintendents position as a turf specialist.
stimulates public interest in better grasses.

It

8. A nursery is a lever to action. Members can be
sold on the value of new strains and practices if they
see good performance in the nursery.
9. Improved strains
other weeds.

of

grasses

fight

Poa annua and

10. The nursery Is a source of income for the club.
11. Essential in a National Emergency,
I shall close my talk on a note of caution. The turf
nursery is like maintenance records In that it must be
managed properly and under constant observation to be
of the utmost value. It is far better to have small
plots properly maintained, rather than a large area
which is neglected. When given the care it deserves
there Is no question but what you canft afford to be
without a turf nursery.
-oWEED CONTROL IN TURF
Lowell W. Rasmussen
Agronomy Department
Research studies on turf weed control are few and
scattered. Consequently, many problems cannot
be
answered definitely.Much of the information presently
available has developed from years of field application
and observation. Turf managers who have been doing
weed control probably have as much inforira tion on tie
subject as anyone. Therefore, in this discussion
I
will only attempt to give you some suggestions
and
then allow time for you to discuss or present some of
your findings.
One important point or step, in weed control is knowing
the kind or kinds of weeds to be controlled and also
knowing something about the growth
habits
and
characteristics of those weeds. Some weeds may really
be identified by yourself, your County Agent, or
County Weed Supervisor. Other weeds, however, appear
occasionally and present a distinct problem of identification. We in the Agronomy Department are able to

identify some of the more rare weeds. The Hervarium
of the Botany Department here at W.S.C,, or similar
places at other colleges and universities have all the
facilities and know-how to identify plants. When
sending in plants for identification, get a goad-sized
specimen if possible and put it in a plastic food bag
to keep it fresh. It is very helpful and many times
absolutely necessary to have the flowers and seeds.
It is also a help to know where the plant is growing.
In other words, don 1 t just send in a very small piece
of a plant with the question, "What is it, and how do
you control it?" Give some information about the
plant as an aid in identifying and recommending
control measures.
Much time and material may be lost in attempting to
control some weed species which you do not know. That
particular plant may be highly resistant to the spray
you choose to apply. Some plants may be very resistant
to some weed control sprays but susceptible to others.
Of course, some plants are resistantto nearly all
herbicidal chemicals and cannot be controlled selectively; that is, without harm to the turf or other
nearby plants.
Now, a few suggestions about weed spraying. A problem
that presently demands our major attention is damage
to desirable plants. Too often operators of spray
equipment assume that weed sprays will kill only
weeds. That certainly is not true. Many people use
2,[|.-D and similar herbicides without a thought that
they might damage or kill
non-weed
plants.
A
characteristic of such herbicides as 2,L|_-D is the
distinct effect produced on some plants by a very
small quantity of spray.
Damage to desirable plants may result from several
sources of 2,i|-Dor similar materials. It is strongly
urged that you and your operators recognize these
danger sources and do everything to guard against them.
To enumerate, these sources are:
(1) Direct application to desirable plants
improper control of spray boom or hand gun.

by

(2) Vapor from volatile ester formulations drifting
from sprayed area to sensitive plants.
(3) physical
or dust
plants.

drift of spray as very small droplets
particles from sprayer to sensitive

([(.) Careless storage and handling of herbicides.

(5) Improper disposal of empty containers.
(6) Multiple use
cleaning.

of

sprayers

without

thorough

It is important not to use volatile ester formulations
of 2,ij.-D 2,lj.,5-T or M.C.P. There is no such thing as a
non-voltile ester. There are now some low-volatile
esters, but they may cause some damage unless all
precautions are followed. Generally, the amine or
salt formulations are safest.
To reduce physical drift, use low pressure — not over
30 p.s.i. at the nozzles. Do not use orchard type
hand guns. It is better tomake or buy hand guns or
booms having the same kind of nozzles as those on the
boom, and use only 30 p.s.i. pressure. Never spray
when the wind exceeds 5 MPH, and never spray on the
windward side of sensitive plants.
Make certain all herbicide containers are well labell
ed and that they do not leak. When empty, a cort ainer
shouL d be destroyed or returned, if a returnable drum.
Never attempt to burn containers or use m y as an
incinerator — t h e fumes may be very damaging.
It is desirable to use a sprayer for herbicides only
as complete cleaning is difficult and not positive.
Now, the final information of this presentation is
about chemicals. What materials are available, and
what ones may be useful to you?
(1) Selective herbicides for foliage applications:
2,i4.-D —

slats, amines, esters.

