ffjU 9R. (§L ©. ffiecorl V O L. 6. L A N S I N G, M I C H I G A N, T U E S D A Y, M A R CH 5, 1901. . X o. 24 Farmers' Club. in On Wednesday evening, Febru listened ary 20, the F a r m e r s' Club to an interesting talk by Prof. U. P. Hedrick the on " Irrigation West." Prof. Hedrick first gave a brief history of the practice. Irri in gation has long been known E g y pt where the Nile overflows its banks, and in this country Southern California and Arizona furnish re mains of ditches used by the Indians for irrigation purposes many years irrigation began in ago. Modern the Mormons were 1849 when July 4th, 1849, t ne forced west. Mormons came to Great Salt Lake scarcely with few provisions and any seed, but under the direction of their leader Brigham Y o u ng planted their the few seeds and watered crops by carrying in It was soon discovered to buckets. be much easier to dam the river and run the water to the crops in ditches, so this method was resorted to and the soil being very rich, good results were obtained. the water influence through his Horace Greeley did much in the way of advancing the work, and it was that Greeley City, one of the greatest potato centers of the west, sprang up. T he Greeley method for lais- irrigation ing the money to build this systems was by taxation, and method is still used in Idaho. In Utah a stock system controls the water supply. In Colorado the state regulates the system, while in Cali fornia it is conducted by private cor porations who rent the canals. rivers; T he ways of getting water for irrigation are five in number: First, by diverting the water from streams and second, by pumping water from these by means of steam, electricity, turbine wheels, hydraulic rams, and syphons; third, by artesian wells, suitable for small areas; fourth, by reservoirs made by damming up ravines, etc.; and fifth by canals. last are expensive, costing These millions of dollars, but are very efficient, often extending a distance of fifty or sixty miles. T he actual irrigation takes place in one of three ways:^-by means of ditches, which are undesirable be cause they waste water; by flooding the land, which results in some parts of the field getting more water than other parts; and by check basins. This last method is the most desir able. A m o ng orchards still another is used, the water being method conducted along the sides of the furrows. taees by means of small Sub-irrigation has been tried but has not found favor. T he amount of water used varies with the crop and season, but usually six inches will grow a good crop, or at most twelve inches. T he time of irrigating de pends almost entirely upon the crop. Orchards are generally irrigated in winter, summer crops about the middle of June. Cultivation should immediately follow irrigation, so the moisture will be retained and the ground prevented from baking. Theref are many advantages offered by the irrigation in the west over the irregular rainfall of the east. By means of it frost can be later vegetables avoided, and thus It enables nursery made possible. if men to do more with trees because by regulating their water supply they can keep trees in shape to bud It also enables fruit at any time. growers to control fruiting periods. Care must be taken not to over-irri gate because it spoils the quality, and irrigated stone fruits are when the fruit is setting it causes the pits to crack. in creases the size of crops, and with two crops can be small fruits often obtained. T he cost of irrigation is ten to fifteen dollars per acre, and nearly every state has stringent laws regulating seepage, etc. While so important and successful in the west, irrigation could not be profitable carried on in the east, except in a small way, because of the uneven- ness of the ground and shallowness of the soil. DON B. J E W E L L. Irrigation Those Quotations from President Eliot. last to refer report which In the R E C O RD for F e b. 26 there were some quotations from President Eliot's I had selected, because of the prominence and long experience of the author. I did not think it necessary to make taken comments, as the items were from his annual report and were ex pected to Harvard Uni versity. So far as M. A. C. is con cerned the quotations would only be applicable to students of about the middle of the junior year, because students below that rank here could scarcely expect to pass the entrance requirements at Harvard.* W i th that understanding, it didn't seem to me that President Eliot was much out of the way. If a teacher with the known ability of Dr. E d w a r ds misunderstood the quotations, how much more important was it for me to have shown the connections of the quotations for the reading by our students. the system with President Eliot was speaking of tables which had statistical some been kept at Harvard for years past. Pres. Eliot says, " It proves conclusively that many of the strong est students of the College abandon for the classics and mathematics studies which seem to them more likely to be serviceable in the actual activities of modern society. These tables, as the Dean points out, do not furnish material for an exhaus tive study of the elective system in Harvard College; but "they support the belief that as a body the students use reasonable intelligence. T h ey confirm the r e sults of previous inquiries in several respects: — thus, important they that under a wide elective prove system there will be no extreme specialization, and there will be a fair amount of judicious choice of correlated T he general conclusion is that a boy of eighteen w ho has had a good training up to that age will ordinarily use the elec the tive system wisely, and boy who has had an imperfect or poor training up to eighteen years [and some such do occasionally get into Harvard. B.] is more likely to accomplish something worth while under the elective system than under any other." subjects. that *This statement we by no means adroit to be true.—ED. Even where most or all of the subjects in a course are elective, a student's choice less hedged about by the counsel of a Dean, his teacher, his parents and his most intimate associates at the college. is more or w. j. B E A L. Bal Poudre. T he " B al P o u d r £" minuet given by the members of the Feronian Society last Friday evening was a complete success, both from a social and financial standpoint. At eight o'clock the dancers, w ho were taste fully attired in colonial costumes, came forth and gracefully executed a colonial dance to music furnished by Miss Hannah Bach, w ho pre sided at the piano. T he young ladies representing gentlemen were dressed in black jackets, white ruf fled vests, short back skirts, high- heeled shoes adorned with large sil ver buckles. Their hair was dressed and powdered after the fashion of one hundred years a g o; they wore the colonial cocked hat which we always associate with the days of Washington conducted themselves in a manner that would have made many a gallant of the eighteenth century envious. they and he was performing. Dr. Hodges leaves a wife and three small chil dren. the children are seriously ill with typhoid fever. We take the following from Dr. Bulson's letter:— T wo of " W h i le a resident of Indiana Dr. Hodges was a very popuhir and influential physician, as evidenced by his election to many positions of honor and trust by his confreres and friends. He was for several years secretary of the Mitchell District Medical Society, an organization having a membership of over 300, and had been honored with the presi dency of his local county medical society. In 1S95 he was a candidate for election to the position of secre tary of the Indiana State Medical Society with 1600 members, and was only defeated through a combination of largely brought about by the election of a president from an unexpected section. Dr. Hodges for many years was a pro fessor in the F t. W a y ne College of Medicine, holding chair of genito-urinary surgery and assistant to the chair of general surgery. He was also, until his "removal to Ash land, an associate editor of the Ft. Wayne Medical "Journal-Maga zine. circumstances the T he ladies all wore different col ored gowns of the colonial style with hair dressed high and liberally pow dered. Those representing the gentlemen were Misses Beebe, Goodrich, Bus- kerk, Bowerman, Langford, Robson, Farrand and Lundy, while the col onial maidens were Misses Bristol, Katherine Gunn, Smith, McCor- mick, Woodbury, Alice Gunn and Light. T h at the audience was pleased was plainly demonstrated by the manner in which the dancers were encored. Some of the ushers wore gowns that would have been a de light to the collector of antiquities. After the minuet was concluded all w ho desired danced until eleven o-'clock. T he grand march was led by Prof, and M r s. J. D. T o w e r, both being attirtd in colonial costume as were many of the faculty ladies. By no means the least of the attractions was the gipsy fortune teller in the person of Miss Mary K n a g gs w ho presided in a tent in one corner of the armory and fore cast the future of all who crossed her palm with silver. T he members of the Feronion Society greatly appreciate the valua ble assistance rendered by the fac ulty ladies and others, and especially that of Miss Bessie Lee Gaylord w ho trained the girls for the minuet. T he net proceeds of the entertain ment were over $50 which will be used to help furnish the new society rooms. M. A. c. Death of Dr. F. J. Hodges. Dr. A. E. Bulson, '88, editor Fort Wayne Medical y our nal-Maga zine, F o rt W a y n e, Ind. sends Prof. Kedzie the sad intelligence of the death of Dr. F. J. Hodges, '84, of Ashland, W i s. Dr. Hodges died in Chicago of blood-poison, the poison being into his system through a needle-prick in the middle finger incurred during an operation introduced " F r e d, as we all called him, num bered his friends by the hundred through various portions of Indiana, and they all regretted his departure recently from received a severe shock in the news of his sudden death. the State, and have " T he first news which reached me was that contained in the Ash land Daily Press, and having been intimately acquainted with Fred for a number of years, and been thrown into close personal contact with him while he made my residence his home during those days that he lec tured here at the College, I felt the blow most keenly. "I had learned to look upon Fred as one of the most genial, compan ionable, and withal studious and pro gressive medical men that it has been my pleasure to count as a friend and associate. It hardly seems possible that one so young and in the enjoy ment of perfect health should be carried off so suddenly, but the in stance only recalls to mind the fact that in the midst of life we are in death." A m o ng the participants on the program of the Round-up the fol lowing were former students here: Alumni, Dr. G. A. W a t e r m a n, ' 9 1 a/ J. D. T o w a r, ' 8 5 a/ H o n. L. Whitney Watkins, ' 9 3 a/ Hon. C . J. Monroe, m. s., ' 8 5; C. F . W h e e l e r, ' 9 1 a/ K. L. Butterfield,'91a/ C. C. Lillie, ' 8 4; H. W. Mumford, ' 9 1 a/ and H o n. C. W. Garfield, 7 0 a/ m. s., '73- Non-Graduates, Hon. S. L. Kil- ' 5 7 - ' 5 8; G. A. T r u e, bourne, (a) (SP-) ' 9 5 - ' 96; a nd H o n- G- C. Creel- man, (a) '92-'93. In the Review of Reviews for the current month is an article by R ay Stannard Baker, '89, on " H ow the Beet Sugar Industry is G r o w i n g ." It treats especially of Michigan and of the work done by Dr. Kedzie and Professor Smith. T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. M A R CH 5, 1901. THE M. A. C. RECORD. P U B L I S H ED W E E K LY