5iw 9n a ©.» ecor 1 VOLUME: I. LANSING, MICHIGAN, TUESDAY, JULY 21, 1896. NUMBER 27 GENERAL VIEW OF FORGE SHOP. SOME DATA RELATING TO FORGESHOP DESIGN. P R O F. P A UL M C H A M B E R L A I N. T he above is the title of a paper presented before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at the New York meeting, 1895. T he d a ta were obtained from our own forge shop a nd were u n d e r t a k en because of the scarcity of such record. The paper describes the ar r a n g e m e nt of the plant a nd the reasons of the choice of a r r a n g e m e nt which will not be repeated here except to call attention to the cuts a nd the fact t h at absence of overhead pipes m a k es the view of the instructor a nd the passage of light unobstructed, the first a very important consideration in a school shop, a nd the sec ond important in any shop. T he d a ta sought m ay be stated t h u s: Required t he a m o u nt of air necessary to support the combustion of a pound of coal in the forge grees or 18 pounds of air w as required, a nd 2263 cubic feet, at 252 degrees or 126.1 pounds of smoke, gases and air, exhausted. Of the entire theoretical heat value of the coal, 43 per cent w as found to p a ss through the smoke stack. The velocity of flow in the .pipes w as found from the fundamental formula of falling bodies V — y-fgE, air flowing into a vacuum being analagous to a falling body. T he m e a s u r e m e nt of h w as obtained by connecting a u tube to the pipes and noting the difference of pressure as shown by the different levels the of w a t er in the tube, measured height of a column of air at the given t e m p e r a t u re cal culated therefrom. For example, if the w a t er at a t e m p e r a t u re of 62 degrees showed a difference of level of one inch, the difference of pressure inside a nd out would be .577 ounces per square inch. A column of air one inch square and one inch high at 252 degrees, weighs .0005 ounces; for a column which would weigh .577 ounces we would require a column 92.7 feet high. in inches, a nd The selection of blower a nd e x h a u st fan for such work is a simple m a t t er when it is known how much air m u st be supplied a nd how much mixed air a nd smoke t a k en a w a y. Within certain the financial side, the one usually considered, a question of saving in power by using the larger machines and pipes, versus the interest a nd depreciation on the greater first cost. limits it is, from The design is not presented as a model of perfec tion in this or a ny other respect, but was, with the data and money at our disposal, the best we could contrive, and has proved satisfactory. The machines used a re handling the work without great loss of efficiency, as calculated by the S t u r t e v a nt Blower Company's tables, a nd it is doubtful, accord ing to calculations I h a ve recently made, w h e t h er an increase of efficiency by using larger machines would counterbalance increased cost. While the design w as for a school shop, I believe the interest on the the r-v/ S I DE ELEVATION OF FORGE a nd the a m o u nt of smoke, gases a nd air to be removed for each pound of coal consumed, to insure a clear at mosphere in the room. Incidentally, the distribution of the heat was traced, to show w h at disposition could be m a de of* it for heating purposes. The detailed read ings a nd computations m ay be found in the original paper Volume X V II of the Tranmctions, the present purpose the general results only will be given. For the test the fires were put in p r i me condition, a nd the blower a nd fan regulated in speed so as to give just the right a m o u nt of blast to m a ke the fires burn well, a nd t he proper a m o u nt of suction to remove all smoke and gases. T he a m o u nt of d r a u g ht or speed of the current in the pipes a nd the t e m p e r a t u r es were observed in various places the pipes, the coal weighed and the revolutions per minute of the blower and fan observed. F or every pound coal con sumed it w as found t h at 287.6 cubic feet, at 131.66 de- but for of in in This substituted V = y/T^\i = V2 x 32.2 x 92.7 = 77 feet per second, which multiplied by t he area of the pipe in s q u a re feet would give the cubic feet handled per second. formula would give us the The paper w as discussed by Messrs. Fritz, Huttoii. Snell, Weil, Green, Suplee, Woolson, L e v an a nd Kent, who brought out good and bad features of the design as it compared with their experience. T he " a u t h o r 's closure" of the discussion will present t he points of criticism as briefly as could otherwise be done. The experiments which this paper records w e re un dertaken to determine the a m o u n ts of'air a nd smoke handled per pound of coal in forging operations, a nd incidentally to trace the disposition of the heat, very little of which, as is well known, being used in heat ing t he work. To m a ke t h e . d a ta comparable w i th other conditions, a description of the plant w as de sirable. down-draft feature, doing a w ay with suspended hoods a nd pipes, would be appreciated in m a ny of t he regu lar business shops. The caist-iron hoods a re more expensive t h an those m a de of w r o u g ht iron, but are, I believe, economical, as w r o u g ht iron is very short-lived u n d er t he direct action of t he gases a nd cinder from a forge fire. A n u m b er of the speakers have condemned under ground pipes, but our experience with them, in this instance, h as beeu very satisfactory. W i th proper design they m ay be m a de quite as accessible as over head ones. The objection urged against u n d e r g r o u nd blast-pipes becoming clogged by reason of the precipi t a t ed moisture, does not hold in a case w h e re t he smoke-flues occupy the same trench. This m ay be readily seen by noting that, the air in t he blast w as | raised from 80 degrees to 131.66 degrees between the blower a nd forges, In reply to Prof. Hutton's question, I would say that when the plant was designed, it was expected that it would be necessary occasionally to remove the trench covers at the extremities of straight runs of pipe, and introduce a sweeper operated by either a chain or wire. With two years' use this has not been found necessary, the velocity of the air being such as to car- >ry along with it pieces of coke even as large as a hickory nut when thrown within the hood. It would PLAN VIEW OF FOBGE SHOP. be interesting to know how