2,i+,5>~T —

amines, esters

MCP, alsoknown as methone, - salts, esters
Selective dinitrophenol
Iron sulfate
Sodium arsenite
PMAS —

phenylmercuric acetate

Potassium cyanate

(2) Soil sterilants. Some may be used selectively,
but these are generally used as non-selectives.
TCA -- sodium trichloro acetate
CMU —

chlorophenyl dimethylurea

Sodium chlorate
Borax compounds
Ammate
Carbon Bisulfide
Methyl bromide
Detailed information on the characteristics of these
chemicals and some information on their uses is available in a new edition of the book, WEED CONTROL, by
Robbins, Crafts, and Raynor. Second Edition, 1952,
published by McGraw-Hill Book Company.
- o -

PROGRESS REPORT ON THE. PEARLWORT CONTROL PROJECT
AT THE WESTERN WASHIN} TON EXPERIMENT STATION
Maynard Grunder
Western Washington Experiment Station
This study is being conducted cooperatively by the
Pacific Northwest Turf Association and the State
College of Washington.
The seedbed on which the turf was established was built
up of approximately equal parts of the parent soil
(an impervious clay) sawdust, coarse sand, and a well
decomposed peat soil. These materials are thoroughly
mixed. Enough lime was incorporated to bring the soil
reaction to approximately pH 5.6. The depth of the
seedbed is about one foot. The seedbed was prepared
early in September, 1951 and the plot was seeded to a
mixture of Colonial bent and creeping Red Fescue on
September 19, 1951•
Early in April, 1952, four series of plots,each series
including eleven 5 1 x 10' plots, were laid out. 0 n
April 75 30 plugs of sod were removed from each plot
(with cup-cutters), and these were replaced by plugs
of pearlwort, which were obtained from golf courses

in the area.' A total of 1320 plugs of pearlwort were
planted in the I4J4. plots.
After placing the pearlwort plugs, all the plots were
fertilizdd and watered uniformly until late July when
eleven different treatments wer e initiated», Before
any materials were applied, notes were taken (July 2$)
on each individual plug of pearlwort to determine its
condition before treatment. Notes were taken again on
Sept. 27 to determine the changes that had taken place.
The results shown in the following table are the
combined data for the four plots of each treatment
(120 plugs).
The most effective treatments to date have been the
.1$ 2,i+-D and the application of nitrogen at 3 A- lb,,
(actual N) per 1,000 square feet, but these treatments
resulted in severe burning of the turf.
Sodium
arsenite applied dry at the rate of ^ lb. per 1,000
square feet showed some benefit without injury to the
turf. Chlorodane, although very effective in preliminary greenhouse trials, showed almost no effect
in this tests. In many instances, an abundance of Poa
annua appeared wte re the pearlwort had been killed or
weakened.
A number of treatments were made on a pearlwort infested turf at the Tacoma Golf and Country Club during the
1952 season. The following treatments were applied on
July 11, 1952.
1. 2,i+~D at
65.8$)
2. 2,1|-D at

.2%

water solution (Pennco 2,[{.-D acid

water solution

3. Chlorodane, 50$ wettable
water solution.
!(.. 2,i|-D at .2% plus
In water solution.

at 30 lbs. per acre in

chlorodane, 30 lbs. per acre

Chlorodane, 30 lbs. (acre) mixed with Nitroganic
at 80 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. applied dry.
6* 2,!+-D - 10 oz. (65.8%) acid per 1,000 plus
Nitroganic at 80 lbs. per 1,000 applied dry.
7. 2,Ij--D - 5 oz. per 1,000 plus Nitroganic at 80
lbs. per 1,000. Applied dry.
8. Sodium arsenite at 2 lb. per 1,000 plus Nitroganic at 80 lbs. per 1,000 square applied dry.

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In these plots, the applications of 2,[).-D in water
solution and the dry application of sodium arsenite
effectively
controlled
the
pearlwort, but also
severely injured the turf.
The dry applications of 2,lj_-D mixed with Nitroganic
proved effective against the pearlwort with relatively
little injury to the turf. It was by far the most
promising of the treatments made in this location.
On the basis of the results obtained to date in this
study, 2,if-D appears to be the most promising of the
materials used. Further studies are needed to determine the proper form, rate of application, and method
of application for various conditions to obtain maximum kill of pearlwort with minimum injury to the turf.
Application in the dry form with an organic fertilizer
appears to have definite possibilities.
—o —
ITS 1 S EASY TO BE A TURF EXPERT
Alfred Slinkard
Washington State College
Does your lawn resemble an abandoned lot? Do you
have dandelions in your petunias? Is your city park a
refuge for cottontails, gophers, and unpruned trees?
Is your golf course such an eye-sore that you are
ashamed to take your best friend for a game cf golf?
These and other turf problems are discussed each year
in a two-day turf school at W.S.C.
This school is sponsored jointly by the Agronomy
Department of the College of Agriculture and the
Northwest Turf Association. It is attended by golf
course green superintendents, cemeteryand park supervisors; colleges and h;Lgh school playground supervisor
and others interested in turf. These practical turf
specialist meet with scientists from the Agricultural,
Colleges of the four Northwestern states, and with
equipment, fertilizer,and seed dealers to
discuss
such diverse turf topics as weed control, use of
fertilizers, irrigation and drainage problems, turf
disease control, mowing practices, new turf grasses,
methods of establishment of turf, landscaping of turf
areas, and many other problems.
The

