1988 Research Project
Funding Approved
1987/88 NTA
Board of Directors and Staff
The Northwest Turfgrass Association Board of Directors approved $22,500 in 1988 research grants at its
meeting January 4, 1988. After reviewing over $46,180 in
project proposals, the board approved the following:
$10,000
WSU/WWREC - Stanley E. Brauen
Time Slip Labor ($8,000)
- Water Use Efficiency
- National Variety Testing Program
- Biological Control of Disease and
Insects with Endophytic Fungi
Aluminum Species Phosphorus and PH Effects on
Survival of Bentgrass and Poa Annua. ($2,000)
$10,000
WSU - William J. Johnston
Susceptibility of Turfgrass Cultivars to
Necrotic Ring Spot ($2,500)
Turfgrass Graduate Student Support ($6,500)
Back row (left to right) Roy Goss, Director Emeritus; Thomas W. Cook, Director;
Ken R. Weiderstrom, Director; William J. Johnston, Director; Norman J. Whitworth,
Director; Blair Patrick, Executive Director
Front row (left to right) Randy D. Shults, Director; Bo C. Hepler, Past President;
James R. Chapman, President; Mike L. Kingsley, Vice President; Richard E.
McCoy, Director
Laboratory Building Fund ($1,000)
$2,500
WSU - Dr. Gary Chastagner
Susceptibility of Turfgrass Cultivars to
Necrotic Ring Spot ($2,500)
This year, the board took a hard look at the overall
research grant program considering such things as:
what type of research will be of assistance in
the future;
what criteria should be used when considering grant requests or proposals; and
what progress or status reporting requirements should accompany approvals.
The requirements for a detailed written progress report
to allow the NTA to report to research fund contributors
what they are getting for their research dollars will be part
of this year's grant program.
1988 Northwest Turfgrass Show
to be Largest Yet
This year's Northwest Turfgrass Association (NTA)
42nd Northwest Turfgrass Conference and Exposition
will be held September 19-22, 1988 with the Spokane
Sheraton Hotel serving as the conference headquarters.
The adjoining Spokane Convention Center will house
the largest supplier, manufacturer, and distributor show
ever undertaken by the NTA. Inquiries are already being
received in the NTA office about exhibit space in the forty
thousand (40,000) square foot convention center exhibit
hall. Exhibitors should get this exhibition on their schedule
immediately!
Plans for the conference golf tournaments (men's and
women's) are already taking shape. They will be held at the
Spokane County Liberty Lake and new MeadowWood Golf
Courses just east of downtown Spokane. In addition to the
golf tournaments, many other activities are on tap for the
spouses. Plan now to join your colleagues at the conference and exposition. You can't afford to miss it.
President's Corner
Winter is a busy season - or
should be. True, we don't spend
as much time outside, but all
through the growing season we
have put things aside with the
thought, "That's something I'll
look at/take care of this winter
when I have more time."
This is the season for seminars, trade shows, planning. To
take full advantage of these
moments, they will disappear all
too soon, we need to plan each James R. Chapman
President
day just as carefully as when the
grass is growing. Set aside an hour or two daily,
preferably the same hours each day, to read. Review
the magazine articles you have been accumulating.
Study the PROCEEDINGS you just received. Go over
the material again from the classes or seminars you
attended recently.
Already you have started your maintenance plans,
gone over the goals you wish to reach this year, and
are well into renovation and repair of all your equipment. What about soil testing, is that out of the way?
Winter is the ideal time to apply supplements shown
deficient in a soil test.
There is no way anyone can accumulate all the
knowledge and experience available in this rapidly
advancing science of turf and grounds management.
Don't forget the valuable knowledge gained from
peers, as well as, attendance at educational sessions.
Next time you do take in a seminar, look around and
observe the faces of the others there with you. Some
of us have been active in this field a long time, in my
case over 30 years, and it pleases me thoroughly to
see how many young men and w o m e n are showing
up. (And no side comments here about how everyone
is younger than me.) They are all interested in extending their recent educations and padding their
experience vicariously with the experience of others.
The NTA is determined to keep up this extension
of information. It is the only way we can succeed and
grow. Without goals and effort focused on those goals
there is no success. So spend the time carefully this
winter, my friends. Just a little time each day will ease
the work of the season coming and greatly increase
your enjoyment of it.
Golfplan
Golf Course Architecture
Golf Course Planning Consultation
SERVING CLIENTS WORLDWIDE
RONALD FREAM DESIGN GROUP
Northwest Turfgrass
Manager Information and
Technical Assistance
Frequently turfgrass managers do not know where to
turn to seek assistance on specialized problems. The land
grant universities in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, and
Provincial Agricultural Agencies in Canada can be of
valuable assistance to you in getting answers to your
problems of soils and other problems dealing with plant
management. The following resources should be kept in
mind to help you in rapid diagnosis of problems or to get
help in the shortest period of time.
Cooperative Extension Service (County agents)
These agents are located in essentially every county in
Idaho, Oregon, Montana, and Washington. If you need
publications or reference to publications or other
specialized help, these agents can either help you directly
or find the right people who can. Simply look in your
telephone directory in the county seat and look under
Cooperative Extension Service and you will find these
people listed. You would be surprised at the wide spectrum
of knowledge that these people have and also the manner
in which they can obtain other assistance for your
technical problems.
University Specialists
The four Northwest land grant universities employ
staffs of specialists in various disciplines dealing with plant
and animal management. These specialists can relate to
all phases of agriculture, including horticultural and
agronomic problems as well as the associated disease
and insect problems that you may encounter. If you cannot
obtain the information you need from the Cooperative Extension Service in your local county, and they do not refer
you to a university specialist, you may try to contact, by
direct means, the following people:
IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF
Dr. Ron Ensign, Forage Grasses and Legumes
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. George Evans, Turfgrasses and Ornamentals
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
Tom Cook, Turfgrass and Ornamental Management
Dr. Jim Green, Ornamentals
Dr. Ray William, Weed Science
Dr. Joe Capizzi, General Entomology
lain MacSwan, General Plant Pathology
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Ralph Byther, Plant Pathologist
Dr. Art Antonelli, Entomologist
Dr. Ray Malieke, Horticulturist
Dr. Robert Parker, Weed Specialist
Research Scientists
Dr. S. E. Brauen, Agronomist, WWREC, Puyallup
Dr. W. J. Johnston, Department of Agronomy, WSU,
Pullman
(Continued on page 3)
P.O. Box 1823 Santa Rosa Cakf. 95402
ph (707) 526-7190 tlx 510-744-8296
2
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
(Continued from page 2)
Dr. Gary Chastagner, Plant Pathologist, WWREC,
Puyallup
Dr. George Evans, Montana State University, Bozeman
Soil Testing Locations
There are many other laboratories where soil testing
can be done accurately and you should always ask them
to please interpret their results. There are many different
testing methods available for various plant nutrients and it
is important to know the method used in order to make proper interpretation for soil or tissue levels.
