NORTHWEST TURFGRASS TOPICS
V O L 9, No.l

PUYALLUP, WASHINGTON

From The President's Corner

By Dick Ma I pass

For many turf managers this winter has
been a difficult one. Certainly not from the
standpoint of severity, but, on the contrary,
because of its mildness. Almost all of the
Pacific Slope has enjoyed mild, moderately
wet, weather this winter. Temperatures
throughout the winter have been well above
the norm nearly every month. This, of
course, has meant that our turfed areas have
had little rest and have been subjected to
quite heavy traffic. Probably an increased
amount of TLC (tender loving care) will be
necessary this spring to bring these areas
back to normal summer condition.
All this leads into the subject that we
would like to consider in this column. We
have enjoyed several interesting experiences this winter, among them being the
bus trip of superintendents to Northern California golf courses; speaking engagements
at the Oregon Ornamental Horticulture Short
Course at Oregon State University, and before the Oregon Seed League; attendance at
the GCSAA convention in Washington, D. C.;
attendance at a special meeting of superin-

APRIL 1967

tendents and club officals of private clubs
in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Wherever we
have gone there is concern regarding the
obtaining of qualified personnel to work
with fine turf. In some areas we have noted
that wage6 and fringe benefits are such that
employee tenure has been quite satisfactory.
In others, quite the opposite is true, with low
wages, no benefits, and with a high rate of
turnover of employees. It is generally
agreed that it takes about two years to train
a man for work on a golf course or similar
fine turfgrass area. Considerable time and
effort go into this training and, naturally,
at quite a cost. All of this is wasted unless
this person stays with the employer for some
period of time. People are not going to be
enticed into this type of work unless compensation is commensurate with similar types
of occupation elsewhere. We know, for instance, of only two men qualified to become
golf course superintendents who have graduated from Oregon State University the past
several years.
Harvey Junor, past president of the Northwest Turfgrass Association put this quite
aptly when he stated, in the September 1966
issue of Turfgrass Topics, as follows: "The
golf courses have made great strides in the
advancement of fungicides, fertilizers, irrigation, and equipment and have accepted the
cost that go along with them, but some don t
seem to realize that the product is no better
than the employee applying or operating. It
is up to the superintendent to impress the
Greens Committee of the value of these men
and the labor problem on golf courses today.
Without qualified men, the quality of golf
courses will fall short of the goal desired.
From the standpoint of the employee we
must compete with the steady increase in
wages of other industries."
There is much more to taking care of fine
turfed areas than meets the eye of the casual
golfer, or park visitor. Our employees are
working with fertilizers which could easily
T

burn out the grass if not properly applied.
Some chemicals commonly used are incompatible if used with, or too soon after, the
use of others and serious damage could occur
to turf. This we have all seen too often.
Some must be handled with extreme caution
and yet are necessary for control of certain
grass diseases or for insect control. We
are asking employees to use highly priced,
specialized items of equipment which take
ability to properly operate. Yet, too often,
we are forced by inadequate wages or similar poor operating policies to use irresponsible youngsters, or unemployables from
other industries, or similar unqualified help.
Yet we are expected to have the greens in
perfect putting condition, our parks and
cemeteries immaculate and well groomed.
Part of the problem was pointed out at the
Oregon Ornamental Horticulture Short Course
by Professor O. A. Batcheller, Chairman,
Department of Ornamental Horticulture,
California State Polytechnic College, KelloggVoorhis Campus, Pomona. Included in a talk
he gave was the information that, in Europe,
one in 6600 students was trained in horticultural institutions; while, in the United
States only one in 94,200 was so trained.
Have we made the work so unattractive by
misguided wage policies that we have discouraged these people from educating themselves to enter our trade? At a time when
the emphasis is on recreation, when our
parks and other recreational facilities are
having tremendous demands made upon them
by the general public are we going to continue forcing our turf managers to employ
second-class help when they so desperately
need specialized, experienced help?
Superintendents and other turf managers
see the need. It is up to them to impress
those in control of the necessary funds of
the need for qualified help. It is then up to
the Green Chairmen and Boards of Directors, the Supervisors, and others to see that
the necessary monies are made available.
We are not at all anxious to see our wage
policies dictated by outside agencies. Seriously, if we don t meet the challenge, our
hand is shortly going to be forced, as it has
been forced both north and south of us, by
outside agencies not the least sympathetic
f

with our particular fiscal problems.
One statement heard at the meeting of
superintendents and club officials, in Seattle,
bears repeating. It is this: "Don't take
advantage of the crews loyalty to the club
by paying them less than they could make
elsewhere.
M