first

turf

conference was held here during May,

191+95 at the suggestion of four greens superintendents
of golf courses in the Spokane area - Wilfred Brasseau
John Harrison, Glenn Procter, and
Louis Schmidt.
These men came to the college and told of the need of
greenkeepers for information in developing end maintaining better turf» Dean Emeritus E.G. Schafer was
instrumental in the organization of this first turf
conference, and was very active in the organization
until his retirement this past fall. Prom this modest
beginning the conference has expanded to cover the
subjects listed above.
The Fifth Annual Turf School was held on the W.S.C.
campus November 6 and 7 5 195l. One of the most interesting session of this school centered on a discussion
by Bob Steiner, member of the University of Washington
Athletic Department, on rebuilding of football fields.
Three years ago the University football field had lost
most of its turf by mid-season and was a muddy orass
when the Thanksgiving Day game was played. Steiner,
sought advice from State College Agronomists Gr under
and Law,and from turf equipment dealers in the Seattle
area* Sifting the good advice from the bad, and
following the former, Steiner embarked on a rebuilding
program that has given the University an outstanding
playing field. He corrected soil drainage problems,he
moved in top soil rich in humus; he reseeded to a
mixture of colonial bent, creeping red fescue, and
Alta fescue. He is following a fertilizing, mowing,
and irrigation schedule based on the need of the
turf. As" Steiner put it n A football turf has to be
tough to withstand the daily trampling of twenty-two
stalwart young men bent on committing mayhem on one
another".
Harry Schoth, U.S.D.A. Agronomist from
Corvallis,
Oregon, discussed new turf grasses. He pointed out
that there had been much interest in three new turf
plants. These three, U-3 bermuda, Japanese lawn grass
and Dichondria have been much in the news. They are
all southern plants adapted to southern conditions.
"Unless you can bring the southern climate and soil
conditions to the Pacific Northwest", S c hoth said, 'You
will not have much success with these plants."
Another newcomer, Merion bluegrass, according
to
Schoth, has a bright future in this area as a lawn,
grass, for fairways and tees and in parks and cemeteries. Merion bluegrass requires less mowing than
common Kentucky bluegrass and will form a dense turf
with a deeper green color.

If you have a particularly tough site on which you
want to establish turf, then you should have heard
John Schwendiman discuss this problem.
Schwendiman, manager of the Soil Conservation Nursery
Unit at Pullman, described the turf
establishment
experiment on the big cut on Highway 195 west of
Pullman. Results from this experiment, and others
like it, should give valuable leads on the grasses to
use and methods of establishing these grasses under
favorable conditions.
Other high-lights of the conference included a discussion of turf diseases by Jack
Meiners, Plant
Pathologist at W.S.C., and the use of ornamental trees
and shrubs on turf areas by Earl New, Horticultural!st
from the University of Idaho.
The next Turf Conference will be held at W.S.C., in
November,1952. If gremlins of the green are getting
your goat, then you shouLd plan to attend and share
your troubles. You will find a most sympathetic
audience.
-oTURF INSECTS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
H. S. Telford
State College of Washington
Fortunately, the insects attack5.ng turf are apparently
not as troublesome in this area as they are in the
eastern part of the United States. They do,
on
occasion, cause trouble, but with the proper use of
modern insecticides, their
control
is generally
successfully
achieved. Our problem would be greatly
accentuated if we had the Japanese beetle, the Chinch
Bug, and higher populations of White Grubs or June
Beetles with which to contend. The latter insects are
most readily associated with extensive plantings of
oak since ' the adults prefer to feed on the leaves of
this tree. This may account for their lack of numbers
in our area.
Of the. most frequently encountered pests, the sod webworms, cutworms, ants, leaf hoppers, grubs, and earthworms are undoubtedly the most important, From research conducted In the east, particularly in Connecticut, it appears that chlordane is one of the most
effective insecticides for the control of most of these
turf insects.

3k

In our area we often have large numbers of leaf
hoppers building up late in the season, particularly
in August and September. Many turf managers are not
aware that these active hopping insect are detrimental
to the turf, but such numbers as have been observed,
certainly cannot contribute to the health and vigor of
a lawn. In fact, heavily infested lawns are grayish
brown and lack the greenness and vigor of healthy
foliage. These insects can be readily controlled with
light applications of DDT or chiordane.
Your State College Entomologists are available to help
turf men on their insect control problems. It would
be helpful however, when inquiries are directed to
their entomologists, that the turf manager send in the
insect in question in a cardboard box or bottle, or
some other container which is rot readily broken in the
mail. It is only when an insect is received in good
condition that a proper identification can be made.
Proper control can be made only when we are ^certain of
the identity of the insect.
-oDEVELOPMENT OP A TURF RESEARCH PROGRAM
B.R. Bertramson
Washington State College
These conferences have now been
continuing
for
sufficient time that they provide us with an excellent
opportunity to renew old acquaintances. I feel by now
that I know nearly all of you and can spot you in the
group, but a few of the names still escape me.
I
will see what can be done about that. It is indeed a
pleasure to have you folks with us, and I am happy to
have this opportunity to talk to you on a subject that
is very close to our hearts. We are all sold on the
idea that turf is an indispensable part of modern
living. It has a multiplicity of everday uses.
I should like to report to you on some of my activities
in support -- I believe of your turf program in the
Pacific Northwest. You will recall that last year I
discussed with you "Putting the Grasses to Work", in
which I suggested that in addition to the golf courses
parks and cemeteries, there are also the roadsides to
consider. There are some 200,000 acres of right-of-way
areas in the state of Washington alone that should be