low a velocity of exhaust would be sufficient for this self-cleansing process, for in a down-draft arrangement such a point would limit the area of the pipe for any given quantity of air handled. My observation of smoke exhausting from an open fire will not enable me to agree with Mr. Snell when he says that the work done by the exhaust fan ex ceeds that of the blower only by the introduction of gas due to the consumption of coal and the expansion of air supplied by heating. In the case in hand the exhaust fan is speeded as low as it will thoroughly carry away the smoke and gases; and we find the ratio of exhaust to blast to be eight to one. Mr. Snell's statement would hold only with a closed furnace. The forges described by Messrs. Woolson, Suplee, and Kent are without doubt superior for commercial purposes, but would not, I am inclined to think, so well answer the purpose of instruction as the ordinary open fire. We have in our shop a forge for tempering in lead and sand baths, which in some respects resembles those described. A feature of the tuyere box, the idea of Mr. Paul Theadore, proves so satisfactory that I present here TEMPERING FORGE. a sectional view of it. The blast-pipe is connected to • T HE M. A. C. K E C O RD JULY 21, 1896. the tuyere box, which is also the bottom of the fur nace, by means of a hinge, and the bottom may be dropped at any time without disconnecting the blast- pipe. The top can be lifted out and the box cleaned very conveniently. Department of Mechanical Engineering. AT THE COLLEGE. Mr. and Mrs. K. L. Butterfield are camping at Bay View. Mrs. F. C. Kenney is visiting at her former home in Coldwater. J. C. Nichols, '98, received a visit from his mother and aunt last week. W. D. Groesbeck, '92 m, visited M. A. C. friends Fri day and Saturday. T. L. Hankinson, '98, received a visit from Chas. Rob ertson, of Hillsdale, last week. The Feronians spent a pleasant day picnicking at Pine Lake last Saturday. The band boys did likewise. Prof. Babcock was again called to his home last Tues day afternoon, this time by the sad news of his father's death. Prof. F. B. Mumford, '91, of the Missouri Agricultural College, arrived at M. A. C. last Friday for a stay of a few days. The Museum was crowded all day Thursday, the most interest being centered in the case of tropical butterflies. Mrs. John Corbin and Mrs. Bert Harris, of Eaton Rap ids, were guests of Prof, and Mrs. C. D, Smith's last Thursday and Friday. The practical course for women, to be inaugurated next term, is very generally approved by correspond ents and by the press. Dr. Kedzie was called to the funeral of his sister at Adrian last Tuesday. Mrs. Kedzie was the mother of William K. Kedzie, '70. Mr. George Hoppough, Smyrna, father of Carl N. the picnic last Hoppough, '99, took advantage of Thursday to visit his son. One farmer who has lived near the College for over thirty years, made his first visit to the grounds at the time of the Odd Fellows' picnic. Prof. C. D. Smith read a paper on Bacteria in milk before the third annual conference of the Michigan health officers in Ann Arbor last week. Pliny M. Lyman, one of Bancroft's young farmers, has been engaged to fill the position left vacant by E. S. Good's appointment as clerk to the president. The sub-faculty and freshmen played an interesting game of ball last Saturday, in which the freshmen won. Score: 8 to 3. Next Saturday the sub-faculty and seniors will play. W. F. Pack, with '81, Centreville, dropped in on his friends at the College last Wednesday afternoon. Miss Gertrude Clewes, a prospective student for the women's course, accompanied him. They returned Thursday morning. There are a limited number of copies in pamphlet form of the last report of the Botanical Department, containing a good map of the Botanic garden, the common and the scientific names of every plant there in contained. These copies will be given to students who apply for them. Dr. George T. Fairchild, president of the Kansas Agri cultural College, is visiting his brother-in-law, Dr. Ked zie. On Sunday afternoon he conducted the services in the chapel, taking for his theme, " Youth.*' He had many good and helpful things to say for the young, and he spoke feelingly of the thirteen years of his own youth that were spent in work at this College. The members of the class of '93 who are at M. A. C. have decided to have a picnic at Leadley's Park on Saturday afternoon, August 8, and to invite the other members of the class to come and participate. They will partake of the class song (with the bones picked out), warmed-up toasts left over from the '93 banquet, and several new and palatable dishes. For this once the members are urged to subordinate to the will of the committee any individual preferences they may have for Macatawa Park, Grand Ledge, Belle Isle, or the Tunnel, and join the " machine " for a good time. Expenses of the day will be met by a class tax. The cucumbers hanging from the vines supported by the rafters of the greenhouse of the Experiment Station, are a sight worthy of comment. At the close of the season for using the greenhouse, some cucum bers were planted for illustrating the manner of prun ing and management in other particulars. Several methods of managing the vines are there well illus trated, and they are as complex as those applied to pruning in grapes grown under glass. The sorts tested are white spine, cool and crisp, improved long green, Chinese climbing. These vines are very thrifty and the large crop of suspended cucumbers is a novelty to all who have little knowledge of growing vegetables in greenhouses. Said a professor to a RECORD editor: "Did you ever notice how much the average family meal depends for its relish and completeness on the products of the dairy? .No doubt the farmer appreciates the fact more than the city-bred or even those in the country, whose business is not farming or to whom the table is only a necessary adjunct to comfort. The thought struck me forcibly the other day as I sat at dinner. The meat course was chicken, fried, and served with a gravy that was half milk. The mashed potatoes were made delicious by the addition of a little milk. The corn was prepared in milk, as is proper. A bit of cream cheese figured as part of the meal, not to speak of the pat of butter that stood at each plate. The day being warm, glasses of iced milk provided liquid refreshment not to be approached by tea or coffee; and finally part of the dessert was ice cream, again largely a product of the dairy." I. 0. 