BY T HE ftlGfllGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. EDITED BY THE FACULTY, A S 8 I S T ED BY T HE S T U D E N T S. S U B S C R I P T I O NS S H O U LD BE S E NT TO T HE S E C R E T A R Y, A G R I C U L T U R AL C O L L E G E, M I C H. SUBSCRIPTION, - • 50 CENTS PEE YEAR. Send money by P. O. Money Order, Draft, or Registered Letter. Do not send stamps. Business Office with L A W R E N CE & V AN B U R EN Printing Co., 122 Ottawa Street East, Lansing, Mich. Entered as second-class matter at Lansing, Mich. For various reasons T HE M. A. C. R E C O RD is occasionally sent to those who have not sub scribed for the paper. Such persons need have no hesitation about taking the paper from the postofflce, for no charge will be made for it. The only way, however, to secure T HE R E C O RD regularly is to subscribe. T he " Round-up n Farmers' Institute. in At each the end of represented, not institute workers, the steady interest in attendance. T he institute season there is held at some centrally institute, to located city a general which all two delegates from each county institute society, and farmers generally—in deed, all persons interested—are in vited. Such was the institute just closed at M. A. C. It was un doubtedly the most successful meet ing of the kind ever held the state, both in interest, in enthusiasm, and total at tendance was between 800 and 1,000 people. Several different meetings reached the 800 mark by actual count. Between 300 and 400 visit ors were fed at the various clubs, in all showing counties the meetings. Fifty-one were reckoning Ingham. T he W o m e n 's Section gathered each day an audience of from 150 to 200. Best of all was the entire good feeling and enthusi asm shown. Not a discordant note was heard. T he management was everything went off such that fore Everything was smoothly. right the to at seen and attended time and place. Even the street cars ran steadily on something like a half-hour schedule.* As far as there was only could be learned, regretted, to be one circumstance that was that Supt. of Public and left a Instruction Fall, who had national educators' convention in Chicago to come home and speak on " T he Rural High School," was almost entirely shut out by the late ness of the hour when he came on this, too, through the program, and no fault of his own. His is one of vast importance to Michigan, and one which should have been carefully discussed before this, we might say, uniquely representative gathering of farmers. topic this T he holding of institute at the college is peculiarly fitting and fortunate. There are here larger means for illustration, a deeper gen eral interest in the subjects in hand, and a larger fund of accumulated knowledge to draw upon than can be found anywhere else in the state. T h en the college itself is a subject that the farmers of the state should keep closely and intimately informed about. And influence finally upon our students cannot be other than highly stimulating and direc tive. As a matter of fact the stu dents took constant and deep inter est in the proceedings; especially is the upper class men, this true of the *The cars went entirely out of con mission the following morning. The effort had been too much tor them. to the meetings. intently listening who were found whenever their duties would permit; and the classes that could be ad journed without serious detriment to the term's work, sent their mem T he bers over unanimous vote adopting a resolu tion expressive of the opinion that for an indefinite number of years the place for holding the " R o u n d u p" Institute should be the Agri cultural College, seemed to indicate a degree of general satisfaction very gratifying the college popula tion. to T h e re were many interesting things said and done which the writer of this report did not hear or see. He wishes that he could have been omnipresent, and that he had to fol had nothing else to do than low and note the proceedings. If nothing is said about important and interesting meetings, it is simply be cause no adequate report could be the mat obtained and not because ters were intentionally neglected. C I V IL G O V E R N M E NT S E S S I O N. One of the most interesting ses that of Tuesday sions held was evening, devoted entirely to State affairs. T he speakers were Presi dent Snyder, Auditor General P o w ers, Representative Dingley, J u d ge and State Superin Montgomery tendent Delos Fall. T he exercises of the meeting were much delayed the speakers by the non-arrival of for T he audience- the evening. room was crowded, but the delay was good-naturedly borne. T he exercises were finally started from with a speech of welcome President Snyder. He expressed the general feeling of gratification that so many representative farmers were here to spend the time at the College, gave some facts about the College and its administration as reasons why the farmers should feel interested in the College, and ex pressed the wish that all would feel free to come and go in any building at will, to ask questions of everyone and to to take every opportunity form unbiased opinions about how things are managed. T he effort is to keep the College close to the peo to make science serve the social ple, and industrial needs of the people. Founded before the nation gave aid to industrial education, the accept ance of the land-grant act of 1862 made it one of that group of schools which may be called the great National College of applied science, which now holds property to the amount of $58,000- 000 and has 35,000 students. Presi dent Snyder ended by inviting all to a reception in the Women's Build ing at 9 p. m. the following evening. the aid provided by T he speakers having now ar rived, the chairman, Col. Ives, of Mason, introduced Mr. Powers by stating that these speakers were all still engaged in a certain phase of farming, viz., keeping up their fences. E X E C U T I VE G O V E R N M E N T. Mr. P o w e rs happily introduced his talk by a story illustrative of the material that usually goes to make a politician. A father wishing to find out the proclivities of his son shut him up in a room with a dollar coir, a bible, and an apple, thinking thet in being a if he were interested in merchant he would show that the handling and brooding dollar; if in being a preacher he would closely examine the bible; A in being a farmer, he would study re the apple. W h en the father over turned to the room the son was sit ting on the bible, eating the apple, and had the dollar in his pocket. father made him a politician. T he M r. P o w e rs spoke of the especial surrounding trials and difficulties the executive depart the path of ment of the government. It is the men of this department who come directly in contact with the people in the execution of law. Men will enthusiastically endorse sentiments which when applied to themselves in the form of law they will ener getically resist or evade. Every time an executive officer keeps a dollar from a man's pocket he makes of that man an enemy. M r. P o w ers, in the short time over which his experience extends, has had men come into his office and tell him that he was violating precedent and becoming quixotically impractical in the administration of state affairs, and they have sneeringly remarked, " O h, you will be a one-termer. You for this will never be renominated or any other office." is something worse than to be a one- is to demonstrate termer, and that before one's children and one's friends that one is a coward. T h e re A l t h o u gh there is a separation of executive and judicial departments, there is always a certain amount of discretion left with the executive. He can do or leave undone. All laws are not mandatory in form or spirit. Men who are affected by such action or non-action become hostile and a g g r i e v e d. consider Even men of no standing have power to sting and injure by criti cism. T he man in office seeks to make friends and avoid criticism. T he rule of practical politics is not to do as much good work as pos sible, but those things that arouse criticism even from a minority. to avoid doing themselves true T he question M r. P o w e rs thought that in the main executive officers are honest, and that in no state of the union is than this more generally in Michigan. is sug something gested whether when worthy is done, officers receive the encouragement that is helpful. Men will say that since it is only a mat ter of duty, such work does not re quire especial notice; but after all, these positions are full of difficulties and a good strong word of appro bation strengthens greatly. One is tempted sometimes to believe that only the bad thing becomes k n o w n; remains that the good work all hidden, and so it comes about that the novice in politics receives only the advice to avoid doing the things that draw that are harmful down criticism. and that T he man is dangerous in public affairs, in office and out, is the man who is full of wild schemes and theories, who is not sane and sound, who to ac complish the possible and attainable, because he for the unattainable. This man and the man of two faces are almost equally to be dreaded. reaching out and is impossible is dissatisfied As proof of is doing for the general sanity and soundness of our public men, M r. P o w e rs pointed to the great the the state work defective classes in our asylums and the blind school. He alluded in an especially complimentary way to the work of Industrial School for boys, who had furnished excellent music for the occasion. the State In conclusion Mr. Powers stated that he believes institutes, be in cause in these the people discuss the that the problems of everyday life, on solution of which the the home, school, and the state depend. Give encouragement to the great army of in your, state. executive officers is the executive it Recollect officer who lays the actual hand of the law on the dishonest man, and thereby makes of him a strong enemy. Let the officer find in you equally same action an the for s t r o ng friend. courageous and Recognize effort for good with as much zealous approbation, as you exercise in punishing dereliction in office. T HE J U D I C I A R Y. J u d ge Montgomery spoke next on the judiciary department of the government. T he judge alluded to his size as a strong corroborative proof of his statement that he was brought up on the farm. He told an anecdote of a convention in which Colonel McCreary was candidate for State treasurer against a granger for whom the sentiment in the con vention seemed quite strong. In nominating the colonel, the speaker wound up by saying: "I appeal to you as farmers to support our farmer candidate, Colonel M c C r e a r y ." T he appeal was successful, and Mc Creary was nominated. After the convention, some one asked Mc Creary what branch of farming he was engaged I am engaged in threshing," was the reply. T he judge began his formal ad " W e l l, today in. the the the dress by a comparison of the powers legislative, executive and of judicial departments, W h i le the first two are powerful, the power of the judiciary is under our system It is not wholly inaccurate greater. to say that the parliament of Great Britain is, as to its power to pre scribe rules of human conduct, om nipotent. W i th us, however, the power of the legislature is limited by a written constitution. It can not exercise power contrary to the tenor of commission under which it is acting. T he final judge of the validity of the power exer cised by the legislative department is J o hn Marshall established this principle when he said the duty rested upon the court of administer involves a ing