in grass rather than in noxious weeds, brambles,shrubs
brush, etc. Following our meeting here last year, I
had an opportunity to carry this message for you to
the highway engineers * 1952 Northwest Conference on
Road Building at the University of Washington. On
this occasion I told the engineers how agronomy could
help them with their problems. I pointed out the use
of our soil surveys in helping them with their problems of road construction and of anticipating what
what those problems might be. Also the soil physics
activities in our department were described. I gave
particular emphasis to the subject of grassing the
raodsides to control noxious weeds and erosion.
Whether I sold this latter; part.completely or not will
have to be left for you to judge. The highway engineers of course are more interested at the moment in
the road bed and the parent material of soil formation
than they are as yet in the roadsides and their maintenance. As a consequence, they have drawn up a
memordandum of agreement with Washington State College
for some $9*000 a year for three years. Out of this
amount the soil survey program in the Agronomy Department will draw nearly $7,000 a year. The highway
people put the project on grassing the highways and
studies pertaining to it as a number 2 priority, and
we hope that they will not forget about it. If you
think it is a good thing,we will do our best to promote
this
project of applying turf to the roadsides.
Perhaps next year we shall have some more research in
progress on grassing the roadsides.
The enthusiasm of the highway landscape engineers for
grassing the roadsides tempted me to contact your
President and Al Law regarding the possibilites of
setting up a third sectional meeting for your Turf
Conference. In addition to the cemetery and greenskeepers sections, you could have one on highway landscaping and turfing. After all,wha;fc is the difference
in interest between the maintenance of fairways, cemeteries, parks or roadsides? It seems to be one of
scale and degree of intensive management. Therefore,
I would like "to suggest the possibility of adding a
third- action for your consideration. If you feel,
that you can take on an added section and bring in
more of these people, then you might give it a try
next year. If you wish to do this, of course, you can
instruct your president and other officers. I shall
be glad to work with them and with your secretary in
developing such a program if you wish and in helping
contact those who could be especially interested in
this special section of your program.

Here are.some of the reasons why it seems to me that a
third section on highway landscaping and turfing
problems would be a very desirable thing.
In the
first place, lot ! s not forget the §7,000 a year that
the highway people of the State of Washington
are
providing to help our soil survey so that it can help
them. Theyfve got the dollars to help out such a conference as yours in return for the help you can render
And you can render a very real assistance. You are
organizing and developing an educational program on
turf and can scarcely shirk your responsibilities in
the application of the program to all problems of the
Pacific Northwest.
This, of course, will
draw,
additional presitge, swell your membership, and place
you in the enviable position of leadership,which you
deserve for the responsibility that is already yours.
I should like to take the opportunity here at this
time to thank you and your officers for the excellent
support that your organization has given us through
your president, Ivan Lee, serving on our Agronomy
Advisory Board. This Board ismade up of the president
and now one four-year representative from each organization interested in the agronomy program«
Your
president has been one of our most faithful attendants
and has made some very excellent contributions to the
thinking and discussions in these meetings. As Dr.
French stated yesterday, the agronomy program—like
that of any other part of the college--is your program.
Where our mutual interests can be developed to help the
over-all agriculture and economy of the Pacific Northwest, we should do this. We appreciate the excellent
help that, has come for your organization and hope that
you will appoint a four-year man who will continue to
keep close touch with our organization and that your
president will also be interested in our agronomy
program and how it can help you with your particular
problems.
In discussing the development of a turf research program for your organization it seems to me that the
excellent information you have received in annual
reports in person from the people closely associated
with the Midwest Turf Conference at Purdue,namely, Dr.
Gerald Mott, Dr. Eric Sharvelle and Dr. Bill Daniel
has set an excellent pattern of how a turf research
program should be developed. It appears that you have
been following along the pattern quite similar to
theirs,only some years behind, since you got a later
start. I was particularly impressed with some of the
points that Bill Daniels brought out yesterday about
the growing number of problems with which they are
confronted and particularly the importance of the

