NORTHWEST TURFGRASS TOPICS
V O L . IO, N O . 3

PUYALLUP,

From The President's Corner

WASHINGTON

DECEMBER,

1968

GOLF COURSE MAINTENANCE
WORKSHOP
A workshop sponsored by Washington
State Research and Extension Center's
Winter School Building will be conducted on March 6 and 7, 1969, Although
this notice seems to be somewhat short
regarding the workshop, all of you have
probably been contacted by mail at an
earlier date to announce this workshop.
The reason for conducting this particular session is to get down to basic
problems affecting the growth of grass,
the manipulation of soils and just
generally understanding more about the
business.

BY GEORGE HARRISON

Education time is nearly over and
action time is nearly upon us. It
seemed like a long winter but maintenance courses, training schools and
educational lectures certainly helped
to make the winter months profitable
for the ones who were able to take
advantage of them, Washington State
University put on a road and street
maintenance school at St. Martin's
College in December and the material
ranged from personnel management to
turf management, I was able to participate as a coordinator for the roadside turf and brush control segment and
was very impressed by the presentation
on growth control chemicals. This
lecture, by Don Haugland of the Seattle
Engineering Department, showed the possibilities of the use of MH-30T and his
results indicated a great time and expense
saving from such use,
(Continued on Page 4, Col. 1)

Topics considered for the workshop
are Soils for Putting Greens, which
would include additives, amendments,
and reasons for loss of soil structure.
Fertility problems of putting greens,
tees and fairways, and improved methods
of handling will also be discussed,
A review of diseases of turf will be
presented as well as diseases of ornamentals which would be applicable to
clubhouse grounds and plantings on
the golf course. Tree plantings on
golf courses will be discussed from
the standpoint of the proper tree for
each location and methods of management.
Summaries of weed control practices
today will also be discussed. Along
with weed control, a special presentation on the control of Poa annua will
also be discussed.
A new concept of irrigation, namely
the cell system, for irrigating putting
greens by sub-surface irrigation will be
discussed by a Canadian firm designing
this type of system.
Several other topics will fill out
the remainder of the program for a twoday session and will include things to
consider before and during the building
of a golf course, and the interrelationships of the golf course superintendent
and the management. This two-day workshop could save you a considerable amount
of labor, money, and problems. So plan
to take the time now and be with us on
March 6 & 7 at Puyallup.

1969 NORTHWEST
TURFGRASS CONFERENCE
This is the first announcement of the
1969 Turfgrass Conference to be held at
Hayden Lake Golf £ Country Club at Hayden
Lakef Idaho, on September 24, 25, and 26,
1969. Many of you recall having the
-conference there in 1965. For a conference
site, it is an ideal location since there
are few distractions to a conference
group. Most of you who have not been to
Hayden Lake will find it an extremely
beautiful setting situated on the shores
of beautiful Lake Hayden. the weather is
generally ideal for traveling at that
time of year in that area, and the Northwest Turfgrass Association Board of
Directors feel sure that you will be pleased
with the site.
A number of rooms are available in the
upstairs portion of the clubhouse designed
for that purpose. If you wish to stay in
the clubhouse itself, it would pay you to
make your reservations as soon as possible,
as it will be first come, first serve.
You should direct your letters to the
manager, Hayden Lake Golf & Country Club,
Hayden Lake, Idaho. There is not enough
room at the country club to house all
persons coming into the conference; therefore, it will be necessary for many of you
to stay at local motels. It is nine miles
from Hayden Lake Country Club to Coeur
d'alene. There are many excellent motels
in the Coeur d'alene and Hayden Lake
vicinity, therefore, you will find no
difficulty in housing. It is anticipated
in the next issue or two of Turfgrass
Topics a list of available motels and price
ranges can possibly be published.

Especially for Turf!

The program for the next conference is
shaping up quite well at this time.
Suggestions from the membership have been
considered by the Board of Directors as
well as a number of topics from the Boarc
Members. There will be something for
recreational turfgrass managers such as
schools and parks; plenty of fresh invigorating topics for golf course personnel,
something for the commercial applicators
and other good fundamental topics assigned
to qualified and key personnel.

