fffU 911 a ©• ffkcor J. V O L. 3. L A N S I N G, M I C H I G A N, T U E S D A Y, J U NE 21, 1898 N o. 40. T he Senior Banquet* M. A. C. - - - A. M. P A T R I A R C HE Commencement D ay Exercises. to in last to enjoy E v er since the Seniors announced that they were to do away with the time honored custom of holding a class day during Commencement its stead a week, substituting Senior Banquet, the College popula tion has been eager to know the success of this new feature. Before the anticipated event took place on Tuesday night all who ventured an opinion seemed to like the idea, and now that it has become a part of the '98, those history of the Class of w ho were privileged the evening with the Seniors speak in the warmest praise of the entertain ment. From the ar first rangements had been carefully plan ned, and were executed so smoothly the absence of that nothing save Bristol's orchestra, which had been engaged for the evening, marred the pleasure of eight o'clock the gay company of Seniors to arrive,—not as we have began been accustomed to see them for the past few days with an anxious ex pression of doubt and fear all too plainly shown on their countenances, but all these former cares seemed to have been laid aside, for the time, at least, and the Seniors with one accord seemed bent on having a good time. During the early part of the their evening attention about equally between the best girl, who has been anticipating for weeks spending commencement at M. A. C., and the Faculty and other invited guests. the Seniors divided the event. At seriously In addition the decorations to which were arranged for the Bacca laureate, a row of screens tastefully arranged divided the Armory into a banqueting hall and reception room. It was pleasing to observe here and there groups of Faculty, Seniors and other guests reading some of things which had been the funny time and said another during the last four years by members of the Faculty and Senior class as well. At eleven o'clock the banquet was announced. All that is neces sary to say in regard to the banquet proper is that it was in charge of Miss A my Vaughan, who was ably assisted by several of our College girls. at one Dewey A. Seeley presided over the banquet as toastmaster with the same pleasing modesty and ability which has been so characterises of all his College work. Did space permit such mention we would gladly notice some of the witty things said by those w ho ap peared on the banquet program below. T he F a c u l ty - G E O. F. R I C H M O ND - " We will miss our old-time Faculty." T he Class of '98—Past, C H A S. E. T O W N S E ND " Of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these, ' it might have been.' " T he Class of '98—Present - D. J. H A LE " O wad some power the giftie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us." Music O R C H E S T RA T he Class of ' 9 8 — F u t u r e, C H A S. A. G O W ER " So wise, so young, they say do ne'er live long." >% 'S 2 B - " The fairest flower God ever made." - - F. W. ROB1SON Music " D e f i a n c e" - < ^ ' s 2B '* Three fifths of him genius, and - - - - Q U A R T E T TE B E R T HA B A K ER Two-fifths sheer fudge/' " But through all changes that have passed and all that yet may come, Our hearts still fondly turn at last to our old College home.'' can times. Many Most students speculate on the probability of being called on at testify certain how embarrassing it is to be called out when not prepared. Prof. Mumford says he can have more sympathy for such students in the future, after knowing how difficult it is to respond to a toast under sim ilar circumstances. T he Senior banquet was a suc cess, and future classes can well consider making it a permanent fea ture of Commencement week. F r om the time we were met at the door of the Armory by the reception com mittee, until we said " Good night," we were pleasantly entertained. H. w. M. Review of Battalion. at afternoon Wednesday 1:30 o'clock the battalion of cadets was formed inspection and the appointments and promotions were read. Following is a list of the same: for review Assistant Commandant, Capt. Charles Johnson; Adjutant, Lieut. A. B. Krentel; Quartermaster, Lieut. W. K. Brainerd; Ordnance in Officer, Lieut. P. F. Fischer; charge of band, Lieut. G. N. Gould; in charge of signal squad, Lieut. C. Wolf; chief musician, Lieut. E. D. Gagnier. Company A. — Captain, E. R. Russell; Lieutenants, A. C. Krentel, F. R. Crane; First Sergeant, J. L. Baumler; Sergeants, H. B. Gunni son, A. T. Swift, W. T. P a r k s, H. P. Baker; Corporals, P. T. John son, R. L. Bigelow, V. M. Shoe- smith, G. D. White. Company B .— Captain, W. D. H u r d; Lieutenants, C. B. Lundy, R.. M. A g n e w; First Sergeant, P. T h a y e r; Sergeants, C. F. Austin, H. B. Clark, William Ball, J. J. P a r k e r; Corporals, F. L. Radford, H. T. Thomas, J. C. Green, O. F. Mead. Company C.—Captain, J. Sever ance; Lieutenants, S. F. Edwards, F. N. L o w r y; First Sergeant, B. H. Holdsworth; Sergeants, F. E. West, C. W. T r u e, A. J. Cook, L. J. Cole; Corporals, M. L. Ireland, T. G. A g n e w, R. M. Lickly, C. A. McCue. Company D.— Captain, W. H. F l y n n; Lieutenants, J. C. Nichols, G. B. Wells; First Sergeant, E. W. R a n n e v; Sergeants, C. H. Hilton, C W."Bale, F. W. Dodge, T. J. Leavitt; Corporals, J. H. Skinner, L. J. Hart, W. J. Bailey, C. A. W a r r e n. T he President's Reception. T he President's reception was held in the Armory Thursday even ing. T he guests were received at the east door by President Snyder, Miss McDermott, Dr. Kedzie, Mrs. Kedzie, Hon. C. W. Garfield and Mrs. Garfield. Refreshments were served at small tables in the west end of the Armory by one division of the Ladies' Society of the First Presbyterian church, and music was furnished by the College orchestra, By ten o'clock Friday forenoon a large crowd had assembled in the armory to listen to the forty-second the commencement day exercises of College. Michigan Agricultural the Board of Agriculture, After faculty, class, Prof. Hutton, Rev. Seasholes and Hon. Jason E. Hammond taken places on the platform, the follow ing excellent program was present ed: graduating had Invocation, Rev. C. L. Seasholes; piano solo, Mrs. Maud A. Marshall; Influence of Besse address, " T he mer," F r a nk V. W a r r e n, represent ing the mechanical course; address, "Development of Markets," D. J. Hale, representing the agricultural course; address, " T he Realm of W o m a n ," Miss Pearl Kedzie, rep resenting the women's course; mu sic, piano quartette, Misses Bach, Bohn, Phelps and F ay Wheeler; address, " T he Economic Signifi cance of Technical Education," Prof. F. R. Hutton, M. E., P h. D., of Columbia College, N ew Y o r k; music, vocal quartette, Messrs. Calkins, Hale, Patriarche and Robi- son. Dr. Edwards,in a few well chosen words, presented to F. W. Robison, '98, of the Union Literary Society, a handsome set of " L a r n e d 's His tory of Ready R e f e r e n c e" as an award for being best orator in the College Oratorical Contest, held J u ne 10. Preskleut Snyder then gave a short address to the graduating class, the faculty and and on behalf of Board of Agriculture conferred the degree of Bachelor of Science upon appears: each whose name here Bertha Baker, Mary Baker, E. A. Calkins, George Campbell, Jen- nette Carpenter, T. A. Chittenden, C. A. Gower, H. A. Hagadorn, D. J. Hale, T. L. Hankinson, Pearl Kedzie, W . J. Merkel, H. L. Mills, R. E. Morrow, A. M. Patriarche, Geo. Richmond, F. W. Robison, D. A. Seeley, H. C. Skeels, O. W. Slayton, Clara M. Steele, Charles Townsend, F. V. Warren, Cather ine Watkins, F. T. Williams, F. L. Woodworth. T he degree Master of Science was conferred upon Victor H. L o w e, '91, and A.my B. V a u g h n, '97; and the degree Doctor of Science upon Doctor R. C. Kedzie. T he exercises were excellent throughout, and the addresses were of so much value and so much gen eral interest that we publish them in full. Vacation on Faculty R o w. N ow that the College year is over, the faculty are preparing for their summer outing, and soon fac ulty row, as well as the dormitories, will have a deserted appearance. Traverse seems to be a favorite resort. Prof, and Mrs. Holdsworth leave for Traverse Bay the early part of the week, to spend the sum mer in their new cottage. Prof, and Mrs. Wheeler and Mrs. Lan- don will visit them during the sum mer. The Wood worths left on Monday to spend a few weeks in Caseville, Prof. Edwards and family will go to Virginia. Prof. Hedrick and M r. Crosby in the summer school will attend A nn Arbor. Prof. Noble will attend the Uni versity of Chicago, and Mrs. Noble spends the summer at her old home in Iowa. Mrs. Bacon goes to Traverse and Mrs. Haner to Bay V i e w. A m o ng those who remain at the College are Profs. Vedder, Bar rows, Taft, Westcott, Dr. Kedzie, Dr. Beal and Secretary Butterfield. to her returns Miss McDermott home in Pennsylvania. After spending a in Detroit, Miss Husted will leave for her home in Forestville, N. Y. few days K. S. C. A Mid-Summer Record. issue of to make It is probable that we shall send the out a mid-summer If so we shall send it to R E C O R D. all students and hope it especially interesting to those w ho are away for the summer vacation. To that end we should be glad to hear from each student who was here last year and to know how he or she is spending the summer. At any rate let us hear from you about J u ly 15. Address—the M. A. C. R E C O R D, Agricultural Col lege, Mich. T he Influence of Bessemer. " COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS BY FRANK V. WAKKEN. T he inventor is the greatest ben efactor of the race. T he greatest inventions are those which change most the economic, political and so cial aspect of the world. Foremost among the men w ho have exerted such a wonderful power in changing society is Sir H e n ry Bessemer, the perfector of the process for making steel which bears his name. H e, perhaps, more than any other man has aided his nation and his race in its onward progress in wealth, comfort, safety and general pros perity; furnishing the material foun dation upon which all moral and in tellectual advances must ultimately rest. to master Bessemer was an inventor from his youth, and the number and diver sity of his schemes show his work not to be mere accident, but the result of a wonderfully powerful invent ive mind and a nature of untiring energy. T he failure to obtain the merited reward and fame from his earlier undertakings, only increased his zeal. At the completion of each task he took up something new with a determination it, and bore with patient fortitude the pro longed interval which separated him from success. Having perfected a stamp which saved the British Gov ernment $500,000 annually, and for which he received not a farth ing, Bessemer says of himself, " Sad and dispirited and with a burning sense of injustice overpowering all other feelings, I went my way from the stamp office, too proud to ask as a favor that which was indubitably my right, feeling that only increased exertions could make up for the loss But of time and expenditure." 