extension aspects of the program. In other words,once
the information is found,it is necessary to develop a
way by which this information can get out to all of the
supporters of the program and those who can profit by
it. I believe that is true in any phase of an
agricultural program and that the dollars which you
would spend for carryiiqg the information back to your
people would be as well rewarded as those that are
spent on doing the research itself. This, therfore,
requires carefa 1
consideration in developing the
educational and extension aspects of your program.
Getting back to the subject of the research program
itself, it seems that you are organized the interests
of a number of specialists who are rendering real help
to you. I think this is evidenced very well by those
who have participated on your programs here. I see the
names of horticulturists, entomologists, agricultural
engineers and plant pathologists on the subject matter
part of your program. You do have some research work
going at western Washington, in which you have participated and actually have done the work and made
contributions toward it in other ways. There is some
research work going on here in the various departments
that is beneficial to you, as evidenced by the
participation of the specialists on your program
yesterday and today. I can scarcely 'add more from our
departmental viewpoint than to give your program our
bleiiings and urge that the other departments in
Agriculture continue to cooperate as they have in the
past in providing you with as much assistance and
information through research as they can possibly
provide on the limited budget available to them. We
are presently devoting about all of the dollars to this
program that we can under the budget that is provided
u s / I am sure that Ivan Lee can point out to you the
problems and limitations of an Experiment Station
Budget.He has learned all about this through attending
our^Agronomy Advisory Board meetings.
If you feel that additional work needs to be done at
the present tiie and that money can be provided,then I
believe that Washington State College is in a position
to arrange for accomplishing that work for you. Once
dollars are available, or in sight, for a research and
extension program,it requires planning to get the full
use out of those dollars. If your organization knows
what is presently in progress and then considers what
it wants done, then emphasis in terms of dollars and
manpower can be placed where it will do the most good.
We are eager to have your advice on any alterations or
changes within the program so far as our own statesupported program is concerned. We should be glad to

work out an expanded program, with you if additional
funds are made available through the efforts of your
organization.
Recently we have had an opportunity to> obtain a turf
specialist with a master*s degree. He wanted to come
out here either on a full time job or a half time
assignment to work on turf problems. Had additional
funds been available either for an assistantship or
for a full time appointment, here was a
golden
opportunity to launch our turf research program on a
grand scale.
Unfortunately our assistantships are
mostly those which come from commercial grants in which
case the assistant
is designated to work on
a
specific problem—just as though your organization
might bring in some money here for someone to work on
turf. A few assistantships come from the experiment
station. There is a very acute, shortage of the experiment station assistantships which can be assigned to
various problems. There are so many cereal problems,
so many forage crop problems, and so many soils problems that need attention, that turf has some pretty
severe competition among these. If it is possible in
the future to devote one of the assistantships to
turf, you may rest assured that our turf enthusiasts
here will be in there plugging to get it.
You may wish to know about what it costs to bring an
assistant here. A half-time assistant, working for
an advanced degree, costs about §1700 to §1900 a year
for half-time salary. The materials, equipment, land,
etc. that are needed to carry on research will cost in
addition for that graduate assistant, anywhere from
$500 to Ol^OO,depending upon the nature of the work,
amount of equipment needed, the amount of labor that
he needs in addition to his own, etc. I do believe
that money towards assistantship or experimental aides
will provide- you with the greatest return for each
dollar spent on a projeot like this, where we have a
staff competent to supervise the work.
Again, I should like to reiterate that first we* must
decide what needs doing mostjand then all look at what
we have and what we can contribute toward
its
accomplishment.
I hope you will set up a committee to provide
continuity in the development of ourmutual research
and educational turf program. I want to thank you
again for thi3 opportunity to discuss these matters of
mutual interest with you and to thank you for the
excellent support of your officers on our Agronomy

Advisory Board. We shall
all look forward
pleasure to further close cooperation with you.

with

-oLET'S PUT THE GRASSES TO WORK
B.R. Bertramson
Department of Agronomy
The fine golf courses and the excellent condition
some of our city parks and cemeteries are evidence that
first class turf specialists are at work. Because,
these are associated with our interests of amusement
or sentimental regard for those who are departed, they
come in for the first attention. As an illustration,
when serious erosion resulted in desposition of 2 to L¡_
inchos of mud on the college golf course, one of my
conservation minded colleagues said, TtYou will find
some general interest in Soil Conservation — now that
it affects people's recreation.
I wouldn't detract for one. moment any of the prestige
or importance that has rightly been earned by those who
are maintaining our golf courses, our parks, or our
cemeteries with a beautiful covering ofturf.
More
power to theml And I hope that through conferences
such as this, these turf specialists will gain information that will permit them to reach even higher
levels of perfection in the areas under their supervision.
My contention is that many, more homely and practical
needs also demand the attention of you turf specialistsc
You who are sold on the great utility of grasses and
have become acquainted with the intricate details of
its management, are the missionaries who should carry
out a broad turf educational program on its general
usefulness. Through your educational program, you'll
draw strength to this organization and bring added
prestige to your profession.
These homely and practical needs for turf specialists
are: to put the right kind of turf on all our road
banks, road cuts, right-of-ways for telephone, telegraph, power lines, railroad construction, landing,
strips, on areas between concrete runways at large airports, to make better use of grasses in our city,state,
and local parks, and in times of national emergencies
to stabilize new construction areas, for use
as
camouflage, etc. I think it would be quite a morale

