:rsh;r1o)  :::r1..,u~o.  P,P-t(<;, 
;c;&<o - i L}(f)y -

I ,· 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.  .  - ·1~ 
; 
h~ 
'ir, 
:f .. 
...... 
'i-
i · 
·1~;,5i,=~~i: 

.  ,..,  'itusr:,". 
t:=,~!  -:  t .. :. 

.ttt 

6 

•· 

\ 

. 

( 

. 

/ 

• 

f 

.... 

WASHINGTON 

UNIVERSITY 

ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI  63130 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SOCIOLOGY-ANTHROPOLOGY 

January  1 1,  1966 

P rofesso r  Iwao  Ish i no 

Depa r tmen t  of  An t h ropo l ogy 

M i ch i gan  S ta te  U n i ve rs i ty 

East  Lans i n g,  M i c h i gan 

Dea r  Iwao: 

We  a re  con c e rned  that  we  have  not  ye t  rece i ved  you r  paper. 

I  be l i eve 

you  sa i d,  d i d   you  not,  that  you  wou l d   rep roduce 

i t   f rom 
I  t rus t  you  rece i ved  t he  Rev i sed  P rog ram  I  sen t   ou t  sho r t l y   a f t e r  

the re? 
Janua ry  1 .   T o   t he 
of  P i t tsbu rgh,  and  James  O 'Conn o r,  Wash i n gton  U n i ve rs i t y .   A l l  the  other 
"o t he rs"  a re  Wash i ngton  U n i ve rs i ty,  so  you  cou l d   send  the  bat ch  to  me  and 

l i st  o f   o t h e r   pa rt i c i pan ts,  add  Joh n   G i l l i n,  U n i ve rs i ty 

i t   and  d i st r i bute 

I  w i l l   d i s t r i bu te .   To  that 
that  t he  max i mum  number  of  pa r t i c i pants  w i l l   be  about  30. 

l i st  some  g radua te  s t udents  w i l l   be  added  so 

One  o t he r   chan ge--m i sfo rtune  of  m i s f o rtunes, 

I  was  unab l e   to  f i n i sh 

my  pape r  by  t he  dead l i ne  and  so  must  be  "sc ratched,"  b u t   I  sha l l  become  one 

of  t he  "o ther  pa r t i c i pan ts!" 

S i nce re l y, 

&!2-/  A l v i  n  W.  Wo l fe 

AWW:  i b  

/-J� 

r",,//'_, 

Jamtary 

1966 

24, 

Prot .... r  Alvin  W.  Wolte 
Dep  rtment  at  Sooio1olY-AnthropololY 
W •• hincton  Uni.,erl1 ty 
St.  Loui.,  Missouri 

Dear  All 

Thanks 
at 

thehoap1ta11ty  rd  the  .tiaulatil1l 

t01" 
wood.  I  telt  that  I  �rlOnal.l.y  gained  IlUOh  trOll  it. 

alt11ww 

diaoussioDI!I 

AI  John  Bennett  SUSle.ted,  I  would  lik.  to  put  down  lOme  briet 
co.ent.  about  thi.  oonterence auixa:l:aa  wt  this  will  oome  later. 
Thi.  letter  is  ju.t  to  wad t  to  you  the  tiok.t  .tub  on  JAy  plane 
ticket  to  st.  Loui.  aM  back.  T1:le  GOlt  s..  $65.40. 

aegard., 

IWAO  ISHINO 
s 
Prote  eo1" 

�
e
t
e
l
p
om
c
l'J
I

t

i

i
t
s

y
l
e
t
a
n
u
t
r
o
f
n
u

e
m
a
r
g
o

�
i
p

e
h
t

f
o

e
u
s
s
I

e
t
a
l

a

s
i

d
e
s
o
l
nc

E

ll
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d

V'
O
Y

l

y
d
�
e
r

e
r
a

y
e
h
t

s
a

s
r
e
p
a
p

e
c
n
e
r
e
f
n
o
C

g
n
i
d
n
e
s

e
b

1

i
i
w

e
W

0
0
1

y
r
a
u
n
a
J

y
b

l
l
a

d
e
v
I
e
c
e
r

e
v
a
h

l
l
i
w
ou
y

y
l
l
u
f
e
p
o
h

nd
a

.
n
o
i
t
a
c
i
l
b
pu

e
e
t
n
a
r
a
u
g

t
o
n
n
a
c

e
w

,
y
d
i
s
b
u
s

a

e
v
i
e
c
e
r

o
t

d
e
l
i
a
f

g
n
l
v
m
H

s
e
I
t
e
i
c
So
x
e
l
p
om
C

f
o

y
g
o
l
o
p
o
r
h
t
n
A

e
h
t

n
o

e
c
n
e
r
e
f
n
o
C

n
i

s
t
n
a
p
i
c
i
t

ar

P

:
o
T

e
f
l
o
W

o
W

n
i
v
l
A

:

r

Aft
r
F

b
I

:
�J
W
A

f 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- . 

Conf e  ence 

'On 

the.,, Anth rQPE.!.£g:t, 

of  COl'f1pJeK  Soc ·e£ies 

Bromwoods  Conference  Center 
t>lash S ngton  Un f vers i ty 
St.  Louis�  Missouri  63130 
J;muar-y  20�  21,  22  (1966) 

Sponsored  by  Department  of  Sociology-Anthropology 
Comm it tee  on  Conf erenc.e : 

John  W.,  Bennet t 
Morris  FreT Hch 
Jules  Henry 
Alvin  \l.'olfe 

papers  wi  J  t  be  distdb"ted  pdot'"  to 

RiChard  No  Adams;,  tlrdversHy  of  iexas@  uTne  Nethodology  of  fJiOdel  Construction 

in  temple.:.:  Culhwes:  rh�  Power  System" 

John  "',  Benllett�  Hasilington  University"  IIComplexlty  as  a  rUl'lction  of  Hicrocosm� 

Macrocosm  Relationships" 

leo  Depresp  Western  Reserve  UniversitY2 

'�he  Plural  Society  In  Theoretical 

Perspectivell 

Morris  Fre� �  kh�  Washington  Univef"sity�  "Ant9'H-opological  Perspectlve:s  for 

Research  in  Comp �ex  SocieUes" 

Harold  GDuld.  Unlversitv  of  Pittsburghv 

Jules  Henry,  �iashington  University?  itA  Theol"Y  for  an  Antilropoiogicai  �.i'lti!!lysis 

of  Arneri can  Cu it1.u'ell 

�wao  !shino�  Michig�n  State  UniversitY8 

Arth�r  Vidiche  New  Schoo1  of  Social  Rese.archc  "Some  Consequences  of  Rural-Urban 

Thinkinglt 

Ahlin  W.,  Wolfe!, 

I:lashington  University�  "Sort!og  the  Sub .. Systems  of  Complex 

Soc c etf es" 

Dav�d  S.  Carpenter 
James  J�Guith 
Joseph  Aa  Kahl 
David  Jo  Pittman 
lee  ita i 11\O1l;) ter 
Charles  Valentine 
A' bert  F"  t1essei'l 
Norman  Eo 
George  Talbot 

\4h i tt��n 

--- '., 

Schedule: 

Thursday�  January  20 

-2 .. 

- ArrtvaJ  at  Sto  louis�  during 

will  be  furnished  to  Bromwoods  Conference  Center 
(Cal'  VOo  3-0100�  Ext.  4430,  and  please  allow  for 
75�minute  drive  to  Bromwoods, 

afternoon;  transpotatoon 

5:30  - Reception 

6: 30 

7:30 

..  0 i 11I1er �  We I come  A
�  Organizational  Meettng�  at  which  format  for 

dd 

ress 

discussion  will 

be  decided. 

9:30  - Coffee  and  Sandwiches 

Friday,  January  21 

- 8:00  A.M.  "  Breakfast 

'l- 10.'  �  0 
1/- 1  �;  �b 

9:00 

AoM.  - Session 

10 :00  A.M"  - Coffee  break 

12:00  Noon  - Luncheon 

1:30  PoH,  ....  Session 

3:00  P.Mc  - Coffee  break 

'+:30  P,.M,  -

Adjournment  of  Afternoon  Session 

5:30  P,,Mo  - Socia]  hour 

6:00  P.M.  - Dinne� 

7 :00  P"M�  oM 
9:30 

Informal  Oiscus:.don 

P.�1o  - Sandwiches  and  toHee 

SattwdaYe;  Janu 

22  - 8 :00  AuH.  - Breakfast 

9:00  A~M.  - Session 

10:00  A.".  - Coffee  break 

10:30  AoM.  - Session 

12:00  Noon  - luncheon 

1:00  P.M"  ... 

Adjournmel"lt  of  Conference 

WASHINGTON 

UNIVERSITY 

ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI  63130 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SOCIOLOGY-ANTHROPOLOGY 

October  4,  1965 

Professor  Iwao  Ishino 

Department  of  Anthropology 

Michigan  State  University 

East  Lansing,  Michigan  48823 

Dear  Iwao: 

I  trust  my  letter  of  June  3  reached  y ou  by  a  more  direct  route 

than  that  of  May  1,  and  that  y our  failure  to  respond  has  implied 

that  the  new  date  of  January  20-22  for  our  Confer�nce  on  the 
Anthropology  of  Complex  Societies  is  satisfactory  to  y ouo 

Granting  all  those  assumptions,  let  me  suggest--or  decree,  if 

y ou  prefer--that  in  order  to  assure  reproduction  and  distri­

bution  of  the  papers  to  all  participants,  so  that  we  can  have 

discussion  and  not  formal  reading  of  papers  at  the  conference, 

we  should  have  y our  paper  by  December  200 

I  hope  I  will  see  y ou  soon,  and  let  me  assure  y ou  we  are  all  looking 

forward  very  much  to  a  pleasant  and  stimulating  conferenceo 

Sincerely , 

,, 

Wolfe 

AWW:kf 

�  Details  Q1  the 

Conference  2U  � 
Complex 

of 

Societies 

Anthropology 

Bromwoods  Conference  Center 

Washington  University 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 

September 

24,  25,  26 

63130 

Sponsored  by  Department  of  sociology-Anthropology 

Committee  on  Conference: 

John  W.  Bennett 

Morris  Freilich 

Jules  Henry 

Alvin  W.  Wolfe 

Participants: 

Visitors  invited  to  prepare  papers: 

Richard  N.  Adams 

Leo  Depres 

Clifford  Geertz 

Iwao  Ishino 

Oscar  Lewis 

John  Useem 

Eric  Wolf 

Other 

Participants 

Washington  University  Anthropology  faculty: 

John  W.  Bennett 

Morris  Freilich 

Jules  Henry 

James  Jaquith 

Charles  Valentine 

Norman  E.  Whitten 

Alvin  W.  Wolfe 

Washington  University  sociology  faculty  will  also  be  invited  to 

parti�ipate. 

Washington  University  anthropology  graduate  students. 

-2 -

Papers 

of 

to 

30 

50 

page  length 

due 

September 

1. 

Suggested  Topics 

for 

Papers: 

Theoretical  Conceptualization  of  Units  of  Complex  Systems. 

Methods  for  Gathering  Data  on  Complex  Societies. 

The  Ethnography  of  Supranational  Systems. 

The  Personal  Community  in  Complex  Societies. 

Rural  communities  in  Relation  to  the  Complex  Society. 

Autonomy  and  Interdependence  in  Complex  Societies. 

Schedule: 

Sept. 

24 

- Arrival  at  St.  Louis,  during  afternoon,  transportation 

will  be  furnished  to  Bromwoods  Conference  Center. 

(call  Vo. 

3-0100, 
- Reception 

Ext. 

4430) 

- Dinner,  Welcome 

- Organizational  Meeting 

5:30 

6:30 

7:30 

Sept. 

25 

- Morning  Session  (Orientation  toward  Theory) 

Afternoon  Session  (Orientation  toward  Method) 

Reception,  Dinner 

Sept. 

26 

- Morning  Session  (The  Training  of  Modern  Anthropologists) 

Lunch 

Departure 

Publication: 

Arrangements  are  being  made  with  Washington  University  Press 

(in  cooperation  with  University  of  Chicago  Press)  for  early  publications 

of  the  Papers  and  Proceedings  of  the  Conference  on  the  Anthropology  of 

Complex  Societies. 

• 

For  further  information  write  to: 

Alvin  W.  Wolfe 

Associate  Chairman 

Department  of  Sociology-

Anthropology 

Washington  University 

St.  Louis,  Missouri 

63130 

WASHINGTON 

UNIVERSITY 

ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI  83130 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SOCIOLOGY-ANTHROPOLOGY 

Professor 

I wao 

I shino 

Department  of  Anthropology 

University  of  Michigan 
Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

Dear 

I Wao: 

April 

1 2,  1965 

Four  of  us  at  Washington  University  (John  Bennett,  Morris  Freilich, 
are  organizing  a  conference  on  the  anthro­

Jules  Henry,  and  Alvin  Wolfe
pology  of  complex  societies,  and  we  have  selected  you  as  one  of  the 
seven  we  are  inviting  to  participate.  The  conference  will  be  at  Wash­

) 

ington  University's  Bromwoods  Confe

ence  Center  in  the  Ozarks,  September 

through 

24 
for  discussion  at  the  conference  and  for  publication  in  the  conference 

26,  1965. 

Participation  means  preparing  a  paper,  in  advance, 

r

proceedings  later. 

Expenses  will  be  paid,  of  course,  and  an  appropriate 

honorarium  wi 1 1   be  given  to  participants.  (, .zoo) 

A  word  about  the  aims  of  the  conference:  We  are  developing  a  cur­

riculum  with  some  emphasis  on  the  anthropology  of  complex  socieites  be­

cause  we  feel  that  the  discipline  has  much  to  contribute  in  the  way  of 

research  and  theory  in  the  modern  world,  but  we  also  know  that  most  anthro­

pological  curricula  tend  to  retain,  perhaps  too  much,  the  Iitraditional 

slots"  which  do  not  maximize  the  ability  of  the  anthropological  graduate 

to  plunge  directly,  as  anthropologist,  into  the  study  of  some  of  the  more 

critical  problems  of  man  now--problems  of  rural-urban  interaction,  of  wide 

economic  interdependence,  of  pluralistic  states,  of  rapid  "development"  in 

many  small  countries. 

We  are  concerned  whether  anthropology  should  not  offer  a  clearer  con­

ception  of  what  "complex  society"  means. 
tive  and  deeply  historical,  can  sharpen  the  perspective  of  all  social 

Our  diSCipline,  broadly  compara­

scientists  here. 

And  we  are  concerned  to  look  forward,  to  seek  guidelines  for  ourselves 

and  our  disciplin�,  that  we  may  develop  the  methods  and  concepts  most  ap­
propriate  for  analyzing  the  developing  institutions  in  man1s  future. 

At  the  same  time  as  our  methods  must  become  more  universalistic,  the 

anthropology  of  complex  societies  must  retain  in  some  important  ways  the 

humanistic  aspect  that  has  been  one  hallmark  of  the  discipline. 

How  can 

Professor  Iwao  Ishino 

-2-

April 

12,  1965 

we  best  study  what  these  macro-institutions  of  the  modern  world  mean  for 

men  as  individuals? 

Speaking  for  all  four  of  us,  may  I  urge  you  to  let  me  know  as  soon 

as  possible  whether  you  will  help  us  tackle  these  problems. 

I  am  enclosing 

an  outline  giving  some  details  of  the  conference,  including  some  suggested 
topics  that  may  help  guide  you. 

Please  feel  free  to  choose  your  own  topic, 

bearing  in  mind  we  should  like  to  have  the  papers  by  September 
to  distribute  them. 

I  in  order 

Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon,  I  remain 

Sincerely, 

A��L 

AWW: ib 

Enc. 

. 
.. 

.. 

Alvin  W.  \-loUe 

Protessor 
oiate  Chairman 
Asso
Department  ot 
1-1ashington  Uni vors1 ty 
St.  Loui ••  }{1ssouri  63130 

Soo101ogy-Anthropo1ogy 

Dear 

Protesaor  Wolt 

•• 

Miohigan  state  Univera1 
USCAR,  MSU  Group 
APO  San  Franoisoo.  96248 
May 

22.  1965 

ty  GrOUP 

n 

B 

art 

Thank  you  tor  your 
a 
at  l"OmttlO
Od.  For  s 
Mio 11  00.  Th 
:ma 
it 

of  May  1  to  partAo1pate  in  a 
ent  to  the  Un1vorsi ty  ot 
holllo 
.  oampus 
e 
ohed  me  hero  in  OkinalolS.  by  th  �  surfaoe  maU. 
happy  to  aooept  your  invitation  to  join 

t  to  my 

I  It  w

conference 
the 
Michigan  tate  and 

the 
. I  _  1II08t  sympathetio  with  thei 

cOnferenoe 

this 

complex 

I  am 

at 

on 

5. t 

anthropology'  ot 
aims  and  approaoh  ot  the  conterenoe. 

societies. 

tho 
ohbuld 

UniVers1 ty, 

to 

I 

hould 

matteru 
address  un�l 
ent  to  til  D  artment  ot  Anthropology, 
East Lansing,  r-u,oh1gan.  ZIP  48823.

1,  1965. 

Augu.st 

e  ep 

be 

at 
A 
Atter  th  t  d  '00.  letters· 
Michigan  State 
· 
!  ; 
I 
I 

111<0  to  inform  you  . toot  I  t4ll 

\\ 

lwao  Ish1no 
Professor  ot  Anthropology 

• 

WASHINGTON 

UNIVERSITY 

ST.  LOUIS,  MISSOURI  63130 

DEPARTMENT  OF  SOCIOLOGY-ANTHROPOLOGY 

J une  3,  1965 

Professor 

I wao 

I sh i no 

M i ch i gan  State  Un i v ers i ty  Grou p 

U SCAR,  MSU  Group 
APO  San  Franc i sco,  C a l i fo rn i a   96248 

Dear 

I wao: 

I  am  most  embar rassed  at  hav i ng  so  poor l y   d i rected  our  or i g i na l  

i nv i tat i on  that 

i t   took  weeks  to  reach  you. 

Unfortunate l y,  we  f i nd  we  must  postpone  the  Confe rence  on  the 

Anthropo l ogy  of  Com p l ex  Soc i et i es,  from  the  o r i g i na l   Septem b e r   d ate  to 
J anuary  20-22,  1966. 
pate,  as  we  were  e l ated  to  rece i ve  your  acceptance. 

I  hop e   th i s   w i l l   not  u pset  you r  plans  to  part i c i ­

I  hop e   you  w i l l   l et  me  know  as  soon  as  poss i b l e   that  you  hav e 

saved  those  dates  fo r  us. 

S i nc e r e l y, 

Wo l fe 

AWW:  i b 

CONFERENCE  AND  SEMINAR  ROOMS 

Marshall  Hall,  a  gift  of  Granite  City  Steel  Com­

* 

pany,  provides  excellent  meeting  facilities  for  as 

many  as  fifty  persons.  Its  modern  decor  and  the 

heating  and  airconditioning  equipment  create  the 

added  comfort  so  necessary  to  successful  confer­

ences  and  seminars. 

BROMWOODS 

THE  NEW  CON F EREN CE  CEN TER 

� 

WA S H I N G T O N   U N I V E R S I TY 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Additional  meeting  rooms  are  available  at  Brom
woods,  thus  providing  ample  opportunities  for  con­

ference  groups  to  divide  into  smaller  discussion 

sections. 

The  Three  1's  Dining  Hall  can  comfortably  accommodate  as  many 
as  50  persons  for  meals.  The  large  stone  fireplace  and  knotty  pine 
interior  provide  a  cozy  atmosphere  conducive  to  the  enjoyment  of 
good  food  and  friendly  companionship.  Attractively' designed  and 
centrally  airconditioned  for  the  added  comfort  of  conference  parti­
cipants,  the  Three  1's  Dining  Hall  is  noted  for  its  magnificent 
cuisine.  All  meals  at  Bromwoods  are  prepared  and  supervised  by 
the  Food  Service  Department  of  Washington  University.  During 
the  summer  months  the  large  outdoor  barbecue  pit  is  in  operation 
to  provide  additional  variety  to  the  already  superb  menu. 

­

EDUCATIONAL  ADVANTAGES 

LOCATED  IN  THE  SCENIC  OZARKS 

* 

In  getting  away  from  the  distractions  of  city 
living -- conference  participants  are  able  to  devote 
one  hundred  per  cent  of  their  attention  to  the  sub­
ject  matter.  They  "live,  sleep,  and  eat"  their  sub­
ject  for  the  three  days,  one  week  or  whatever  time 
they  are  present  for  the  conference.  From  such  an 
educational  experience  comes  not  only  the  usual in­
tellectual  understanding,  but  also  an  emotional 
grasp,  a  depth  of  perception  and  conviction  almost 
impossible  to  attain  with  typical  interrupted  learn­
ing  experiences. 

The  attractive  lounge  of  the  Mary  Jane  Bromwich  Lodge  creates 
the  proper  atmosphere  for  relaxation  of  guests  during  off-duty 
hours.  This  room  with  the  massive  native  stone  fireplace  is  also  a 
favorite  spot  for  small  discussion  groups  to  meet. 

F OR  ADDITIONAL  INFORMA liON 

* 
Including  rates  and  scheduling  activities  at  Bromo 
woods--You  are  invited  to  write  or  telephone  the: 

Director  of Conferences, University College 
W,�shington University,  St.  Louis  30, Missouri 
Telephone:  VOlunteer 3-0100, Station 4262 

ANNOUNCES  OPPORTUNITIES 
FO R  BUSIN ESS 

A N D  PR O FE S SI O N AL 

ORGANIZATIONS, 

IN S T IT U T I 0 N S ,  

OR  C ULTUR A L   A GENCIES 

TO  C OND UCT  C ONFERENCES 

I N   THI S  U N IQU E 

R E SID ENTIAL  SET TING 

EDUC ATIONAL 

C I V  I C 

LOCATION 

* 

Washington  University  recently  announced  a  gift 
of  seventy  acres  of  beautiful  wooded  Ozark  land, 
with  several  buildings  included,  from  Mr.  E.  W. 
Bromwich  of  St.  Louis,  which  has  made  this  Con­
ference  Center  possible.  Located  approximately 
sixty  miles  southwest  of  the  Metropolitan  Area,  the 
tract  is  now  called  Bromwoods. 
30  from  St.  Louis  to  Lonedell,  turn  left  onto  County 
Road  FF  and  continue  for  approximately  seven 
miles,  until  the  first  Conference  Center  sign  is 
reached.  Turn  left  again  and  fOllow  the  signs  to 
Bromwoods. 

DIRECTIONS  TO  BROMWOODS 

SETTING 

* 

0 

Bromwoods  provides  a  scenic  Ozark  woodland 
setting  with  c 
I11forlable  facilities  for  special  short 
courses  of  instruction  and  training  programs  ad­
ministered  by  Washington  University.  Heating  and 
air  conditioning  equipment  permit  the  Washington 
Universty  Conference  Center  to  operate  on  a  twelve 
month  basis. 

Walking  over  the  self-guiding  nature  trails,  de­
veloped  by  the  Missouri  Conservation  Commission, 
is  a  year  around  pleasure.  In  the  spring,  the  dog­
wood  and  redbud  blossoms  vie  for  the  hiker's  at­
tention.  Later,  come  the  woodland  flowers  with 
May  Apples,  Jack-in-the-Pulpits,  Blue  Bells,  and 
other  unusual,  but  native,  plantings.  Autumn,  of 
course,  is  breathtaking  when  the  majestic  oaks  and 
maples  assume  all  of  the  vivid  hues  of  which  they 
are  so  capable.  At  all  seasons  of  the  year,  the 
Ozark  woodland  and  countryside  promote  uninter­
rupted  thought  and  concentration. 

FACILITIES 

* 

The  original  gIft  included  a  large  dining  hall,  a 
lodge  which  contains  five  bedrooms  and  an  attrac­
tive  lounge  with  a  native  stone  fireplace,  as  well 
as  a  cottage  which  is  used  as  an  administration 
center.  Additional  cottages  have  been  constructed 
with  the  help  of  donations  from  business  and  other 
local  friends  of  the  University.  Among  these  are 
the  Louis  Latzer  Memorial 
ibl,e 
by  a  gjft  L'om  the  Pet  Milk  Foundation)  Dorothy' 
Cottage  (the  gift  of  an  anonymous  friend 
and 
Marshall  Hall  (donated  by  the  Granite  City  Steel 
Company) . 

Cotta""e 

(made  po 

A  view  of  the  interior  of  the  modern  sleeping  rooms  in  Dorothy's 
Cottage.  Each  twin-bedded  room  is  color  keyed  for  restful  living 
and  provides  the  conference  participant  with  elegant  living  fa­
cilities  during  his  stay. 

ARRANGEMENTS 

* 

Arranging  a  Conference  at  Bromwoods 

a  rewarding  experience  and  is  relatively  simple  for 
a  program  chairman.  The  resources  and  facilities 
of  Washington  University  can  be  made  available 
through  conference  and  short  course  consultants  in 
University  College,  the  Civic  Education  Center,  and 
other  divisions  of  the  University.  Annually,  the 
University  conducts  between  60  and  70  conferences 
and  short  courses.  Although Washington  University 
has  just  acquired  this  Conference  Center,  short 
term  residential  programs  are  not  new  to  it.  During 
the  past  several  years  opportunities  for  this  kind 
of  educational  experience  have  been  provided  at  re­
sorts  in  the  St.  Louis  area  for  alumni,  business  and 
engineering  groups,  physicians,  school  board  mem­
bers,  and  others. 

ACCOMMODATIONS 

* 

Bromwoods 

can  accommodate  35  persons  over­

night  with  three  expertly  prepared  meals  a  day. 

The  modern  sleeping  rooms  have  been  spaciously 

designed  for  two  persons  to  a  room.  Color  keyed 

for  restful  living,  each  oak  paneled  room  of  the  new 

Follow  Highway 

cottages  opens  by  way  of  double sliding  glass  doors 

onto  a  balcony  overlooking  the  valley. 

The  Louis  Latzer  Memorial  Cottage  can  accommodate  eight  con­
ferees  in  twin,bedded  rooms.  Each  room  opens  onto  a  large  bal­

cony  overlooking  the  valley  which  serves  as  a  "living  room"  for 
the  occupants  of  the  cottage  as  well  as  an  area  appropriate  for 
small  group  discussions.  The  cottage  is  constructed  with  materials 
native  to  the  area  .

 cedar  shingles,  oak  paneled  intel'iors  and 

.

.

Ozark  stone  foundations. 

RECREA liON 

* 

Modest  recreational  opportumtIes  inc'ude 

the 

nature  walks  and  hikes  to  the  Gazebo  - a  rotunda 

located  for  its  view  at  the  highest  point  on  the 

grounds,  shuffleboard,  ping  pong,  badminton,  vol­

leyball,  croquet  and  horseshoes.  Other  activities 

will  be  continuously  added  to  round-out  a  complete 

recreational  program. 

UTILIZA liON 

* 

Over  450  different  persons  participated  in  con­

ferences  conducted  at  Bromwoods 

year  of  operation.  At  least  50  of  these  persons  at­

tended  more  than  one  conference  at  the  new  center. 

Over  100  companies,  organizations  and  educational 

institutions  were  represented  in  this  group. 

can  be 

during  its  first 

• 

June  11, 

1966 

DOLi  Chemical 

Talk , 

June 

15,  1966 

1. 

The  importance  of  I2..�rson-to-personx  relationships. 

=  personalistic  approach,  vs.  the  impersonal,  formalistic 

= 

2.  Hho  makes  the  decisions? 

..:. 
- Asians  feel  that.  people  with  proper  authority  should  make  them; 

Americans  generally  believe  that  decisions  should  be  made  by 

the  people  affected  by  the  decisions. 

~

3. 

_Hierarchy? 

=  Asian  feel  that.  hierarchy  and  status  are  important  and  sho�ld  be 

formalized. 

=  Americans  tend  stress  equality  and  stress  informality. 

(First  name 

basis)  • 

• 

4.  Approach  to  problems: 

=  Asian  favor  an  emotional,  intuitive  approach. 
=  Americans  favor  a  logical,  resonable  consideration. 

5. 

6. 

Conflict  resoiliution  techniques. 

=  Asians  tend  to  feel  that  the  majority  viev7  should  someho\Ol  take  into 
conSideration  the  minority's  point  of  viev1,  even  though:.t  the 

minority  is  absolutely  wrong. 

i=  Americans  tend  to  put  things  to  a  vote  and  then  force  the  minority 

to  abide  by  the  majority  opinion. 

Attitudes  toward  the  future--planning. 

=  Asians  tend  to  dislike  planning  for  the  future;  rather  base  their 

action  on  past  experiences. 

=  Americans  like  to  engage  in  forecasts  and  plan  accordingly. 

7.  Cause  and  effect  relations • 

=  Asians  tend  to  place  gre�ter  stress  on  luck,  fate,  {nd  accident. 
=  Americans  tend  to  have  more  "rational"  reasons;  more  empirically 

based  reasons • 

• 

8.  Concepts  of  consistency 

=  Asians  tend  to  be  more  situationally  oriented. 
=  Americans  tend  to  assume  ±«  a  consistently  on  personal  behavior  an 

expect  others  to  be  consistent--log�cally  consistent. 

Conceots 

of  Soace 

9. 

• 

=  Asians  tend  to  restrict  their  notions  of  space  and  make  much  to 

about  their  physical  surroundings. 

=  Americans  tend  to  be  more 

II blind "  about  spatial  relations. 

10. 

Concepts 

of  time 

=  Asians  tend  to  favor  a  more  easy-going,  slow,  and 

delibera  8 

approach  to  life. 

=  Americans  are  impatient  in  Asian's  views--tooa  fast,  busy, 

anxious. 

�nd 

� �  /)cr>-� 

�-

�� 

�  �¥\- -

• 

• 

University  Drive 

232 
East  Lansing,  Miohigan 
June  16,  1966 

Mr.  Bob  Pittsley 
Dow  Chemical  Company 
2020  Building 
Midland,  Michigan 

Dear  Mr.  Pittsley: 

I  have  enjoyed  appearing  before  your  group  psterday. 
Orientation  class  seemed  to  be  very  alert  and  sensitive  to  cultural 
subtleties.  They  should  make  out  very  well  in  the  P acific  region. 

' This  Hong  Kong 

Below  is  my  statement. 

Sincerely  yours, 

Iwao  Ishino 
Professor  of  Anthropology 

Stat.e;ent -

For  professional  services 
( includes  transportation  expenses 

rendered  on 
and 

CONCEPTS  OF  TIME 

• 

xhxx~

:x::t:k:MH 

A. 

The  live  Dimensions  of  Time 

1. 

1\ppointment 

time. 

=  45  minutes  in  Latin  America  is  not  bad  and  one  should  not 
feel  insulted. 

2. 

3. 

Acouaintance 

time. 
is  l.,rilling  to  do  business  vIi th  you

(

. 

)

hov1  long  must  you  lmovJ  a  man  before  ')!l§.  he 

=  One  of  the  realities  of  a  Japanese  life  is  that  it  is  dangerous 
to  enter  into  business  vIi th  someone  over  �'Jhom  you  have  no  more 
than  fonnal,  legal  control. 

Visiting  time . 
lNhat  does  "Come  any time II  mean  to  an  Indian?

(

the  question  of  who  sets  the  time  for  a  visit: 

) 

4.  Discussion 

time. 

(

time  in  discussions.  This  is  a  necessary  part  of  the  talk

Much  of  the  business  preliminaries  involve  much 

. 

)

=  In  American  Qulture,  discussion  is  a  means  to  an  end:  the  deal. 
But  not  in  Latin  America.  Discussion  is  part  of  the  spice  of  life. 

• 

5.  Time  SChedules 

(

Hhen  deliveries  are  promised;  deadlines  are  set

) 

=  This  is  highly  flexible  in  the  Far  East.  Cite  examples  of 
getting  calling  cards  in  Okinawa. 

B.  Situational 

Analysi s 

1.  Be  sensitive  to  discussion  topics--abrJays  be  certain  of  the 

appropriateness  of  the  time  and  place  to  talk  about  business. 

2.  Remeber  the  situation  often  determines  'toJhat  is 

��bx 

appropriate. 

In  U.S.  business  talk  is 

3. 

all  situations  and  places,  even  at  church.  Not  so  elset"here. 

� 

appropriate  to  discuss  in  almost 

C. 

Space  Analysis 

1.  Standing  distance. 

2.  Behind  the"desk  position  is  poor  taste  in  Asia. 

D.  How  class  and  status  channels  communications. 

E.  Cross-cultural  ad just111ent  goes  both  ways . 

• 

H  0  N  G 

K  0  N  G 

ORIENTATION  FOR  OVERSEAS  LIVING 

JUNE  13  �  JUNE  15 
1966 

MIDLAND,  MICHIGAN 

• 

CORPORATE  EDUCATION  AND  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT 

THE  DOW  CHEMICAL  COMPANY 

• 

• 

,.