0. F. PICNIC AT M. A. C. The sixth annual picnic of the Grand River I. O. O. F. Picnic Association was held at the College last Thursday. Nature could not have been more bounti ful in the bestowal of her gifts than she was on this eventful day. The lawns were never nicer at this sea S'>u, and the day was just warm enough to make the cool shade acceptable. All the forenoon the crowds kept pouring in by wagon loads and carriage loads from the adjacent country and towns and by car loads from Williams- ton, Webberville, Mason, Holt, Eaton Rapids, Dimon- dale, Charlotte, Olivet, Grand Ledge, Sunfield, Lake Odessa, Ionia and other towns, so that by noon the shade of every clump of trees had its party of picnick ers; while in the groves north and west of College Hall, where tables and chairs had been provided, sev eral hundred brothers and sisters, united by the mys tic bonds of F. L. T., partook of their repast with such thorough enjoyment that the spirits of the "Good Sa maritan" and of "Jonathan and David" must have looked down with approval. After luncheon the guests assembled in the grove and listened to an excellent program, which consisted of music by the Williamston band and speeches by President Pnyder, L. M. Patt< rson, Grand Master H. N. Wilder, President of the D. of R., Mrs. A. F. Carpen ter, and others. President Snyder, in his address of welcome, spoke as follows: "Ladies and Gentlemen:—As the representative of this College, I am glad to welcome you to this campus, which for real beauty has no equal, we are told, in all this broad land. These trees and shrubs have had the skillful care of a specialist for nearly half a cen tury. You will find among their number many whose native homes are far beyond the seas, but here they live, seemingly enjoying their forced exile. "We invite you, and expect you, to look through our Laboratories, our Library, Museum, and other buildings. In all these places you will be cordially re ceived. We have an equipment of which you as citi zens of the state can justly feel proud. But, the cam pus, laboratories, farmland buildings are worth only so much as they can be made to minister to the needs and demands of the citizens of this commonwealth. This College is of a peculiar type. It is based upon the primal idea that education, as far as the state is con cerned, should mean the preparation of young men and women for service, and not for leisure; that it should have a close connection with some of the im portant sections of the state's activity rather than to deal only with those other sections, where law, medi cine, and literary culture each plays its important part. It appreciates the fact that the great bulk of humanity must earn their bread by the sweat of their brow, and it does not hold out to its students alluring prospects which so often end in disappointment and disaster. It does not teach that education assures either character or success, but that both are won by self-sacrifice and faithful effort. We believe that the education that best fits its recipients for earning a com fortable living, respectably and honestly, insures to the family the best parents, to the community the best cit izens, and to the state the best patriots. It is a ques tion whether in our modern public high schools, good as they are, the tendency is not to lead pupils away from work rather than to give them a taste for it. A little JULY 21, 1896. T HE M . ' A. C. R E C O R D. 3 learning of this kind is a dangerous thing; and just enough to make a boy think that he is better than his father, who is an honest carpenter, or blacksmith, or mason, or farmer, is a fatal thing. It were better to have stopped short with him before he arrived to that high degree. This College holds and teaches that honest toil is just as honorable as any profession and that success in the one is just as hard to secure as success in the other. "And to the ladies, I am glad to say that in the fu ture you will find here a place where young women can secure an education which will fit them for as suming the cares and responsibilities of life. A course of study which does not begin with Rome and its musty records, but with the home, that place above all others most dear to the American heart; a course of study strong in science, modern litera ture, music and art, yet withal centered around the home, thus preparing young women for the realities of life which they are destined to meet later on. language, "Again, let me welcome you to this delightful cam pus, to its beautiful walks, refreshing shades, and fra grant flowers; and when you come to depart may it be with as much satisfaction as we feel at being honored with your presence." L. M. Patterson, of Protection Lodge, responded in the following words: "Mr. President:—On behalf of the Odd Fellows and Daughters of Rebecca assembled here today, I wish to extend our sincere thanks for the royal welcome that has been tendered us on this occasion. We feel greatly pleased and highly honored by being allowed to hold our annual picnic in this the most beautiful spot in the state of Michigan. We feel proud of our M. A. C. We feel proud of the men who have charge of the instruction in this, one of the grandest institu tions of its kind that exists in the world today. The influence of the M. A. C. reaches not only throughout the state, but also throughout the United. States. Men of almost every vocation in life are proud to point back to the time spent in this institution and realize that it was here that the foundation of their suc cess in life was laid. "We the Odd Fellows and D. of R. of Michigan wish you God speed in your noble work and pledge you our hearty support. We are here today, representing a society that is in harmony with education, with re ligion, with everyhing that is for the uplifting of man and placing him in a higher sphere of usefulness. The history of the I. O. O. F. is in common with the history of our great republic. We have grown up with the nation, and, under wise laws and a free gov ernment, we have become a mighty factor in shaping the destinies of mankind. "Anything that makes a better man makes a better husband and father, a better citizen. We are here today representing a society that has for its object the uplifting of mankind, one that