booster if you knew the full acreage requiring the
attention of turf specialists in the Pacific Northwest.
Perhaps some of you have already compiled the data on
golf courses, parks, and cemeteries. I have gathered
some information for the state of Washington that may
serve as a guide for estimating needs for turf in other
states. I hope that these data may create sufficient
interest so that your organization will attempt a more
accurate compilation.
Highway Turf Requirements
Highway engineers are beginning to appreciate the
value of turf joining the hard surfaced roads, and for
turf on road banks, cuts, and fills. Their interest is
demonstrated by their calling in turf specialists for,
their highway conference's. Dr. Mott,who was our guest
speaker at this conference two years ago, was called,
down to the Highway Engineer1s Conference concurrently
held on this campus, to tell them about the turf
research by the Agronomy Department at Purdue in
cooperation with the Civil Engineering Department. The
best ratio of soil to aggregates for a good road
shoulder that would still grow a good crop of grass for
a wearing surface was studied. Dr. Patterson of our
staff worked closely with Dr. Mott on these problems at
Purdue; and, therefore, is well qualified to carry on
such work as is needed along this line for the Pacific
Northwest.
As you came into Pullman from Colfax, you may have
noticed some work that is being done on the huge road
cuts near Pullman. Our forage experts, led by John
Schwendiman of the Soil Conservation Service Nursery,
contacted the state Highway Department
and made
arrangements whereby they could set up a demonstration
and experimental area onsome of these cuts. I hope in
the suceeding years as you drive this stripof highway,
you will observe how the different grasses and legumes
under different cultural practices,have fared so far as
stabilizing the bank is concerned. We hope to undertake a certain amount of this kind of research work at
W. S. C. The only way to provide new and useful information to you turf specialists is by a vigorous program
of research. We will always be interested in your
special problems and hope that you will share with us
an interest in projects such as this which we initiate.
We ho-oe you will carefully formulate problems requiring
attention and bring them to us through your Northwest
Turf Association.
Through the kindness of Mr. H. C. Rowley of the Depart-

ment of Highways located at Spokane, I have these
statistics on our Washington Highways.
The state
highway system consists of 6,1+52 miles.
The county
road system contains approximately
36,000
miles.
Approximately 1,1+31 miles of highways wore improved
during the last year. Of this, 167 miles involved,
grading which required new cuts and fill slopes; 93
miles were state roads, 71+ miles wore county roads.
These 167 miles certainly require turf on the shoulders
banks, and fills.
It is likely that each year will
find a similar amount of construction.
Why is turf of importance in highway construction?
Of
course the appearance alone could not justify
the
expense in grassing these areas, although it is
an
important factor. Here are the real selling points:
(a)

The proper mixture of aggregate and soil on
the shoulder to join up faith hard surface road
and then, seeded down to a tough turf is
the
best solution to this problem. It saves on
maintenance, and more important it helps save
lives. All too often, the cause of accidents
can be traced back to a vehicle hitting the
soft road shoulder at high speed and going out
of control.

(b)

A good
turf of the right kind of grass
stabilized at the time highway construction is
completed, denies to weeds on of their most
popular and potent abodes. Weeds are good
hitch-hikers. The migration of many of our
noxious weeds can be traced to railroad rights
of way or highways. The seeds are carried on
these thoroughfares by man and find a ready
seed bed in the disturbed soil of the gradings
for these routes of transportation. No weed
control program today can be really effective
so lonp; as highways and railways -transacting
TEe areas are a haven for, and a constant
source of, these noxious weeds. It has been
learned that certain grasses will control some
of the noxious weeds, and few of them will
Invade a good sod.
Therefore, the small
additional cost to get these areas grassed,
would save the local taxpayer many dollars in
his weed control program.

(c)

A sign near LaCrosse, standing in a burned
wheat field last summer, read, f,A flipper did
this!"' Downy Brome is the common roadside
weed along much of our Washington highways.Its
early maturity, its fine stem, and fuzzy seed