..

. ;t-

PACIFIC  AREA  PERSONNEL 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  J.  H.  Ashley 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  v.  H.  Buc�ley 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  M.  J ..  Burvett 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  B.  G.  Etheridge 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  R.  F.  Gettings 

Mr. 

J.  w.  Harris 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  A.  Lo  Johnson 

Mr. 

and  Mrs.  R.  w.  Lundeen 

Mr. 

and  Mrse  P.  J.  Meeks 

Mr. 

G.  H.  pitts 

Mr • 

and  Mrs.  J.  P.  Strouss 

• 

 
·.  � 

• 

HONG  KONG  ORIENTATION  PROGRAM 

MIDLAND,  MICHIGAN  - JUNE  13-15 ,  1966 

MONDAY, 

JUNE  13 

Murphy's 

Restaurant 

6;3 0  -

8:00  p. m. 

Cocktails  and  Dinner 

8:00  -

9:30  p. m. 

Speaker 

Laurence  J.  Tay lor 

Hillsdale  College 

TUESDAY, 

JUNE  14 

Midland  Country  Club 
Sunnyside 

Room 

8:3 0  -

8:45  a. m. 

Opening  Remarks 

Robert  W.  Lundeen 

8:45 ·- 10:00  a. m. 

An  Overview  of  the  Far  East 

Dr.  Paul  P.  Chien 

Today 

Chairman,  Banking  & 

Finance  Department 

Northwood  Institute 

10:00  - 10:15  a. m. 

COFFEE  BREAK 

10:15  - 1 1:45  a. m. 

Hong  Kong  Climate  and  Customs 

Dr.  Kwan  Wai  So 

Associate  Professor 

of  History 

Michigan  State  Univ. 

12:00  -

1:00  p. m. 

BUFFET  LUNCH 
Dining 

Room  Annex 

1:30  -

3 :00  p. m. 

U. S.  Foreign  policy  -

Paul  Varg 

Far  E astern  Countries 

Dean  of  College  of 

Arts  and  Letters 

Michigan  State  Univ. 

3 :00  -

3 :15  p.m. 

COFFEE  BREAK 

3 :15  -

4:45  p. m. 

Common  Languages  of  the  Far 

Dr.  Kwan  Wai  So 

East  and  Problems  of 

Associate  Professor 

Communication 

Michigan  State  Univ. 

6:30  -

8:00  p. m . 

• 

Cocktails  and  Dinner 

Left  Annex 

-

8:00  -

9:3 0  p. m. 

Day  to  Day  Impact  of  Foreign 

Ronald  L.  Beckett 

Experience  on  Dow  People 

Carole  Beckett 

-- Panel  Discussion 

Lee  Vis.ger 

Betty  Lundeen 

· 

.. 

.  .... 

HONG  KONG  ORIENTATION  PROGRAM 

cont. 

(

) 

WEDNESDAY, 

JUNE  15 

Midland  Country  Club 
Sunnyside  - -
Room 

8:30  - 10:00  a. m. 

Dow  Foreign  Policy 

Manual 

Richard  F.  Gettings 

10:00  - 10:15  a. m. 

COFFEE  BREAK 

10:15  - 11:45  a.m. 

Problems  of  Doing 

Business 

in 

Dr.  Iwao  Ishino 

the  Far  East 

Associate  Professor 

12:00  -

1:15  p.m. 

BUFFET  LUNCH 
Dining  __  -~  
Room  Annex 

Department  of 

Anthropology 

Michigan  State  Univ. 

G.  Robert  Baker 

1:30  -

3 :00  p. m. 

Social  and  Religious  values 

Dr.  Iwao  Ishino 

Far  Eastern  Countries 

Associate  Professor 

Department  of 

Anthropology 

Michigan  State  Univ. 

3 :00  -

3 :15  p.m. 

COFFEE  BREAK 

3 :15  -

4:45  p.m. 

Communist  China  - Power  in 

Dr.  Paul  P.  Chien 

the  Far  East 

Chairman,  Banking  & 

Finance  Department 

Northwood  Institute 

,� 

Co;•j l:11ee;gee ___________ ..Jl:.!e~n,!S!Ji "t!:95L,.J.H!!f.£c!!h!f i9•!!!.n 
MICHIGAN  STATE  UNIVERSITV  - East 

of  Natural  Science  - Office  of  the  Dean 

TO: 

FROM: 

Staff  of  the  Natural  Science  Seminars,  Fall  1966 

B.  T.  Sandefur,  Coordinator  for  Continuing  Education,  103  Natural 
Science  Building,  Phone: 

5- 17 15 

SUBJECT:  Outline  and  Bibliography 

Again,  allow  me  to  thank  you  for  the  cooperation  given  the  Continuing  Education 
phase  of  the  College  of  Natural  Science  in  arranging  an  excellent  se�lnar  pro­
gram  for  the  teache�s  of  science  in  Michigan. 

t  realize  that  you  must  sacrifice 
some  valuable  time  on  your  week-ends  but  I  do  want  you  to  know  that  the  Adminis­

tration,  the  Continuing  Education  Servlce,and  especially  the  College  of  Natural 
Science  appreciates  your  efforts  and  it  is  my  hope  that  the  experience  will  be 
a  rewarding  one  and  I  assure  you  your  efforts  are  deeply  appreciated. 

You  will  note  on  the  brochure  mailed  to  the  science  teachers  the  statement  is 
made  that  each  lecturer  will  prepare  a  short  outline  and  bibliography  for  his 
lecture.  I  do  not  wish  this  to  be  a  major  chore  for  you,  but  Is  it  possible  to 
look  over  your  old  outline  (if  you  are  an  oldtlmer  In  the  program)  and  see  If  It 
will  surflce  for  your  lecture  this  Fall.  If  so,  all  we  would  ask  you  to  do  Is 
let  us  know  if  It  Is  okay. 

If  you  are  new  to  the  program  and  would  wish  more  Information  please  give  us  a 
ring  and  we  will  try  to  clear  matters  for  you.  Enclosed  Is  a  sample  outline  that 
you  may  use  as  a  model,  but  keep  In  mind  all  of  these  things  are  personal  and  no 
one  will  pre�  re  an  outline  exactly  as  the  other  person  would.  In  addition  do 
think  It  would  be  possible  for  you  to  submit  to  me  several  topics,  articles,  or 
books  that  you  think  might  make  Interesting  reading  matter  for  the  participants. 

you 

Please  do  not  make  this  a  lengthly  list  but  if  you  could  send  a  few  titles.  even 

if  they  were  in  pencil  form,  we  will  take  the  responsibility  of  mimeographing  the 
materia 1. 

It  seems  that  the  teachers  at  this  level  rely  heavily  on  handouts  from  their 
instructors  and  are  somewhat  lost  without  these  assists.  It  should  not  be  diff­
icult  for  you  to  take  the  enclosed  blank  model,  pencil  In  a  few  topics  that  you 
wish  to  discuss,  and  our  office  will  mimeograph  the  sheets  so  that  each  participant 
may  have  at  least  a  rough  outline  of  what  you  wish  to  discuss. 
I  don't  think  we 
should  expect  them  to  take  voluminous  notes,  but  your  organization  will  be  most 
Importa�t  to  them. 

If  each  speaker  presents  an  outline  and  a  short 

it  will  make  a  nice  package  for  the  entire  seminar.  In  earlier  seminars  this 
procedure  has  prompted  many  favorable  comments  from  the  participants. 

bibliography 

Please  call  if  you  have  questions  on  any  matter  relative  to 

part  in 

your 
direction  maps,  lunch  facilitIes, 

the  pro­

gram. 

Further  informat'lon 

times,  etc. 

follow.  I.e. 

will 

Thank 

you 

50  much. 

September  23.  1966 

Jv 

MICHIGAN  STATE  UNIVERSITY  EAST  LANSING 

DEPAR�MENT  OF  SOCIOLOGY  AND  ANTHROPOLOGY 

The  following  Is  an  outline  for  my  part  of  the  1966-67  Natural  Science 
Seminars: 
and  human  prehistory) 

.  (Charles  Cleland  Is  taking  up  the  problem  of  man's  origin 

A.

The  contemporary scene  regarding  man: 

1.

'81010glc�1  diversity  (human  races) 

2. 

Cultural drverslty  (e.g ••  prlmtlves  'Is. 

clvI 1 12  d) 

B. 

Consequences  of  this  cultural  diversity: 

I,. 

Dlfferencei  in  popu, atfon  sIze;  population  growth 

'2. 

4. 

5. 

Differences  In  disease  'rate  and  life  expectancies 

Differences  In  literarcy  rates 

DIfferences  In  control  over  I  natural  relources  (e.g • •  

lower  per  capita  energy use) 

Differences  In  techno,logy 

ContempOra-ryattempts  to  close  the  culture  gap  existing 

mankind" 

--~ ,.~,.,. ..... , ... 
; , ,  ~ - " ) 
lwao  I-sh I no 
Professor  of  Anthropology 

November  7.  1966 

I 

l I 

/ 

__,, 

.. 

,-

CONFERENCE  ON  THE  ANTHROPOLOGY 

OF  COMPLEX  SOCIETIES 

Br�ds  Conference  Center 
Washington  University 
St.  louis,  Missouri  63130 
Janua�  20,  21.  22  (1966) 

Sporsored  by  Department  of  Sociology-Anthropology 
Cam.ittee  on  Conference: 

John  W.  Bennett 
Morris  Fre1  Itch 
Jules  Henry 

Alvin  Wolfe 

!!r.! 

t ef p  nt 

whose 

p@pe rs 

wi 11  be 

dfstri ... 

buted 

prior 

to  the  Conference: 

Richard  No  Admnsc  university  of  Texas,  I�e  Methodology  of  Hodel  Construction 

In  Complex  Cultures:  The  Power  Sy5t�' 

John  Wo  8ennettl9  W  shington  University!)  ''Complext ty  as  a  Function  of  M'erocoHl­

a 

Macrocosm  Relattonships" 

Leo  Despres .  Western  Reserve  Unlver5ity� 

I�  Plural  Soc i ety  In  theoretical 
Perspectl ve" 

Morris  Frell'eh�  Washington  UnlversitYlt  IlAnthropologlcal  Perspectives  for' 

Research  In  Ca.plex  Socleties" 

Harold  Gould�  University  of  Pittsburgh8  "Satyagraha  fn  India  and  Non-Violence  In 

the  American  South:  A  Case  of  Cross­
Cu ltufa 1  Adaptat I on II 

Jules  Henry II  W;eshiftgton  UniversitYat  "A  Theory  for  an  Anthr'opologlcal  Analysis 

of  Amerlcaft  Culture" 

8woo  Ishlno.  Mic:hlgan  State  University. 

''The  I nc re asing  Understanding  of  Japan" 

Arthur  Vfdtch�  New  School  of  Soclsl  Research�  "Political  Psychology  and  SocIal 

Changetl 

Othq~  p  nt 

f c' 

• 

David  80  Carpenter 

Gnlin 

John 
Jcaes  Jaquith 
Joseph  A 0  Kah 1 
James  ODConnor 
Lee  Ra I nwater' 
George  T.lbot 
Charles  Valentine 
Albert  Fo  Wessen 
Norman  Eo  Wh i tten 
Al vi n  W.  Wolfe 

Co  Fred  Blake 
Co  Stanley  Jones 
Seena  Kohl 
Marilyn  Merritt 
Coleman  Romal is 
Carol  Talbert 
Charles  ThOlles 

liB�(�,"rl,j;�L, 

,Jtl:!" tW,uy 

;20  ""  An'ftvrat  iliIt  $t,  L,oll.d;;;,  «k'lf,i;ig'�l  ,;fftt!'n�O(;)irl1,:  transportation 
��!i  I  �  b�  fllH""�ij�hed  to  �Jr(ymwK,)7�\O(!�;  C.(j.��fei"<i!r."M'':;';<'  C:';'1tI!; r" 
�I�;i�  VO"  )�oto{' 
JS'�':1\  m�t<,:  r:;d'll'�  to 

�1-!:f.:,i\ltl,�  �dL�'  r.n 

,�'(qf""";oo'd,, 

l;};J(1 

';';f'�d 

t"q' 

", 

30 

,< 

C' 

30 

J 

:H1 

Ot'Ja'11:!,;jtt�O';'1;.!f  ��1�!dl>:1.  J£t  �i��:h  forll'lj.t:t  for 
discuslion  wl�5  be  d�cHded, 

9:00  A  H,  �  Session 

10  00  A J'L  ~- Coff ~:e  hrtc,~!k 

) 1.  00  Nool71 

"·'  Lll-0ti11:he~!fl, 

J·OO  P  ~. 

u  Coff~e  break 

J:30  P.M,  •  1e~~lon 

4, }0  ?.M.  ,-.  Adjf'.,(yf'2:1.1~tmt  ,;,f  Aftetii11'-(:•·1  '.Sif•i~sa,-:,11; 

6  00  P  x,  �  Dinner 

1·  •oo  r, M.  ~. 

1l fllfo-r-n.il ~  n ~ ~o~c§". o (.';"' 

~: ,o  r. ""· 

~  S~ll'idwkJllC~ 

.:,ltr11d  f'.r:Jff ee 

$.at.11Jrd~y.,  J.11~u,ar-y  12  '"  8~00  JLtt  ~  8fec1t1'.f.ast 

9:00  A.M 

- Ses!ioi, 

10~00  A ,N,  ~  toffe~  bne.,ilii., 

10.]0  A,M.  - S�5�50" 

i l. ; 00  Nootl  ~  ll!Jlt1t-hec. 1r; 

,  00  p,, N.  =  Adj 1.."l\1Jn:mrieg~t  r.:if  c,.,t1f eire11(.1i 

i  0

Jamta.ry  14 � 

1966 

$  cUll  enc. i os i 119  a  ta�  eXefl'lpt ion  cert � f l C1!r�e  Nh i ch  we  wou 1 d  Ciilpp�·ee i ate 
Ild  you  elso  "le.-ass  semi 
-sccudty  !1  -mba,.?  0  I"  bt!slness  o-j=f .ce  i·eqllh�e5  this  hefore 

your  tJsing  S 
me  'lOt  f'  sod 
they  5$s�e  s\:'\!I�:md  eh�cf!S(!  and  if  tl/,e  i  a\f(�  your  5Gcial  seclIdty  number  anead 
of  time!,  t'1�S  tdH  fad Htate  matte�·s. 

'iOLl  obtain  your  a� d  inc  Ucket.. 

u  , 

AWW: ib 

J 

�  i

nternal  Revenue  Service 
(TD  6344,  December  1958) 

(For  use  by  or  on  behalf  of  a  nonprofit  educational  organization  exempt  from  the  tax 

on  the  transportation  of  persons.) 

EXEMPTION  CERTIFICATE 

Place  of  issue  of  ticket  (s) 

Ticket  Form  No.(s) 

Ticket  No.(s) 

(To  be  filled  in  by  agent  of  carrier  issuing  ticket.)' 

19 

For 

From 

(Transportation  - seat,berth  or  stateroom) 

The  undersigned  hereby  certifies  that  he  is 

(Title  or  capacity) 

of 

Washington  University; 

that  he  is  authorized  to  execute  this  certificate;  and 

that  the  transportation  furnished  or  to  be  furnished  to  the  organization  by 

will  be  paid  for  from  funas  of  the 

organization  and  is  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  organization  in  the  educational 

activities  which  qualify  it  for  exemption  from  tax  under  section  4294  of  the 

Internal  Revenue  Code. 

The  organization  claiming  exemption  under  this  certificate  has  received  a 

determination  letter  (or  ruling)  from  the  Internal  Revenue  Service  holding  the 

organization  to  be  exempt  from  income  tax  as  an  organization  described  in 

Section  501  (c)  (3)  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Code  (or  has  received  such  determination 

letter  (or  ruling),  under  the  corresponding  provisions  of  prior  revenue  laws.)  The 

date  of  such  determination  letter  (or  ruling)  is 

January  3 
ation  letter  (or  ruling)  has  not  been  withdrawn  or  revoked� 

1952  and  such'determin­

The  exempt  organization  normally  maintains  a  regular  faculty  and  curriculum  and 

normally'has  a  regularly  enrolled  body  of  pupils  or  students  in  attendance  at  the 

place  where  its  educational  activities  are  regularly  carried  on. 

The  undersigned  understands  that  the  fraudulent  use  of  this  certificate  for  the 

purpose  of  securing  this  exemption  will  subject  him  and  all  guilty  parties  to  a  fine 

of  not'more  than  $10,000;  or  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  five  years,  or  both, 

together  with  costs  of  prosecution. 

AJB:sf 

3-25-59 

(Signature  of  Authorized  Individual) 

(Address) 

, 

( 

lsi-

,.,.,Al 

PATERNAL I SMS 

I N   JAPAN E S E   I N DUS TRY 

By 

I wao  I s hino 

Con sonant  wit h   t he  rece n t   gains  Japan  h a s   made  in  wo r l d   t r ade  a n d  

inte r n a tion a l  r e l a tion s ,  t he re  ha s  bee n  a  noticea b l e   t re n d   towa r d   l a r ge r  

f a c t o r y   s y s tems  a n d   towa r d   mo r e   b u reauc r a tic  p a t t e r n   o f   h uman  re l a tion s  

i n   he r  e conomic  s e c t o r. 

By  t h e   s ame  toke n ,  t he re  h a s   bee n  a  t e ndency  for 

t he  fami l y  sys tem  to  p l ay a  sma l l e r   r o l e  in  t he  e conomic  I ife  of  Japan 
and  for  i t s   f unc tion s  to  be  conce n t r a t e d   in  exp r e s s ive  a n d   l eis u re  time 

p u r s uit s . 

Neve r t he l e s s ,  t he� is  s ti l l  a  con side rab l e   zone  of  inte rpene-

t r a tion  whe re  t he  f ami l y  a n d   t he  f a c t o ry  s y s tems  conve r ge. 

r e fe r  to 

t his  zone  o f   irlte rpene t ra tion  bec a u s e   it  f u rnishes  t he  b road  bounda rie s 

by  which  t he  conce p t   of  " p a t e r n a l ism"  is  t o   b e   examined  in  t his  p a pe r .  

Pate r n a l is m ,   in  t hi s   view ,  i s   a  p a t te r n   of  o r ganiza tion  in  which  e lem e n t s  

o f   t he  f ami l y  s y s tem  a re  uti l ized  t o   s t r u c t u r e   h uma n  re l a t ions  eit he r 

wit hin  a  s in g l e   indu s t ria l  firm  o r   be tween  two  o r   mo re  nomina l l y  inde­

pende n t   o r ga niza tion s .  

I n   o u r   s u r vey  of  Japanese  p a t e r na l ism  fou r  types 

appe a r   as  t he  domina n t   forms  a n d   it  is  ou r  p u r pose  t o   d e s c ribe  each  of 

t hem  he re . 

A.  TY PES  O F   PATERNAL I SM 

Dome s tic 

Enterprise. 

The  mos t   obvio u s   kind  of  p a te r na l  ism  is  found 

in  a n   e conomic  s t r uc t u re  in  which  a l l  o r   a l mo s t   a l l  wo r ke r s   a re  membe r s  

o f   a  sin g l e   fami l y  unit . 

I n   e n t e r p ri s e s   of  t his  kin d  t he  occupa tion a l 

and  t he  kin s hip  r o l e s  become  s o   inte r twined  t ha t   it  is  diffic u l t  to  s e ­

p a r a te 

s t r a n d s . 

Loya l t y  to  the  unit ,  iden tification  with  the 

fami l y   o r ganiza tion ,  a n d   tot a l   commitme n t   t o   t he  ente r p rise  re s u l t s  f rom 

t he  f u s ion  of  ins t r umen t a l  a n d   exp re s sive  r o l e s   of  t he  wor k   f o r ce. 

I n   e n t e rp ri s e s   of  t hi s   kind  ma ny  p rovisions  of  t he  n a tiona l 

l a bor 

s t anda r d s   l aw  do  not  app l y   a n d   fami l y  wo r ke r s   may  p ut  in  l on ge r   ho u r s   of 

wo r k   a n d   labor  unde r  poo r e r   wo r king  conditions  t h a n   t hei r  coun te r pa r t s   do 

in  l a r g e r   f a c to rie s  or  b u sine s s e s . 

On  t he  othe r  hand ,  t he re  a re  compe n s a ting 

facto r s   which  ma ke s  g reate r  f l exibi l ity  in  t he  wo r k   sched u l e   a n d   in  t he 

d ai l y  r outine . 

F u r t he rmo re  a s   a 

l on g - r a n ge  conside r a t ion ,  t he  capit a l   gain s 

t h a t   may  acc r ue  f r om  t hi s   joint  e f f o r t   a re  s e e n   a s   a  t a n gib l e   cont ribut i on 

towa r d   t he  we l f a re  of  t he  f am i l yJ s   nex t  gene ra t i on .   He nce  t he  t i me  pe r ­

( 

s pec tive  o f   fam i l y  wo r ke r s   a re  n o t   gene r a l l y  l imit e d   t o   t heir  i mmedia te 

situa tion  b u t   t owa rd  t he  f u t u re . 

The  J apanese  f a r me r   who  today  p l a n t s  

t rees  unde r s t a ndin g  f u l l y   t h a t   his  son ,  not  he ,  wou l d   reap  t he  ha r ve s t ,  

ho l ds s uch  a n   e x t e nded  t i me  pe r s pect i ve .  

Pat ron-C l  i e n t   Re l a tion s .  A  s e cond  type  of  p a t e r n a l  i sm 

i s   t he  p a t r o n ­

c l ie n t   sys tem . 

I n   t h i s   type  t he  f u s i on  of  t he 

i n s t r ume n t a l  a n d   exp r e s s i ve 

ro l e s  doe s   not  a pp l y   t o   t he  e n t i re  o r ga n i za t i on a l   unit ,  b u t   to  pa i red 

i ndiv i d ua l s .   The 

i nd i v i d ua l s  so  1 i n ked 

i n  t h i s  p a t ron-c l ie n t   s y s tem  a re 

a r r a n ged  i n   a  h i e r a rchica l  s t a t u s   re l a tion s h i p .  

I n   t he  t r a d i t i on a l   case ,  a n   app re n t i ce ,   l e t  u s   s ay 

i n   t he  s i l k  

wea v i ng  b u s i ne s s ,  may  se rve  in  t he  ma s t e rc\·s  dome s t i c  ..  e n te r p rise  f o r   a 

n umbe r  of  yea r s   w i t h   l ow

'P�'1 
" 
e stab l ish�  h i s   own  s hop. 

to  l ea r n  a  t rade . 

H i s   rewa r d   come s  whe n   he  C' CVvv 

B u t   s uch  s hop s  do  not  become  a  s ucce s s   u n l e s s  

h i s   p'at ron ,  t he  ma s t e r  c ra f t s ma n ,  p rovid e s   t he  nece s s a ry  f i na n c i a l   and 

J:,;..".

.J.s  D p-

o t he r  s uppo r t . 

A 
A'fl&t-Rei:= 

l on ge r   i mp o r t a n t   b ut 
a t   t he  be g i nn i n g  of  t he  mod e r niza t i on  p e r i od ,  t h i s   type  l ed  t o   t he  g re a t  

form-o-f iiatron-cl ient  re la ti ons  is  n6 

"' 

. 

t.¥..  (A~~~ 

• 

p ro l  ife r a t i on  o f   t radin g  compa n i e s  one  fin d s  

i n   Jap a n   today .  The se  t r a d i n g 

compan i e s   began  a s   f i na nc i e r s   t o   d i f f e r e n t   s e t s   of  househo l d 

i nd u s t rie s . 

They  l oaned  t h e s e   t i ny  faco t r i e s  s u f f i cie n t   f un d s   to  p u r c h a s e   r aw  ma te r i a l s  

and  p rod uc t i on  e q uipme n t   and  t hey  p rovided  technica l  a d vice  a nd  ma r ke tin g 

informa t i on .   P a t ronage  of  t h i s   s o r t   h a s   pa i d   off  fo r  many  o f   the  na t i on ­

w i de  g i a n t   t r ad i n g  compa n i e s   wh i ch  have  now  dive r s i f i e d   in to  a  w i de  r a n ge 

of 

i nd u s t rie s   a n d   have  ne a r   monop o l  i s t i c   con t ro l   ove r  t h e   d i s t ribut i on  o f  

many  d i f f e r e n t   commoditie s .  

I n   s ome 

i n s t a nces ,  t he  c l  ie nt  f i rms  have  o u t -

g r own  t he i r  p a t ron  t r ad i n g  comp anies  and  t he refore  conce i va b l y   co� l d   exe rc i se 

i ndepe nde n t   a c t i on  fo r  ob t a i n i n g  raw  ma t e r ia l s  a n d   f o r   a r r a n g i n g  for  t he i r 

own  sys tem  of  d i s t r i b ut i on  f o r   t he i r  p rod uc t s . 

Howeve r ,   beca u s e   of  s e n t i -

men t s   r e ga r d i n g  t he  forme r   p a t ron-c l  i en t   t i e s ,  t h e s e   c l  i e n t s   f i rms  fee l 

con s t r a i ned  t o   channe l  t he i r   b u s i ne s s   t h rough  t he  o l d  s y s tem .  The se 

i n s t ance s  a re ,  howeve r ,  beco min g   r a re  as  fo reign  b u s i ne s se s   e n te r  t he 

dome s tic  ma r ke t   and  a s   new  i nd u s t r i e s  s u c h   a s   those  i n   chem i ca l s ,   e l e c t r on i c s ,  

a nd  op t i c s  d e ve l op .  

_Qyabun-Kobun  Type. 

The  t hi r d   type ,  the 

Oyabun-kobun, 

is  a  hyb r i d  

g roup  i n  t h e  s e n s e   t ha t   i t   comb i ne s   o r ganiza t i ona l  fe a t u re s   of  both  t he 

k i n   g roup  a n d   t hose  of  nen-k-- Hfsme n . 

" 

\,; 

( .. : ' :.,' 

I 

: t l

  " 

That  i s ,   t h i s  hyb r i d   type  b r i n g s  

.. . 

( 

( 

t o ge t he r   a s   a  p rod uc tive  wo r k   unit  u n r e l a t e d   pe r sons  who  ope r a te  to­
ge t he r  �  if 
a p p rop ria t e   rit ua l  a nd  by  mu t ua l   ob l iga tion s  a n a l ogous  t o   t he  rea l 

t hey  we re  r e l ated .  The  my t h   of  kin s hip  is  rein fo r ce d   by 

f am i l y   sit ua tion . 

I mmedia te l y   a f t e r  Wo r l d   Wa r 

I

I   ( 1 945 - 5 0 )   t he s e   s e t s   we r e   found  among 

va r i o u s   kin d s   of  c a s ua l 

l ab o r   g r oup s  in  t ra n spo r t a tion  and  cons t r u c t i on 

i nd us t r i es .  They  we r e   a l so  found  amo n g   s t r e e t   s t a l l  ope r a t o r s  and 

r acl<e tee rin g  syndic a te s . 

(See  Benne t t   and 

I s hino , 

1 96 3 ) . 

I t   is  not  known  how  much  of  t h i s   type  of  p a te r na l ism  s u rv i ve s   i n  

p re s e n t   day  Japan ,  b u t   it  p robab l y   is  not  significan t .  The  rise  of  t he 

l a b o r   u nion s ,   the  inc r e a s e   in  t h e   s t anda r d   of 

l ivin g ,   a n d   t he  imp rove ­

me n t   o f   p ub l i c   we l f a re  cont r i b u ted  towa rd  t he  demise  of  t he  s y s tem . 

Manager i a 1 

Pa t e r n a l i s m .   The  f i na l   t ype  to  be  con side r e d   he re  i s  

wh a t   i s   known  a s   ma n a ge r i a l   p a te r na l ism .  The  major  fea t u re s   of  t his 
:fh. wne~ 

s y � tem  wa s  e l oquent l y   de l ineated  b y   Jame s  Abegg l e n  in 
vey

1 9   l a r ge  f a c t o r ie s   and  3 4   sma l l  firms .  The se  fe a t u r e s   can  b e   s um­

1 95 8  

s u r -

� 

ma rized  as  fo l l ows : 

Fi r s t ,   t he  r e l a tion s h i p   be tween  l abo r  a n d   managemen t  is  based  on 

l oya l t y   and  mu t ua l  ob I i g a t i on s .  Re g u l a r  emp l oyee s  a re  r e c r uited  t h rough 

we l l -e s t a b l  ished  pe r sona l  a n d   in s t i t ut i on a l  connec tion s  t he  f i rm  may  have 

wit h   va rio u s   s choo l s  a n d   col l e ge s . 

Once  r ec r u i te d ,  wo r ke r s   have  a 

l ife­

t i me  commitme n t   t o   t he  f i r m   ( s h us h in 

kyose i) • 

Mana geme n t   r e s ponds 

t o  

l ab o r   wit h   t he  teiin se i  t e n u re  s y s t e m ,   whe r e by ,  desp i te  t he  f l uc t ua tion s 

o f   t he  b u sine s s   cyc l e ,   wo r ke r s   a re  maintained  on  t he  emp l oyme n t   r o l l s .  
This  formu l a   pe rm i t s   emp l oye�s  t o   be  f ree  of  re s pons i bi l ity  w I t h   r e s p e c t  
t o   non - te n u red  o r   tempo r a ry  wo r ke r s .  This  c a t a go r y   c a n   be  r e l ea sed  d u r i n g 

s l ac k   pe riod s  wit h   imp u nity . 

Mana geme n t   a l s o  reinfo r ce s   t he 

l oya l ty  p r in c i p l e   by  i t s   f un c t i ona l l y ­

dif f u s e   wa ge  s y s tem ,  which  h a s   a  s l iding  s ca l e   of  payme n t   f o r   s uch  pa r ticu l a r ­

i s tic  r e a s o n s   a s   t h e   n umbe r  o f   depende n t s   a n   emp l oyee  h a s ,  h i s   t r a ve l   time 

f rom  home ,  and  his  need  fo r  rec rea tion .  The  d i s b u r seme n t   of  s e a s on a l 

b o n u s e s   a n d   t he  r a t he r  co s t l y   r e t i reme n t   a l l owan ce s  f o r   l on g - t e r m   emp l oyee s  

f u r t he r   s up po r t   t he  p a te r na l is t i c   ideo l ogy . 

S econd ,  t h i s   gene ra l   p a t te r n   of  l oya l ty  a n d   1  i fe t i me  commitme n t   i n  

in d u� t ry  is  seen  by  Abe g g l e n  a s   a  ref l ec tion  of  t he  mo r e   socie t y-w i de 

ideo l ogy  of  " f ami l ism"  a n d   hence  rooted  i n   Japane se  t rad i t i on s .  The  p a t t e r n  

o f   r e l a tion s h i p   gove r n i n g  manageme n t   a n d   wo r ke r   i s   seen  not  a s   a n   i so l a t e d  

i n s t ance ,  b u t   a n   i n t e g r a l  

of  Japanese  c u l t u re .   Those  of  u s   wh o 

( 

h ave  read  R u t h   Be ned i c t ' s  c l a s s i c   ana l y s i s   o f   Japane se  c u l t u re 

(Chrysanthemem 

and  t he  Swo r d )   a re  ea s i l y   con v i nced  of  t he  va l i d i ty  of 

Abeg g l e n ' s   conce p t ua l i za t i on  of  t he  Japanese  f a c t o r y   s y s tem . 

I t   i s   d i ff i c u l t  to  s t a t e   p re c i s� l y   how  p e r va � i ve  t h i s  s y s t em  i s   i n  

... 

t he  tot-a 1  p i c t u re  of

"

found,  " ma n a ge r i a l  p a te r na l i �m"  t o   be  a  common  t he me 

'Ja,pa n   i nd u s t r i a l   f i rms ,  b u t   a s   noted  before ,  � g l en 
1 9   l a r g� 

i n   a l l  of  t he 

a n d   34  s ma l l  e s t ab l i s hme n t s   he  v i s i te d . 

O t h e r   ob s e r ve r s   conf i rm  Abegg l en ' s   conc l us i on s . 

Fo r  examp l e , 

P e te r  F .  , f).r..t.l�� 
e s e   f i rms ,  has  t h i s   to  s ay  a b o u t   pate r n a l  i sm  and 

( 1 96 1 :  68) ,  an  Ame r i ca n   ma n a geme n t   cons u l t a n t   to  Japan-

i t s  d i s t i nct i ve  fea t u r e s : 

, �   ma n  doe s  not 
i n t o   a  c l an :   once  o n   a  payro l l ,   a l wa y s   on  t he  pay ro l l 

' ge t   a  j ob '   i n   Japa n . 

He 

i s ,   s o   to  spe a k ,  adop ted 

.

•

.