INTERNATIONAL TURFGRASS
CONFERENCE AND SHOW

Visitors to the national convention of the
Golf Course Superintendents Association of
America, in Washington, D. C., in February,
were Mr. and Mrs. Milt Bauman of Overlake
Golf Club; Ken Putnam, Seattle Golf Club;
Dick Mitchell, Shaughnessy Golf Club, Vancouver, B. C.; and Dick Malpass, Shadow
Hills Country Club, Eugene, Oregon. They
report that attendance at this meeting exceeded 3300. The convention was held at
the Washington Hilton. In addition to the
general educational sessions, held Monday
through Friday noon, there were mower
grinding demonstrations, sod producer sessions, and a large equipment show. Next
year's meeting will be held in San Francisco.
Elected to presidency of the Golf Course
Superintendents was Mr. Walter Boysen who
is in charge of the Sequoyah Country Club
course in Oakland, California.
TURFGRASS FIELD DAY
By Roy L. Goss

The annual Turfgrass Field Day will be
held at the Western Washington Research
and Extension Center on May 17, beginning
at 10:00 A.M. Persons attending this Field
Day should be at the experiment station by
10:00 A.M. where the group will assemble.
After a brief discussion period, we will
move to Farm #5, 6 miles east of the experiment station, where the greater portion of
the Field Day will be held. Here are some of
the things you will see:
1. The effects of variable rates of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium on turfgrass
growth and development.

2. The effects of sulfur on turfgrass growth
and quality.
3. Cutting heights on lawn turf.
4. Thatch accumulation on lawn turf.
5. Soil sampling and pH studies on turf soils.
6. Insect control.
7. Response of turfgrasses to MH-30 applications.
8. Discussion and demonstration.on mole
control.
9. Pesticide safety discussion.
It is anticipated that the Field Day will be
completed by 3:00 P.M.
NORTHWEST TURFGRASS CONFERENCE
AT HARRISON HOT SPRINGS B. C. - 1967

The 21st Annual Northwest Turfgrass Conference will be held at Harrison Hot Springs,
British Columbia on September 19, 20 and 21,
1967. As usual, the Conference will begin at
1:15 P.M. and will continue on through Friday
noon, the 22ncL It is understood by the editor
that a golf tournament for all persons attending the Conference will be held between 7:00
A.M. and noon on the 19th.
The Conference program is being finalized
at this time and final arrangements for the
Conference will be made at a Board of Directors meeting, which will be held at the Western Washington Research and Extension Center on May 17, 1967. If you wish to write
Harrison Hot Springs for reservations at
this time, you may feel free to do so. If you
are not familiar with the location, it is a
resort hotel located east of New Westminster in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is
an excellent place to hold a conference and
provides other attractions, as well.
If there are any changes in the Conference
schedule, notices will be sent to all members of the Association and posted for others
as well.