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE
WORKSHOPS
Two grounds maintenance workshops
will be conducted in western Washington
for persons connected with schools,
parks, and recreational areas. The
first workshop will be conducted at the
lower Columbia College at Longview,
Washington on March 11 and 12, and the
second workshop will be at Everett
Community College at the conference
center of the Trojan Bookstore on
March 13 and 14.
The program will include such items
as soils as related to plant nutrition
which will be presented by Dr. A. R.
Halvorson, Soil Testing Specialist at
Pullman, soils for specialized uses
such as football fields, playground
areas, and other recreational uses
presented by Dr. R. L. Goss, Western
Washington Research & Extension Center,
Puyallup, and choosing the right grass
for the right area, by Dr. K. J.
Morrison, Extension Agronomist,
Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington.

(Continued on Page 9, Col. 1)

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Cart Paths for Golf Courses
Most of the following material has
been taken from the January, 1967 issue
of the U. S. Golf Association Green
>ection Record. The article was originally written by Mr, James L. Holmes,
Mid-western Agronomist, U.S.D.A.,
Green Section.
The grand entrance of mechanized
golf carts has altered maintenance
practices as well as the game of golf
itself. Golf carts, especially those
with wide tires, cause little compaction
to soil. However, the shearing action
where the tire meets soil, sandwiching
grass blades between, results in bare
rutted areas very quickly. One cart
will cause damage or shearing. Consequently, many golf course superintendents have cart paths or plan to
install them. What is the best
arrangement? Courses which have 12month play and where cart use is heavy
have installed paths throughout the
grounds, and many insist that carts
stay on those paths at all times. A
non-cart enthusiast measured the
distance walked for 18 holes with a
:art, and again without a cart. Unless
a golfer is inhumanly accurate, and
can hit his ball to a path on every
shot, he is in for some walking with
this arrangement.
Rather than build paths throughout
the course, some clubs install roads
where cart operators naturally seem to
go. Invariably, this starts at the
number 1 tee and also in funnel or concentrated areas between the greens and
the following tee. Efforts are made, as
indeed they should, or must be, to place
paths in out of play areas such as among
trees which may be close to putting
surfaces, behind traps placed near
greens, or behind the green.

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Where it is not desirable to install
an artificial path, but turf wear is
nevertheless a problem, increased
cultural practices such as aerification,
extra fertilization, careful watering
practices and other pest control programs
should be carried out for best results.

MATERIALS USED FOR CART PATHS
Almost any material you can name has
been used at one time or another for cart
paths. However, the trend definitely is
toward asphalt. If other materials such
as gravel or sand are used, they are
eventually covered with asphalt. Many
superintendents, contractors, and cart
users have been asked what type of path
they prefer. Without exception the one
considered best, and actually the most
economical in the long run, consists of
3 to 4 inches of gravel under base, covered
with 2 inches of ,fhot roll" (240° to 280°)
asphalt which will not harden to a consistency impenetrable by spikes.

WIDTH OF PATHS
In the beginning, most paths were 4 ft.
wide. But carts simply will not stay on a
4 ft. expanse. Paths have been increased
to 6 ft. in manv cases, but the trend is to
8 ft. in width. The 8 ft. wide path is
appropriate for a number of reasons.
1) Anyone can stay on them, 2) They can be
used for maintenance equipment. 3) Asphalt
spreaders normally lay 8 ft. wide swaths;
thus, it could be less expensive to place
8 ft. rather than 6 ft. paths in some
instances. Oftentimes, 8 ft. wide is not
adequate in certain areas of concentration
particularly around number 1 tee or number
10 tee.
Some construction tips. If we assume
that asphalt is the best pathway in this
case, and would be constructed at the depths
indicated above, here are some additional
things to consider. Remove the existing
sod and soil to such a depth that the
finished asphalt surface will be level with
the soil. The center of the path should be
2% to 3% higher than the edges to provide
for drainage. If 4 inches of gravel and
2 inches of asphalt are to be laid, the
depth should be 6 inches. One variation

(Continued on Page 7, Col. l)