 Wage 

a n d   s a l a ry 

•

.

 a re  a n   i n s t a l l me n t   on  a 

l i fe t i me  con t r act  of  mut ua l 

l oya l t y ,   not  payme n t   f o r   wo r k   done .  Th i s   make s  sen i o r i ty ,   r a t he r  

t h a n   s k i l l   o r   accomp l i s hme n t ,  t he  b a s i s   f o r   wa ge  l eve l s ,   a n d   r a i s e s  

t he  ove r head  i n   o l d e r  compa n i e s   •

.

•

 Bec a u s e   t he 

l i fe t i me  r e l a t i on ­

s h i p   be tween  t he  emp l oye r  a n d   t he  emp l oyee 

i s   cons i de red  a  f a m i l y  

( 

t i e ,   t he  emp l oyee  a l s o  p a r t i c i pa t e s   i n   t he  e a r n i n g s   of  t he  e n t e r ­

p r i s e ,  ove r  a n d   above  t he  emp l oye r ' s   f a i r   s ha re . 

Hence --mo s t   con­

f us i n g  to  a  fore i gne r - - t he  bonus  sys tem .  Ac t ua l l y   peop l e   do  not 

g e t   twe l ve  mon th l y   s a l a r i e s : 

t hey  ge t  be twe e n   f i f teen  and  t we n t y ­

fo u r   acco r d i ng  to  t he  s i ze  of  the  sem i - a n n u a l   bonus . "  

B .   CAS E  EXAMPL E :   THE  MOTONO  COMPANY , 

The  forego i n g  va r i e t i e s   of  p a te r na l i s m  o f t e n   1  i nk  toge t he r 

i n  

i n te r e s t i n g  ways . 

One  conc r e t e   case ,  t he  Mo tono  Compa ny , 

i l l u s t r a t e s  

t h i s   po i n t .  

I t  wa s  s t ud i ed  b y   L awrence  O l son  i n   1 964 . 

The  Motono  Company  p rod uces  a  va r i e ty  of  spec i a l i ze d   mac h i ne s  

f o r   t he  t ex t i, l e   sp i n n i n g  a n d   wea v i ng 

i nd us t r y .  

I n   1 963 , 

i t   s o l d   s ome 

$ 6 78 , 0 0 0   of  mach i ne s ,  80  pe r  c e n t   of  wh i ch  we re  so l d   i n   t he  d ome s t i c  

,-" 
--" 

ma r ke t   a n d   t he  rema i nde r  ove r s e a s .  To  p r od uce  t h i s   q ua n t i ty ,   i t   h a s   a 

wo r k s hop  s ta f f   of  on l y   96  e mp l oyees  b u t   a n   o f f i ce  s t a f f   of  5 2 .  The  ex­

p l a n a t i on  of  t h i s   l ow  r a t i o  of  s hop  to  off i ce  wo r ke r s   i s   found  i n   t he 

company ' s   re l a t i on s   w i t h 

i t s  3 5   s ubcon t r a c t i n g  f i rms . 

The  Motono  Comp any  i s   a  j o i n t  s tock  company  w i t h   Motono  a n d   membe r s  

o f   h i s   extended  fam i l y   own i n g  t he  con t ro l  1  i n g  s ha re .   H i s  f a t he r   s t a r te d  

i n  t h i s   b u s i ne s s   i n   1 905  a s   a  dome s t i c   e n t e rp r i se .  

( 

When  Motono  wa s  about  1 0   yea r s   o l d ,   h i s   fath�r  d i e d   and  t he  ma nage ­

)  •  I 
~

•· 1i•G0 

by  t he  name  of 

me n t   of  t h i s   s hop  wa s  t u r ned  ove r  to  a  t r us te d  

Ha r a .  Th i s   took  p l ace 

i n   1 9 1 9 .  

Motono  wa s  ready  t o   t a ke  on  b us i ne s s   r e s pon s i b i l  i t i e s 

i n   1 94 1   b ut 

i ns tead  of  t a k i n g  ove r  t he  ma nageme n t   of  t he  s hop  r un  by  Ha r a ,  Motono 

e s t a b l i s he d   an 

i ndepe n d e n t   f i rm  next  doo r  to  H a r a ' s   s hop .  Motono  t he n  

became 

a  p a t ron  of  Ha r a ' s   a n d   t he 

l a t t e r ' s   s hop  con t i n ue d   t o  

p rov i de  t he  n ut s ,   b o l t s ,  and  o t he r  p a r t s   re q u i red  t he  p a t ron l s   f i rm .  

Th r o ughout  Wo r l d   Wa r 

1  I ,   Motono ' s   company  p rospe red  w i t h   i t s  s upp l y  

of  a i rp l ane  pa r t s   for  t he  navy ,  b u t   Ha ra ' s   s hop  con t i n ued  a s   a  sma l l ,  

s ubord i n a t e  

{\ 

\ 

�. 

I n  1 9 5 7 ,   Ha ra  d i e d   Motono ' s   s u b se q u e n t   act i on  wa s 

o,ml...

.. 

" 

mos t   revea l  i ng .  

He  c l osed  down  t he  s h op  h i s   f a t he r  had  e s t a b l  i s hed  and 

he  came  t o   r e ga r d   h i s   ob I  i ga t i on s   to  Hara  cance l l ed  w i t h   t he 

l a t te r ' s  

deat h .   The  on l y   rema i n Un g   ma t te r   wa s  to  t a ke  c a re  of  t h e   l on g t e rm 

emp l oye e s   who  wo r ke d   unde r  Ha r a . 

The s e   wo r ke r s   we re  g rouped  a l on g   w i t h  

some  of  t he  t r u s te d   emp l oye e s   i n   h i s   own  s hop  to  s e t   up  what  wa s  t r a n s ­

l a ted  a s   "spec i a l   s ubo r d i n ate  co-ope r a t i n g  compan i e s . "   Th u s ,  Motono ,  a s  

pat ron ,  s p awned  a  g roup  o f   s i x  "c l  i e n t "   s hop s . 

The s e   dome s t i c   e n t e rp r i se s ,   each  headed  b y   a  fo r me r   e mp l oyee  o r   a n  

emp l oyee  o f   h i s   f a t he r ,  we r e   not  t he  on l y   s ubcon t r a c to r s   t o   Mo tono . 

The re  we re 

app l i e d   t o   those  ma naged  b y   t he  f o r me r   emp l oyee s . 

i n   f a c t   29  othe r  compa n i e s ,  b u t   t he  p a t ron-c l  i en t   r� i on s  

As  s t a t e d   befo re ,  Mo tono ' s   ne t  s a l e s 

i n   1 963  wa s  $ 6 78 , 00 0 ,  b ut  he 

h a s   not  gone  i n to  ma s s -p rod uct i on .  

I n   t h a t   yea r ,   f o r   examp l e ,   he  s o l d  a 

w i de  va r i e t y   of  spec i a l  i ze d   mach i ne s   i n   comp a r a t i ve l y   s ma l l 

l ot s , 

1 44 

un i t s  be i ng  t he 

l a r ge s t   n umbe r  of  any one  type  p rod uced .  Th i s  h i g h  p ro­

d uc t   d i ffe r e n t i a t i on  make s   ma s s = p rod uc t i on  d i f f i c u l t ,   but  t a ke s   advant a ge 

of  t he  f l ex i b i l  i t y  h i s   s ubcont r a c t o r   re l a t i on s   make  pps s i b l e .   Though  he 

h a s   seve ra l   b u s i ne s s   b u i l d i n g  and  a  s a l e s   off i ce 

i n   O s a ka ,  h i s   p re se n t  

emp l oyees  n umbe r  on l y   1 54 .   H i s   wa ge  cos t s   f o r   p rod uc i ng  a  w i de  va r i e ty 

of  mach i ne s   a re  kep t 

l ow  by  the  s u bco n t r a c t i n g  s y s tem . 

He  r e i nve s t s   a 

fa i r   s ha re  of  h i s   f i r m ' s   e a r n i n g s   and  h i s   pe r sona l 

1  i fe  s ty l e   has  not 

cha nged  g r e a t l y  i n  t h e 

l a s t   ten  yea r s . 

"He  s t i l l   1  i ve s   i n   t he  s ame  house 

and  a l l ows  h i ms e l f   few  l ux u r i es  beyond  a  good  came ra  and  a  s e t   of  go l d  

c l  u b s  . 1 1  

Motono ,  now  a  ma n 

i n   h i s   m i d d l e   f i f t i e s ,  p a t t e r n s   h i s   man a geme n t  

l abor  re l a t i on s   d e s c r i bed  before  a s   ma n a ge r i a l   p a t e r na l i sm ,   b u t   w i t h 

a  few  addi t ional  emb e llishments .  He  has  a  company  res thouse  in  the  mountains 

r 

north  of  Kyo t o ,  a  t ennis  court  for  workers  on  the  comp any  grounds ,  and  a 

dormi tory- like  bui lding  on  the  fact ory  premis es .  He  gives  " t e chnical  allow-

ance"  for  those  wh o  finish  special  night-s chool  cours es .  He  appears  b efore 

his  mas sed  workers  each  morning  to  give  his  pers onal  greeting s .  He  pays  a 

good  deal  of  atten tion  to  the  recruit ing  of  new  emp loyees  and  he  prefers 

unsophisti cated  but  malleab le  young  workers  b rought  in  dire c t ly  from  the 

rural  areas . 

For  this ,  he  has  a  team  of  re cruiters  who  regularly  cover  the 

s outhwe s t ern  region  of  Japan . 

In  summary ,  Mo tono  and  his  sub contractors  make  p o s s ib l e   a  wide  range  of 

spe cialized  machines  products ,  spreads  the  bus ines s  risks  among  a  numb er  o f  

en trepr�Q
dependent  firms . 

� 

rs ,  and  relies  heavily  o n   the  manual  s kills  of  the  vari ous  int er-

I f   one  company  were  to  uni t e   all  thes e  human  and  phy s i cal 

res our ces  under  one  roof ,  it  would  require  more  capi tal  and  perhap s  more 

( 

management  ski ll  than  that  whi ch  Mot ono  could  personally  mus ter . 

C .   WHY  PATERNALISM  S TILL  SURVIVES 

The  foregoing  des crip tion  of  Jap anes e   paternalism  s trongly  sugges ts  that 

this  ins t i tution  is  s t ill  a  vital  element  in  the  nation ' s   indu s t r ial  s tructure . 

Seen  from  the  vantage  p oint  of  the  Wes t ern  experience ,  this  pers i s t ence  makes 

it  appear  as  an  anachronism . 

I  would  like  t o   examine  th is  s ys t em  to  s ee  what 

"niches "  are  avai lab le  t o   supp ort  the  cont inuation  or  demis e--as  the  case 

may  be--of  these  various  forms  of  pat ernali sm .  

The  Niche  for  Domes tic 

Enterprises. 

For  reas ons  b eyond  the  s cope  o f  

this  present  paper ,  Jap ane s e   indus try  i s   s ti l l   dominated  by  medium- and 

small-s cale  indus tries .  Ac cording  to  the  g ove rnment ' s   Bureau  o f   S tatis t ics 

( 19 6 4 :  8 6 ) ,  about  50  per cent  of  the  nat ion ' s   5 5 3 , 000  manufactur ing  firms 

have  les s  than  5  emp loyees .  Another  22  percent  have  between  5  and  9  em-

p loyees . 

Thus ,  this  s ugges ts  that  Japane s e   economic  s t ructure  i s   s t ill 

dependent  upon  small  face- to- face  typ e  of  human  relat i ons  in  fact ory 

( 

enterprises . 

, ', .

.

•

 , I  ..  '� 

\ 

\� 

� 

(I 

., 

But  further  analy s i s   can  b e   made  of  thes e  dat a .   For  one  thing ,  s everal 

cri t i cal  dis t inctions  �  be  made  in  the  total  economi c  p i c t ure . 

One 

dis t inction  is  " indigenous "  vs .  "We s t ernized"  s e ctors  of  th e  economy . 

The 

former  indus tries  produce  commodities  which  were  availab le  prior  to  the 

Meij i  re s t oration  (pre- 1 86 8 ) ,  while  the  latter  refers  to  commodi t ies  that 

were  int roduced  s ince  186 8 ,  largely  from  the  Wes t . 

I f   we  make  this  dis t inction ,  then ,  the  i l lus tration  of  the  Mo tono  C omp any 

provides  a  concrete  ins t ance  o f   how  a  group  of  these  enterp rises  can  b e  

linked  together  to  produce  quality  machinery  f o r   the  Wes t ernized  s e ctor . 

Such  s ub contracting  fi rms  are  domes t i c   enterprises  and  the  p ar t i cular  arrange-

ment  b e tween  them  and  the  s uper ordinate  comp any  illus trates  how  this  s tructure 

provides  the  ni che  that  supports  the  domes tic  ent erprises . 

This  sub contract-

ing  ne twork ,  from  an  economic  s t andpoint ,  illus trates  the  full  u t i li z at ion 

of  small  amounts  of  capital ,  the  great  range  of  product  diff erentiation , 

and  the  intens ive  use  of  manual  skills ((���  also  Rs ovsky  and  Ohkawa ,  19 6 1 ;  

. 

. �.,  . 

" ....

' 

that  are  s t ill  importan t   f or  the  Wes terni zed  s e ctor .

;"fi 

There  is  ano ther  kind  of  niche  which  we  c all  here  the  " indigenous " 

sector .  A  very  large  group  of  domestic  enterp r i s e s   are  supported  s imply  be-

caus e  there  s t i ll  remains  a  very  active  market  for  " indi genous "  c ommodities 

and  s ervices . 

The  Jap anese  pub li c ,  in  spite  of  i t s   obvious  Wes t ern  facade , 

pur chases  a  wide  range  of  Japanes e-s tyle  apparels ,  hous ehold  furnishings  (e . g .  

tatami 

mats ) ,  f ood  items  (e . g . ,  seaweed  and  cut t lefish) ,  entert ainment  and 

services  ( e . g .   geisha) .  A  very  detailed  s tudy  by  Ros ovsky  and  Ohkawa  ( 19 6 1 )  

concludes  that  one-half  o f   the  typ ical  household  budget  is  s p ent  o n   the s e  

" indigenous "  goods  and  s ervi ces .  A  wide  range  o f   enterprises  spe cialize  in 

p roduc i n g ,   p roce s s i n g ,   and  fa b r i ca t i n g 

i nd i ge no u s   c ommod i t i e s  to  mee t  t h i s  

p ub 1  i c  dema n d . 

The re 

i s   some  e v i de n ce  mo r eove r  t hat  t h i s   i n d i genous  n i che 

i s   expand i n g 

a l ong  w i t h  t he  c u r rent  i mp roved  s t a n da r d   Qf 

l) � i n � .  The  new  r i s i ng  m i d d l e  

I n   -: 1  '1.(  1 

" (_ (! > [,, 0 

c l a s s   can  now  a f f o r d   expe n s i ve  B udd i h i s t  s h r i ne s ,  va l ua b l e   s i l k   k i monos , 

pe r i od i c  w i s i t s  to  hot  s p r i n g   r e s o r t s ,  and  expen s i ve  J apanese  gou rme t   i tems . 

1\ 

The se  commod i t i e s  and  s e r v i ce s   a r e  p rov i ded  by  t he  s t i l l   s ub s t a n t i a l  

p ropo r t i on  of  t he 

l ab o r   f o r c e   wht j ch 

r-.. 

i s   o r gan i zed  a s   dome s t i c  e n t e rp r i se s . 

Rosov sky  and  O hkawa  s t a te  t ha t   2 7   pe r cent  of  t he  non- f a rm  l abo r  force  i n  

1 955  we re  e n gaged 

i n   s uc h   i nd u s t r i e s . 

F i na l l y   a  t h i rd  ge ne r a l  i ze d   n i c he 

fo r  d ome s t i c   e n t e r p r i se s   i s   t h e  

I lagr i c u l t u r a l i i one .  W i t h   t he  ob v i o u s   p u l l  of  t he  u r b an - i n d u s t r i a l   s e c t o r  

for  l ab o re r s - - a s   wa s  s e e n   i n   t he  c a s e   of  the  Motono  Company - -one  wou l d  

expe c t   a  gene r a l   de c l i ne 

i n   t he  n umbe r  of  fa rm  fam i l i e s .  

I ndeed  some 

s t at i s t i c s   i nd i c i a te  t he  p u s h   of  t he  fa r m   pop u l a t i on  t owa rd  non - f a rm 

occ upa t i on s .  The  B u reau  of  S t a t i s t i c s  ( 1 964 ; 26 )   s h ow  that  t he re  we r e   1 6  

m i l l  i on  emp l oyed  on  the  fa rms  i n  1 9 5 5 . 

F rom  1 6   m i l l  i o n ,   t h i s   f a r m   l ab o r  

force  h a s   d ropped  t o   6 . 6  m i l l  i on 

i n   1 963 . 

I n   1 96 3   a l on e   s ome  400 , 0 0 0  

wo r ke r s   l e f t   a g r i cu l t u r a l   emp l oyme n �. 
)\.A.Vl'fI..P e r  of 

Ye t ,  t h e  fact  i s   t h a t   t he

�

f a r m   un i t s   ( o r   fam i l  i e s )   have  not  dec l  i hed . 

Though  wo r ke r s   a re 

mov i n g  out  of  f a r m   emp l oyme n t   i n   d roves ,  t he  fa r m   un i t s  have  rema i ne d  

v i r t ua l l y   con s ta n t   for  t he  p a s t   80  yea r s   o r   mo r e . 
f rom  t he  Un i te d   S t ates  whe re  t he  s h i f t  f rom  fa rm  t o   nonf a r m  l ab o r   h a s  

(Th i s   i s   qu i te  d i f f e r e n t  

mea n t   a  s teady  dec l  i ne 

i n  t h e   n umbe r  o f   fa rm  u n i t s . )  

The  N i che  for  P a t r on � C l  i e n t  

Systems. 

I n   t he  c a s e   of  dome s t i c  

e n te r p r i s e s ,  t h e   chan g i n g  econom i c   cond i t i on s   on  t he  n a t i on a l  

l e ve l  h a ve 

not  re s u l ted 

i n   i t s  d r a s t i c   e l  i m i na t i on .   The  w i d e s p read  s y s tem  of  s u bcon­

t ra c t i n g ,   t he  con t i n ued  h i gh  demand  for  i nd i genous  p rod uc t s ,  and  t he  cu l t u r a l 

p re s s u r e  t o   ma i n ta i n  t h e 

i de n t i ty  of  the  fa rm  f am i l y   have  comb i ned  t o   p rov i de 

a  s uff i ci e n t   n umbe r  of  econom i c   n i c he s   t ha t   s uppo r t   t h�  cont i n uat i on  of 

dome s t i c  e n t e r p r i se s   a s   a  v i a b l e   s y s tem . 

Not  s o   w i t h  rega r d   to  anot h e r 

k i nd  of  p a t e r na l  i s m ,   t he  pat ron - c l  i e n t   s y s tem .  A s   t he  case  of  t he  Motono 

Company  i l l u s t r a t e d ,  t he  moveme n t   i s   towa rd  j o i n t  s t ock  company  i f   the  f i rm 

expan d s ,  a n d   a s   soon  a s   Motono 1 s   p re s e n t   s ub o r d i na t e   c l  i en t   s ubcon t r ac to r s  

re t i re ,   t he y   w i l l   p robab l y   be  rep l aced  by  non -pa t ro n - c l  i e nt  type  of  r e l a t i on s h i p .  

The  s i x  spec i a l   s ubcon t r a c t o r s   who  a re 

c l  i e n t s ,  rece i ve  p re fe re n t i a l  

( 

- r1 ;, 
\ 
t  rea tmen t . Wfl•i, 

t>  \ 
do - not  make  good  econom i c   s e n s e . 

S i m i l a r l y ,   w i t h   rega r d   t o  

j 

--

p a t ron - c l  i e n t   r e l a t i on s h i p s  o f   t he  t r ad i n g  compan i e s , 
i nd i ca t e s   how  t he  p re s e n t   tende ncy 

Boye  D e   Me n t he  ( 1 96 3 ) 
i s   to  form  new  b u s i ne s s   coa l  i t i o n s   wh i c h 

c i r c umve nt  o r   negate  t he  nea r  monopo l  i s t i c  con t ro l   f o r me r l y   he l d  by  t he s e  

t r a d i t i ona l  t r ad i n g  compa n i e s . 

The  N i c he  for 

Oyabun-Kobun 

and 

Managerial 

P a t e r n a l  i sm .   The  de s c r i p t i on 

of  the  n i che  for  t he  rema i n i n g  two  types  of  p a t e rna l  i s m  requ i re s   a  h i s to r i ca l  

t reatme n t . 

I n   t he  o r i gi n a l   ve r s i on  of  t h i s   pape r 

I  h a ve  wr i t te n   a  r a t he r 

l on g   s ta temen t  on  t h i s   deve l opmen t ,  b u t  t i me  pe rm i t s  on l y   a  c u r s o r y   s t a teme n t . 

I n   e s s e n s e , 

I  i ke  any  deve l op i n g  n a t i on ,   t he 

l abo r  force  f o r   the  eme r g i n g 

f a c t o r i e s   of  Japan  came  f rom  t he  f a rms .  The s e   ex-fa rme r s  found  i t   exceed i n g l y 

d i f f i c u l t  to  adj u s t   t hems e l ve s   to  the  pace  s e t   by  t h e   ma ch i ne s   and  to  t he 

wo r k i n g  cond i t i on s   of  t he  facto r y .  

I n   t h e   f i r s t   decades  of  t h e   mode r n   p e r i-od , 

t he re  wa s  a  h i gh  r a t e   of  a b s e n tee i s m  and  l ab o r   t u r nove r . 

Facto r y   owne r s  

t r i ed  to  mee t   t h i s   cha l l e n ge  b y   h i r i n g 

l abo r  r ec r u i te r s   t o   comb  t he  cou n t r y ­

s i de  for  wo r ke r s   a n d   t hey  we re  a u t ho r i ze d   t o   offe r  s uc h   i nd uceme n t s   a s   pay i n g 

a d vance  wa ges  to  t he  wo r ke r ' s   f am i l y .   When  comp e t i t i on  for  wo r ke r s   be came 

s e ve re ,   t he  f a c t o r y   ope r a to r s   h i red  "goon  s q ua d s "   a n d   l abo r  r�cke tee r s   to 

ma i n ta i n   t he  s up p l y   of  l abo r . 

O f   co u r se  none  o f   these  t a c t i c s 

w o V' k.�  

and  t he 

l ab o r   p rob l em 

con t i n ued  to  mou n t . 

Rad i ca l   l a b o r   moveme n t s   rose  t o   t he  s u rface  and  t he 

gove r nme nt  began  t o   t a ke  an  act i ve 

r o t  <! 

i n   t he  p rob l em .   The  s t r a tegy  of  t he 

gove r nmen t   wa s  to  f o r ce  upon  manageme n t   a  n umbe r  of  cond i t i on s   wh i ch  wo u l d  

make  factory  wo r k   mo re  a t t ract i ve .   The  Fac to r y   Act  of  1 9 1 6  

l a t e r   amended 

(

i n   1 92 3 )   s e t   m i n i mum  emp l oyme n t   age ,  max i mum  wo r k i n g  ho u r s ,  compe n s a t i on 

fo r 

i nj u ry  and  s i ck ne s s , 

9@Ai f . ti 

• .  

I n   add i t i o n  t he  Act  p r ov i ded  for  t ra ve l  

expe n s e s   to  and  f rom  wo r k ,   d i s m i s s a l   a l l owa nce s  and  o t he r  fea t u re s   wh i c h 

we re  p re c u r s o r s   of  t he  p re s e n t   ma nage r i a l   pate rna l  i sm .  

A s   the  enfo rceme n t   of  those  r e g u l a t i on s   i mp rove d  and  a s   the  l abo r  fo r ce 

came  to  expect  t he se  benef i t s ,   i t   became  i n c reas i n g l y  d i ff i c u l t  for  t he 

ma r g i na l l y   eff i c i e n t   f i r ms  to  confo rm  to  t he  l e t te r   o f   t he 

l aw .  

I f   1  i fe t i me 

comm i tme nt ,  r e t i r e me n t   a l l owa nce s ,  d i sm i s s a l  pay ,  hea l t h  benef i t s ,   s e a sona l 

bon u s e s   and  o t he r  fea t u re s   we re  nece s s a r y ,  t he  f a c t o r y-own e r  rea soned  t h a t  

s ome  d i s t i n ct i on s   s ho u l d   b e   mad e   among  h i s   l ab o r   f o r ce .  Th i s   d i s t i n ct i on  wa s 

( 

( 

t o   d i v i de  t he  wo r k   f o r ce 

i n to  two  h i e r a r ch i ca l   g roup s ,  t he  t!JP  ca l l e d   t he 

"pe rmane n t "   emp I oyee :;
con t i n ue  to  a s s ume  ��  ob l i ga t i on s   of  p a t e r n a l  i s m  w i t h  re s p e c t   t o   t he 
pe r manent  wo r k  force ,  b u t   not  w i t h  r e s p e c t   to  t he  tempo r a r y  s ta f f . 

a n d  the  l owe r ,   t he  I i t empo r a r y . "   Mana geme n t   wou l d 

+
,  L 

Th i s   s t a t us  d i s t i nc t i on  p rod uced  a  f u r t he r   d i v i s i on 

i n   t h o s e   i nd u s t r i e s ,  

s uc h   a s   s tevedor i n g  a n d   con s t r uc t i on ,   whe re  t he r e   we re  g re a t   pe r i od i c  

f l uctat i on s   i n   the  dema n d   for  l ab o r . 

Th i s   s econda ry  d i s t i nc t i o n  sep a r a t ed 

t he  " tempo r a r y"  l a bore r s   f rom  t he  "ca s ua l "  l ab o r   fo rce .  The  deve lopm e n t  

l ab o r   f o r ce 

fo  t he  "ca s ua l   I I  
Kob un  p a t t e r n   eme r ge d   as  a  s y s t em.  � l ab o r   b o s s ,  ha v i n g  nom i na l   t i e s   w i t h  
t he  e s t a b l  i s hed  f i rm ,   wo u l d   r ec r u i t   l ab o r e r s   a s   a  s ubcon t r a c o r . 

i n   t u r n  p rov i d e d   a  n i che 

i n   wh i c h  t he 

S uc h  

oyabun 

o r   bos s e s   a l s o  a c t e d   a s   s upe r v i so r s   f o r   the  me n  t hey  con t ro l l ed .  

The  p rob l em  of  l ab o r   re l a t i on s   con t i n ue d   t h roughout  t he  dep re s s i o n 

of  t he 

1 93 0 1 s .   T r a d e   u n i on  and  r a d i ca l   po l  i t i ca l   t hought  conve rged  to 

put  f u r t he r   p re s s u r e s   o n   t he  f a c t o ry  owne r s .  The  gove r nme n t   a t temp t e d  

t o   cont r o l   t he  r i se  o f   r a d i ca l  i s m  and  app l  i ed  s t r i n ge nt  coun t e r mea s u re s . 

S o   d i d   t he  f a c t o r y   owne r s   who  sponsored  t he i r   own  company  un i on s   and  th i s ,  

i n   t u r n ,  s t r e n g t hened  t he  p a te r na l  i s t i c   ho l d   ove r  the  wo r ke r s . 

Towa r d   t he  beg i n n i n g  of  Wo r l d   Wa r 

I  I ,   t he  p r ob l ems  of 

l ab o r   s ca r c i ty 

a g a i n   eme r ged  a s   me n  we r e   be i n g  d r a i ne d   o f f   f o r   t he  a rmy  aAd  a s   f a c t o r y  

p rod uct i on 

i n c reased .  T h e   d i s t i n ct i on  be twe e n   pe rmanent  a n d   tempo r a ry 

wo r ke r s   l os t   i t s  mea n i n g 

i n   t h i s   con text  o f   c omp e t i t i on  fo r  s c a rce  l ab o r . 

The  gove r nme n t  

I S  

manpowe r  mob i l  i za t i on  p ro g r a m   and  t he  f a c t o r y   owne r s l s  

d e s pe rate  a t temp t s   comb i ned  to  s t r e n t he n   t h e   p h i l osophy  of  man a ge r i a l  

p a te rna l  i s m  a s   a  mea n s   o f  keep i n g  wa r t i me  p ro d u c t i v i t y  a s   h i �h  a s   po s s i b l e .  

W i t h  t he  end  of  t he  wa r ,   t he re  began  t he  s u s t a i ned  d r i ve  f o r   econom i c  

d e ve l opment  a n d   w i t h  t h i s   d r i ve  came  f u r the r  a dj u s tmen t s   i n   t he 

l abor 

ma r ke t   a nd  f u r t he r  c h a n ge s   i �  t he  concep t  of  ma n a ge r i a l   p a t e r n a l  i s m .   These 

c h a n ges ,  a f fec ted  b y   t he  s t i mu l u s   p rov i ded  b y   the  r e fo r m- m i nded  Occup a t i on 

Force s ,  r e s u l ted  i n   t he  un i ve r s a l  i za t i on  of  s ome  of  the  f r i n ge  benef i t s .  

F o r   examp l e ,   unemp l oyme n t   i n s u r ance ,  comp u l s o r y   hea l t h 

i n s u rance ,  a n d   na t i on a l 

o l d -a ge  a nn u i t y  we re  s ome  of  t h e   gove r n s me n t   s oc i a l   sec u r i t y  mea s u re s   to 

wh i ch  emp l oye e s   co n t r i b u ted  a 

l a r ge  s ha re . 

The  f o r e go i n g  deve l opme n t   t h us 

i nd i c a t e d   t h a t   on  t he  one  h a n d   t he 

n i che  for  oy ab un - kob un  s y s tems  h a s   been  v i r t ua l l y   e l  i m i na t e d ,  b u t   on  t he 

o t h e r   hand  t he  n i che  f o r   ma nage r i a l  p a te r n a l  i s m  has  been  s t r e n t hened  by 

t he  gove r nmen t l s   s a n c t i on i ng  of  t he  s y s tem  by  mea n s   of  t he  F a c t o r y   Act  o f  
1 9 1 6   and  s ub s eque n t   l eg i s l a t i on .  T h e   pos twa r  t rend  towa r d   n a t i ona l  i za t i on 

of  some  ce n t r a l   fea t u re s   of  p a t e r na l i sm ,   s uch  a s   comp u l s o r y   hea l t h 

i n s ur a nce 

( 

and  o l d - a ge  a n n u i ty ,   may  po r t e n d   a  b rea kdown  of  t h e   pe r va s i ve  n i che  t h a t  

i s   s e e n   a t   t he  p re s e n t   t i me  f o r   ma n a ge r i a l   p a t e r n a l  i sm .  

C .  

PATE RNAL I ST I C   POLYMORP H I SM  AND  THE  JAPANE S E   E CON OMY 

The  f o r e go i n g  d i s uc s s i on  of  n i c hes  r e vea l s   a  f u r t he r   cond i t i on  of 

contempo r a r y   J ap a n e s e   soc i e t y   and  e conomy . 

Tha t   i s ,   i t   i s   a  soc i e t y   wh i c h 

not  on l y   h a s   a  d ua l   e conomy  ( i nd i ge no u s   v s .  we s t e r n i zed ) ,  b u t   mo re  accu r a t e l y  

a  I Is p l  i t - l eve l "   economy ,  w i t h  s e ve r a l  

i n te rmed i a te  l e ve l s   be t ween  t he 

i n d i geno u s   a n d   the  l I i mpo r te d   s y s tems . 1 I   The  va r i o us  types  of  p a t e r n a l  i sm 

d i scus sed  above 

i nd i ca t ed  how  t h i s  

polymorphism--to 

bor row  a  t e rm  fn)m 

pop u l a t i on  gene t i c s - -deve l oped  i n   r e l a t i qn  to  the  s p l  i t - l eve l  e conomy . 

I  conc l ud e   t h i s   pape r  w i t h  a  b r i ef  s umma ry  of  p a te r n a l  i s t i c   po l ymo r p h i sm 

and  w i t h   some  spec u l a t i on s   a bout  i t s  f u t u re .  W i l l   i t   cont i n ue  to  d ec l i ne ,  

a s   i t   d i d   i n   We s t e r n   n a t i on s ,  o r , 

1  i ke 

i n   h uman  ge net i c s , 

i s   i t   a  phe nome non 

of  b a l a n ce d   p o l ymo rp h i sm  whe re  a  va r i e ty  of  forms  cont i n ue  a s   p a r t   of  t he 

I Is u r v i va l l is y s tem? 

Fo rma l  C l a s s i f i ca t i on .   The  f o u r   type s  of  p a t e r n a l  i sm  r e v i ewed  a bove 
s u gge s t   a  f o r ma l   �s s i f i ca t i on .   Two  of  t hem ,  t he  dome s t i c   e n t e r p r i s e  a n d  
t ype ,  c l ea r l y   u s e s   t he  s t r�e�uEa l  p r i nc i p l e s  of  t he  b a s i c  
t h e  

oyabun-kobun 

f a m i l y   s y s tem .  The  rema i n i n g  two- - t h e   p a t ron- c l i en t   s y s tem  a nd  ma n a ge r i a l  

pate rna l  i sm--do  not  a t temp t  to  o r ga n i ze  t he  e n t i re  e conom i c   un i t ,  b u t  

r a t he r   f un c t i on s   a s   a  re l a t i on a l  a g e n t   fo r 

I  i n k i n g  one  p a r ty  t o   a n o t he r .  