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HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST
TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION

By Alvin G. Law

During the winter of 1947, four men from
the Spokane area came to Pullman and met
with Assistant Dean, E. G. Schafer, College
of Agriculture, Washington State University,
regarding problems that they were facing in
the management of their respective golf
courses in that area. These four men were
Wilfred Brusseau of the Downriver Course
in Spokane, John Harrison of the Hayden
Lake Course at Hayden Lake, Idaho, Glen
Proctor of the Manito Golf and Country Club,
and Louis Schmidt of the famous Indian Canyon Golf Club. Ihey were concerned with the
problems in weed control, fertilizers, equipment maintenance, and just about everything
that had to do with the growing of grass.
While little direct work had been done on
turfgrasses as such, a considerable amount
of information was available on related subjects such as effect of fertilizers on crop
plants, weed control, and on equipment care
and operation.
Prof Schafer organized the questions these
men had into a set of topics, got people to
work up material on these topics, and organized the first turfgrass conference in May
of 1948. The initial conferences dealt with
such new advances (at that time) as the use
of 2,4-D in weed control, the need for balanced fertilizer as a regular feeding program, the dangers of arsenic accumulation
in the soils of the greens where large amounts
of arsenic were used for both weed control
and earthworm elimination.
By 1950, when the third turf conference
was held at Pullman, the organization had
grown to over 80 members and a Proceedings was published. Since that time, the
papers presented at each conference have
been published in the form of a Proceedings, and the Proceedings are sent to libraries throughout the country as well as to all
of the members of the Pacific Northwest
Turfgrass Association and to interested
research people.

In 1950, initial steps were taken to organize into a formal Turfgrass Association, and
the following directors were elected: E. P.
Townsend, Edward Fluter, H. T. Abbott,
Phil Page, Mayor S. Boyd, James 0 Brien,
Glen Proctor, Milton Bauman, Everett Potts,
and E. G. Schafer. By 1951, Articles of Incorporation were developed, and the Association was attempting to organize as a nonprofit association with Ivan W. Lee as president, Ed Fluter as vice-president, Roland
Wade as secretary-treasurer, and E. G.
Schafer an honorary director and honorary
secretary of the organization. That fall organization was completed with permanent
headquarters of the Association located at
Pullman, Washington, and upon Professor
Schafer s retirement from the University,
A. G. Law was appointed secretary. He
remained secretary of the Association until
1956, at which time J. K. Patterson was
appointed secretary. He continued as secretary until his death in 1960. A. G. Law served as secretary for one year, and since 1961,
Dr. Roy Goss has been secretary of the
Association, and has provided leadership
for the organization through these years.
Henry Land, Sr., of the Tacoma Golf and
Country Club served as treasurer of the
organization from 1952 until 1961. Starting
in 1962, Dick Haskell of the Seattle Park
Department has held this important position. These two men probably have done
more than any other individuals in the organization to keep the Northwest Turfgrass
Association solvent and to keep the records
complete and up to date. It is difficult to
properly assess the work that they have done
over the years in collecting dues for the
organization and in the efficiency with which
they have taken care of the financial aspects
of the Association.
The following list are the men who have
served as president of the organization.
1948 - Glen Proctor, 1949 - Louis Schmidt,
1950-51 - Ivan Lee, 1952-53 - Ed Fluter,
1954-55 - Sam Zook, 1956-57 - Milt Bauman,
1958-59 - Don Hogan, 1960 - Glen Proctor,
1961 - Byron Reed, 1962-63 - Henry Land,
1964 - Milt Bauman, 1965 - Ken Putnam,
1966 - Harvey Junor, and 1967 - Dick Malpass. These men have come from the ranks
T

T

of golf course superintendents and equipment supply houses in the Pacific Northwest. They have given freely of their time,
personal efforts, and their own money to
further the objectives of the Northwest Turfgrass Association. They have appeared on
programs of the annual meetings many, many
times, and they have attended many planning
sessions between annual meetings.
Another golf course superintendent has
done an outstanding job in helping develop
the Association to its present strength and
that is John Harrison, superintendent at the
Hayden Lake Golf Club. John has served
continuously on the Board of Directors since
1948. He has not missed an annual meeting,
and he has not missed many Board of Directors meetings, regardless of where they
have been held. His judgment is greatly respected by all who know him, and his council is sought whenever there is a problem
facing the Association. Only when considering individual handicaps for the yearly
tournament is there any question of John s
veracity and trustworthiness.
Outstanding scientists from all over the
country have appeared on the programs of
the annual meetings of the Association over
the years. Dr. G. O. Mott, Professor of
Agronomy at Purdue University, Dr. Eric
Scharvell, Plant Pathologist at Purdue University, Dr. G. H. Ahlgren, Rutgers University, Dr. W. H. Daniel at Purdue University, and Dr. H. B. Musser of Pennsylvania
State are a few of the members from educational institutions which have participated in
the annual programs.
Many commercial agronomists have participated more or less regularly in the programs and in the research work sponsored
by the Association. O. J. Noer of the Milwaukee Sewerage Commission was a longtime leader in this field and did much to
help maintain the enthusiasm of the organization in the early years of its existence.
Charlie Wilson, Fred Grau, Tom Mascaro,
J. R. Watson, John Kolb, Bill Bengeyfield,
and John Gallager have been regular contributors to the Turfgrass Annual Program.
Within the Pacific Northwest, Dr. Roy

