J P K O C E E M W G S of the 11 th ANNUAL NORTHWEST TURF October 3=4,1957 STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON PULLMAN, WASHINGTON MEMBERS NORTHWEST TURF ASSOCIATION---1957 Washington Golf Courses Artendale Golf Course A . A . T homp s on Gig H a r b o r Bellingham Golf & Country Club Richard Gettle Bellingham Broadmoor Golf Course John Jaslowski Seattle Clarkston Golf & Country Club Chas. Mitchell Clarkston C o l l e g e Golf Course Joe G r e c o Tacoma Down R i v e r Golf Course W. E„ Spokane Ellensburg Golf & Country Club Gordon P i n g r e e Ellensburg E l k s - A l l e n m o r e Golf Course G e o r g e Lawton Tacoma Elks Country Club Sid H a r m o n - M u r l Goddard Yakima Enumclaw Golf Course Joe Mihelich Enumclaw E v e r e t t Golf & Country Club Boyd Gourley Everett E s m e r a l d a Golf Course Robert Shouse Spokane G a l l e r y Golf Course Henry Garletts Whidbey Isl, Seattle Glendale Golf & Country Club Clayton Bauman Bellevue Indian Canyon Golf Course L.. J. Schmidt Spokane Inglewood Golf & Country Club Bert Niles Kenmore Jackson P a r k Golf Course Ruby Werth Seattle J e f f e r s o n P a r k Golf Course Joe Hohner Seattle Kitsap Golf & Country Club A r t Olson Bremerton Manito Golf & Country Club Cliff E v e r h a r t Spokane Olympia Golf & Country Club Fred Farrow Olympia O v e r l a k e Golf & Country Club M i l t Bauman Medina Rainier Golf & Country Club Glen P r o c t o r Seattle Sandpoint Golf & Country Club Henry Land, Jr 0 Seattle Seattle Golf Course K e n Putnam Seattle Brasseau Skagit Golf Course L . A . Anderson Mt. Vernon Spokane Golf & Country Club N o r r i s Beardsley Spokane Tacoma Golf & Country Club Henry Land, Sr. Tacoma W a n d e r m e r e Golf & Country Club Clarence Ripley Spokane Wayne Golf Course Harold Keeney Bothell Wenatchee Golf & Country Club Gus E r l a c h e r Wenatchee West Seattle Golf Course L l o y d Scott Seattle Bend Golf Course Joe Ward Bend Coos Country Club Ray Whiteside, Glendoveer Golf & Country Club Ed Fluter Portland Portland Golf Course Donald Junor Portland W a v e r l e y Golf & Country Club Sam Zook Portland Coeur d ' A l e n e Golf & Country Club John H a r r i s o n Hayden L a k e H i l l c r e s t Golf Course Joe L e o n a r d Boise K e l l o g g Golf Course H. J. Kellogg Oregon Golf Courses Pro Coos Bay Idaho Golf Courses Bubrmester Nurseries Highland Point Gardens J e r r y Munro Bothell, Washe Seattle P a r k Board Dick Haskell Seattle Multnomah Stadium John Howie Portland, Ore. Vancouver P a r k Board G. Croft Vancouver, B„ Ce Calvary Cemetery Jay M e r r i c k Tacoma City of Sumner City Clerk Sumner Mt. V i e w M e m o r i a l P a r k Byron B r e w e r Walla Walla City of Wenatchee City Clerk Wenatchee Parks C e m e t e r y Attendance ii E v e r g r e e n Cemetery- Paul Brown Seattle F o r e s t Lawn Cemetery- E. Sears, J r . H. D. Sears Seattle F o r e s t Lawn Cemetery- Clarence Baker Bremerton Greenwood C e m e t e r y , Inc. Thacheir s Renton Woodland C e m e t e r y Ralph Jenkins Bremerton Capilano Golf & Country Club Harold Smith West Vancouver, B. C. G o r g e v i l l e Golf Course F. V i c t o r i a , B0 Cc Langora Golf Course H. Shabino Vancouver, B. C. Marine D r i v e Golf Course H. E. B a r r Vancouver, B. C. Point Grey Golf Course David Clark Vancouver, B. C. Royal Colwood Golf Course T. Vancouver Isl c Bo C. Seymour Golf & Country Club J. Farquhar North Vancouver, Be C. V i c t o r i a Golf Course A . Cc Smith V i c t o r i a , B. C. W i l l a r d Equipment Company R. H. G i l l Vancouver, B0 C„ Architect A . V. Macan V i c t o r i a , B. C. Bentley Company Tom Rogers Seattle Caddigan Fuel & Seed Company Vernon Caddigan Tacoma Car stents Packing Company Nu L i f e F e r t i l i z e r s George Harrison Tacoma DuPont Chemical Company L a r r y Munzenmaier San F r a n c i s c o , Calif. H. D. F o w l e r Company, Inc. Don Hogan Seattle Galibrath & Company Ken McKenzie Seattle Ivan L e e & Sons Ivan L e e Seattle Northwest M o w e r & Marine A r t M a r s t o n - M a r c Venable Seattle Chemical Weed & P e s t Control B i l l Senske iii Canada Attendance Painter Thorpe Equipment Companies Spokane Swift & Company R. W. Finch, Manager Portland, O r e . Tacoma Seed Company Chen Rowe Tacoma Washington Turf & T o r o Company Arthur Elliott Seattle W e s t e r n Golf Course Supply F l o y d Davis Portland, Ore, Oregon Turf & Chemical Company H. Ho Schudel Corvallis, Ore. NORTHWEST TURF ASSOCIATION BOARD OF D I R E C T O R S Clarence Baker F o r e s t Lawn C e m e t e r y , Route 2, Box 1277B, B r e m e r t o n , Wash. Milt Bauman O v e r l a k e Golf Course, P . O. Box 97, Medina, Wash. Paul Brown Evergreen Cemetery, Seattle 33, Wash. Cliff E v e r h a r t Manito Golf & Country Club, Spokane, Wash. John H a r r i s o n Hayden Lake Golf & Country Club, Hayden L a k e , Ida. Don Hogan H. D. F o w l e r Company, 901 Lane Street, P . O . Box 3084, Seattle 14, Wash. Henry Land, Sr. T a c o m a Golf & Country Club, 9210 Winona Avenue, S. W. , T a c o m a , Wash. Glen P r o c t o r Rainer Golf & Country Club, 2222 So. 111th Seattle 88, Wash, K e n Putnam Seattle Golf Course, Seattle 77, Wash. 111 E. A u r o r a , OFFICERS 1956 Milt Bauman Don Hogan Henry Land Sr. J K. P a t t e r s o n 1956-57 President Vice President Treasurer Secretary 1957 Don Hogan Glen P r o c t o r Henry Land, Sr. J. K. P a t t e r s o n PROGRAM ThursdayOctober 3, 1957 Morning Wilson Compton Union Building R o o m s 215-216 Chairman, A . G. L a w , Department of A g r o n o m y , WSC 8:30 - 10:00 Registration 10:00 - 10:10 W e l c o m e , S. P . Swenson, Dean, School of A g r i c u l t u r e 10:10 - 10:40 Turf R e s e a r c h in P r o g r e s s at WSC, Roy Goss 10:40 - 11:20 " D e l a y e d A c t i o n " F e r t i l i z e r s , Roy Goss and cooperators 11:20 - 11:50 What's going on in Turf R e s e a r c h , B i l l B e n g e y f i e l d , W e s t e r n D i r e c t o r , U. & Go A. Afternoon Chairman, M i l t Bauman, P r e s i d e n t , P a c i f i c Northwest Turf Association, O v e r l a k e Golf Course, Medina, Washington 1:15 - 1:45 Business Meeting 1:45 - 2:15 R e s e a r c h Report on D i s e a s e Control on Turf A r e a s , Chuck Gould, Plant Pathologist, WSC, Puyallup, Washington 2:15 - 2:45 Turf G r a s s R e s e a r c h , H. M. Austenson, A g r o n o m i s t , WSC, Puyallup, Washington 2:45 - 3:00 Break 3:00 - 5:00 F i e l d Tour (Roy Goss in charge) 6:30 p. m0 Banquet, Elwyn Schwartz, Speaker, R o o m s 212-123 Friday October 4, 1957 Morning Wilson Compton Union Building R o o m 2 13 Chairman, J. K. Patterson, Department of A g r o n o m y , WSC 8:45 - 9:30 Budgets, Panel Discussion, Sam Zook, Chairman, Glen P r o c t o r Cliff E v e r h a r t , and Henry Land, Sr. 9:30 - 10:00 The Use of New Chemicals f o r Establishment and Maintenance of Turf G r a s s , H. H. Schudel, M a n a g e r , Oregon Turf and Chemical Company ( F o r m e r l y A g r o n o m i s t at Oregon State College). 10:11 - 10:15 Break 10:15 - 11:15 Panel on Turf Equipment, Hogan, Chairman, Equipment Representative 11:15 - 11:45 The Impact of Cultural P r a c t i c e s upon Disease Incidence and Summer T i m e Behavior of Bent G r a s s e s , Charles Wilson, Milwaukee Sewerage Company Afternoon Chairman, Roy Goss, Department of A g r o n o m y , WSC 1:15 - 2:15 Panel on F e r t i l i z e r s f o r Turf A r e a s , Paul Brown, Chairman, Baker, Henry Land, J r . , and L e e F r y e r 2:15 - Clarence 3:00 Panel on Weed Control f o r Turf A r e a s , T o m Muzik, Chairman, Wilson, Ken Putnam, and Wm. M. Senske Charles T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S W H A T ' S GOING ON IN T U R F R E S E A R C H W. H Bengeyfield 1 T U R F R E S E A R C H IN PROGRESS A T WSC Roy L . Go ss "DELAYED ACTION" . . 5 FERTILIZERS Roy L . Goss and Cooperators 9 T U R F DISEASE R E S E A R C H IN W E S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N Charles J. Gould 11 T U R F G R A S S A D A P T A T I O N STUDIES IN W E S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N H. M Austenson 15 BUDGETS Sam Zook, Glen P r o c t o r , Cliff E v e r h a r t and Henry Land, Sr. . . 17 FAIRWAY RENOVATION K e n Putnam 21 A R E P O R T ON THE I N S T A L L A T I O N OF R E C E N T T U R F S P R I N K L I N G SYSTEMS Don Hogan 25 P A N E L ON F E R T I L I Z E R S F O R T U R F A R E A S Paul B r o w n . 31 P A N E L ON W E E D C O N T R O L F O R T U R F A R E A S T o m Muzik 35 W H A T ' S GOING ON IN T U R F R E S E A R C H Wo H. B e n g e y f i e l d Western D i r e c t o r U S G A - - G r e e n Section In 1930, there was one golf course f o r e v e r y 47, 000 people. Today, there is one golf course f o r e v e r y 167,000 people» T h e s e f i g u r e s a r e f r o m the National Golf Foundation. A survey made two y e a r s ago in Southern California indicated that 9% of our g o l f e r s did not play m o r e golf because the courses w e r e too crowded. Several western courses now play over 10, 000 rounds of golf e v e r y month during the golfing season. This is a lot of golf and presents you, the superintendent, with a multitude of problems. P r o b l e m s a r e solved through r e s e a r c h , and we must look to our c o l l e g e s and other agencies f o r the r e s e a r c h and f o r the solutions. What a r e we doing in r e s e a r c h ? In the f i r s t place, r e s e a r c h costs money. Dr. M a r v i n Ferguson, USGA Turf R e s e a r c h Coordinator, pointed out in his talk b e f o r e the National Turf Conference last F e b r u a r y , that A m e r i c a n industry spent about four billion d o l l a r s on r e s e a r c h during 1955. At this same t i m e , our nation economy was something like 400 billion dollars 0 A little arithmetic will show us that about 1% of the total economy of the United States went back into industrial r e s e a r c h . A m e r i c a n industry b e l i e v e s in r e s e a r c h and has proved that it pay dividends. Today there a r e over 5, 000 golf courses in the U. S. , and it has been estimated that they spend an a v e r a g e of $20, 000 a year f o r turf maintenance,, Again, a little arithmetic w i l l show us that an approximate o v e r - a l l total of 100 m i l l i o n dollars is spent y e a r l y f o r the maintenance of golf courses in the U. S. If we in the turf business a r e to keep up with A m e r i c a n industry in their r e s e a r c h plans, we should be spending 1% of the 100 m i l l i o n dollars or, one m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , f o r turf r e s e a r c h each year. D r . Ferguson doubts that we spend m o r e than l/5th of this amount at the present t i m e f o r t u r f g r a s s r e s e a r c T h e r e f o r e , we f a l l f a r short of coming up to r e s e a r c h l e v e l s established by A m e r i c a n industry. Who supports turf r e s e a r c h ? It is encouraging to find that turf r e s e a r c h moneys a r e growing each year. F o r example, your local association is contributing to turf r e s e a r c h and is one reason to support them 100%. The Golf Course Superintendent's A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a has developed a turf r e s e a r c h fund and, in the west, a r e c a r r y i n g out a study on Kikuyugrass control at U C L A . C o m m e r c i a l f i r m s a r e constantly contributing to r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s at our state c o l l e g e s . One mowing machine