assists its^jnem bers to become better men and better women, more loyal to their country and more devoted to their God. Our past is filled with many noble deeds and many acts of charity. Many a needy one has been assisted, many a sick and despondent one has been encour aged, many a brother has been made a better neigh bor, a better citizen, a better man by being associated with those who practice F., L. and T. It is wonderful what a stimulant these pleasant social gatherings are for all those who attend them. There grows out of them a more fraternal feeling, a closer sympathy and a stronger bond of fellowship. While they cultivate the highest social qualities and tend to an intellectual development not possible to be gained in any other way. Sisters and brothers, I trust that when we have spent this pleasant day together we shall return to our homes feeling that we belong to a society that is far more important than we had at first supposed. "May we not return to our homes from this pleas ant occasion without a deep and solemn conviction of the responsibilities that rest upon us as Odd Fel lows and as citizens of this great republic. "This great fraternal organization, this grand old country of ours, this glorious liberty, these free insti tutions of government are ours; ours to enjoy, ours to preserve, ours to hand down unsullied to our children. Generations past and generations to come hold us re sponsible for this sacred trust. Our brothers from be hind admonish us with their anxious fraternal voices, humanity calls out to us from the bosom of the fu ture, the whole world turns hither its solicitous eyes. All implore us to act wisely and faithfully in the rela tion which we sustain. O, may this, our beloved or der, live for ever, and to continue to grow in every good work and every good principle, until time shall be no more and the whole human race shall be gath ered into one grand universal brotherhood. " With our dia lems bii ;ht And our failings forgiven, May we all meet at last In the grand lodge of Heaven." In the business meeting which followed, it was voted to hold the next annual meeting "at the best place on earth, the Agricultural College." Votes of thanks were extended to the College and the present officers of the association, and the following officers were elected for next year: President, Henry White- ly, Lansing; vice-presidents, for Ionia county, G. E. Warring and Clara Miner; Clinton county, S. W. Rose and Mrs. Susan Hall; Shiawassee county, H. A. Mid- daugh and Hattie Lindley; Eaton county, Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Spencer; Ingham county, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Herre; secretary, V. N. Hoag, Grand Ledge; treasurer, F. A. Taber, Grand Ledge. At 3:15 o'clock the battalion of cadets gave an exhi bition drill, after which the I. O. O. F. and Mapes teams played an interesting game of ball, which re sulted in a score of 14 to 11 in favor of the I. O. O. F.'s. We are glad that this representative gathering of farmers and business men enjoyed the day so well as to make up their minds to come again, and we hope to make your visit next year as enjoyable as this has been. OUR ARBORETUM. DR. W. J. BEAL. To a person accustomed to a new country, a term still applicable to Lansing and vicinity, it may seem strange to go into the "woods" where the trees are arranged in straight rows. This artificial forest was begun in 1875—twenty-one years ago, on a piece of land consisting of about two acres, located next to the road north of the College and the north entrance, just where it is likely to be seen on one side and on one end by all the passengers who visit the College, after the Lansing street railway is extended onto the campus. Unfortunately for the visitor, the trees are of different ages, so mistakes are likely to be made in estimating the relative growth and value. Sixteen years ago, this area included 215 species of trees and shrubs, and probably contains about that number to day. Usually the trees of any single species are planted in contiguous rows or in blocks constituting parts of several rows. With my present knowledge of the subject, were I to begin planting at the present time, the trees of some one kind would be mixed with those of one or more kinds. Trees like those of black walnut, chest nut and white ash will not produce tops thick enough to shade the ground sufficiently to keep out the grass, while box elders, beeches, arbor vitse will endure much shade and prevent the growth of grass. After pos- sesing a knowledge of all kinds of trees as to their capacity to endure the light, a planter will mix the shade-enduring trees with those which are impatient of shade. The shade-enduring kinds are called "nurses" and are planted for the purpose of protect ing the other kinds, such as have been mentioned. Through the rows of walnuts, chestnuts, and white ashes, one can see without obstruction for ten or fif teen rods, except in some instances where there has sprung up a mixed growth of trees and shrubs to be mentioned later, while the rows of sugar maples, beeches, box elders, and a few others obstruct the view quite completely. The trees were nearly all started by planting the seeds and nuts, before drying, just where they were expected to remain. In cases of chestnuts and some others, the nuts were collected or purchased in aut umn and mixed with twice their bulk of sand and buried in boxes a little below the surface on a dry knoll. Early in the spring the sprouting nuts were planted. These rows w#re cultivated for five or six years, much as we cultivate corn. A few were trimmed a little; in all cases some thinning was done from time to time. Giving the results of any measurements of the height and diameter would be quite misleading in many cases, because of differences in the soil, space occupied, and for several other reasons, still such measurements may be worth mentioning. For planting for timber on sandy loam which is not very rich and productive, I am at present very favor ably impressed with the common locust, considerably scattered in thin places among other trees which have grown to a height of ten to fifteen feet or more. The largest of a few planted as small suckers in the spring of 1880, now have a circumference of 27 to 34 inches, three feet from the ground. They hafre grown in good shape for timber and would make nice and very dur