L. Goss and Dr. C. J. Gould have done more
than anyone else to develop the research
programs in the broad field of turf and to
keep the enthusiasm of the members of the
organization at a high level. The initiation
in 1959 of the quarterly publication, Turf
Topics, by Dr. Goss has been a real milestone in the progress of the Turf Association. Dr. Goss' leadership in the development of research programs, and the effective manner in which he can describe these
results have made him a leading authority
in this field in the United States. He has
been ably assisted in the Northwest by Dr.
V. C. Brink and Dr. Alistair McClain and
Dr. N A. MacLean of Canada, by Dr. Norm
Goetze of Oregon, and by the former J. K.
Patterson and K. J. Morrison at Washington
State University.

T

In 1962 the Northwest Turfgrass Association was granted income tax exemption status
from the Bureau of Internal Revenue due to
the research and educational nature of the
organization. All membership dues and
monetary grants from any source taken in
by the Association are used principally for
research and educational grants. Only a
small portion of the Association's money
goes into running the affairs of the organization. There are no salaries or other stipends paid to the officers and directors of
this organization.
The turf programs have developed over
the years from the initial programs on how
to do a particular job to the present day programs that delve into the mysteries of water
movement in soil, anion and cation relationships in the soils and the chemistry of or-

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ganic plant nutrition. Over the years, those
attending the programs have become specialists in soil fertility, soil drainage, plant
physiology, plant nutrition, weed control,
plant diseases, as well as remaining outstanding public relations experts and men
with tremendous managerial abilities.
The future of the field is limited only by
the vision and the industry of the people participating in the field. The present concerted
effort by the Northwest Turfgrass Association and the U. S. Statistical Survey Service
to develop a reliable index of the importance
of the industry in the Northwest is an example of the vision of the Board of Directors
of the Northwest Turfgrass Association. The
ever-increasing numbers of golf courses, the
importance of home lawns to practically
everyone in the Northwest all point toward
even greater emphasis on the turfgrass
industry.
The Northwest Turfgrass Association will
continue to exhibit uncontested leadership in
this area as we enter the last quarter of the

20th century. Since the inception of the Association in 1947, we have, as a nation, spent
21 billion dollars on space research and have
defined the Van Allen Belts in outer space.
We have been able to predict global weather,
we have discovered the solar winds that
affect this weather. We have communication satellites which permits instant communication throughout the world. We have pictures of the moon transmitted 240,000 miles.
We have spent ten billion dollars on biological research which has begun to define
the basic principles of life itself. Geneticists have begun decoding the genetic code
and developing methods of modifying this
code at will. The population of the world
has nearly doubled in this period and will
have more than doubled before the next decade is out. These vast changes emphasize
the importance of maintaining recreational
facilities, and they emphasize also the need
for unremitting efforts toward s elf-education
in the areas in which we are primarily interested. This is the role of the Northwest
Turfgrass Association, and one that must
be pursued with vigor in the future.
Editor s Note: Since A1 Law wrote this article, it may have appeared vain for him to
describe his own role. However, it is the
editor s prerogative to add the following
comment: Probably no one has contributed
more guidance to the Association over the
years than A1 Law. Not only has he provided technical assistance to members within
the Northwest Turfgrass Association, but
he has also conducted teaching and research
programs that have been most beneficial
over the years of the Turfgrass Association's existence.
T