2 T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. J U NE 21, 1898. these early reverses only turned his inventive genius in new directions. While his inventions of type, bronze powder, high speed railway train, centrifugal p u m p, sugar separator, and plate glass polishing machine, would ordinarily make a man fam ous, they only served to prepare and educate Bessemer for his great mas ter-work, the making of steel. By seven years of constant study and practical research, he developed his process from a mere abstract theory to such a degree of completeness that, notwithstanding the keen competi tion of rival manufacturers and the ceaseless inventive talents of mechanical engineers the world over, his original process today is followed almost in every detail, as he dictated over forty years ago, and although another method is coming into public favor, there is made annually in the U. S. alone 5,000,000 tons of Bessemer steel. activity and T he idea was suggested to him by an army officer, who remarked that stronger metal was necessary that time Bessemer for guns. At knew nothing of the iron or steel trade and very little of metallurgy, but his mind was unwedded to things ,as they existed, and in this spirit he began his investigations. One idea after another was put to the test of experiment, one furnace after another was pulled down, and numerous mechanical appliances were designed and tried in practice with only partial success until the labor and anxiety brought on a se vere illness. While lying in bed he conceived the idea of a converter and on regaining his health con structed one three feet in diameter and five feet high. T he primative apparatus being ready, the engine was made to force streams of air through the bottom of the vessel, the stoker poured in the moulten metal and instantly out came a daz zling volcanic eruption. T he air cock to regulate the blast was beside the converter and no one dared go near it, but during their bewilder ment the combustion ceased. T he new metal was tried and its quality found good. T he problem was solved; the age of iron was gone; steel had come, and the age of H e n ry Bessemer was king. the construction of Certain it is that no event in the history of our time has more of the marvelous connected with it; none illustrates more strikingly the sing ular and impressive aspects of phys ical science; none is more far-reach ing in its effects and none reveals a greater man, than this invention of It takes rank with the Bessemer's. great events which have changed the face of society since the time of the middle ages. T he invention of printing, the magnetic compass, the discovery of America and the introduction of the steam engine, are the only events which belong to the same category. It may be high praise to class this invention with these great achieve ments, but a candid survey of the situation leads us to the conclusion that no one of them has been more potent in preparing the way for the higher civilization which awaits the coming century. Its influence can now be traced and its future results are beyond the reach of the imagina tion. It has contributed materially to lessen the severity of the sentence passed upon A d a m, that he should eat his bread in the sweat of his brow. Men's muscles have been largely freed from wasting drudgery and are used only in healthy exer cise. T he sweat of the brain within the brow is now in a greater number of cases the true reading of man's destiny. the into to so sparsely low a point as products which It is now possible T he fact that steel is now pro duced at a cost no greater than that of common iron has led to an enor mous extension in its use and to a great reduction the in the cost of the machinery which carries on operations of society. T he cost of constructing railways has been so greatly lessened as to permit of their extension inhabited regions and the consequent occupa territory otherwise tion of distant beyond settlement. reach of T he cost of transportation has been reduced to bring into the markets of the world, crude formerly would not bear removal and were thus excluded from the exchange of commerce. to carry grain from the interior states to the seaboard so cheaply that it can in distant lands at a be delivered Fast ships are reasonable price. hurrying to India to feed the famine stricken ones of that land, and the Atlantic has been turned into a ferry, dotted with grain laden vessels crossing to the demand of European supply Its effects can be traced countries. still further. T he competition of our western wheat regions made practically impossible the raising of wheat in the British Isles, and farm ers who depended upon it could no longer pay in their leases. As the aristocracy of Great Britain is a survival of previous conditions, depending for its exist ence upon the revenue derived from the ownership of land, a serious blow was struck at the privileged class of Great Britain, and while Bessemer may be inclined to dis avow the claim, history will record the fact instru that he has been mental in reconstructing the British constitution upon the basis of uni versal suffrage. from San Francisco rent stipulated the the On the sea the improvement has been as great as upon land. T he vast extensions and new direc tions of commerce which have re sulted from the construction of steel vessels, has converted the commer cial world into a vast clearing house for the exchange of products. T he balances are passed to the credit of each country in the general settle ment, the functions of the precious metals are reduced, and economy in exchange effected, due to improvement in transportation made possible bv Henry Bessemer. largely the agencies of production made by the cheap steel of the Bessemer pro cess and the other inventions which have followed in its wake. These material results have been accom panied by the slow but sure eleva tion of the great masses of society to a higher plane of intelligence and aspiration, made evident by the association of working men together for the advancement of their moral and social condition. Good must come out of this tendency, and one of the chief glories of Bessemer is than that he has contributed more any other man to the condition of industry which compels all to com bine on a scale unknown before in the work of economic production interdepen and distribution. T he dence of the human race has thus been increased; the probability of hostile action by war diminished, and the name of Bessemer added to the those w ho have honorable roll of succeeded in spreading the gospel of " Peace on earth and good will toward men." Is it any wonder that wealth, and glory and honor land? from came for Gladstone, England mourns the name of America reverences Washington; Russia, Peter the G i e a t; Germany loves Bismark; but the whole world owes a debt of gratitude to H e n ry Bessemer. to him every Development of Markets* COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS BY D. J. H A L E. the credit the people-of America has astonished the world by her immense industrial develop the last half-century. ment during A goodly share of for . this success is due the farmer. To have peopled the broad plains of the west, to have conquered a vast wilderness, and to have caused stub born nature to yield the great staple food products in quantity sufficient to feed this nation and several nations besides, is a very common-place but a very substantial achievement of the American farm farmer er. But nevertheless throughout the country begins to feel that this is for him but a defeat in victory. F or though he expends costly energy of brain and brawn in raising immense crops, yet when he markets those crops he receives in return scarcely a livelihood. He the knows markets are those same products of his are valuable, not only in foreign countries but in many parts of the United States. that for some to blame, for reason the In accordance with the law of commerce, that nations cannot sell without buying, the imports of the United States have been largely increased, and under the fiscal sys tem made necessary by the war for revenue has been the Union, a derived enabling reduce to materially our National debt. us T he great practical result of all this has been to reduce the value of the food products of the civilized world; and, inasmuch as cheap food is the basis of all industrial develop ment and the necessary condition the amelioration of humanity, for the present generation has witnessed a general rise in the wages of labor accompanied by a fall in the price of the food which it consumes. In the essential elements of comfort, the working classes of our day are enabled to earn and expend double the amount which was at their com mand in any previous condition of this is due largely, the world, and if not altogether, to the economy in Our farming the fertile plains of One great reason for the farmers' low prices and lack of prosperity is that the development of markets has not kept pace with increased pro industry, duction. leaving the rock-bound and sterile East, for the West, has become giant-like, while the East has become instead a thick ly populated manufacturing district, whose hungry workmen demand the the Western food. F or each one of our seventy million people 5^ acres of land are tilled, while each person can con sume, at most, the product of but iy2 acres. T h en over half of our country's produce must, as surplus, be transported to Europe and mar keted where food is scarce and high- priced. transportation of An extensive and efficient market is then one of the farmer's greatest is to first necessities. farmer's thoroughly distribute great crops in the United States. It must ascertain and supply the vary Its function the ing demands of different sections, placing most where most is needed. N e x t, it should carefully study and supply important foreign de mand, strengthening old markets, opening new, to receive our great surplus. the In both these functions our mid dlemen, the boards of trade, com mission merchants, and other organ izations which manage our markets, fail. This can be partly accounted for in three ways. First, they fail to accommodate production and consumption to each other because both vary from nat ural and uncertain causes. Produc tion depends upon the number of acres of a crop planted and upon the presence or absence of drought, flood, and frost. But the acreage of crops has not yet been controlled, and to foretell the weather for more than 24 hours is beyond the power even the the weather bureau. On of other hand, consumption, not the desire but the power of the worker to buy, fluctuates with every great commercial crisis or unfavorable po litical measurer that closes the office, shop and factory. T he plan and calculation of our farmer's market- man is never in the least based upon the probabilities concerning these changes. that But the second great cause is the salesman's ignorance or carelessness. He never stops to think the capricious market price, like uncer tain weather, is controlled by great laws or that a given set of condi tions will always give a like varia tion in price. M a k i ng no effort to systematize distribution or steady the market, each group of mer chants desires only to buy cheap and sell dear. Without general system or foresight, produce is heaped into the large towns till the consumer is are towns surfeited while thoroughly neglected. Often the actual cost of fruit, dairy products, or even staple foods, differ by one- third in a large town and a hamlet a few miles away. small This lack of care is further illus trated by the criticism of the United States Secretary of Agriculture,who says that the disposal of our surplus in foreign markets is mismanaged. W h en there is a large home crop the poorest of it is dumped as sur plus into our foreign markets while with a normal crop these markets are entirely neglected. Canada, us ing more care, demands higher prices than does the United States third in foreign markets. But the and greatest cause of the misman agement of our markets is the mo the nopoly or dishonesty of two great controllers of farmer's the market,—the means of distribution or the railroad, and the agents of dis tribution or the middleman as we see him in the board of trade and the commission merchant. T he railroad and elevator com panies of the West are the only means by which the farmer's great crop, otherwise worthless, can be transported and distributed through out the country. But the railroads are natural monopolies. They sel dom compete for the farmer's pro duce but uniting with each other and the elevator companies, raise the rates so high that the farmer, w ho must ship, is robbed of nearly the one hand all his profits. On railroads will discriminate in favor of a great corporate manufacturing industry, but on the other, have no fear of the single-handed farmer. Be fore any reform in the markets them selves can take place,these silent filch- J U NE 21, 1898. T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. 