the the preliminary inquiry into what law is. Rufus Choate said of this decision of Justice Marshall: "I do not know that I can point to one achievement of American States manship which can take rank for its consequences of good above that single decision of the supreme court the which adjudged legislature contrary to the constitu tion is void, and the judicial department is clothed with power to ascertain the repugnancy and to pronounce the legal decision." law, this duty that an act of judiciary. inasmuch that that as This added function of passing on the validity of legislative enactments, important became one of the most possessed by supreme the federal the same function exer court, and cised by the State supreme court is relatively as important. T he rule's for the guidance of the court in the exercise of this func tion are ( 1) that the acts of the leg islature are presumed to be constitu tional until shown to be in conflict with some provision of the supreme law, ( 2) that when such conflict ex ists the duty of the court to enforce the supreme law is clear. J u d ge Montgomery the question, why laws which the court has been compelled to set aside have raised M A R CH 5, 1901. T HE M. A. . R E C O R D. 3 in to the recent years, judges. Against legislation which and multiplied answered it by stating that in these days, legislators, far from jealously their own power, yield guarding support the individual members do not even be lieve to be constitutional, declaring that the courts will take care of the rights of the people under the con stitution. He condemned this pro cedure as casting a burden upon the court not contemplated by the constitution, and as an evasion of duty by a coordinate branch of government, whose obligation to support the constitution is as great as that upon members of the court. A second cause of this increase he thought to be the idea that consti tutional questions are determined by temperament the predilections or of idea this that the decision is a mere matter of choice, he protested warmly, assert in a written constitution ing thing as elasticity there is no such or growth. legislature was prohibited from doing when the constitution was written," said from doing he, " it true today. that changed conditions may forci bly to present legislation was whether attempted within the meaning of the framers of the constitution, but this question the question of once determined, the enactment of v a l i d i ty ought likewise to be solved." Con the people should be servatism of tide of the exerted criticism of an instrument which has stood test of fifty years, and under which the state has written a history like a fairy-tale. is prohibited It is unquestionably reads almost the question in stemming " W h at the that that the an as recalled T he judge said that he protested, not against honest criticism of judi cial opinions, but against vitupera assassination of tion, abuse, and fact the character. He that no judge in Michigan has been impeached for misconduct in office, and declared his opinion that every judge in the state could say with Justice Brewer that in all his judi cial experience no attempt had ever been made to swerve him from the path of duty. T he past of the su future preme court it will be what is secure, the the people decree . shall be. THE LEGISLATURE. T he next speaker, Mr. Dingley, the legislature, while ad defended mitting that much unsound legisla tion went through. He quoted the remark that the supreme court has the advantage of the legislature in that it has the last guess. Mr. Dingley read a lengthy paper in which he explained minutely the duties and work of the legislature. that mem- He emphatically stated mers of the legislature should con sider themselves as agents for the whole State and not merely for one small part. T he duty to the State comes first; the duty to his county fifty-day is second. He thought the limit productive of evil that it in tended the number of to enlarge bills introduced and made it impos legislation sible to pass any general before the expiry of the limit. To abolish limit would shorten the ses sion from 20 to 30 days. He com mended speaker Carton's plan of having definite dates arranged for visiting committees, instead of a general legislative junket. M r. Dingley a lengthy argument for his bill for a to pay constitutional amendment forward put legislators a fixed salary, instead of a per diem as now. THE RURAL HIGH SCHOOL. It is much to be regretted that M r. Fall, the next speaker, could not have had more time, or have come earlier in the session; for his topic is deserving of close and care ful study, by the farmers, and he speaks upon it with convincing force. Mr. Fall told of the improvements in the educational system of Michi gan since he had known it, and as serted that he was proud of this im provement. T h e re has been some improvement in the wages of teach ers, but still the average of wages is low. T he great bar to much the progress of the schools the small wages of teachers. You get poor teachers for poor salaries, and poor teachers make poor students. too is faster T he homes of the people have improved the schools. than This fact M r. Fall dwelt upon and illustrated at considerable length. He showed how the farmer was no longer satisfied with his home school. He sends to the neighboring city high school. T he few can do this, but the many cannot. It is no longer true that the district school meets the needs of the ordinary young man and woman in the country. And yet, by our present law it is a crime to go from one district into another, a crime punishable by a fine—you must pay for it. T he cost of high to non-residents school in last -year was $87,540, Michigan add to that transportation and board for these 7,000 non-residents at the very low rate of $1.50 per week and you have a sum total of $500,- 000 for the crime of going from one district into another. Suppose this the 80 fund were divided among counties of the lower peninsula. It to give would give a sum sufficient the rural high a large impetus school at the home of the student. tuition to Professor Fall was proceeding to demonstrate how the establishment of a high school approximately in township could be brought each within present expenditure, and had just gotten so far as to show that the cost per student in some districts runs as high as fifty dollars while in Albion high school the cost ran only from ten to fifteen dollars per capita, when the departure of the last street cars for Lansing was announced and the meeting had to be adjourned. T he music of the industrial school band was of a high quality and was frequently encored during the ses HOWARD EDWARDS. sion, W O M E N 'S S E C T I O N. of session the T he morning W o m e n 's Section for Wednesday was called to order by Miss Keller. Miss Lyford introduced her subject, Principles of Cooking, by discussing the use of dry and moist heat in cooking, and the care of and prin ciples governing the working of the stove. Miss Lyford then demon the making of white sauce strated and explained its use as the founda tion of a variety of dishes. W i th this sauce, both creamed and scal loped potatoes were prepared. T he the thin sauce as a founda use of tion for soup was demonstrated, also the use of the thick sauce in making meat croquettes. T he temperature T he subject of eggs was consid at ered next. which eggs should be cooked was discussed and the making of foamy omelet demonstrated. Miss Lyford then prepared Welsh rarebit on toast. A sample of each article pre- pared was served to the guests who seemed well pleased with the results obtained. It the origin and use of linen Mrs. Haner followed Miss Lyford with a paper on linen. T he aim of the paper was to the first part of illustrate the character of the essay the women in the do required of treated mestic art department. of in ancient times and its manufacture. second part of the paper treated of the methods of bleaching linen, history and origin of damask, general rules in purchasing damask, the making and marking of tablecloths and napkins, and the laundering of the same. to be considered T he A. K. c. MOISTURE IN THE SOIL. This subject was treated by Prof. J. A. Jefferey in one of the sectional meetings. His main points were as follows: Soils have individualities, their which the farmer should study no less than those of his horse. N o where, perhaps, do these differences in soils manifest themselves more than in their relations to moisture. through W a t er in the soil takes the plant foods found there into solution, con veys them to the roots, into the roots, the thence trans leaves, where formed, and the transformed to the different parts of the plant for the building up of its tissue. the stems is food conveys the finally foods to T he rate at which plant foods in the soil dissolve depends very much upon the temperature of the soil. T he presence of oxygen of the air is necessary in soils, that much of the food may be made soluble and available for the use of the plant. Both temperature and air condi- tion<= in the soil depend largely upon the moisture conditions. W h en a soil contains about one- half the capillary moisture it is cap able of holding, the conditions are at a maximum for plant growth. W h en the moisture content falls to 4 per cent, or 5 per cent, of the dry weight of soil in sands and to about 14 per cent, in the fine clays, plants are unable So that when the water content of a soil rises above that giving maximum conditions for plant growth we seek to get rid of it falls below we seek means to con serve the moisture. the excess. W h en to grow in them. Cultivation is the most common method employed to conserve moist ure, and of its effectiveness most farmers are aware in a general way. T he hired experimenter has sought to determine just how effective it is. T he saving of moisture in the soil increases when the depth of cultiva is increased, as is shown by tion field experiments. laboratory and inch, At M. A. C. no cultivation, inches and 4 inches of 2 inches, J respectively cultivation gave losses of 10.4 tons, 5.19 tons, 3.36 tons, 3.16 tons, and 2.86 tons per acre daily. 