PRESIDENT'S CORNER

from Page 1

Shortly after that course, Washington
State University sponsored a ground sprayers
short course in Seattle. There must have
been 50 - 70 people attending each lecture
and again the use of chemicals on turf was
covered. Many people attending who had no
appreciation of our turf problems were
brought up to date. During the same period
of time there was an aquatic weed course at
the Puget Sound Power and Light Building at
Bellevue. The information available from
this course would certainly have been
profitable to golf course and cemetery
operators who have ponds and streams which
become infested with aquatic weeds.
Other short courses which have been
excellently presented were the sod laying
seminar at Emerald Turf Farms in Sumner,
the casoron lecture at the Washington
Association of Ground Sprayers1 February
meeting and the irrigation seminar put on
by the Turf and Toro Company in Seattle.
A problem brought to our attention by the
Washington Association of Ground Sprayers
is Senate Bill 219. This will eliminate
the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. The bill, if it passes, would mean
we, as turf managers, would have to find
substitutes for DDT, Aldrin, Chlordane
and Heptachlor. Your President has written
the Joint Committee, holding hearings on
this bill, expressing our interest in
retaining the use of the materials and
suggesting that users be required to have
education in its use; education such as is
available at our Turf Conferences held
every year. Surely it would not be asking
too much to require the people using these
pesticides be required to pass some sort
of examination to be sure that they understand the hazards present when used
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Speaking of our Conference, the program
for the 1969 meeting at Hayden Lake has
been outlined, speaker invitations have
been issued and work is under way on the
myriad details necessary to stage such a
conference. The Board meetings to do this
work have gone smoothly and the
efforts of your enthusiastic Board
members have been greatly appreciated. As members, your big job
is to spread the word to your
acquaintances in the trade. Our
new brochures and membership
blanks are available from Art
Elliott, your Membership Chairman,
and Dick Haskell, your Treasurer.

OBSERVATIONS

There seems to be a large
amount of work going on renovating
sport fields. The information on
proper soil components and seed
mixes which have been recommended
by our Turf Association speakers
is getting around and most of the
specifications seem to be excellent.
We certainly wish the maintenance
personnel of other school districts
could pass the word to their Board
members of this need for renovation
and see this trend continued. There
seems to be no substitute for proper
construction to give satisfactory
performance from play fields.
We partially sponsored Dick Malpass
as our representative at the National
Meeting of Golf Course Superintendents
of America. A digest of the information pertaining to our area will be
presented by Dick at our Conference in
September. Dick was honored by being
named a candidate for the national board.

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REVIEW OF 22nd ANNUAL
NORTHWEST TURFGRASS
CONFERENCE
W

The 22nd Annual Northwest Turfgrass Conference is past history at
this point, but for those of you who
did not attend we consider this one of
the outstanding conferences. Ten
excellent topics were presented on the
program by approximately 20 outstanding
speakers.

We were honored this year in having
Mr* John R. Escritt, Director of the
Sports Turf Research Institute of
Bingley, Yorkshire, England, as our
featured program speaker. Mr. Escritt
very ably covered 2 important areas.
One, the construction and maintenance
of golf courses in Europe and two,
lawns and sports turf in Europe.
^Although many differences exist in
methods of maintenance and management of
turf between Europe and the Pacific
Northwest, there are nevertheless many
similarities and reasonably similar climatic conditions common to both areas.
g^)ne noticeable difference between
"nanagement systems is the large amount
of hand labor performed on most British
and European turfgrass areas. Most budgets in the Pacific Northwest will not
permit the use of as many personnel to do
the job, but as Mr. Escritt pointed out
a little tender loving care often makes
the difference between good and better.
In comparing management systems on
sports grounds between England and the
Northwest U. S., it appears they more
intensively manage these fields.
Whereas many of our playing fields
rarely, if ever, see an aerifier, their
fields are frequently aerified and
groomed in order to take the severe
traffic and abuse. Mr. Escritt pointed
out that it was not highly unusual for
as many as 100 games to be played on
their Rugby and soccer pitches annually.
In fact, he stated that some of these
sports fields were clamoring for
increased numbers of games. The interesting fact is that Mr. Escritt points
^^xt that fairly decent turf is still
^?ound on the fields at the end of such
a season.