The following is a list of some testing facilities in the region:
Oregon State University Soil Testing Laboratory, Corvallis
University of Idaho Soil Testing, Moscow
Marr Waddoups and Associates, Kennewick, WA
Yakima Testing Laboratory, Yakima, WA
Harris Laboratories, Linocln, NE
Stemilt Testing Laboratories, Malaga, WA
Soil Testing Farm Consultants, Moses Lake, WA
Northwest Analytical Laboratory, Bellingham, WA
FRESH, STURDY, MATURE
FROM OUR PLOT TO YOUR LOT
Your turf is professionally grown
and
especially
adapted
for
Northwest conditions. We insure
a quality product at reasonable
prices. Also, we supply large cal¡per shade trees.
223-8871
WOODBURN
CALL
981-8873
EPA Announces Action
on Cadmium
Use of cadmium in the environment has been prohibited under a federal regulatory order announced
August 10 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The sole exception to this regulatory action allows use of
cadmium fungicides on golf course greens and tees under
certain circumstances.
Specifically, cadmium use will be allowed on greens
and tees only with a "mini-boom"sprayer, and applicators
must wear protective clothing during mixing, loading and
application of the product. Homeowners, turfgrass
managers and other users of cadmium fungicides will be
forced to seek alternative materials for the control of fungi
on turfgrass. Additionally, use of cadmium on fairways and
other golf course areas except greens and tees is
prohibited.
The decision to exempt golf course greens and tees
relies in part on information provided through the Golf
Course Superintendents Association of America's
Government Relations Program. In May, members of the
EPA review team were given a demonstration of the "miniboom" at the Congressional Country Club in Bethesda,
Md.
Originally, EPA proposed cancellation of all pesticidal
cadmium use. However, as the EPA announcement noted:
"At the time of the proposed cancellation, EPA assumed
that cadmium was applied on golf course greens and tee
areas with hand held sprayers only. Since that time, the
agency has received new information indicating that most
golf course applicators use power spray equipment such
as mini-boom sprayers."
Source: Oregon GCSA Newsletter
OR WRITE FOR
FREE BROCHURE
PORTLAND
18381 Boones Ferry Rd. N.E.
Hubbard, OR 97032
1987 Golf Course
Maintenance Study
If every U.S. golf course maintenance budget were
added together, it would total to $2.54 billion. Add an additional $1 billion for capital expenditures and the U.S. golf
course maintenance industry for 1986 was worth $3.5
billion.
These are the results of the 1987 Golf Course
Maintenance Report. The National Golf Foundation (NGF)
and the Gold Course Superintendents Association of
America (GCSAA) recognized the importance of providing
superintendents and golf course operators with quantitative data on maintenance costs and joined forces to
produce this report. Its purpose: to present the variations
in maintenance costs in both public and private golf
courses on a regional basis.
Copies of the study are available for $90 ($45 for NGF
members) through the National Golf Foundation.
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
Is Your Lawn Ready For
Ice and Snow?
Winter weather with a lot of ice and snow can be hard
on your lawn. Snow is not as harmful as ice.
Snow cover generally protects the lawn from winter
cold. Greatest snow damage comes from fungi that cause
snow mold disease. These fungi are most always present
in the turf and are activated when foot traffic, including use
of skiis, and also winter recreational vehicles, like snowmobiles, compact the snow close to the dormant or semidormant lawngrasses. At this time, infection takes place
that often results in large circular patches of dead turf.
Lawns that have had a history of snow mold in years past
should be protected by use of a fungicide during early
winter. Look for one specific for snow mold at your local
garden center.
Ice, as it melts and forms and melts, causes a rupture
of plant tissue in and around the lawngrass crown. This
kills the grass in patches where ice forms and water is
unable to drain off before freezing again. Now is the time
to topdress depressions in your lawn that collect water so
that ice will not form and this type of winter kill will be
avoided.
Source: The Lawn Institute
.3
Understanding Lime and
Its Effects on Soil and Turfgrasses
by Roy L. Goss
Soils in the Pacific Northwest are extremely variable
with respect to soil pH. Soils in western Washington,
Oregon and British Columbia are highly weathered
(leached) generally due to high rainfall during winter
months. Through the process of weathering, calcium and
magnesium which are supplied by lime are leached to
deeper strata and the surface soil continues to increase in
acidity. A large number of hydrogen ions are contributed
from the breakdown of several nitrogenous compounds
which cause this effect.
What Does Lime Do For Your Soil and Plants
Many plants have a rather specific pH value for optimum growth, development and yield; however, turfgrasses can generally tolerate a rather wide pH range.
1. Lime is a source of calcium and/or magnesium to be
used as plant nutrients.
2. Lime raises the soil pH.
3. Lime reduces the excess amounts of aluminum
and/or manganese. Both of these elements increase in
concentration as soil pH lowers, particularly on many
medium to heavy textured soils.
4. Lime increases the availability of phosphorus.
Aluminum and manganese levels can become high at low
pH values. Under these conditions, aluminum is chemically very active and may combine with phosphorus rendering it insoluble and unavailable.
5. Lime reduces potassium leaching. At low pH values,
aluminum can replace potassium on the soil colloids and
allow potassium to leach below the root zone. This is particularly important on sandy soils.
6. The most economical source of magnesium.
Dolomitic limestone will supply magnesium very inexpensively. This source of liming material will supply both
calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Due to a
slow release of the magnesium from this liming material,
it is less subject to leaching than many other magnesium
sources.
7. Lime increases available molybdenum by raising the
soil pH. Although molybdenum is a micronutrient, it is still
required by grasses even though in small quantities. Most
of the micronutrients are more soluble and available at
lower pH dues than that required for molybdenum.