I n   t he  c a s e   of  the  p a t ron - c l  i en t   s y s t e m ,   t he  l i n ka ge 

i s   be tween  t he 

i nd i v i d ua l s 

conce rned  a n d   does  not  nece s s a r i l y 

i mp l y   a n   o r gan i za t i ona l 

i n vo l veme n t . 

S i m i l a r l y   man a ge r i a l   p a te r n a l  i sm  i s   a i so  a  re l a t i ona l  one  wh i c h  def i nes 

l a bo r -manageme n t   re l a t i on s , 

-.. 

C ro s s -c ut t i n g  t he  s t r u.c t u r a l - re l a t i on a l  d i �,hotomy  i s   a no t he r  wh i ch 
' 1 1 (1 

"

1

(> "
I 

' 

' 

\"J ' \'!",/  

sep a r a t e s'  t he  f o u r   t ypes  i-nto 

f-tinG-t- i e na ~  l y-s-peG-ci.f i--c 

' I  
a n d   fttnG-t i on a l-1 y-d i lff.use 

P0V 1" ' ; ' 1 

I 

,) I'\ '('j; 

"Ga-teg&� . 

Both  I Idome s t i c   e n t e rp r i s e "   a n d   t he  I Ima n a ge r i a l   p a te r n a l  i sml l 

type s 

a,r, 

LA  0. f O i l  � ."'Q,,'  .5 t ,c" J 
ompa P'a' 

' ve-l y  io-f-f.u.se 

D "  

'-'. 

9yab un-kobun 

and  p a t ron - c l  i e n t - -a,t-e--m01' 

\  () (  l () {('�  G..  b ,l,'"., ,; 

I 
.. h  goaJs  pt1rsaed , 
i n  t.  e 
0.  r �  

-+  W-..a. 
s,pee-i f- i-&a+-1-y 

1 '1 M ;f:'.�.<\ 

, 

wh i l e  t he 

o ther 
C  I 
J 
v 
oa·l•-0 r- i en.t ed  .~ 

I � OI.1 r'C:.E' ';; 

two - -

\ '  
tewa,rd 

f)Q'~ 

i:.c.Lcl .a:r... . .e cone 

. a::i-fl.s .   The s e   d i me n s i on s   then  p rov i de 

'  ,'j '. ;. :  '-, l 

i  \ 

the  fo l l ow i n g  c l a s s i f i ca t i on :  

 
�. 

S t r uct u r a l 
Types 

Re l a t i ona l 
Typ e s  

O f' T )  O {  
Ftmct'·' o'ncrl+y 
OJ.£.;E.us.e..-:Goa-l s 

Dome s t i c   E n t e rp r i se 

Manage r i a l  
Pate rna 1  i sm 

IA (j }'.  ( .0  \ 
.  Fun c t i ona l l y -
. S p�c j f i c  Goa l s 

y' U;f ll 'Y 

<;i,-., 

).;I C L\ y'  I ,  
I T7 
, 

Oyab u n i.. Kob un 

Pat ron-
Cl i e n t  

Speculations 

about  t he  F ut u re  o f   Pate rna l  i s m .   The  p reced i ng 

fo r ma l   c l a s s i f i ca t i on  of  p a te r n a l  i s  

r a i se s   � n   i n t e r e s t i n g  po i n t  of  spec u l ­

a t i on .  

By  f a r  the 

C O f �"  t ,   �... 

'.s"  (,;I} • ., , ·l ·. \   tt 

goa l  y.pe.'S .1 1  (dome s t i c   e n,� e r p r i s e 

type," 

a n d   ma nage r i a I  pate r n a l  i 
o +!-\€r'"' 
� 
1J.d+fiittS-e "  t yp e s   a re  mo r e   i mpo r ta n t   i n   t he  contempo r a ry  economy  beca u s e   t he y  
p ro v i de  a n   i mpo r t a n t   coun te r -po i n t  t o   mod e r n   types  of  soc i a l  s t r uc t u re s  

a r e   mo r e   n ume rous  t ha n   the  I-��rta:l 

and  p a t ron - c l  i e n t ) . 

(oyabun-kobun 

I  wou l d   s ugge s t   that  t+te  c u vy o u, 1  c,  s:q c,..�"

SOl) 

'lh\ 

( 

whe re  u n  i ve r s a  l i s t  i c  s t an d a r d s   a re  t he  r u l  e  f o r   g u  i 

; 

re l a t i on s   i n   t he  wo r k   s i t ua t ilon . 

By  con t r a s t   t he 

type s  a re  mo re  ea s i l y   s upp l an t e d   b y   t he  con t ra c t ua l   a n d   b u re a uc ra t i c   a r r a n ge-

men t   of  mode r n   i nd u s t r i a l   re l a t i on s . 
V' 1I't.�.�  5  I.,.v n  

GOI' 

t o   s u r v  i ve ,  t h e   f l:lflc t  i ona 1 1  y  Q i 
be t te r   n i c he 

Hence , 

i f   any  f o r m   of  p a te rna l  i sm 

i s  

t ype s  wo u l  d  p robab 1 y  f i n d   a 

i n   a  s p l  i t - l e ve l   e conomy  t han  wo u l d   a  f-"(;R-C<t,.j,ona·Hy .,s-pee+V: ·k 

! 

�  .-" 

r\ ,)'j', c; (;I P " l i " " 

s y s tem  of  p a t e r n a l  i s m .  

, 
�:...i_) l - pr;:} f ::,t \ �"

Ano t h e r   po i n t  o f   s p e c u l a t i on  rega r d i n g  t he  f ut u re  o f  

1 

'

.

,

:  ',-1 :  l'� \ 1  
\ 

d�se  f o r ms  of  p a t e r n a l  i sm  conce r n s   t he  na t i on a l   po l  i cy  towa rd  s oc i a l  we l f a r� 
C r i t i cs  of  t he  p re se n t   gove r nme n t   po l  i cy  t owa r d   we l f a re  c l a i m   t ha t   i n s u f f i c i en t  

amount  o f   p ub l  i c   f un d s   h a ve  bee n  a l l oc ated  t o   t h i s   s e c to r . 

Yamam u r a   ( 1 966 : 

728)  for  examp l e ,   notes  t h a t   t he  " s um  b udgeted  fo r  s oc i a l   we l fa re 

i n   Japa n 

i s   on l y   1 6 . 3   p e r ce n t   of  t h e   to t a l   b ud ge t   f o r   1 964 , 

" a nd  t ha t   t h i s   f i g u re 

rep rese n t s   "one  of  t he 

l owe s t   among  n a t i on s   e nj oy i n g  pe r  cap i ta 

i n come  of 

o ve r  400  d o l l a r s . "   He  u r ge s   a  much  h i ghe r  b ud ge t   for  b ad l y   ne g l ected  ho u s i n g ,  
educat i on ,   a n d   othe r  a re a s   of  p ub l  i c   we l fa re . 

I n   o t h e r   wo r d s ,  Japanese 

i nd us t r i e s / by  mea n s   of  p a t e rna l  i s m  for  the i r  own  wo r ke r s ,  t r i e s  to  f i l l 
t h e   we l f a re  gap  t h a t   t he  gove r n me n t   f a I l s   t o   f U,I .  
',  -,  f 
i mp rove s ,  "func t i ona l l y   d i f f u�'  p a te r na l  i s m  .�-+t_6: va:j:'..:i::ot
whe n   p ub l  i c   we l f a re 

I t   i s   s ubm i t t e d   t h a t  

(.. <,,),i  :l" ;}  ( r.',";. I�... 

p .;,. )!,'.

ts 

fQr�  w i l l   tend  to  dec l  i ne .  

F i na l l y   anothe r  s p e c u l a t i on  m i gh t   b e   mad e   spec i f i ca l l y   about  t he  f u t ur e  

of 

polymorphic  fa ternal 

J 

i sm .  

I  h a ve  s ug ge s ted  t h a t   mod e r n   Japanese  s oc i e t y  

i s   b a s e d   not  on  a  d ua l   e conomy ,  b u t   on  a  s p l  i t - l e ve l  economy .  And  t h a t   t h i s  

cond i ti o n ,   i n   t u r n ,  t o l e r a t e s   the  con t i n ued  p ra c t i ce  o f   po l ymo r p � i c   i nd u s t r i a l  

s t r uc t u re s , 

i nc l ud i n g  s e ve ra l   types  of  p a te r n a l  i s m .   Whe t h e r   t h i s   k i nd  of 

p o l ymo rp h i c   i nd u s t r i a l   a r r an geme n t   wo u l d  con t i n ue 

i n to  t he  f u t u re  and  r e s u l t  

i n   ba l a n c ed 
i n   gene t i c s ,   much  of  t he  con t ro l  1  i n g   f a c to r s   l i e s   i n   t he  s y s te m 1 s   e n v i ronmen t .  

B u t   1  i ke  b a l a nced  po l ymo r p h i s m 

i s   ye t  t o   be  d e te rm i ned . 

polymo-rphisrn 

/ 

I f   J apan 1 s   expo r t   good s ����.�  con t i n ue  to  be  app rec i a ted  a b road ,  t he n  
h e r  mod e r n   s e c t o r   w i l l   con t i n ue  to  exp and  a n d   he r  p a te r n a l  i sm  w i l l   t e n d   t o  

dec l  i ne .   B u t , 

i f   t he  s a l e s  o f   he r  expo r t   commod i ti e s  d e c l  i ne ,   p a t e r n a l  i sm 

wo u l d   ce r t a i n l y   be  s t r e n g t hened  a n d   h e r   mode r n   i n d u s t r i a l   s t r uc t u re  w i l l  

d e c l  i ne  t o   a  co r re spon d i ng  d e g ree . 

Japan 1 s   i n te r na t i ona l  e n v i ronme n t   w i l l  

d e te r m i ne  to  a 

l a r ge  e x t e n t   whe t he r   t he  p o l ymo rp h i c   i nd us t r i a l   s t r uc t u re 

i s   baJ a n ced  o r   fo r t u i t o u s . 

To  p reve n t   po s s i b l e   � i s unde r s t a nd i ng ,   \ he s e   s p e c u l a t i on s   may  now  be 

s umma r i zed . 

F i r s t ,  t he 

f- t.Jr.lC 

o f   p a te r n a l  i s m  h a ve  a 

(1,?1"f'01 

I 
" t · 
i:0F1a.Uey  d 

"  " 
r  I 
�;f,f-u-s) 

{,-tJ 
t'ypes 

be t t e r   c h ance  o f   s w r v i v i  g 
\:rl

(1 0'1'\ CD  flO 
t hati:l  do  t he  f unct i .Glna 1 1  y  spec i�f�i·c 

, 

i n   contempo r a ry  J apan 1 s   s p l  i t   l eve l  economy , 
" 

� \  ) 

ype s . 

COl'  0 
Second ,  t he  �unB � � oA a l   V  d i f f u � 

!,'I? 

{ 

'I 

type s , 

i n   t u r n ,  w i l l   tend  t o   d e c l  i ne 

mo r e   r ap i d l y   i f   t he  gove r nme n t   t a ke s   a  mo re  v i go r ou s   p ro g ram  towa r d   i mp rov i n g 

b a d l y   nege l ec te d   ho u s i n g ,   e d uca t i on  a n d   o t he r  p ub l  i c   we l fa re  need s . 

not  b a l anced , 

ri na l l y ,   �  po l ymo rph i c   p a t e r n a l  i sm  w i l l   b e come  f o r t u i t o u s , 
i f   Japan  con t i n ue s   to  enj oy  a n   exp a n d e d   wo r l d   t rade .  A t  

p re s e n t   w i th  he r  s p l  i t - l e ve l  e conomy ,  t h i s   po l ymo r p h i s m  i s   ba l anced . 

,. 

First  Draft 
January 

17,  1966 

THE  ANTHROPOLOGY  OF  COMPLEX  SOCIETIES : 

THE  CASE  OF  JAPAN 

lwao  Ishino 

Michigan  State  University 

East  Lansing,  Mi chigan 

Presented  at  the  Conference  on  Complex  Societies,  January:  �0-23 ,  

\-Tashington  University,  St .  Loui s ,   Mi ssouri 

1966, 

• 

'.  t 

( 

JAPAJ�SE  STUDIES 

Thi s  paper  reviews  some  of  the  highlights  of  the  anthropologi cal  studie s   of 

Japan,  a  SOCiety  whi ch  I  believe  would  quali fy  as  a  " complex  s o ci e ty . "  Such 

a  revie,.,  illuminate s   the  s trengths )  a s   well  as  the  weakne s s ,   of  the  anthro ­

pologi cal  approach  to  contemporary  civilizations .  More  important  for  the  pre s ent 

conference ,  it  examine s  the  weaknes se s  and  offers  a  remedy . 

The  Case  of  Japan 

By  and  large  Ameri can  anthropologi s t s   became  inte re sted  in  Japane se 

studies  at  the  beginning  of  World  War  I I .  At  that  t i me  there  was  just  one  maj or 

monograph  on  a  Japane se  community  by  a  non -Japane se  anthropolog i s t   or  SO Ciologi st . 

This  was  John  Emb ree ' s  

Suye  Mura, 

an  i s olated  mountain  village  in  the  s outhern 

i sland  of  Kyushu .  Embree  who  carried  out  hi s  study  in  1937  concluded  that 

though  Suye 

�r�  " cannot  be  claimed  to  repre sent  all  rural  Japan  any  more  than 

�

any  other  single  villag e ,   it  is  at  least  repres entative  in  many  re spe cts . . .  

( 1937 :  xv ) . 

Similarly  in  contrasting  thi s  village  with  a  primitive  community, 

he  had  thi s  to  say : 

"A  peasant  community  pos se s s e s   many  of  the  characteri sti c 

of  a  preliterate  S O Ciety,  e . g . }  an  i ntimate  l ocal  group,  strong  kinship  tie s ,   and 

periodic  gatherings  in  honor  of  some  definea  aspe ct  of  the  env i ronment . 

On  the 

other  hand  it  present s  many  important  difference s  from  the  s imple r   societi e s  . . .  

hi cE!  make  it  impos s ible  to  regard  Suye  Mura  as  comparable  to  a  purely  self ­

Lw
contained  preliterate  s o c iety"  ( 1937 :  XVi ) .  The  image  of  the  preliterate  society 

persi s ts  in  the  study  of  the  literate . 

;"1-

-2 -

The  next  major  contribution  to  Japanese  studies  came  from  Ruth  Benedict 

who  wrote  The 

Chrysanthemum 

and  the  Sword  (1946 ) . 

In  her  first  chapte r   she  provides 

some  insights  which  guided  her  analysis : 

" . . .  There  are  many  social  arrangements 

and  habits  of  life  in  Japan  whi ch  have  close  parallels  even  in  the  primitive 

tribes  of  the  Pacific  Islands . 

Some  of  these  parallels  are  in  Malaysia,  some 

in  New  Guinea,  some  in  Polynes ia .  

It  i s   intere sting,  of  course,  t o   spe culate 

on  whether  the se  show  some  ancient  migrations  or  contacts ,  but  �pi s  problem  of 

possible  hi stori cal  relationship  was  not  the  reason  why  knowledge  of  these 

cultural  s imilarities  '·las  valuable  to  me . 

It  was  rather  that  I  knew  in  the se 

s impler  cultures  how  these  institutions  "lorked  and  could  get  clue s  to  Japanese 

life  from  the  likene s s   or  the  differences  I  found . . .   Anthropolo�i sts  h�d  shown 

over  and  over  in  their  studie s   of  primitive  people  how  valuable  such  cultural 

( 

compari sons  can  be ll  (1946 :  8 -9 ) . 

She  continue s  to  explain  her  approach  to  the  study  of  Japanese  society : 

liAs  a  cultural  anthropologi st  also  I  started  from  the  premi se  that  the  most 

isolated  bits  of  behavior  have  some  systemati c   relation  to  each  other . 

I  took 

seriously  the  .,ay  hundreds  of  details  fall  into  over -all  patterns .  A  human 

society  must  make  for  itself  some  de sign  for  living  . . .   Some  degree  of  cons istency 

is  ne cessary  or  the  Hhole  s cheme  falls  to  pie ces ll  (1946 :  11-12 ) . 

I  shall  return  to  thi s  configurational  premi se  later,  for  it  strikes  at 

the  heart  of  the  di s cussion  on  the  holistic  approach  that ,  ac cording  to  many, 

lies  at  the  c ore  of  cultural  anthropology . 

In  the  postwar  period  there  followed  do zens  of  field  investigations 

carried  out  by  anthropologi sts,  sociologi sts  and  other  social  s cientists .  No 

doubt  attracted  by  the  favorable  publi c  hea lth  conditions  a�d  generally  excellent 

facilities  for  travel,  residence  and  research  support ,  thi s  group  of  foreign 

s cholars  pursued  a  wide  range  of  research  project s .  The  field  s ituation  as 

-3 -

( 

as  Beardsley  ably  des cribed  it  ( 1959 : 1 -2 )  was  also  attractive : 

1 .   Nature  and  culture  combine  to  make  Japan  almost  unique  as  a 
SharP  cultural  contrasts  of  many 
locus  for  comparative  studies . 
sorts  exi sts  side  by  s ide ,  re sulting  from  marked  variation  of  topography 
or  e cology,  intensive  spe ciali zation  of  oc cupati on,  extensively  developed 
social  stratifi cation,  rapi d  cultural  change ,   and  other  factors . 
These  variations  repeat  themselves  from  region  to  region,  for,  in  each 
area,  city  i s   set  against  country,  mountain  against  lowland  or  seashore , 
old  against  new,  in  close  juxtapos it ion . . .  

2 .   Japan ' s   spe ctacular  leap  from  the  past  to  the  posture  of  a  modern, 
indust riali zed  nation,  at  a  rate  ,vhi ch  has  not  yet  begun  to  slacken, 
opens  a  wealth  of  proces ses  to  inve stigation .  The  study  of  these 
processes  in  Japan  provide  a  model  for  nations  with  similar  economi c 
and  soc ial  i s sue s  in  prospe ct  throughout  the  non-l'le stern  world . .

.  

The  Japanese  studies  condu cted  by  Western  anthropologi sts  and  socio logists 

can  be  conveniently  grouped  into  several  categories :  village  studie s ,  

instituti onal  analyses ,  national  character  researche s ,   and  urban  life  studies . 

Village  Studie s .   By  far  the  most  numerous  ",ere  the  village  or  community  studies . 

Wlile  most  tended  to  be  problcm--oriented  - - e . g . ,  culture  change ,  family 

structure ,  land  reform  - - each  contained  a  strong  ethnographi c  intere st . 

Beardsley  (1954 :  37-5� surveys  thi s  output 

- through  195 3 ,   but  the  sub stantial 

productivity  summari zed  here  has  multiplied  since  then . 

Over  the  entire  period 

some  of  the  best  known  monographs  are  by  :  Robert  J.  2" lith  (1953 ) ,   John  B .   Cornell 

( 195 3 ) ,   Edward  Norbeck  (1954 ) ,   John  D .   Donoghue  (195J1) �  Erwin  H .   Johnson  (1961 ) ,  

Harumi  Befu  (1962 ) ,   Felix  Moos  ( 1963 ) ,   J . F .   Plummer  ( 1963 ) .   The  most  sustained 

and  detailed  analys i s   of  a  single  corn:nunity  by  any  social  s cientist  i s   a  book 

wri tten  by  Beardsley,  Hall  and  Hard  (195 9 ) .  Thi s  worl�  ,viII  be  examined  in 

more  detail  later . 

One  maj or  interest  in  doing  co�munity  studi es  i s   to  obtain  data  and 

observations  on  the  nature  of  the  total  culture  of  the  SOCiety .  The  community 

study  i s   a  feasible  handle  for  getting  at  thi s  rather  diffuse  thing  called 

" culture . "   Yet  J.ong-time  students  of  the  community  study  methodology  like 

-4-

Arensberg  and  Kimball  ( 1964 :  42 )  claim  that  such  is  not  the  purpose  of  doing 

community  studies : 

" Community  study  i s   not  the  study  of  whole  culture,  or  of 

communitie s ;   that  i s ,   in  the  natural  contexts  made  up  of  natural  and  full 

human  cooperative  living,  of  living  intergenerational  and  intersexual  relationship s ,  

o f   ongoing  cultural  and  interfamilial  communication  and  transmi ssion . " 

In 

looking  over  the  various  community  studies  in  Japan,  I  am  forced  to  agree  that. 

Arensberg  and  Kimball  are  es sentially  corre ct .  Out  of  the se  Japane se  village 

studies  no  consi stent  pi cture  of  Japanese  culture  emerges . 

Psychological  Anthropology. 

Culture  and  personality  studie s ,   now  being  des ignated 

as  psychological  anthropology,  have  been  popular  in  Japan .  Both  Ameri can  anthr� 

pologists  as  well  as  their  Japanese  counterparts  have  pursued  such  interests 

a�  child-rearing  practi ces ,  family  relations ,  the  diagnosis  and  care  of  the 

mentally  ill ,  delin�uency  behavior,  and  national  characte r .   As  i s   true  elsewhere, 

( 

in  Japan  the  bas i c   data  for  interpretations  have  relied  on  questionnaires, 

pro je ctive  tests,  opinion  surveys  and  the  like .  Hilliam  Caudill ,  George  de  Vos ,  

Edward  Norbeck,  Hiroshi  Hagatsuma,  Takeo  DOi ,   Hiroko  Sue ,  and  Takao  Sofue  are 

examples  of  researchers  in  thi s  field .  Y .   Scott  Matsumoto  ( 1960 )  has  attempted 

to  delineate  some  salient  features  of  Japanese  national  culture  through  the 

analysis  of  opinion  survey  data . 

Again,  while  in  many  re spects  psychologi cal  anthropology  in  Japan  might 

have  been  aimed  at  a  holi sti c ,   integrative  conceptualization  of  Japanese  culture , 

such  a  product  has  not  yet  emerged . 

In  a  very  re cent  article  a  Japanese  s cholar 

(�atsuro  Yamamoto

' 

( 1964 :  96 -97 )  has  examined  these  culture  and  personality  data 

and  synthesized  findings  under  17  topts : 

1 .   Delicacy,  fondne s s ,   beautifi cation  of  life ,  harmony  with  nature , 
sens itivene s s   to  seasonal  change ,  love  of  small - scaled  completion 
and  Simpli City,  tampalru  (unemotional ,  frankne s s ,   indifference
love  of  purity,  cleanlines s ,   attachment  to  the  past . 

, 

)

( 

( 

- 5 -

2 .   Politene s s ,   courteousnes s ,   respectfulne s s ,   deli cacy  and 
sensitivene s s   to  i nterpersonal  feeling,  fulfillment  of  promi ses , 
sycophancy,  well -intentioned  lie,  di slH:e  of  flat  confrontation . 

3 .   Nonextremi sm,  moderation,  harmony,  gentlene s s ,   tolerance ,  
compromise ,  mediation- syst em . 

4 .   Diligence,  sincerity,  patience,  self -control ,  self - sacrifi ce, 
perseverance,  sanguine  temperament ,   blowing  hot - -blowing  cold . 

5 .   Love  of  peace ,  but  bravery  i n  war ,  martial  spirit ,  and  if 
the  opponent  is  found  to  be  stronger  in  a  fair  and  square  fight , 
frankne s s   in  surrendering  at  di scretion . 

6 .   Imitativene s s ,   lack  of  creativenes s   and  originality,  ability 
to  ass imilate,  receptivene s s ,  adaptab ility,  utilitarianism, 
pragmati sm,  progre ss ivenes s ,   sensitivenes s   to  the  external  world . 
Reliance  upon  external  standards  and  help,  qui ck  response  to  the 
outer  impact,  inferiority  complex  in  facing  foreign  civili zation . 

7 .   Order,  di scipline ,  and  self - sacrifice  in  the  family,  utmost 
importance  of  filial  piety,  none stablishment  of  individual ' s  
place  in  the  family,  tradition  of  benevolent  housefather,  higher 
position  of  mother  than wife ,  indulgence  to  infants ,   high 
estimation  of  family  name  and  family  honor,  adoption  of  son 
( abdi cation  of  the 
for  the  continuation  of  household, 
headship  of  a  family) ,  ance stor  ,\vorship,  veneration  of  kami 
(god )  together  with  the  worship  of  ancestors,  family  sui cide 
( including  children ) . 

inkyo 

8 .   Prominence  of  national  interest,  the  nation  as  a  disguised 
family,  the  reli gion  of  Tenno  worship,  mythologi cal  sanction  of 
the  position  of  the  ruler,  sympatheti c  relations  between  the 
imperial  family  and  the  people . 

9 .   Thinldng  much  of  prestige ,  dignity,  and  honor,  fear  of  being 
mocked,  maintenance  of  dignity,  attitude  of  protection  from 
di sdain,  aggres s ive  when  insulted  or  blamed,  virtuously  vengeful 
,,,hen  insulted . 

Paternalisti c  benevolence  in  social  contact s ,   bos s-and­

10 . 
follower  relati ons  fictiously  ident ified  with  father  and  son, 
submission  and  nonre s i stance  to  authirity ,   devoted  servi ce  to 
lord  annihilating  private  concersn - - sometimes  connected  with  the 
ascetic  practi ce  of  Zen  Buddhi sm,  self -immolation  on  the  death 
of  the  lord . 

11 .  Having  prope r  place  in  the  graded  social  system,  importance 
of  honorifics  and  self -abasing  expres sions  in  the  language, 
weaknes s   of  clas s   conS Ciousne s s ,   underdevelopment  of  publi c   morality, 
indifference  of  politi c s ,   shame  at  being  involved  in  politi cal  affairs . 

/ 
I 

( 

-6 -

12 .  Placing  more  importance  upon  limited  human  relations  than 
universal  ethics  or  religious  belief ,  les s   importance  on  indiv i ­
duality  than  parti cular  human  groups,  social  tie  of  o n   ( favor 
flowing  dOvTn )  and  giri  ( sense  of  obligation  created  by  �) ,  confli ct 
between  humanity  and  giri  obligation,  endurance  of  the  feeling  of 
gratitude . 

Immediate  perception,  intuitive  and  reali sti c  thinking, 

13 . 
actuali sm,  empirici sm,  worldline s s ,   love  of  practi cality, 
nonmediativenes s ,   nonmetaphysi cality,  di slike  of  abstract 
thinking,  not  giving  re cognition  without  concrete  evidence , 
stre s sing  koto  ( things ,  happenings )  more  than  ri  ( reason,  fundamental 
principle ) ,   vulgar  meteriali sm,  ac ceptance  of  existing  reality, 
stress ing  the  parti cular  more  than  the  universal . 

14 .  Nontheoreti cal  irrational  thinking,  underdevelopment  of 
scientific  spirit ,  ambiguous  cons ciousne s s   of  subject  and  predi cate 
in  the  expressive  form  of  judgment ,  lack  of  imagination  and 
criti c i sm,  clas sifi cation  by  simplified  categorie s ,   biased 
attachment  to  theory  detached  from  actuality,  general  conclusion 
based  upon  one  fact . 

15 .  Dislike  of  religious  commandments,  more  reliance  upon  humanity 
and  sympathy  than  law,  weak  cons ciousne ss  of  super-exi stence 
over  human  groups,  observance  of  social  norms  i rrespe ctive  of 
one ' s  thoughts  in  mind,  changing  principle  of  behavior  ac cording 
to  time  and  place,  inconsi stency,  opportuni sm. 

16 .  Little  care  about  life  beyond  the  grave,  no  god  of  preeminence 
distinct  from human  being,  double  belief  in  Shintoi sm  and  Buddhi sm 
with  no  contradi ction,  no  cruel  treatment  of  infidels ,   belief  in 
the  divine  favor  in  thi s  world,  subordination  of  religion  to 
ance stor s ,   parents ,  lord  and  nation,  sui cide  normal  and  not  a 
sin,  shinju  (lovers '  sui cide ) .  

17 .  Belief  in  the  uncertainty  of  life,  fatali sm,  qui ck  res ignation, 
little  consciousnes s   of  guilt ,  lack  of  profound  hatred  of  s in, 
nonchalant  optimism,  oharai  ( expulsion  of  sin  and  impurity  by 
means  of  Shinto 

ritual). 

-7 -

r 

The  compiler  of  the  above  l i st  acknovTledge s  the  " somewhat  arbitrary 

mixtures  of  heterogeneous  writings 

and  observations  of  diverse  authors . " 

In  my  view  such  a  listing  does  not  bring  out  the  neat  configuration  whi ch  Ruth 

Benedi ct  posited  in  her  study  of  Japane se  culture  ( see  Benedict  1946 :  11 -12 , 

quoted  above ) . 

Institutional  Analysi s .   Going  t o   another  category  of  anthropologi cal  studie s ,  

I  believe  an  increasing  interest  i s   shown  i n   the  various  " institutional "  areas 

' the Japane se" society .  Ronald  Dore  ( 1965 )  has  examined  the  roots  of  Japane se 

educational  system  in  the  pre -modern  Tolrugawa  period,  John  Singleton  ( 196 5 ) 

, 

has  examined  a  secondary  s chool  and  its  relation  to  the  community  in  northern 

Japan .  Robert  N.  Bellah  ( 1957 ) ,   a  s o ciologi st,  has  a s s ayed  Tokugawa  religion 

and  its  value  system.  Felix  Moo s   ( 1963  b )  has  combined  religion  and  politi c s  

( 

i n   a  survey  of  the  Soka  Gokkai ,  a  religious  group  devoted  t o   politi cal  action 

as  a  part  of  it s  nativistic  orientat ion . 

David  Platt  (196 5 )  has  examined 

utopian  communities  and  their  related  religious  value s .  Davi d  Plath  ( 196 4 )   has 

also  produce d   an  excellent  study  of  the  complex  recreational  life  of  the  Japanese 

and  its  implications  in  the  rising  affluent  society . 

Family  and  kinship  analysis  continues  alongs ide  of  community  studies  and 

an  analysis  of  this  institutional  feature  i s   accompli shed  with  the  standard 

ethnographi c  reports  on  communities .  Bennett  and  Ishino  (196 3 )   have  a  book  on 

the  role  of  parakinship  institutions  in  the  Japanese  e conomy .  

Urban  Studies . 

So  far  as  Hestern  anthropology  or  sociology  i s   concerned,  the 

signifi cant  contributi ons  are  these  three :  Ronald  Dore ' s ,  City  Life  in  Japan, 

(1958 ) ,   Robert  Smith ' s   Pre -industrial  Urbani sm  in  Japan, 

( 1960 ) ,   Ezra  Vogel ' s , 

Japan ' 5  Ne"T  Middle  Class ,   ( 1964 ) ,   whi ch  focuses  on  the  signifi cant  strata  of 

urban  life .  However  none  of  the se  attempts  to  show  the  total  gestalt  of  the  city . 

·  . 

-8 -

Dore ' s  work,  for  example ,   aims  to  "give  an  i dea  of  what  it  i s   like  to  be  a 

Japane se  living  in  Shitayama - cho ,  a  neighborhood  of  some  three  hundred 

households  not  far  from  the  center  of  Tokyo "  ( 1958 :  3 ) .   Moreover,  the  view  of 

urban  life  that  the  reader  gets  from  thi s  book  does  not  fill  the  gaps  that 

are  left  in  hi s  understanding  of  the  urban  growth  of  the  Japane se  society 

as  a  whole  and  the  role  Japan  i s   playing  in  the  morern  s cientifi c  and  politi cal 

world . 

I  realize  that  there  is  only  so  much  that  one 

could  put  in 

a  single 

book,  but  the  shortcomings  noted  here  are  matters  of  inten� , intelle ctual 

~ 

curiosity .  

Conclusion  about  the  Japane se  Studies 

One  cannot  help  but  conclude  that ,  despite  the  headstart  both  Embree ' s  

( 

Suye 

Mura  and  Ruth  Benedi ct ' s   The  Chrysanthemum  and  the  Sword  gave  anthropology 

over  other  discipline s  in  the  study  of  modern  Japane se  society,  the  lead 

has  not  been  maintained  over  the  last  twenty  years .  Various  academi c  di scipline s 

with  the i r   more  rigorous  conceptual  models  have  portrayed  both  hi stori cally  and 

contemporaneously  the  political ,  economi c ,   and  demographic  aspects  of  Japanese 

society .   The  follm-Ting  l i st  suggests  the  mature,  s cholarly  deve1opment ofl  the 

literature  on  Japanese  society . 