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PLANT FOOD AND YOUR DOLLARS

By Roy L. Goss
The old cliche' you get only what you pay
for" is mostly true, but can be misleading.
A good part of the time we often do not get
what we pay for. In regard to fertilizers and
requirements for plant growth, we must consider the following factors: (1) plant food
ratio, (2) plant food or fertilizer formula,
(3) nutrient requirements by the plant.
Responsibility of Research
It is the responsibility of research to find
the answers to the three points listed above.
It then becomes industry's responsibility
to manufacture or supply fertilizers to the
consumer, which will conform to those requirements.
The consumer often pays a premium for
certain fertilizers or plant food mixes.
Sometimes there is good reason for this.
For example, let us consider nitrogen. In
the broadest sense, we can say nitrogen is
nitrogen, no matter how you look at it - at
least the plant is going to get it in some
basic form. If you compare the cost of producing ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate
or urea against the cost of manufacturing a
urea formaldehyde product, you will find that
it is much more expensive to manufacture
the latter. Hence, it must demand a higher
price on the market. The advantages of a
urea formaldehyde nitrogenous product is
that it will release its nitrogen over a longer
period of time, thereby reducing the amount
available for leaching or excessive growth
at any one particular time. It is conceivable,
then, that it may take less total nitrogen to
produce a crop than it would from another
source that suffered considerable leaching
losses.
M

Just remember that nitrogen is the most
expensive portion of any fertilizer formula.
Phosphorus and potassium, along with some
of the minor elements such as sulfur, magnesium and iron, are all much lower priced
and do not effect the price of fertilizer as
much as nitrogen.

Plant Food Ratios
Ratio does not indicate the amount of plant
food contained in a fertilizer, only the relationship of one plant food to the others.
The ratio of a fertilizer can usually, (but
not always) be calculated by dividing the
analysis by the smallest figure; for example,
the ratio 27-14-0 is: 27-14-0 = 2-1-0. You
14
may also calculate ratio by dividing the
formula by the lowest common denominator.
An example is: 12-4-8. The lowest common
denominator is 4. 12-4-8 - by 4 = 3-1-2; that
is, for every 3 pounds of nitrogen that these
fertilizers supply, they also supply 1 pound
of phosphorus and 2 pounds of potash.
Fertilizers may have the same plant food
ratio, but that does not mean that they supply
the same amount of plant food per 100 pounds.
By comparing a formula 15-5-10 with 9-3-6,
it is seen that both have a 3-1-2 ratio but
15-5-10 contains a total of 30 pounds of plant
food per 100 pounds of fertilizer and 9-3-6
contains only 18 pounds, a difference of 12
pounds of plant food per 100 pounds of fertilizer. On the basis of plant food contained
9-3-6 should cost 18 over 30, or approximately 60 percent as much as the 15-5-10.
The above statements will probably hold
true unless one fertilizer contained a more
expensive ingredient than another. In turfgrass management, organic sources or synthetic organics, such as urea formaldehyde, are more expensive than the inorganic
formulations. This is one thing you should
look for if there is a considerable difference
in price.
Low Analysis Fertilizers
Carefully analyze the ingredients in low
analysis fertilizers. State laws usually require that the analysis of the material be
clearly shown on the package even if it is in
fine print. Again, we go back to the original
statement that perhaps you get only what you
pay for. Due to transportation costs, labor,
and other costs involved in producing a product, a material with a very low analysis
will not be proportionately equal to a mate-

rial with a higher analysis of plant food. If,
however, the lower analysis material meets
the requirements of the particular individual,
then perhaps the additional cost is justified.
These are things that you must work out for
yourself. It is not the place of research to
tell you that one product is no good for you
just because the price is higher. If you feel
that a fertilizer price is too high, simply
figure out the plant nutrients you are buying for the price, and if it still doesn't add
up, then try to find out why the material
bears a much higher price. From there, the
decision is up to you and you must live with
it.
Superintendents Tour California
Golf Courses
By Dick Malpass