manufacturer has established a Turf R e s e a r c h Center, f e r t i l i z e r manufacturers have grants at s e v e r a l c o l l e g e s , and equipment, fungicide and other companies support r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s that w i l l help you do a better job. The USGA has always been interested in turf r e s e a r c h . A s a matter of fact, it started in 1923 in cooperation with the U. S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e at the Arlington Turf Gardens, just outside of Washington D. C« In l a t e r y e a r s , The it has moved to the USDA Plant Industry Station, B e l t s v i l l e , Maryland 0 i m p r o v e d bentgrasses, improved bluegrasses, disease controls, 2 , 4 - D and many other practices now in common use w e r e developed through this c o o p e r a tion between the Department of Agricultura and the USGA« Today, with moneys f r o m Green Section activities, USGA. Tournaments, and f r o m National Golf Day, approximately $20, 000 in turf r e s e a r c h grants a r e placed throughout the country» Our Canadian neighbors and turf interests in Great Britian a r e also c a r r y i n g out turf r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s and a r e contributing to our r e s e r v o i r of knowledge,, The fact remains, h o w e v e r , that turf r e s e a r c h funds lag tremendously f o r a business that spends 100 m i l l i o n dollars e v e r y y e a r f o r golfing turf« The turf r e s e a r c h r e v i e w publication In 1956, the latest issue of 4 t T u r f R e s e a r c h R e v i e w " was published by the USGA. This is a small bulletin listing a bibliography of turf l i t e r a t u r e since 195 lo It also c a r r i e s a r e p o r t on r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s at the various e x p e r iment stations and i n f o r m s us that today there a r e 26 experiment stations in the United States engaged in some sort of turf r e s e a r c h , and o v e r 130 individuals now spend all or part of their t i m e on turf work« Copies of this bulletin a r e available through any USGA o f f i c e « What have we r e c e i v e d f r o m turf r e s e a r c h in the last f i v e y e a r s ? Many new g r a s s e s have come b e f o r e us in the last s e v e r a l years«, Pennc r o s s is a bentgrass strain that has been synthesized by the crossing of numerous selected parents«, A l l indications a r e that P e n n c r o s s w i l l be superior to Seaside bentgrass f o r our putting g r e e n s , and we should establish a small plot of P e n n c r o s s on our course as soon as possible in o r d e r to investigate it under our conditions«, Pennlu is a vegetative bentgrass that has been introduced and has found l i m i t e d use0 In some instances, Pennlu has had a tendency to become puffy and t h e r e f o r e has not been as widely planted as e a r l i e r anticipated,. Seve r a l new bermudagrasses have been developed as w e l l as two new Zoysias« M e r i o n bluegrass has been planted extensively and found considerable f a v o r in some areas« Although rust is a problem on M e r i o n , we believe that good cultural p r a c t i c e s w i l l mask the rust effect« Permlawn creeping red fescue is finding f a v o r in some areas 0 W o r k e r s at U C L A have grown mixtures of w a r m season and c o o l - s e a s o n g r a s s e s and have met with some success in developing a turf that w i l l g i v e good year-round color in the southern sections of the United States» The development of slow n i t r o g e n - r e l e a s e f e r t i l i z e r s has taken place o v e r the past s e v e r a l years«, Readily soluble f e r t i l i z e r s have also been widely used during the 1950's« Chelated iron compounds have been introduced as w e l l as new methods f o r the control of thatch and i m p r o v e d i r r i g a t i o n techniques« P o s s i b l y the most important management technique introduced in the last f i v e y e a r s is the development of a man-made soil mixture f o r putting g r e e n s that w i l l r e s i s t compaction« R e s e a r c h accomplished at U C L A and at T e x a s A & M indicates that a soil mixture containing 85% sand, 7 1/2% clay, and 7 1/2% peat m o s s produces a soil that w i l l reduce compaction and f a c i l i t a t e water p e r colation« G i b b e r e l l i c A c i d has been placed on the market within the past y e a r , but good turf managers w i l l wait f o r our experiment stations to work with this m a t e r i a l b e f o r e they allow t h e m s e l v e s to use it indiscriminately on their golf course. Considerable p r o g r e s s has also been made in the matter of controlling diseases. B r o a d - s p e c t r u m fungicides have been developed that w i l l cover and control s e v e r a l t u r f - d i s e a s e organisms. The Washington Experiment Station has c a r r i e d out extensive snow-mold control studies. Weed control work continues at many stations. Some p r o g r e s s has been made in retarding Poa annua on putting greens by using y e a r l y lead arsenate applications and maintaining a f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m with low phosphorous l e v e l s . Another m a t e r i a l , M a l e i c H y d r a z i d e , a growth inhibitor, has found considerable use in turf management. Its e f f e c t on g r a s s plants is to r e t a r d growth whereas G i b b e r e l l i c A c i d has the e f f e c t of producing elongated growth in our plants. Soil sterilization is becoming of m o r e and m o r e importance on our golf courses. Dowfume (methyl b r o m i d e ) , Vapam, and A e r o Cyanamid a r e producing s t e r i l i z e d soil f o r many superintendents throughout the United States. We have accomplished a great deal in the past f i v e y e a r s with our limited r e s e a r c h funds. Not all r e s e a r c h produces outstanding results. The f a i l u r e s a r e just as important to a r e s e a r c h man as are the successes. When you leave this conference and draw up your budget f o r 1958, may I suggest that you consider the 1% that A m e r i c a n industry is spending on r e s e a r c h f o r their advancement. Perhaps a small portion of your budget f o r turf r e s e a r c h work and f o r the advancement of our f i e l d is worthy of your consideration,, T U R F R E S E A R C H IN PROGRESS A T WSC Roy L . Goss Several new turf g r a s s e s have come into the picture in v e r y recent y e a r s , but it is not known how these g r a s s e s w i l l p e r f o r m under v a r i e d management systems of golf course g r e e n " a p r o n s , 11 t e e s , and f a i r w a y s , and also f o r parks, home lawns, etc. It was decided, t h e r e f o r e , to set up t r i a l s h e r e at WSC and make these comparisons. The g r a s s e s selected f o r this experiment and their origin a r e listed as f o l l o w s : 1. P a c i f i c Northwest Bluegrass selections ( 4 ) - - I t was decided to c o m pare these bluegrass selections against some standard turf g r a s s e s . These a r e new selections made here at WSC by A . Go L a w , Dr. J. K . Patterson, and John Schwendiman and came f r o m an original introduction f r o m Sweden. They have not yet been r e l e a s e d as new bluegrass v a r i e t i e s ; h o w e v e r , they a r e being tested at various locations over the Uc S. at the present time. 2. M e r i o n B l u e g r a s s - - T h i s g r a s s was included in the t r i a l s to compare with the other bluegrasses. T h i s is an outstanding bluegrass here in the Northwest, but has a few weaknesses. 3. P a r k B l u e g r a s s - - T h i s g r a s s was sleeted by the A g r o n o m y D e p a r t ment at the University of Minnesota as an outstanding bluegrass f o r that area. 4. Newport Tilftlto- Bluegrass (selection) - - T h i s g r a s s originated f r o m an Oregon sea coast selection. 5. Carnegie Bluegrass S e l e c t i o n - - T h i s is a bluegrass selection f r o m Athabasca, Canada, made by Carnegie Institute R e s e a r c h w o r k e r s . 6. Creeping red f e s c u e - - T h i s is the standard v a r i e t y and is used f o r comparative purposes. 7. Colonial B e n t g r a s s - - T h i s bentgrass was chosen due to its popular use h e r e in the Northwest f o r comparison purposes. T h e s e g r a s s e s w e r e planted in June of 1956 in plots 8'xlO* and w e r e replicated four times. They w e r e given no special treatment the f i r s t year except f o r light maintenance nitrogen applications, sprinkling, mowing, and weed control. On May 1, 1957, f e r t i l i z i n g and cutting treatments w e r e initiated. Subplots in the main plots w e r e cut at 1 inch and at 1/2 inch high and r e c e i v e d 8 lbs. per 1000 sq„ ft. of actual nitrogen and 2 1/2 lbs c per 1000 sqc ft. r e s p e c t i v e l y of actual nitrogen f r o m urea f o r the season, divided into four equal monthly applications. T h e s e rates w e r e chosen to o b s e r v e and measure the e f f e c t of cutting heights on g r a s s e s treated with high and low l e v e l s of nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r s . The following points w e r e observed during this last summer: lo T h r e e out of the four Northwest bluegrass selections appeared to be equal to and possibly superior in minor aspects to M e r i o n bluegrass 0 The color was excellent, texture good, produced a v e r y tight ground c o v e r , and responded p e r f e c t l y to both cutting heights and nitrogen l e v e l s . 2. M e r i o n bluegrass, as expected, p e r f o r m e d v e r y satisfactorily. It did not appear to be superior to the Northwest selections except in its l o w e r yield of clippings» T w o of the Northwest selections appeared to have a better texture and tighter turf at the 1/2-inch cutting than did Merion c 3« P a r k bluegrass, the Minnesota v a r i e t y , was v e r y slow in developing compared to the other bluegrasses, with the exception of Newport Delta e Park did not make a tight turf, but was always one of the higher y i e l d e r s at the 1 inch cutting height and high nitrogen l e v e L The P a r k plots r e c e i v i n g the high l e v e l of nitrogen and 1/2-inch cut did not stand this treatment during the f i r s t half of the growing season, and about one half of these plots died out and never completely f i l l e d in the r e s t of the season« At this t i m e , it cannot be rated v e r y highly as a desirable turf g r a s s f o r this part of the country« Ccorvtef/C §ehc+/t>M 4« N<, wpflft Delta^ bluegrass reacted much the same as P a r k in establishment and response to cutting heighto It did yield somewhat l o w e r than Park» jOeuJ ?ov+ 50 C t i j j w y g g ^ l u e g r a s s (selection) appears to be m o r e d e s i r a b l e f o r turf than P a r k or in this area c Y e t , it does not, at this time, compare with the Northwest selections and Merion c Its color is good«, and it is not a f a s t - g r o w i n g strain« It seems to f i l l v e r y slowly f r o m seeding to maturity and may possibly be a slow " h e a l e r 0 9 following injury D 6c Creeping Red F e s c u e responded v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r i l y to the nitrogen l e v e l s and cutting heights«, During the hottest weeks of summer, it slowed in growth some, but not significantly« 7« Colonial bentgrass made its greatest growth in the e a r l y part of the season, tapered off some in the middle of summer, and picked