make it natural tinder and a serious fire
hazard adjoining our wheat fields. By contrast
if these roadsides were seeded to Crested
wheat grass,the hazard of fire would be almost
completely eliminated. It would be the best
kind of fire insurance we would have for our
wheat fields. Under higher rainfall, other
grasses would prove
better
adapted;
and
although they may be less fire resistant than
Crested wheat grass under higher
rainfall
conditions this would not be such an important
factor.
Air Field Turf Requirements in Washington
Mr. Trevor A. Steele, Airport Agronomist for the Civil
Aeronautics Administration located in Seattle, kindly
supplied me with the available information on the, needs
for airport turf. Where the soil has adequate load
bearing capacity and a good stand of grass can be
established, this turf is usually considered as a
satisfactory wearing surface for personal and secondary
airports. There are presently ¡4.6 personal and secondary
airports in the state of Washington, according to the
1951 National Airport Plan, and l+9more are proposed
for future development. It is estimated that the area
of each landing strip amounts to 12 or
acres. There
are about 1300 registered small aircraft at the present
time in Washington. It is likely that the demand for
local air strips will * increase with the growth of
aviation.
Home bases from which Washington Flying Farmers operate
also require the attention of turf specialists for
establishing suitable landing
strips.
There
are
approximately 210 Flying Farmers in Washington. They
need a home landing strip of approximately 5 acres.
Park Requirements in the State of Washington
Mr. Charles A. DeTurk, park planner for State Parks and
Recreation, Commission, located at Seattle, informed me
that the State of Washington has 83 parks and recreation areas totalling over 57,000 acres. He estimates
that about 10 percent of the total area is in some kind
of turf. The city of Seattle has 2,91+1 acres of park
property. The majority of the city park areas, with
the exception of about half of the 13 major parks, are
"man-made
and generally covered with turf for the
protection of the land, sake of appearance, or to provide playing surfaces of some kind.

Every town with any^ civic pride usually has some park
areas where the advice and help of a turf specialist
is needed. I don ! t mean by this that every town can
employ a full time turf specialist, but there are
responsibilities which need covering either by a roving
turf specialist or by the turf specialist from the
nearest county extension office, golf courses, or city
park that employs one. All of us should help local
groups in improvement of park and roadside areas as
a part of our educational turf program.
Right-of-way Requirements for Public Utilities
I was informed by a herbicide specialist last spring
that in an area near Seattle it cost a utility company
as much as
00 per mile to cut out brush that grows up
and interferes with the wires and maintenance of the
lines. A year later, the brush was wgll on the way to
recovery.
They have found that a more permanent
procedure would have been to treat the cutover area
with 2,4-D plus 2,Í4.,5>-T at a cost of approximately $35
per mile and have almost complete eradication of subsequent brush growth.
At least this
would
be
accomplished after a few years of herbicide treatment.
What are they accomplishing? Indirectly they are going
into a kind of turf management through eradication of
brush by the use of herbicides. No doubt, the establishment of a heavy stand of grass when the utilities
were first installed would have been a more direct,
approach and then with subsequent herbicide treatments
the costly cutting out of brush regrowth could have
been avoided.
On the rights-of-way for railroads, telephones, telegraph, and power lines, the ideal vegetation is grass.
It creates no obstacle in maintenance of the utilities,
and
at the same time is the best insurance for erosion
control.
In conclusion, let us review in terms of acres, the
areas inthe state of Washington needing turf and the
specialists to install and maintain it:
Highways at
acres per mile
(a strip 16 feet by each side)

168,000 acres

Railways at I4. acres per mile

15,000 acre

Telephone, Telegraph and power lines
(in forested areas I4. acres per mile)

15>000 acres

Airstrips and grassing adjacent to
runways

3,000 acres

Village and city parks

20,000 acres

Golf Courses

20,000 acres

Cemeteries

15,000 acres
TOTAL

256,000 acres

Of course, many of these acres require less intensive
treatment than our golf courses. But all of them can
best be handled through the advice and supervision of
a turf specialist. These estimates on needs from a
single state give some idea of the great demand that
exists for turf specialists. Some of these needs are
already in the hands of capable turf specialists;but
the bulk of the needs are not yet realized by the
public. The big educational task challenges your profession and your Northwest Turf Assocation.
Here are some suggestions on how to do It. As you
visualize the broad and specialized interests of these
vario-us groups, you might divide your annual meeting
with a general meeting for one day on general principles. For the second day, set up special sections for
instance, one on highway turf problems (call in the
highway engineer) and time It to concide with their
meetings, one on parks, and one on golf courses. If
these are set up to fit the needs and sold to the
people concerned, your educational program will be
launched. Through special program committees, your
organization can formulate the problems and topics
which you wish brought to the attention of the entire
group and handled by specialists at the annual conference. Your membership can take the initiative in
organizing local groups by special problem areas, for
example, Western Washington and Oregon, the Inland
Empire, Yakima Valley, etc., to take up their special
problems with qualified specialists in that area or
brought in from the State College. In this way the
proceedings at the Regional Conference can serve as a
handbook or manual for turf specialists. And last but
by no means least your organization can examine the
turf research programs of the State College, you can
advise on research to be undertaken, and you can go to
the legislature through your organization to urge that
funds to do the research are provided. This is a
Constructive progressive program
to
serve
the.
interests of turf improvement and management in the
Pacific Northwest. More power to youi
-o-

1952 TURP CONFERENCE REGISTERED ATTENDANCE
Barnes, L. D.

Cedar Hill Golf Course
Victoria, B.C.

Bauman, Milt

Kellogg Golf Club
Pinehurst, Idaho

Bishop, Forrie

Kenniwick Golf and Country Club
Kenniwick, Washington

Boyd, Mavor S.