1 In an experiment conducted in '98 to determine in Wisconsin the effect of both depth and frequency of cultivation it was found that with Increasing a virgin clay loam : ( a) the depth of cultivation decreased the moisture losses, ( b) Cultivat ing once in two weeks, once per week, and twice per week decreased the losses 23.88 per cent., 24.73 per cent, and 27.10 per cent, respec tively. W i th black marsh soils: ( a) In creasing the depth of cultivation be the losses. yond one inch increased Increasing the frequencies of two ( b) cultivation once weeks increased the losses. beyond in T he to rise rate of rise of water by capillarity is not the same in all soils. In a laboratory experiment w a t e r. was found through black marsh soil at the rates of 6.21 tons per acre daily; through sandy loam at the rate 7.34 tons and through virgin clay loam at the rate of 17.8 tons per acre daily. j. A. J. PRACTICAL WORK WITH FINE WOOL SHEEP AND WITH SWINE. This was ably handled by Hon. Peter Voorheis, of Pontiac. Mr. Voorheis entered very fully into a history of the progress of fine wools in this country. T he merits of this class of sheep were strongly urged. In the first place they gave a large clip which usually commands four to five cents more than the middle wools in the open market. T h ey will live on coarse feed and less of it than is required by the middle or coarse-wool breeds; probably one of the strongest points in their favor the lies in their ability to withstand usual evil effects of over-crowding in close quarters or herding in large flocks. two the kind of type of animal re By actual handling of fine wool ewes, a Delaine and American Merino, Mr. Voorheis gave his audience a very clear conception as to the size and quired and covering wanted. While excessive wrinkling of the skin is not as eagerly sought after as was formerly the case, Mr. Voorheis thinks it is impossible to get the finest staple from sheep en In his own tirely free from flock he would not use sires which were not more or less wrinkly on neck and to the amount of yolk in the fleece, he its presence in large explained that amount was absolutely necessary to the growth of a fiber. T he amount present will vary from fifty to as much as seventy per cent. thighs. W i th regard them. fine W i th regard the value of to Merinos for crossing purposes, Mr. in his opinion Voorheis said that rapid improvement refine towards ment of wool can only come from a more general use of Merino sires upon the country. ewes of common the in very useful in the Mr. Conrad of Wacousta, Mich, judging the exercise conducted swine. Mr." Conrad has been a successful breeder of Poland Chinas and his judgment of swine is good. judging It was unfortunate of both sheep and swine that the time was so limited as the matter could not be properly presented in the time allowed. Mr. Conrad had two of Poland China sows to work upon and he brought out in a very prac the strong points of tical manner the breed and the points which should be most carefully scrutinized before purchases of breeding stock It is Mr. Conrad's belief are made. that the average farmer should look for form, constitution, good length and depth in a pig rather than for the fancy points and markings of the the Polond China intended for show ring. specimens He also emphasized the necessity of getting breeding stock with good legs and feet. Professor H. W. Mumford con ducted the work in judging of mut ton breeds. V e ry creditable rams of the Dorset Horned Hampshire, Shropshire and Oxford breeds were used as specimens. In introducing the subject the speaker emphasized the necessity of selecting breeding stock possessing strong constitutions, and in the selec tion of rams care should be taken to showing strong individuals select masculinity. statement was T he made that the future of sheep hus bandry in Michigan would eventu ally be largely confined to the use of smooth bodied and grade Merino ewes of good size and strong consti tution as a foundation of the ewe the country and rams of flocks of the English mutton some one of experi and breeds. Experience ments have shown that in this way has been produced the most satisfac tory fattening lambs for Michigan conditions. Professor Mumford used as an argument substantiating the state ment that he believed that the mer ino grade ewe was the best founda the tion for our ewe flocks, that merino was the only breed of sheep we have been able to improve in the United States; that we never have and probably never will improve upon the English mutton breeds as found in Great Britain. Good constitution in a sheep is generally shown by a broad rather than a long head, a short thick neck and broad deep chest, well sprung ribs and good strong bone, a deep rather than a long body set on short well placed lustrous fleece containing an abundant yolk in a liquid state and a bright pink skin. legs, a bright Masculinity is indicated by breadth and prominence of the nose above the muzzle, by breadth between the eyes and short thick neck, well de veloped fore-quarters and a fleece of medium fineness and strong staple. If a ram is to be selected for use on a pure breed flock great caie should be taken that such ram pos sess the true breed type. If the ram is to be used on a grade flock for the production of lambs for fattening purposes especial attention should be given to the development of the so called mutton points of the sheep, namely, a good leg of mutton or well developed thigh, low full twist, a long level rump and broad thick, well covered loins, and a broad back with handling qualities that in dicate that the back is thickly cov ered with flesh. R a ms possessing these all important characteristics to the breeders of fattening lambs can be purchased for a reasonable price. J . J. F. . THE FRUIT SECTION. Each morning at 9:30 the dele gates and others interested in horti cultural matters held a meeting in the College chapel to faculty papers by members of the topics and relating to fruit culture. institute workers upon listen to length upon T he Production of a Two-Year- Old T r ee was explained by Chas. E. Greening of Monroe. He dwelt the procuring of at tree seeds and the method of grow T he use of ing the seedlings. French crab apple seedlings was recommended and the speaker was well pleased with Kieffer and Japan pear seedlings, Mahaleb cherry and Apple Myrobalan plum trees are generally grown from root-grafts, while budding is used pears, plums, and for cherries peaches. for growing land T he the trees should be highly manured, and supplied with an abundance of humus by plowing under field peas. T he methods of budding, grafting, planting and pruning were explained stocks. T HE M. A. C R E C O R D. M A R CH 5, 1901 selected parents and samples of seedlings, grafts, and trees of different ages were shown. R. M. Kellogg, of T h r ee Rivers, spoke on Small Fruits. He urged the importance of propagating the that plants from have not exhausted themselves by long-continued and excessive fruit ing. F or strawberries he prefers the hill system, or the narrow hedge the wide matted row, rather row. In growing black raspberries, the new canes should be pinched back in J u ne and the side branches should be cut back to spurs early the following spring. Summer in pruning of red varieties is not advis able. than T he lecture of Prof. R. H. Pettit illustrated with lantern views was of many of the more injurious in sects. His topic was Insect Enemies of Fruit Trees, and he explained their habits and transformation and gave remedies for them. to thousands of Prof. W. B. Barrows spoke on Birds and their Relation to Agricul ture. V e ry few of our common birds do much harm, and most of the farmer as them are useful they destroy insects. Woodpeckers instead of injuring the trees are of benefit to them, as when they make holes in the bark they are after insects. T he sap-sucker, however, which makes holes in rows running around the trunks of trees, does much harm. Song-birds should be protected and, if necessary, it is better to do without cats, which are lec their greatest enemies. This ture, also, was illustrated with a stereopticon. N ew Points in P r u n i ng were treated by A. P. Gray, of Traverse City, who prefers the spring for this work, although in southern Mich the more hardy fruits may be igan pruned during the fall and winter. F or pear trees the pyramidal form is desirable, but for northern Michi gan where an open head is best in order to secure all the sunlight pos sible, the vase form, although less strong, has many advantages, espec ially for the peach. J. N. Stearns, of Kalamazoo, told of the Lessons of the Year in Peach Growing. He had found an excess of moisture more injurious than a severe drought, as the effects of the latter could be largely prevented by frequent cultivation. Spraying in March had been found a perfect remedy for leaf-curl, and the use of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green after the fruit had set controls the curculio and lessens the injury from rot. Much harm to the fruit interests has been done by dishonest packing, as both demand and price has been much reduced. T he speaker has a standing offer to return double the cost price if any of his fruit is not found exactly as represented. T he Fungous Enemies of Fruit Trees was the topic of Prof. C. F. Wheeler, who illustrated his talk by means of charts showing enlarged views of many of the more trouble some forms. As most fungi that trees winter upon the attack fruit leaves and fruit, it is best to fallen them whenever collect and burn possible. When the branches are attacked, as in the case of black knot on plum trees, the injured por tions should be removed, the cut being made a foot or so below the swelling. T he fungi propagate by means of spores and most of them can be prevented from gaining ac* cess to the interior of plants if fungi cides are used before spores germinate. the S. H. Fulton, who is in charge of the college fruit experiment station at South Haven, told about new varieties of fruits. T he T r i u m ph peach, Ontario apple and the large late plums such as Kingston and Black Diamond were favorably spoken of. Growing plums and cherries was explained by L . J. Post, of Lowell. He plants about sixteen feet apart and practices heading-in the trees, but at the same time takes care that they do not become thick. too Montmorency cherry, and Guii, P o n d, Kingston, Coe Golden and Shropshire Damson plums have been found most profitable. Mr. Post sprays his trees to keep off the attack of fungi, but finds it safest to jar the trees for curculio, which are caught upon an umbrella-shaped screen fastened to a cart. for chewing arsenic were Spraying mixtures and spray ing were discussed by Prof. L. R. Taft. He urged the importance of early and thorough applications for both insects and fungi. Paris green and white recom mended insects, and kerosene, either with soap or as a mechanical emulsion, for scale in sects and plant lice. Bordeaux mix ture and copper sulphate are the remedies for fungi, but are only effective as preventives. All fruit trees should be sprayed with Bor deaux mixture and an arsenite just before the flowers open and again as soon as the fruit has set. One or two other applications will generally be desirable. Peach trees should also be sprayed before the middle of April with a solution of copper sulphate the attack of to prevent thus leaf-curl, and the expense of treating all fruit trees will generally be well repaid. T he attendance at all the sections was good, the number reaching 175 on Wednesday morning, L. R. T. HISTORY OF FARMERS' INSTI TUTES. One of the most interesting topics discussed at series of the whole meetings was that of the origin and history of institutes. the farmers' T he music for the evening was fur the Lyric Mandolin by nished Orchestra and was in quality. excellent Before proceeding to the main topic of the evening a few moments were given to Mr. F. A. Converse to talk on the Pan-American agri cultural exhibit. Mr. Converse ex plained that this exposition, to open at Buffalo in a few months, is de signed for the Americas alone, and will surpass all previous exhibits in extent and thoroughness of its edu cational features. All the architec ture, as a compliment to the nations south of us is to be of a Central and type. T h e re are South American to be no collectiye exhibits, but all for instance, will go into the Agricul tural building, and so on for the into which all seventeen divisions exhibits are classified. agriculture, exhibits in Mr. Converse then went into an explanation of the grounds and the location of buildings. Electricity is to be the main feature of the exhibi tion.. T he power for all machinery, lighting, transportation, etc., is to come from Niagara. T he farmers are, if possible, to be interested. Every domestic animal known to man is to be exhibited, and all varieties are to be placed on an equal footing. T he live-stock show is to begin August 26. All is to be done by single judging judges most carefully selected, not by committees. These judges are to be at hand where you can ques