up again in. September and was still growing on October 1 when the other g r a s s e s w e r e p r a c t i c a l l y dormant« L o w cutting and high nitrogen appeared to be the c o m bination producing the best response«. It might be mentioned that one of the weaknesses of M e r i o n is the slow germination and emergence« In the germination and other seeding t r i a l s conducted here, it was found that the Northwest selections e m e r g e d much f a s t e r , and, t h e r e f o r e , they had a higher percentage of emergence« It appears f r o m what happened on the Overlake Golf & Country Club, that M e r i o n should not be seeded in mixtures with the bentgrasses Q In this case, bentgrass was not seeded with Merion« But native species of bent invaded the M e r i o n in 1956, and, by the spring of 1957, no M e r i o n could be found on the tee« This M e r i o n stand, p r i o r to invasion, could be classed as outstanding f r o m the standpoint of c o l o r , texture, and healing after divots w e r e removed« Since M e r i o n goes dormant f a i r l y e a r l y in the f a l l and doesn't break dormancy until somewhat later in spring than bents, it might be suspected that the bents crowded the M e r i o n out o v e r the winter« Molybdenum t r i a l s Since the use of molybdenum has had some f a v o r a b l e publicity in the last y e a r or so and conscientious turf managers a r e always looking f o r something new, it was decided that a f e w molybdenum plots on putting greens w e r e in order« Several t r i a l s w e r e put out west of the Cascades in a r e a s with possible deficiencieSo The m a t e r i a l was applied at the rate of one pound of actual molybdenum per a c r e in early springe It was applied on just parts of greens so that any d i f f e r e n c e s could be readily observed D H o w e v e r , in no case was there any response to this material« This may not be conclusive evidence as to its need, but is an indication that little gain can be expected f r o m its use« Neburon--chickweed and c r a b g r a s s preventer This herbicide, produced by the DuPont Company, is a substituted urea intended f o r p r e - e m e r g e n c e control of the above weeds. H o w e v e r , since m o u s e - e a r chickweed, Poa annua, and p e a r l w o r t have caused much concern f o r a long t i m e , an attempt was made to obtain some control of these weeds by the use of Neburon. An application was made on the Rainier Golf & Country Club by Glen P r o c t o r in the summer of 1956, and a good kill was obtained on Poa annua. This i s , of course, bad on the a v e r a g e older greens in Washington, since many run up to 90 per cent Poa annua, but on newly established g r e e n s with small amounts of this weed present, it " m a y " just be possible to keep it clean. M o r e work is being done along this line. A s f o r m o u s e - e a r chickweed and P e a r l w o r t , 100 per cent k i l l s w e r e achieved at the T a c o m a Country & Golf Club in one application where spots in the g r e e n s w e r e sprayed. This m a t e r i a l is not on the market at this time, but may be in the v e r y near future. 14DELAYED ACTION" FERTILIZERS Roy L . Goss and Cooperators Delayed-action f e r t i l i z e r s a r e those that a r e in some way made available to the plant o v e r a longer period of time than the ordinary c o m m e r c i a l f e r t i l i z e r s , whereby, the m a t e r i a l is slowly broken down and may or may not be r e leased f o r plant use at an optimum rate. At any rate, this is a point about which this panel w i l l discuss the results of some actual t r i a l s . The delayed-action f e r t i l i z e r being reported herein is a u r e a - f o r m a l d e hyde type. It was a g r e e d by this group that it would be applied at the rate of 10 lbs. of actual nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft. or 27 lbs. of this 38% N m a t e r i a l These t r i a l s w e r e all begun in M a r c h of 1957, and this m a t e r i a l was put on in one application. T h e r e was no v i s i b l e injury produced in any case by this rate, and all g r e e n s w e r e mowed without baskets f o r one or two t i m e s and the m a t e r i a l was hand watered in as well. W e s t e r n Washington t r i a l s Henry Land, Sr. , Superintendent of the T a c o m a Country & Golf Club, f e r t i l i z e d as follows: On M a r c h 15, 1957, one half of a putting g r e e n was treated with 27 lbsD per 1000 sqQ ft 0 of uramite and the other half with 13 lbsQ of U r a m i t e per 1000 sq. ft. , plus monthly applications of 1 lb. of actual N f r o m urea (46%N). T h e r e was no obvious d i f f e r e n c e in the two halves of the g r e e n at any time during the t r i a l period, either in appearance or in the amount of clippings produced,» By June 15, 1957, the g r e e n appeared to be lacking in nitrogen, and, by July 15, 1957, the deficiency became so obvious that the regular f e r t i lizing p r o g r a m was resumed. H e n r y ' s o b j e c t i o n s - - h i g h cost and little result. John Jaslowski, Superintendent of Broadmoor Golf & Country Club, r e ports as f o l l o w s : The e f f e c t of applying 10 lbs. of actual N per 1000 sq. ft c f r o m U r a m i t e on a putting g r e e n at this location lasted not m o r e than eight weeks. At the end of eight weeks, additional nitrogen was needed to keep the g r a s s color up to par c The appearance of the g r e e n was normal until the effect was lost. John's objection is that the cost is too high f o r the e f f e c t s gained. Glen P r o c t o r , Superintendent off the Rainier Golf & Country Club, and K e n Putnam, Superintendent of Seattle Golf & Country Club, r e p o r t the same as B r o a d m o o r . The greens which w e r e tested looked good as long as the f e r t i l i z er lasted, but that wasn't long enough. M i l t Bauman, Superintendent of the Overlake Golf & Country Club, after having t r i e d this same m a t e r i a l f o r two y e a r s , related essentially the same report as the above mentioned superintendents except that even l e s s results w e r e experienced. Milt reports that his current p r o g r a m of nitrogen f e r t i l i z a tion is much superior to urea-formaldehyde f e r t i l i z e r s , considering the cost d i f f e r e n c e and results. Eastern Washington t r i a l s The results between western and eastern Washington show considerable d i f f e r e n c e s in response to the urea-formaldehyde f o r m s of nitrogen c Only two t r i a l s w e r e made on this side, one being at the Manito Golf & Country Club and the other here at Pullman on the College golf course« follows: The results a r e as Cliff E v e r h a r t , Superintendent of the Manito Golf & Country Club at Spokane, r e p o r t s that on an area of 520 sqc ft c , he applied 13 lbs« of Bordens 38 in one application« The remainder of this nursery g r e e n r e c e i v e d the normal f e r t i l i z e r p r o g r a m as the rest of his course 0 He states that the B o r dens-38-treated area yielded m o r e clippings, and the color was as good as the remainder of the green« Cliff says this area looked as good as any of his greens until early September when it seemed to start losing color« H e r e at Pullman, we treated a g r e e n on one half with 27 lb« / 1000 sqQ ft c of U r a m i t e and the other half with 1 lb« of actual N f r o m urea (46% N ) e v e r y two weeks 0 It was planned that each half would get 10 lbs« of actual N per 1000 sqD ft« f o r the entire season« The U r a m i t e treated half showed response i m m e d i a t e l y and appeared outstanding until June 25 when the c o l o r began fading 0 Up to this t i m e , it looked better than urea, but then began losing ground« The manager of the course then made a second application of 8 lbs c of actual N per 1000 sq« ft« f r o m U r a m i t e , and this c a r r i e d the g r e e n s into September in excellent condition« In summary, I believe that it is apparent that l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s occur between eastern and western Washington in response to urea-formaldehyde f o r m s of nitrogen, and I believe that this knowledge w i l l enable us to c a r r y out a m o r e intelligent and economical nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n p r o g r a m in the future«. It is with certainty that we r e a l i z e the need f o r a good, slowly available f o r m of nitrogen, not only f r o m the standpoint of labor savings, but due to the fact that most of us a r e losing nitrogen f r o m leaching by overwatering. It must also be borne in mind that one good man can f e r t i l i z e over 20 a v e r a g e sized g r e e n s in one-half day at a cost of about $8« 00« The results reported by this panel a r e not intended to be final, but as an indication of response at this time« M o r e experimentation is being planned and w i l l be conducted next year« I wish to express my thanks to the c o o p e r a t o r s mentioned in this report as w e l l as others not mentioned f o r making these t r i a l s possible under actual playing conditions«, T U R F DISEASE R E S E A R C H IN W E S T E R N WASHINGTON Charles J. Gould, Plant Pathologist Western Washington Experiment Station Puyallup, Wa s hingt on Survey of turf diseases Fusarium Patch (caused by F . nivale and s o m e t i m e s called Pink Snow Mold) causes o v e r 907o of the spotting on golf greens in w e s t e r n Washington« It is usually most common in the f a l l , next in the spring, and least common in dry summers. The disease also develops on shoulders of greens and o c c a sionally in lawns. Red Thread (caused by Corticium f u c i f o r m e ) a f f e c t s 5 to 10% of the greens in western Washington, and those affected a r e predominantly of bentg r a s s . On such greens the fungus spreads slowly, killing the g r a s s as it grows and producing a r i n g - l i k e area whose center becomes re-invaded by weeds and annual g r a s s e s . In contrast, the fungus usually produces a scorched e f f e c t on turf in f a i r w a y s , parks, c e m e t e r i e s , and lawns. This scorching i s p a r t i c u l a r ly noticeable on turf suffering f r o m lack of water and poor nutrition. Such a condition was widespread in western Washington in the winter of 1956 and appears to be developing again in the f a l l of 1957. The scorching symptom has been attributed wrongly sometimes to winter injury. F a i r y Ring (caused by M a r a s m i u s o r e a d e s ) . This disease, although present, was not as troublesome m 1957 as in 1956. Mushroom production was most abundant in the spring and fall. F a i r y Ring remains the number-one headache to home owners. Miscellaneousc Although the fungi mentioned above a r e believed to cause most turf diseases in western Washington, many others a r e suspected of causing trouble. In order to obtain as complete a disease picture as possible, another intensive survey is under way with m a j o r emphasis on high-cut turf ( f a i r w a y s , lawns, parks, c e m e t e r i e s , e t c . ) . This survey is in cooperation with Dr. M. Eglitis (also at the W e s t e r n Washington Experiment Station)G The possibilities that there a r e different strains of the Fusarium Patch and R e d Thread fungi a r e being investigated, also. Results of tests and recommendations f o r control F a i r y Ring T e s t s and observations have shown that the f o l