Robert  A .   Scalapino  and  Junnosuke  Masum,  Parties  and  Politi cs  in  Con­
temporary  Japan  (1962 ) .  
Robert  A .   Scalapino ,  Demo cracy  and  the  Party  Movement  in  Prewar  Japan 
(1953 ) . 
Nobutake  Ike ,  The  Beginnings  of  Politi cal  Democracy  in  Japan  ( 1950 ) .  
George  Akita,  The  Foundations  of  Constitutional  Government  in  Modern  Japan, 
1868 -1900  (1965 ) .  
Kazuo  Kawai ,   Japan ' s  Ameri can  Interlude  (1960 ) .  
Irene  Taeuber,  The  Population  of  Japan  ( 1959 ) .  
vrilliam  Lockwood,  The  Economi c  Development  of  Japan;  Growth  and  Structural 
Change  1868 -1938  ( 1954 ) .  
Henry  Ro sovsl�,  Capital  Formation  in  Japan  ( 1961 ) .  
Thomas  C .   Smith,  Politi cal  Change  and  Industrial  Development  in  Japan : 
Government  Enterprise,  1868 -1880  (195 5 ) . 

-9-

The  d evelopment  o f   a  �3Ubs tnnti al  literature  on  tho  politi c s ,  economics 

and  demo graphy  o f   Japan  very  defini tely  aids  the  maturation  o f   an thropolo gi c al 

s tudies . 

I t   enables  anthropolo ei sts  to  obtain  insi ghts  into  tho s e   aspec ts 

o f   the  mo dern  c ul ture  Hh� c h   l;Tere  no t  p reviously  availabl e .  

The  mo s t  

\\ 

/1

. 

comp rehensive  e thno graphy  o f   a  J ap ane s e  village  available  i n   any 

languap;e 

(

Dearsdley ,  Hall  and 

:lard 

1959) 

illus tra t e s   this  point. 

Thi s 

magnificient  comp endium  o f   fac ts  and  i n terpreta tions  o f   the  ],l11ke  p eople 

b en e fi ted  from  the  efforts  of  a  !nul tidi s c iplinary  team  uhic h   included  s p eci-

ali s ts  in  hi s to ry ,   poli tic al  s c i enc e ,   gGo �raphy ,  p s yc ho lo gy  and  economic s .  

I t   i s   s afe  to  say  that  �·Ti tho u t   such  a  team  a  tho rou r,h  e thno graphy  o f   this 

typ o  l-Jould  no t  have  b e en  p o s sibl e .  

A t  the  s ame  time ,  i t   becomes  evident  tha t  as  addi tional  di s c ip lines 

become  involved  in  the  s tudy  o f   the  s ame  complex  so ci e ty ,   tho  rol e   and 

s i gnificance  o f   nnthropol o ei c al  findin�s  may  dimini sh  conc u rrently. 

Ano ther  recentl y   publis hed  book ,  an  e thnographic  monograph  on  the  entire 

soci ety  of  J apan ,  exempli fi os  tho  d e c lini n g   rol e   o f  

fl anthropolo e;t c ally 

collec ted "  fac ts .   In  this  book , 

'l\relvcs 

! Joors  to  J anan 

Hall  and 

(

Beardsley 

1965 ) , 

only  t"J;·ro  o f   the  tHelve  c hap ters  c an  be  c learly  i dentified 

as  boinr.;  part  of  the  anthropolo eical  provinc e--one  11. th  tho  ti tle  o f  

"Cultural  Anthropolo gy"  and  the  o ther  "l' erso nali ty  P syc ho lo gy.  If 

'.fuen  i t   comes  to  i n t e Gr atin g  the  various  k nm·m  fac ts  abo u t   J ap an 

and  deline ati nr;  tho  grand  d esi r,n ,   as  Bened i c t   u rged ,  the  hi s to rians  h ave 

approached  i t   better  than  any  livin�  anthropolo r,i s t .   The  hi �h  quality 

of  tho  ,f.ol lo,·rinr;  booles  i llus trates  the  into2rati n r;   skills  of  the  hi s torian : 

Geo r g e   3.  S anso m ,  Tho 

' ,'e s tern 

'.:o rld  nnd  J ap an 

( 1951) 

Thomas  C .   Smi th ,  The  A grari an  O ri eins  o f   i·iodern  J apcln  

( 1959 )  

Edl1in  o .   nei s c haue r ,  J ap an  P a s t   ,:md  P r e s en t  

( 1964) 

( 

( 

-10 -

�Iu�h 

: �o rto n ,   Japan ' s   l locicrn  C entury  ( 1955) 

G.  O .   Reischnuer  and  Fairbnnk ,  J .   K . , 

;�ns t  A s ia :  The  Great  Tradi tion 

( 1950 ) 

Perhnps  their  co ntrol  OVer  his tori c n1  documents  tmd  their  brond  humanis ti c  

concerns 

."::ivc'l them  a  be tter  vanta[�e  90int  for  ut1coverio[;  t h e   s truc ture 

of.  the  social  and  cultural  p ntterns  than  do  tho  nnthropoloGi s ts '  field 

't<Torl(\cxperiences  and  the  book  learnin:�  of  comparative  c ultures . 

11  more  importcmt  fac to r  miGht  be  gleaned  from  the  20-ycar  experience 

of  anthropoloGists  dGnlin�;  ui th  the  frustrati nG  pro blem  o f   tryi nG:  to  delineate 

holi stic ally  tho  J np anesG  culture  pattr;rn.  Thnt  i s ,   o ur  at tempt .  to  find 

a  national  c uI tUl"nl  comparable  to  tho  "::Thole  cul turc"  of  primitive  societi e s  

is  resul tin.,,:  i n   a  dismal  fnilurc  bec ause  no  such  entity  really  exi s ts .  

P erhaps  the  lad::  of  a  national  c ul ture  i s   a  clcfinin:�  c harac teri ,s tic  o f   a 

"complex  society. " 

T�arlier ,  Hic harci  �T . 

[\d ams  ( 1958 : 

357 ) 

c ame  to  a  Gimilar  conclusion 

about  tho  validity-- o r   lack  of  i t--o f  the  national  c ul ture  conc ep t  Hhen 

he  surveyed  the  cultures  of  middlo  Amori c a .   H e   T:Jrites :  " c ultures  and 

psyc holo gic al  charac teri s ti c s   D.ttdbuted  to  nations  mny  in  fac t  not  bo 

n ational  at  [-l11 ,   but  pec uliar  to  one  or  ct  fc\"!  cor;lpononts  o f   the  to tal 

pooul!1 tiol1 ,  o r   be  c harac teri s tics  o f   a  sup ro.nationnl  c ul turc. II 

( Joe  also  3 . 11 . 

)1;iscns tadt  1960 :  203  on  a  cor;lpnrnblo  point

. 

)

Eric 

' Iolf  ( 1964)  put  this  non-transf�rability  o j'   the  cul ture  concept 

from  aimolc  to  complex  societies  more  delic ately:  " ' ic  [tre  confron tinc  11  con­

c ept  I--o f  cuI tu� C::  vastly  di fferent  in  shapG  t1.ncJ.  moaning  from  the  conc ep t 

that  occ upied  the  :mthropolo �is t   at  em  earlior  tilno •

•

•

 Te  have  moved 

on  to  c::r:1phnsizc  interrelationships ,  and.  to  vi suali ze  chnins  o f   DYGtems 

ui thin  sys tems ,  rathor  th;:m  isolated  phenomena  ui th  imp ermeable  boundari es . " 

In  ano ther  cook ,  the  s ame  author  dramatizes  the  point. 

I t  is 

( 

( 

-11-

quo ted  here  in  some  length  bec ause  i t  mak es  s till  ano ther  point  �·]hich  I 

Hish t�bl{O  later : 

( 1965 :   42) 

11.  simp le  netHo rk  mark e t   may  exist  l:Ihere  one  p eas ant  s ells  pigs ,  �mother 

�'JOolen  sl:1eaters ,  a  third  hobnails  for  �'Jalkine  boo ts ,  a  fourth  lime 

and  the  pir;-seller  finally  buys  lime ,  the  s eller  of  Hoolen  s�JCaters 

purchases  hobnails . 

3ut  as  He  have  said ,  the  relations  arc  ever 

subj ec t  to  the  entry  of  third  parties  and  are  thorefore  c ap able  o f  

ever_inc reasing  complication.  Ho re  and  more  middl emen  and  converters , 

p roc essing  this  o r   tha t  p roduc t,  may  intervene  bctHocn  the  primary 
p rod uc ers .  Nor  need  the  c i rc ul atio n   of  produc t  and  monoy  bo  confined 
to  the  oriGinal  habi tat  of  tho  primary  produc ers .  Co ffoe  raised  in 
C o lumbia  mny  furnish  the  rau  materi al  for  the  ,9ffi c e   break  in  ;\nn 
fl. rbo r ,   I :i c hi �an ;  butter  and  c h o e s e   p roduced  on  Dani s h   farms  may  make 
tho  I�ngli sh  brenkfas t ;   machetes  made  in  Connec ti c ut  may  bo  sold  in  s tores 
in  P apantla  on  the  �·lexican  Co.lf  coas t ;   German  aspirin  may  cure  a 

headache  in 

Indonesia.  Potentially,  thorefo re ,   these  chains 

of  oxchange  no t  only  involve  eve r   larger  numbers  of  middlemen ,  but 

they  also  add  to  the  " ho ri zontal tf  movement  of  Goods  and  s ervi c es 

[U:1ong  members  of  a  p eas ant  popUla tion  increaSinGly  complex  "verti c al "  
ti cs  in  Hhic h   Goo d s   p as s   from  the  c o un trys ide  to  tm-ms ,  from  tovms 
to  inland  c i ti o s ,  from  ci ties  to  seaports ,  from  seapo rts  into 

ove r s o a s   marl< o ts . 

8ric  ' Tolf  continues  thi s  o.nalysis :  

Put  in  ano the r  Hay ,  exchcln t3es  o f   locally  produc ed  [!;ood s   in  a  loc al 

market  may  fo rm  but  a  small  ranGe  of  exchan�es  in  a  reGional  marke t, 
regional  exc hanGes  but  a  sma.ll  s ample  o f   a  n ational  not1·:orl�  o f   exc hange , 

n � tional  n c b To rk s   of  excha.n�e  but  n  snaIl  part  of  in ternational  nar­

k e t s . 

The  p e a s : m t   may  thus  find  himself  no t  merely  d e alinij  1']i th  a 

large  number  o f   middlemen  nnd  proc essors ,  but  also  becoming  imvolvcd 

-12-

in  a  mnrket  s
the  p eltsi:\nt  invo lved  in  such  far-flunc; 

ys tem  �':i th  mnny  level�  of  ever  �'ridcninG  scop e .   Hot'eovcr, 

ys tGlllS  OilY  diDcovcr  that  pria os 

s

eGUlated  by  cus tom  and  by  lo c al  exi Gencies ,  determined 

nrc  no  lon3er  r
by  the  many-s trnnded  relations 

of  hi s  lo c al  �'lo rld .  but  by  ever  s tronee r 

fpp:� e::;  �f  d emand 
:�hich  he  ccrtain�Y  do cs  not  contro,l. 

ond  s upply  uhich  he  r.lay  no t  entirely  unders tand  and 

Let  �D  c arry  this  analys i s   one  s tep  fa.rther  ( '. [olf  1965 :  44-1�5 ) : 

Ao  tho  p cas nn t  s ec to r   becor.le  marc  firmly  cor,1mi ttcd  to  mnr!�etinG  tqrqugh 

end e

t 

)riccs  s e t   in 

netuo rk  mark e ts  and  Grolls  incrcasin sly  d e

p
tAll  p�§Q  pq  affec tod  py 

Ilpon 

n
oven  quit

�rr\?li.c o,ttoriS 

five  per  c en t  

tho s e   marketD � 

� t. 

p ric�n e .   rhis  n�w  hn�Cl  a$tdni(:!h�n� 

e  smaii  ch.1n�es 
for  the  e�tire 
beon  os til1Iatccl  that  i n  
in  averac;e  export 
1  prodUc ts  from 
n

Gxnr.lp1c ,  i t   has 
of  only 

ic es  f()r  p rimary  products ,  includin,:;  a:,;ricul tur

in 
economy  o f   D.  countr;y-.  for 
the  mo'dern  Ho rld  a  c ]l.:1nzC 
p
r
the  Go-c all ed  underdcyeloped  coun tri es ;  Hould  bo  'rou:ghiy  eqaivnlcnt  to  the 
to  the  annual  infloH  into  thes e   co untri es  of 
and  of  gOi!ornment  gr'�nts .. in';:';aid  lumped  tO Gether';  In  re
price  fluc tuntions  ho:ife  friSquontly 
cent..  thus  c nusin.;.:;  s erious  economic  dis
rid  -,.fell  :J.S 

tl!lcl  public  o npi tal 
nt  d oc ndca 

o c o.tions  mno nc;  the  ponsantry� 

boen  much  iarder'  than:  rive  per 

rivate 

16rccr 

c e

i

p

society  s&  Qrfcc ted �  

iti  the 

( 

P uttinc;  to c;e thcr  the 

quoted  from  the  p rec eding  Arln�l ' s 

id eas 

tatemen t   and  from  thnt  of  '.lol t' .   HO  G e t   at  lons t  t1'JO  majo'r  imp1ic ntionn 
s
fo r'  nnthro'Oolo ,:ical  s tudy;  0 >: 0   is  the  gro: 1.nc;  need  to  consider  the 

, 

: 

c r o s s-national  cul tural  anel  economic  lin�" :J. 2;cs  in  o rder 

to' 

u

n

o f   the  mnny  linea  o f   communic 3. tion  ,'Jhic h   converGe  on  any 

ders tand  the 

::;ivon 

is  of  these  SUIl ro.nntionnl  processes  �'m.s  anti­

nexus 
s o ci e ty.'  :kre  tho  an:l1ys
c ip at ed '  by 

Alfred 

:(ro c.bc:li"  '195i�  J79-9'5J 

in  his  O ilcl.lTliCtlC  stuciies  ::roo 

extended  by  Go'rdon  :-tencs  (1961).;  ' Us cemS  and 
� rri:ttcri  a  related  paper  on  this 

subJec t'.' 

Jono �huo  (:t9'6))  hnve 

7he  o ther  implic ation  has  to  do  ,;i th  the  nOH  a�rar6neos  o:r  tho 
need  to  d ovelop  mo rc  " univcr3nlis tic  concep tual  models 1i:  to'  hanclic  the 
"mncro se09ic il  linka�es 

mmuni ty  and  the  nation...-sta

the  c

c .  

bc "tlr€cm" 

o

t

Jut  bcfo'rc  �lC  enter  into  thi8  di scus�;ion"  HO  should  undcrstnnd  the 
dis tinction 
r:rnphic'  cndcnvOrs:  (Hocke tt  196L�:,:  125 ) :: 

the  "i nbido  vi Ol'r"  and  the  "o utsid e 

botueen 

v:i.o�'rt1 ' 

in  othno­

-

-lJ

In  e thno grapy  •

•

•

 �lC  find  tvro  equally  o b j ec tive  vi m,rs  that  c nn  be 

bken 

tOHnrds  the  life  of 

any  human  communi ty. 

the  outside  vie;l,  � lhos e   frame  o f  

One  is 
A n   o thno graoher  spO�l{S  frot1  thin  vieu 
tud e  and  longi tud e ,   or  es timates 

i to 

roference  is 

lo c ates  a 

thnt  o f   physic s .  
by  I n.ti-:­

�']hcn  he 
populati o n ,   or  deoc ribes  i ts  habi tat. 

tribe 

. 

. 

. 

The  o ther  i s   the  inside  vio�r. 

Thi s  docs  no t  aris e   in  physic s   bec aus e 

s tnrs 
nrc ,  

The  members  of  �  communi ty 

elec trons  nre  no t  � bsorvcrs . 
and 
and  they  perc eivo  and  roac t  to  thin[;s  in 

c artn1n , �;0-Ys . ,  1m 
bthn6 r;rapher  sp cokn  from  this  'liOi1  Hhon:  he  lo c a tes  '::\  �ribo  in  a 
valley  a t   th�  d Qn tor  o r   tho  1'Yorld ,  surrounded  Sudco:1 sivoly  b'4 
mountains ,  11  rivor,  and  a  Il () tl   o f   fi ro  � 
. •   The  innid a  vim1  is 
subjaat:b/o  fo r  tho  tTlcmoors  o f   tho  dOmml1ni. ty,  but  for  tho  in'lfosti(!n:t6r 
as  the  ou tsiuG  vi c : .  
it  ilJ  jus t 
!3o th  O f   the oa  Vieus  nro  ncc c Sll nry  fo r'  c thnd�raphy.  Conjointly  thoy 
n.ro  sufficiont  • 

objoo tive 

no 

• 

• 

" 

. H  tho  rin1<  of  oVersl.l'Ilpl1fic n:t1on 

Ho 

tli !jht  s6.y'  thnt  s tnndrtrd 

ethrto�:rtlphlcg  tlnd  villa�o  s tUdi es  pres Glnt  tho  inside  vlou  ui th  some  d c r,rao 

.... 

�r  s69histicn H6nf  'Jut  Hita  rd§p(l';e t  to  tHe  o'dtaidc  rlc�f;  t ic  tr'�tiri  OU� 
students'  poorly  tificl  He 
fac t   thnt  t.he  pbMnnt ' s   Hot-itt  1.0  ni'toc'tGd  by  't-To rld 
tho  Vil1b.'rd� 

obtain  r'ornlltfJ  tthitfh  tlt'c  hi 1h1y  v�l":tt1bl�.  The 

f t  O�  not,·  b�hO'ovcS:  tlhc  i,nV'C!lfti ,"':a:tor  to' 

markets ;  �]hG the r  

... ,. 

..I 

tho  outOidt  vi ou  ad  Hell .  

The  cold  fnots  conetlt1'lfJ'l'G  iiho  imp ersonal 

fO Nes  thnt  surround  the  v"illn�c  and 
dc1l.naatdtl  � t.t.  th  skill  oqUinl  to'  tho  talen ts'  uGod'  in  descI'1bint;  t.he 
vi.11.1j�r i· o   inn!jc  of'  rcn11ty. 

nt-a  pnt't  of  the  cornmun;l; ty  t:lU:J t  be 

�., .c()nc e rll  �-r1 th  th(}  outside  vi oH  th�t  the  behavio tnl 

It  is  tron , 

.tlC1GrtC ts  :tchernll.y  hb.vG  been  &t.tGr.i.ptin,�  to  di3ri va  "honcul tut'e  bound " 
to  {lequire  n 
concepts  nrtd  rtlc.1Gl1rnbl(;)  indices .  ] :t  
cxpli.ci 
!'!'�cntcr  rcnortol:""1y· ·  of 
t. 

an th:ropolo GY  Here 

conccptunl 

models  based 

u')on;  ,1  more 

�� 

-

� 

undb:rt;t�ndi!1G  o r   the  outoitk  ;ricu t  i t   �l'Ould  be  n 
ahd perh.�p s  counter  much  of  the  el!'i ticism  �·rh1ch  comeS  from  the  sister 
S�mc  conc rete  m1cCcs tions  along  these  linea  �'lill  be  mo.do 
dicciplinc$ � 
in  tho  eorttext  of  u.rbtl!\'  ntudf e3 ..  the  topic  fo t"  the  conoludin[,;  s e ction 

dis tintivQ  nchicvcment 

or  this  po.pcr. 

( 

�,  :!."� . 

. • .  \' 

Tho 

nole  of  Urban  3tudie�  for 

J\nthrooolo cy 

-14-

Given  tho  nssump tion  tha t  the  no tion  of  "�'lholo  culture"  as  an 

intcr,ratin�  concep t  is  obsolete  for  tho  s tudy  of  complex  6Qoi c ti e s ,   uhat 

direc tion  c an  nnthropolo gy  t3kc1 

C ertninly  pens�nt  comnuni ties  sho�ld  bG  con tinued  35  an  objoct 

of  study.  But  data.  should  be  collec ted  on  the  interpersonal  and  intcr-

o r�ani zationnl  linka[;oo  �mong  the  various  Slc tors  of  the  nn tion  s tate , 

in  nddi tion  to  the  internal:.. rolationo  of  the  communi ty. 

The  " flo�'l"  of 

mcss nees  back  and  forth  a.monc;  tho  "vertic al "  nnd  "horizontal"  cOI:lponents 

of  the  total  society  needs  to  be  trac ed  p articularly  ui th  respect  to  their 

effec ts  upon  d ecisions  .. md  the  alloc ation9  of  social  pm-ror,  goods  and 

services . 

iCarl 

I.  Jeutsch  ( The -N:�rves  o f   Government ,   1963)  provides  a  eood 

s t a   rt  for  developine;  some  conc eptunl  rlode10  for  tn:�ine;  tho  outside 

vie�l 

of  the  cotnrluni ty. 

Somo  of  these  ideas  are  beine  pursued  at  l-�ichi [�an 

� 

::a�to  ; !crc  a  f;raduate  student  (Jani ol  Jhi tney  1963)  in  proc eSSing  his 
field  data  collected  in  01dnau� .  I t   i s   hoped  that ,  by  synchroni zine 

I\. 

-

the  hum:.mi s ti cnl1y-oricnted  inside  vie:l  ui th  tho  behnvio m1  scienc e 

appronch  o f   the  outside  n OH,  �-re  Hill  be  able  to  develop  n  mo rc  holi:Jtic 

ann1ysi s  gf  the  sr.J.all  cOr.J.muni ty  in  a  complex  SO C i e ty. 

A  second  nue;e;cs tion  nbout  anthropo10 �icnl  s tudi os  in  modern 

nations  hns  to  do  Hi th  a  greator  investment  of  effort  in  the  analYSis  of 

urban  life. 

�·ruch  of  the  s tandard  me thods  used  in  the  rurnl  co:nmuni tics  to 

obtain  tho  inside  vi e"H  nrc  readily  transferable  to  the  urban  settine,  ns 

nonald  Doro  ( 1958)  has  so  ably  done  fo r  the  Tokyo  ncig!l00rhood . 

', fa 

need,  hOHcvor ,   to  superimpose  on  thi s  nnalysis  the  outsido  Vi C�l  of  tho 

city. 

.\ t  : :ichi.�an  St(\tc ' s   I n s ti tute  for  Comr.J.uni ty  Development  G overn! 

:\ system of socinl accounts cou�d also provide the 

ndnpted to the city. 

\ 

Gocinl :1ccounts for n total society. Concoivnbly the�;c ideas cnn be 

hns uri tton n populnr nrticlG expl,1inin� the principle nnd purpose of 

Gross (1965: 14-17) 

fluctuntions--are nO'7 technic;)lly knmm as social nccounts. 

systemntic collection and annlysis of thesG :100 other nccounts--nnd their 

The 

�uch nrc the crude daily nverar,os for this oi ty of 261.535 persons. 

16.591 
97,252 

J 
16 
54 
72 
80,070 
292 
239 

:�', IH 

18, 899 

91,856 kiloliters 

?Jumber of pieces of mnil 

llumbar of telephone cnlls 

Informntion: 

Jonths 

'3irths 

;ksidonts lc::tving 

��ntcrin� rosidents 
Intrn-city bus pacsensers 
PaGscn�crs �oin� abroad 
PassenGers fron ::throad 

People: 

:�lectric p017cr consumod 

��nerGY: 

.rater consumption 

Eatcrinl: 

Sinilarly some other illustrations of the daily :i:;��"I flm'Is include: 

thore. 

the city's dependencc uIJon the United States armed forccs uhich is stationed 

3uch nn unfeevorab1c bnlancG is related to 

:::12,627. 

on an nverago day �':as 

:i521.j., 47.5, :'7hi1e the va1uo of goods exportGd 

dnily imports of [1:'. torials '!as 

Oldnrma, �7hero I sojourned for the pnst t�JO yom's, the value of the 

"socinl accounts." In :iah.'l, tho capital of 

gf 

nnd grm'lth is the concept 

I1clntecl to these hopefully quantifi.'lblc indicG::> of city operations 

flflom," in nnd out of the urban setting in terms of matorials, 

grouped tho 

,£ncrgy, 200910 and lnfom.'ltion (:U;PI flO1-75) � 

( 

'lith ccrtnin adapktions of this kind, He have 

Urban GroHth, 1962). 
. �nothcr !'rovocntive 1'10rk is by Richard �leier (A 

Communic:1tions Theory of 

The proviouGly montioned Deutsch volume (1963) is � fruitful source • 

conceptunl frnmeHork in ardor to shnrpen the outsido v,ien of the city. 

fltr.1nsfortuing" non�nthropolo:3ic:1l concep�s intq our 

of. un nrc onga�ed in 

-15 .. 

monns  for  comparin�  urbnn  soci e t::' o s  

,':tl1C1  urbnn  c sn t;.'nl  plac e s . 

I n   ctddi tieD  to  th e s G   soc i al  ac co unts  and  the  flOT )  c cnccp tio�1  o f   s o c i al 

tr�nsnc tio ns , 

�'�c  llLlV C 

:L'o unc1  i t   nCC G S 8 n�'Y  to  d :Jvolop  [t  co nc (;;p tual  nodcl 

,,: rhich  noshes  the  v[.rio u:j  CCiL1lj:.vncn ts  to :;cthcj,'"  into  ['.  " e;:': und  desi Gn . " 

' ic  tonntivo1y  c ,':1.11  ·�hiD  d esiGn ,  " Sys t.JKS 

·Ghcv :cy . " 

i\  very  c onci se  s tntoIilcnt 

of 

thi s   theo ry,  ,'J,S  npp1iocl  to  o :.."'c;nnj. z,.1tions ,  has  bocn.  �']:('�L ttel1  by  Ci hnch /iclc 

J .   Hnborstroh  in  : 1 ,,1,;1;011  ( 1965 :  1171-1211 ) .  

.'\ 0 �:'  foo tr.o to ; 

� :o  mj.gh t   co ntro.s t 

this  sy::;tcms  o.ppro r c h   to  tho  c0 2:n;;.tivo  nppro::\c h  o f   Uuth  Jonedic t  ::'.nd  hoY' 

s e nrci1  fo r  the  dcsi c.;n  o f   c111 tur(' " 

I � s s ()ntinlly,  I  bsl5. ove ,  30nGd;l.c t  

s truc tured  her  n el:'.i.'c h  o f   tho  e;rD.i"1.c1 

s chome  i n   terms  o f   the  inside  vi e:·]; 

ours ,  in  contras t ,   iG  o :..'r:nniz ed  in  terms  of  the  outDic1.o  'l.'i eT �. 

I n   conc

usion  D.  fc. l   poin t s  l'1i�Lt  'n:J  n:lrl G .   Bn;c:ec1  Oll  tho  J ;:pnr.eso 
l

eXp erienc e ,   i t   n o ons  that  it  i n   pr3se:l+.J.y  rre::1L'.t,11.ro  fo r  ;:>.nthropolo ,C:;Y  to 

( 

uridertnl:c  ,,,\  holi s tic  ::;ynt!lcst s  C' f   ::t  m6dcrn  society  ns  cOffiplc::  or;  J r1.p r.'.n 

i s .  

n  i ts  pl.'1.c G ,   I  ':To ulcl 

l� .k c   .b 

sur;zcst  that  r:.  (' o�1c'}�ted  attacl �  o n   th-3 

I

s tudy  o :�'  urb::>.n  c en ters  be  n �.d(') ,  bn th  fror�  the  inside  C'.nd  o utside  vleHS . 

Fo r  the  insid e  vl m �,  thr;  tr::05. tio:wl 

:'1.0 

t.ho ds 

used  :i.n  co:nmun�_ ty  s tUdies 

C D.n  bo  tr:lno fe r:.."'od  to  ci ty  D ':.ndi c D ;   fo r  thc  ontsicic  vi m'T  the  mC'thn (b 

rmd 

concepts  o f   s el ec ted  h'3ho.viorD.l  sci cmc G  dj. G cip15.nes  .'1'.'0  o.,"C'il,"\blo .  

�3 t1 t�CD  o f   urban  )J . .fc  li' ny  be  the  s tr rt t.o�: . c   i n te rmcdintc 

s tep  oefor  D.nthro .. 

polG�n t!J  c nn  push  to  t he  :mmrni t ,   >�ho  to to.
1

i ty  o f   t!1C  complex  Po o c i c ty. 

::lome  beGinninGs  in:  tho  nnn:.ysis  of  ci ti cs  D re  n1r'1!1.dy  n.rir1en7. , 

:Jr�id-

,·:ood  �nd 

'. filley' s 

T ,i..£

£  ( 1962 )  ['.nd  the  O ri G n t�.l  Inn ti tute ' s  

C i ty  I nvinciblQ 

( 196n )  for.it  the  !")[' ck srO u.:ld  for  t!1C  c r w o   o f   pro-indu.strirtl 

citics . 

�\nd  the  o f ten  quo ted  LJ 3lJC'  oy  Hc dfi eld  ['.nct  3in:icr 

C ultur'['l 

( T;10 

l�ole  o f   Ci ti os �  1956)  provide  mor.:ll  s upp') rt  fo l'  [;�C' ,'\ t c �   nn -GhropoloGj.cCll 

i n tercDt  i n   the  urb.:1.0  phenomono l''. . 

li'rm.1  ou: '  (l ':t1lo grnpher  fri end::; ,  He  l earn 

• 

-17-

today  some  70  per  cent  of  the  human  population  lives  in  rural  areas .  By  tho 

yonr  2000 ,  hO�·levcr ,   they  es timate  that  the  balance  �·rl.ll  be  reversed  lIith 

70  per  c ent  living  in  the  cities .  Let  us  prepare  for  thi s  trnn3i tion 

by  d eveloping  an  urban  nn thropolo � .  

(  ' 

-l8 -

REFERENCES  CITED 

( 

Abegglen,  James  G .  

1958 

The  Japanc ae  Factory .   Glencoe,  Illinoi s ,   Free  Pre s s . 

Adam3 ,  Ri chard  N .  

1958 

The  Problem  of  Nat ional  Culture  in  Central  America . 

In  �;1i scellaneo. 

Paul 

Rivet, 

r.Iexico,  341 - 359 . 

Akita,  George 
1965 

The  Foundations  of  Constitutional  Government  in  Modern  Japan,  1868 -
1900 . 

Cambridge ,  Harvard  University . 

Arensberg,  Conrad  M .   and  Solon  T .   Kimball 

1965 

Culture  and  Community .  New  York,  Harcourt ,  Brace  and World,  Inc .  

Beardsley,  Richard  K .  

1954 

1958 

Community  Studies  in  Japan .  The  Far  Eastern  Quarterly,  14 : 3 7 - 5 3 . 
Field  Guide  to  Japan .  Hashington,  D .   C . ,  National  Academy  of 
Sciences . 

p 

• 

" 

Beardsley,  F: L chard  K . ,  John  W .   Hall  and  Robert  E .   Hard 

19 5 9  

Village  Japan . 

Chi cago ,  University  of  Chi cago  Pre s s . 

Beardsley,  Ri chard  K .   and  John  H .   Hall 

1965 

Twelve  Doors  to  Japan .  New  York,  McGraw-Hill . 

( 

Befu,  Harumi 

1962 

Hamlet  in  a  Nation :  The  Place  of  Three  Japane se  Rural  Communities 
in  thei r   Broader  So cial  Context .  Ph . D .   The s i s ,   University  of 
Hi s consin . 

Bellah,  Robert 
1957 

Tokugawa  Religion .  Glencoe ,  Free  Pre s s . 

Benedi ct,  Ruth 
1946 

The  Chrysanthemum  and  the  Sword .  Boston,  Houghton  Mifflin. 

Bennett ,  John  H .   and  Iwao  Ishino 

196 3 

Paternali sm  in  the  Japane se  Economy .  Minneapoli s ,   Univers ity  of 
Minne sota  Pre s s . 

Braidwood,  Robert  J .   and  Gordon  R .   Willey 

1962 

Courses  Toward  Urban  Life .  Viking  Fund  Publi cations  in  Anthropology 
No .  32 . 

Caudill ,  William 

1962 

Patterns  of  Emotion  in  Modern  Japan . 
by  Ri chard  Beardsley  and  Robert  J .   Smith . 

In  Japanese  Culture ,  ed . 

Donoghue ,  John  D .  

1957 

An  Eta  Community  in  Northe r  Japan :  The  So cial  Persist ence  of  OUt caste 
Groups .  American  Anthropologi st ,  De cember . 

Donoghue ,  John  D . ,  John  Useem  and  Ruth  Useem 

196 3 

Men  in  the  Middle  of  the  Thi rd  Culture :  The  Roles  of  American  and 
Non-Hestern  People  in  Cross  Cultural  Admini stration .  Human 
Organi zation,  Fall . 

-19-

( 

Caudill ,  Vlilliam  and  Harry  A.  S carr 

1962 

Japane se  Value  Orientat i ons  and  Culture  Change .  Ethnology, 
1 : 5 3 -9L 

Caudill ,  William  and  L .   Takeo  Doi 

1963 

Interrelat ions  of  Psychiatry,  Culture  and  Emotion  in  Japan . 