8. Lime improves soil aggregation; hence, an increase
in air porosity. Calcium derived from the calcium carbonate in lime is the active agent in causing soil aggregation. Gypsum is frequently used for improvement in soil
aggregation or soil structure. If an increase in soil pH
(lowering of soil acidity) is required, then agricultural
limestone or dolomitic limestone may be a better and more
economical choice than gypsum. If, on the other hand, no
soil pH increase is desired, then gypsum will supply
calcium for the purposes of aggregation without raising
the pH level.
9. Excesses of lime can raise the pH of soils and this
can result in reduced availability of phosphorus, iron and
most of the micronutrients.
Soils in the interior of Washington, Oregon and British
Columbia and eastward are generally well supplied with
4
calcium and magnesium since these soils are not highly
weathered as a result of low precipitation. It should be
pointed out, however, that under irrigation and high use of
nitrogenous fertilizers, calcium and/or magnesium can be
leached from these soils and they can become quite acid.
What Determines the Rate of Reaction
of Lime in the Soil?
The rate of reaction of liming materials in the soil and
its subsequent effect on soil pH is directly related to the
lime particle size. Finely ground liming materials (100
mesh or finer) react very rapidly and will significantly raise
pH. Coarse materials from 8 to 20 mesh are of little value
and have essentially no effect on soil pH over a long period
of time. Liming materials ground as fine as 100 mesh produce responses in pH change more nearly equal to that expected from the application of calcium oxide (burned lime)
or calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime).
Since the neutralizing efficiency of lime is related entirely to the fineness of grind, this should not be confused
with neutralizing power. The neutralizing power of pure
calcium carbonate is accepted as the standard and is
arbitrarily set at 100%. The neutralizing power of most
products used consistently for correcting soil acidity
ranges between 75 and 105; hence, they will neutralize
from 75 to 100% as much acid, as an equal amount of pure
calcium carbonate. Values of 100 or over are usually obtained with limestones containing substantial quantities of
magnesium carbonate. Inert materials in lime will account
for neutralizing power of less than 100. Inert materials can
include clay, sand, silt and organic matter and other
foreign materials.
Types of Lime Available
High grade calcium carbonate can be referred to as
calcite or calcitic limestone. This material contains essentially no magnesium. A mixture of crystalline calcium/
magnesium carbonate is called dolomite when the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate occur in equal
proportions. In other proportions they are said to be
dolomitic limestone (those containing less magnesium).
Forms of Lime
1. Agricultural limestone. This is the most widely used
liming agent and, in a finely divided state, is one of the
most useful liming materials. To be sold as agricultural
limestone in the Pacific Northwest, there must be a
minimum guarantee of calcium carbonate equivalent and
must meet minimum screen sizes specified by state
departments of agriculture.
2. Granular lime. The terms "granular" or "pelleted"
lime are used interchangeably. When very small particles
of agricultural limestone are combined with a binder to
produce larger granules, they are easier to spread, dustfree, and generally are of uniform size. These granules
disintegrate with moisture and react the same as other
liming agents. Most of these pelleted materials are very
fine and may actually release quicker than standard
agricultural limestone when surface-applied. We should
not, however, confuse the rate of reaction with the
neutralizing power. Some users believe that pelleted
(Continued on page 5)
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
(Continued from page 2)
limestone will neutralize more acidity than the same
amount of ordinary agricultural limestone. This may be
true if the agricultural limestone is between 8 and 20
mesh. It has already been pointed out that lime particles
between 60 and 100 mesh have essentially an efficiency
rating of 100%.
3. Liquid liming agents. There is a relatively new process whereby standard agricultural lime is suspended
with the use of kaolinitic clay to make a fluid material that
can be uniformly spread on the soil surface. The advantages of this material is that relatively small quantities can
be applied per unit area and all dust is eliminated. Some
sales representatives claim that these materials change
the pH very rapidly. This is so only because the particles
that are suspended have been finely ground. Approximately one-half of the product's weight is water. Therefore,
for example, 1000 lb of the suspension may only contain
approximately 500 lb of liming material. Liquids or lime
suspensions must be evaluated upon their calcium carbonate equivalent content to determine their neutralizing
power.
4. Calcium oxide. This product is known by several
names including unslaked lime, burned lime or quick lime.
It is a white powder that is extremely caustic and will corrode machinery. It is manufactured by roasting calcitic
limestone in an oven or furnace, eliminating carbon dioxide and leaving calcium oxide. Its purity is determined by
the purity of the raw material. Calcium oxide, in its pure
form, has a neutralizing value or calcium carbonate
equivalent of 179%.
5. Calcium hydroxide. This material is frequently referred to as slaked or hydrated lime. It is quite similar to
calcium oxide since it is a white, powdery substance that
is both difficult and unpleasant to handle. Soil acidity is
rapidly neutralized calcium hydroxide. Slaked lime is
prepared by adding water to calcium oxide. A great deal of
heat is generated when water is added and when the reaction is complete, the material is dried and bagged for
shipment. The chemically pure compound has a neutralizing value of 136 and is second to calcium oxide as a
neutralizing agent.
A number of other materials may be found available on
the market from time to time which would include lime
sludge, which is a byproduct from the paper manufacturing process. Some of these materials can have a calcium
carbonate equivalent of 95%. Kiln dust is a byproduct of
cement manufacturing. Kiln dust may have a calcium carbonate equivalent value of 80 to 85% and carries a good
level of potassium as well. Fly ash is a fine product trapped
by electrostatic precipitors when pulverized coal is burned
in electric power generating stations. It is extremely
variable in its calcium carbonate equivalent. There are
several different slags that may be locally available. Blast
furnace slags vary from 75 to 90% in calcium carbonate
equivalent and can contain appreciable amounts of
magnesium. Basic slag contains calcium silicate with
approximately 60 to 70% calcium carbonate equivalent
and is also a reasonable source of phosphorus. Electric
furnace slags may have a small amount of phosphorus
and have a neutralizing value of up to 80% of calcium
carbonate.