tion them and have reasons given for their decisions. T h e re is to be a model dairy and a model barn, the result of the most careful examina tion and comparison. A diploma will be awarded all goods coming up to a certain standard. Let all repre Michigan products be well sented. T he South Americans will be there in large numbers, and for the purpose of to buy their goods. T h e re will be a $5,000 building for grangers. learning where M r. Converse stated in conclusion that he thought it far better for the peace of the world and for American into prosperity to put $10,000,000 an exposition than into two battle ships. Dr. Kedzie, introduced as the pio neer institute worker, began his talk by sketching the early history of the College, laying emphasis on the hos tility of farmers and the necessity of interesting them in its work. T he first cause of hostility was its location, about by a compromise brought which pleased nobody. T he second was that it was supposed to be the bantling of the then new Republi can party. T he third was the oppo sition of the College authorities to the centralizing efforts of the univer sity authorities. Five years T he Doctor told the story of the turnip-seed sower by a green boy at the rate of a bushel to the acre near the highway. after, those turnip seed were still coming up, and the farmers continued to laugh at ''those professors up there who think to teach us how to farm." Great efforts to make friends were made, and it was at this time that the idea of farmers' institutes was proposed and advocated in the fac ulty. But there were opponents in the faculty and outside. T h e re came a time, however, when the legisla tive appropriation to keep the Col lege running for the next two years in danger, and Dr. Abbot seemed was greatly discouraged. " It was at this time" said Dr. Kedzie, "that I interviewed a number of members of the faculty, and on M ay 7, 1875, introduced a resolution" creating a committee to draw up a scheme for a series of farmers' institutes to be held in different parts of the State during the next winter, and instruct ing such committee to confer with the State Board of Agriculture. resolution was unanimously T he carried and the committee, Drs. Kedzie and Beal and Prof. R. C. Carpenter, drew up a carefully pre pared memorial to the State Board. T he memorial set forth the want of sympathy between the farmers and the College, the evils so brought in farmers' about, and the remedy institutes. T he main feature of the proposed institutes was the union of local farmers and College professors on the programs of the meetings. T he board took action on the plan proposed, and at their request Dr. Kedzie prepared and had published an article setting forth the plan and the object of these meetings. T he plan for farmers' institutes secured popular favor at once. T he board was overwhelmed with applications thirty or forty places. Halls from large enough the find. audiences were T he plan "took root and grew and has grown with increased expansion for 25 years, till it has touched every county in our state and its branches have reached over into nearly every to accommodate difficult to M A R CH 5, 1901. T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. 5 •state in the Union and even realms beyond the seas." the of institute Illinois held Mr. K. L. Butterfield followed D r. Kedzie with a summary of work •during the last 25 years. Mr. But terfield stated that Michigan did not originate idea. T he secretary the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture recommended farmers' meetings, of this kind as insti early as 1853. tutes in 1869. Ohio established a state-wide system in 1881. But w e' were the first to make a state appro priation for the work, and the first to make this work a regular part of t he duties of college professors. institute T he vital features of an •were present in the beginning just as they are now. T he college still manages the institutes as a part of i ts educational the pro fessors still give much time to insti tute w o r k; and local speakers, by Jaw, have half the program time. function; Under the original plan of 1875, six institutes were held each winter and the legislature, beginning in 1877, appropriated some $300 a year for institutes. increased In 1888 an itself. demand for institutes showed In 1891 the appropriation was in creased to $750 per year, and in ' 9 2- '93, twenty-two institutes were held. In 1893, by the efforts of board members C. W. Garfield and I. H. Butterfield an appropriation of $4,- 000 was obtained. T he Grange took hold of the mat ter, and asked for an appropriation of $10,000. Active in this move ment were R. V. Clark, J. Weston Hutchins, Thos. Marrs, and W. L. In 1895 t ne appropriation Kane. was made, and an institute in every agricultural county became a possi bility. Previous to 1895 there was an average of nine institutes a year under state control, 171 in all. T he total appropriation up to that year was about $10,000, or a little more than $500 a year. During the six years since 1895, 410 institutes two days long and 407 one-day institutes have been held. At least one insti tute has been held in every county of the lower peninsula and in ten of the the upper peninsula. These institutes are esti mated to have reached each year -40,000 p e o p l e. fifteen counties of T he features peculiar to our iusti- tute system are ( 1 ) the county insti tute societies, ( 2) women's sections, ( 3) conferences of state speakers institute society workers, ( 4) and one-day the State Round-up. institutes, ( 5) that have come to T he benefits the State from this work are, as in' .the case of all educational work, difficult to measure. Practical evi dences of such benefit may be seen in the increased attention to spray ing among fruit-growers, use of up- to-date dairy methods, and the more scientific cultivation of crops. But the greatest benefit lies in inspira tion. M r. Butterfield ascribed towards the the attitude change of college largely to its institutes; also the recent prosperity of farmers' organizations, and the growing in terest in the whole problem of rural education. He mentioned with es pecial gratitude among the origin ators of this great movement, Drs. Kedzie and Beal and H o n. C. W. Garfield. institutes Mr. Butterfield regards college as a permanent phase of Every state but extension work. thousand T wo three has them. meetings were held in 1898, over $170,000 were expended, and over half a million farmers were reached. M r. Butterfield outlined a plan of college extension work, with insti tutes, reading circles, lectures, field- experimentation and traveling libra ries, that offered an inspiring picture that for the future, and he insisted the college should this recognize extension work as just as necessary a function as the regular college classes and should elevate it to the dignity of a department. THE A P P L E. twelve or Mr. Robert Sherwood discussed afternoon the apple on Thursday and his talk aroused much interest. He showed why the Michigan apple must become more and more im portant, through larger export of the eastern crop. T he area for success ful cultivation of the apple is not ex tensive, and the growing of apples means work for fifteen years. Yet a return of $100 per year per acre makes it a paying crop. M r. Sherwood gave the following recommendations: Fertilize well. T r im before leaves come out in the Spray with blue vitriol spring* to forty of five gallons solution, adding water, to gallon one pound of vitriol of water. Spray very thoroughly ( 1) before buds are out, (2) when petals are dropping, (3) when apples are the size of hazlenuts. You need one spraying outfit (a good one in good order) to every twelve acres. Get the best man you can find to prune for you. Cultivate well with cultivator. shallow gang-plow or Barn-yard manure is the best fertil izer. O ne hundred barrels to the acre is a fair yield. Keep informed on prices. Apples should be bar reled as soon as picked, and should be sold as soon as barreled unless you have cold storage. solution made by Mr. Sherwood fertilizes w i th He barnyard manure and ashes. puts a bushel of ashes to each tree, and a load of manure to every four or five trees. He uses the disc har row T he most popular varieties with him are the Ben Davis, Greening, Baldwin, and Canada Red. the orchard. in RESOLUTIONS. the T he committee on resolutions re ported recommending ( 1) that each county society, in order to encour age community of interest and a proper division of benefits, should send to the Round-up a wife and daughter of a farmer; ( 2) that the rural institute hereby endorse high the school, and recommend passage of a law to permit the union the of adjacent districts; ( 3) that the legislature should provide for analysis of cattle food, just as it does for the analysis of fertilizers; ( 4) that in view of the entire suc cess and high grade of the institutes to a vote of Prof. Smith; ( 5) that the institute request the passage of bill appro priating $7,500 per year for insti tutes; ( 6) that it endorse the work of the forestry commission and re the passage of bills with quest drawing barren sale, establishing the state's title to these lands advertised year after year for taxes, and providing a fire warden with not not more than ten deputies. thanks be extended lands from All these recommendations were resolutions adopted. were proposed and voted down. T wo other H O W A RD E D W A R D S. MANURES. Thursday morning at 8130 o'clock C. C. Lillie, one of the editors of lectured on the Michigan Farmer, to farmer. " H a n d l i ng Barnyard Manure and Commercial Fertilizers." Mr. Lillie talk, full of gave a good, practical suggestions He the opened his topic by saying " that the the practical manure," and " that the times have changed, and we no more have vir gin soil in Michigan, so we must rely upon some other source for fertilizers." can control farmer He then enumerated two ways to preserve barn3rard manure, and dis cussed t h e m: 1st, by having a cov ered yard into which to draw out the barn, manure and straw from to keep it tramped down by allow it, and ing animals then at to draw leisure; 2d, by having a manure cellar pit in which to preserve the manure placed to day, and then to draw it out in the spring and summer. to walk on it there from day fields the Mr. Lillie says " We don't want any manure cellars, for the reason that the most improved method is to draw out the manure from day to day as it is made, thus eliminating the extra labor of handling it twice." If the farmer can, in any way, save time it means money. In the winter the average farmer is not pushed for work and this is the proper time to draw out the manure and spread it fields. T he loss by spread on the ing it on the snow, if any, is very slight and the extra labor of handling will not be paid for by the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas sium saved, Mr. Lillie substantiated his statements by stating the experi ments on his farm, both on level and moderately hilly ground, and asserted the hilly soil could hardly be noted. He however acknowledged that the colored water which flows away on the surface, contains some important fertilizing elements but not very much. the loss even on that He seemed very enthusiastic over the commercial fertilizer and his ex perience with them for fifteen years on his farm had proven the oppo site to what many farmers think of commercial fertilizers. " T he com mercial fertilizers are the comple ment of barnyard manure and clo ver." To enable a young plant to start is to have some available food near the plant as soon