In  Medicine  and  Anthropology,  ed .  by  Iago  Gal ston .  New  York, 

International  Univers i t i e s   Pres s .  

Cornell ,  John  B .  

1953 

Matsunagi ,  The  So cial  Lif e   of  a  Japane s e   Mountain  Community . 

Ph . D .  the S i S ,   UniverS ity  of  Michigan . 

Deut s ch,  Karl  W .  

1963 

The  Nerve s  of  Government . 

Glencoe ,  The  F ree  Pres s   of  Glenco e . 

De  Vos ,   George 
1962 

Deviancy  and  Social  Change :  A  Psycho cultural  Evaluation . 
Japane s e   Culture ,  ed .  by  Robert  J .   Smith  and  Ri chard  K.  Beardsley . 
Wenne r-Gren  Foundati on  fo r  Anthropological  Re sear"ch,  Inc . 

In 

Dore ,  Ronald 

( 

1958 
1959 
1962 
1964 

City  Life  in  Japan .  London,  Routledge  and  Kegan  Paul . 

Land  Reform  in  Japan .  London  and  New  York,  Oxford  UniverSity  Pre s s . 

Talent  and  the  So cial  Order  in  Japan . 

Past  and  Pres e nt  21 : 60 -72 . 

Education :  Japan . 

In  The  Politi cal  Moderni zation  of  Japan  and 

Turkey,  ed .  by  Robert  E .   Vlard  and  Dankwart  A .   Rustow . 
Princeton  University  Pre s s ,   176 -204 

Princeton, 

Education  in  Tokugawa  Japan .  Berkeley,  University  of  Cali fornia 

Pre s s . 

Eisenstadt ,  S . N .  

1961 

Anthropologi cal  Studies  of  Complex  Societie s . 
2 : 201 -22 . 

Current  Anthropology, 

Embree,  John 

1937 

SUye  Mura . 

Chi cago,  University  of  Chi cago  Pres s .  

Gross ,  Bertram  M .  

1965 

The  Social  state  of  the  Union .  Tran s -act i on,  3 : 14 -17 . 

Haberstroh,  Chadwick  J .  

1965 

Organi zation  Design  and  Systems  Analysi s . 
Organi zations ,  ed .  by  Jame s  G .   March,  1171 -1211 ,  Chi cago ,  Rand 

In  Handbook  of 

McNally . 

Ike ,  Nobutake 
1950 

The  Beginnings  of  Poli t i cal  Democracy  in  Japan .  Baltimore , 

Johns  Hopkins  Univers ity  Pre s s . 

... 

Johnson,  Erwin  H. 

-20 -

1961 

1962 

Nagura  Mura :  An  Hi stori cal  Analysi s  of  Persistence  and  Change  in 
Community  Structure .  Ann  Arbor,  University  of  Michigan  Mi crofilms . 
The  Emergence  of  a  Self - cons cious  Entrepreneurial  Class  in  Rural 
Japan . 
K.  Beardsley . 

Japanese  Culture  e d .   by  Robert  J .   Smith  and  Richard 

In 

Kawai ,   Kazuo 

1960 

Japan ' s  American  Interlude . 

Chi cago,  UniverSity  of  Chicago  Pre s s . 

Lockwood,  William 

1954 

The  Economic  Development  of  Japan;  Growth  and  Structural  Growth 
1868 -1938 .  Princeton,  Princeton  University  Pre s s . 

March,  Jame s  G .  
1965 

Handbook  of  Organi zations . 

Chicago,  Rand  McNally . 

Matsumoto ,  Y .   Scott 

1960 

Contemporary  Japan :  The  Individual  the  Group .  Philadelphia, 
Transactions  of  the  Ameri can  Philosophical  SOCiety . 

Meier,  Ri chard  L .  

1962 

A  Communi cations  Theory  of  Urban  Growth . 
Institute  of  Te chnology  Pre s s . 

Cambridge ,  Mas sachusetts ,  

Moos,  Felix 

1963 

1963b 

Inertia  and  Change :  Element s  of  the  Japanese  Family  and  Kinship 
Organi zation  since  1945 .  Ph . D .   thesis,  University  of  \{ashington . 
Religion  and  Politi cal  i n   Japan :  the  Case  of  the  Soka  Gakkai, 
Asian  Survey  3 : 136 -42 . 

Norbeck,  Ed.rard  J .  

1954 

1965 

Takashima ,   a  Fi shing  Community  of  Japan . 
Utah,  UniverSity  of  Utah  Pre s s . 
Changing  Japan .  New  York,  Holt ,  Rinehart  and  Hinston . 

Salt  Lake  City, 

Oriental  Institute  ( Carl  H.  Kraeling  and  Robert  M .   Adams ,  eds . ) 

City  Invincible . 

Chi cago ,   UniverS ity  of  Chi cago  Pre s s . 

1960 

PaS S in,  Herbert 
1965 

Education  ard Society  in  Japan .  New  York . 

Plath,  David  H .  
1961 

1964 

1965 

The  Strung  and  the  Unstrung :  Holidays  in  Japanese  Life .  Ph . D . 
The S i S ,   Harvard  Univers ity . 
The  After  Hours :  Modern  Japan  and  the  Search  for  Enjoyment . 
Berkeley,  UniverS ity  of  California  Press . 
The  Routini zation  of  Divers ity :  A  Report  on  Japanese  Utopian 
Communitie s .  Unpubli shed  paper  presented  at  annual  meeting  of 
the  Ameri can  Anthropologi cal  ASSOCiation,  November  19,  1965 . 

.. 

' 

( 

-21 -

Plummer)  John  Frede ri ck 

1963  Qya,  a  Village  of  Northeast  Japan .  Ph . D .  The s i s ,   University  of 

Mi chigan . 

Rei s chaue r,  Edwin  O .   and  John  K.  Fai rbank 

1958 

East  Asia :  The  Great  Tradition .  Boston,  Houghton  Mifflin . 

Rosovsky,  Henry 
1961 

Capital  Formation  in  Japan .  Glencoe ,  Free  Press .  

Scalapino,  Robert  A .  

195 3 

Democracy  and  the  Party  Movement  in  Prewar  Japan .  Berkeley, 
University  of  California  Pre s s . 

Scalapino,  Robert  and  Junnosuke  Masum 

1962 

Parties  and  Politi cs  in  Contemporary  Japan .  Berkeley,  University 
of  California . 

Smith)  Robert  J. 
1953 

1960 

Kurusu :  a  Changing  Japanese  Agricultural  Community .  Ph . D . 
The s i s ,   Cornell  UniverSity .  
Pre -industrial  Urbani sm  in  Japan :  A  Consi deration  of  Multiple 
Traditions  in  a  Feudal  Society .  Economi c  Development  and 
Cultural  Change  9 : 2 41 - 5 7 . 

( 

Sillith,  Robert  J .   and  Ri chard  K.  Beardsley 

1962 

Japanese  Culture .  New  York,  lienner-Gren  Foundation  for  Anthro ­
pologi cal  Re search,  Inc . 

Smith,  Thomas  C .  

195 5 

Politi cal  Change  and  Industrial  Development  in  Japan :  Government 
Enterpri se,  1868-1880 . 

Stanford  University  Pre s s . 

Taeuber,  Irene 
1958 

The  Population  of  Japan .  Princeton,  Princeton  University  Press . 

Vogel,  Ezra 

1964 

Japan ' s  New  Middle  Clas s .  Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press . 

1·fui tney,  Daniel 
1963 

Aioi  Village :  An  Analys i s   of  Change  in  Japan .  M. A .   The s i s ,   Michigan 
State  University . 

Half,  Eri c 
1964 
1965 

Anthropology .  Englewood  Cliff s ,   New  Jersey,  Prenti ce -Hall . 
Peasants .  Englewood  Cliff s ,   New  Jersey,  Prentice -Hall . 

Yamamoto,  Tat suro 

1964 

In  Cross ­
Re cent  Studies  on  the  Japane se  National  Character . 
Cultural  Understanding :  Espi stemology  i n  Anthropology,  ed .  by 
F . S . C .   Northrop  and  Helen  H .   Livingston,  New  York,  Harper  and  Row . 

Borton,  Hugh 

1955 

Japan ' s   Modern  century .  New  York,  Ronald  Pre s s . 

Rei s chauer,  Edwin  O .  

1964 

Japan  Past  and  Present .  New  York,  Knopf 

Reis chaue r,  Edwin  O .   and  John  K.  Fairbank 

1958 

East  Asia :  The  Great  Tradition .  Boston,  Houghton  Miffl i n . 

Sansom,  George  B .  

1951 

The  Western  World  and  Japan .  New  York,  Knopf . 

Smith,  Thomas  C .  
1959 

University  Pre s s . 

The  Agrarian  Origins  of  Modern  Japan . 

Stanford,  Stanford 

,. 

r-' 

( 

MICHIGAN  STATE  U N IVE R SI T Y   EAST  LANSING 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 

No t   to  be 

Quoted 

March  4, 

WOrld  CUlture  and  Eduaation 

by  lwao  Ishino 

When  a  lIOaiety as..:mes  the  po sture  of  economa  and  social.  develop. 

it.  tao.s  •  en tical  eduoational  problem. 

It  wUl  fim  that  the 

learl$nga  ot  the  past  no  longer  suftioe.,  tor  meeting  the  problems  ot 

the  oontempOrary  sooiety.  Each  new  development  decision  am  each  new 

operation  cliallenges  oonventional  w1sdOll  am  traditional  JlDdes  ot 

tho�ht..  Development,  in  short,  uplies  the  obsoleseenoe  ot  cOlWentional 

eduoation • .

&,y 

the  same  token  a  developing  aociety  is  an  open  cultural 

system,  operating  in  the  context  ot  the  world  loene.  This  liDkage  with 

the  international 

JUkes  possible  the  inflow  ot  new  ideas  ani  new 

...t�.�.; .::r:;--

�gy  s well  ••  the 

� 

"". 

p...-...... � 

good.�  serv1a�s 
n··.) fl ·   ... "  .

.  J.,.  .f()  ,  '.",. 

n  turn  the  oapital  and  experiences  tor  further 

devel�t.  'lbe  role  ot  education  in  providing  thi s  linkage  with 

the  .,rId  i8  cruoial  am  any  developing  nation  nst  inve st  heavUy 

in  educ�t1on  as  a  prerequisite  tor  progre ••• 

J , I· 

In  this  paper ,  I  shall  exa1l1ne  the  nature  ot  this  l1nak,e 

to liOrld  knowledge  am  experience  which  I  des1snate  for  the  present 

purpos.  as  "world  oulture. "   Culture,  when  dewd  in  this  global 

I 

perspeotive ,  is  a  product  of  the  contributions  ot  many  peoples  at 

ditferent  times  am  places.  It  theretore  cannot  lid  cla1m  to  be 

the  sole  property  ot  any  single  society. 

 
, . 

M Ie H I G A N  S TAT E  U N  I V E R SIT Y  EAST  LANSING 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 

Whil.  the  developing  society  "taps"  into  this  wo'l.-ld  culture 

pr1mar1ly  through  its  educational  institutions ,  it  faces  s�taneou.ly 

. 

'\' 

the  probl811  of -

a  new  am  irr:iepement  political-Cultr-u  entity • •  

~ 

}

,

'

i

' 

Building  toward  a  national  culture  is  not  incompatible,  h*�r.  with 
an  activ1e  part6cpation  in  the  World  culture.  Indeed  no 

i,(\ 
so~iet;r 

.  ' 

, ' 

. 

'

in _the 

t· 

\'.1 

mid-twentieth  �netury  can  develop  in' isolation.  The  ohalle\1ge ;;to 
education,  then.  is  to  toster  national  development  with  a 
same  time ,   to  link 
social  ani  political  stress  am,  at 

m1� 

, 

the 

ot 

to  the  expaming  body  of  science ,   philo sophy  ani  sooial 

!'t�ugl1t 

� 

ot  the  world  crul tura. 

 
 
-- -

I 

I 

..... -

.... 

"  . --. 

l 

.. 

b
-

I

1

&:,(<1

�

)

rN>fV'.S

25

M
<A.
�
 1
S
Gr
A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
M �� ; "()  NCl, �  �TS  � J  
�\['\.JC.N'\�  �  Ok.:..o  S�  R�l --
(tw -h  AA� «0 MoL )   4 
� �cL� � �  

a � � �  

11",r'l ' : " " W  " 'O" ) � �  

/ _. ,a'"i?j:3:Y'P"  i""� '�J d �  "'AHlIOfI'�l 
f rt f t  �J  l�  "I.]  1 ,  
',
' 41 ,-'  7  n l 'l�L  " i. l  

1." 1  ) " ,  .: 

� 
, 

', 

•

•

•

T

i
t
l
e
V

I
-
B

,

6
7
&
6
8

, 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
.. 

.... 

Memo  to : 

The  Hawaii  Group 

Subj e c t :  What  I  learned  from  the  Hawaii  Meeting ,  Jan  30-Feb .  3 .  

February 

7 .   19 67 

A .  

Pt1rpose: 

As  !  under stood  i t ,   the  purp o s e   of  thi s  January  me eting  wa s  to  do 

the  follo .. 1ing : 

1 )   Plan  for  the  summer  seminar . 
Work 
2 )  
Educ ation. 

toward  a  draft  propo s al  for  r e s e arch  in  Cro s s- Cultural 

Generate  an  intere st  in  a'  new  field  of  knowledg e ,   tentatively 

identified  as  Cro s s-Cultural  Educ ation. 

B. 

Summary 

of  the 

Maij or 

Deci sions  of  the 

J anuar y  Meeting . 

3

) 

1 )  

2 )  

J )  

On  the  re search  propo sal ,   we  ran  into  a  major  problem  concerning 

the  general  plan. 

Tha.t  i s ,   should  the  propo s al  be  stated  in  such  general 

terms  that  many  di sparate  and  unnonnec ted  piec e s   o!  r e s e arch  c an  be  brought 

under  thi s   r e s e ar c h   "umbrella" ?  Or ,  should  it  be  a  c oordinated  r e s e arch 
program  of  the  type  George  Guthrie  propo sed ?   No  re solution  o f   this  problem 
was  attempted . 

Sllmmer  Seminar :  While  at  one  po int  in  ±tR  time ,  we  d i scu ss e d 

the  theme  and  po s sible  participants  for  this  s eminar ,  thi s  matter  s e emed 

to  be  tabled  as  the  group  moved  into  a  more  basic  are a   of  c o nc ern, 

namely,  the  problem  o f   identifying  a  new  field  of  knowl edge . 

New  Field  of  knowl edge :  It  oc curred  to  me  in  the  pro c e s s   o f   our 

discus s ion  that  we  did  not  all  agree  on  what  " this  new  field  of  knowledge" 

wa s ,   and  that  before  working  on  such  problems  a s   the  de sign  of  the  r e s earch 

program  and  the  plans  for  the  summer  seminar ,  we  need  to  r e ac h   some  agreement 
as  to  what  the  broad  parameters  of  thi s  new  field  of  knowledge  i  ar e .  

My 

c .  

Ide a s   on  thi s  New  Field  of 

Knowledge. 

1 )  

a  need  forxthis  field  exi sts : 

The  discu s sions  at  Hawaii  indic ated  to  me  tha t ,   however  one 

define s  thi s   field ,  no  one  discipline  nor  profes sion  h a s   all  the 
qualific ations ,  c ompetenc e ,   and  experienc e  to  develop  i t .  

The  nec e s sary  empiric al  knowledge  for  thi s   new  field  i s   not 

being  g athered  under  exi sting  systems  of  gathering  edu c ational  data . 

A 

Ildata  bank"  type  of  approach  to  spelling  out  thi s  new  field 

is  premature  bec ause : 

the  right  kind  of  data  are  no t  yet  being 

c ollec ted ; 
are  for  cla s sifying �  the  data  that  i  might  b e   already  published . 

we  do n ' t  know  .. That  the  rel evant  c a tegori e s   and  princ ipl e s  

2 )  

1 )  

a ) 

b ) 

c

) 

What  needs  to  be  done  before  a  new  field  c an  be  identified . 

2 )  

a )   Many  c onferenc e s   between  different  types  of  schomars 

must  be  held  before  a  new  field  can  be  idenfied  sufficiently 

to  e stablish  a  long-range  re search  program.  A  single  conferenc e  
i s   simply  not  ERg  sufficient .  

b )   Potential  contributor s   to  thi s  new  field,  o r   a t   leastJ 
a  substantial  proportion  o f   them ,  must  have  done  some  empirical 
work  in  one  or  more  developing  crnmtry. 

c )   Such  contributor s   must  publish  their  observations  and 
findings .  

d )   Such  material s  must  be  read  by 

a  wide 

range  of  r e search  scholar s  and  criticized  from  a  wide  range 
of  cultural  and  disc iplinary  viewpoints . 

Conclusions : 

3 )  

a )   The  conferee s  at  Hawaii  did  not  feel  that  the  above- stated 
" spade-work"  has  been  done  and  it  needs  to  be  done  if  this 

field  is  to  reach  the  " take-off"  stage . 

b )   I t   i s   recommended  therefore  that  the  coming  summer  seminar 

be  explic itly  recogni zed  a s   a  general  seminar  which  will  attempt 

the  first  of  a  serie s  of  c o nferenc e s   that  would  work  toward 
defining  this  new  field . 

c )   At  some  future  point  in  time ,  after  the  field  has  been 

sufficiently  identified ,  a  r e s earch  propo sal  of  a  long-range 

nature  be  drafted. 

• 

Goa.l s  o f   the 

Augu st 

Sem i nar 

The  g o a l s   o f   the  Augu s t   s em inar  wi l l   be  cont i ngent  s om e -

what  upon  the  r e s ul t s   o f   the  J anuary  m e e t i ng .   E .   Wi t t e rmans ' 

t ent a t i v e   pro gram  i n c luded  a  d i s cu s s i on  o f   the  t e chni c a l   a s pe c t s 

o f   a  j o int  propo s al  and  the  preparat i on  o f   the  pro p o s al  during  the 

J anuary  m e e t i ng . 

H o wev e r ,  re c ent  d i s cu s s i on  at  M . a . D .   i nd i c at e s   t h a t  

prepara t i on  o f   a  re s e ar ch  pro po s al  at  thi s  t i me  i s   premature . 

Con s e q uent l y ,  d i s cu s s i on  o f   the  t e c hni cal  a s p e c t s   o f   a  pro p o s al 

and  the  pre p arat i on  o f   a  prop o s al  m i ght  o c cupy  a  p o rt i o n   o f   the 

agend a  o f   the  Augu s t   s eminar . 

Other  go a l s  m i ght  i nclu d e : 

A .  

I d ent i fi cat i on  and  d e s c ri p t i on  o f   re s e ar ch  s tud i e s   whi ch  c ould 

b e o ome  opera t i onal  in  t he  ne ar  future . 

At t a i nment  o f   thi s 

g o a l   woul d   i nvolve  rathe r  s pe c i f i c  d e s c ri p t i o n s   o f   po s s i b l e  

r e s ea r c h   stud i e s   b y   s o m e   o f   the  conference  part i c i pant s .  

Su ch  r e s e a r c h   m i ght  inv o l v e   a  l o g i cal  e xt ens i on  o f   current 

r e s e ar ch  be i ng  pre s ently  cond u c t e d   at  e i ther  MSU  o r   the 

Ea s t - We s t   Center . 

B .  

Stud y   the  f e a s i bi l i ty  o f   an  M SU  and  Ea s t - We s t   Cent e r   re s e arch 

p artne r sh i p . 

C .  

I d e nt i fi c at i on  o f   pro fe s s i onal  pe r s onne l  who  c ould  a s s um e   the 

re s pon s i bi l i ty  for  the  d ev e l o pm ent  o f   a  c ro s s - cul tural  re s e arch 

pro gram  at  MSU  and  the  Ea s t - We s t   C ent e r .  

D .   D i s cu s s i on  o f   appro pri a t e   fudd i ng  a gen c i e s   f o r   cro s s - cul tural 

re s e ar c h . 

E .   D i s cus s i o n   o f   the  d i s t i ngu i shing  chara c t e ri s t i c s   o f   the 

Uni v e r s i ty  o f   H awai i ' s   Ed ucat i o n  and  D ev e l o prr. e nt  C e nt e r   and 

the  r e s e arch  and  i nforma t i o n  c e n t e r   propo s e d   by  IV1SU  and  EW  Cent e r .  

Topics 

f o r   the 

August 

S e m i nar 

A .   D ev e l o pment  of  C o n c e p tual  Fram e wo rk  for  Cro s s - Cul tural 

---

r e s e ar ch  in  l e arni ng . 

The  i n t e r -d i s c i p l i nary  nature  o f   s uch  a 

re s e a r ch  and  informat i on  c e n t e r   app e a r s   to  re qu i r e   s om e   ty p e  

o f   c o n c e p t u a l   fram e wo r k   wh i ch  would  p e rmi t  mo re  e f fe c t i v e  

c ommuni cati o n   am ong  t h e   v a ri o u s   d i s c i pl i ne s  and  i nt e gr a t i o n  

o f   re s e arch  e ff o rt s . 

B .  

D e fi ni t i on  o f   Cro s s - Cul tural  Re s e ar ch . 

What  are  t h e   d e fi ning 

chara c t e ri s t i c s   o f   c ro s s - C1.1l tural  re s e ar ch ?  

,! ) 

, 
is 

cro s s - cul tural 

r e s e ar ch  uni que  in  t e rm s   o f : 

re s e ar c h   m e thodo l o gi e s ,   v E r i abl e s  

s tud i ed ,  re l a t i on  t o   th e o ry ,  e t c .  

I s   i t   more  appl i ed  than 

ba s i c '? 

C .   D e fini t i o n   o f   l e a rning . 

H o w   i s   l e arning  d e fi ned  by  t he 

--..." .... ..- .. 

anthro p o l o g i s t ,  educat o r ,  s o c i o l o gi s t ,   and  the  p s y cho l o gi s t ?  

lihat  i mp l i c a t i o n s   d o   the s e   vari o u s   d e fi ni t i o n s   have  for  the 

s tudy  o f   l e arning  in  the  c ontext  o f   a  c ro s s - cul tural  s e t t i ng . 

D o e s   l e arni ng  re s e ar c h   ne c e s s ar i l y   hav e  t o   be  c omparative  i n  

o rd er  f o r   i t   t o   qua l i fy  a s   c r o s s - cul tural  re s e a r ch ,  o r   c an  i t  

i nv o l v e   a  d e s cri p t i on  o f   the  vari able s  influencing  l e arning  i n  

"; 
a  given  cul t ural  c ont ext � 

D .   Awaren e s s   o f  

i ndividual  differenc~s 

in  l e arning . 

H o w   d o  

v ar i ou s   cul t ure s  prov ide  l e a rni n g   experi en c e s  f o r   s en s o ry  and 

i nt e l l e c tua l ly  de f i ci ent  chi ldrenl  Wi thout  d oubt ,  i n   mo s t  

und e rd eve l o ped  na t i on s   l e � rning  for  t he s e   i nd iv i dua l s  O ·2 curs 

pri ma r i l y   i n   the  fam i l y   and  communi ty  rathe r  than  in  the  s cho o l . 

What  p r ov i s i on s   are  made  fo r  di f f e re n c e s  i n   l e arning  ra. t e s  i n  

the  s cho o l   e nv i r o nment s  f o r   s o   c a l l ed  " no rmal "  chi ldren ?  Are 

there  cul tura l   d i f fe ren c e s  i n   the  i n c id en c e   o f   ment al  r e t a rd ati o n , 

bl i nd n e s s ,   d e a fne s s ?  

• 

,,, 

E .   P syc hollime;uistics  and  Cro s s-Cultural  Re searc h .   P sychollLng ui s ti c s   is  con-

eerned  �li th  th e   way  in  which  the  sp c [_k er  o f   a  langua ge  enc odes  hi s 

behavior  into  lingu i st ic  re spon ses ,  depending  on  the  stru c t ure  o f  

hi s  languag e ,  an d ,   a s   a  hearer ,  deco de s   the se  mes sages  into  furthe r 

behavior .  Recent  studie s  have  llldic ated  that  the  grammati cal  and 

sem antic  asp ec ts  o f   sent enc e s   are  variable s  in fluen cing  th e   ability 

to  recall  sentence s .   The se  studies  may  provide  the  backgro und  fo r  some 

rather  intere gt ing  cross-cultural  re se arc h  aimed  at  determing  the  in-

fluence  syntactic  and  semant ic  variable s  have  upon  the  recall  and  retention 

o f   verbal  material  in  di fferent  cult ure s .   Such  studies  woul d  have 

impl ication  for  th e  preparat ion  of  form al  written  material  in  in struc tional 

settings .  

Hy  bias  c oncerning  the  general  orienta ti on  o f   th e   August  seminar  i s  

q uite  obvious .  �e search  ha s  o ccupi e d   a  central  r ole  in  my  thinking ,  b�cause 

I  am  not  certain  What  the  p arameters  of  re search  are  in  a  cro ss-cultural 

interdisciplinary  effort .  A  discus si on  of  sp ecific  re search  s t udie s   a t  

the  Augu st  seminar  would  b e   helpful  from  both  a  c onceptual  an d  propo sal 

s t<n dpoint . 

,,,. 
.  -,. 

.. 

M I C H I G AN  S T A T E   U N I V E R SI TY  BAST LANSING ·  MICfDGAN  48823 

CONTINUING  BDUCATION  SBRVICB  •  XBUOGG  CENTER 

May  3 1 ,  1 9 6 7  

Dr .  Iwao  Ishino 
10  International  C enter 
Campus 

Dear  Dr .  Ishino : 

We  are  p leased  to  know  that  you  will  b e   part icipating  in  the  Orientat ion 

For  Over s eas  Living  Pro gram . 

Your  s e s s ion  has  b een  s cheduled  for  June  6 
in  Room  109 . 
If  you  have  need  for  any  special  equipment  or  audio  visual  materials 

at  10 : 00 

please.  let  me  know  in  advance .   You  are  also  mos t   cordially  invited  to 

attend  the  opening  recep t ion  and  d inner  on  Sunday  June 

at 

p . m .  

in  the  Red  Cedar  Rooms  o f   the  Kellogg  Center . 

6 : 00 
4 
I f   you  do  f ind  it 

p o s s ib le  to  a t t end  I  would  apprec iate  your  l e t t ing  my  o f f ice 

know  b y   noon  o n   Friday . 

If  you  d o   a t t end  the  d inner  p lease  s top  at 

( 355-0170) 

the  conference  regi s t rat ion  desk  to  pick  up  your  name  badge . 

These  will 

b e   used  in  l ieu  o f   meal  tickets . 

Also ,  if  you  would  let  my  o f f ice  know  ei ther  b efore  or  at  the  time  of 

your  p resentat ion  what  your  social  s ecur ity  numb er  is ,  it  will  grea t ly 

exped i t e   the  p ayment  of  your  honorarium . 

S incerely , 

;:;;:

:(?�� 

Tom  Coll ins 

Conference  Consultant 

110NDAY 

TUESDAY 

UEDNESDAY 

THURSDAY 

FRIDAY 

The  Values  {-Ie 

Hold? 

Our  Foreign 

(The  American 

Character? ) 

Policy :  A 
Global  View 

Northwestern 

Europe  and 

the  Far  East 

today . 

I 

Comparative  Gov-

ernmel1ts  and  Pol-

itical  Sys tems 

----- ---_ . _-- ----
--------_ . _------

ditto 

I� .pact  of  the 

Foreign  Experience 

People  and 

society 

(tultural  Shocks 

============ 

EtC . ) 

People  and 

society 

Con ' t .  

(or  �1 .lsic) 

---- ---- -----
---- ----------

ditto 

L U N C H  

L  U  N  C  H 

American  Family 

The  Economic 

Our  Foreign 

Literature 

Abroad ; 

CliroAte  of  Wes tern 

Policy : 

Europe 

Europe  Today 

�===:.:====:===== 

'============= 

(American  Life 

Overseas ? )  

The  Economic 

Our  Foreign 

ditto 

Climate  of  the 

Policy : 

Far 

East 

Far  East  Today 

Our  Image  Abroad 

Economic 

De  Gaulle,' s 

*Some  Practical 

(How  Hell  Are  �Je 

Known? ) 

Geography 

France 

----------

-- -

-

Adjus tment  to 

Living  Abroad 

ditto 

Hao ' s   China 

----------------
---- -- ----------

8 : 30 
to 

10 : 00 

10 :; 30 
to 

12 : 00 

1 : 00 
to 

2 : 30 

3 : 00 
to 

4 : 30 

Evenings  with  films  and/or  free  time 

• 

'* 

ditto 

'*Informal 

;coffee"  panels  composed  of 

ng  visitors ,  !l8.tillS .  etc . 