able fence posts. Chestnuts planted in the spring of 1877 now have a circumference of 27 inches. They are clean and straight and tall; with more room at the end of the row one tree girts 36 inches. White pines promise well. A few set in 1880 when about a foot and a half high, now measure 17 inches in circumfer ence three feet above the ground. They are very pretty and in some cases, have shot up three feet per year. Norway or red pine has done well. Baswoods from seeds sprouting in 1876, twenty years ago, girt 24 to 33 inches. The land is not just adapted to white ash, but trees from seeds coming up in 1876 now meas ure 18 to 22 inches around and are straight and nice. White oaks from acorns sprouting in 1878, are now 14 to 16 inches around. They are pretty trees, though not large for the age of 18 years. Still, knowing the great worth of the timber, I should plant some white oaks. After these trees, mixed together in planting, had feet with attained a height of eight cultivation in the rows, I should put in box eld ers to shade the ground. If these began to overtop the other trees I should cut them off more or less. twelve to It is interesting to the student of nature to observe the great variety of trees, shrubs and herbs that now occupy much of the ground between the rows of trees. The seeds for this growth were sown mostly by the wind, by birds, and possibly by squirrels. Let me name them as prompted by a report made in 1886: Three kinds of oak, black cherry, sugar maple, beech, American elm, bitternut, hawthorn, sassafras, two dogwoods, white ash, spiraea, blue beech, gooseberry, several kinds of willow, two kinds of grapes, Virginia creeper, catalpa, white birch, box elder, three kinds of poplors, hazel, ironwood, prickly ash, viburnum, elder, raspberries, honeysuckle, and probably several others. Botanical Department. The best thing that can happen to the average young man who has just graduated, is to have to shift for himself in some good, hard, ordinary work. Students of books too often learn to feel that they are going through a process that transfuses their common clay into some rich porcelain that will not bear ordinary use. We don't want our schools and colleges to make costly and delicate pottery, but to mold and fashion plain, ordinary, everyday implements to be employed in some useful service. Now, if the young graduate has to do something common, something mat "any body can do," it may tend to eradicate any exagger ated notions he (or she) may have absorbed in regard to abilities, purpose, and equipment.—Grange Yisitor. Mrs. Nellie Kedzie, Professor of Domestic Science in the Kansas Agricultural College, refused the offer of the same position in the Ohio University, although it carried with it a salary of $1,750 per year. How many bright women are straining their eyes and rounding their shoulders over Latin dictionaries and Greek lexicons for less than $600 per year? President Eliot of Harvard has submitted a proposi tion to the board of overseers which, if granted, will make it possible for students to finish their regular course in three years instead of four.—Ex. The graduate students at Cornell have decided to wear caps and gowns, following the old usage as to cut of gown and color of hood to distinguish degree and college of the wearer.—Ex. A teacher having asked his class to write an essay ot "The Results of Laziness," a certain bright youth handed in as his composition a blank sheet of paper.— Ex. "He who brings the best and cheapest will find ap proval in welcoming purchasers and remunerative prices."—J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture. The Faculty of Boston University has decided to al low work on the college papers to count fox English in the regular course.—Ex. There are only ten universities in Russia; the largest one is the University of Moscow, at whi^h only 1,600 students are enrolled. The M. A. C. RECORD comes to us in quarto form. It is a well edited and most valuable publication.— i Grass Lake News. , i T HE M. A. 0. R E C O R D. JULY 21, 1896. The M. A. C. Reeord. PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE MICHIGAN AGKICULTURAL COLLEGE E D I T ED BY T HE F A C U L T Y, ASSISTED BY T HE STUDENTS. A D D R E SS A LL M A IL TO L O CK B OX 262, L A N S I N G, M I C H. S U B S C R I P T I O N, 50 CENTS P ER T E A R. Business Office with R O B E RT S M I TH P R I N T I NG CO., Printers and Binders, 108-120 Michigan Ave. West, Lansing, Mich. Entered as second-class matter at Lansing, Mich. For various reasons T HE M. A. C. R E C O RD is occasionally sent to those who have not subscribed for the paper. Such persons need have no hesitation about t a k i ng the paper from the post- office, for no charge will be m a de for it. The only way, how ever, to secure t he RECORD regularly is to subscribe. * The following article on "The Women's Course at the Agricultural College," is from the pen of one of Michi gan's noble daughters, for many years well known to the public and especially to the farmers of the state. We are glad to know that she so heartily endorses the policy of the College. In way of explanation we might add that the mod- era cooking kitchen is already being equipped, and by the opening of the fall term, few schools in the coun try will be so well prepared to lead students into the secrets of improved cookery. As this is a College, and not a mere training school, it was not thought best to give the girls simply a year's training along practical lines, as "Beatrix" so forcibly suggests. The object is to make good women as well as good housekeepers; to give young women the advantage of a liberal education as well as the advantages of practical training. The desire is to do as much for the young women of the State as we are doing for the young men of the State. For this, as well as for other reasons, it was thought best to make the courses of study of equal length and leading to the same degree. If a young woman can spend only one year in college and desires to give her whole time to technical work, she can enter as a special student and secure for herself just such a course as has been so happily suggested. the writer of The point made by the article, that there will be a demand for teachers of domestic science, is well taken. The demand at present cannot be supplied, although very liberal salaries are offered. At the meeting of the National Educational