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
Lime Requirements for Establishing Turfgrasses
To determine if your soil needs lime, check both the pH
and the calcium level with your soil test report. Use the
table below in the following manner: In the left hand column find the pH range corresponding to your soil. Across
the top of the table find the calcium range for your soil. Go
down this column until it intersects the line covering the pH
range into which your soil falls. The number at the point of
intersection is the number of pounds of lime to apply for
each 1000 ft2. For example, if your soil has a pH value of
5.8 and a calcium value of 4 meq/100 gm of soil, the
amount to apply is 125 lb per 1000 ft2.
Just remember that for neutralizing efficiency, the
fineness of grind will influence the rate of acid neutralization. In general, lime that is ground fine enough that 90%
passes through a U.S. Standard No. 8 sieve and at least
20% through a U.S. Standard No. 100 mesh sieve is
satisfactory. Liming materials, then, should be worked into
the upper 4-6 inches of soil well in advance of fertilizing
and planting.
For liming established lawns, no more than 50 lb of
agricultural limestone or dolomitic limestone should be
applied per 1000 ft2 per application. In general, it is much
more desirable to apply 30-35 lb per 1000 ft2 and repeat
once or twice annually until the desired pH and/or calcium
content has been achieved.
The table is taken from Washington State University's
FG-41, Fertilizer Guide for Home Lawns, Playfields and
Other Turf, and may vary somewhat from other state's but
will, no doubt, correlate very closely.
In conclusion, just remember that liming materials are
based upon their calcium carbonate equivalent and
regardless of whether they are powders, granules,
suspensions or sludges, they all work the same way except fineness of grind will influence the rate of reaction.
Lime for new lawns
If Washington State University soil test for calcium (Ca)
in terms of meq/100 g soil is:
pH Value
Below 2.0
2.1-3.5
3.6-5.5
above 5.5
(lb of lime/1000 ft2 to apply)
4.0 - 5.0
100
150
200
200*
5.1 - 5.5
100
125
150
200*
5.6 - 6.0
75
100
125
0
6.1 - 6 . 5
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
above 6.5
* Lime rates over 200 lb/1000 ft2 are not needed. The undesirable
chemical condition is adequately corrected for grass by this rate, even
if there isn't a major increase in pH.
.5
Controlling Moss in General Turf
by Tom Cook and John Whisler
Lawn mosses are common throughout Western
Oregon and Western Washington. Moss growth normally
starts with fall rains and reaches a peak in early spring.
Because grasses grow poorly in winter, mosses are able
to invade and often dominate lawns in only a few months.
Moss growth declines in summer as conditions become
drier and turfgrass growth increases. Under shady irrigated conditions moss may growth through summer.
Moss can tolerate long periods of drought in a dehydrated
condition and rehydrate and grow with the onset of fall
rains. The persistent and recurring nature of lawn mosses
is largely due to our mild temperatures and the wet-dry
nature of our climate.
Even though it has long been a significant lawn pest,
surprisingly little is known about the types of moss found
in turf. Worldwide only about a dozen species have been
identified. In Oregon, Rhytidiadelphus sp. and
Brachythecium albicans have been identified as frequent
components of mossy lawns.
Cultural Control
While moss does occur in well maintained lawns,
severe invasion generally occurs in neglected lawns
where poor cultural conditions enable mosses to outcompete turf. Moss encroachment is generally associated
with thin turf, low fertility, highly acidic soils, shade, wet
soils, and turf injury from insects, diseases, chemicals, or
cultural practices. Long term moss control in these situations is impossible unless cultural conditions are
corrected.
In many cases turf is thin due to lack of fertilizer. Properly timed nitrogen fertilizer applications will increase turf
density, vigor, and competitiveness. Late fall and spring
are important times to fertilize to minimize moss encroachment. Liming soil to raise the pH to 6.0 - 6.5 will benefit
some grasses in the long run but will have not direct effect
on moss.
G rasses grow poorly in dense shade due to lack of light
and increased disease activity. Shady lawns generally
have greater moss problems than lawns in full sun. Thinning out trees by selective pruning or removing trees completely may reduce more encroachment. In some cases, it
is easier to redeisgn the area and eliminate turf than it is
to improve lighting. When planting new lawns in shady
sites, be careful to select shade tolerant species. In
relatively dry shade, the fine fescues will perform well. In
wet shady sites, roughstalk bluegrass will persist better
than other grasses.
SEED (/RESEARCH
OF OREGON, INC
O.M. (Robbie) Robinson
Sales Representative
644 S.W. 13th St. • Corvallis, Oregon 97333
(503) 757-2663
Wet soils provide a perfect environment for germination and growth of moss spores or plant fragments. Wet
soils may be due to poor drainage or excessive irrigation.
Poor drainage can sometimes be improved by improving
water infiltration via core cultivation, slicing, or thatch
removal. These practices also improve turfgrass vigor and
competitiveness. In some cases drainage can only be improved by changing grading or installing subsurface drain
tubing to lower the water table. Often wet soils are due to
excess irrigation. Avoid this by irrigating thoroughly and as
infrequently as possible. Avoid nightly watering particularly in fall or early spring when moss growth is vigorous.
Thin turf due to injury is a common cause of moss
encroachment. Unirrigated lawns turn brown and thin out
during summer. When fall rains come, these lawns may
not recover fast enough to compete with moss. Lawns injured by chinch bugs in summer are often slow to recover
in fall and are subject to moss encroachment. Severe
dethatching in fall may also predispose the lawn to moss
because turf is thin when fall rains come. Proper culture
which encourages healthy dense turf during the moss
season will reduce moss encroachment in most situations.
Mechanical Control
Moss can be physically removed by dethatching in
early spring. Optimum timing is mid-March through April
when moss is still healthy and vigorous. With a flail type
dethatcher (available at rental agencies) as much as 75%
of the moss can be removed physically. Dethatching
should be followed by nitrogen fertilization to stimulate turf
growth and increase density. Where moss is severe,
chemical sprays applied after the dethatching operation
will enhance control further.
Chemical Control
Many chemical materials are effective for killing moss
in lawns. Most commercially available formulations contain metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn) as
the active ingredient. Cryptocidal soaps are also available.
All of these materials can kill moss but some are more
effective than others.
Cu and Zn are good moss killers on roofs and walks
and will not stain structures. Unfortunately Cu and Zn compounds act slowly as moss killers and in lawns may injure
desirable turf grasses.