•  ~ :  ~~:z;,  ~-~ . -
~~ N ~ ~  ~ ,,___,.__ 

~ _c_,,__,_;__, __ - __ ,,_,__, _ ~ 7~  

A - v 2 :7 v -~  

~~~~  -

~ 

- - - -

~IL- ~ ~ ( /4~  ~ ~~1 

- - ~ -.-"--'V'-"~ 

~

~CT"-"""- ~~ , 

----=-

/1-e--,  ~ ~ ~ ~ I  ~ 

~ +a 
~ ~
=  ~ NJ- ~ -~~ -

-~  ~-~ ~ ~ ~~ - - - - -
:  ~-~  Q.- ~ - - - - -

- ~  - - - -

~J :6 -

-

~ -~ 
1 ~

- ~'c,,b.J .. 7i ~ -
-~ ~~~ 

~~ ~ - -~ ) l   -

=  ( 2  r:,_.:_  ~ -lo  ~ ~ ;  ~ J _ - - - i i  

_ 

~

~/tu,__ 

.• - --

� 

~ ~ - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - .  
@~ - - - - - - -
' - �-� 
~ -·  t7  ~  . .  -~ , . s  

~ -~~~S ­

- A-tr,,<) 

.- ~ • - -

(i)  - ��� 

p ~ e,;__~_ 1i 
~~£ -

"_ 

- - - - - - - -

.' 

• 

• 

(t{ )  "e, u�� 

� 

'r-v ' 

� � s �� s  
-=>- � <-<--Z. � I-t>-( 
(6-)  �� -t,.� 

- - - - - - - --=---.-

-

T V" - -? , : , , , -~ -~   ~

I 

. 

-..;.- -

--,, 

- - - - - (~)  / 0  ~ 0  ~~ - - -  
~~ 
- ~  c / l -~ -5   - c k - -~   -

• 

• 

2) 

.:> 

iN'  ~ 

- - - -

- - -

- - - - - -~ - - - - -

- - - -

.... . 

L __ 

. 

,  � � � �1 
�  �  � / /I �  �  7fC 

�  .f-o 

.,/L...

. 

�;.., o-V'  ?J 
- � � �� / � � ' 

4-� :  �  �/ 

�/ �  

I 

� �.I 

-rL-� � � � � 

"  � �  

���-'  �  �  � r;f-o  
oc- �  �  � �  �� 1 

� 0 

0)  ��  0 �  C71'f--t- �  � 

,. 

�� 7 

� 

. 

.  (/..J  �t;  �- ?  - �  �  ��  �  � 
(�  .,d�  ���  70  �  '/? �G  ���r 

(3)  � ����7� �� 

� � � (... �� . 

('f-J �a.h� J  �  �  � 

... 

' :  

. 

{5) . ~ 

©  ~ _k,,;._~-11  L  ~~ 

(2)  p�.�� 

~~ 

~~-~ ~ ~ 

� 
�-. 

Gi)  � ��  � ��  
.  bJ �  � 

Ct.: u...

!�� 

� 

-e 

M I C H I GA N   STA T E   U N IV E R SITY  EAST  LANSING ·  MICHIGAN  48823 

( 

CONTINUING  EDUCATION  SERVICE  •  MSU  REGIONAL  CENTER  •  OAKLAND  UNIVERSITY  •  ROCHESTER 

September  12 ,  1 9 6 7  

Dr .  Iwao  Ishino 
# 10  Internationa l  Center 
Michigan  State  University 
East  Lansing,  Michigan  48823 

Dear  Dr .  Ishino: 

We  are  p leased  to  we lcome  you  again  as  an  instructor  for  our  o f f -campus  Extension 

Program  at  Oak land  University  campus  this  coming  Fa l l   Term . 

P lease  fee l  free 

to  ca l l   upon  our  o ffice  if  you  have  any  specia l  needs  or  requirements  for  your 

c lass . 

In formation  regarding  audio  visua l  materia ls  is  enc losed . 

There  wi l l   be  advanced  registrations  for  a l l   persons  taking  graduate  courses . 

Students  appearing  in  your  c lass  who  have  not  registered  should  do  so  at  once 
in  the  Regiona l  Center  Of fice,  Room  3 6 6   S outh  Foundation  Ha l l .   Your  c lass 
list  and  r o om  assignment  may  be  picked  up  in  our  o f fice . 

P lease  notify  us  any 

time  y ou  need  a  room  change ,  cance l  a  c lass  or  wish  to  make  any  changes  in  the 

current  schedu le . 

Students  may  purchase  textbo oks  in  the  Oakland  University  Bookstore  in  the 
Student  Center .  The  store  wi l l   remain  open  until  9 : 00  p . m .   during  the  first 
If  additiona l  books  are  needed  a fter  the  second  week , 
two  weeks  of  c lasses . 

p lease  notify  our  of fice . 

The  Oak land  University  library  is  avai lable  to  y our  students .  Re ference  bo oks 

from  the  Michigan  State  University  Continuing  Education  library  may  be  ordered 

by  you  and  p laced  in  a  separate  section  in  the  Oak land  library  for  circu lation 

to  y our  students . 

We  hope  y our  stay  here  wi l l   be  most  enjoyab le . 
p lease  fee l  free  to  contact  me  at  the  Regiona l  Center,  3 6 6   South  F oundation 
Ha l l .  
8 : 00  p . m .   each  day,  Monday  through  Thursday,  and  8 : 00  a . m .   to  5 : 00  p . m .   Fridays . 

(Phone :  338 - 7 2 1 1 ,  ext .  2 2 23  or  2 224) . 

Our  o f fice  is  open  8 : 00  a . m .   to 

If  y ou  have  any  questions, 

Sincere ly, 

Tester 

DMT:map 

enc l 

MICBIGAN  STATE 
SOUTHEAST  REGIONAL  CENTER 

UNIVERS ITY 

SUBJECT :  AUDIO  VISUAL  EQUIPMENT  FOR  OFF  CAMPUS  COURSES  AT  OAKLAND  UNIVERS ITY 

Aud i o   visua l  e qu ipment  and  servic e s   o f   Oakland  univers ity 

are  made  ava i lab le  to  suppor t  the  Michigan  State  Un iver s ity 

o f f   campus  cour s e   program .  

In  order  t o   s e c ure  the se 

s ervices  t o   supp or t  our  program ,  the  f o l lowing  procedures 

have  been  e s tab l ished . 

1 .  

Equipment 

Ava i lab le : 

mm  Pr o j e c t or 

16 
F i lmstr ip  and 

2x2 
Overhead  Pro j e c t or 

S l ide  Pro j e c t or 

Opaque  Pr o j e c t or 

Carrous e l   Pro j e c t or 

2.  Equipment  Requests: 

S tand  or  Cart 

Screen 

Phonograph 

(70"x70") 
(5 
Tape  Recor der 
Ope r a t or 

wat t )  

Reques t s   for  aud i o   visua l  serv ice  shou ld  be  made  to  the 
South  Foundat ion  Ha l l ,   Oak land 
MS U  Re giona l  Center , 

Un iver s ity ,   te lephone 

ext . 

oat  leas t  twenty­

338-7 2 1 1 ,  

2223 

four  hours  prior  to  i t s   intended  u s e .  Reque s t s   received 

366 

later  than  the  for�going  cannot  be  a s s ur e d   of  be ing 

ava i lab le .   The  r e que s t   should  inc lude : 

the  type  of  equip­

ment ,  date  and  t ime  o f   use ,  and  whe ther  an  operator  is 

required .  Reque s t s   may  be  made  by  phone  or  let ter . 

3 .  

An  emp loyee  of  the  Aud io  Visua l  s e c t ion  of  Oakland 

Un iver s ity  has  been  s cheduled  to  work  evenings  unt i l  

P . M. 

10 : 00 
problem  with  the  e qu ipment  this  omp l oyee  may  be  contac ted 

Shou ld  °there  be  a  breakdown  of  equ ipment  or 

through  the  center  o f f ice  unt i l  

the  switchboard  oper a t or . 

P . M. ,  or  thr ough 

8 : 00 

5 -24-67 

( 

SUGGESTED  ROUTE  TO  MSU  REGIONAL  CENTER  - OAKLAND  UNIVERSITY 

r-L. //YT 

� 
"-t 
~ 
~ 
,..) 

~ 

~ 

~ 
~ 

I 

" 
~ 

\{) � 

. 
....
. 
....

I.r) >-

....

.. 

� " 

.. 

~ 

L 

.,,,. 

,, 

... ,,- ' - -- . - --......

.. 

,/ 

~ 
c.;: 

~ 

~: 

� 

\ 
\ 

, 
\ 
, 

t//V/V. 

i 
l 
/ 
~ i 

I 

/ 

/ 

I� 

�// 

� 
. 
~ 
�\ .. --

.' 
I I 

I WAL 

/ 
I 

\ 

j 

I\; 
~ 

t:i 
~ 
~ 
~ 
~ 

T/r/. 

~, 

~~ 

l'?O.C"/fE.f T,4'~ 

..
..
O A K L A N D .  U N I V E R S I T Y  

R O C H E S T E R .   M I C H I G A N  

1 .   N o rth  Fo u n dation  H a l l  
2 .   S o uth  Fo u n datio n   H a l l  
3 .   O a k l a n d  Cente r  
4 .   K resge  L i b ra ry 
5.  S c i e nce  B u i l d i ng 
6.  F i tzgera l d   House 
7.  A n i b a l   H o u se 
8.  Prya l e   H ouse 

R E S I D ENT-COM M UT E R  
LOT  0 

9.  S p o rts  a n d   Recreation  B u i l d i n g  
10.  H i l l   H o u s e  
1 1 .   Va n  Wago n e r  H a l l  
12.  M at i l d a   R .  W i l so n   H a l l  
13.  Va n d e n berg  H a l l  
14.  M att  Cente r  fo r  C o m m u n ity Affa i rs 
15.  To  B a l d w i n   M em o r i a l   Pavi l io n  

R ES I D E N T  
LOT  M 

.... 

' ,  

~ 

' 

\ 

pbc 

,.~ r. 

) 
,,.,, 
~; 

" 

COM M UT E R  
LOT  K 

COM M U T E R  
Lo r  E 

o Charles  F.  Ketterin g 
Magoetics  Laborato,y  \ 

STAFF 
LOT  C 

COMMUTER 
LOT  8 

M I C H I G AN  S T A T E   U N I V E R S I T Y   BAST LANSING  o MIClUGAN 48823 

CONTlNUlNG  EDUCAll0N  SERVICE  0  KELLOGG  CBNTBR 

J u l y  

1 4 .   1 967 

MEMO  T O : 

F a l l   Te rm 

I n s t r u c t o r s   of  O f f -Camp u s   Cou r s e s " 

FROM : 

C h a r l e s  A .   M c Kee ,  O f f I ce  of  Un I ve r s I t y  Exten s I o n 

i n   e l I m I na t i ng  a 

P l ea s e   a s s i s t  us 
neces s a r y   text book 
t u r n i n g 
you r   conven I e nce .  A l l  o r d e r s   f o r   t ext s  s ho u l d   be 

I n f ormat i on  on  t he  a t t ac he d   o rde r  form  and  r e ­
I t   t o   u s   a s   s o o n   a s   po s s i b l e   I n   t h e   enve l ope  enc l osed  f o r  
_____________  ,.e,laced  through 
reply 

l a s t   m I n u t e   r u s h   by  s u pp l y i n g  t he 

Un Ivers tty 

a 

t h e   O f f I c e  o f  
I f  

you 

e ven 

a r e   not 

planning 

Exten s I on .   We  wou l d  
to  u s e   a  t ex t boo k 

appreciate 
your 

I n  

cou r s e . 

When  we  rece i ve  t h i s   text book  o r de r  s l i p   f rom  you ,  we  w i l l   o r d e r  
an  a p p r op r i a t e   n umbe r  of  t he  requ I red  t e x t   f rom  t h e   M S U   Book  S t o re 
o r   f rom  some  o t he r   s o u r ce  o f f   c ampu s .  The  books  o rde red  at  t he 
M S U   Boo k   S t ore  w I l l   be  ma i l ed  d i rec t l y   to  t he  s t uden t s   I n   you r  
c l a s s   be tween  t he  f i r s t   and  second  c l a s s   mee t i ng ,   The  s t uden t s 
I n fo rmat i on 
w i l l   be  s u pp l i ed  w I t h   ma l l   o r d e r   fo rms  a n d   t e x t book 
at  t h e   f i r s t   c l a s s   meet I n g .   Boo k s   o rd e r e d   f rom  an  o f f - c ampus 
source  w i l l   be  de l i ve re d   to  t he  c l a s s   a t   the  f i r s t   c l a s s   mee t i n g .  

I f   you  p l a n  t o   u s e   r e f e rence  book s   I n   y o u r   o f f -campus  c o u r s e , 
p l ease  comp l e t e   t h e   e n c l osed  Reque s t   f o r   Refe rence  Boo k   form  a n d  
forwa r d  
S t a t e   Un i ve r s I t y  L i b ra ry  a t   l e a s t   t h ree  weeks  p r i o r  t o   t he  f i r s t  
c l a s s   mee t i n g .  

I t   t o   t he  Co n t i nu i n g  E d uc a t I o n  D i v i s I on  of  the  M i c h i ga n  

I nforma t I on  r e g a r d i n g  you r   c l a s s ,  s u c h   a s   t rave l 
e n ro l l me n t   repor t s ,   e t c . ,   w I l l   b e   s e n t   t o   you  two  wee k s   p r i o r  t o   t he 
c l a s s   b e g I n n I n g  d a t e . 

I n fo rma t I on ,  

Thank  you  for  your  a s s i s tance 

I n   t h i s   m a t t e r .  

Ke l l og g   Cen t e r  

2 
Phone : 

3 55 - 0 1 5 0  

CAM / s j m  
Enc l o s u re s  

r . _ 
o 

'wao 
I n t e r na t   o n a  

I s h l no 
I 

I  C 

e n t e r  

/\ Uy U 3 t   Z 4  t 

1 967 

M I CH I GAN  S TATE  U N I V E R S I TY 

Col l e g e   of  Soc i a l   Sc i e n c e  

C onfirmati on  of A s s i gnment to  Teach  Off-C ampus  Course 

T h i s  conf i rm s   yo u r   a s s i gn m e n t   a s   i n s tructor  of  the  fo l l ow i n g   M i c h i gan  State  U n i vers i ty  course.  W i l l   you 

k i n dl y   rev iew  the  prov i s i o n s   out l i n e d   here. 

If  a l l   are  accepta b l e   to  you,  p l ea s e   s i gn  a n d   return  th i s   form 

w i t h i n   the  next  f i ve  day s .   Reta i n   the  y e l l ow  copy  for  your  record s .  

If  the 

i n formati on  i s   not  a c c u ra te, 

p l ease  n o t i fy  u s   i mmed i a te l y .  

C o u r s e   N o .   &  C re d i ts 

F a  I I  

I 
Term 

7 

C u I  

0 ;"  t h e   Wo r i d  

C o u rs e   T i tl e  

f;,  F a r   t <l !; t 

u «  k I i" n d U n l v  • • . 

City 

. 

he 5  t ;:: r 

. 

V 

Deportment 

'i-1 0  p.m. 

Doy  and  Hours 

For  th i s   i n s tr u c t i on  you  are  tQ  be  des i g na.ted  a n d   re i mbursed : 

As  F ac u l ty  Mem ber  on  norm a l   l oad  ba s i s . 
A s   F ac u l ty  Member  on  ove r l oad  ba s i s . 

___ As  Extension  Lecturer. ________________  _ 
J  nc  r e rllf;l1 t 

E�e r 

Other 

Sti pend 

S t i p e n d  

Sti pend 

Trave l  and  m ea l s   (ac cord i n g   to  U n i ver s i ty  po l i cy ) .  

I f   th i s   course 

is  c a n ce l l ed,  you  w i l l   be  re i mb u rsed  on  a  proport i on a l  bas i s   for  ses s io n s   ta u g h t  a n d   for 

mi  les  trave l ed .  

Add i t i o n a l   i n format i on : 

As  y ou  undertake  th i s   work,  y o u   are 

i n v i ted  to  req u es t  a s s i sta n ce  from  the  M i c h i ga n   S ta te  U n ivers i ty 

depa rtment  for  whom  y o u   w i l l   be  teac h i n g,  from  th e  off i c e   of  the  A s s i s ta n t   Dean  for  C o n ti n u i n g   E d u ca­

t i o n ,   from  the  U n i vers i ty  E xten s i on  offi ce,  or  from  the  R e g i ona l  D i re ctor 'for  C6n t i n u i n g   E d'u cati on  who  i s :  

M r 0 

I) u a ne  T  s  t e r 

a t  

U � k L': n (� 

Roc. h e <; t ,,: r ,  M i c h i   a n  

n 

O r ,  

Sigpo!uro  cl  lpst ruc;tor 
h I  , 

Title 

J iAm 

A d d r e s s   to  w h i c h   m a i  I  s ho u l d   be  s e n t  

C.i ty 

A s s i s ton-!  D'ean  o r   R e p re s e n ta t i v e  

H. 

I  I 

Cop i e s :   U n i vers i ty  Extens i on  - w h i te 

C o l l e ge 
I ns t r u c t o r  

Departm e n t  
R e g i on a l   D i rector 

- b l ue 

- ye l l ow 
- green 
- p i nk 

T h i s   form 

is  to  be  s i g ned  by 

i n s tr u c tor,  ye l l ow  c o p y   to  be  reta i ned  a n d   other  c o p i e s   re turned  to  205  B e r ke y   H a l l , 

M i c h i g a n   State  U n iver s i ty,  Ea s t   La n s i n g ,   M i c h ig a n .  

0-4972 

.. , 

· 

.. 

' 

(,.-..... 

( 

/ ..  (�  � 

:;:__;_:2~---c,-,-__ c;..,,S.-='~·  ~ ~ .A s  

;.:-ob pcµ_,/~ t5 3  ff\ 

�  �  '" 
�  ��Jr-�, 
:< r   �Y D  
i� 
�I 
(61  ���'0v\ 
��� 

(�)  � � �� 
(q  � �� 

A .   What  has 

happened 

to 

Anthropology? 

1. 

The  problem  of  inventorying  humanity. 
=  the  image  of  unit y  or  mankind  has  been  splintered 
thousand  different  varieties. 

into  a 

( Analogy  of  light  being  s plintered  into  a  spe ctrum  of  lights ) 

2 .   The  problem  first  raised  by  Western  write rs ,  philosophers ,  writers . 

=  But  they  thou ght  they  could  analyze  the se  differences  by  dire ct 

analysis  of the  mind. 
they  could  get  at  the  e s s e nce  of  human  variations ) .  

( For  example  by  examining  re ligious  thoughts 

�  But  anthropologists  took  another  tac k   and  were  not  satisfied 

J .  

x  to  study  mental  confi gurations 

a lone . 

� 

Anthropologists  had  to  s tudy  unfamiliar  pQysiques ,   bizaree 
be havior ,  and  strange  obj e cts .  Hence  they  took  the  naturalists ' 
approac h   to  their  study. 

4. 

Both  humanists  and  anthropologists ,  however ,   were  considered  to  be 

romanticsts . 

=  Humanists  sought  e s cape  by  searching  for  the  true ,  the  good ,  and 

( 

the  beautiful . 

=  Anthropologists  escaped  from  the  modern  world  to  walk  among  the 
cannibals ,  pe yote-worshippers ,  and  learn  about  talking  drums , 
ma gi cal  rite s .  et c .  

"unreal "   world ) .  p .  

( A   kind  of 

11 

5 .   �  The 

sul?lective 

and 

objective 

worlds . 

Both  humanists  and  anthropologists  are  intere sted  in  the  variety 
of  subje ctive  worlds  that  different  people  live  in :  Gods ,  beauty , 
trut h .   etc . 

=  But  anthropologists  depart  in  that  they  are  a l�o  bridges  betwee n  
this  subje ctive  and  obje ctive  ( idealized  by  scientists )x  world . 
definition  anthropolo gjx  is  les s   subject  matter  than  a  bond 
"By 
between  subj e ct  matters ,  translating  from  one  realm  to  the  othe r . 1I 

=  Hence  anthropologists  are  interested  in  the  junction  betwe e n  
the  internal  and  external  worlds ;  be tween  the  observed  and  obse rver ;  

between  the  inside  and  out side  views . 

B .   An 

explanation 

of  1lhe 

develo~ment 

01' 

Anthropology 

s ince  World  War  II . 

A .   The  great  power  of  t he   United  states  since  the  e nd  of  world  War  II. 

that 

=  this  sheer  political ,   e conomii:  and  military  powe r/US  exercises 
today  permeate s  every  corner  of  the  plane t .   Eve n  the  most  remote 

primitive s  are  affe cted  by  it . 

B .   What  has  be e n   the  conseuqence  o f   this  fact  upon  anthropology ?  

1)  This  las  x  frustrated  the  freedom  o f   moveme nt  and  s overeighnty 
of  many  nations  and  brought  i nto  que stion  the  methods  a s   well  a s   the 
( Pro j e ct 

prupose  of  anthropology  i n   the  study  of  foreign  culture s .  
Came lot ,  e .  g .  ) 

2 )  The  dominance  of  the  U . S .   over  world  affairs  has 
s:iIa::Ia 
the  romancticm  surrounding  anthropological  research  today. 

shattered 

3 �  This  has  affe cted  the  form  and  s hape  of  our  ce ntral  concept , 
the  concept  of  culture . 

4) 
� 

This  pushed  anthropologists  i nto  the  study  of  civilization . 

0  Related  to  this  is  the  -re -assessme nt  of  primitive  culture s .  
No  longer  considered  a s   is olated  "museum  pie ce s " • .tqxaBtmtx 
they  are  now  viewe d  as  "ecological  e ntitites  tied  inot  the 
communitie s  of  more  powerful  �  urban  centers  and  nation 
state s .  

p .   22 

5 )  #.  This  has  caused  a  r.iai:  de cline  in  emphasiS  on  cultural 
relativity. 
and  dire cted  cultural  change . 

p.  23  Pushed  anthropology  into  a pplied  a nthropology 

=  better  corn  �  yields ;  better  sanitation ;  better  literacy  programs . 

c .   A  renwed  interest  i n  evolution 

A.  The  new  look  at  evolution  has  led  to  a  distinction  between 

general  and  specific  evolution.  p.29 

=  Specific  evolution  uncovered  many  parallel  proce sses  of 
evolution  in  different  parts  of  the  world. 

( 1 )  

(2 ) 

More  rigor  demanded  in  these  compa�ative  endeavors  than 
before . 
Use  of  such  concepts  as : 

adaptation ;  dominance ;  specilaization ;  fitne ss 

(analogies  from  biology) 

B.  Limitations  of  the  biological  analogy. 

1)  Failure  to  recognize  that  individual  in  human  society  are 
not  Di:  ceD.s  in  a  social  order .  but  are  an  organization  or  bodily 
and  mentally ot±mcockx  distinct  individuals 
also  the  same 1  II ) 

are  not  cells 

( But 

2 )  A  Culutre  is  not  a  preset  genetic  code ,  but  a  changeable 
product 

(II :  So  is  a  cell ) .  

3 )   Yet t  an  increaSing  interest  in  search  for  a  "design "  and 
"code " .  

p .   32 : 

"The  image  of  man  projected  by  current  anthropology  is 

indeed  an  enigneer IS  lIII

IIi  image . "  

D.  A  Shift  to  an 

----,-----=En~gineering 

Mode l 

(as 

result  of  applied  anthropology ) 

A.  The  New  View. 

1 )   Study  of  human  variation . 
2 )   See  which  one s �  are  and  in  which  manner  cultural 

factors  are  subj e ct  to  modifcation  and  "re -de s i gn ll • 

3 )   To  see  which  sets  of  human  be havior  "is  so  basic  and  universal  that 

cultural  modification  is  minima l . "  p.  34 

Example s : 

=  search  i nto  Oedipal  theory. 
=  search  into  dreams  and  t heir  symbols . 
=  search  into  myth-making  a nd  symbols . 
:fE 

( The  purpose :  for  understanding  their  "underlying  psychological  drama " ) 

B .   Contrast  be t�Teen  the  Old  and  New 

1 )   The  old  colle cted  evidence  o f  

variability 

among  human  be ings . 

2 )   The  new  hypothes ized  a  uniform  plot ,  modifie d  i n   particular 

instances  only  by  a  particular  cultural 

IIphrasing . "  

3 )   This  i n   turn  led  to  a  consideration  of  the  basic  cultural 

designs 

and  code s .  

4)  Implications  of  the  New  View . 

a )   Re turn  of  social  contract ,  but  modified  in  form. 

( Goffma n :  Nature  of  Deference  and  Demeanor ,  1956 .  AMt.\  I}"h.,  It  �73-s� 

=  The  self  is  a  ceremonial  thing  or  sacred  obje ct  to  be 

treated  with  r itual  care  and  in  tUrn  must  treat  others 
in  a  comparable  manner .  p. 

39 . 

b)  A  se cond 

model--the 

computer  model .  

<-

( Anthony  Walla ce :  The  person  i s   a  robot ,  possessed  of  a  brain 
of  SX2K  sufficient  capacity  to  function  a s   a  compute r , 
re s ponding  to  the  particular  dis ctmminations  of  the  cultural 
code  to  which  he  has  been  conditione d .   p. 

40  �  /3.  K� 
S�; 'i 

= 

c )  Possibly  a  third  mode l ?  The  model  of  man  as  an  anima l .   See 

Desmond  Morri s ,  The  Naked  Ape . 

C .  

What 

gives 

rise  to  thi s   Xllevl 

engineering 

model ? 

, 

1 )   The  influence  of  linguistics  and  communications  e ngineering. 
� 

E . g . ,  Kluckhohn ' s  linguisti c  does ;  "de sign  feature s "   of  a  culture . 

study  of  values  as  a 

coding 

matrix. 

Levi-Strauss : 

"Anthropology  be
between  there  i s   plenty  of  room  for  computers . 

ns  with  pe opsle  and  e nds  with  people .  but  in­

gi

II 

Eric  Wolf  maintains : 

"Let  us  not  reverse  this  dictum : 
.be twee n   machine s .  , ,, 

' to  see  me n   a s   intervening  links 

.  .  .. 
., 

( 

( 

E .   A 

Change 

in  our 

Image 

of  Culture :  World  Culture 

A. 

Culture, 

no 

longer  watertight  category. 

a 

1 .   We  move  on  to  a  conce ption  of  systems  within  systems ,  just 
as  the  human  organism  is  made  up  of  overlapping  systems  of 
respiratory ,  transport ,  dige stive ,  excretory ,   re gulatory , 
nervous ,  and  behavioral  systems . 

2 )   Culture  is  now  an  abstraction  IItaken  out  of  context . II  p .   53 . 

I�e  are  less  wIling  to  assert  that  culture  posse sse s  this  or 
, that  absolute  attritube ,  that  it  �  a  mecaanical  sum  of  culture 
traits ,  or  that  it  �  like  an  organism ,  • • • •  

I�e  are  more  willing  to  consider  that  it  may  be  thought  of  as  a 
sum  of  culture  traits ,  or  as  an  organism ,  depending  on  the 
appropriate  context . 

3 )  statements  made  about  culture  or  i::cultures  now  include  the  00server. 

"The  statements  made  about  culture 
observer ,   and  the  observe  has  grown  sophisticated  in  his 
knowledge  that  there  may  be  other  position  of  vantage  from  which 
the  object  may  be  viewed ,  and  that  he  may  himself  occupy 
successive  points  of  vantage  in  a pproaching  his  "obje ct :!  of 
sutdy. 

inclucle  the 

cultures 

now 

or 

"Any  obj ect  can  thus  be  seen  as  be longing  to  multiple  system :  a 
human  population  may  be  considered  as 

of  a  culture , 

carriers 

related  to  other  cultures  in  both  space  and  time ;  or 

as  breeding  ground  for  microorganisms  that  prey  on-it ;  or 
as  agents  of  e cological  disequilibrium  when  its  members:fire 
the  forest  cover  in  pursuit  of  game  or  prepare  the  soil  for 
cultivation. II 

4)  Traditional  antinomie s  are  givtng  way  to  relatiunal  cate gories .  

Not  biology  vs .  culture 
but  biology  and  culture . 

(Study  of�man  historY i  of  sickle  cell  anemia  and  cUltUl� ) .  
=  This  Exx  relational  characteristic  has  Produced  an  interest 

in  cultural 

ecolog.y. 

Culture ,  as  part  of  the  "social  fields " 

5 )  

'We  no  longer  set  off  one  culture  against  anothe r ,   but  include 
them  both  in  "social  fields "  or  "interaction  areas "  or 
as  Alfred  Kore ber  put  it ,  as  "global  stream  of  interacting  and 
interconnected  cultural  elements  and  constellations  of  cultural 
eleme nts . "  p.  55 

., 

B .   The 

Conce.E_t 

of  Ecume nical 

Culture 

or  Cultural  Ecumen .  

Viewed  historically ,  the  culture  o f   mankind  has  now  reached  a  closure . 

In  this  closure  the  behavior  patterns  and  t he  shared  understandings 
of  any  human  population  can  be  seen  as  c omponent  parts  of  this 

world  system  of  culture . 

1 )  

Implications. 

a )   We  view  t he  worldwide  culture  process  as  a  "st�am  of  c omponents . :  

b )   We  also  see  that  a  "a  parcicular  culture  as  a  set  of  components 

that  can  be  hooked  together  in  x  differe nt  ways , to  iKkX  Whic h  
other  components  may  be  added ,  or  from  which  components  may 
be  withdrawn. II  p.  64. 

c )   Leads  to  anothe r  implication : 

=  At  first  sight  this  world  system  of  culture  may  seem  like 

a  homogenization  of  all  local  cultures .  

=  But  this  is  not  the  case  at  all .   On  the  contrary ,  it  is 

leading  to  a  greate r  variation  and  wide r  variety  of 
cultural  forms . 

=  \1h.y ?  Be cause  any  give n  local  culture  has  a  past  Whic h  
i t   intertwine s  with  t he  e cumenical  culture .  The  local 
culture  will  a ccept  or  re j ect  e len�nts  of  the  world  culture  a s  
it  see s  fit  and  the  re sultant  will  be  something  new  aHi 
�  for  each  locality. 

I.,...
=  ( Illustrat.. 

. � 

. 

hm"" e cumenical  religion  has  affe cted 

Indonesian  re li gion) 

See  Geert7 ,  summariged  on  p .   72 . 

Peasant  --- abangan  ( ritualisti c )  
Trader 
Traditional  elite-- pri j aj i   ( mys tical ) 

--- santri  ( Intelle ctualisitc ) 

=  Illustrated  by  article  on  " Cultural  Role  of  Citie s  II 

Great  vs .  Little  Tradition 
Universalization  vs .  particularixation. 

d )   Anothe r  implication  sis  that  with  the  moveme nt  of  advanced 
industrial  complex  of  the  world  cultural  system ,  pe o ple  are 
lOOSing 

touch  with  each  other  and  alienation  is  increasing . 

� 

= �-Je  are  driven 

b� 
inchoate  orders . 

bureaucratic  demands  and  mast  re spond  to 

exerpie nce s  a 

that 

=  By  contrast ,   the  primitive  hunter 

� 

daily  existence /is  a  round 

of  activities  among  familiar  people ,  places  and  t hings .  It  also 
is  a  socie ty  where  orders  are  understandable  and  whe re  communication 
from  top  to  bottom  of  the  social  order  is  almost  immediate . 

=  But  this  kind  of  society  has  a  cost  to  it  als o .  

=  See  the  Moviex ,  the  HUnters :  
primitive ' s   lack  of  tenhnological  control ,  his  narrow  margin  of 
safety f  his  easy  exposure  to  hunger  and  diease . "  

"There  i s   no  gainsaying  the 

Highly  coherent  cultures  as  the  Zuni  and  Hopi  pay  a  high 
price  for  their  social  order  ZE  as  well. 

=  So  we 
in  other  regards . 

� 

in  complex  societies  gain  in  some  re spects  and  loose 

=  Are  we  paying  too  high  a  price  for  civilization ? 

I 
r.:....., 

Ik  �  1:> 
(J� 
� � � ) -.. 

� �  

.. 

,. 
., 

( 

," 

F .  

IIJa jor  Changes 
Maintenanoe  of  Culture . 

Pers:Qective 

in 

on  the  Role  of 

Personality 

in  the 

A.  The  Individual  no  longer  a  "re plica  of  his  culture . "  

1 )   The  former  picture  looked  upon  each  individual  personality  as  a 

microcosm  of  his  culture . 

=  Like  a  "cell  colony " ;  e ach  cell  e quivalent  to  another . 

2 )   Now  the  picuture  is  of  am:trfuc  individual  cells  in  a  multicellular 

organism. 

=  Individuals  are  Xhelples s   on  the ir  own. 
=  Individuals  have  spe cialized  role s ,  or  a  special  combination 

of  role s .  

=  Wide  range  of  individual  difference s  note d • 

.3 )   No  longer  l7ll![  deemed  ne ces sary  to  have  everyone  "tuned  i n   on  the 

same  emotional  wavele ngth. 11 

=  Individual  need  only  siffu  ci.ent  cognitions  to  play  their 

res pe ctive  role s  adequately. 

=  Individuals  nee d   not  have  understandings  of  the  total 

knowledge  or  information  of  his  community. 

=  The  organizing  e lement  for  t he  socie ty  is  no  longer 

within  the  individual ,   but  outside  of  him--in  the  society. 

=  The  individual  is  seen  as  a  flexible  being  in  adapting  to 

others  a nd  to  the  requirements  of  others . 

Saurc e :  

Dubes ter, 

1964 

Henry  J. 
Librarles  and  Information  Retrieval  �  Revolution  in 
Teaching:  �  edited  by  A.  de  Grazia  and  David 
A.  Sohn.  N ew  York,  Bantam  Books. 

P  13.5 

KNOWLEDGE  EXPLOSION 

1.  One-half  since  1950. 

"O f  all  the  research  and  deTelopment  work  conduc ted.  by  the  human 

race  since  the  dawn  o f   histo ry,  about  one  half  has  been  accomplished 

since  19.50. "  

2. 

S:tienti.sts 

s till  alive. 

"O ff  all  the  scientists  in  the  history  of  the  wo rld,  about  70 
per  cent  are  s till  alive. II 

Amount  o f  

11 terature. 

3. 