Although most of Britain receives 30
to HO inches of rainfall annually, much
the same as many areas from Vancouver, B.C*
to Oregon, the distribution is the important thing apparently* It was pointed out
that in Yorkshire they receive approximately 3 inches of precipitation each month
throughout the year. Needless to say, that
some of our winter months find us with rainfall exceeding 10 inches just when we don't
need it.
Another noticeable difference in management systems is the use of fertilizers.
Quite low rates of nitrogen are applied to
most British and European turfgrasses.
This, of course, is an area of debate,
economy, and personal preference. We might
rationalize the subject by saying if the
program you are using is producing suitable
results, then by all means why change if no
serious consequences are in store from your
program. Many turfgrass managers in the
northeast portion of the U. S. practice
fertility programs much the same as England
and Europe, that is, rather low rates of
nitrogen.
Mr. Escritt stressed the importance of
close-mowing, frequent mowing, and the use
of good mowing equipment on turfgrasses in
England and Europe. It is his opinion that
this factor alone contributes very greatly
to the development of beautiful, troublefree turf especially from the standpoint
of thatch formation. While examining high
cut lawn turf at the experiment station in
Puyallup, it was generally agreed by Mr.
Escritt and Dr. Goss that closer mowing
would produce a better quality bentgrass
for the Northwest region. We appreciated
Mr. Escrittfs visit and feel that these free
exchanges of ideas lead to the best management practices.
The other speakers on the program conducted their presentations in a very interesting manner as evidenced by the fact that
the conference room was full at all times.
An interesting evening session was conducted on new turfgrasses for the future.
We were pleased to have Dr. C. R. Skogley
from the University of Rhode Island participate in this particular program. Dr.
Skogley is conducting extensive and productive breeding programs on turfgrasses.
One of the most recent releases under his
direction has been Exeter Colonial Bentgrass. Of the participants in this
section were Dick Bailey from the W. R.
Grace Company, Rudy Patrick Seed Division;
Roy Goss, and John Escritt.

New Bentgrass Research Area
Approximately 30f000 sq. ft. of
Highland bentgrass was established in
the fall of 1968 to continue nutritional,
disease and other management studies here
at the research center. It is anticipated that the area will be used to study
lower mowing heights which may be used
for home lawns, golf course fairways, and
other specific areas that have problems
with thatch formation. A portion of the
area will be devoted to investigation
of sources of nitrogen particularly, and
of other nutrients in general. A number
of new fertilizer materials are on the
market or will be arriving soon, and
additional information is needed for the
northwest region under our systems of
management.

New Turfgrass Varietty Plots
Approximately 75 new turfgrass
selections and/or varieties were established in early fall of 1968 for observation. These grasses represent the
genera represented by ryegrasses, bentgrasses, fescues and Kentucky-type bluegrasses.
Plant-breeding stations from all over
the world contributed their selections to
these particular trials. Seed came from
Holland, Sweden, Norway, England and from
our own plant-breeding stations here in
the U. S. The plots will be observed as
long as necessary to determine if certain
ones of these new grasses would be more
or less suitable for the Pacific Northwest.
They will be evaluated upon their ability
to withstand not only our climatic conditions, but mowing, response to fertilizers,
and susceptibility to turfgrass diseases,
and color and general appearance of the
grass.
Several of the ryegrass materials are
touted to be vastly superior to the old
ryegrass varieties for turf characteristics.
We are particularly interested in some of
these ryegrasses for their potential use
on play and athletic fields under western
Washington conditions and northwest conditions in general. It is difficult to
beat a good improved Kentucky-type bluegrass
for athletic fields as evidenced by the
success of our plantings in eastern and

western Washington both. In 1968, Cougar
bluegrass held up under severe traffic much
better than Merion bluegrass on the Joe
Albi Stadium in Spokane, Washington. The
bluegrasses so far have outperformed the
ordinary ryegrass varieties in western
Washington, but even so they are not as
satisfactory as we would like. It will be
interesting to observe the response of these
grasses over the years, and we invite you to
look at them when you are visiting our
station.

Annual Turfgrass Field Day

The annual Turfgrass Field Day
for western Washington will be conducted at the Western Washington
Research S Extension Center on
Wednesday, June 11, 1969. The date
has been set for early notification
this year since many people frequently
fail to see the notice on the first goaround. This is the time when all of
you can come to the Experiment Station
and review the program that we have in
progress and examine our research as
it stands today. Programs that are
being conducted at this time will be
discussed by the various research workers
involved.
The only equipment display associated with this field day is that used in
our research program.
Put this date on your calendar now
and plan to be here on June 11.