Iron compounds are highly effective moss killers in
turf. Moss kill is rapid and Fe also stimulates a "green-up"
of turf. Complete fertilizers with iron often give good moss
kill and stimulate grass growth which improves turf
appearance. Iron stains concrete and many other surfaces, so it must be applied carefully. Salts and chelated
iron products applied as liquids are generally effective on
moss at 0.5 -1.0 lb. Fe/1000 sq. ft. Dry formulations or fertilizer plus iron products are generally effective at rates of
0.8 -1.5 lb. Fe/1000 sq. ft. The key to effective control with
iron compounds is thorough coverage of moss foliage.
Liquid materials and dusty fertilizer plus iron products are
very effective in providing thorough coverage and control
of moss.
Cryptocidal soaps are relatively new chemicals for
moss control. Soaps act as contact killers and tend to
bleach out the moss to a whitish-yellow color. This is in
contrast to the dark brown color of moss treated with iron.
Soaps are safe on sidewalks and other structures. Typical
(Continued on page 7)
6
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
(Continued from page 2)
application rates for cryptocidal soaps are 2.5 qts product/
1000 sq. ft. Limited testing at OSU indicates these rates
are quite effective.
In older literature, ammonium sulfate is often included
as a moss control material. Extensive test at OSU indicate
it has little impact on moss but does stimulate turf growth
which often masks the appearance of moss.
It has now been confirmed that Dr. Weijer has agreed
to give an address regarding these grasses at the Western
Canada Turfgrass Association Convention to be held
February 28th to March 2nd, 1988 at The Empress in
Victoria, B.C., Canada.
"Lazy" Grass
Add Color to Your Golf Course
Just over one year ago, in the October 1986, Vol. 76
Turf Line News, an article was reprinted from the Edmonton Journal, August 25,1986. It outlined Dr. Jan Weijer's
(Professor of Genetics at the University of Alberta) program for producing new grass varieties from selections of
wild grasses grown in the Rocky Mountains. World wide
media coverage has made such claims as "beautiful
green grass needing mowing once per year, drought
resistant, needs no fertilizer and is self weeding." He has
been on Front Page Challenge, Good Morning America as
well as interviewed by People Magazine.
On January 6,1987, The Province newspaper ran the
following article:
Golf course superintendents have historically worn
green-colored glasses. In most cases, this has not been a
handicap; players were perfectly content with green grass,
some trees for shade and a few shrubs. This doesn't mean
that golf courses are devoid of color - trees, shrubs and
ground covers do offer some color - but it is often secondary to the plant's functional use for shade, screening and
erosion control.
$7.7 Million for No-Mow Grass
News Services
DMONTON - It's a product with limited future
growth. But that's why a grass seed company is paying
a couple of University of Alberta botanists millions for
their work on a lawn that has to be mowed only once
a year.
Texbeau Industries Inc. of Edmonton has paid $7.7
million to genetics professor Jan Weijer, technician
Barry Hill and the university for 19 varieties of their
miracle, slow-growing grass.
Dr. Weijer will also get an incentive bonus of one
million shares, making him the largest single
shareholder in Texbeau.
The grass, which will be sold for 30 per cent more than
most grass seed, should be ready for marketing in
about four years.
A study by the university suggests the company could
capture 20 per cent of the market, since most varieties
of grass today were developed about 40 years ago and
have become susceptible to disease.
Using Color Effectively
Although the most eye-catching displays can be large
beds, small beds strategically placed can be equally effective. When conditions limit or prevent the use of ground
beds, use large pots, planters or hanging baskets. Portable
containers offer the flexibility of bringing color into or out
of an area as plants peak or fade, thereby avoiding the
usual downtime between bed changeovers.
If you are new at using color, you may want to contract
landscape color design, installation and maintenance. If
you go it alone, design with height, spread, color, texture,
bloom time, background, exposure and soil conditions in
mind. Experiment with annual and perennial combinations. Stagger bloom times so you'll have an ongoing
display of color.
Don't plant more than you can maintain. A small, wellmanicured planting is much more attractive than a large,
poorly kept one. Not all annuals and perennials are high
maintenance. In fact, many will compete with weeds and
may naturalize. Consult the chart for suggestions.
Planting in a poorly prepared bed is a waste of time. As
you break the soil, incorporate amendments, like humus,
sand or fertilizer, depending on your soil's needs. In containers, use an artificial soilless mix. Adequate moisture,
maintenance, fertilization and weed control are essential.
Container plantings require more frequent watering than
those in beds.
Source: Grounds Maintenance, November 1987
Norm Whitworth Ltd.
Turf Products • Consultants
Norm Whitworth
Chief
P.O. Box 68314
Oak Grove, OR 97268
503/659-3114
Mobile Unit 781-7735
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88 .7
J .A. Jack & Sons
IMPERIAL AGLIME
you need CALCIUM for
Turf Vigor
Full Fertilizer Utilization
Improved pH
Sacked or Complete Spreading service
SOLD
by HEMPHILL BROTHERS, INC.
SEATTLE
762-7622
Regular or Temporary Greens
The answer to the question of whether or not to allow
play on regular greens through the winter is very difficult
to answer precisely because so many variables are involved. These variables include the soil - its physical
makeup, its physical properties and its moisture retention
qualities; the grass plant - whether it is Poa annua, bentgrass or a combination of the two; play - the amount and
duration; and finally the weather - its extremes and
fluctuations.
The difficulty of answering this question is that any one
of these variables can change. In the case of the weather,
this change could easily be daily or even hourly. Play at
one time may cause no problems, but play even an hour
or so later when conditions become unfavorable could
cause serious problems to the soil and grass.
The following reasons simply and basically outline the
agronomics of it:
(1) If the grass plant is hurt or even worn from wear and
tear, at these times there is little or no regenerative growth
to replace the injured tissue that has been insulating the
plant's critical growing point or crown. The crown is then
much more susceptible to dessication, diseases and
direct low temperature.
(2) In late fall or early winter when the frost first enters
the ground, the grass blades become frozen and brittle.
Traffic at these times will break and crack the stiff and
frozen blades, causing a rupturing of the cell walls and a
disruption of the protoplasm in the cell. This type of injury
is sometimes referred to as "winter burn."