3 and ings from the farmer's purse must be stopped some magic charm must force the railroad monopoly to farmer's produce good give rates and the best connection for thorough distribution. the But fully as detrimental to the farmer is the dishonesty and mono poly of our agents of distribution. Of these middlemen who are re sponsible for the farmer's markets there are two clssses, the boards of trade and the commission merchants to farmer who are especially unfair and consumer as well. A board of trade in Chicago is organized for handling wheat, for instance, at the greatest profit. T he wheat is con signed by western elevator compa nies to a broker in Chicago, is shipped to him and there stored to await distribution over the country. But without touching the wheat the broker sells the ownership to an other at a profit and so on to an other till all possible profit is wrung from it. Or else several make a corner, buying up all the wheat in the market and then disposing of it at immense profits. T he wheat is finally reshipped to other points but at a cost that would be wealth to the farmer who raised it. Were it not for this ruinous monopoly our great staple foods could be distri buted at a fraction of the present expense. T he second class of monopolists are the commission merchants and their associations, of Chicago especi- ally. These business houses receive fruit from growers at a distance and having sold it, are supposed to remit the freight and the sum excepting their 10 per cent, commission. Some times a suspicious fruit grower not only ships his fruit but accompanies it to its destination, and, a complete the commission men, stranger buys his own fruit, takes a purchaser's receipt, and quietly departs. At home again he receives as a fruit grower the commissioner's bill of sale. T he receipt of purchase often shows an excess of 25 or 50 per cent, over the bill of sale, showing that the com mission merchant has pocketed much more than his 10 per cent. to To sum up the situation we see that the total production varies on account of unfavorable seasons and differences in acreage, that total con sumption varies on account of great political business crises. This natural difficulty is many times increased by the carelessness and lack of thorough ness of our middlemen. Finally our tandem monopolies of means of transportation and agents of distri bution completely ruin the soundness of our markets, defy all accurate calculations and make markets what they now are, arenas of chance for the merchant, the assurance of pov erty to the farmer. T he only course under these cir cumstances left for the farmer is a necessity. He must control his own markets and make his own terms with the railroads. shipping A nd the most intelligent farmers Instead are beginning to do this. to overstocked cities of they supply grocerymen in small t o w n s; others deal directly with their customers, giving them better produce at less cost. i » •• f ' * Fruit growers are perhaps suc ceeding best. Some shrewd men in our fruit belt are supplying Chica go fruit stands with best fruit at best prices. fruit growers' associations in California are shipping fruit to large and small cities all over the United States, and to Great Britain. sometimes even Several large W hy should not the farmers deal successfully, as have many other business interests or industries, which handle as great sums of money, and successfully support as great respon sibilities? Our great factories have agencies of their own that sell their produce. T h ey would not give rail roads or middlemen the profits. Our giant insurance and loan associations are partnerships in which one man disposes of another's money for their mutual profit. On such a plan two or a hundred farmers, the more the better, could associate in a lawful partnership. Several should be especially good business men with a large practical These knowledge of markets. specially fitted men could fill and more than fill the place of our mid dlemen. T he association could bet ter succeed in controlling than the individual farmer because today, as ever, union means strength. First they could control the great prime cause that we have found disturbs our markets, i. e. supply and de store mand. houses and store the nonperishable staple foods, giving to the market when needed, withholding the sur plus of an immense harvest. In this way flour would not as now be $1 per sack one month and $2 the next. If associations combined they might ultimately control the number of acres of staple crops planted. could build T h ey These Secondly, they could do away with the ignorance and carelessness of the middleman. T he fruit asso ciations of California are now dis tributing the perishable fruit produce not only in large cities but in towns, doing the work more thoroughly than it was ever done and cheaply before. associations, all working for the same end, would make an exact and efficient working knowledge of markets possible to farmers in general and would greatly systematize and steady our markets. But the third and greatest diffi culty, ruinous monopoly of means and agencies of distribution, would be largely overcome. While rail to the roads pay little attention single the obliging servant of a large associa tion with a great producing power. T he California associations get the best rates, the swiftest and the best trains, and good connections by rail and steamships even to Great Britian. they become farmer fruit T he in the world. T he control of staple food pro ducts would be the greatest monop oly farmers could store and sell their own wheat and more thoroughly distribute their fruit at far less cost to both producer and consumer. Again, such asso ciations could largely do away with the commission merchant and make their own terms with boards of trade. T h at they may To bring about these beneficial results the farmers of the country need first a thorough knowledge of intelli markets. gently fulfil their part in an associa tion, they need a class of business men whose sympathies lie with the farmer, whose business ability is all unquestioned. need honesty. W h en their partner ship makes a contract they must stand by it. In fact the law may be invoked to hold them to it as in any partnership. T h ey must also pack their fruit or other produce honestly so their association may be trusted by its patrons. Second, they that T he farmer then must himself at tend to the development of his own markets. He is bending labor, ma chinery, science and Yankee ingenu ity to the task of growing two blades of grass where one g r ew while all the world of industries beyond him in development sneer at him because he does not better dispose of his one blade. T he whole trend of our industrial development is toward the business association of man and man, a greater inter-dependence of men and far grander industrial accomplishments. T he farmer resists his own control of markets at his own peril. Unjust monopoly and mismanagement of markets threaten not only the farm er but the vast population which the farmer feeds. N ot only his own just interests but those of the world demand that he arise to the emer gency. Spend Your Summer Here. There is every evidence that the State Teachers' Institute to be held at the College from J u ly n th to A u g. 5th, will be well attended. T he regular I n g h am county insti tute will combine and form a part of the attendance. T he local com mittee are and have been hard at work rooms and board. arranging for T he several facilities for teaching, the fine library, the well equipped laboratories and the natural beauties of the M. A. C. campus cannot fail to attract large numbers from all spare parts of hour can be profitably enjoyed. the State. Every It is the design to give training in the natural sciences and other sub jects required for first and second grade certificates. Regular classes will be in progress daily in botany, physics, general history, algebra, and geometry. T h e re will also be review classes in grammar, arith metic, geography, U. S. history, spelling, school law, and pedagogics. Dr. R. C Kedzie, Pres. Snyder, and other prominent educators of this state have consented to give a number of addresses to the teachers during the session on important phases of educational work. Prof. C. L. Bemis, Supt. of the Ionia Schools, will have charge of Institute as Conductor. M r. the Bemis is one of the leading educa tors of the state, and his presence in this capacity insures the success of the institute. Commissioner M. Hanlon will be present and give in school law and look after the gen eral needs of the teachers. instruction Prof. Chas. F. Wheeler will give to botany. Teachers his attention will be shown how to use, in the school room, such material as is accessible to every teacher—how to interest pupils in the plant-life about them. T he large botanic garden, the arboretum, flowers and shrubs on grounds—all labeled—will aid greatly in this work. No better place in the world to study botany. Prof. Philip B. Woodworth will have charge of the work in physics, and students will be given instruc tion in a laboratory well-equipped with all modern illustrative appa ratus. trees, Prof. W a r r en C. Babcock will teach algebra and geometry—two classes in each in a thorough, sys tematic manner. EXPENSES. Good table board and comfortable rooms, with electric lights, will be provided for $12.00 for full course. In addition to this a fee of $3.00 will be charged all teachers residing county. A I n g h am outside of reasonable reduction in board will be made to those w ho spend Sun day at home. plainly Rooms are furnished, usually with two single cots, table, chairs, dresser, wash-bowl, pitcher, etc. T he occupants should bring comforters, pillows, changes of bed linen, towels, rugs for t he floor if desired, and such small toilet articles as may be thought