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CART PATHS — (Continued)

the following fairway in heavy traffic
areas. Frequently, barriers can be
placed on the cart path to force carts
off the path at different places in
order to prevent wear only at the ends or
at the same place on the path. There
are many different methods for controlling path exits.

that can be used is to swale the
center of the pathway, or make the
center lower in order to carry away
xcess drainage water. It would be
a good idea to follow the instructions from your local asphalt suppliers as to the type of base
material to be used« Normally, fine
crushed rock, approximately 1/2 or
1/4 minus would be most satisfactory
for base material. An important
detail is to remember that asphalt
will compress and that it should be
placed so that there are 2 inches of
asphalt surface after compression.
As a rule of thumb, about 2 1/2 inches
of asphalt will compress to 2 inches
after rolling with rollers that exert
no more than 400 lbs. per sq. inch.

(Continued on Page 8, Col» 2)

Keep
in the
Green

Care should be taken to insure
safety of cart paths particularly in
hilly terrain. Paths must not run downhill or have too great a slope toward
water. All paths should traverse hillsides on grades that the operator can
control. Another point is to design
the pathways to avoid trees particularly
n the turns.

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CART PATHS AREN'T PERFECT
In addition to the usual objections
of cart paths, they do not always
eliminate the problems and wear for
which they were designed. The usual
tendency is to make the cart paths too
short to protect the area. When the
entire golf course is not pathed, the
carts must get off of the surface area
somewhere. Many times the carts will
leave the path at the same place and
where this occurs, the turf is worn
away. It is much better if the cart
paths extend from the green to the next
tee and perhaps 50 yds. or more down

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FIRST INTERNATIONAL
TURFGRASS RESEARCH
CONFERENCE ANNOUNCED
The first international turfgrass
research conference is presently
scheduled to be held at Harrogate,
England. The dates of the conference
will be July 15t 16, 17 and 18.
Papers will be presented from turfgrass research scientists throughout
the world, and at the present time, it
is anticipated there will be approximately HO persons presenting papers.
The subject matter will consist of
turfgrass nutrition, diseases, soil
mixtures and aggregates, soil warming,
soil temperature, the effects of light,
weed control, nematode and insect control, breeding and developing of warm
and cool season grasses, and other
phases of turfgrass research. The
usual custom at international conferences is for a brief presentation
of a paper followed by ample time for
discussion of the subject.
The conference is jointly planned
by Mr. John Escritt of the Sports Turf
Research Institute at Bingley, England,
and a committee of U. S. research
personnel headed up by Dr. J. B. Beard
and Dr. J. R. Watson.
It is anticipated that following the
close of the conference, a tour will be
made of the research grounds of the
Sports Turf Research Institute at Bingley
which is only a few miles from Harrogate,
The Sports Turf Research Institute is a
private research organization that
provides information in the form of
services and consultation to clients who
become members of the organization. The
institute has been in the business of
turfgrass research and investigations for
many years. The present director, Mr.
Escritt, has been on the staff of the
institute for over 30 years.
It is anticipated further that
additional tours will be made to
Scotland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway,
Germany, and Holland to visit research
and plant-breeding stations in those
countries. To accomplish all of this
in three weeks seems to be a full schedule
but should be extremely profitable to all
persons participating in the conference and

tour. At the present time, the editor is
planning to participate in the conference
and tour and will be prepared to render
complete reports about the conference and
tour.

CART PATHS — (Continued)
It is the editor's personal opinion
that cart paths should be strongly considered by the golf architects and by
the owners of the golf course from the
very outset. The need and location for
cart paths can be predicted just as accurately as the placement of sand paths.
Our experience today tells us the usual
habits and patterns of the golf cart
operator. It is much cheaper to build the
necessary cart paths during the construction
phases of a new golf course than it is to
tear the grounds up after the golf course
is in operation. Furthermore, paths are
designed for the benefit of everyone concerned with golf and are not meant to discriminate against only a few. It should,
therefore, be an enforceable rule that
carts must follow the paths where indicated.
It is needless to say that golf is
played in western Washington, Oregon, and
British Columbia 12 months per year.
Saturated soils from excessive rainfalls
are invariably reduced to mud holes in
certain areas. The usual pattern is as
follows: 1) worn-out grass, 2) compaction,
3) poor soil drainage, 4) loss of soil
structure, 5) mud holes. Once the soil
structure has been destroyed, it is
virtually impossible to reclaim the area
unless it is pathed or traffic is excluded
from the area entirely, or the soil is
replaced with sandy type that will continue
to be permeable even under these conditions.
We might as well face it - cart paths
are here to stay, but we should do some
very wise planning on methods of construction
and how extensive we wish to go.