(3) Soil, the medium that determines the performance,
success and failure of the green can be severely, perhaps
irreversibly, harmed. Traffic on moist soil during these
times of the year will result in detrimental soil compaction.
Compacted soil brings on many problems.
(4) Play on greens when there is standing water or
slush can cause severe problems. Traffic forces this water
or slush into more intimate contact with the crown of the
grass that is already waterlogged or hydrated. This then
makes the grass plate much more susceptible to ice
damage (from freezing) and low temperature kill.
(5) Some of the most serious types of injury occur to the
grass plant and soil when the frost is just going into the
ground (in the fall) and when it is just coming out of the
ground (in the spring). When this is occurring, traffic on
greens will tend to shear off the grass roots underfoot between the soft upper inch or two that thaws out first and the
continued frozen soil further down. Besides shearing off
the grass roots near the surface, soil compaction can also
be accelerated.
GROWN IN PUGET SOUND
FOR PUGET SOUND HOMES.
Bankcards Accepted
(6) With any type of winter injury, whether from snow
mold, ball marks, soil compaction, dessication or foot traffic, there is a stronger possibility that Poa annua will fill in
the damaged areas. With more Poa annua in greens there
is more potential for summer turf problems.
(7) When you have extensive winter play on greens
there is usually more spring and fall maintenance work
that must be performed to bring greens up to their highest
playing potential. Winter play is certainly reflected in the increased maintenance work involved in aerations, topdressings, spikings and overseedings.
We realize that golf more than ever is a year-round
recreational activity. When putting greens are properly
constructed and maintained, and when weather conditions are right, winter play on greens can cause few
problems other than a browning of the turf (winter burn.)
However, when conditions are not favorable, especially
when the frost is just going into the ground in the fall and
just coming out of the ground in the spring, major problems occur. If play is allowed on regular greens, the days
must be carefully chosen. Someone must make these dayto-day decisions with the future condition of the course in
mind. It should not be kept open or closed simply because
a nearby course is open or closed. Each course is an
individual problem.
One way to insure against possible problems is to have
and to use winter, or alternate greens. These greens
should be used the entire winter season or when the conditions for playing the regular greens are unfavorable and
injury to them could occur.
Source: Massachusetts Golf Association Newsletter, Fall 1987
/
>
A new High K15-0-30
fertilizer from ProTurt
Now, you can provide potassium to meet the needs
of your greens, tees and fairways with Scotts. High
K fertilizers, which use potassium sulfate as the
safe, effective source. Now there are two particle
sizes to suit your application needs.
Ask your ProTurf Tech Rep for details.
Emerald Turfgrass Farms
Washington's Natural Grass' Company
16th Street East • Sumner. Washington 98390
Seattle
Bellevue
Sumner
838-9911
641-0608
863-1003
8
ProTurf
Mark Jones (509) 255-6033
Don Clemans (206) 254-8748
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
The Art of Finding, Training
and Keeping Seasonal Workers
by Richard Bussert
Most golf course superintendents rely upon seasonal
and part-time employees. While many of us are fortunate
to have assistants, foremen, and mechanics, who work
year-round, the bulk of routine maintenance operations
are performed by employees who might work only three to
five months a season. Thus, finding, hiring, training, and
keeping these employees is crucial to our success, for an
efficient crew is the heart of a well-run operation.
Peak man-hour requirements on the course usually
occur when there is not enough help. The busiest period
falls betwen early April and mid-June, and after slowing
somewhat, picks us in late August and September. In the
spring, the rains and warmer temperatures increase mowing and grooming responsibilities, pre-emergent controls
are applied, the irrigation system is brought out of hibernation and must be fine-tuned, flowerbeds must be designed
and planted, fertilizing, trimming, and spraying must be
accomplished in these hectic weeks. The list of jobs usually exceeds the number of people to perform them.
Judging from the numerous newspaper advertisements earlier this year, many golf course managers have
difficulty in finding personnel to help with these tasks.
When placing ads, it seems wise to omit the telephone
number from the job description, and rather, encourage
potential employees to take the initiative to apply in
person. By listing a phone number, one is deluged with
callers whose first question is, "How much ya' payin' there,
anyway?"
The screening and selection process can be eased by
enlisting the help of state and federal agencies. This
season, Job Service, a state employment agency, was
contacted and informed of our need for golf course
laborers and machine operators, as well as a mechanic.
When a person sought one of these positions, the agency
would pre-screen the potential employee, then phone the
golf maintenance office with information on that person.
This worked great! Not only have we hired competent
groundsmen and operators, but also an excellent golf
course mechanic, who read the job description at the
agency, and possesses the skills for this specialized job.
High school students can complement any staff, and
provide the employer with the possibility of returning back
to the job for several seasons. While students cannot work
full-time until school is dismissed, they can be taught skills
while working part-time on weekends early in the season,
a "Spring Training," if you will. While it might be a bit
awkward to show someone the intricacies of mowing
greens on a busy Saturday morning in mid-May, these
employees can help conserve labor dollars by performing
weekend work on straight-time. Before assigning any
tasks to employees under 18, check with the State Department of Labor for restrictions which might apply to
machine operation and hours of employment, and secure
the proper working papers from the workers.
Other sources include college students and semiretired persons. The latter often seek employment for
15-20 hours a week, and can be utilized in many ways; golf
cart attendants, machine operators, and gardeners, to
mention a few. Older employees are conscientious, show
9 Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
respect for machinery, and possess the patience to perform some of the more routinized tasks. While many
college students return to school in mid-August, just as the
work load again picks up, students at local high schools
often seek hours in the fall to help with school expenses.
Finally, give everybody at least a day off per week. Workers
cannot be expected to give up their social life in order to
mow at 5:00 a.m.
Nothing makes your job easier than being backed by
a spirited, motivated crew. Utilizing both younger and
older employees for specific tasks can relieve the
superintendent of just another headache, and trained
employees who return for several consecutive seasons
can help to lessen the changing work load on the links.
Source: Our Collaborator (NEGCSA)
Terms You Should Understand
PERRENIAL: Any plant which, had it lived, would have
bloomed year after year. See ANNUAL.
ANNUAL: Any plant that dies before blooming.
HOSE: Crude, but effective and totally safe type of scythe
towed through gardens to flatten flower beds and level
vegetable plantings.
FREESIA: Where the excess vegetables are put.
