NORTHWEST TURFGRASS TOPICS
VOL. 12, No. 1

PUYALLUP, WASHINGTON

FROM THE PRESIDENT'S CORNER

APRIL, 1970

TURFGRASS FIELD DAY
AT PUYALLUP ^ x

7
The annual turfgrass field day will be held at
Puyallup at the Western Washington Research &
Extension Center beginning at 10 A. M. We shall meet
at the Research Center for assembling and some
discussions and move from there to the main turfgrass
research area at Farm 5, six miles east of the main
station.
Participants in the field day will observe the
various phases of research on turfgrasses that are
being conducted at the location. Among the things
that will be seen will be:

By Tom Keel
The Board of Directors of the Northwest
Turfgrass Association met in Puyallup, Washington on
March 6. At this time topics and speakers for the
forthcoming Conference at Salishan were discussed
and plans formulated. (See Roy Goss's comments in
this issue.)
I have contacted Clay Myers, Secretary of
State for Oregon, and he has accepted our invitation
to be the main speaker at the Conference banquet. I
am sure his message will be of interest to all of us.
With the able assistance of the Association
Secretary, Dr. Roy Goss, I will keep my promise and
get Conference information to all members as soon as
the program and schedule is finalized. I will be
sending a news letter in May including the tentative
program. You are encouraged to use this program to
promote the Association to prospective members. Art
Elliott, Membership Chairman, has packets consisting
of a brochure describing the purpose of our
Association, past Conference programs, and
membership application forms. These packets are
available to you for presentation to prospective
members or send Art the names and he will mail the
packet to them.
We have a dedicated Board of Directors who
are working to develop and provide an organization
that will benefit you professionally so let's all work
to increase our membership.
If at any time you have questions concerning
the Conference or Association contact me and I will
try to be of assistance.

1. Golf course putting green studies that have been
conducted for eleven years. Most of these studies
deal with nutritional problems and vast
differences are being observed from the various
fertilizer treated plots.
2. Lawn turf nutritional experiments coupled with
two mowing heights.
3. A lawn experiment where the mowing height has
been reduced from \Vi inches down to Vz inch
along with power raking and thatch removal.
These plots have had the same nutritional
treatments as the ones without thatching.
4. Varietal demonstrations of various turfgrasses.
5. POA aNNUA seedhead supression studies.
6. Growth regulator trials.
7. Bluegrass studies.
8. Disease studies in field plots.
Plan to be with us on that day and come
prepared to ask any questions or bring problem
specimens that may be troubling you. This is your
opportunity to see what is being done in turfgrass
research in this area. The anticipated time of
completion will be approximately 3 P.M. Lunch will
be on a no-host basis where everyone will disperse to
the various restaurants locally.

Algae

Control

In

Ponds

Throughout the years many suggested
controls have been discussed for algae. However,
many of these methods have gone by the wayside due
to certain reasons which include dangerous chemicals
to fish or wild life or various other reasons. Algae
develops in ponds due to many reasons. First of all,
there must be a suitable source of food for the algae.
For the most part this is related to a balance of
minerals since algae are green single-celled plants and
through photosynthsesis can manufacture their own
food supply provided there are no restrictions to
(Cont'd Col 2, Page 2)

(Algae Control - Cont'd from Page 1, Col. 2)

FROM THE OREGON
COMPOST HEAP
By Byron Reed
For those who haven't considered getting a
reservation to Salishan for the forthcoming
Northwest Turfgrass Conference, October 6, 1970,
may I suggest that you do so if you wish to enjoy the
fine resort. The last report indicated that Salishan was
filling fast.
Several job changes have occurred since the
last column. Mr. Dick Lovell has taken the
Superintendent's job at the Bend Golf Club at Bend,
Oregon. Mr. Don Potter has taken over the Golf
Superintendent's job at Michelbook Country Club at
McMinneville, Oregon, and Mr. John Slaughter is the
Superintendent at King City Golf Club near Tigard,
Oregon.
For those readers who desire to join us at our
annual outing at Agate Beach Golf Club, Newport,
Oregon, you are cordially invited to do so. Mr. and
Mrs. William Martin are great hosts. The date for this
meeting is May 3 and 4. Mr. Bill Bengeyfield will be
our featured speaker on May 4th.