necessary. for Applications rooms or for information should be ad further dressed to P R O F. W A R R EN D. B A B C O C K, J R .) Agricultural College, Mich. At the College. Miss Ella Phelps entertained her mother and brother last week. T he Union Lits enjoyed Born, Thursday morning J u ne 16, to Pres. and Mrs. Snyder, a son. their usual term-end party Friday night. Major J a m es D. Elderkin, Detroit, visited his brother, H. B. Elderkin, one day last week. Mr. H. M. H o we and Miss Helen Lane of Detroit were the guests of E, F. Good Sunday. Fourteen of the College popula tion indulged in a picnic at Lead- ley's Saturday afternoon. J u ne 15, a letter to Prof. S. H. Todd remained uncalled for in the Agricultural College postoffice. Miss Vandivert, of Bethany, Mo., was the guest of Miss Jennette Car penter during commencement. George Severance will have charge of V. M. Shoesmith's news paper agency at the College during vacation. One good result of the introduc tion of free instruction in music at M. A. C. is that music for all public College functions is n ow furnished by home talent. during All students that remain at the should College leave their names at the postoffice so that their mail will not be forwarded to their home addresses. vacation T he following officers for the fall term have been elected by the P hi Delta Theta Fraternity: Presidents H. B. C l a r k; secretary, A. B. Kren- tel; treasurer, F. H. S m i t h; warden, E u g e ne Price. ' 0 1, Phil Shepard, Fred T. Champion, with '99, O. R. Austin, '99, R a l ph W. Clark, '99, Walter K. Brainard, '99, L. J. Hart, ' 0 1, D. B. Jewell, '00, E. H. Trumley, ' 0 1, F. J. Eckenfels, '00, and Phelps L. Millar, ' 0 1, have enlisted in Co. E ., Lansing, and left for Chickamauga yesterday. Professor McDermott Resigns. We are sure that all w ho have been associated in any way with Miss McDermott during her two years as head of our W o m a n 's De partment, will be sorry to learn of her resignation. She began here an utter stranger, to build up from the foundation a new course of study; the result of her labor is one of the best and fast becoming one of the most popular courses in the State for young women. So it was with extreme reluctance that the Board learned of her determination to re the department. Miss tire McDermott hundreds of leaves friends in Michigan w ho sincerely regret her departure and w ho wish her God-speed in whatever she may undertake. from 4 T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. J U NE 21, 1898. THE M. A. C. RECORD. P U B L I S H ED W E E K LY BY T HE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. EDITED BY T HE FACULTY, A S S I S T ED BY T HE S T U D E N T S. S U B S C R I P T I O NS S H O U LD BE S E NT TO T HE S E C R E T A R Y, A G R I C U L T U R AL C O L L E G E, M I C H. SUBSCRIPTION, • • 50 CENTS PER TEAR. Send money by P. O. Money Order, Draft, Kegistered Letter. Do not send stamps. Business Office with L A W R E N CE & V AN B U R EN Printing Co., 122 Ottawa Street East, Lansing, Mich. Entered as second-class matter at Lansing, Mich. For various reasons T HE M. A. C. R E C O RD is occasionally sent to those who have not sub scribed for the paper. Such persons need have no hesitation about taking the paper from the postoffice, for no charge will be made for it. The only way, however, to secure T HE R E C O RD regularly is to subscribe. This issue of the M. A. C Record will be the last regular number until September 13. T he N ew Catalogue* T he College catalogue for 1897-S It shows a total enrollment is out. of 469 students classified as follows: Graduate students, 5; class of '98, 36; class of '99, 39; class of '00, 68; class of ' 0 1, 217; specials, 39; special short courses, 65. T he teaching force, including Experiment Station workers, numbers 54. T he cata logue contains a number of new cuts and a new map of the grounds with a key that gives considerable information about the various build ings indicated on the map. Board Meeting, J u ne J 5, \Z9Z. Present—Messrs. Wells, Monroe, Garfield, Bird, Marston, Pres. Sny der and the secretary. Minutes of last meeting read and approved. Pres. Snyder reported for degrees the names published under "Com mencement Day Exercises." T he recommendation was approved and degrees granted. T he president reported conditional contract with Miss Ronan for calis- thenic instruction to ladies for next year. T he contract was approved. T he special courses for the com ing year as outlined in the catalogue were approved. T he matter of employment of an instructor in cheese-making for next winter was left to the president of the College and the chairman of committee on employes. T he president presented the mat ter of rooms for employes. On mo tion the whole matter of rooms for employes was referred to the presi dent of the College and the com mittee on buildings and college prop erty, with power to act. It was resolved that the president of the College is hereby requested to report to this Board at the session tomorrow the aggregate income of the College during the past six months and the amount of the ex penses; also his estimate of the in come for the closing six months of this year and the apportionment of the same to the various depart ments that he would recommend for adoption by the Board. It was resolved the com that mittee on employes is hereby re quested to consider the matter of ad justing the work at the College so as to provide a professor or instruc tor who shall have as an important duty the general charge of religious work at the College, so that the young men and women intrusted to the care of our institution shall be given the same thoughtful pastralo attention enjoyed in their own homes. resolution was following T he adopted: Resolved, T h at the chairman of the committee on institutes and the superintendent of institutes are re quested to consult with our professor of forestry and plan to have instruc tions given at as many of the farm ers' institutes as practicable, on the conservation of forests and utilizing poor and waste lands in our State by growing forests upon them. A communication was received from Professor Weil relating to me chanical course which was referred to the committee on Mechanical De partment. Recess taken to 9 A. M. Thurs day. T H U R S D AY M O R N I N G. Board met, all members present. It was resolved to hold the next meeting at South Haven at the call of the president of the board. T he salary of foreman of iron shop was made $850 from Sept. 1, 189S. Dr. Beal presented request for closet in his house. Referred to committee on buildings and prop erty, to report at next meeting. T he salary of librarian was made $725 from J u ne 1st. T he honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred on Dr. R. C. Kedzie under the following res olution : in scientific Resolved, T h at in recognition of the eminent services of D r. R. C. Kedzie investigation along agricultural lines and of the high position he has attained among the scientists of this country, the Michigan State Board of Agricult ure hereby confers upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science. It was resolved that the secretary be requested to report at the next Board meeting all the resolutions adopted by this Board since May 1, 1897, and to inform the Board re garding the enforcement of said res olutions. It was resolved that the matter of choosing the workers for farm ers' institutes during the next insti tute season be left to the chairman of our institute committee, the su perintendent of institutes and the president of the College. It was resolved that the compen sation for employed institute work ers be referred to a .committee consisting of the chairman of the committee on institutes and the su perintendent of the institutes, with power to act. It was resolved that the full min utes of the board be published in the R E C O RD within three weeks after each meeting of the board. T he resignation of Edith F. Mc- Dermott as professor of domestic science was taken from the table and accepted. T he resignation of A. A. Crozier was accepted as of J u ne 1st. A recess was taken to Friday morning at 8:30. F R I D AY M O R N I N G, J U NE 1 7, 8:30 A. M. Board met. Present Messrs. J Monroe, Garfield, Marston, Bird, president and the secretary. . President presented statement of receipts and expenditures for past six months and estimates of receipts for next six months with recom mended apportionment to the sev eral departments as follows: Salaries F a rm D e p a r t m e nt H o r t. Mechanical H e a t i ng A c a d e m ic —English H i s t o r y' C h e m i s t ry Botany M a t h e m a t i cs . . . . Physics . V e t e r i n a ry Military . Athletic . W o m e n 's L i b r a ry D r a w i ng . Zoology $21,500 00 3,500 00 1,800 00 1,400 00 5,000 00 25 00 25 00 500 00 400 00 25 00 200 00 75 00 500 00 600 00 . .. . . . . . . 200 00 250 00 100 00 . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . Office Advertising Miscellaneous r. . . . .. . . . . 1,000 00 1,50000 . .. 250 00 880 00 • • • • -$39 730 00 T o t al Adopted. A recess was taken to i :^o p. m. 1130 p. m. Board met, same members present. It was resolved that the com mencement addresses be printed in the R E C O R D. It was resolved that the secretary is hereby instructed to immediately look after the acquisition of the strip of land on the south side of Cedar river for the purpose of sav ing the fringe of timber and that he be given authority to close a con tract, in his discretion. It was resolved that new pipe for steam heating chemical laboratory and college hall be put in, under direction of the secretary. T he salary of Chace N e w m a n, assistant foreman of the wood shop, was made $500.00 per year, and room, from Sept. 1st, 1898. following resolution was T he adopted: Since the contract for electricity provides for no extension of service, when necessary, resolved that the former committee on contract be in structed to make by further contract, such provision. Adjourned. I. H. B u T T E R F I E L D, Secretary. . T he R e a lm of Woman* COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS BY P E A RL K E D Z I E. If there is one word in the E n g lish language which is dearer to us than any other, that word is " home." It enshrines all that is most precious, that is most sacred to the human heart. T he old adage, " h o me is home, be it ever so homely," ap F r om the camp of peals to all. the the open sky or the tiny cottage of the laborer to the magnificent palaces in our great cities,—each one is a home with all its import. No man is poor w ho has still a spot to call home, and no man is rich who has no home. savage under T he home is a necessity for the perfect life and development of good, citizens. H ow can one describe it? It is there that the weary laborer finds rest and peace after the day's work. Under its shelter, the energies are refreshed for the coming day. L ed by its guiding hand, the young fives which will some day be the world's rulers and toilers are brought to manhood and womanhood. Because lead armies .of the dear ones in that home, nobler motives arise and grander effort is put forth in the those w ho world's strife. T h e r e, sway the opinions of the country, who make and execute our laws, who into battle, are known at their best and purest. There, man is noblest and woman