Associa tion held at Buffalo last week, public inquiry was made for such teachers or where they could be obtained. The demand will be still greater in the fu ture. Only a few schools of the country are preparing young women for this work, and they are already un able to furnish teachers for the new schools being opened in so many of our large cities. The graduates of the Kansas Agricultural College were employed at once, some of them receiving as much as $1,200 per year. THE WOMEN'S COURSE AT THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Detroit Free Press: The State Board of Agriculture has been frequently importuned, in recent years, to open the doors of the Agricultural College to the farmer's daughters as well as to his sons, and to insti tute a women's course which should offer to girls a special training in household science and domestic economy, that should be to them what the agricul tural instruction of the College is to young men. There have been several good reasons why the Board has not felt it expedient to yield to the pressure, but these reasons have been overborne, and at a late meet ing (June 8) the women's course of study, was out lined, subject to such modifications as time and ex perience may make necessary. I am indebted to the courtesy of Hon. C. W. Garfield for a tabulation of the course as arranged. It provides the essentials of a fairly liberal education, coupled with branches belonging more especially to agricul ture, and rural life, together with cooking, which has place in the three terms of the freshmen year, and household economy, sewing, and cutting and fitting, in the sophomore; in the junior and senior years po mology, dairying, kitchen gardening, poultry raising and floriculture are elective. It will be seen that these studies are selected with especial reference to the needs of girls who expect to have to do with rural life. hoping to give them a valuable training in those lines which will be most serviceable to them in after life. Mr. Garfield writes me: "Domestic economy and household science in its broadest sense will be the leading special feature of the course, and if the evolu tion into a higher and nobler plane of existence is largely dependent upon skill in cookery and well man aged households, we shall try to do our part in the It is not intended to train the girls to be 'evoluting.' skillful farmers, but rather to give them training along lines of general usefulness, with the privilege of attaining special skill in gardening, floriculture, poultry raising and dairy work, if they so elect." Dr. Snyder, the new president at the College, is anxious to have the course in domestic economy as perfect as possible. He wants a model kitchen, man aged by a competent instructor; this feature may—un doubtedly will—be added in time, should the new course prove attractive to young women. The ques tion that now arises is: How many will present themselves next fall, desirous of an opportunity for special instruction not to be gained elsewhere, to my knowledge, in the state? I am glad to see this new departure taken by the College authorities, though I confess I could have wished for a different plan. AVhat I have hoped to see inaugurated at the M. A. C. is a short, thorough, special course in cookery, domestic science, household hygiene, food nutrition, seAving, cutting and fitting and dairy work. A course in which a young woman might graduate in one year and leave with a thorough knowledge of the best methods of preparing all kinds of foods, of food values, of all sorts of household pro cesses, and something about the care of children. We educate our girls expensively and instruct them in all sorts of ologies they'll soon forget, and let them be come mothers ignorant of the first principles of the care—moral or physical—of the babes born to them. A girl after a year's thorough training in such a practi cal, thorough course as I have outlined, ought to be fitted to be a gracious wife, a competent housekeeper and an intelligent mother. I know of no institution, this side of Boston and Philadelphia, where such training can be obtained. And I hoped our College might in time see "the aching void" and fill it with a course that would not only attract, but also be with in reach of the daughters of farmers in moderate cir cumstances, who often cannot afford the expense of a four years' course. Such a course would draw from the cities, too—or at least, it should. There is a great necessity for better knowledge on the part of women relative to nutritive values of foods and the most economical methods of preparation, a necessity that becomes more apparent as times grow harder and wages wax less and less. Half the aver age income of the wage-earner in this country is spent for the one item of food—food that is bought and cooked by women whose idea of economy is to go without what they have not money to buy, who don't know what "nutritive value" means, and who spoil the food which costs so much by improper methods of cooking. There is no way of remedying these con ditions save through educating the young; the present generation is beyond reach. If we can teach the chil dren, we provide a means for the spread of "the gos pel of good food." ' There is at present evidence of a reaction toward a more practical form of education. And when that re action comes, it is highly probable that household science and domestic economy and plain, downright, bread-making and beefsteak-broiling will be taught in lieu of bacteria hunting in our public schools. There will be a great call for teachers, for, at present, you can find a thousand women who can teach French and German, music and drawing, to one who could give a practical demonstration in cooking. I have been asked to furnish information on a great many recondite top ics during my fifteen years of newspaper experience, but I was never so thoroughly disconcerted and at a loss where to look as when, some three years ago, I was requested to recommend a person competent to conduct a series of culinary processes in public. The graduates of the women's course at the M. A. C. may find vocations awaiting them at the conclusion of the four years of study, for philanthropists and sociolo gists in looking for the causes of improvidence, poverty and vice, are learning that good food, nutritious and well cooked, lies pretty close to the beginnings of re