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light. Algae develops principally in shallow waters
where it can obtain sufficient light, temperature, and
oxygen. It follows then, that one of the best means of
control for algae as well as certain aquatic plants is to
maintain sufficient depth. When constructing ponds,
one should remember that the edges should be as
vertical as possible and maintain a depth of 3 feet or
more.
If you have violated all of these rules and find
yourself faced with the problem of eradicating algae
from shallow ponds, it can be eliminated from
agricultural waters by the use of copper sulphate. It is
also known as bluestone. This is the only algaecide
currently registered for use in such cases. The
recommended rates are from 0.5 to 1.0 parts per
million or about 2.7 pounds for every acre-foot of
water. The most satisfactory control is obtained by
treating with copper suphate when the algae
formation is first observed since heavy growth
requires more copper. Retreatment may be required
throughout the growing season and sometimes
continuous treatment is necessary.
Long-term treatment may be obtained by
suspending a burlap bag containing copper sulphate
over the surface of a reservoir with just the bottom of
the bag on the surface and near moving water so that
turbulence will help distribute the material.
It should be remembered that dissolved
copper will corrode aluminum and iron pipe and will
create a problem where aluminum irrigation pipes
may be used.
Normally, copper toxicity will not be
apparent on turfgrasses until the level has reached
more than 3 parts per million. Therefore, the
recommendation of 0.5 to 1.0 parts per million
should keep your turf in a very safe range.

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CONFERENCE PROGRAM SET BY
NTA BOARD OF DIRECTORS

TURFGRASS VARIETIES AND
IRRIGATION PRACTICES

The board of directors of the Northwest
Turfgrass Association met at the Western Washington
Research and Extension Center at Puyallup on
Friday, March 6. Among the items of their agenda
was the program for the forthcoming Turfgrass
Conference. Approximately 22 subjects had been
submitted by various directors and others interested
in the Association, and from this a program slate with
about 12 subject-matter areas were selected by the
directors.
The general theme of the Conference will be
"Turfgrasses and our Environment" which is very
timely due to the amount of attention being focuses
on our environment and our very futures. Among the
items to be featured on the program are:

V. B. Youngner
University of California, Riverside
The objective of turf cultural practices with
specific reference to water is to grow good quality
turf with as efficient water utilization as possible.
Unfortunately, water is often treated by turf
managers as inexhaustible in supply and as a readily
available panacea. Both are far from the truth as the
need for water conservation is great and irrigation
mismanagement leads to more turf ills than any other
factor.
Modern turf culture, particularly in the
Southwest, demands a thorough knowledge of
characteristics and adaptations of turfgrass species as
well as plant-soil-water relationships. Only by
selecting the best adapted variety or species for a
specific use and environment is maximum efficiency
in water use with high turf quality possible.
Our interest, then, is in the turfgrass plant's
ability to produce sufficient growth for the quality of
turf desired with a minimum amount of water, a
plant characteristic somewhat akin to drought
resistance. Drought resistance may be considered to
consist of two components, drought avoidance and
drought tolerance (Levitt, 1964). In drought
avoidance we have features of the plant which
permits it to obtain water needed for growth and for
replacement of that lost by transpiration even when
soil water levels are low. Drought tolerance is the
result of physiological and anatomical characteristics
of the plant which permit it to survive but not
necessarily grow during periods of low soil moisture.
Our interest in turf management, therefore, is
primarily in the characteristics which permit the grass
plant to avoid drought as these also lead to efficient
water utilization. They may be found as features of
both the leaves and roots of grasses.
Most plants have a protective coating of cutin
or waxes on the leaf surfaces which provide a degree
of protection from water loss through the epidermis.
The heavier and more intact this wax layer or cuticle
the better the prevention of water loss. The
responsiveness of stomata in closing as water stress
develops is a major determining factor of the amount
of water transpired during periods of high
temperature, low humidity or wind. Leaf blades of
many grasses roll as the plant is subjected to water
stress, thus enclosing the upper surface. Since
numerous stomata are located on the upper leaf
surface, such rolling further aids in reducing water
loss.
The fine, highly branched, and extensive root
system of most grasses permit them to extract the
available water in the top one to four feet of soil
with great efficiency. The maximum depth to which
water may be removed varies greatly with the species.
(Cont'd on Col. 1, Page 4)