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WORKSHOPS — (Continued)
The proper mower, aerifier, and
thatch equipment and methods of mainenance and operation of this equipment
^^ill be presented at Longview by representatives from the Jacobsen Equipment
Company and at Everett, by a representative from the Toro Equipment Company,
This will be your opportunity to ask
these people what type of mowing equipment you should have, and answer some
of the questions on the proper maintenance.

We feel that the persons conducting
this workshop are well-qualified in their
respective areas, and that you will gain
considerable knowledge from attending.
Therefore, if you are in the parks or
school maintenance program, be sure to put
this date on your calendar. We might also
encourage that anyone reading this article
notify your local schools as well.

W A T C H FOR THE N E W TURFGRASS!

The question is frequently asked
by school and park maintenance personnel
about the proper type of sprinkler for
watering specific areas. For this phase
of the program, we are providing
Mr, D. A, Hogan, Civil Engineer who
specializes in irrigation and irrigation
design problems, to discuss this
important topic.

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Trees and shrubs for school, parks,
and cemeteries will be discussed by Dr,
Wessenburg, from the Western Washington
Research and Extension Center, and
diseases of trees and shrubs will be dis^-cussed by Dr. Arlen Davison from the same
location.
Several other items are planned for
the program including two very important
areas of planning and building the
athletic fields and playgrounds, which will
include methods of construction, some
ideas for specifications, location of
materials, contracting and last, but not
least, getting the most mileage from your
management dollar. This last section will
consider ways and means of not being taken
by fast-moving operators and possibly how
to say "no",

J. A. JACK & SONS, INC.
High Calcium, Sacked, Bulk or Spread

TURF-TRUCKSTER
The All-Purpose
Grounds Maintenance Vehicle
S E A T T L E — Pacific Equipment Co.
1001 S.Jackson
P O R T L A N D — Ray Garner
2232 E. Burnside
S P O K A N E — Audubon
1329 N. Ash S t .

BUILT FOR TURF "PROS!
Already proven by hundreds of professional Turf Managers, the
extra high quality and dust free contents of Turf Special puts it high
on the MUST list of those who are tired of alibis and want the BEST turf.
Ease and speed of application are an important consideration, so why
N T E R S T A turf
T E 0 I Spros.
T . C O . You'll be glad
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I, S O N S
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the other I happy

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Tacoma, Wash
(.206) 588-4431

E A 9-0100

Portland 14, Ore
(503) 235-8946

BEST FERTILIZERS CO.,A DIVISION OF OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORP.

Co.
232-2588

Cushman Sales
G A 5-2527

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NU LIFE FERTILIZERS

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TURF CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZERS
Fungicides — Herbicides
Soil Amendments
1424 Thorne Road
Tacoma 1, Washington

Seattle MA 2-3228

TURF IRRIGATION
for
*

GOLF COURSE

*

PARKS —

—

CEMETERY

RESIDENTIAL

H. D. FOWLER, INC.
13440 S.E. 30th Street
BELLEVUE, W A S H I N G T O N 98004
P.O. Box 160

Ph. SHerwood 6-8400

Officers of the Northwest- Turf
Association
George Harrison
John Zoller
Dick Haskell
Dr. Roy Goss

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Tacoma BR 2-5171

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S U 2-5362
I 149 North 98th

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President
Vice President
Treasurer
Exec. Secretary

N O R T H W E S T TURFGRASS TOPICS is sponsored by the Northwest Turf Association and
financed through funds of this organization.
Any communications concerning distribution
of this paper or association business should
be directed to Dick Haskell, 1000 N.E. 135th,
Seattle, Wash. 98155, or Roy L. Goss, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup,
Washington.
Communications concerning content of this
paper should be directed to Dr. Roy Goss,
Editor, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup, Washington.