spectability, and that a man whose physical being is disordered through mal-nutrition is already supplied with the impelling power toward viciousness So I am glad to see the College take up domestic economy in the new course with a view to making it and its branches a special feature. Such work was at one time a great attraction at the Kansas Agricultural College; it ought to be equally popular in Michigan I Combined as it is here with other branches of educa tion, it should be regarded as a special privilege, and Abbot Hall, the most attractive dormitory at the Col lege, which has been set apart for the reception of the girls, ought to have a good contingent of earnest young women who will not scorn the instruction which the College alone, in all their native state, can offer-them. BEATRIX. THE ANALYSIS, ORIGIN, AND MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZERS. L. H. VAX WORVfER, '95 The law relating to the collection and analysis of commercial fertilizers has been given in a former art icle, and need not be repeated here. The collectors, this year, obtained samples of nearly seventy different brands of fertilizers. The fertilizer is ground fine and sifted through a sieve having meshes 1 m.m. (1-25 in.) in diameter. They are now put into closed glass cans and are ready for analysis. While there are about thirteen elements that are necessary to plants, there are only three for which the farmer can afford to pay more than a nominal In the price, viz.: Phosphorus, nitrogen and potash. analysis, we estimate only the amount of these three. As the estimation of each element is a process entirely distinct from the others, I will describe each process by itself, beginning with the process for nitrogen. In making an analysis the first thing is to prepare the reagents, or chemicals, wThich are used in doing the work. After getting fairly to work a person can ana lyze about sixteen samples per day. The fertilizer is first boiled with strong sulphuric acid. Strong lye is then added and the nitrogen in the form of ammonia is distilled off and estimated. Each fertilizer must be analyzed twice in order to check errors. The differ ence in the results of the two analyses must be less than one-tenth of one per cent; otherwise another ex amination must be made. The value of nitrogen is about 16 cents per pound, so a difference of one per cent would make a difference of 32 cents per ton in the value of the fertilizer. Suppose a firm sold a thou sand tons in a year, this would make a difference of over $300. In farm manures this nitrogen is the most abundant of the valuable elements. It is there in the form of ammonia, commonly called "hartshorn," because it was first obtained from the horns of the hart. All animal tissue contains nitrogen and so ammonia can be obtained from all parts of the hart as well as from the horns. To furnish this constituent, the manufacturer uses a great variety of substances. In some of the higher- priced fertilizers, the nitrogen is furnished by some of the salts of ammonia or by the nitrates. These nitrates are commonly called saltpeter, and are obtained from western South America. The usual source of nitrogen is some one or more of the following waste materials, viz: scraps of meat, blood, bones, hair, hoofs, fish scraps, etc. The settlers of Plymouth were taught, by the Indians, to fertilize their fields with fish. In 1875, over two million dollars worth of fish known as "menhadden" were used for fertilizer. Phosphorus forms a compound with oxygen and it is the weight of this compound which is estimated. The fertilizer is boiled with strong sulphuric acid, after which the phosphorus is separated and weighed as a compound of phosphorus, magnesium, apd oxy gen. This takes from six to eight hours. By analy zing a number at a time, an analyst can average about one per hour. The phosphorus of fertilizers is obtained principally from calcium phosphate, a mineral found in large quantities in Canada, in South Carolina, and in Flori da. In South Carolina and Florida are hundreds of square miles of territory underlaid with a layer of phosphate rock, varying in thickness from a few inches to several feet. In the form in which this rock is found, it can be dissolved only by the strongest acids, and so would be of little use as a fertilizer. The phosphate is dug out of the ground and shipped to the fertilizer Avorks, where it is ground up and treated with sulphuric acid to make it soluble. After treat ing with the acid it is dried, pulverized, and put into sacks. It can now be sold as a superphosphate, or mixed with other materials to form a mixed fertilizer. We now come to the third element of value in a fertilizer, viz.: potash. This is dissolved out of the fertilizer by boiling water, then separated and weighed as a compound of platinum, potash, and chlorine. Each complete analysis requires from two and one- half hours to four hours. However, as the largest share of this time is a process of waiting, one person can analyze eight or ten samples at the same time. In this way ten to fifteen analyses can be made in a JULY 21,P/L896. T t iE M. A. C. K E C O KD day. At least two analyses are made of each sample. If the two results do not agree within one-tenth of one per cent further examination is made. In Saxony, on the plains west of the Elbe river, are situated extensive deposits of salt. From here comes the world's great supply of potash. This region was worked for centuries as a source of common salt, with out any knowledge of the presence of the more valu able potash salts. Whether or not there is a similar bed of potash underlying the salt regions of this coun try can only be determined by a thorough examin ation. Before closing I wish to call attention to one source of potash which is frequently overlooked, viz.: hard wood ashes. On an average, good ashes contain over five per cent of potash. Considering that the ashes contain five per cent of potash, this one element, con tained in one ton of ashes, would be worth $4.50. In addition to the above, all ashes contain some phos phoric acid, and some ashes have shown as high as ten per cent of potash. Department of Chemistry. for ladies We call especial attention to our extreme needle toe "Columbia" at $3.00 (like cut) which we claim superior to any $3.50 shoe shown in this city and superior to most §4.00 shoes. Lace or button, black or russet. for g e n t l e m en The new "Lennox" is one of our most pop ular styles for gentlemen, and comes in wine and brown Russia, patent leather and fine calf at $3.00 to $6.00. Our "Stilletto" is the very latest pointed toe and ab solutely correct. 