1. Pollution in our environment. This subject
effects all of us and we are searching for a top
speaker for this area.
2. Turfgrasses and management practices for Parks
and Recreation areas. This will be handled by
Jack Sim and Roy Goss.
3. How are we managing our Parks today — A
survey, by Wilbur Bluhm and Willard Lighty.
4. New ideas in equipment for turfgrass
maintenance.
Representatives from Toro,
Jacobsen, and Ryan equipment companies will
handle this area as a panel.
5. Irrigation specifications, the most neglected
factor. This subject will be ably discussed by
Roger Gordon.
6. Recent advances in POA aNNUA control. Roy
Goss will summarize research being conducted at
Puyallup as well as other parts of the United
States.
7. Your public relations will be discussed by Bill
Bengeyfield.
8. In-service training and Employee relations will be
handled as a panel of representatives working in
the turfgrass industry.
9. Soil mixtures — the importance of particle size
distribution. This is a most important area today
for people building Golf putting greens and
athletic fields and will be ably discussed by Mr.
Bill Davis, University of California.
10. Correcting irrigation problems and draining
problem greens by Bill Davis, University of
California.
11. A summary of disease research in the Pacific
Northwest, by Dr. C. J. Gould.
12. Research reports — all Pacific Northwest
Turfgrass Researchers.
The board felt that this would make an
excellent conference and cover the problems that we
all face today. Do your part by planning to come now
and participate actively.

(Turfgrass Irrigation — Cont'd from Page 3, Col. 2)
Many fine roots of some species have been found at
depths of six feet or more.
Turf cultural practices and soil conditions
determine the extent to which a grass variety's
rooting potential may be realized. Mowing,
inadequate fertilization, poor watering practices,
traffic, compacted soil, layered soil and shade, all
restrict development of the grass root system. These
factors may also reduce top growth but the effect on
the root system is greater, producing a lower root:
shoot ratio, a relationship of particular significance to
efficient water utilization.
Crider (1955) showed that as clipping
intensity (the portion of top growth removed at a
single clipping) increased the larger were the number
of roots which stopped growth and the longer the
period of root growth-stoppage. If 40% or less of the
top growth were removed at one time, root growth
continued. However, as the amount removed
approached 70-80%, all roots ceased growth and few,
if any roots, resumed growth at any time. At such
intense defoliations new roots which may develop
appear from the plant crown or as branches from old
roots just below the crown. Severe defoliation will
also cause a degeneration of many old roots as well.
Thus, the effect of close mowing is to produce a
shallow root system and a poor root:shoot ratio.
As the root:shoot ratio becomes smaller the
grass plant's ability to absorb water needed to meet
the demands of transpiration is lessened. Nitrogen
fertilization stimulates growth of both shoot and
root, but the increase in growth rate with increased
nitrogen levels is greater for the shoot than for the
root. Thus, as nitrogen fertility is increased the
root:shoot ratio becomes smaller. As clipping is
intensified because of the increased top growth, the
root system is further restricted (Troughton, 1957).
Similar responses and interactions with
clipping have been shown for decreasing light
intensity (shading of turf) and for decreasing water
tension (Brouwer, 1936).
Bermudagrasses are the best adapted and most
drought tolerant of the turfgrasses for Southern
California. Roots of the improved turf varieties have
been traced to depths of over six feet even when
mowed regularly and closely. The reason for this
exceptional root system lies in part at least in their
prostrate growth habit which permits much leaf
surface to remain intact even when the turf is mowed
at one-half inch. Quality turf, however, can be
produced only if adequate moisture is maintained
throughout the root zone.
Zoysiagrass also has a deep root system but,
in general, it is shorter than that of bermuda. Zoysia
will survive fairly long periods of drought but suffer
severely from poor drainage and saturated soil. Water
stress of Zoysia may be first detected in a rolling of
the leaf blades.
Tall fescue is the best adapted cool-season