as it germinates; by thus giving it a vigorous start, it food will get from the soil. the potential plant fertilizers and In 1885 Dr. R. C. Kedzie drafted a bill providing for the analysis of all commercial for licensing the dealers for the sale of the the same. This bill passed legislature and since that time we have not been bothered by poor fer tilizers on the market. A bulletin is published each year by the experi mental station, which gives the esti mated amount of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium claimed by the manufacturer and by actual analysis. This enables any farmer to know is buying. just what he T he fillers used for commercial fer tilizers are of no benefit to the soil, only the nitrogen, phosphorus and soil potassium are available. where vegetable matter is needed, the stable manure furnishes it. In if It is often held by many commercial farmers that fertilizers are used the land will get hard and run down. This idea is wrong and mis leading. If the soil needs the constitu ents that a certain fertilizer contains, then we can afford to use that fertil " T he plants need a balanced izer. ration, says, M r. Lillie. the same as an animal," Barnyard manure is rich in nitro gen, and to have a balanced ration, we should add a fertilizer that is rich in phosphoric acid. tankage is made fertilizers are made T h e re are two kinds of commer cial fertilizers: chemicaLand animal. fertilizer A chemical fertilizer is a that ground the from rock and contains all the elements needed for the growth of the plant. from Animal the f r om and slaughter houses. Both are equally good but should be used with con sideration as to what elements are needed for the plant you intend to the most grow. Mr. Lillie gets benefit by using commercial fertili in connection with barnyard zers manure. refuse T he clover plant is a complete in itself, and vou can im fertilizer prove the mechanical condition of the soil at the same time by using it as a manure. This T he commercial fertilizers are not them stimulants, and you can use them year after year or alternate is opposite with manure. to what some claim, viz., that if you use commercial fertilizers once you have to use them forever after to obtain any crops. Mr. Lillie illustration, a farm that gave as an he bought which was completely run down, and he used nothing but commercial fertilizers for five years; he now and has a good last year raised a splendid crop by- using barnvard manure. farm In conclusion, Mr. Lillie says: "I know some condemn commercial fertilizers, but I am not prejudiced I would advise any against them. farmer friend in con to use them nection with barnyard manure, or if the soil is lacking in any of the essen tials to plant growth, apply such commercial fertilizers as will supply the lacking element. Mr. Lillie is in no way connected with , any commercial fertilizing establishment, and does not offer anv particular kind to buy. PLANT ROOTS. On Wednesday a. m. promptly at eight-thirty o'clock, Dr. Beal opened institute by lecturing on " T he the Functions of Plant Roots." His lecture was plain, so that any person could carry away some good ideas concerning the roots of plants. T he lecture by saying Dr. opened his "that roots are mysterious, because out of sight, and presented no gay colors. " In my lecture, I shall only have in mind, those that apply to the agricultural plants." T he functions of plant roots may ist, be named under five headings: roots absorb water and take up mineral matter; 2d, they convey the leaves; 3d, they water to stem and hold plants in place; 4th, they act the plant; 5th, as a storehouse for galls on to help manufacture plant food. the roots serve in take is the roots food. W a t er T he stomata or mouths on the leaves allow the gases to pass in and the out while liquid the chief carrier of plants. It is absorbed by through the roots and passes along the plant, and such nourishing ele ments as are needed for the plant it passes along, are taken out as then the plant in the form of through vapor. Water to enter the plant by diffusion, suction,caused by rapid transpiration, capillary at traction, and osmosis. T he plant takes in about 325 tons of water for it passes out of is induced leaves the 6 T HE M. A. C. R E C O RD every pound of dry matter it retains. It is unable to get all the water from the soil leaving 5-13 per cent. that is most used by W a t er exists in the soil in three different forms; free water, or the the water that will separate from soil and go in the direction of grav ity (this is found in different depths in the the soil) ; Capillary water, water that is held by capillary attrac tion or surface adhesion (this form of water is of the greatest import ance to the agriculturist, for it is the water the p l a n t ); and the hygroscopic water, the water in the soil that cannot be seen and is only appreciated by loss of weight on heating the soil. This form of water is sufficient to sus tain life in the plant, but no growth. roots are says, " T he T he Dr. hygroscopic T he roots of plants abound in the upper sixteen soil but many plants send down roots much deeper in dry seasons, as the clover and corn plants have been known to decend to the depth of from four to six feet. t h e m s e l v e s ." inches of T he the surface of root hairs of plants are of the utmost importance. H e re Dr. Beal showed on some drawings on canvass, where the root hairs are formed. These little minute hairs form on the young plants just be the ground. neath T h ey resemble a snake as they do not go through the small particles of soil but they grow between them, absorbing such matter as is needed by coming in contact with the soil. T he little root tips break down or decay and form an acid that helps to dissolve mineral salts, insoluble in water, making them available for that encour the plant. A n y t h i ng ages the formation of root tips aids the plant gtowth. This may be done by root branching, which de pends upon, 1st, amount of free oxygen, for protoplasm is active only in presence of oxygen; 2d, the amount of available oxygen; 3d, proper amount of moisture, and 4th, transplanting, which the terminal growing points and stimu lateral ones, lates system. making a compact root T he Doctor stated there are about 1,700 root hairs to the inch on a root, and that these hairs are most abundant where the soil is the richest. the growth of removes that of this their themselves and Roots hold plants in place by shortening is often done to the extent of 25 per length. cent, T h ey also grow out in every direc tion from the main stem and thus prevent the plant from being tipped over by the wind. Examples are corn, wheat, etc. original further growth, T he roots act as a storehouse for food for the plant, in its production of following season,— as for example, the sugar This storehouse often con beet. tains a considerable amount of water, as the case of the radish which is 95 per cent, water. the nitrification. T he little galls that form on the important roots of all legumes are thousand for T wo that years ago, the Romans knew these legumes were good for the soil but they did not know the rea son. By the repeated experiments of L a ws and Gilbert, of England, many mysterious facts h a v e j j e en explained t h e s e f g a l l s. These galls on clover plants are to parasitic and enable the air by get free nitrogen from symbiosis. forming such galls leave in the soil available nitrogen for the succeeding crop. regarding the plant These roots T he Dr. concluded by saying that " every farmer should keep his eyes open and see what is going on thus answering many about him, perplexing concerning questions plant g r o w t h ." T. G. P H I L L I P S. inches apart. Don't delay the weed ing. Do it at the time it is needed. Don't pull beets T he profits are large, Mr. Cochran men tioned one man, who made 180 dol lars on two acres. too early. BEET SUGAR PRODUCTION. On Tuesday afternoon the ques tion of beet sugar production was quite thoroughly discussed by Prof. T o w a r. T he professor stated that here at the College he had never succeeded in growing on muck lands beets that will net 12 per cent, sugar. He does not advise attempting to grow beets in any large scale on muck lands. Subsoiling must be done in ad vance. R aw manure must not be plowed under in the spring. Ma nure should be applied in the fall and winter, and allowed to rot, then in it may be plowed under the results. spring without disastrous This chanical condition of the soil. treatment improves the me In regard to commercial fertilizer?, he advised not giving a large dose of nitrogen to the soil, although a little is useful in the early life of the is hard beet. T he best treatment wood ashes before sowing seed, then after sowing, 100 pounds of to the acre. T he nitrate of soda best results one always obtained on sandy loam. As to the time to sow, he advised as early sowing as safety would permit, possibly the average would be from the 1st to the 20th of May. He advised sowing seed at intervals throughout the season and not all at one time. Prof. T o w ar thought it better to have rows 24 inches apart rather than 18 inches. T he latter means 51^ miles of row to the acre, while the former means only 414 miles. He the same thought the yield about under average conditions. as and twelve He found the loss to the soil in producing sugar tons of beets to be twice as much in nitro twenty phosphate gen bushels of wheat to the acre. To recompense the soil, take advantage of thorough cultivation and rotate once in four years. Beets following to beans and potatoes, he found yield as follows: Beets following beans yielded 22 per cent, more, and beets following potatoes yielded 9 per cent, more than beets following It is not the sugar that ex beets. hausts the soil, for if all except the sugar of the beets could be returned to the soil — tops, pulp, etc.,— there would be little or no loss of fertility. the discussion Mr. Cochran said that France and Germany orig inated the beet sugar industry. Na poleon offered a bounty on beet sugar manufacture. So did Michi gan but both failed to pay. There are now many factories in Europe, but few in the Untied States. In something You cannot get for nothing. T he soil must be carefully prepared and the work at cultivation and handling beets conscientiously and promptly done. Since the soil must all be prepared just as you pre pare the smallest and most fertile plot in your garden, it is well not to undertake more ground than you are sure you can properly handle. You may get seed sown by the 5th of May. the If this Hallock weeder three times. delays sowing to the 20th or 25th of the month it is time saved, for the weeds will be all killed. T he rows should not be more than 20 inches to eight apart. -Go over ground with Thin out to six NEW CROPS FOR THE SILO. Mr. Welch, the next speaker, in troduced by Mr. Ives, the presiding institute officer, as workers, advocated quite strongly the stave silo at some length. the prince of M r. Welch has experimented with amber cane and cow peas, both first of J u n e. the planted about Peas planted June the 20th of ripened and filled out well. He tried also caffir corn and peas, producing sixteen tons to the acre. In feeding from his silo, every time the peas were struck there was an increase in the milk of each cow by one to one.and a half pounds. T he peas keep the cows' bowels in good the Whip- condition. He planted poorwill variety, four beans to the hill. He cut the corn and peas about the 18th of September. To determine when the corn, chew some of the stalk; if sweet, cut it before all the sacharine matter