Sequoyah

Country Club

Sunday, January 8, was D day,«-Departure Day—, for 20 course superintendents,
a green chairman, and a golf course equipment salesman, when they left Portland,
Oregon, on a chartered Greyhound bus. Destination was San Francisco and the Monterey
Peninsula areas with several stops between.
On Monday morning, January 9, they visited
the Sequoyah Country Club, in Oakland, where
Walter Boysen, GCSAA President, is superintendent. Following this visit, and after
lunch, the Alameda Municipal course was
next on the agenda. Here was seen an 18hole course being rebuilt following plans
of Desmond Muirhead, Architect. This
course and one immediately adjacent have
been built on reclaimed tidelands and garbage fills. These courses are heavily played
as are most municipals in the area.
n

TT

After a night's rest, the Olympic Club, a
36-hole facility, the Lake Merced Country
Club, and the San Francisco Golf Club, all
in San Francisco, were toured. All of these
facilities were impressive and showed evidence of their $100,000 to $250,000 maintenance budgets. It was noted that all three
of these courses were operating under a
union contract for all maintenance people.
Wages paid were substantially higher than
is the case in the Pacific Northwest.
On Wednesday, January 11, the group traveled on to the Monterey Peninsula area.
After securing lodging in Monterey, the
superintendents were guests of Roger Larson,
who is in charge of all turf facilities for Del
Monte Properties, owners of much of the
Monterey Peninsula. Both Pebble Beach and
Spyglass Hill Golf Courses were examined.
Early the next morning, the group divided,
with one-half playing Spyglass Hill and the
other Pebble Beach. At noon, they drove to
the Corral de Tierra Country Club near
Salinas, a short distance away, where they
were guests at a luncheon given by the Golf
Course Superintendents Association of Northern California. Later in the afternoon, the
Monterey Peninsula Country Club was visited.
Due to the illness of the superintendent this
course was not examined first-hand.
On Friday, January 13, they left for Modesto, in the San Joaquin Valley, where they were
guests for luncheon and golf at the Del Rio
Country Club. Cliff Wagoner is Superintendent of this beautifully groomed golf course.
This is probably one of the finer inland valley
golf courses in California.

Spyglass Hill

Saturday, January 14, they left Modesto
for Sacramento where they went directly
to the Northridge Country Club whose superintendent is Frank Emery, formerly of Riverside Country Club in Portland, Oregon. After
luncheon in their nicely appointed club house,
the group left for home where they arrived
back in Portland early Sunday morning.
Much credit for the successful conclusion of this trip goes to the Northern California Golf Course Superintendents Association and their officers and members. The
superintendents of each course visited were
ready with answers for our questions and
their hospitality was great. A great deal
of thanks is due, also, to club officials who
allowed us the use of their facilities.
Spyglass Hill picture shows superintendents
examining a green. This course has several
holes where the only grass is on the tee and
green. In between is sand, sand, and more
sand.
Sequoyah picture shows traveling superintendents looking over course using electric
carts to travel about.
Calibrate Your Equipment To Apply
Chemicals To Turfgrass
By Roy L. Goss

Many failures to obtain control from applications of pesticides are due to improper
calibration of spray or application equip-

ment. Most chemicals in agricultural use
are specified in pounds, or percent of active
ingredient per unit volume. Agricultural
recommendations, likewise, generally are
expressed in the pounds of this material you
should apply per acre. You should determine
the correct amount of chemical formulation
required per unit area. Some calculations
are usually necessary and you should learn
to make them as quickly as possible, since
you most often have to do this in your shop,
warehouse, or perhaps in the field.
It isn't really too difficult to make your
calculations. As an example, let us assume
that you are applying 10 pounds of active
ingredient per acre from a 75 percent active
ingredient material. The amount of active
ingredient divided by the percent active ingredient gives the amount to be applied. The
following formula will illustrate this:
Amount of actual ingredient required
% active ingredient/100
= Amount of material to apply
If we substitute the above values, we have
the following:
10 pounds active ingredient = 10
75%/100
0.75
= 13.3 pounds to be applied/acre
This same formula can be adapted for use
on any given area such as 1000 square feet
or 100 square feet.