l o w i n g methods w i l l control or alleviate the ravages of this disease c (1) Water and f e r t i l i z e generously P Inadequately watered and nourished turf is l e s s able to compete with the mushroom fungus with the result that the disease becomes m o r e pronounced under such conditions. Consequently, keeping the g r a s s growing v i g o r o u s l y will reduce the ravages of the fungus0 (2) Drench with solutions of phenyl m e r c u r i c acetate. The fungus has been suppressed, but not eradicated, by drenching diseased a r e a s monthly with solutions of phenyl m e r c u r i c acetate. Such a r e a s w e r e spiked or a e r i f i e d bef o r e application to facilitate penetration of the solutions,, The latter w e r e applied with a sprinkling can, Many other compounds have been tested, but they have either f a i l e d to g i v e as consistent results as the above m a t e r i a l or w e r e injurious to the turf. (3) Fumigate with methyl bromide 0 The results of tests indicate that apparently we have been able to eradicate the f a i r y ring fungus by fumigating diseased a r e a s with methyl bromide Q A full report on tests with this and other fumigants w i l l be made later«, Meanwhile we a r e recommending the m a t e r i a l f o r t r i a l use in the following manner: a. T r e a t in late spring or e a r l y f a l l . b0 Spike or a e r i f y the area b e f o r e treating Q Co T r e a t when soil temperature is 60° o r w a r m e r at a depth of 4 incheSo d. Use methyl bromide at 2 lbs 0 per 100 square feet« eD K e e p area c o v e r e d with a g a s - p r o o f tarp f o r 48 hours» f„ F o l l o w the manufacturer's directions f o r use0 is a deadly gas 0 g0 R e s e e d the treated area after 1-2 weeks. Methyl bromide (Dr. H. Mo Austenson and M r , Vernon L . M i l l e r have cooperated in these studies on F a i r y Ring» ) When p r o p e r l y done, the treatment apparently k i l l s fungi, insects, weeds, and g r a s s . Grass seed can be sown d i r e c t l y on top of the dead turf«, The r e seeded area should be kept w e l l f e r t i l i z e d and watered. This methyl bromide treatment, although apparently e f f e c t i v e , is rather drastico A m o r e simple treatment is needed, particularly f o r use by home owners. Our search f o r one w i l l be continued. Red T h r e a d Disease resistance 0 F a i r w a y plots have been established at the T a c o m a Golf and Country Club in cooperation with Henry Land, Superintendent, and Dr. H. M. Austenson (WWES) in o r d e r to study the possible resistance of g r a s s e s to the r e d thread fungus« Under study a r e : M e r i o n , Kentucky, and WSC blueg r a s s e s ; chewings, creeping red and Pennlawn f e s c u e s ; and colonial bentD FungicideSo P M A S has not controlled this disease« be tested during the coming season. Other m a t e r i a l s w i l l FertilizerSo M o r e red thread disease was o b s e r v e d in poorly nourished lawns during the winter of 1956/57 than in well-nourished ones. In o r d e r to v e r i f y this observation, an undernourished«, infected lawn in Sumner, Washington, was f e r t i l i z e d with the following m a t e r i a l s in the spring of 1957: none, N o x m o s s , U r a m i t e (with and without ammonium sulfate), U r e a , 10-10-10, and Milorganite 0 A l l the f e r t i l i z e r s gave a f a v o r a b l e response. Heavy applications of nitrogen have also aided r e c o v e r y of red thread-infected greens on two golf courses. Thus, it appears that proper f e r t i l i z i n g and watering w i l l help o v e r come this disease, although it w i l l not, of course, eliminate the fungus« Heavy use of nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r s on g r e e n s should be confined to the summer, since they may increase l o s s e s f r o m Fusarium Patch in the spring and f a l l months«, (Cooperative with D r . Austenson. ) Fusarium Patch (Pink Snow Mold) Disease resistance. In cooperation with D r . H0 M. Austenson (WWES) and Henry Land, Superintendent at the Tacoma Golf and Country Club, a nursery area was fumigated with methyl bromide and subsequently planted to the following nine g r a s s e s in the spring of 1957: P o a annua (annual bluegrass), Colonial, Rhode Island #5, Seaside, Highland, Cohansey, Pennlu, P e n n c r o s s , and Congressional« The area is being cut at greens height« Infection by the Fusarium is being permitted to occur naturally« P r e l i m i n a r y counts indicate that Colonial Bent is much m o r e susceptible than are the other types of g r a s s e s « Perhaps P o a annua predominates in western Washington greens because Fusarium destroys Colonial and opens the way f o r invasion by the Poa. FungicideSo Most of our recent e f f o r t s have been d i r e c t e d toward the use of fungicides, since they o f f e r e d most immediate hope of controlling this important disease« The fungicides showing the most p r o m i s e in p r e l i m i n a r y screening tests at the Western Washington Experiment Station, w e r e f i r s t used in a test on a putting g r e e n in cooperation with Roy Goss (Washington State C o l l e g e ) and Milt Bauman, Superintendent at the O v e r l a k e Golf and Country Club (Medina). This experiment was started on August 21, 1956 with applications at 10-, and l a t e r , 14-day intervals of m a t e r i a l s in 10 gallons of water per 1, 000 square feet. P M A S (@ 1 oz. ) and Calocure (@ 3 oz. ) gave the best control, f o l l o w e d by Special Semesan (@ 4 oz. ), T e r s a n (@ 5 oz. ), and Cadminate (@ 1/2 oz. ). The last two m a t e r i a l s appeared to control the disease during mild attacks, but f a i l e d during s e v e r e ones. At a 2 - o z . rate P M A S s e v e r e l y scorched the g r e e n , P M A S at 1 oz. and Special Semesan (@ 4 oz. ) caused some slight scorching, mostly during w a r m weather. On September 10, 1956, another test was started in cooperation with Milt Bauman on an adjacent pitching green. A l l of the m a t e r i a l s included in this experiment have appeared p r o m i s i n g , but the disease attack has not been sufficiently s e v e r e yet to show d i f f e r e n c e s . M a t e r i a l s being tested at t w o week intervals are: Calocure (@ 1 1/2 oz. and 3 oz. ) P M A S (@ 1/2 oz. ) with and without i r o n sulfate @ 1/2 oz. ), Semesan (@ 2 oz. ), and Mycostatin (@ 4 oz. ). Another experiment was started on the experimental g r e e n at the W e s t ern Washington Experiment Station in the summer of 1957. H o w e v e r , w a r m , dry weather prevented development of the disease. Based upon the results at O v e r l a k e , an experiment was started on Sept e m b e r 4, 1957, on a putting g r e e n at the Broadmoor Golf and Country Club (Seattle) in cooperation with the Superintendent, John Jaslowski. T h i s test had three main objectives: (1) T o compare the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of P M A S and Caloclor types of m e r c u r y compounds; (2) to determine which intervals (of 2, 3, or 4 weeks) of application of these m a t e r i a l s w e r e most desirable; and (3) to test the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of two new fungicides. The treatments under test are. P M A S (@ 3/4 o z p ) , e v e r y 2, 3, or 4 weeks; Caloclor (@ 1 o z . ) e v e r y 2, 3, or 4 weeks; Caloclor (@ 2 oz. ) e v e r y 4 weeks; Calocure (@ 2 o z j e v e r y 2 weeks; P M A S (3/4 oz. ) alternating with Caloclor (1 oz. ) e v e r y 3 weeks; K r o m a d M F 18 (@ 2 oz. ) e v e r y 2 weeks and Ceresan 200 (@ 1/2 oz. ) e v e r y 2 or 4 weeks. The most e f f e c t i v e treatment during the f i r s t month was P M A S (@ 3/4 oz* ) applied e v e r y 2 weeks. This and other tests a r e continuing. RecommendationSo Based upon the results to date, the following suggestions a r e made f o r control of Fusarium Patch on golf g r e e n s : (1) Be sure that the green has good a i r drainage. The disease is most serious on greens with poor air movement, since the g r a s s stays wet longer. (2) Many diseases caused by Fusarium fungi on other crops a r e made w o r s e by the heavy use of nitrogen. T h e r e f o r e , avoid e x c e s s i v e applications of nitrogen until m o r e can be learned about its e f f e c t on this disease of turf* (3) Use P M A S (@ 3/4 or 1 oz. in 10 gal. of water per 1000 square f e e t ) f o r rapid control. (4) Use P M A S (@ 1/2 or 3/4 oz. ) or Calocure (@ 2 to 4 oz. ) f o r regular treatment. (5) T r e a t e v e r y two weeks in Fusarium weather (cool and moist); otherw i s e treat e v e r y four weeks. (6) T r e a t shoulders as w e l l as greens in o r d e r to r e m o v e a m a j o r source of reinf e station. Conclusion The type of studies described above w i l l be continued until (1) we have obtained a reasonably complete picture of turf d i s e a s e s in western Washington and (2) we have found suitable controls f o r the most important ones. H o w e v e r , f o r the most e f f e c t i v e control p r o g r a m , we need to know many additional facts about these fungi, f o r instance; how they attack g r a s s e s ; the optimum t e m p e r a ture, m o i s t u r e , and pH f o r infection; how they o v e r w i n t e r and spread; and whether or not d i f f e r e n t strains exist. With this knowledge we should be able to develop m o r e e f f e c t i v e and l e s s costly control m e a s u r e s . We will undertake their study as rapidly as time and f a c i l i t i e s p e r m i t . My appreciation f o r assistance in this work goes to my associates and the cooperators listed and also to the Northwest Turf A s s o c i a t i o n f o r their generous financial help. T r a d e names of the m a t e r i a l s tested have been used in this a r t i c l e to s i m p l i f y the presentation and also to specify the m a t e r i a l s used0 H o w e v e r , s i m i l a r types with d i f f e r e n t trade names should g i v e as e f f e c t i v e control. T U R F G R A S S A D A P T A T I O N STUDIES IN W E S T E R N W A S H I N G T O N H. M, Austenson, Assistant A g r o n o m i s t Western Washington Experiment Station Observational plots of common t u r f g r a s s v a r i e t i e s have been established at experiment stations at Vancouver, Puyallup, and Mount Vernon. M e r i o n Kentucky bluegrass has shown good adaptation at all locations«, It has had d a r k e r - g r e e n color than common Kentucky blue, especially during the c o o l e r months. Resistance to weed invasion has also been superior. Leaf rust has been common on M e r i o n but has not caused any noticeable damage. When planted in midsummer M e r i o n has not been slower in establishment than c o m mon Kentucky blue. Certain w a r m - s e a s o n g r a s s e s and ground c o v e r s have recently been promoted by various c o m m e r c i a l interests in western Washington. Z o y s i a and bermudagrass v a r i e t i e s made satisfactory summer growth at Puyallup in 1957. Dichondra became established easily at all three locations,, Mondo plants remained a l i v e but made almost no growth during the summer« The winter survival of these species w i l l be noted« The colonial bentgrass seed, including A s t o r i a , currently available is an unselected mixture which produces a nonuniform turf. Some of these types have been cloned, and a wide d i v e r g e n c e in plant types has been noted. Some of the m o r e desirable appearing plants have been