has passed out of the stalk. to cut LIVE STOCK ON THE FARM. T he next speaker was Mr. L. In compared to sauerkraut, and said it the Wash W. Watkins^ of Manchester. opening, M r. Watkins ensilage would very well tenaw Germans. suit He thought his position similar to the clergyman who would that of reform the wicked yet had ad dressed only the confirmed few of his faithful congregation, since the farmers here gathered could be told importance nothing new about the of stock on the farm. is the " It class of farmers who never attend I institutes," said he, "to whom would carry, if I might, the import ant mission of the farm." live stock on From the domestic animals on the farm come much of the com luxury enjoyed by man fort and kind. . T he huge stockyards with their accompanying packing-houses and rendering establishments dem the onstrate the vast importance of live stock industry. Our woolen clothing, Galloway coats and robes, valuable commercial fertilizers, our boots and shoes and everything in leather, the fresh and canned and salted meats, with soups and ex tracts oleomargarine, choice cheese and butter and condensed milk find their way to all peoples and in all climes. and Notwithstanding all this many farmers have little or no stock upon their farms. These are the farmers who desire to make a living with out trouble and year after year sell their grains and fodder off the farm. T h e re is another class who broke up this virgin soil and made money easily by growing grain, before the com the vast plains of four petition of continents had brought down the price. Fifty years ago the center of wheat production was in N ew the Genessee Valley. York near the Mississippi, N ow leaving from which the choicest elements of plant food have been removed and sent to foreign countries. H e re profit able cultivation is impossible with out fertilizers. Many of this class of farmers, being no live longer successful without stock are leaving their farms — '\re- tiring fiom business." T he farmer the application of behind vast it is beyond areas should retire to his own farm w h e re he may find interest and enjoyment in seeing his children succeed after him. alluded is the retirement of Mr. Watkins spoke of the loss of the southerns tiers of Michigan, to which in a the State said 40,000 inhabitants in four President W a r n er recent address before Dairymen's Association, and that the loss did not alarm him, be cause " it t he one-crop wheat growers to the al ready congested cities—driven from their homes in defeat by the pesky Some have, fly." little Hessian however, learned their mistake and are joining herds and flocks of cattle, sheep, and swine to the raising of grain, so as to recuperate the fertility of the soil before it is too late. In the west the operation has. been reversed. Here rough, poorly- kept stock have given way to al most exclusive grain growing, which in turn has been given up or has been carried on with the modern live stock industry. Mr. W a t k i ns his mentioned incidentally father, owning a ranch in Nebraska, shipped the first load of Michigan sheep that w e nt west. A wrinkly merino ram in the at load created more excitement Fort Kearney elephant would have done. and operating than an that and that upon interest thought through increased improving W h en competition came to this rough western stock in the shape of fine beef and mutton from the east, the ranch owners saw the necessity their stock and of of plowing and planting vast acres of to grain. Great profit came land from this virgin soil, the grain of and herds and flocks were excluded. the Michigan T he effect farmer was to drive him to butter- making, sheep raising, swine rais ing, etc. Creameries cheese factories were established, and our land became noted for its beef, pork, wool, mutton, and butter. Another result of the in live-stock was richer fields, better cultivation for better crops, and better educated, more enthusiastic farmers. T he system has become a series of intensive operations on an extensive scale. Mr. Watkins the to West had been of great benefit the necessity it Michigan for better and more had reaction scientific This farming. After has also struck the West. to see the neces driving Michigan sity for mixed agriculture with live stock as the most important part of the equipment, they too are be ginning to find a necessity for a sys tem nearly similar to that of Michi gan. T h us it comes about that in the end we can hold our own in honest competition with them, if we do not allow them to do better and than we d o. more systematic work Necessity insists that the farmer shall be a stock man, and that he shall produce as nearly as possible his own grains for his stock, that he shall handle his stock carefully and return to his fields as much of the fertilizers which they have produced as his stock can spare from the food consumed. He must put his pro duct on the market in its enhanced value, and should market only the perfectly finished goods whether they be meats or butter. imposed In producing his grain and fodder and holding them for feed the far mer gets a profit on their market value. In feeding his grains and his fodder he gets another profit in the gain in quality along with the gain in weight. He is a manufac- M A R CH 5, 1901. T HE M. A. C R E C O R D. 7 turer in the broadest sense, retaining t he middle-man's profit and saving the enhanced value which comes from perfect finish of his material for the consumer. T he waste pro ducts from this process are among his most valuable assets. T HE L A WS OF B R E E D I N G. This subject was ably handled by H o n. Robt. Gibbons w ho spoke in part as follows:— " T he L a ws of B r e e d i n g" is the subject allotted to me by our genial superintendent, and surely it is an important one to the general farmer as well as to the stock-breeder. to the same " W h en man undertakes " Like everything else in nature is governed by fixed laws upon it the breeder may rely with which time confidence, but at in his must be governed by them •work of T he first improvement. •of these laws is that " like produces like, or the likeness of some ances t o r ." T he second one is that in a state of nature the fittest survive, and carry on the work of reproduc therefore, i ng their kind. Nature, produces insects, animals, birds, plants and fruits which never change. im prove his animals, he must, to some *xtent, work in opposition to these natural laws. T he improved animal is therefore to a large extent an arti ficial production, produced by arti ficial means, and therefore requiring artificial care. Nature would never have given us the Jersey cow, the Shorthorn, Hereford Polled A n g us steer, or the various breeds of improved sheep, hogs, horses and is much poultry. Each of these more valuable to mankind through the work of the improver, but the them, tendency of all of natural the artificial w h en neglected, and care necessary for their present condition, ceases, is to revert back to their natural conditions and habits. " A ll of animals have been improved from a state of nature to better fit them for the use and requirements of man. These improved animals have been changed and modified in form, char acteristics and disposition. the domestic breeds them or in them " W h en man, forgetful of his o wn interests and of his obligations to his domestic animals, neglects them, and allows to suffer from cold and hunger, nature has its revenge by cutting off the income he would secure from them if prop e r ly cared for, and turning all their powers single object of maintaining themselves. This is also true of plants, trees, grains, etc. into the " This reversion to original types in animals is styled atavism, and is one of the natural the breeder and farmer should under stand. laws which " Other laws of breeding to which I shall refer are the following: " C r o s s - b r e e d i n g .— T he mating in together of animals not related any way to each other. " In-and-in breeding.—The mating less to each other for a together of animals more or closely related number of generations. " Like produces like, or the like ness of some ancestor."—This means that animals will produce in their offspring the same characteristics as they possess themselves, or the like ness of some ancestor, whose blood may assert itself generations after it lived. "' Heredity.' — Those characters which the offspring derives from its parents, affecting form, constitution, vitality and disposition. . Mrs. Scott, librarian of the min ing school at Houghton, called at our library on Saturday and seemed much interested in our collection of books. She said that our old stu the mining dents now at school always look for the R E C O RD and examine thus showing their continued interest in M. A. C. its contents, closely, SIMONS DRY GOODS CO. FIRST SHOWING of 1 9 01 NEW SPRING Wash Fabrics... New Embroidered ^ Q - Colored Muslin, pr yd. _____ New Spring Dress Goods. New Spring White Goods. N ew P a t t e r ns for Spring in VELVET CARPETS, INGRAIN CARPETS, R u g s, Curtains, etc. Students given Special A t t e n t i o n. Furniture Headquarters. C O H P L E TE LINE OF FURNITURE FOR S T U D E N T S' ROOMS Woven Wire Springs at Woven Wire Cots at Mattresses at Chairs at Arm Chairs at Students Tables at SI.50, $2.00 and $2.50 $1.50, $2.00 and $2.50 $1.75, $2.00, $2.50 up 50c, 60c, 75c up $1.50, $1.75, $2.00 up $1.50, $1.75, $2.00 n. J. & B. n. Buck. under " ' Survival of the fittest.'— This term means that in a state of nature to maintain fitted the animal best itself conditions, existing always drives out the other males, and becomes the progenitor of all the the y o u ng brought herd, flock, drove or band, of which he becomes the acknowledged head. It insures the maintenance of vigor and vitality. forth in " A ll improved breeds have orig then the inated by cross-breeding and inbreeding the ones showing most valuable characteristics. " T he most inbred of the families of the horse are the English Thor oughbred, from which comes our A m e r i c an t he French Percheron, the American Trotter and the Russian Trotter. Thoroughbred, the Advancement "Undoubtedly to reproduce by first attempts to improve domestic animals was by selection.