grass for Southern California. The vigorous root
system will penetrate tight compacted soil improving
structure and water penetration. Tall fescue turf may
survive a month or more without water and show no
thinning or other permanent injury when watering is
resumed.
Red fescues are moderately drought tolerant
but do not have as deep a root system as the
preceding species. The leaves are normally somewhat
rolled and needle-like with the stomata set deeply
between the ridges over the veins. This structure may
contribute to a lower transpiration rate.
Kentucky bluegrasses must be mowed high, a
minimum of 1 Vi inches and preferably two inches or
more, if an adequate root system is to be maintained.
Bentgrasses and annual bluegrasses have
shallow root system and respond readily to high soil
moisture. Annual bluegrass will grow on poor
compacted soil if surface moisture is available.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Brouwer, R. 1966. Root growth of grasses and
cereals, p. 153-166. In F. L. Milthorpe and J. D.
Ivins (ed.), The Growth of Cereals and Grasses,
Butterworth, London.
2. Crider, J. J. 1955. Root-growth stoppage
resulting from defoliation of grasses. Teah. Bull.
1102, U.S.D.A.
3. Levitt, J. 1964. Drought, p. 57-66. In Forage
plant physiology and soil plant relationships.
American Society of Agron., Madison, Wisconsin.
4. Troughton, A. 1957. The underground organs of
herbage grasses. Bull, 44, Commonwealth Bur. of
Pastures and Field Crops, Hurley, Berkshire,
England.

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THATCH CONTOL AND
RENOVATION PROBLEMS
By Roy L. Goss
For a number of years the question has been
argued about what causes thatch. Many of the causes,
have been written in the literature. On a number of
occasions grass clippings have been indicated as a
cause of thatch along with other vegetative parts of
the plant.
Observations on bentgrass— fescue plantings at
the Western Washington Research and Extension
Center over the past eleven years have not led us to
believe • that the grass blades or the clippings
contributed materially to thatch formation. To the
contrary, we have found that stems and roots
contribute much more to thatch than any other part
of the plant. Stems and roots are more highly
lignified and resist decay to a greater extent than
grass leaves. Although leaves contain verying
quantities of lignin or substances that decay slowly,
they contain much less than other parts of the plant.
Roots and stems that build up into thick mats
or thatched layers will not decompose too readily
because the conditions are not suitable for decay.
Good moisture conditions, ample oxygen for
microorganisms and a suitable quantity of nitrogen as
well as temperature are some of the fundamentals
required for organic decay. Some of our surface
thatch layers are alternately wet and dry and these
conditions are not conducive to good decay. Hence,
thatch layers continue to grow. High mowing
practices coupled with heavy fertilization and
over-watering stimulate many more stems and
growth. Over-watering and high fertilization promotes
surface rooting which materially increases the thatch
build-up.
GRASS LEAVES ERRONEOUSLY BLAMED
It is comforting to note that a recent
publication bears out the statements we have made
for some time concerning thatch build-up. The
importance of this issue really deals with the fact
whether you should remove the clippings or leave
them on. Everyone knows that grass clippings do
contain ample quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and minor elements. Well-nourished
turfgrasses produce clippings with fairly high
nutritional levels. They actually make good fertilizer,
however,clippings do produce certain problems. My
recommendation is that clippings should be removed
for aesthetic reasons and their removal also helps
somewhat in reducing turfgrass diseases. For the
individual who doesn't want to take the time to
remove the clippings it is suggested that the turf be
mowed more frequently so the clippings are shorter
and do not appear unsightly.
RENOVATION
When a severe thatch condition is developed,
renovation is usually necessary. Power raking, verticle
mowing, or even hand removal of deep thatch is

usually recommended in the Northwest. If excessive
amounts of thatch are removed it is possible that
large areas can be left almost denuded. In this case,
additional seed will be necessary to redevelop the
turf. Proper mowing of the turfgrass area along with
annual removal of accumulated thatch will help to
keep the turf in excellent condition throughout the
years. In the case of golf course putting greens, high
nutritional levels practiced by most golf course
superintendents in this area today along with the
heavy traffic has practically eliminated thatch
problems. Turfgrass areas that receive little traffic are
the ones in the most danger of thatch formation.