Highland Golf Course
Billings, Montana

Brasseau, W. C.

Downriver Golf Course
Spokane, Washington

Buckley, W, K,

Elks Golf Course
Colville, Washington

Burkette, A.,R.

Balbraith and Co.
Seattle, Washington

Copley, R.

Power Mower Sales, 712 Humbolt St,
Victoria, B. C.

Craner, Ernie

Supt.of Parks and Recreation
Twin Falls, Idaho

Crim, R. W.

Wellington Hills Golf Course
Woodinville, Washington

Daniel, William H«

Department of Agronomy, Purdue
Lafayette, Indiana

Edmunds, Earl Jr.

Peninsula Golf Course
Long Beach, Washington

Everhart, Cliff

Manito Golf and Country Club
Spokane, Washington

Federspill, Fred

Waverley Country Club
Portland, Oregon

Finaly, R.

Seattle Golf Club
Seattle, Washington

Fluter, Edward

923 N. E. 155th
Portland 16, Oregon

Forsgren, Dick

Rocky Point Golf N.A.S.
Whidbey Island, Washington

il-6

Gill, R. H.

Willard. Egt. Ltd.
Vancouver, B. C.

Gordon, R. S.

Uplands Golf Club
Victoria, B. C,

Greco, Joe, Green Supt.

Brookdale Golf Course
Parkland, Washington

Grunder, Maynard S.

Western Washington
Puyallup, Washington

Hammar, Geo.

Parks and Cemetery
Caldwell, Idaho

Hainan, Peter J.

King Brown Gardens
Caldwell, Idaho

Harrison, John

Hayden Golf Club
Hayden Lake, Idaho

Harvey, George

Astoria Golf and Country
Astoria, Oregon

Hedlin, William A.

American Cyanamid Co. Box 307
La Conner, Washington

Howie, John

Multonamah Stadium
Portland, Oregon

Johnsen, J. G.

Golf Club House
Pullman, Washington

Johnson, Prank B. Dale

Evergreen and Washelli Cemetery
Seattle, Washington

Kalita, John

Lincoln Memorial Park
Portland, Oregon

Lee, Ivan W.

205 - ¿4-th Avenue
Seattle, Washington

Little, William W.

Corvallis Public Schools
Corvallis, Oregon

Macarr, A. Vernon

202 Central Building
Victoria, B. C.

Main, H.

Brca dmoor Golf Club
Seattle, Washington

Mascaro, Tom

West Po^nt Products
West Point, Pennsylvania

McCracken, Lester

Union Farm and Garden Supply
Boise, Idaho

McLerran, James H.

Rm. 105 Eng. Lab., Washington
State College
Pullman, Washington

Merrick, Jay

Calvary Cemetery,
Tacoma, Washington

Mills, Claude

Chas. H. Lilly Co.
Portland, Oregon

Munro, G. W.

Rt. 2, Box 33
Bothe11, Washington

Noer, 0, j #

Milwaukee Sewerage Commission
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

O'Brien, J.

Capilano Golf and Country Club
Vancouver, B. C.

Pearce, James P.

Rcu te 6
Wenatchee, Washington

Proctor, Glen

Rainier Golf Course
Seattle, Washington

Quast, Ton

Cedarcrest Golf Course
Marysville, Washington

Rasmussen, Chas. M.

Western Washington Exp. Station
Puyallup, Washington

Reynolds, H. W.

Rut. 2
Mt. Vernon, Washington

Robey, Glen, Gren.Supt.

Municiple Golf Course Rt. 3
Twin Palls, Idaho

Rogers, C. T.

3135 Western Avenue
Seattle, Washington

Schrader, W # H #

Longview Golf Club
Longview, Washington

Smith, A. C.

Victoria Golf Club
Victoria, B. C.

Steddom, Mike

U« of 0. Athletic Fields
Eugene, Oregon

Storlie, Loyd R.

Sutp. of Grounds E.W.C.E.
Cheney, Washington

Strahl, W. H.

Bentley Milorganite
Seattle, Washington

Strang, Archibald A.

V.A. Hospital
Spokane, Washington

Toppins, Thos. W.

Tacoma Cemetery
Tacoma, Washington

Tucker, W. H.

Plantation Golf Course
Boise, Idaho

Tucker, M. 3.

Plantation Golf Course
Boise, Idaho

Vandiver, J. E.

Now Tacoma Cemetery
Tacoma, Washington

Wade, Rolland S.

507 West Chestnut
Walla Walla, Washington

Weisenberger, L # Wtt

Supt. of Parks, Engineering
Wenatchee, Washington

Wieting, Carol

135>01-21st N. E.
Seattle, Washington

Wilson, Charles G.

U.S.G.A. Green Section
Davis, California

Wright, Neal, Agronomist

R. L. Wagner and Sons
Imbler, Oregon

Wuest, C. W #

Skagit G olf Club
Mt« Vernon, Washington

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