is loveliest. In the home,—the society, the religion, and the civil polity of the future are formed. T he home is the most perfect of schools, and so much depends upon it that " if this be right, nothing else can be wholly w r o n g; ^o much that if this be wrong, nothing else can be alto gether right." But what would be the picture of home without woman as its central figure? W o m an has ever been the home-maker. It is her influence which is most felt, and it is in her power to make of home the happiest the unhappiest spot on earth. or From time, the beginning of woman has laid out her line of work and kept to it unremittingly. God has given her a character and a realm of her own with her special work to do. Yet it was only with the beginning of Christianity, that the ideal of womanhood was raised to its present exalted position. T he life of the primitive woman was one of obscurity and darkness,—her only future being a marriage, which meant only a life of slavery, and drudg Christianity ery, and ignorance. has raised woman to what she is today,—educated, refined, ennobled, working shoulder to shoulder with her brother in nearly every branch every of where positions of honor and trust, but she fills no higher place in that in her o wn the world home over her o wn household. She occupies as queen labor. than Frances Willard has said, " If I were asked the mission of the ideal woman, I would reply, it is to make the whole world homelike. Home is woman's climate, her vital breath, her native air. A true woman carries home with her everywhere." What a gain to the race if the true woman brings the outside life into the home, and beautifies and ennobles it under the rosy hues of the home-life. W h at need is there for woman to go to the polls to bring purity into politics? take the If she would interests of the country's welfare into her home, and there interpret every event with personal interest sympathy, how much more and lasting would be her influence. Let the home be the bond of our nation's interest and our private wel fare. Let the whole world be brought to the hearthstone, and so make of home the dynamic force for the advancement of the whole race and of future nations. K n o w i ng the influence of the home to be so powerful, can we give too much thought to perfecting it into an environment which shall give the conditions for the best de velopment of our people? T he needs of the home and the require ments of the homekeeper stand first in importance. F or the demands of the household, who can be too well prepared ? No doctor, or lawyer, or minister would think of making a place for himself in the world with out years of study and training. If so much importance is given to the previous preparation of the profes sional man, what can be said of the necessity for the preparation of the professional woman, who undertakes the profession of housekeeping, J U NE 2 i, 1898. T H E M. A. C. R E C O R D . 5 which means the making of men strong to be good doctors, or law yers, or ministers? By far the greater proportion of the women of the world are daily performing household duties in their homes. K n o w i ng it is the natural destiny of the normal girl to some day marry and make a home of her own, should every girl not feel that this is a definite line of work need ing the most thorough preparation, and a calling than which there is no other more exalted or sacred ? But whether she marry or not, every woman at some time in her life is called upon to do or direct house hold duties. As the profession of is the most common housekeeping one undertaken by woman, it stands to reason that her most thoughtful energies should be expended in prep aration for it. and It has not been many years since a girl's education was thought to be completed with a knowledge of arithmetic, reading, writing, the together with what was termed a accomplishments, consisting of little French, painting, and music. Mankind has at last awakened to the real needs of the woman's edu cation. N o w, beyond the accom plishments and elementary learning, the. highest and best that education can offer is not considered too good for her. More is expected of the woman of than ever before. today Her education must give her high ideals and practical habits which will enable her to fill any position which the coming century may bring. Some one has said: " E d u the cation, if it means anything, is quickening of the powers that ena ble us to live—ideally, and practi cally, morally and mentally,—or that give us the capacity to enjoy and expand this life." influence shall be felt T he education of the girl of today may not train her for any special position in the world, butfit aims to the whole woman, make of her for whose good wherever she may b e; and into whatever circumstances she may be thrown, the educated woman, and especially the woman with a prac tical education, is better equipped to meet life as it comes to her. T h en if it falls to her to become a home-maker, surely the best educa tion, the most brilliant accomplish ments, and the most charming per sonality are not too much to give to that home. lot to this, teach one how People are fast seeing that no education is complete which does not live. T he girl should be taught—besides sci ences, languages, history and litera things which have a ture, those the peace and direct bearing upon comfort of every day. If mere in there training did tellectual would be no need of manual train ing. But brain and hand must work together in harmony for the most perfect results. With science training as the foundation, manual becomes a help and, not a hindrance to the intellect. To train a woman to be a housekeeper along with her other education, is not to narrow her it. What to enlarge sphere but ever work she may afterwards un dertake, will only be helped, be cause she has been made stronger for it, by the equal training of hand and mind. If the woman enters the home after such a preparation, how much it better will than ever could have been otherwise. If the to do she is not called upon work of the household herself, she that home be will at least be able to direct her surety of certain work with the knowledge; but if she does do it herself, she will know how to do it with the best expenditure of time and strength, and make of her work not drudgery but pleasure. T he need of an education for the home is often realized too late. We once heard a lady who was finely edu cated, but yet without practical training, and who had suddenly be come mistress of a beautiful home in one of our large cities, say to her friends: "I would give all I know about Shakespeare to be able to tell what ails the bread when isn't good." it Good housekeeping requires a knowledge of art and science; and to be a good housekeeper, one must cooking, have a knowledge of chemistry, bacteriology, hygiene, handling of the needle, and countless other things; and as many of these courses as possible should take an important part-in every girl's educa tion. that tobacco the unhappiness of T he food consumed is very power the character of ful in determining the individual. If our people had better, more wholesome food, much of this world would be lifted. Fewer men would depend upon and their liquor for the day's strength. With good bodily nourishment, health is always present, and with health— happiness. T he opinion is too com mon that medicine alone is what is needed in disease, but science is now teaching that nutrition both as a cure and preventive is more import ant. T he wise housekeeper will is provide the kind of food needed by each member of the family to do his work in the best way, and make the body strong and able to endure. She will know that Heaven's gifts of air and sunshine are intended for use, and will not close windows and doors—shutting out purity and keeping in the germs of disease. She will also know the need of pure water. Then with good food, pure water, and plenty of air and sunshine, she has in her control preventives and cures more powerful and lasting than all medi cines. On the other hand, she must have at least the elementary knowl edge of the trained nurse, and in case of sickness or accident must know what to do and when to do it, thread for it may be that a life's will be snapped through her ignor ance. the Economy and system are funda mental principles which must under lie the management of any success ful household. Every girl should understand the value of money, and family know how to utilize income in the most perfect way to the the home beautiful and make lives of its inmates ones of pleasure and comfort. Great expense is not needed for an attractive home, but there is an appreciation of where the home may be made beauty, attractive and in its harmony. Whether or not the sur roundings are harmonious has more influence on character than is usually considered. Beautiful environments cannot help but tend to make beau tiful characters. T he woman of culture will bring beauty and art into her home. Appreciation for the highest in painting, music, and literature will be fostered there, for she will realize their uplifting and ennobling influence upon the lives they touch. T h en furnishings the home—too deep and realizing influence of for lasting BY F. R. HUTTON, M. E., PH. D., OF COLUMBIA comprehension, is it not time that more earnest thought were given to making the home as faultless as it is in human control to do so? A nd as it has been given to woman to be the home-maker, it is her duty to be lines which fully prepared in all importance relate to it. W h en the the progress and in of the home development of fully the realized, then the science of house keeping will be given an exalted in every place education. girl's it is recognized as the best W h en work to which woman aspires, be cause in which God influence to be most potent, then will come to every home-maker the pride in work well done, and the knowledge that her profession is the profession without which there could be no other. it is in the realm intended her race is T he Economic Significance of Tech nical Education. COLLEGE, N EW YORK. It gives me great pleasure ladies and gentlemen and graduates of the Michigan Agricultural College to be the choice of your President for this occasion. the opportunities of I bring you today not only the salu in tations from an Eastern Sister education on I the seaboard, but these salutations at a bring you the period of signal significance in history of our great country. I come to you at a time when Amer ica, as these United States stand for it, has been brought by the successes achieved by its agriculture on the one side, and its engineering on the other—and your institution stands for the progress of America upon both of these foundations—to a point the responsibility has been when forced upon us by the governance of a higher power to bear a hand in the solving of the world problem of development and civilization. We industrial and commercial are an nation, whose strength and whose interest in world-wide peace. And yet, almost in our own despite, to take our share to we have had the bring about the transition from of provincial mis mediaevalism management inherited and abuse under the feudal system and help to usher in the new era which dawns when the period of national home- rule begins under conscientious and