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Construction

Problems

By Roy L. Goss
With the wealth of knowledge available to
architects, contractors, or to any builder, for that
matter, why are serious construction mistakes still
being committed? Most of us can list a great number
of failures that have resulted from simply neglecting
to utilize this knowledge. At todays prices, a good
golf course putting green can cost as much as $8,000
or so. A good football field can cost in excess of
$40,000. Can anyone actually afford to neglect these
facts and go ahead and make the same old mistakes
that have been made for years. If they do, these
mistakes can be extremely costly.
At the Oregon Turf and Ornamental short
course, Mr. Bill Davis, from the University of
California at Davis, gave a very informative and
illustrated discussion about their work on particle size
and distribution of particle sizes and their effect upon
compaction, water movement, etc. Mr. Davis will
cover this topic in detail at the Northwest Turfgrass
Conference in October at Salishan. It should be
pointed out here that one should take a close look at
the particle sizes and how they are distributed in the
total sample. Davis pointed out that the more
uniform a soil was, with respect to particle size, the
less problems one would experience with compaction
and drainage. For example, it is impossible to
compact marbles which are all the same size. By the
same token, if sand particle sizes are all the same size,
water movement will be enhanced and compaction
will be almost non-existant. Although a soil may
qualify for specific uses by a sieve or mechanical
analysis, what is the percentage distribution of the
particle sizes? A soil that has approximately equal
percentages of particles in all ranges, from fine to
coarse, may be one of the deadliest soils. The finer
particles will fit snugly in between the coarse
particles. If part of these fines are organic material or
silt and clay, cementing action can occur. Not only
does this interfere with water infiltration, but it also
affects compaction and root penetration as well. The
oxygen holding capacity of such a soil is also
restricted, therefore, interfering with root growth.

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(Cont'd on Page 7, Col. 1)

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(Cont'd from Page 6, Col. 1)
Perhaps the biggest problem area today is
with the schools. Most educators are concerned with
the business at hand. Namely, training minds. They
cannot be expected to know all the intimate details
concerning technical construction and management.
The architect, on the other hand, concerned with
school ground construction should be well advised
and deal effectively with their clients, the schools.
Frequently, the schools may be running short of
funds by the time the construction project is nearing
completion, therefore, the grounds are neglected.
Sometimes this may be due to the fact that the
architects do not know the difference between good
soil and bad soil for construction purposes. I think,
however, if the schools and their boards were
well-enough advised of the problems that may
develop with poor construction, they would find
adequate means to do the job right the first time.

SPECIFICATIONS
Apparently the whole problem boils down to
having a reasonable set of specifications from which
to work. If the specifications are carefully enough
developed, jmany of the mistakes will be avoided. Of
importance, also, is the knowledge of the contractor
and the person supervising the construction. If no one
knows the difference, then good specifications are
scarcely better than no specifications. In other words,
trained people or consultants should be hired to
approve or accept these expensively constructed
areas.
Accurate sampling. Whether sampling is taken
for chemical analysis or physical analysis, care should
be exercised in taking a sample. Laboratory analyses
are conducted on a mere fraction of the total material
for construction. The same goes for the chemical soil
analysis. Stockpiled materials should be extensively
sampled to determine their uniformity. If it is
absolutely determined that a soil is uniform, then
only one sample is necessary,. If, on the other hand,
differences are observed in stockpiled material, more
extensive sampling should be made. Guessing soil
textures is a dangerous practice. When soils are moist
or wet, they appear to be a little coarser or better
textured than when they have been dried and the
particles separated. The very fine material tends to
cling to the coarse particles under moist conditions.
When the soils are dry the fine particles can be
separated easily from the coarse and their true
distribution becomes apparent. For persons doing
considerable construction, a set of sieves costs very
little compared to their importance. Mechanical
analysis tests are available in most areas, to anyone
who wants to obtain them.
Let's all get the word around that information
is available about proper construction. Then, let us all
stop making these simple mistakes.

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EVERETT-BELLINGHAM AREA
E V E R E T T MILLING CO.
2925 Chestnut Street, Everett, Wash. 98201
Phone AL 2-3725

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MILORGANITE

Won't burn—buiilds
healthy turf. Used by
more golf courses than
any other fertilizer!

PACIFIC AGRO COMPANY
We enjoy working with turf people.
Helping to Keep Washington Green.

YOUR SOURCE OF NITROFORM
1075 S . W . Spokane S t .
Seattle, Wash. 98134

Phone MA 3-7852

Officers of the Northwest Turf
Association
Tom Keel
President
Doug Weddle

Vice-President

Dick Haskell

Treasurer

Dr. Roy Goss

Exe.. Secretary

N O R T H W E S T TURFGRASS TOPICS is sponsored by the Northwest Turf Association and
financed through funds of this organization.
Any communications concerning distribution
of this paper or association business should
be directed to Dick Haskell, 1000 N.E. 135th,
Seattle, Wash. 98155, or Roy L. Goss, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup,
Washington.
Communications concerning content of this
paper should be directed to Dr. Roy Goss,
Editor, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup, Washington.