isolated f o r a further study of their progeny. In addition to these studies, the A g r o n o m y Department has cooperated with Dr. C. J. Gould, Plant Pathologist, in his work on the control of f a i r y ring, red thread, and pink snow mold in t u r f g r a s s . BUDGETS Sam Zook, chairman, Glen P r o c t o r , Cliff E v e r h a r t and Henry Land, Sr. Land. The most important thing is f o r e v e r y clubhouse to have a budget. F o r example the l i f e of a F o r d t r a c t o r , which lasts in good shape f o r about 10 y e a r s and then is scratched off. The club knows that the end of that time they w i l l have to replace equipment. M o w e r s a r e usually used on the g o l f - g r e e n s f o r a 4 - y e a r period, a e r i f i e r - 10 y e a r s , f a i r w a y m o w e r - 10 y e a r s . Then both the s e l l e r and the company know that it must be thrust aside f o r r e p l a c e ments. They plan to cut on labor this y e a r . They a r e planning on cutting it down to about $30,000 per y e a r . Below is the estimated budget (total 42,650) L a b o r (4 men and supt. ) Gas and oil F e r t i l i z e r f o r greens Maintenance Fairways Fungicides Weed k i l l e r Sand Shop supplies Maintenance and water system Flags Repairs $30, 000 13, 000 12, 000 1, 300 2, 000 500 500 250 200 250 200 1, 200 Water system could be additional $ 1, 000, new equipment about $2, 000. E m e r gency budget--$500. The club furnished $250 f o r t r a v e l expenses, 5 cents per m i l e f o r trips around town. They pay my dues to all m e e t i n g s - - t h i s was p r o posed to them by Charlie Wilson and was adopted. P r o c t o r . P r i c e s keep raising and so do homes, etc. get went up $4, 000 to a total of $47, 000. Labor Fertilizers Gas and oil Equipment r e p a i r Sand and g r a v e l Top soil Weed k i l l e r Fungicides Turf r e s e a r c h Irrigation Water expenses Expense account New equipment Water system addition TOTAL Last y e a r my bud- $32, 988 2, 000 1, 000 1, 000 500 500 300 400 100 500 360 250 3,400 4, 000 $47,298 I think that in making out a budget that it can be possible to get one that is way too low. Our m e m b e r s don't appreciate us being scotch; if we don't spend it, the club willo M e m b e r s appreciate what we can get them, and they have n e v e r cut our budgeto R e m a r k f r o m f l o o r c The feeling is that some people don't r e a l i z e how much money is going in on the clubhouseD Do you have carts at your club? I was wondering if there was a charge f o r carts. Proctor. Y e s , the charge f o r carts is $10 p e r month0 Cliff Everhart: I make up what I w i l l spend the next year and that way have the job done f o r two y e a r s . My expenses last year w e r e : Labor Water F e r t i l i z e r and sand Maintenance Gas and oil P o w e r ( e l e c t r i c i t y , etc. ) Parking lots, m i s c . TOTAL, $14, 600 7» 000 2, 050 1, 000 650 700 750 $26, 750 Question. Do you have any breakdown in l a b o r ? How much is it f o r labor f o r sprinkling to be done each month? E v e r h a r t . I imagine now it is about $350-360 per month during the watering season« In the month of August, $2, 078 was paid out f o r 30 days of work. Question c Have you any idea how many cubic feet you use each year? Everhart. Approximately 65-80 m i l l i o n cu. ft. Land. I think on the coast our water is about $ 15, 000 a y e a r , we have one man who does all the watering. Zook. Comparisons can't be made as e v e r y club is differento P r o c t o r . Help is hard to get as they can go to Boeings A i r c r a f t and make $2. 05 an hour. We pay $1. 85 an hour and it is a 6 - d a y - w e e k job. Lando My o f f i c e g i v e s me monthly r e p o r t s on what to spend. Proctor. I never hear about it until the end of the month« Question 0 Slot machines w e r e quite a blow when they w e r e taken away, has everyone r e c o v e r e d f r o m that yet? them. Land. I think it has, and w e ' r e getting along a little better off without The club is now self-supportingc Question« Spokane. I had heard the slot machines helped build private courses in Zook. T h e r e a r e course planning r e c o r d books that a r e put out by DuPont. They schedule everything down, budgets, etc. A s I see it m y s e l f I have t r i e d using it, but it involves too much bookkeeping. I would have to hire a bookkeeper to keep this book. My own budget ($47,500 without capital e x penses) is s i m i l a r to t h e i r s , but I have to submit monthly r e p o r t s and g i v e total breakdown of mowing greens. It does involve a lot of w o r k , and I just wondered if they a r e not getting m e involved in too much paper work and then I have to spend too much time in the o f f i c e . Land. They have daily work sheets which they p r e p a r e that a r e v e r y simple. The men f e e l these work f a i r l y w e l l . It has e v e r y i t e m mentioned on the golf course, and they check them. Question. What a r e the f e r t i l i z e r costs f o r next y e a r going to be? Law 0 Total list that Henry keeps that t e l l s when machinery depreciates is a v e r y good idea. Zook. L a b o r supply - 5 men 3 water men A s high as 10 men during the day, 142 sprinklers* Question« What's your labor cost? Zook. $30,000. Question« Is there any way of telling how many cu. ft. of water to use? An. --NOo Zook. Pumps a r e c e n t r i f u g a l - f o r c e type, and we have about 150 ft. of pipe with a l i f t of about 25-30 ft. , and the e f f e c t i v e n e s s is way off. Question. Has your f e r t i l i z e r bill gone up since they have t r i e d to clean up the Willamette Valley? Zook. Question. Y e s it has. How do you budget new equipment this y e a r ? Everhart. New equipment is capitalization. Zook. The clubs a r e wonderful about buying f e r t i l i z e r and they n e v e r question the need f o r this. L a w . I was wondering if you f e l l o w s f r o m V i c t o r i a and British Columbia have budgets that compare with these. A n s w e r . No two courses can run alike, but I can say that the budgets in Canada a r e s i m i l a r to those in the U. S. L a b o r per hour is about $1. 70 (union) which doesn't compare a d v e r s e l y with the U. S. 's $1. 65-1. 85 an hour. Equipment is much m o r e costly in Canada. We have only been unionized about two months to two y e a r s in some of them. Operation under unions is m o r e d i f f i c u l t Question. Do the men in the union have specific jobs to do in Canada? A n s w e r . That $1. 70 c o v e r s all employees, it doesn't mean that they can only work on one job all the time. They can be moved around to any job. F l o o r f r o m Seattle. In Seattle you can't m o v e a w o r k e r around, you have to stick to the job which you a r e assigned and it makes it much m o r e costly. It takes a lot of planning to make it come out evenly. Joe W a r d o W e had unionized help at Sun Valley that could change f r o m job to jobo Rate was $1. 90 an hour. V e r y short season of 4 months onlyQ Labor lasts f r o m 7-8 months, however. FAIRWAY RENOVATION K e n Putnam, Superintendent Seattle Golf Club The Seattle Golf Club was built in 1906 and was cut out of v i r g i n f i r t i m ber. A f t e r the stumps w e r e blown the holes w e r e f i l l e d by s c r a p e r s pulled byteams of h o r s e s . None of the heavy equipment we use today could be used to advantage. The results w e r e the same to a point, that is the holes w e r e f i l l e d and the f a i r w a y s w e r e smooth and true but not compact. In the ensuing y e a r s the stump holes have settled, some so bad the f a i r way m o w e r s do not reach the bottom. A l s o the f e r t i l i z e r and water collects in the sunken a r e a s producing a thick, lush growth of g r a s s that the m o w e r s do not reach. This was not the cause of too much complaining until the i n t r o duction of the e l e c t r i c carts. The r i d e was just too rough. A f t e r many futile attempts at truing up the f a i r w a y s by patching the individual holes, it was decided to do a m o r e complete job. We t r i e d to obtain some information on costs and methods of complete renovation, but since a job of this s i z e had never been done b e f o r e , none was available. Since the big cost would be the handling of the sod, we t r i e d to f i g u r e out some way to eliminate as much of that as possible* The result was the use of pallet boards. We cut the sod with a Ryan sod cutter and with an automatic cut-off. The sod was cut 11/2 inches thick, 15 inches wide, and 36 inches long. The pallet boards w e r e 48 by 40 inches allowing us to place the sod 3 wide and to a height of about 4 feeto The top f e w rows w e r e layed c r o s s w i s e to tie the pile together. The pallet boards w e r e moved with a f o r k - l i f t attachment on a F o r d t r a c t o r . The f i r s t eight to ten r o w s on each w e r e piled on the edge of the rough. A f t e r removing the sod we loosened the ground with a set of cultivators to a depth of about 10 to 12 inches, then disked it t w i c e , and finished leveling with a Roseman T i l l e r rake and a float. While this was going on, the rest of the crew was picking up rocks and depositing them along the sides to be hauled away l a t e r . A f t e r the f a i r w a y s w e r e l e v e l e d to our satisfaction we put on three tons of l i m e r o c k flour and 1, 000 lbs. of 6-20-20. This was determined by a soil analysis. We do not think it advisable to l i f t m o r e sod than can be replaced in a week. The area to be done depends on the s i z e of the crew D The f i r s t f a i r w a y we attempted was three a c r e s . We split it down the middle and started cutting sod on a Monday and had the sod back down F r i d a y night. This is about all a c r e w of nine men can do in a week with f a v o r a b l e weather. We then t r i e d doing three a c r e s which took us about ten days, but the sod was quite d i s c o l o r e d fro^n heatingo A f t e r removing the sod we found a l a y e r of organic matter about two inches thick which was so hard a disk would not touch it, so we then had to r e s o r t to cultivators. This l a y e r also explains why there was no water or root penetration. One f a i r w a y had two spots of f a i r y ring, and the sod f r o m these spots was discarded and, now, a year l a t e r , there is no sign of the fungus. Whether this means anything or not remains to be seen. To date we have r e novated a total of ten a c r e s at a cost of $479 per a c r e . We f e e l the results m o r e than warrant the expense, and the club plans on continuing the work until all the f a i r w a y s have been completedo This work is due mainly to the e f f o r t s of M r , Ed Dunn, our Greens Chairman the past two y e a r s , whose sincere interest and l o n g - r a n g e planning is responsible f o r many m a j o r improvements at the Seattle Golf Club, Question. In laying the sod, was any contour l e v e l i n g done? No, the g o l f e r s didn't want the contour of the land changed» Question. Did you have any trouble with compaction during the wet weather? We didn't, but haven't had t i m e to know what may happen yet0 Question. How did you handle the 3 0 " cuts. T h r e e r o l l s of sod just fit in the 3 0 " way«, w e r e used and spread under turf e Question. 