faithful captains of industry. lie It is in this view that I venture to head my address with the title, " T he Economic Significance of Technical Education." It is because I wish to bring home to you the vital rela tions between the material prosperi ty and wealth of a district, or a the proper State, or a nation, and provisions for the education of its youth in technical matters, or the application of science to the avoca tions of our lives. It is in this view that I turn with admiration and re spect to those wise founders of your commonwealth, w ho felt with an intuition which perhaps they could not have explained or justified at that the foundation of that your College had much to do with the prosperity and stability of the State into whose constitution they inwrought it. time, It is in this view that I address you, young men and young women graduates of today, because you are rightly to be regarded from this day on as the. trustees of your Alma Mater as respects her repute in the community. You have it in your hands to make or to mar the opinion I can that baseless in which she shall be held. This is apparent, first, when you consider that by your future work will her use fulness be judged; but more than that I want you to leave her halls with an enthusiasm for her and for her work which shall be felt wherever you I shall have secured my may be. in your implant purpose if minds a respectful and well grounded affection which shall be different feeling which from makes college men "root" for their college, right or w r o n g. Y ou have the man who perhaps heard of thought so well of himself that he lifted his hat whenever he heard his own name mentioned. I covet for you the possession of a deeper and more permanent esteem. I would like to have you carry away a mem ory from your commencement day, even if it must be impersonal to my a possibly self; gifted, but surely prosy person, who showed conclusively that the M. A. C. had a good reason for being. that you heard It is almost a platitude of the com mencement platform to refer to the necessity of education for the con duct of a government of the people by the people and for the people, as the great Lincoln put it, and to re that peat with knowledge is power. A nd yet it will be of service I am sure if you will allow me to assume this ac cepted truth, and carry our thoughts a few steps further in lines to which perhaps you are not so well accus tomed. solemnity serene face labor the woman—not I want to call your attention to the fact that when we consider as settled and satisfactory the work of the pri mary and secondary schools in which department the great public schools of your state in their grades of grammer and high school, we the have settled the ouestion as to boyhood and girlhood of our State, and have well treated the question of fundamental education before the question of the life work of the boy or girl is to be faced in his home. We have had our boy or girl at school well into his teens—say till sixteen—but the high school is done with him, and he must be entering into that shadow of future responsi bility which makes these years so full of interest and of promise if they are rightly treated. We then as educators and as thinkers on these questions, the problem of the man and the simpler one of the boy and the girl—and the state has too vital a stake in the matter to be indifferent cr careless If we turn back to as to the result. study the lesson of history on these questions, we shall find that up to the period of the Civil W ar of 1S61 - 6 5, society offered two alternatives in most walks of life. T he young man was either apprenticed to a master to learn his trade or calling, or he went to a college or university with a view to further culture if he could afford I am speaking of the condition in England in the time when Dickens wrote, when doctors graduated from the mortar and pes tle, and lawyers entered laby rinth of technicalities by serving as clerks and copyists of forms. T h e re were faculties of law and medicine in a few European centres of uni versity life—notably German—and a consecrated young man might enter the church through the clas led sical university course which him seminary. But at the period of which I speak, by far the greater number entered their life-work through the appren tice system in some of theological its forms. to his the it. 6 T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. J U NE 21, 1898. T he university life was for the leis ured class—the wealthy, the high born, the nobility, the aristocracy, the many the few. T he needs of were as yet unconsidered. the lordly house I need not stop long to point out the origin of this apprentice system, and and relation of master It runs deep into our in learner. heritance of chivalry, and our his tories and romances and ballads are full of the lives where the noble scion of a learned his arts of war and sport and deportment by serving as page and squire until he won his spurs as knight. It be longs, however, to the feudal period, and to a somewhat inflexible social order which is not that under which we breathe freely. It belongs to the time in which war was still, the ac cepted path to preferment and world ly success, and the king and his nobles is the history of the campaigns which they led, either as depredators themselves, or as de fenders against the encroachments of others. lower standards in every department, ex cept those of literature and physical prowess—observe suggestive- ness of the union—when medicine was outgrowing herb-simples and contageous disease was still a divine visitation. We say our trade-unions are responsible for the disappearance of the apprentice system in industrial life. the explanation is deeper and wider than that, and that in the economy of our brighter day its disappearance is not to be mourn ed as an unmitigated sorrow. It is a period of the history of I believe the the university under There are also many of us—too many of us—who have never out grown our inherited notion as to the place of that older atmosphere. Our sons must be toilers amid practical affairs —not dreamers in cloisters, nor hair-split ting controversialists, nor any variety of the mere talker about abstraction?. Hence, think we, we have no need of a school after the high school, and our State has done its full duty by us when this opportunity has been pro vided for our sons. the My friends, this is not so. T he first group to separate itself from the apprentice system was nat urally that in which fell the experts in military and naval matters. It was early appreciated that for the conduct of modern warfare training then procurable different from that at the universities was called for, and one which yet should be no less ex acting along lines of mental culture. Here the French have been our leaders in matters military, and England the leader in matters mari time. Our schools at West Point and Annapolis are governmental colleges and were the first break in the old tradition. But they were a most significant one. Their estab lishment, their popularity, their suc cess, the standing of their graduates in the community, broke the ice of crusted conservatism which around the idea, that on the one side stood the cultured few with an in heritance in literature, in theology, in jurisprudence, in philosophy, and in a narrow range of science, while them upon the other over against side were all in those who were touch with the realities of existence, the producers, the creators of things. We must make up our minds which of the two views we shall hold, or rather to which of two de sirable things we shall give the pref erence. We can regard our college or university as a center of personal culture, or we may regard it as an learning. We may emporium of had combine these two ideas in one place, as in your own State University, but it is but rarely that it is given to one man to combine in himself the best results of the two Heals. T he two objects cannot be well sought to gether or at the same time; usually they are sought in succession,—and happy the man who by frugality or industry or by fortune can have the opportunity laid before him. 1. A community is prosperous when it is busy and every one can find paying work.. 2. A busy community to buy money can afford which others have to sell. earning things, 3. A community can only afford to be busy when it can produce its these products at a price less than products can be brought in to it from outside. the trend of F or while we would like to be lieve otherwise, and to fancy like its eyes concealed the ostrich with that a disliked something is not near because we do not see it for the moment, yet in fairness it must be admitted that taking a country over or a State, it must be a fortunate few for whom their education does not have to have an immediate and practical bearing upon their life-work as bread-winners or as producers for the benefit of others dependent upon the time required in proper preparation beforehand, and in the postponement of the beginnings of productive work the barriers, and not which form our theories, our wishes, or even our ambitions. All men are born free and equal before law, but all men are not equal in endowment, and to try and make them so is a rainbow-dream. them. the is It is in land their several H ow then is this acquirement to be met in a modern state? I answer the Michigan Agricultural College exists to meet it. W h at I believe in our modern conditions the great need of the community is the proper and effective education of the many who must be produc industrial vo ers cations, that the capacities and re the State may be effec sources of F or comfort in a tually utilized. community and the prosperity of which wealth is the measure is to a degree a matter of relation. Our ideals of natural prosperity are not those of the pre-revolutionary period in France, or even of some parts of Europe today—where there is un necessary luxury and idleness for a few and after a great gap, a dispirited, discontented incapable many who are so near starvation that but a few days or even hours of sickness or inability to work will them there. Or, to put the idea other wise, we may measure our wealth and our prosperity in a state by com paring the condition as to comfort and outward civilization with us, or the measure of privation which must be endured by the most poorly paid grade of labor, with the same class In in other words it is not the few, but the many who are index of the prosperity. It is the amount on de posit in your savings banks, which measures the intervals between pres ent comfort and imminent suffering when wage-earning must stop, from sickness or temporary industrial de rangement or from death. And if the it be conceded therefore education in such a college as this is intended to make its students and graduates more capable of that his toric achievement of two blades of grass; or more capable of manufac turing a desirable article cheaply so as to bring its purchase within the reach of a greater number of citi zens, then I claim for it an economic significance and a necessity for its existence commonwealth the which is not to be disputed. F or it is to this point that I have been seeking step by step to lead you. If I can impress upon you my argu ment, I shall be well content. I recapitulate it in this form: some other community. that in technical 4. Cheap production is a result of knowledge as to what is to be done and how to do it, with a combina tion of industry, frugality and sound judgment in the man who has the knowledge. 