"In  1960  a  totlal  of  $13  billiim  in  research  and  development 
generated  60  million  pages  o f   technical  reports  requiring  .55,000 
journals  in  60  languages  for  i ts  to tal  publication. II 

4. 

Doubling 

o f.   literature. 

" The  rate  o f   accumulation  of  S cientific  data  is  doubling  every  at 
years .  And  the  indexing  of  this  data  is  falling  behind  the  rate 

of  accumulation. " 

.5.  Ten 

percent 

loss 

"I t  has  been  es timated  that  10  per  cent  o f   all  research  is 
devo ted  to  the  s earch  for  information  which  ac tually  ill  in 

existence  but  c an ' t  be  easily  located. " 

• 

• 

• 

Educational  Policies Committee,  68-69 

• 

• 

• 

R I C E   U N I V E R S I T Y  

H O U S T O N ,   T E X A S  

77001 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY  AND  SOCIOLOGY 

O c tobe r 

1 8 ,   1 9b8 

P ro fe s s o r   I wao  I s h i no 
D epa r tme n t   of  A n t h ropo l ogy 
M i c h i ga n   S t a t e   U n i ve r s i t y 
E a s t   L a n s i n g ,   M i ch i ga n   48823 

D e a r 

I wa o :  

I  am  de l i g h t e d   to  l ea r n  t h a t   you  w i l l   pa r t i c i p a te 
and  I  know  t he  othe r  membe r s   of  t he  s t e e r i n g  comm i t t ee  wi  I  1  b e   e q u a l l y  
p l ea s e d . 

i n   t he  con fe r e nce 

I t   i s  ou r  hope  t h a t   you r  pape r  w i  1 1   i nc l u d e   i n forma t i on  o n   human 
r e s ou r c e s   such  a s   t ra i n i n g  p rog rams  a t   co l l e g e s   a n d   u n i ve r s i t i e s  fo r 
peop l e   i n   t he  behav i o r a l  s c i e n c e s ;  t ha t   i s ,   t h a t   you r  pape r  w i  1  1  t e l l  
u s   s ome t h i ng  o f   t he  p ro s p e c t s   f o r   the  f u tu r e   a s   fa r  as  manpowe r  to 
do  r e s e a r ch  goe s . 
a r s   i n   ge t t i n g  such  i n f o rma t i o n  on  J apa n . 
t hou g h t   o f   a l l  t h i s   a n d   much  e l s e  a l ready . 

Pe r ha p s   you  cou l d  e n l i s t   t h e   a i d   of  J ap a ne s e   s c ho l ­
B u t ,  ve ry  l i ke l y ,   you  have 

We  a l l  r ea l i ze  t ha t   a  good  d e a l  of  wo r k   i s   r e q u i re d   fo r  t h e   p re pa ra t i on 
of  you r  pape r  a n d   we  know  t h a t  
s ha l l  be  g ra t e f u l  fo r  wha t e v e r 
at ters 
s ha l l  s e n d   i nf o rma t i on  conce r n i n g  
t i on ,   a nd  s o   on  i n   t h e   con f e r e n c e   pape r s . 

La t e r   o n   we 
o f   s t y l e ,   b i b l i o g r a p h i c   c i t a ­

we f £
jolfl rounding 

i mpo s s i b l e .   We 

u p   you  c a n   do . 

expec't  t he 

not 

Pe r ha p s  

I  s ha l l  s ee  you 

i n   S e a t t l e .  

E N : r a  

E dwa rd  No rbeck 
C ha i rma n 

X>OOO

X  Depar tmen t  of  Anthropology 

October  2 3 ,  1968 

Pr ofe s s or  Bdward  Norbeck 

Depar tme n t   of  Anthropology  and  Soc i ol ogy 

Rice  Un i ve r s i ty 

HHou s t on ,  Texas 

7700l 

Dear  Bd : 

Thanks  for  your  le t te r   of  Oct ober  18  wh i ch  repl ied  qioukly  t o  

my  acceptance  le t te r   for  t h e   paper  o n   r esearch  me thod  and 

s 

resource s . 

I  th ink  you  know  me  we l l   wnough  for  y ou  not  to  be  offended  by 
At  l ea s t  
my  r ather  adaman t  s t and  I  wi l l   take  in  t h i s  le t te r . 

I  hope  s o .   The  poin t  i s   that  I  fee l  y ou  have  c on s iderab ly 

expanded  in  thi s   Oc tober  18  le t te r   the  i n s t ruct i on s   g iven 
( see  Ju ly  9  le t te r   t o   me ) .   The 

on  the  i n i t ial  i n v i  t a  t i OD 

caveat ,  "We  a l l   r ea l i ze  that  jJ.  g ood  dea l  of  work  is  required  for 

, ( ---__  " 

the  prepar a t i on  of  y our  paper  • . •  '1  does  n ot  ligh ten  the  bur den . 

The  amount  of  work ,  let  me  s ay ,  does  n o t   d i s turb  me  hal f  a s  

much  as  the  fundamen tal  cons ide r a t i on  of  why  t h i s   informa t i on 

i s   neces sary  and  i 

s 

the  benef i t.  to  be  g ained  from  the  addi t i on a l  

work  ,�or tb  t h e   e x t r a   effor t ?  

I n   other  wordS ,  t o   paraph r a s e   Lynd ' s  

" Knowledge  for  Wha t ? ' ,  I  ask  " in forma t ion  for  wha t ? "  

Suppose  I  d o   accumu late  " in:format ion  on  human  resources  such 

as  t raining  p r og r ams  at  co l leges  and  un iver s i t ie s   for  people 

in  the  behavioral  soience 

I I   both  in  J apan  and  in  the  Uni ted 

s 

s 

S t a te s   (  ee  par .  2  of  Oc t .  l8 1ee ter ) .   Who  is  g oing  to  use 
tli s   informat ion?  Ihe  C  I . A . ?   Who  i s   i n tere  ted  in  thi s  k ind 
of  data?  Fore ign  pol icy  make r s   �r  acad  micians ?  

s 

e 

Suppose ,  on  the  other  hand ,  leg i t imate  scholar s  are  in tere  ted 

s 

in  these  &ata  so  tha t  they  can  " te l l   us  some thing  of  the  prospec t s  

for  the  future  a s   far  a s   manpower  t o   d o   r esearch  goe s " 
s 

Are  these  scholar s  the  one  who  decide  on  the  a l l oc a t i on� 
research  effo r t s ?   �x  I  do  not  th ink  they  are  mos t 
influen t ia l   one s . 

The  "influen t i a l   g r oups "   wi l l   org ani ze  the i r  

( ibid . ) 

own  data - re t r ie v i ng  ac t i v i t ie  and  wi l l   not  depend  upon  my 

s 

data-ool lec t ing  eff or t s . 

Now  that  I  got  that  off  my  che s t   I  :feel  be t ter . 
l i ke  to  reoe ive  an  ear ly  response  fr om  y ou  on  t h i s   ma t te r . 

But  I  would 

Wh i le  y ou  are  re  pon  i ng ,  w i l l   you  a l s o   inc lude  the  l i s t   of  people 

d 
who  are  g iving  pape r s   am  thi  conference? 

s 

s 

I  would  like  to  \� i t e  

9 
them  about  t h e   research  me thod  a n d   resources  used  in  their  own 
s 

" behavioral  c ience "  researcher 

s tudies  as  mic r o - s ample  of  the 

s 

s tudy ing  Japan . 

Wi th  regards , 

OO
OO
OO
OCX
,• 

( 

R I C E   U N I V E R S I T Y  

H O U S T O N ,  T E X A S  

77001 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY  AND  SOCIOLOGY 

O c t ob e r  2 8 ,  

196 8  

P r o fe s s or  I wa o   I s h i n o  
D e partme n t   o f   An t h r o p o l og y  
Mi c h i g a n   S t a t e   Un i v e r s it y  
Ea s t   Lans i n g ,  Mi c h ig a n   4 8 82 3 

D e a r   I wa o : 

The  c i r c ums t a n c e s   a r e   s imply  t h a t   t h e  

S or ry  t ha t   my  l e t t e r   put  s om e t h i ng  o n   y o ur  c h e s t ;  t h a t   wa s 
n o t   i t s  i n t e n t . 
s t e e r ing  c ommi t t e e ,  and  o t h e r   p eo p l e   in  t h e   f i e l d   o f   Japa n e s e 
s t ud i e s ,  exp r e s s e d  i n t e r e s t   i n   l e a r n i ng  s om e t h i ng - - i f   i t   i s  
p o s s i b l e   t o   d o   s o - - ab ou t   t h e   f u t u r e  c r o p   o f   s c h o l a r s   i n   t h e  
b eh av i o r a l   s c i en c e s   t h a t   m i g ht  b e   w or k i ng  on  J a pa n . 
!  mus t 
s ay  t h a t   I  h av e   n o   c l e ar  i d e a   o f   t he  numb e r   o f   p e o p l e   wh o 
m i g ht  b e   i n   t r a i n i ng ,  t h e   p la c e s   t ha t   g i v e   t r a i n i ng ,  and  t h e  
s c o p e   o f   pr ograms  o f   t r ai n i ng ,  o r   o t h e r   r e l a t e d   ma t t e r s   t ha t  
h a v e   t o   d o   w i th  " h uman  r e s our c e s " .   Anyt h i ng  t h a t   �T OU  f e e l  
t h a t   y o u   c an  o r   a r e  
s ur e ,  i nt e r e s t   a l l   o f   u s . 
i nt e r e s t   i n   t h i s  s ub j e c t  o r   t h e   c on f e r en c e   i n   g e n e r a l   on  t h e  

t o   d o   on  t he  s ub j e c t   wi l l ,   I  a m  

I  k n o w   n o t h i ng  a b o u t   p o s s i b l e  

willi~ 

p a r t   of  f o r e i g n   p o l i c y   make r s . 
wh e t h e r   o r   n o t   t o   i n c lud e  t h e   s ub j e c t   i n   y our  p a p e r . 
s ub je c t ,  a n d   I  t h i n k   v i rt ua l l y  a l l  o t h e r   s ub j e c t s ,  a r e   b ro a d  
a n d   i t   s e em s   t ha t   t h e   only  a p p r o pr i a t e   p r o c e d u r e   i s   t o   l e a v e  
t h e   q ue s t i on  o f   i n c l u s i on ,   e x c l us i o n ,   and  v a r y i ng  d e g re e s   o f  
empha s i s   t o   t h e   a u t h o r s   o f   t he  pa p e r s . 

I t   i s ,  of  c o u r s e ,   u p   t o   y o u  

Y o ur 

S o   f a r ,  t h e   f o l l owi ng  a r e   on  t he  l i s t : 

On e  o r   two  p a r t i ci p ant s  h a v e   n o t   y e t   b ee n   s e l e c t e d  f o r  

Fa i rly  s o o n   a  l i s t   of  p a r t i c i pa n t s   a nd  t i t l e s   w i l l   b e   g o ing 
o ut . 
t h e   r e a s on  t h a t   a  l i t t l e   m o r e   m o n e y   b e c a me  ava i l ab l e   o n l y  
r e c ent ly ;  t h a t   i s ,  p e o p l e   h a v e   b e e n   i nv i t e d   b ut  i t   is  t o o   e a r ly 
a s   y 8 t   f o r   r e s p on s e s . 
J ohn  W .   B e n n e t t ,  Ch i e   Na k a n e ,  Wi l l i am  C a ud i l l ,  K i y om i   Mo r i ok a , 
I wa o   I s h in o 1  R o b e r t   C o l e  
C hr i s t i e   VI .  Ki e f e r ,  D a v i d   W .   P l a t h ,  K en i c h i   T o m i n ag a ,  H owar d  
Wi mb e r l y ,  G e o rg e   D e Vo s ,  Mam o r u   Iga ,  E z r a   Vog e l ,  Ke i t h  B r own , 
J oh n   L .   Fi s c h e r ,  B e t ty  B .   Lanh a m ,  J oh n   S i n g l et on ,  Ri c ha r d   K .  
B e a r d s l e y ,  J o h n   B .   C or n e ll ,  Rob e r t   J .   Smi t h ,  T om  Ma r e t z k i , 
Wi l l i am  P .   Le b r a ,  R o n a l d   p .   D a r e ,  � h e i r   a d d r e s s e s   a r e   on  t h e  
e n c lo s e d   s he e t s . 
J a p a n e s e   c o l l a b o r a t o r s   wh o  wi l l   n ot  b e   pr e s e n t   a t   t h e   c on f e r e n c e ,  
b ut  I  a m   n o t   a s   y e t   c e r t a i n   wh o  th e s e   c o l l ab o ra t or s   a r e . 

( S o c i o l og y ,  U .   of  Mi c h . ) ,   H a r umi  B e fu ,  

S o m�  of  t he s e   p e o p l e   w i l l   b e   w o r k i n g   w i t h  

W i t h   b e s t   r e g a rd s , 

S i n c e r e ly ,  

'} 

?J( 

Edward  Norb e c k  

_f 

Ma i l ing  L i s t  f o r   C on f e r en c e   on  Ja p a n   in  the  Beha v i o r a l   S c ienc e s  

( A n t h r o p o l o g y ,   P s ycho l o gy ,  S o c i o l o gy) 

R i c ha r d   K .   Be a r d s l e y ,   D e p a r t men t  o f   A n thro p o l o g y ,  U n i ve r s i t y   o f  

M i c h i ga n ,  Ann  A rb o r ,   M i c h i g a n  

4 8 1 0 4  

Ha rumi  B e fu ,   D e p a r t men t  o f   A n t hr o p o l o g y ,  S ta n f o r d   U n i ve r s i t y ,  

S t a n f o r d ,  C a l i f o rn i a  

9 4 3 0 5  

Rob e r t   N .   Be l l a h ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   S o c i o l og y ,  U n i v e rs i t y  o f   C a l i f o r n i a , 

B e rke l e y ,  C a l i f o rn i a  

9 4 7 2 0  

J ohn  W .   Benne t t ,   D e p a r tmen t  o f   S oc i o lo gy  and  Anthr o ? o l o gy ,  Wa s h in g t on 

Un i ve r s i t y ,   S t .  Lou i s ,  M i s s ou r i  

6 3 1 3 0  

G o r d o n   T .   Bow l e s ,   D e p a r tmen t  o f   A n t hr o p o l o g y ,  S y r a c u s e   Un i v e r s i t y , 

S yr a cu s e ,  N ew  Y o rk 

1 3 2 1 0  

Ke i th  B r own ,  D e p a r t me n t   o f   A n t h r o p o l o gy ,  Un i ve r s i t y  o f.   P

P i t t sb u r gh ,  Penn s y l va n i a  

1 5 2 1 3  

t s b ur g h , 

rt

W i l li a m   V .   C a ud i l l ,  Lab o r a t o r y   o f   S o c i o - En v i ronm2n t a �  S tud i e s ,  

N a t i ona l  I n s ti t u t e   O f   Men t

�

l  He a l th ,   Be the s d a ,  Ma r y l an d  

2 0 0 14 

Kenne  Chang ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A n th r o - Ge o gr a phy ,  Un i ve r s i t y   o f  

C a l i fo rn i a ,  Da v i s ,  C a l i f o r n i a  

9 5 6 1 6  

J ohn  Chew ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A n t hr o p o l o g y ,  U n i ve r s i t y   o f   T o ron t o , 

T o r o n t o   5 ,   On t a r i o ,  C a n a d a  

Robe r t   C o l e ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   S o c i o l o gy ,  Un i ve r s i t y   o f   M i c h i gan , 

L-'lnn  A rb o r ,  M i c h i gan 

4 8 104 

J ohn  B .   C o rne l l ,  D e p a r t me n t   o f   A n t hr o p o l o gy ,  U n iv e r s i t y   o f   Texa � ,  

A u s t in ,   T e x a s 

7 8 7 1 2 

Ge o rg e   A .   D e Vo s ,  D e p a r t men t 

B e rke l e y ,  C a l i f o r n i a  

o f   A n th r o p o l o gy ,  Un i v e r s i t y  o f   C a l i f o rn i a , 
9 �· 7 2 0  

John  D .   D on o ghue ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   An t hr o p o l o g y ,  M i ch i gan  S t a t e  Un i v e r s i t y , 

E a s t   L an s in g ,  M i ch i g a n  

4 8 8 2 3  

Rona l d   P .   D o r e ,  Lond on  S c ho o l   o f   E c on o m i c s ,   L o u gh t o n   S t r e e t ,  A l dwy c h , 

L ond on ,  W . C .   2 ,   Eng l and 

J ohn  L .   F is c he r ,   D e p a r t men t  of  A n th r o p o l o gy ,  Tulane  U n i ve r s i ty ,  

N ew  O r l e an s ,  L ou i s i an a  

7 01 1 8  

Ann  K .  

'F i s c he r ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   A n t h r o p o l o g y ,  Tu lane  Un i ve r s i t y ,  

N ew  O r l e an s ,  L ou i s i an a  

7 0 1 1 8  

" 1  

Robert  Fra4�r  (_7-)- /...(�f r ,  iJ !  

I 

.• 

/' 
') I!  n . •  

I 

,,

7 ,

, l  h i.- (, - ,  ') 

· 

P a ge  2 

/'.  / 0' ) ' 
,) ( 

• 

J 

P a t r i c i a  G o l d en ,  D e p a r tment  o f   S o c i a l  Re l a t i on s ,  H a rva r d   U n i v e r s i t y ,  
0 2 1 3 8  

C amb r i d ge ,  Ma s s a c hu s e t t s  

Ma r y   E l l en  Goo dman ,  D e p a r t men t  o f  An th r o p o l o g y   and  S o c i o l o g y ,  R i c e  

Un i ve r s i t y ,   Hous t o n ,  Texa s 

7 7 0 0 1  

D ou g l a s  Ha r ing �  1 1 7   Euc l i d   T e r r a c e )   S y r a cu s e ,  N ew  Y o rk 

1 3 2 1 0  

J a me s   A .   H i r a b a ya sh i ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   A n t hr o p o l o g y ,  1 6 0 0  Ho l l ow a y   A venue , 

S an  F r a nc i s c o  S t a t e  C o l l e ge ,  S a n   F r a nc i s

c o ,  C a l i fo rn i �  

9 4 1 3 2  

F ra n c i s   L .   K .   H s u ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   An thro p o l o gy )   l� o r t hwe s t e rn  Un i v e r s i t y ,  

Ev an s t on ,  I l l ino i s  

6 0 2 0 1  

F r e d e r i c k  S .   Hu l s e ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A n t hr o p o l o gy , 
.. 
~amor 
of  S o c . , 
I'I;.r o  I s h ino ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A .   - h:co p o l o gy ,  M

A:ciz ona~ 
u  19a , 

Tuc s or: " 

Ariza 

a 
can 

Lept . 

8 5 7 2 1 

i

E a s t  Lan s ing ,  M i c h i g a n  

4 8 8 2 3  

'Cn i  ve r s i  t y   o f  

.for  n:ric1gP 

C a. l i f . , 

' e rn a n d o  Va l l e "  S t a t e  C o l l ege . 

c · J·· gan  S t a ;:e  U  " ve r s i ty , 

9 1. 3 2 4  

N o rman  J a c o b s ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   S o c i o l o g y ,  U n i ve r s i t y   o f   I l l ino i s , 

U rb ana ,  I l l ino i s  

6 1 8 0 1  

E rw in  J ohn s on ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   A n t hr o p o  l o gy ,  S t a t 2   U-':l i ve r s i t y  o f   N ew 
1 4 2 2 3  

Y o rk ,   Bu f f a l o ,  N ew  Y o rk 

Berna r d   Ka r sh ,   D e p a r t me n t   o f  S o c i o l o g y ,  U n i v e r s i t y   o f   I l l ino i s ,   U rb a n a  

I l l in o i s  

6 1 8 0 1  

Chr i s t i e   W .   K i e f e r ,  Lan g l e y   P o r t e r  N e u r o - p s yc h i a t r i c   I n s t i tu t e , 

4 0 1   Pa n"la s su s   A v enue ,  S an  Fr anc i s c o ,  C a l i fo rn i a  
Be t t y   B .   L anha m ,   Sub - D e p a r tmen t  o f   Beha v i o r a l   S c i enc

e s

S L� 1 2 2  

)  A l bany 

M e d i c a l   C o l l e g e   of  U n i on  Un ive r s i t y ,   A lb any ,  N ew  Y o rk 

1 2 2 0 8  

W i l l i a m   P .   Leb ra ,  S o c i a l   S c i e n c e   Re s e a r c h  I n s t i t u t e ,  2 5 5 0   C ampu s  R o a d , 

Un i v e r s i ty  o f   Hawa i i ,   Hono lu lu ,  Haw a i i  

9 6 8 2 2  

Ma r i on  J .  Le vy ,  Jr . ,   D e p a r tmen t  o f   S o c i o l o gy ,   P r in c e t on  Un i ve r s i t y �  

P r in c e ton ,  New  J e r s e y  

0 8 54 0  

Rob e r t   L i f t on �  D e p a r tmen t  o f   P s yc hi a t r y ,  Me d i c a l  S cho o

l ,  Ya l e  

Unive r s i ty ?   N ew  Haven ,  C onnec t icu t 

0 6 5 2 0  

Thoma s  M a r e t z k i ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A n th r o p o l o g y ,  Unive r s i ty  o f   Hawa i i ,  

Hono lu lu ,  Hawa i i  

9 6 8 2 2  

Y .   S c o t t   Ma t sumo t o ,  S c ho o l   o f   Pub l i c   Hea l th ,   2 54 0   Ma i l e  Wa y ,   Un i ve r s i t y  

o f   Hawa i i ,  Hon o lu lu ,  Hawa i i  

9 6 8 2 2  

F e L _ x  Mo,s s ,   D e p a r t men t   o f   An t hro p o l ogy ,  U n i ve r s i t y   o f   Kan s a s ,  

L awrenc e ,   Kan s a s  

6 6 044 

J� I 

k 

/7l 

. 

.  db  /  /e.---

-lj 

, 

Pa ge  3 

Edwa rd  N o rb e c k ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   Anthro p o l o g y -and  S o c i o l ogy ,  R i c e  

Un ive r s i t y ,   Hou s t on ,  Texa s 

7 7 0 0 1  

He rb e r t   Pa $.s in ,   D e pa r tmen t  o f   S o c i o l o g y   ( ? ) ,  C o lumb i a  Unive r s i t y ,  

N ew  f� �k  C i t y ,   N ew  Y o rk 

1 0 0 2 7  

Da vid  W .   P l a t h ,   D e p a r tment  o f   Anthro p o l o g y �   U n i ve r s i ty  o f   I l l ino i s , 

U rb an a ,  I l l ino i s  

6 1 8 0 1  

John  A .   P r ic e ,  D e p a r tmen t  o f   Anthrop o l o g y ,  S a n   D i ego  S t a t e  C o l l e ge , 

S an  D i e go ,  Ca l i f o r n i a  

9 2 1 1 5  

Rob e r t   Ram s e ye r ,  D e p a r t�ent  o f   Ant hro p o l o g y   ( ? ) ,  Unive r s i t y   o f  

M i c h i gan ,  Ann  A rb o r ,  Mi c h i gan 

4 8 104 

Rob e r t   S a ka i ,   D e p a r t ment  of  S o c i o l o g y   ( ? ) ,  San  F e rnando  S t a t e 

C o l le g e , 

Ma ry  S anche s ,   D e p a r tmen t  o f   Anthropo l o gy ,  Unive r s i t y   o f   N o r th 

C a r o l ina ,  Cha p e l  Hi l l ,   N o r t h  C a r o l in a  

2 7 5 14 

John  S in g l e t on ,  Schoo I  o f   E d u c a  t i on �  Dn i ve r s  i t y   c f   2 l.':: t s b u r gh , 

P i t ts b urgh ,  Penn s y l van i a  

1 5 2 1 3  

A l len  H .   Smi th ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   Anthro p o l o gy ,  Wa s hing t on  S t a t e  

Un i ve r s i t y ,   Pul lman ,  Wa s h in g t on 

9 9 1 6 3  

Robe r t   J .   Smi t h ,   D e p a rt m ent  o f   Anthr o p o l o g y ,  C o rne l l   Un i ve r s i t y ,  

I tha c a ,  N ew  Y o rk 

14 8 5 0  

Ph i l i p  S .   S t a n i f o rd ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   Anthr o p o l o gy ,  San  D i e go  S t a t e  

C o l l � g e ,  San  D i e go ,  Ca l i fo rn i a  

9 2 1 1 5  

Mi s c ha  T i t i e v ,   D e pa rtm e n t   o f   An thro p o l o gy ,  U n i ve r s � t y  o f   M i c h i gan , 

Ann  A rb o r ,  M i c h i gan 

4 8 1 0 4  

Ke i th  Thu r l e y ,   London  Scho o l   o f   E c onomi c s ,   Lough t o n   S t re e t ,  A l dwych , 

J 

Lond o n ,  1"l . C .   2 ,   Eng l and " 
,1 
. . �<.;.

>  'I' 
;{:{ /! I /i 'f:
E z r a  P .   Voge l ,   D e p a r t men t  ' o f   S o c i a  1  R e  l a  t i on s ,  Ha rvard  Dn i ve r s i tJ!:  .! 
0 2 1 3 8  

(I
, �   ':': J : .�r,,{:;:,::'· : :., ' < : " 
. 

C a mb r i d g e ,  Ma s s a chu s e t t s  

'�<:·�.I  :�/(�/�; 

·. ·�· l :. ,  

.J,�� ., ; 

.. : , ;  ..  , ) .

- /.( 

':. � �.�,

,<�::

_·· ... .

" ":"

·' /'..

I "" 

: ·

� .

; .

' :

, 

. 

' 

. .  

.

" 

' 

, 

.. 

. 

_ 

.•.  I 

.·!.· ,  ..  i.,,,L ,,r-,l~  

• 

-

H i ro shi  Wa ga t suma ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   A n thr o p o l og y ,  U n i ve r s i t y  o f  

P i t t sburgh ,  P i t t s bu r gh ,  Penn sy l v an i a  

1 5 2 1 3  

H .   Howa r d   Wimbe r l y ,  D e p a r t men t  o f   S o c i o l o gy  and  Anthropo l o gy ,  Un ive r s i t y  
5 2 24 0  

o f   I owa ,  I owa  C i t y ,   I ow a  

SEMINAR  ON  MAN  No. 2 

MSU  CENTER  FOR  CONTINUING  EDUCATION 

: 

OAKLAND  UNIVERSITY 

ROCHESTER,  MICHIGAN 

.. 
Since  1964,  Michigan  State  University  has  been  otTer· 
Ing  a  series  of seminars to acquaint teachers of science 
In  elementary  and  secondary  schools  wllh  the  h10�t 
recent  advances  in  science  and  research.  These  Natural 
Science  Seminars  afC  sponsored  JOintly  by  the  College 
of  Natural  Science  and  Continuing  Education  Service, 
and  fcature  a  series  of  Saturday  sessions,  led  b)'  some 
of  MSU's  top  facility  members,  on  a  wide  variety  of 

general topics. 

1966-6r7 
N~TURAL 
SCIENCE 
INAR 

, 

Because  of  the  popularity  of  these early seminars,  the 
College  of  Natural  Science  and  Contilluing  Education 
Service  have  comc  lip  with  three  new  courses,  the  first 
of  which  will  be  offered  this  fall. They  wHl  be  In·depth 
courses,  devoted  to  man  Ilnd  the  world  in  which  he 
lives;  the  origin  of the  universe;  the  origin  of  the  earth, 
and tho development of life 011  II;  the  detailcd  biological 
sludy of man  as  all  orgallislII. 

• 
"Man's  Universe"  will  stre!l�  the  recent  discoveries 
in space.  "Man's  Physical  World"  will  review  Ih� origin 
of  the  earth,  fOCUSing  on  the  hypotheses  and  methods 
u�ed  10  wltavel  the  mysteries  of life.  ",.he  JlulIIsn  Or­
ganism"  will  review  the  Importance  of  1I0W discoveries 
In  biology  for  a  belter  understanding  of  the  human 
organism.  with  emphasis  from  the  fields  of  )(cnelics. 
molecular  biology,  behavior.  developmental  biology, 
phYSiology and eeolog)·. 

... 

Although  the  three  courses  are  related,  one  Is  not 
necessarily  a  prerequisite  for  tbe  other  two,  since each 
offering III  treated as a  complete coursc.  As  Indicated  011 
the dbcussion  list,  these  topicS arc rather broad,  E\'cry 
effort  has  been  made  to ohtaln  professors  from  the  de­
partments  which  seem  best  prepared  to  handlc  a  par­
ticular  section  of  the  program.  Because  II  may  be  de­
I1Icn  from  olle 
sirable  I n   some  cases  to  have  several 
department  talk  on  phRses  of  the  same  subject,  Indi­
vidual  professorll are  not  named  at  this  time, 

... 

CREDIT  AND  TUmON:  This course,  Physical  Sci­
ence  "'12,  will  be  offered  ror  three  credlt!i  which  ma)' 
be  applied  to  a  graduate  degree  al  the  dlscretloll  of  Ih� 
major  departmellt  and  the  approval  of  the  student's 
adviser,  Tuition:  815.00  per  credit  hour.  and  S45.00 
for  non-credit.  $10.00  deposit  should  accompany  the 
encJo.�ed  form.  BlBLIOCRAPUY:  Each  leCimer  will 
prepare  a  short  bibliography  and  outline  of his  lecture 
with  su�estiolls  ror  interesting  materials.  A  written 
report  011  a  topic  of  the  student's  choice  sele<:ted  rrom 
a  list  relating  to  this  seminar.  FOR  "�URTHER  iN­
FORMATION.  WRITE:  Dr.  B.  T.  Sandefur,  Olrector. 
Natura1  Science  Seminar.  College  of  Natural  Science, 
Michigan  State  Universit)',  East  Lansing.  MichilQln. 

.. 

COl..l,ECE  OF NATURAL SCIENCE 
CONTINUING  EDlJCATlON  SERVICE 
MICHIGAN  STATE  UNIVERSllY 
EAST  LANSING,  MICHfCAN 

MSC.:  Rt"1rio111I Ccntn 
For Gontlnuln11  Educ14lio11 
368 Sunth Foundation flail 
041cland  Uni>·crdly - RU('br,tc,, Mlcl1l1an 
Dr.Jack D. Mimcy, I>lr«tcx 

PRE-REGISTIIA nON  FOR. 

MICHIGAN  STATE UNIVERSITY 

1988-87 

NAT U RA L  

SCIE NC E  

S EM I NARS 

This  registration  form  will  reserve  your 

enrollment  in  Natural  Science  College  PHS 

#412,  "Seminar  on  Man  - Man's  Earth." 
3(2-0) , scheduled  for  Fall  term  1966. 

I t   I s   essential  that  a  $10.00 deposit  toward 

tuition  be  enclosed.  Make  checks  payable 

to  Michigan  State  University. 

N 

ame ,,1r. ' - - - - - - - - - - - - -

C","" 

,\U." 

Phon  ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

ddr  ss:  __ ___ _______  _ 

City:  ____ _  _ 

·t.1te------

School or  Education  Area  of Work: 

Mall  Application  to:  Mr.  D.  M .   Tester, 

Assistant  Registrar,  Michl&an  State  Uni­

versity,  8  Kellogg  Center,  East  Lansing, 
Michigan.  48823 

SEMINAR  ON  MAN  No_ 2 

Oakland  University 
Science  BuildlDI 
Rochester.  Michigan 

Oakland  Unlvenity 

Science  Building 

Rochester.  Michigan 

9130  •. m. -3130  p.m. - October  IS,  October D, 
November 12,  and December  3,  1986 

I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
-
,.  I 
"i 
I 
I 

l  l 

9:30  a.m. -3:30  p.m.  - October IS, October 29, 
November 12.  and Deeember 3,  1966 

MAN'S  EARTH 

MAN'S  EARTH 

Origin  of  the  Earth 

Origin of continents. 
Rocks  and  minerals  of the  crust. 
GeolOgical processes. 

The Atmo.phere - Our  Gaseous  Earth 

Cloud physics  and  weather 

modification. 

Earth  winds  and  structure  of jet stream. 

Radar meteorology. 

Senior  faculty  selected  from  Meteor­

ology - Engineering 

Senior  faculty  selected  from  Geology 

Geologic  H istory  of the  Earth 

The Earth's  Properties  - Our  Solid  Earth 

The Interior;  liquid,  plastic,  solid. 

Recent  geophysical  and  seismic  studies, 

Earthquakes and  volcanoes. 

Senior  faculty  selected  from  Geology 

The Oceans  - Our  Uquld  Earth 

Physical and  chemical  properties. 
Circulation-Influence on  biology, 

climate,  and  food. 

A  storehouse for minerals for the  future. 
Senior  faculty  selected  from  Fisheries 

and  Wildlife - Oceanographic 
Research 

Origin of life - geological  proof of 

evolution. 

Fossils and  paleogeography  and 

paleoclimates. 

Geological  time  scale. 

Senior  faculty  selected  from  Geology 

Tbe  Ice  Age 

Modern concept  of glacial  origin. 
Multiple glaciation. 

Effect  on  man  and  ecology. 

Senior  faculty  selected  from  Geology 

Man 

Probable place of origin. 

Man's  response  to  his  world. 

Senior  faculty selected  from 

Anthropology 

D r .  

I wao 

I s h i no ,   P rofes s o r  

11MAN 11 

Fa c t s   a n d  

I de a s  

Notes  a n d   Rema rks 

S p a ce  fo r  s t u de n t s   note s . 

A .  

The  Con tempo r a ry  s ce n e   rega r d i n g 

man : 

I .  

2 .  

B i o l og i ca l   d i ve rs i ty 
( human  ra ces ) 

C u l t u ra l   d i ve rs i ty 
( e . g . ,  p r i m i t i ve  vs .  c i v i  l i ze d) 

B .  

Con s e quences  o f   t h i s   c u l t u ra l  

d i  ve r s  i  ty : 

D i f fe rences 

i n   pop u l a t i on  s i ze ;  

popu l a t i on  g rowth 

D i ffe rences 
a nd 

l i fe  expe c t a n c i e s 

i n   d is e a s e   r a t e  

D i f fe rences 

i n   l ite ra rcy  r a t e s  

D i f fe re nce 

i n   con t ro l   ove r 

na t u ra l  r e s o u rces 
(e . g . , 

l owe r  p e r  ca p i t a  ene rgy  u s e) 

D i f fe rences 

i n   techno l o gy 

I .  

2 .  

3 . 

4 .  

5 .  

I wao 

D r .  
P a ge  2 

I s h i no ,   P ro f e s s o r   o f   A n t h ropo l ogy 

F a c t s   a n d  

I de a s  

N o t e s   a n d   Rema rks 

S pace  fo r  s t u d e n t s   note s . 

C .  

Con t empo ra ry  a t temp t s   to  c l o s e   the 

c u l t u r e   gap  ex i s t i n g  amo n g   ma n k i n d 

- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - �, - - -

R E FERENCES 

T h e   S a t u rday  Even i n g  P os t ,   MAN  THROUGH  T I MES  M I STS ,  De cembe r 

3 , 

1 966 . 

An  exce l l e n t   a r t i c l e   on  new  f a c t s   a n d  

i n s i gh t s   f rom  men  a n d   women 

who  d i g ,   s c ra t ch ,  s tu d y   b i t s  o f   bon e ,   qua r re l  and  wa tch  a n i ma l s   to 

fa t hom  ma n ' s   deepe s t  mys te ry  - h i s   own  o r i g i n .   C u r re n t l y   on  t h e  
n ews t a n d s . 

P a ge  4 1 .  W r i t te n   b y   J o h n   P fe i f f e r .