4 - w a y pallet boards What species of g r a s s do you have in the f a i r w a y s ? Annual bluegrass and bentgrass. Question e What kind of r o l l e r was used? An old piece of smokestack f i l l e d with cement weighing about two tons. Question. Can we use one of these rototilling machines f o r contouring and rototilling g r e e n s ? Y e s , you can t r a v e l at a certain rate of speed with it and can t r a v e l the same speed all the time,, A f t e r the turf was laid, cart t r a f f i c was kept off f r o m it f o r a considerable length of time. Question. Did you notice where stumps had been and had been blown o v e r ? Hardly any at all, no holes w e r e found. Charlie Wilson. T h e r e a r e eight facts that influence what makes any plant grow. T h e s e can be used as a check-up list and if followed p r e c i s e l y , you won't have any trouble. 1. Select g r a s s f a v o r a b l e to temperature of that area. 20 Good soil environment. 3. T e x t u r e of soil, depth (uniform depth)o 4. Enough light. 5. Adequate water. 6. F e r t i l i z e r and plant food must be a d d e d - - e s p e c i a l l y nitrogen. 7. P r o t e c t f r o m injury (insects, d i s e a s e s , weeds, etc„ ) 8. Soil with f a v o r a b l e soil reaction« Considerable attention should be given to liming of soils, influence of disease, and drought resistance» pH of soil runs to pH ^ o pH 7o 5° I think any soil reaction that f a l l s below pH ¿o q should be given some l i m e or dolomitic limestone» A scalded g r e e n should have fans«, You do need to consider t r e e pruning so you can get some air movement» Sometimes new plugs have to be cut f o r good watering practices and the turf w i l l wear out» You can detect dry spots in bentgrass by getting up in the e a r l y morning, that is when they show up the best» T h e r e ' s no guttation water on the dry areas» 441 defy any i r r i g a t o r doing a proper job of i r r i g a t i o n where there a r e deep roots ( t r e e ) running into the ground underneath» " The water w i l l always run off, but trenching can be used» D r y spots a r e bad because they get little w a t e r , but they seem to always come back e Big p r o b l e m in all watering is to make sure to get the moisture all the way down» To help this problem it can be a e r i f i e d by punching holes in the course» A R E P O R T ON T H E I N S T A L L A T I O N OF R E C E N T T U R F S P R I N K L I N G SYSTEMS Don Hogan (H. D. F o w l e r Co. Inc. ) My presentation this morning w i l l be limited to comments on some slides I have to present that w e r e taken of some recent turf sprinkling installations. F i r s t we have a picture of the Tyan Sod Cutter that has been v e r y successful in the r e m o v a l of sod p r i o r to trenching. T h e r e you see Henry Land, Sr. , of Tacoma Country Club, running the machine, and George Lawton, presently of Elks A l l e n - M o o r e Golf Course, Tacoma, Washington, who is removing the sod f r o m the earth. Next we have a picture of the f a i r w a y piping as spotted along the trench side p r i o r to installation. You might note that one coupling has been made on each length of pipe, and the pipe is so positioned that it can be reached by workmen in the trench. H e r e we show the same area with the pipe installed in the trencho You might note the considerable amount of l a r g e rocks that w e r e excavated in this p r o j e c t at the Tacoma Country Club. P a r t i c u l a r c a r e must be e x e r c i s e d when backfilling m a t e r i a l that has such a high percentage of l a r g e rocks. Next we have a connection to one of the f a i r w a y pipings showing a ductile iron saddle connection. This type of connection has the advantage that it can be placed anywhere along the line permitting exact placement of the sprinkler outlet. You also can see the swing joint installation which is installed both to assure a completely v e r t i c a l r i s e r as w e l l as to protect the pipe f r o m surface loading. We here have a picture of a couple of l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinklers operating at the Tacoma Country Club. You might note that this particular sprinkler is not only throwing the full width of the f a i r w a y , but also is watering a p p r o x i mately twenty (20) feet into the rough. This next shot shows the narrow area of the f a i r w a y in front of the # 16 tee at T a c o m a Country Club. In a r e a s of this nature s m a l l e r sprinklers a r e used so as to not waste water in areas of rough that a r e not maintained. L a s t l y , in this group of slides f r o m the T a c o m a Country Club, we show the method of testing the pipe installation f o r p r e s s u r e . In this case we made an adaption to the pipeline, and a pump was hooked on to Henry L a n d ' s t r a c t o r to build up the p r e s s u r e in the line. The suction f r o m this pump went to a 50gallon drum that is placed adjacent to the t r a c t o r . It was possible to measure exactly the amount of water l o s s o v e r a given length of t i m e , and thus d e t e r mine the exact amount of loss in the system. This next group of slides was taken at F o s t e r Golf Course in Seattle, Washington c This particular area was installed with 100% K r a l a s t i c m a t e r i a l f r o m 3 1/2 " diameter down to 2 " diameter. This particular system is d e signed to water 100% of the f a i r w a y between the limitations of the property line as they mow both f a i r w a y s and rough a r e a s alike at F o s t e r Golf Course. This enables them to speed up play since they a r e a public golf course. The f i r s t slide shows 3 " piping spotted along the main line p r i o r to installation. The second picture shows the ease with which this pipe can f o l l o w tight curves, both on the f a i r w a y s and adjacent to the greens D Y o u might note that the 3 " line has already been completely made together on top of the ground, and w i l l then just be placed into the trench in its entirety,. This next picture shows L e s Frank who took the contract f o r installation only of this m a t e r i a l . The golf course dug their own trenches, and M r . Frank then came along and installed the pipe 0 It took him approximately two (2) hours per day to lay the pipe in the trenches that w e r e opened up in an entire day by the excavation crew. T h e r e f o r e , we here see L e s with the 12-pound steelhead he caught in the r i v e r adjacent to the golf course while waiting f o r the c r e w to open up m o r e trench f o r him. This next picture shows the cutting of 3 " pipe, whereby the installation c r e w is just using a plain c r o s s - c u t handsaw» And this last picture of F o s t e r Golf Course installation shows the w o r k men applying solvent and cement to make together a pipe joint« This next group of slides was taken at the Portland Golf Club in Portland, Oregon. The f i r s t picture shows the trenching machine that was used on this project« This is a F o r d t r a c t o r with a continuous chain-type digger attached to the r e a r . This particular piece of equipment did not damage the course in any way 0 T h e r e is one disadvantage to this d i g g e r , in that it does not d i s t r i b ute the dirt f a r enough f r o m the trench side, and t h e r e f o r e makes it rather p r e c a r i o u s to install the pipeD Next we have f a i r w a y piping spotted along #6 f a i r w a y p r i o r to installation. You w i l l note that the excavated m a t e r i a l is placed to one side of the trench and the pipe and sod to the other side« This p e r m i t s handling of the pipe without knocking an e x c e s s i v e amount of m a t e r i a l down into the trench. A l s o , in this manner, the mechanical equipment can backfill without running o v e r the sod that has been lifted D Next we show asbestos cement pipe installed in a trench on a curved area of the f a i r w a y . It is obvious that even with 13-foot lengths of r i g i d pipe there is enough deflection at the couplings to make a v e r y nice, even curve. In this picture we show the backfill c r e w preparing a trench that has a l ready had the pipe installed. The sod has not been placed back, but the e x c a vated m a t e r i a l has been backfilled, and the c r e w is presently tamping it p r i o r to placement of the sod. T h i s next picture shows the same area on #17 tee at Portland Golf Club w h e r e they a r e cleaning up the last bit of excess m a t e r i a l . You might note in this picture that it is almost impossible to t e l l where the trench was, although it is just a single day after the ground was originally opened upc L a s t l y , in this group f r o m Portland Golf Club, we show a couple of f a i r way sprinklers operating on #9 f a i r w a y in front of the clubhouse. You can see f r o m this picture that the sprinklers a r e throwing w e l l beyond the extremity of the f a i r w a y edge and a r e giving an approximate diameter of 200 feeto We a r e now showing a f e w slides on the construction work that was a c complished this summer at the Yakima Country Club in Yakima, Washington, namely with the installation of their new nine holes. The f i r s t slide shows the trenching machine operating on the old nine holes, part of the course w h e r e they also installed a brand-new sprinkling system in conjunction with the other work they a r e accomplishing. This p a r ticular digger is a continuous type of d i g g e r with a l a r g e wheel around the p e r i m e t e r of which there a r e installed a number of buckets which dump the dirt on to a conveyor belt which deposits it in turn along the trench side 0 You can see that this trenching machine is operated on l a r g e tracks s i m i l a r to that of a bulldozer. Although it appears in this picture that the tracks a r e marking the f a i r w a y , this g r a s s healed o v e r in approximately fourldays after the trenching machine had gone by. Next we show the installation of a main line in the new construction area. You might note how completely dry this soil is. This a r e a had not been i r r i gated f o r a year or so, and t h e r e f o r e it made it v e r y , v e r y difficult f o r the workmen to work when any wind came up. This can be shown emphatically in the next picture of earth-moving equipment working on the f a i r w a y , distributing soil around the golf course. You can see a l a r g e cloud of dust moving a c r o s s the golf course after being disturbed by this equipment. Next, we show a general information shot of the new nine holes at Y a k i ma Country Club p r i o r to final grading,, This shows the area around #5 green, #6 f a i r w a y , and #7, #8, and #9 f a i r w a y s . L a s t l y , in this group f r o m Yakima Country Club, we show the l a r g e f a i r way sprinklers operating on the new nine holes p r i o r to seeding. Although there is quite an amount of area that l i e s between the f a i r w a y s not being sprinkled, we found that upon getting the new sprinkling system into operation, it practically solved the dust problem f o r us. T h e r e was enough d r i f t f r o m the f a i r w a y sprinklers into the rough a r e a s between the f a i r w a y s to keep wind damage to a minimum. We a r e now showing a f e w slides that w e r e taken at B r o a d m o o r Golf Club in Seattle, Washington. This f i r s t slide shows the installation c r e w starting to lay the f i r s t bit of the main line, as w e l l as the superintendent, John