SPRING: The difference between the first day of spring
and the first spring day is sometimes a month.
Source: Turf Talk, Wy-Mont GCSA
Ask us about the all new
LILLY/MILLER
PROFESSIONAL TURF &
GROUNDS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
The Chas. H. LILLY Co.
Seattle
Portland
(206) 762-0818
(503) 256-4600
In Washington, call our Seattle office
toll free 1-800-562-7013
The Pro's
Know...
Agro quality really counts!
Pacific Agro Company
903 Houser Way No.
Renton 98055
P.O. Box 326 • 228-6565
•
NITROFORM
• WEED KILLERS
•
HYDROPRILLS
•
FUNGICIDES
Suppliers ot all your professional needs'.
Northwest Developments
Don Clemans is the new O.M. Scott & Sons representative for the Northwest area. He comes with a long
background as a golf course superintendent. His address
is 1519 N.E. 102nd Ave., Vancouver, WA 98686. (206)
254-8543.
The Chas. H. Lilly Co., Portland, Oregon has expanded its Seattle facilities by adding a new 50,000 sq. ft.
distribution center.
"Several years of double digit sales growth requires
Lilly/Miller to expand its manufacturing and distribution
capabilities," said company president Fred Trullinger.
The new facility, 6000 E. Marginal Way, Seattle,
opened November 1. It houses consumer and commercial
product inventories for distribution through Washington,
Idaho, Montana, Alaska, and Hawaii. Sales order staff and
commercial products sales staff will both be housed at the
facility.
It will also be used to package Lilly/Miller seed
products.
The existing facility, 5200 Denver Ave., Seattle, will be
used to produce turf and garden fertilizer products, plus
house consumer product sales staff and manufacturing.
TURF-SEED PRODUCTS
ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE
NORTHWEST BY 'THE CHIEF
Norm Whitworth
Notification Risk Bill Passes
The U.S. House of Representatives recently passed
the High Risk Notification Bill (HR 162). It now goes to the
U.S. Senate. This bill would establish a new system that
would have employers pay for continued medical monitoring and testing of present and former workers in occupations identified by the federal government as having a high
risk of producing work-related diseases.
The House defeated a bill that would have had government rely more on the new OSHA Hazard Communication
program.
If workers in firms, either grower, retailer, or landscaper, are exposed to pesticides, then these firms would
probably be targeted by this legislation.
Fertilizer Guidelines
The feeding of plants and grass is a complicated and
quite technical procedure, but the essential facts about
fertilizers can be quickly mastered. Just remember the
number 3-2-5. They refer to: the three basic types - messy,
stinky, and messy/stinky; the two sizes they are available
in - tidbit (4-ounce packet) and blammo (220-pound sack);
and the five methods of application - too much, too little,
too early, too late, and wrong kind.
Source: Turf Talk, Wy-Mont GCSA
FARWEST
TURF EQUIPMENT
DISTRIBUTOR FOR:
o
o
O
o
o
O
o
o
Jacobsen Turf Equipment
Cushman Tuft Equipment
Cushman Industrial Vehicles
Ryan Turf Car« Equipment
Jacobean Commercial Products
National Mowers
Spraying Devices Inc. Sprayers
Teracar» Aerators
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
O
o
Smithco Turf Equipment
Parter Sweepers and Blowers
Broyhill Sprayers
Vicon Spreaders
Green Machine
Standard Golf Course Accessories
Par-Aide Golf Course Accessories
Lewis Line Golf Course Accessories
Foi Valley Paints
Kubota Engines A Parts
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
2305 N.W. 30th Ave.
Portland, Oregon 97210
(503)224-6100
Kohler Engines 4 Parts
Onan Engines I Parts
E Z-GO Golf Cars
Western Golf Cars
Trojan Batteries
U.S. Batteries
weary near unnoers
Turfco Top Dressers
Keystone Steal Drag Mats
Lapping Compounds
David Jacobsen Rich Schwabauer Warren Hardy
CUSHMAN
10
R
YAN
T\JMF-CA«e
JACOBSEN
EHümi
KENTUCKY
BLUEGRASSES
FINE FESCUES
Columbia •Midnight
Challenger
•Galaxy Blend
PERENNIAL
RYEGRASSES
•Citation II •Birdie II
•OmegaII «ManhattanII
•CBSII Blend
TALL FESCUES
•Olympic »Apache
• Monarch
•Triathalawn Blend
•Shadow »Flyer
• Fortress
HARD FESCUES
• Aurora «Waldina
SHEEPS FESCUE
• Bighorn
CREEPING
BENTGRASSES
•Penncross'Penneagle
Wildflower mixture
•PennLinks
• Bloomers
• Pennway blend
Norm
Whitworth
Turf Products Division
P.O. Box 68314 • Oak Grove, OR 97268
503/659-3114
Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
1987 Grounds Maintenance
Salary Survey
GCSAA Fact Sheets Explain
Golf Course Environmental Impact
Superintendents, presidents, directors; owners,
partners, managers and supervisors are the primary
respondents to the fourth annual Grounds Maintenance
(GM) magazine salary survey.
If there were such a person as the "median" grounds
care manager or supervisor he or she would:
• Supervise 9 workers or serve 97 customers.
• Maintain 147 acres.
• Have spent slightly less than 7 years in his present job
and a shade more than 13 years in the grounds care
industry.
• Have a median of 16 vacation days, 12 days of paid sick
leave and 10 paid holidays a year.
GCSAA has made available a series of fact sheets on
environmental issues related to golf course maintenance
practices. These fact sheets - which cover subjects such
as soil conservation, water use and pesticide application
- are available to the public upon request through
GCSAA's Office of Government Relations.
Public requests for information on the environmental
effects of golf course maintenance practices have increased as land and water availability in urban areas has
decreased. GCSAA's new fact sheets represent one part
of the industry's effort to meet such requests.
"People are more conscious of resource use today,
and we feel that golf courses contribute positively to the
process of resource conservation and management," said
GCSAA President Donald E. Hearn, CGCS. "Proper planning for growth and development requires that good information be made available, and that is what we are doing."
According to the results of this year's survey, the job
category that has the best combination of salary and
benefits is landscape managers of office and industrial
parks.
The two benefits GM readers don't have but want most
are dental insurance (15% of the respondents want it but
don't currently have it) and a vehicle for personal use
(11%).