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Use Conversion Tables

Every operator should construct conversion tables for the materials that he normally handles in his trade or practice. Here
is an example of a conversion table that has
practical use:
Conversion Table 1
Amount of
actual chemical
required/acre

Dry formulâtion/acre (pounds)
2%
50%
5%
active
active
active
lb.

lb.

lb.

lb.

2

100

40

4

3

150

60

6

5

250

100

10

10

500

200

20

15

750

300

30

25

1250

500

50

100

5000

2000

200

10000

1000

500

"

A conversion table showing liquid volumes
per unit area is as follows:
Conversion Table 2
Amount of
, actual chemical
required/acre

Volume of liquid concentrate/1000 s q . ft,
1 lb/gal active
4 lb/gal active

lb.

fl. o z .

fl. o z .

1

2.9

.7

2

5.9

1.5

5

14.7

3.7

10

29.4

7.3

12

35.2

8.8

15

44.0

11.0

fl. o z . = fluid o z . or liquid oz.

With just a little simple arithmetic, conversion tables can easily be made for any
chemical that you wish to apply.
Calibration of Boom-Type Sprayers

The first step in calibrating a sprayer is
to clean it thoroughly, and this includes the
supply tank, pump, screens, boom lines and
nozzles. We wish to know the volume of
material being applied on a given area. This
is usually expressed in gallons per acre.
The gallons per acre we apply from a sprayer is dependent upon the speed of travel in
the field, pressure delivered to the nozzle,

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and the size of opening or orifice of the nozzle. Manufacturers of spray equipment publish manuals or charts that will show you the
gallons delivered per acre when you consider
the three factors listed above. If you have
determined this, then the calibration of the
spray equipment can be determined in a number of ways. A simple method is to measure
1/8 mile, or 660 feet. Fill the sprayer tank
with water, spray 660 feet, using the same
speed and sprayer pressure. Measure the
amount of water required to refill the tank.
Multiply 66 x the gallons of water required
to refill. Divide by the width the spray boom
covers, and this will equal gallons per acre.
Another system would be to measure the
time required to collect 1 quart from one
nozzle and multiply this times the number
of nozzles. Calculate as follows: 900 divided by seconds equals gallons per acre.
Gallons per acre divided by (miles per
hour times the nozzle spacing in inches times
0.01) equals gallons per acre.
There are several other formulas for
figuring gallons per acre and calibrating
sprayers, but these should prove satisfactory.
Spot Treating

Spot treating or spot application is both
difficult and hazardous. The tendency in spot
treatment is to over-apply. There is little
way of knowing how much material was applied per unit area; therefore, the only caution that can be given is to be extremely
careful and do nothing more than dampen
the foliage of the plant you are trying to kill,
if your aim is selective weed control.
Turf Irrigation
for
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1703 DEXTER AVE.
SEATTLE, WASH. 98109

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We enjoy working with turf
people. Helping to Keep Washington green.
YOUR SOURCE OF NITROFORM
1075 S.W. SPOKANE ST.
Seattle,

Wash., 98134

Phone

MA 3-7852

Officers Of The Northwest T u r f
Association
Dick Malpass - President
G e o . Harrison - Vice P r e s .
Dick H a s k e l l - Treasurer
Dr. Roy Goss - E x e c . S e c y .

NORTHWEST T U R F G R A S S
TOPICS is sponsored by the Northwest Turf Association and financed
through funds of this organization.
A n y communications concerning
distribution of this paper or association business should be directed
to Dick Haskell, 1000 N.E. 135th,
Seattle, Wash. 98155, or Roy L.
Goss, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup, Washington.
Communications concerning content of this paper should be directed
to Dr. Roy Goss, Editor, Western
Washington Experiment S t a t i o n ,
Puyallup, Washington.

S