Jaslowski, c o n f e r r i n g with his president, M r . Y e a k e l , while they discuss the plans of the sprinkling system. Next we have an interesting picture of a section of the old steel main line which was removed. You might note the internal build-up of c o r r o s i o n which has caused this pipe to be v e r y inefficient in its waning y e a r s . T h i s slide shows the installation of the 4 " automatic controlled v a l v e s that operate the various f a i r w a y s at B r o a d m o o r . Through the use of this type of equipment a night waterman is not required. Next we have a picture of a quick coupling v a l v e that has installed upon its lid a permanent a c r y l i c plastic numbered top. This p e r m i t s us to transpose into the f i e l d the operating instructions as outlined on the design drawings. The last slide of this group at B r o a d m o o r shows a l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinkler operating in front of #9 green c Standing behind the sprinkler is John Jaslowski, the Superintendente You might note the t h r e e - w h e e l scooter he has parked n e a r by. An interesting sidelight of this scooter is the manner in which John was supplied with this piece of equipment. During the construction of this p r o j e c t John Jaslowski, M r . Yeakel, and I w e r e discussing various situations at John's shop. We got on to the subject of how to handle the sprinklers, and it was suggested that a small rack be made f o r these sprinklers, which in turn could be r e m o v e d or placed on to such a piece of equipment as this scooter. M r . Y e a k e i thought that the idea of procuring such a scooter was good, in consideration of the fact that it also could be used during the day f o r various errands around the golf course. M r . Y e a k e i then got in touch with other m e m b e r s of the Board, and a scooter was d e l i v e r e d to John two days later. T h i s just points out what excellent cooperation can be achieved between a superintendent and his president or greens chairman if they work together as a team. F i n a l l y , this last group of slides was taken at W a v e r l e y Country Club at Portland, Oregon. F i r s t we have a picture again of the c r e w starting to lay the f i r s t part of the main line. In this picture we see the trenching machine approximately 50 feet ahead of the pipe-laying operation, with the workmen following right behind, laying the pipe, as it is excavated. In the l o w e r right-hand c o r n e r we see the Superintendent, M r . Sam Zook, and his Greens Chairman, M r . Richard Stanton, conferring o v e r the plans as this construction begins. In the background to the l e f t we see an indication of a p r o b l e m that i s always plaguing us during construction period; that is, a f o u r s o m e of g o l f e r s who a r e cutting right a c r o s s the f a i r w a y where we a r e working. T h i s particular p r o b l e m has to be considered l o c a l l y f o r each various p r o j e c t . Next we have Sam Zook standing behind the permanent type of sign that was constructed to close various holes during construction. You might note that the hole number that is being closed, as w e l l as the hole to which to p r o ceed, is so designated with a r e m o v a b l e number so this sign can be utilized during the entire p r o j e c t . In this particular picture the sign says 1 4 Sorry, H o l e #6 Closed Due to I r r i g a t i o n Construction. P l e a s e P r o c e e d to #7 T e e . M In this next picture we show the main line of 8 " pipe as it is being layed a c r o s s #7 f a i r w a y and then into #8 f a i r w a y . The pipe has been layed in the trench, and the backfill p r o c e s s is going on. Adjacent to the trench is the control tubing f o r operating the automatic v a l v e s . This pipe has all been made together and need only be placed in the trench a f t e r the initial backfill around the main line piping. In the next picture we show the same exact location, approximately three days l a t e r , a c r o s s #7 f a i r w a y and #8 f a i r w a y . In this picture you can see that there i s hardly any v i s i b l e evidence of any construction work being accomplished in this area. Sam's c r e w did an excellent job of handling the turf and getting it back promptly b e f o r e it turned brown. The picture we are now showing was taken on #6 f a i r w a y at W a v e r l e y . You can see that the soil is e x t r e m e l y dry, as there has been no attempt to water this f a i r w a y in the past. Next we have a picture of the same #6 f a i r w a y again, seven days a f t e r the sprinkling system was put into operation. You can see that the a r e a s , as shown in the preceding picture which had no turf established whatsoever, a r e now starting to turn green. H e r e again is another picture of #6 f a i r w a y , showing the l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinklers throwing water on the adjacent hillside. This area in the past has been a t e r r i f i c e y e s o r e f o r people driving on to the golf course, and it was of great satisfaction to the Greens Committee to be able to get an installation that would keep this area attractive. On the screen now we have a picture showing the various control tubings that a r e running to the automatic v a l v e s placed in the f i e l d . Each one of these control tubings has been marked with a color so it could be easily identified at any point. Next we are showing #3 f a i r w a y at W a v e r l e y p r i o r to the installation of the new sprinkling system. H e r e we have six sprinklers operating in the f a i r way area in front of the green. P l e a s e note the v e r y decided brown line along the edge of the f a i r w a y leading to the trap on the right. Now in this next picture we a r e showing the same area with a single l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinkler throwing entirely a c r o s s the width of the f a i r w a y . A l s o please note, in the lower right-hand corner next to the trap on the right, there is greening beyond the edge of the f a i r w a y and around the trap area. T h i s picture can emphasize the e f f i c i e n c y of a single, l a r g e sprinkler as against a multiple number of sprinklers operating on a hose -type system. H e r e we have a shot of #7 f a i r w a y , showing the overlapping of two f a i r way sprinklers as they a r e operating automatically. The hillside in the background is an embankment which supports the Portland T r a c t i o n Company's r a i l r o a d tracks. With this new system we a r e able to supply water along the entire length of this bank, thus permitting some type of beautification on this eyesore. In this next picture we see Sam Zook as he has placed a l a r g e sprinkler in the v e r y front lip of #3 green. Although in this particular sprinkling system we have multiple outlets around each g r e e n , we also have incorporated one l a r g e sprinkler on the front f a c e of each green. This p e r m i t s a quick s p r i n kling of any g r e e n on the golf course with a single set. N o r m a l l y this would not be accepted practice because l a r g e sprinklers a r e notorious f o r not adequately breaking up the stream of water. H o w e v e r , with proper p r e s s u r e , as you can see in this picture, a v e r y even, fine curtain of water can be d i s t r i b uted o v e r the entire length of the stream. T h e r e f o r e , it behooves us to be sure that any sprinkler that is operating is being held within the tolerances of p r e s sure f o r which it is designed. In this picture we see f i v e l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinklers operating in the background a c r o s s #3 and #4 f a i r w a y s at W a v e r l e y c These sprinklers a r e being operated automatically, as they have just come on. In the foreground it shows a l a r g e f a i r w a y sprinkler on part of #3 f a i r w a y that i s presently just shutting off due to the control f r o m the automatic equipment. This type of installation p e r m i t s Sam to have positive control of all the watering on his golf course without the p r o b l e m of retaining a night waterman, although all of the f a i r w a y w a t e r ing is done at night. These next three slides show the automatic c o n t r o l l e r that operates the automatic v a l v e s at W a v e r l e y Country Club. F i r s t we have Sam Zook standing next to the controller with the front panel o f f . Secondly, we have a close-up of the clock which actually does the automatic control work. T h i r d l y , we have the pedestal mounting shown with the front lid closed and the padlock in place to prevent any tampering with the equipment The last slide I have in the entire group of pictures shows an excavation in front of #6 g r e e n at W a v e r l e y Country Club. H e r e you can see the various l a y e r s and stratifications that have been caused by both top dressing and also the sand that has been f o r c e d out of the adjacent trap. Sam and I made a f e w holes immediately adjacent to this excavation; h o w e v e r , upon f i l l i n g them with w a t e r , it was impossible f o r us to get any water to move either l a t e r a l l y or v e r t i c a l l y through this strata. Sam r e m a r k e d that it was no wonder he was having difficulty maintaining turf on this heavily t r a v e l l e d apron approaching this green. That completes the presentation of these slides, and I s i n c e r e l y hope that there w e r e a f e w slides among this group that proved of interest to you all. P A N E L ON F E R T I L I Z E R S F O R T U R F A R E A S Paul Brown ( E v e r g r e e n C e m e t e r y ) Everything about us is taking on a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t appearance. We have been running some tests in slow-acting nitrogen and urea with the objective of determining the growth and longevity of the reaction by the use of these d i f f e r ent ureas. We used uramite and Bordens 38. We w e r e able to measure the height of growth at the time of mowing only as we had no method of clipping individual plots. The f i r s t application was made on June 6 when we w e r e still having cool weather« We could still see the b o r d e r l i n e , but the g r a s s with the 5 lbs. of urea r e a l l y got a bounce,! Crab and shrimp m e a l both gave good results with a lasting e f f e c t . Shrimp meal was better than crab. Most sea foods have good nutrients c A n a l y s i s - - 6 to 7% of nitrogen gave a good color of g r e e n and is quite lastingo We ran other tests with different f o r m u l a s , but the addition of F T E to any of our f o r m u l a s gives better results on g r a s s than if it w e r e l e f t out0 Getting started on something in the delayed action type is the hardesto If we could only a r r i v e at something that would g i v e color instead of growth c That is what we a r e striving f o r now. In our c e m e t e r i e s they a r e getting so they have m a r k e r s instead of l a r g e headstones, so mowing is made much easier. F i r s t Series - - June 6th: 10# Plot 1. Borden's 38 - U r e a f o r m P l o t 2. Borden's 38 plus 1# 1# conventional urea (repeated Aug. 15 th) 40# P l o t 3. Crab M e a l P l o t 4. Organic Base 5 - 2 - 1 20# P l o t 5. Organic Base 8 - 2 - 1 20# P l o t 6. Organic Base 10-2-1 20# P l o t 7. Conventional urea 5# 8# P l o t 8. DuPont U r a m i t e - u r e a f o r m 5# P l o t 9. Scott's W e s t e r n 20-10-5 P l o t 10. L i l l y ' s Super-Rich 10-3-5 25# per per per per per per per per 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. Second Series P l o t 1. P l o t 2. P l o t 3. P l o t 4. P l o t 5. P l o t 6. P l o t 7. P l o t 8. P l o t 9. P l o t 10. P l o t 11. P l o t 12. P l o t 13. P l o t 14. per per per per per per per per per per per per per per 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq„ sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. sq. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. - - August 8th: Borden's 38 - U r e a f o r m U r a m i t e 38 - U r e a f o r m Conventional urea Urea-Sulpomag-Tracin Urea-Sulpomag-Tracin 20-5-5 with F T E Hynite 10% Nitrogen Shrimp M e a l P a r k and G r e e n 5 - 3 - 3 - 2 A g r o 8-3-3 A g r o 5--2-2 F e T r a c i n plus Gypsum H i - 12 F e r r o " A l l i n s o l u b l e " 10-10-10 12# 12# 5# 10# 10# 10# 20# 30# 40# 20# 40# 4# 6# 18# per 1000 sq. ft. per 1000 sq. ft. The original principle objective in these tests was to differentiate between slow-acting and conventional f e r t i l i z e r s , particularly nitrogen« L e t us f i r s t consider the two brands of u r e a f o r m , namely, Bordens and U r a m i t e , used according to instructions G In the f i r s t s e r i e s , June 6th, the weather was still quite cool and remained so f o r s e v e r a l weeks«, We found that Bordens was m o r e available at this temperature than was U r a m i t e , which made v e r y little showing if any0 In the second s e r i e s , August 8th, the weather was much w a r m e r , and there was v e r y little d i f f e r e n c e between the two f o r m s ; h o w e v e r , there was an i n c r e a s e in the application of each. Where urea was added to Bordens there was a much m o r e rapid growth of g r a s s , but no m o r e rapid than plots 7 and 3 of the 1st and 2nd series« Both Crab and Shrimp meal gave good results which w e r e quite lasting« F o r a c e m e t e r y the odor was a decided objection, and the cost per a c r e was high« Sea food products have a well-balanced analysis including t r a c e elements and make a good m a t e r i a l f o r an organic base« T h e r e wasn't enough d i f f e r e n c e between plots 5 and 6 of s e r i e s one to evaluate the d i f f e r e n c e in nitrogen; h o w e v e r , these higher nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r s did give a good response 0 P l o t 9, s e r i e s one, gave v e r y little response at the application r e c o m mended, while plot 10 gave too much response and could have been applied at half the recommended rate« In the second s e r i e s there was a definite response f r o m the formulas which included F T E as a f o r m of t r a c e material« F T E actually i m p r o v e s the texture of the grass« P l o t 6 at 10 pounds per thousand gave a good color and growth with good texture D T h e r e was l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e between plots 9, 10, and 11c P l o t 13 was badly burned at the rate of 6# per thousandc P l o t 14 was v e r y slow to start but soon began to show color and w i l l continue to do so f o r the r e s t of the season« The nitrogen content of this was u r e a f o r m with phosphate and potash being frittedo (These tests w e r e made with the cooperation of Roy Goss, R e s e a r c h Assistant Washington State C o l l e g e ; Dr, J. K« P a t t e r s o n , Executive S e c r e t a r y , P a c i f i c Northwest Turf Association; with Paul Dc Brown, Horticulturist, E v e r g r e e n C e m e t e r y Company and L e e F r y e r , R e s e a r c h Specialist, P a c i f i c A g r o Co« preparing the f o r m u l a s and plots« ) P A N E L ON F E R T I L I Z A T I O N F O R G O L F COURSES Henry Land, Jr« (Sandpoint Golf and Country Club) T o set up a f e r t i l i z e r p r o g r a m a great deal of consideration has to be given to different types of soil structures, kinds of g r a s s , drainage, and c l i matic conditions« R e g a r d l e s s of the turf condition it is always helpful to take a soil test at least once a year to determine the percentage of nitrogen, phosphate, potash, pH and t r a c e elements, but soil testing should not be r e l i e d on alone to determine a f e r t i l i z i n g program« In the Puget Sound area rainfall is e x c e s s i v e and temperature moderate ( 8 0 - d e g r e e temperature is considered high in this area which we do not experience v e r y often)« So, consequently, we find the use of 50% organic notrogen and 50% chemical nitrogen the most d e s i r a b l e because of e x c e s s i v e r a i n f a l l and l o w e r temperatures than most parts of the United States« We have found in this area g r a s s does not experience a true dormant season through the winter unless we have a n unusual year. Under these conditions, leaf feeding with small amounts of nitrogen, potash, iron sulfate was v e r y helpful in maintaining better turf f o r our e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g winter play c Greens w e r e f e r t i l i z e d with a 9-5-7 mixture consisting of 1,400 lbs c of Bloodm e a l , 300 lbs. of steamed bone m e a l , and 300 lbs. sulfate of potash per ton. A l l phosphates used on the greens w e r e f r o m steamed bone meal: the reasons being bone m e a l seems to have immediate crop-producing powers o v e r other f o r m s of phosphate possibly because of its physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and its organic origin. 44 Phosphates w e r e held to a minimum, reasons being it is an aggravating factor towards iron chlorosis which we have experienced and also high phosphate encourage Poa Annua which is an undesirable g r a s s f o r golf g r e e n s " (1955 Turf Conference O J. N o e r . ) The f e r t i l i z i n g p r o g r a m we have f o l l o w e d during 195 7 on our g r e e n s , f i g u r e d in pounds per a c r e f o r the total y e a r , was 400 lbs. nitrogen, 129 lbs. phosphate, 300 lbs. potash, 53 lbs. iron sulfate, and 53 lbs. magnesium sulfate. During six months of the growing season greens w e r e f e r t i l i z e d twice a month, once with the 9-5-7 at a rate of 10 lbs. per 1000 square feet and (once) with 1 lbs. U r e a , 2 oz. i r o n sulphate, 2 oz. m a g nesium sulfate. During four months of the winter, greens w e r e sprayed twice a month, once with 3/4 lbs. Urea, 2 oz. iron sulfate and 2 oz. magnesium sulfate. The second application was 1 1/2 lbs. per 1,000 square f e e t of sulfate of potash w e l l watered. F a i r w a y s and tees w e r e f e r t i l i z e d with a 10-10-10 50% of the nitrogen f r o m bloodmeal. T e e s w e r e f e r t i l i z e d three t i m e s during the year using 12 lbs. per application per 1,000 square feet. F a i r w a y s w e r e f e r t i l i z e d once in the spring using 15 lbs. per 1,000 square feet. L i m e s t o n e was applied twice a year with top dressing to maintain a pH of 6. 5« Fritted t r a c e elements w e r e applied once a year at 50 lbs. per a c r e on the greens. Total cost p e r year f o r f e r t i l i z e r , l i m e , and t r a c e elements was as follows: 1,000 sq. ft. Acre Actual Greens 80, 000 sq. ft. 4. 25 182e 75 340. 00 Tees 1 Acre 1. 55 66.65 66.65 . 65 27. 95 1700. 00 Fairway 61 A c r e s The enclosed f e r t i l i z i n g p r o g r a m along with other contributing f a c t o r s has given us good dense turf on our course in 1957. Question. What about soluble phosphates that a r e out now? A n s w e r . T h e r e is a f i r m making a liquid now with 10-10-10, but I don't know whether it is soluble or not. H i - 1 2 is being used. Goss. To keep good g r e e n color and good turf one has to keep the g r a s s producing and growing w e l l . P A N E L ON W E E D C O N T R O L F O R T U R F A R E A S T o m Muzik One of the most interesting e f f e c t s It has only been 10 to 15 y e a r s ago since time we have a lot of new chemicals and plan a turf p r o g r a m , f o l l o w it c a r e f u l l y , up with a good turf. of raising turf g r a s s is weed control. we didn't have 2 , 4 - D , and since that a lot of new ideas. In England they and a f t e r 200 to 300 y e a r s , they end B i l l Senske. We have four trucks equipped to spray weeds this y e a r . W e ' v e sprayed some 5, 000 lawns to date. We have three bread and butter weeds--dandelion, plantain, and thistle. We are looking f o r weeds that w i l l bring in income so IM1 r e a l l y talk about weeds of this type. A f t e r ten y e a r s , A d o l f e Lange and I went out and gathered samples of weeds (20 samples w e r e displayed). T o start with is the dandelion which can be easily killed by 2 , 4 - D amine, also plantain + thistle takes 30 days f o r them to die and disintegrate 0 M o u s e - e a r e d chickweed can be controlled with 2 , 4 - D amine by two sprayings 10 days apart. I applied 4 lbs. of amine to the a c r e ; this s e e m s high but is what my f i g u r e s show. Most of the 5, 000 lawns I sprayed in 1957 w e r e blueg r a s s lawns. F o r V e r o n i c a , amate can be used at 3 lbs. to the 1, 000 sq. ftD with 8090 gallons of water to the a c r e . The m o r e liquid we put on the wetter it makes the ground, thus making the treatment m o r e e f f e c t i v e . We spray f r o m spring to late f a l l . We usually t r y to spray in the f a l l though. On our bread and butter weeds we spray f r o m snow to snow. Our j e l l y weeds a r e controlled only by tackling them during the summer. Question. What w i l l kill y a r r o w ? Answer. 2 , 4 - D w i l l do a pretty good job. Putnam. We have considerable experience in dealing with problems of killing swamp g r a s s e s , cattails, etc. Sodium arsenite has been used a f t e r the pond has been dried up. It was sprayed t w i c e , but we had difficulty getting all the plant l i f e killed. Ox eye daisies is a p r o b l e m in many a r e a s . 2 , 4 - D , sodium arsenate, etc. have all been used. I have found that by using 2 , 4 - D amine you w i l l get good results, and we a r e getting good results now. Good results can be obtained in the f a l l as w e l l as in the spring of the y e a r . Senske. Everything in Spokane turns to quackgrass. A m i n o t r i a z o l e has been used, but the quackgrass still needs plowing about two weeks a f t e r t r e a t ment or it w i l l g r e e n up again. Charlie Wilson. Sodium-arsenate has been used on chickweed, and v e r y good results w e r e obtained. You should work the spraying of 2 , 4 - D into your plans b e f o r e seeding. If it is on the dry side you seem to stand m o r e chance of damaging the g r a s s . The best weed control is to g r o w a good crop of whate v e r you a r e trying to g r o w . Question. Did sodium-arsenate make any d i f f e r e n c e to the amount of water? A n s w e r . I think higher rates of water a r e better, but as long as it is wet, that is the most important. Wetting agents a r e used to help control l o c a l dry spots. I haven't seen much r e a l experimental work done on this. It depends on how fast the g r a s s is growing. Goss. How much arsenate should be used? A n s w e r . Courses in this country have used this f o r the last 30 y e a r s at about 10-30 lbs. per a c r e . It is a touchy situation, but has been used f o r y e a r s and is v e r y good now. To get best results, it should be done in the late fall.