See Grounds Maintenance October 1987 for complete
report on survey results.
Professional Series
Sprinklers For Turf and Landscape
Positions Available
The City of Auburn is looking for an Apprentice
Maintenance Worker I. Salary $18,000-$20,000. Contact
Kevin Van at (206) 931-3005.
Hunter "P" Series sprinklers are
designed for versatility and convenience. All models are adjustable and
can do many different irrigation jobs.
They save installation time and help to
reduce inventory.
• Models PGP and PGS have 12
interchangeable nozzles.
i Model PS-04A has an adjustable,
integral nozzle.
i All have vandal-resistant features,
plus
i A two-year "no questions asked"
warranty.
See Hunter Sprinklers at These Northwest Distributors
MODEL
PGS
MODEL
PGP
MODEL
PS-04A
Hunter
Boise, ID
Evergreen Sprinkler Supply
208-342-2902
Medford, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-779-6721
Everett, WA
Evergreen Pacific Supply, Inc
206-353-3600
Billings, MT
2-M Supply Co., Inc
406-245-3008
Portland, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-288-6271
Kennewick, WA
Evergreen Pacific Supply, Inc
509-586-7739
Missoula, MT
2-M Supply Co.. Inc.
406-549-4427
Salem, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-588-1250
Spokane, WA
Evergreen Pacific Supply, Inc
509-467-6601
Bend, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-382-9311
Tigard, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-639-7473
Tacoma, WA
Evergreen Pacific Supply, Inc
206-581-4018
Eugene, OR
United Pipe & Supply CO
503-688-6511
Bellevue, WA
Evergreen Pacific Supply, Inc
206-828-4554
l#Nowbo»
I A
Hunter Industries • The Irrigation Innovators
1940 Diamond St. • San Marcos, CA 92069 • 619/744-5240 • Telex: 910-3335694 Ans. HUNTER IND SM • FAX: 619/744-7461
11 Turfgrass Topics/Winter 87-88
Calendar of Events
1987-88 NTA
Board of Director
President
James R. Chapman
Technical Services Manager
The Chas. H. Lilly Co.
5200 Denver Avenue S.
Seattle, WA 98108
(206) 762-0818
Vice President
Mike L. Kingsley
Golf Course Superintendent
Spokane County Park Dept.
MeadowWood Golf Course
E. 24403 Sprague Ave.
Liberty Lake, WA 99019
(509) 255-6602
Secretary
-VacantTreasurer
Bo Hepler
Turfgrass Agronomist
Senske Lawn and Tree Care
P.O. Box 9248
Yakima, WA 98909
(509) 452-0486
Past President
Bo C. Hepler
Turfgrass Agronomist
Senske Lawn and Tree Care
P.O. Box 9248
Yakima, WA 98909
(509) 452-0486
Directors
Thomas W. Cook
Turfgrass Specialist
Horticulture Department
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
(503) 754-3695
Richard E. McCoy
Golf Course Superintendent
Glendale Golf & Counry Club
13440 Main Street
Bellevue, WA 98005
(206) 746-7947
February 16-18
Inland Empire GCSA & WSU Inland Ornamental Seminar - Contact Toni Fitzgerald
(509) 456-3942.
February 17
Inland Empire GCSA Inland Northwest Turf and Landscape Trade Show - Contact
Jones & Associates (509) 466-1486.
February 17
WSU Flower Production Conference - Contact Curt Moulton (206) 344-3900
Randy D. Shults
Golf Course Superintendent
Tualatin Country Club
PO. Box 277
Tualatin, OR 97062
(503) 692-4499
February 18
Lilly/Miller Seminar on Maintenance/Renovation - Contact James Chapman
(206) 762-0818
February 19
Northwest GSSA Regular Meeting - Contact Ron Coleman (206) 825-3942
Ken R. Weiderstrom
President
Northwest Mowers, Inc.
926 North 165th
Seattle, WA 98133
(206) 542-7484
February 22-23
United States Golf Association Regional Conference - Contact (408) 624-2011
February 25
Pacific Agro Turf and Ornamental Seminar - Contact Stacy 1-800-722-2476
February 28 March 2
Western Canada Turfgrass Association Conference Contact Ken Warner (604) 434-5037
March 3-4
Wy-Mont Spring Meeting - Contact Jane R. Barry (406) 586-6042
March 8
NTA Board of Directors Meeting - Contact Blair Patrick (206) 754-0825
March 14
Inland Empire GCSA Meeting - Contact Tom Wolf (509)
March 17
Northwest GCSA Regular Meeting - Contact Ron Coleman (206) 825-3942
March 18-20
Oregon Association of Nurserymen tard, Garden and Patio Show - Contact
April 12
Lilly/Miller Seminar on Maintenance/Renovation - Contact James Chapman
(206) 762-0818
April 21
Lilly/Miller Seminar on Maintenance/Renovation - Contact James Chapman
(206) 762-0818
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Blair Patrick
June 20
NTA Board of Directors Meeting - Contact Blair Patrick (206) 754-0825
SECRETARY
Linda G. Tunison
September 18
NTA Board of Directors Meeting - Contact Blair Patrick (206) 754-0825
September 19-22
NTA NORTHWEST TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE TRADE SHOW Contact Blair Patrick (206) 754-0825
William J. Johnston
Agronom ist/Tu rfgrass Science
Department of Agronomy & Soils
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3620
Norman J. Whitworth
Owner
Norman Whitworth
Turf Products, Inc.
PO. Box 68314
Oak Grove, OR 97268
(503) 659-3114
Director Emeritus (Non-voting)
Roy Goss
Extension Agronomist
Western Washington Research
and Extension Center
Washington State University
Puyallup, WA 98371
(206) 840-8513
NTA Executive and
Editorial Office
PO. Box 1367
Olympia, Washington 98507
(206) 754-0825
ADVERTISING/EDITORIAL
DEADLINE
15th OF MONTH
PRECEDING PUBLICATION
Calendar contributions are desired and should be submitted to the NTA Office.
ADDRESS
CORRECTION
REQUESTED
NORTHWEST
TURFGRASS
ASSOCIATION
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NONPROFIT ORG
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
Address Corrections: If address is wrong in any respect, please
correct t^e above label and return it to the NTA office.