5. T he school which furnishes both the knowledge and the character training is the founda tion of cheap production, on which rests the busy-ness of the commu nity on which rests its prosperity, its wealth, its opportunities for wider culture, its happiness, its devotion to art and esthetic development, its re alization of its highest ideals. If my foregoing contentions are sound, they force upon us certain conclusions or deductions. reason of this school, by 1. Michigan may well be proud of its economic significance in the State. 2. It has a field of its own, dis tinct from that of the University, and while it would be a throwing away of opportunity to invade the fieJd of the latter on the one hand, less wasteful and it would be no unfortunate for the latter to feel an envy or jealousy as to the scope and field of this. 3. Bend your energies therefore to the development of courses of studv having a direct relation to the life-work of your students. There will be but one consulting engineer or chief engineer of a manufactur ing corporation or a railroad, while there is room for a staff of assistant engineers in charge of departments, and an army of skilled workers. the many, Labor for the good of to and leave the good of the few others. 4. This is not apolitical platform, nor am I on the stump. But you will find that most mechanical en gineers are moderate protectionists and all agriculturists ought to be, because that national economic poli cy which induces a community to furnish opportunities for profitable labor in its midst is the policy which ought its to bring prosperity train. in 5. T he educational policy of the state as respects its primary and sec ondary schools should be so moulded and directed as to favor the possi bility of easy passage from high school to your doors. is your school which is for the many, as is the fundamental purpose of your public school system. To educate a boy or a girl up to that point at which unrealizable ambitions are fostered, is a mistake, even a cruelty. It that finally,— the ballast A n d, 6. I said in glorification of the results of knowledge these were to be applied in combination with a sound judgment and a strong character. T he wisest of men saw the danger of mere ambition with to keep the well- out sparred ship from keeling over much. And so, though I am not delivering a baccalaureate sermon, you will, perhaps, from its very un expectedness remember the better in your future lives the wisdom of Solomon, when he said,—"The fear of of the Lord knowledge." is the beginning T he Society Reunions. COLUMBIAN SOCIETY. T he Columbian Society held their in their parlors in annual reunion Williams Hall. As the soon as guests had all arrived the following literary program was rendered: President's address, T. L. H a n k- inson; Reverie, R. E. M o r r o w; Biography of a Senior, E. C. Green ; P o e m, "Dormitory Life," F. E. W e s t; Solo, I. Gingrich. After a short recess the company to Club D. where all en repaired joyed a nicely prepared banquet. This was followed by toasts with T. L. Hankinson as toastmaster: " T he N ew M e n ," C. E. T o w n- send; "City Life," T. Chittenden; " F a rm Life," Geo. Severance; " T he Girl I Left Behind M e ," A. G. Boudourian; "Bachelor Life," H. A. Williams; " M. A. C. Volun teers," D. B. L a n t i n g; " T he So ciety," M. W. F u l t o n; " T he Class of '98," V. M. Shoesmith. After this flow of wit and wisdom was ended all returned to the So ciety rooms and enjoyed a good social time till two o'clock. Various games were the chief amusement of the evening. A m o ng the guests were M. W. '95, J. H. Steele, '96, and Fulton, E. C. Green, '97, of the A l u m n i; Misses Birchard, Dunkert, Cox, Armstrong and Sheppard, of Lan sing; Misses Hayes and Sanders, Eckford; Misses Richardson, Grand R a p i d s; Miss Barlow, Greenville; Miss Parks, Pipestone; Mr. and Mrs. Steele and son, and Mrs. Ful ton, College; and Mrs. Townsend, Onondaga. G. S. ECLECTIC SOCIETY. T he members of the society and their guests first met in their society rooms, where the following literary program was given: President's address, W. J. Mer- kel; oration, F. W. N e w m a n; music; address, P. G. T o w a r; music. the T he society then adjourned to Club B., where, after the banquet had been discussed, Toastmaster G. follow B. Wells called for ing toasts: " O ur Guests," E. D. Gagnier; " C u ba Libre," Walter F l y n n; " ? ," Joseph Bulkeley; " Tic- " P a r t i n g s ," ology," H. L. Mills; L. H. Taylor. Impromptu toasts by Profs. J. D. T o w ar and C. L. Weil. " If we must part, let us go to gether." One feature of the banquet was that the Eclectics were favored with two State Board the members—Messrs. Marston and Bird—as table waiters. services of T he alumni present were P. G. T o w a r, '85, J. D. T o w a r, '85, J. E. Hammond, '86, T. F. Marston, with '92, A. C. Bird, '83, Prof. G. A. Waterman, '90, and K. L. Butter- field, '90. T he society hop was given with the Hesperian Society in the Ar mory. About 45 couples were pres ent, and the music of Richmond's orchestra held sway until 3:30 a. m. G. B. w. HESPERIAN SOCIETY. T he annual "round-up" of the Hesperian Society was attended by the active members only, with the exception of D. E. Hoag, with '99, the alumni of Detroit. None of found it convenient to be present but sent their regrets with words of the society. Between 8 cheer to the members and and 9 o'clock J U NE 21, 1898. T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. 7 their guests, Prof, and Mrs. A. B. Noble and Mr. and Mrs. Gunson, assembled rooms the where a reception was held, after in which a banquet was -served Club E. society in and faces F r om the manner the and all were danced. happy in which everyone entered into the dif ferent features of entertainment, we judge that all had a most pleasant time. B. H. David J. Hale, '98, acted as toast- toasts following the and master were responded to: "Counting our Chickens;"Dewey A. Seeling, ' 9 8; "College Life," A. C. Krentel, 9 9; "Girls," C. H. Smith, '00; " W a r ," C. H. Parker, '00; " T he Hesperian Ideal," D. E. H o a g, w ho also read a few words from C. B. Smith on the same sub ject. T he program closed with a few trite remarks by Prof. Noble. T he rest of the evening was spent the Eclectic in a joint hop with Society at the A r m o r y. A. H. S. O L Y M P IC S O C I E T Y. T he literary program consisted of following numbers: Music, the orchestra; president's address, Geo. Campbell; poem, A. M. Patriarche; oration, G. E. Chadsey; music, Miss Gussie Ohland; prophecy, W. R. W r i g h t; society paper, F. R. C r a n e; music, orchestra. At the banquet Toastmaster W. R. Goodwin called upon A. M. Patriarche to respond to the senti ment, " O l y m p i c ;" C. A. Warren, " T he student's butterfly"; T. G. A g n e w, " W a t e r "; C. H. Chadsey, " To the Seniors." V. J. Willey, '93, N. M. Morse, '96, and H. W. re Hart, T. G. A. sponses, impromptu '97, made U N I ON L I T E R A RY S O C I E T Y. T he society hop is always one of the most enjoyable features of Com mencement, and this was surely no exception to the rule. As the members assembled with their relatives and friends, they were to find among very much pleased them several old members, with smiling faces, knowing they would have a good the alumni were L. E. Rowley, '90, C. J. Foreman, '94, Clay Tallman, '95, C. H. Briggs, '96, J o hn Rigterink and G. A. Parker, '97. time. A m o ng After all had arrived they gather ed in the assembly room and thor oughly enjoyed the following pro g r a m: President's address, F. W. Robison; Poem, E. A. Calkins; Oration, F. S. W o o d w o r t h; Music, Society Quartette; Prophecy, G. N. Gould; College Paper, H. C. Skeels. T he editors of the college papers prepared for these occasions always try to have something new. Mr. Skeels made the attempt, and he surely succeeded. His paper, The Friday Evening Gazette, was a manuscript a yard wide and fully twelve yards long, and contained numerous full page cuts illustrating the items of interest. In about an hour the program was completed and the music com menced. Soon the dancing was be gun. After seven numbers had been- danced, all went to Abbot the banquet. Hall and partook of M r. George Richmond acted well the part of toastmaster and called for the toasts in the following order: " T he Seniors," W. R. Kedzie; " A i ry Nothings," S. F. E d w a r d s; " T he Ladies," M. H. L a p h a m; " Looking Backward," Clay Tall- m a n; " D r e a ms and Realities," F. V. W a r r e n. last As soon as the toast was given, all went again to the society building and entered with as much eagerness into the dance as they had at first. T h e re were twenty num bers and five extras on the program President Snyder's Address to the Graduates. it has taken. On L A D I ES A ND G E N T L E M E N: Y OU the end of your have now reached journey which seemed so long to you when you started four years ago. While many hardships and difficul ties have been encountered, yet on the whole I believe it has been a pleasant journey to you, and I know that no one of you regrets the time and effort the other hand, you are to be congratu lated on having successfully com pleted your course. You have had great opportunities, and you are to be commended for having had the energy and ability to take advantage of these as they came to you. But your success brings with it corres " To him that ponding obligations. much hath been given, shall much also be required." Your nation and the commonwealth to which you belong have done much for you, to expect and much from you in return; not per haps on the battle field, nor in a po teach sition of public trust, but in ing the principles of true patriotic citizenship to all those with whom you may come in contact. T h ey have a right to expect you to be model citizens in the fullest sense of the word, and to freely give to oth ers of such knowledge as you have received here. they have a right like T h e re are to First, T h at you will meet their highest expectations we have every reason to believe from your success and deportment while in this College. thoughts that two leave with you remember I in would parting: that there is very often but a slight differ failure: ence between success and only a small margin. A race is lost by a yard, by a foot or even by a single inch. One person may know but a very little more than his com in petitor yet that little places him It was a small advance of his rival. margin but it brought success. In all lines of activity it is this small margin that wins. Let everything that you undertake be done ordinar ily well, and then add a good mar gin and your efforts will be crowned with success. Keep a sharp look out for little extra effort, by a little more courage and self-denial keep it always on your side and you will succeed. this margin. By a Remember also that there is but is Success one true road to success and that by honest persistent effort. does not always mean wealth or dis tinction. Better have an approving conscience than high office or large possessions. "We live in deeds not years ; in thoughts not breaths; In feelings, not in figures on a dial. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best." A graduate from Cambridge loses his degree and his name is stricken from the alumni roll, if he commits any crime—Ex. T en hours of study, eight hours of sleep, two of exercise, and four devoted to meals and social duties, is what President Eliot, of Harvard, recommends to students.—Ex. Simons Dry Goods Co. Headquarters for WHITE GOODS. Our line of white Piques, Nain sooks, Dimities, India Linens, Batistes and French Organdies is complete in quality and price. The underwear displayed in our window is fair value at one dollar per suit; at the price Fm making it, 50c per suit, it is a world beater. Only one case of it, if you need any get in at once. Rough braids are the swell N ew line of Fancy Ribbons for straws for summer hats. Before Sashes or Ties, you buy a straw hat, come in and see them. All the natty . . .. At 25c and 35c per yard. Special Values in our Ladies' styles in crash hats, hats and 25c Leather Belts. caps. Students* patronage solicited. Carpet Department, 3d f l o o r . . .. L a r ge line of R u g s, A rt Squares, and Mattings. *** Elgin Mifflin. Special Sale in Rugs. 30 x 60 inch, for - $1.19 each. Value, $1.50 to $1.75. Are You About to Build? If so, you should Build Right. Phone 192. New Phone 76 J. G. R E U T T ER 322 WASHINGTON AVE. S. F r e sh a nd S a lt M e a ts Pine Chicago Beef a Specialty. Headquarters for All Kinds Home Made Sausage, Alsdorf & Son... By consulting T HE DRUGGISTS HIRAM RIKERD, Everything First Class, Fresh and Up to Date. Y ou m ay learn h o w, w h e re and w h e n. LUMBER OF ALL. KINDS. Interior Finish a Specialty. College Men ^5 College Girls ^ Lawrence & VanBuren PRINTING CO., Ottawa St. E. Lansing, Mich. While cultivating your head don't forget your feet. THAT'S AN AXIOM: Correct College Shoes look well, fit well and wear well— that is the kind we sell at $2.50, $3.00 and $3.50 black or russet, vesting tops or all leather. - 1 0 3- Washington five. South. 6. D. WOODBURY. N e ws from Graduates a nd Students. W h at t he Graduates Will D o. ^gsE23EgSffi£ T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. J U NE 21, 1898 R. S. Baker, '89, spent Sunday at College. C. H. Robison, '95, will teach at Mooreville next } ear. Miss Clara Stocoum, with '00, vis ited us during commencement week. Friday forenoon L. C. Brooks, '92wz, arrived at M. A. C. for a va cation. L. E. Rowley,'90, Harvard, Mich, last week at spent several days of College. J. H. Steele, 'Q6W, has been spend ing a week at his home near the College. Wilhur Judson, with '99, is home from Nortwestern. He called at M. A. C. Wednesday. Thomas Bradford, with '92W, is home after a year at the Emerson School of Expression, Boston. C. J. P e r r y, with '99, South Frankfort, visited at College and in Lansing several days last week. C. R. Tock, with '967/2, gradu ates this week from Stevens Insti tute of Technology at Hoboken, N ew Jersey. William Petrie, ' 9 0^ is now em- ploved b}' the Sprague Electric Co. twelve miles at Bloomfield, N. J., from N ew York. C. J. Foreman, '94, attended com mencement exercises. He goes to the U. of M. next year to enter on a three years' course for the degree Ph. D. " H. W. Lawson, '95, has been the elected to the principalship of school, Chicago. He Maywood will teach chemistry, physics, bot any and geology. Thorn Smith, '95, has accepted a position as chemist of the Idaho Ex periment Station. During the ab sence of Dr. McCurdy he will have charge of classes in chemistry. W. R. Goodwin, '97;%, Union Pier, attended last week's fesuvities at M. A. C. He is employed in the Michigan Central machine shops at Michigan City, fourteen miles from home. Lemuel Churchill, '89, St. Paul, Minnesota, is just recovering from a serious accident to one of his hands. John P. Churchill, 9 5 ^, is also at St. Paul, a draftsman for the Northern Pacific R. R. C. H. Briggs, '96, came up from re A nn Arbor Wednesday and mained He gets his M. S. this year and re turns to A nn Arber next year as as sistant to Prof. Frere. commencement. through to '97m; writes E. H. Sedgwick, in passing that he had no difficulty for stationary the e x a m i n a t i on license, which he was engineer's required take before entering upon his duties at Lewis Institute. He has been offered an increase in salary to remain another year. He reports that I. L. Simmons, '97^5 is with the Illinois Central railroad; J. R. Sayler, with 'o,6»z, is a foreman with Winslow Bros.; E. D. Randall, is with the C. B. & Q. with '96m, at Burlington; C. E. Hoyt has a very neat foundry and is doing well; and G. N. Eastman, '97m, is work ing from 10 to 15 hours a day with the Chicago Edison Company. Messrs. Campbell, Morrow, Slay- ton, Mills, Wood worth and T o w n- send will probably farm it. Robi son remains here in the chemical laboratory; Gov er has a position with E. Bement's Sons; Hankinson goes at once to Cornell; Warren to begin left Saturday morning structural steel work with Danziger, Detroit engineer for the So. Beth lehem Steel C o .; Williams has gone to war; Patriarche goes into the hardware business with his brother at Marlette; Hagadorn continues in the city engineer's office, Lansing; Miss Kedzie goes to Wellesley Col lege;- Richmond enters the U. of M.; Chittenden expects to take the the position of examination second regular army, and Skeels will remain here in the botanic garden. T he other members of the class are uncertain about their work for the immediate future. lieutenant the for in Colleges and Exchanges. T he senior laws at the U. of M. presented their department with a $200 picture of Prof. Griffith on commencement day. Brown University practically won the eastern college baseball cham pionship last Monday by defeating Pennsylvania 16 to o. Brown had already disposed of Yale and Har vard in easy style. Cambridge University is sending an expedition to N ew Guinea for purposes of exploration and scientific It consists of seven mem research. bers, mainly graduates of the uni versity.—Ex. The Wandering Singer and His Songs. One of the handsomest College souvenirs ever published is the book of poems by Frank Hodgeman, '62, of Climax, entitled "The Wandering Singer and His Songs and Other Poems." The book is bound in peb bled white cloth with blue and gilt trim mings, contains 185 pages, and is printed on excellent paper with full gilt edges. It is beautifully illustrated with half-tones of College and other scenes and with sketches by Prof. VV. S. Holdsworth, '78, and E. N. In that part of the book de Thayer, voted to College poems there is hardly a page that does not suggest sweet memories of days gone by, not only for the student of the sixties but for the student of the nineties as well. Everybody who has seen the work is delighted with it.—M. A. C. RECORD, Feb. 8, 1898. '93. Price $1. If ordering by mail add 6 cents per copy for postage. F. HODGMAN, Publisher, Climax, Mich. TRAGER BROS. THE MEAT MEN. 509 MICHIGAN AVENUE EAST. Drawing Instruments.. NOTE BOOKS, FINE STATIONERY AND BOOKS. TABLETS, Lansino BOOK & Paper Go., 120 Washington Avenue N. FOR ANYTHING IN ——- H a r d w a r e, S t o v e s, T i n w a r e, G r a n i t e w a r e, C u t l e r y, E t c. TRY NORTON'S HARDWARE 111 Washington Avenue S. John flerrmann Fine Tailoring. 218 WASHINGTON AVENUE N. A L W A YS ON T O P. DAVIS-THE CLOTHIER Fine Clothing Furnishings and Hats Football Pants Sweaters, Supporters T he K i ng Pant •if We a re Up to D a te on M e n 's W e a r. ONE PRICE—THE RIGHT PRICE. 104 Washington Avenue North. [| BOYS BucK^eii^ F u r n i t u re Right. All Goods Delivered to the College Free. Best W o v en W i re Cots, $1.25 .-. .•. Best W o v en W i re Springs, $1.50 WE S E LL EVERYTHING. M. J. & B. M. BUCK, Open Evenings. DIRECTORY LANSING BUSINESS and PROFESSIONAL MEN "*" The names in this Directory, as well as those of all our other advertisers, are of reli able parties. We hope that the faculty and students will take pains to patronize those who patronize us. ARCHITECTS. EARL H. MEAD.—Architect. 115 Washington Avenue N. BARBERS. J H. WOOD—Barber. 106 Michigan Avenue E. College work especially solicited. BOOTS AND SHOES. D. WOODBURY.—Boots and Shoes. We shoe the students. See ad. C CLOTHING. Hats and Caps. 112 Washington Ave. North. LOUIS BECK.—Clothier. Gents' Furnishings, D E W EY A. SEELEY.—27 Wm's Hall. Would A E. DAVIS.—Clothing and Gentlemen's Fur be glad to have you examine my lines of Spring and Summer Clothing. nishings. See ad. CROCKERY AND GLASSWARE. B. EARNED.—China. Glass and Lamps. 105 Washington Ave. S. B. SIMON.—Fine China, Crockery, Lamps, Tinware, etc. I ll Washington Avenue N. D R. G. W. COLEMAN.—Dentist. 103 Wash ington Avenue. First stairs north of Michigan Avenue. W. MORSE, D. D. S. HACK AND BAGGAGE LINES. M A. C. STUDENTS—Don't forget W. H. POKTER, the Hack and Liveryman. Rubber tires a specialty. Office 300 Capitol Avenue South, Bell Phone 65, Lansing Phone 133. HOTELS. THE N EW GRAND—R. M. Renner, Proprie tor. Special rates to students. Washington Avenue S. T HE INGHAM. Grand St. South; 2 doors from Michigan Avenue. Low rates to students. INSURANCE. G EO. A. DYER, 108 Michigan Avenue W. All _' kinds of the best insurance. Strongest agency in the city. JEWELERS. P. RICHMOND—Watchmaker, Jeweler and Engraver. 200 202 Washington Avenue North. B W RAPLEE.—Watches. Clocks, Jewelry, etc. . Fine Watch Repairing. 119 Washington Avenue. CHAS. A. PIELLA.—Practical Watchmaker and Jeweler. Repairing of Fine Watches a Spec ialty. 121 Washington Avenue N. LAUNDRIES. Room 11, Williams Hall. S. P. Lan'z, Prop'r. Sage & Westcott, Agts. THE VAN GORDER PALACE LAUNDRY. STAR LAUNDRY. 208 Michigan Avenue East. LUMBER DEALERS. H W. RII See ad. RTKERD.—Lumber Dealer. Mill Street. MERCHANT TAILORS. w OODBURY & SAVAGE.—Tailors. Student trade solicited. 208 Washington Ave. S. Hollister Block, Room 517. MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. DRUGGISTS. J. ROUSER.—Capital Drug Store. 123 Wash ington Avenue South. O W N EY HOUSE DRUG S T O R E - H. J. Eilenburg. Headquarters Ice Cream Soda. DRY GOODS. HMONS DRY GOODS COMPANY. —Dry ) Goods and Carpets. See ad. FURNISHING GOODS. }LGLN MIFFLIN.—Ladies' and Gentlemen's _v Furnishing Goods. See ad. FURNITURE DEALERS. JT. & B. M. BUCK.—Furniture. Cor. Wash M ington Avenue and Ionia Street. See adv. ("'OWLES BROS.—Furniture Dealers. Special j inducements to College people. 319 Washing ton Avenue South. H OLMES MUSIC STORE.—Pianos, Organs, Bicycles, Musical Mdse. and Sheet Music. Cor. Washington Avenue and Ottawa Street, PHOTOGRAPHERS. B. LECLEAR—Photographer Hollister Block. PHYSICIANS. Washington Avenue S.; home 419 Seymour St. 12 A. M., 2 to 4 and 7 to 8 P. M. Offiice at 212 A D. HAGADORN, M. D.—Office hours, 11 to C M. WATSON, M. D.—Hours, 2 to 4 and 7 to 8 p. M.; Sundays 12 to 2 P. M, 419 Washington Avenue S. Both Phones. OCULIST. C M. DICKSON, M. D.—Practice to diseases of eye and ear. Hours 9 to 12 A. M., 2 to 4 P. M. ; Sunday 2 to 4 P. M. First floor Hollis ter Block. limited H J R C D HARDWARE, STOVES AND TINWARE. RESTAURANTS. JACOB STAHL & SON.—Wholesale a rl Re i il and I tail Hardware and House Furnishings, 213 Washington Avenue North. GILBERT M. HASTY.—Proprietor Hasty's Gem Lunch. Best meals and Lunches in the city. 111 Washington Avenue S. GIVE YOUR ORDERS TO DENTISTS.