—The best and most the species vigorous specimens of were retained them t h is selves. method, while slow, is also certain, provided the person carrying it on is sufficiently versed in the physiol ogy and anatomy of the animal to enable him to detect the slightest deterioration in constitution, vigor and form, and the ability, by further selection, to remedy the defects. in attempting to than remedy defects more rapidly could be done by selection the ex periment of cross-breeding was first tried, and to it we are indebted for much of the wonderful improvement that has been made in our domestic animals within the past two hundred years. "Undoubtedly ' ' B ut while selection and cross breeding had resulted in great im provement, there was still a weak ness that in breeding methods strengthening. demanded It was to maintain what had found been gained continual importations of animals had to be resorted to, as cross-breeding continuous infusion of new blood. T he cross bred animal, while vigorous and of required that (Concluded on page 8.) VISITING CARDS.... Latest Styles—lowest Prices LAWRENCE & VAN BUREN PRINTING CO'S. FULL MEASURE AND GOOD GRADES. THE RIKERD LUMBER 6 0. w w w \ ^ vw CALL AND SEE THEM. T he m a in item in Stoves is to get the best for the least m o n e y. We h a ve the nicest assortment ever in t he city. Steel R a n g es $18.00 to $40.00; Cast Cook Stoves w i th to $25.00; Base Reservoir $16.00 Burner Coal Stoves to $25.00 $40.00; Soft Coal A i r - T i g ht Stoves $12.00 to $18.00; A i r - T i g ht "Wood Stoves $5.00 to $9.00; Nice Oil Heaters $3.25 to $4.00. Everyone of t h em fully guaranteed. A nice line of Pocket Cutlery R a z o r s. Shears, in fact a n y t h i ng needed in t he H a r d w a re Line y ou will find it a nd at prices to suit y o u, at NORTON'S HARDWARE. >*rWVW\*"<-^-. WE ARE IN POSITION TO SAVE YOU MONEY ON Overcoats And at the same time give you a gar ment unsurpassed for Fine Tailoring and Correct Styles. Elgin Hifflin. Royal Shoes ! i We have the exclusive sale of this celebrated line of men's shoes for Lansing. Made in all \ styles and colors, light, medium and heavy ^ weight at the one uniform price of $3.501 p a ir T h ey are without doubt the best fixed price 5 line of shoes and have crowded out many of 3 the F I VE D O L L AR shoes wherever introduced. > C. D. WOODBURY, \ HOLLISTER BLOCK, j T he " R o u n d - u p" Institute. F a r m e r s' in to remedy defects (Concluded from 8th page.) approved form, seldom made a good sire. T he blood was too mixed in character to prove a potent force in breeding, and new blood had to be brought that were constantly obtruding them selves upon the breeder, and render ing him disgusted with his work. T h e re was a lack of stability. T he then was, what must or question their best can be done to engraft i m p r o v ed characteristics u p on animals so strongly that they would be enabled to invariably reproduce them in their progeny, the same as was done in a state of nature? It would be seen by close observers that in a state of nature, under the natural laws of the survival of the fittest, and like producing like, that there was undoubtedly a great deal of close-breeding, and the question would naturally come up, W hy not try domestic animals? Probably the first man in Great Britain to put this method into actual practice was Bakewell, and the results of his experience was to completely change modern methods of breeding. He showed that in-breeding so concentrated the blood of an animal as to greatly in crease its prepotency. this method with " F r om that time until the present in-breeding has been recognized as necessity in the formation of a new breed or the improvement of an old one. " It is true in-breeding is a two- edged sword in the hands of a care ignorant man, as while it less or qualities, and increases desirable renders them stable, it also doubles up undesirable ones. " T he general vitally interested stock, has no problems to solve as the breeder. " A sire that would be of farmer, although in live improved complicated such little value to the advanced breeder will be of great value to him, as his females, being of more mixed blood, will be more easily impressed than the highly bred ones required by the breeders." " To the farmer the breeder is a benefactor if he will only accept the . privileges offered him, and utilize them to his own great advantage." ( R e p o rt concluded in next issue.) H O W A RD E D W A R D S. N e ws from Graduates. Geo. Gould,'99, of Saranac, Mich., spent a few days at the College, at tending the institute. M ax Groat with '02, has beer. working for Russel & Co., carpet department, Erie, Pa. His address now is Niles, Mich. Mr. and Mrs. Ellis Ranney of Feronian last Friday evening and re Belding, party turned home Saturday. attended the W . J. Merkle,'98»z, is in business with his father and brother, manu facturing bicycle motors. Address, 59 31st St., Milwaukee, Wis. J o hn Hooker, '86, of N ew Balti more, Macomb Co., was at the farmers' institute. He is managing a farm of only 1200 acres. R. L. Biglow, with 'oi#z, is work ing in the engineering department of the Pere Marquette R. R. Ad dress, 238 La Fayette ave., Detroit, Mich. T HE M. A. C. R E C O R D. M A R CH 5, 1901. Grayson E. Miles, with 'Q6Z», of Kalamazoo, Mich., visited the Col lege during the institute meeting. His address is 1528 W e st N o r th St. We Welcome A letter from Guy Stewart to Prof. Kedzie states that at Grafton, W. Va., he met a gentleman named Alex. Leeds, D. D. S., and discovered that he had attended M. A. C. one term in '59. just last saw " W e l l, you may ' r e c k o n' our tongues wagged," says Stewart. W h en he the place he said they had two buildings and eight acres cultivated; said he went to Jackson, took stage for the Col lege " over a road that was half plank and half plank once in a great while." Of course I told him of the progress of the old place, and he was anxious to know more. He is very anxious to get a copy of the " A l u m ni Cat." and if you can I I wish you would send him one. to get shall give him a chance I acquainted with me. Perhaps had better not." First Lieutenant R. S. Welsh, '94, is (according to the Washington Post) one of im mediately under the governor in the province of Tarlac, P. I. two supervisors THE STUDENTS' RETURN AT THE M. A. C. It gives new life to the Capital City. We cordially invite all to m a ke their home at our store. Mr. H o m er Burton and Mr. A r t h ur H a rt wilt make daily trips to every one who desires to see them on the M. A. C. grounds or in the vicinity. If you are not called upon drop us a postal and we will call. Samples sent on application. We Guarantee Satisfaction. Visit Donsereaux's DeDartment store, and tne Donsereaux 61otning and Grocery Store. 312 to 320 Washington Ave. South. One door south of Hotel D o w n e y. CHAS. A. PIELLA . . JEWELER AND OPTICIAN. DIAMONDS, WATCHES, JEWELRY, CLOCKS, SILVERWARE, ART GOODS. Repairing Nneatly, Done. ALL MEATS May look alike to you, b ut t h e re is a v e ry g r e at difference in t he q u a l i ty we h a n t h at sold by s o me o t h er m a r k e t s. dle a nd t he v e ry best. L i ke We h a n d le n o ne b ut t he p u d d i n g, t he proof of good m e a ts in t he e a t i n g. A trial will convince you that you ought to t r a de with u s. is We make daily trips to the College. BOTH P H O N E S. Careful attention given to 'phone orders. GOTTLIEB REUTTER. Washington Ave. South. A n n u al Banquet. 121 W a s h i n g t on A v e. N ., L a n s i n g, M i c h. T he second annual banquet of the '02 Debating Club was the society rooms Friday in C. L. S. held night. Shortly after midnight the mem bers gathered around a heavily laden table and ample justice was done to the following menu: Oslerea edulis s o up Olea Europcza Apium graveolens Crackers Osterea edulis unrefined sativus pick Cucumis Phaseolus vulgaris pick Citrus auranlium Siliceous w i t c h es cider Cream puffs Acer saccharinum s y r up Ice c r e am Citrus auranlium Tilia Americana C a ke Coffea e x t r a c t o rs arabica T he President E. R. Bennett acted as toast-master and these are the toasts responded t o: T he Witch of I n g h a m, L. D. Rudolph. This Solempne Occasion, B. Wer- muth. Swords and pens, M. B. Stevens. the Villa, J. A. T he Lady of Dunford. T he Spark in the Dark, D. S. Bullock. T he Evolution of the Octahedron, W. K. Wonders. Dame Fortune, W. J. Geib. After giving their class yell and singing a few songs the club ad journed, having enjoyed one of the pleasantest evenings in its history. D. S. B. Athletics. in a victory latter by a score of 21-6. T he basket ball game Saturday between Ypsilanti and afternoon for M. A. C. resulted It the was a fast game throughout and both teams deserve great credit for their work. T he visitors did some individual playing most excellent but were entirely outclassed by M. A. C.'s united team work. M. A. C. Position. Ypsilanti. S h e r m a n, Right g u a r d, Blanchard(capt.) G a n n o n, Cross(capt.) C e n t e r, Hollier I r e l a n d, R i g ht forward, H a f t e n k a r a p. Left forward, Cooper. E d g a r. Balbach. Left g u a r d, H. E. Y. DIRECTORY M J. & B. M. BUCK.—Furniture. Cor. Wash O RDER your hacks for parties at Carr's Hack LANSING BUSINESS and PROFESSIONAL M E N ^ - ^t ington Avenue and Ionia Street. See ad. Line. Livery in connection. 410 Washington HACK AND BAGGAGE LINES. Ave. N. FURNITURE DEALERS. T he n a m es in this Directory, as well as those of all o ur o t h er a d v e r t i s e r s, a re of reli able p a r t i e s. We h o pe t h at t he faculty a nd s t u d e n ts will t a ke p a i ns to patronize those w ho p a t r o n i ze u s. ARCHITECTS. W JUDD CUMINGS—Architect. Sparta, Mich. Rural architecture a specialty. Patronage of M. A. C. men solicited. BARBERS. J H. WOOD—Barber. 106 Michigan Avenue K. College work especially solicited. BOOKS AND STATIONERY. CITY BOOK STORE. Fountain Pens, Drafting Tools, Stationery, Cards Engraved, Pictures and Picture Framing. Tennis, Football and Base ball goods. Crotty Bros., 206 Wash. Ave. N. T ANSING BOOK A ND P A P ER CO. Water- \j man and Sterling Fountain Pens, Stationery, Pictures. Frames, Wall Paper. 120 Wash. Ave. N. BICYCLES AND ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES. P A P I T OL ELECTRIC CO. BOOTS AND SHOES. c D. WOODBURY.—Boots and Shoes, shoe the students. See ad. CLOTHING. Hats and Caps. 112 Washington Ave. North. LOUIS BECK.— Clothier. Gents' Furnishings, H KOSITCHEK & BRO.—Clothing and Dry . Goods. 113 Wash. Ave. N. 210 Wash. Ave. S. CROCKERY AND GLASSWARE. H H. JLARNED.— China, Glass and Lamps. 105 Washington Ave. S. DENTiSTS. R W. MORSE, D. D. S. D E. PARMELEE—Dentist. 218 Washington Ave. St, Lansing, Mich. Hollister Block, Room 517. DEPARTMENT STORE. DONSEREAUX'S D E P A R T M E NT STORE is the place to trade. You can get a warm lunch in our cafe for 10c. See ad. DRUGGISTS. ROUSER'S CAPITAL DRUG STORE. Up to date. Corner store. Opposite Hollister Block. DRY SOODS. MMONS DRY GOODS COMPANY. 5 Goods and Carpets. See ad. -Dry FURNISHING GOODS. LGIN MIFFLIN.—Ladies' and Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods. See ad. E HARDWARE, STOVES AND TINWARE. Ill Washington Ave. South. See ad. Stoves, Tinware, Graniteware, Cutlery, etc. N ORTON'S HARDWARE—General Hardware. J ACOB STAHL & SOX,-Wholesale and Re tail Hardware and House Furnishings. 211 and 213 Washington Avenue North. HARNESS, TRUNKS, ETC. J W. EDMOND'S SONS—Keep the finest stock of Trunks, Traveling Bags, Pocket Books and Leather Goods in the citv. Also a full line of harness and horse goods. Repair shop in connec tion. 107 Washington Ave. south. INSURANCE. THE DYER-JENISON-BARRY CO., LTD., Incorporated) Hollister Block. All kinds of the best insurance. Strongest agency in city. JEWELERS. B P. RICHMOND—Watchmaker, Jeweler and Engraver. 200-202 Washington Avenue N. LA UNDRIES. THE VANGORDER PALACE LAUNDRY. Col lege agents, Rudolph and Mills. S. P. Lantzr Prop. ' P A K V O R I AN & JEWELL.—Agents for STAR 1 LAUNDRY. We return your work on Thurs day p. m. Either high polish or dull finish. No saw-edge collars. MAMCVRE AND HA1RDRESSING. M RS. O. T. CASE—Mauicure and Hairdressing- Parlors. Masquerade wigs for rent. All styles of hair goods in stock or manufactured on short notice. New 'phone 118. 222V£ Washington Avenue S., up stairs. MERCHANT TAILORS. trade solicited. Opposite Hotel Downey, North, WOODBURY & SAVAGE.—Tailors. Student J OHN H E R R M A N N 'S SONS. Fine Tailoring. 218 Washington Avenue N. MUSIC, PIANOS, ETC. HE POST & BRISTOL CO. Pianos and every- thing in the line of music and musical instru-. ments. 219 Washington Ave. N., Lansing, Mich. OCULISTS. J OSEPH FOSTER, M. D.—Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. Hours 9 to 12 A. M. City National Bank Building, Lansing. PHYSICIANS. A D. HAGADORN, M. D.—Office hours, 11 U> 12 A. M., 2 to * and 7 to 8 P. M. Office at 212 Washington Avenue S.; home 419 Seymour St. RESTAURANTS. GILBERT M. HASTY, Proprietor Hasty"s Gem Lunch. Best meals and lunches in the city. Quiet place for adies. 113 Wash. Ave. S.