103 WASHINGTON AVENUE S., LANSING, MICH. C. D. WOODBURY. 103 WASHINGTON AVENUE LANSING, MICH. POISONED BRAN FOE GRASSHOPPERS. W. E. T R A G E R, a. c. DAVIS. DEALER IN LOWEST PRICES WILL BE QUOTED TO SCHOOL LIBRARIES and others sending lists of books wanted to Lansing Book & Paper Co, Lansing, Mich. Grasshoppers have been very numerous in places on the College farm this season, and we took the oppor tunity to try a field experiment in the use of poisoned bran. We have known for several years by labora tory experiments, that the hoppers are fond of sweets, and that Paris green will kill them when taken with food, but "the proof of the pudding is in the eating," instead of the sampling. With every peck of bran, two quarts of black cook ing molasses were mixed. To this was added enough Paris green to give it a green tinge—from one to two ounces. The mixture was then dropped over the ground in bunches, about the size of a small hen's egg, and perhaps five or six feet apart each way. The second day the effect of the poison began to show, as a dead grasshopper could be found here and there in the grass. By the fourth day the hoppers were decidedly fewer than when the poison was ap plied and fewer than where no poison was placed. Many dead hoppers were found in the poisoned sec tions, and for several rods bordering the sections, but beyond this no dead ones were found. A conservative estimate of the dead would be from a quarter to a third. Judging by the absent ones, the estimate would be about one-half. The bunches of bran were still moist in spots. Unfortunately for this experiment, the hard rain >jf July 4th came the following day and dissolved the bunches of bran, washing the most of them with the Paris green into the ground. A similar experiment was tried "previous to this with London purple, but with a natural result. The poison evidently was worthless, as a dead hopper could rarely be found, although much of the bran was eaten. The disadvantage in using poisons is in the liability of poisoning stock that may eat the bran while feed ing. If one is careful in placing the bunches, he can gather what is left of them at the end of a week or two. A dashing or continued rain will also place the poison beyond the reach of stock. The poisoned bran can no doubt be made a valuable aid in protecting limited areas under certain circumstances. Experiment Station. H. L. Rosenberry, '81, since 1883 an M. D. from Star ling Medical College, O., recently visited this College. He fully appreciates the training he received at M. A. C. It gained for him one year in the medical course. He is much interested in sanitary matters, and has helped to set the ball in motion in two or three towns where he has lived. He is now a health officer in Wausau, Wis., a town of 11,000 people. He visited his alma mater in the interest of that city to see what was going on here regarding tuberculosis in the dairy. The problem is of great importance to every citizen of the United States and the doctor knows of no place petter prepared to make these investigations than the M. A. C. He expressed himself as much pleased with the work undertaken by Dr. Grange and Prof. Smith. He said: "My College training here has been of ines timable value to me even in my professional work, and I trust that it may be even more valuable in the fu ture than in the past. The College has been worth all the labor and money it has cost if it should go out of existence tomorrow. I am proud of its growth, and proud that I am an alumnus of an institution which is doing such valiant service for the state and nation." FRESH

D Ira H. Butterfield Director and Agriculturist. ;. .Ex-officio. ; Horticulturist. Chemist. • .Secretary and Treasurer. ADVISORY AND ASSISTANT STAFF. A. A. Crozier, M. S .Assistant in Agriculture. Herbert W. Mumford, B. S. .Assistant in Agriculture. .Assistant in Horticulture. H. P. Gladden, B. S Assistant in Horticulture. M. L. Dean Assistant in Chemistry. Thorn Smith, B. S Consulting Veterinarian. E. A. A. Grange, V. S Consulting Entomologist. G. C. Davis, M. S Botanist. Chas. F. Wheeler, B. S Mrs. L. E. Landon Librarian. In charge of Sub-Station. T. T. Lyon, So. Haven In charge of Apiary. R. L. Taylor, Lapeer SUB-STATIONS. Grayling, Crawford county, 80 acres deeded. South Haven, Van Buren county, 10 acres rented; 5 acres deeded. OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. Sunday Chapel Service—Preaching at 2:30 P. M. Y. M. C. A.—Holds regular meetings every Thursday evening at 6:30 and Sunday evenings at 7:30. S. H. Fulton, President. C. W. Loomis, Cor. Secretary. Natural History Society—Regular meeting second Friday evening of each month in the chapel at 7:30. L. R, Love, President. J. W. Rigterink, Secretary. Botanical Club—Meets first and third Friday of each month in Botanical Laboratory at 7:30. C. F. Wheeler President. B. Barlow, Secretary. Dante Club—Meets every Wednesday evening at 7:30 in Prof. W. O. Hedrick's office, College Hall. Prof. A. B. Noble, President. Students' Organization — S. H. Fulton, Vice-Presi dent. H. L. Becker, Secretary. Columbian Literary Society—Regular meeting every Saturday evening in their rooms in the middle ward of Wells Hall, at 7:30. F. N. Jaques, President. T. A. Chittenden, Secretary. Delta Tau Delta Fraternity—Meets Friday evenings in the chapter rooms on fourth floor of Williams Hall, at 7:30. A. C. Krentel, President. J. M. Barnay, Secretary. Eclectic Society—Meets on fourth floor of Williams Hall every Saturday at 7:30 p. M. W. R. Vanderhoof, President. W. Newman, Secretary. Feronian Society—Meets every Friday afternoon at 2:30 in U. L. S. Hall. Miss Bertha Baker, President. Miss Ellen Vaughn, Secretary. Hesperian Society—Meetings held every Saturday evening in the society rooms in the west ward of Wells Hall at 7:30. W. T. Barnum, President. D . J . H a l e, Secretary. S T R I C T LY FIRST-CLASS P H O T O G R A P HY AT L E C L E A R ' S. The Farm ...Department Offers for sale the following head of "live stock : A Yearling Shorthorn Bull, out of Mysie 3rd, and by the prize winning Volunteer, 101205, a pure Cruikshank. The Thoroughbred Jersey Bull, Eettas Averroes, 35119, bred by G. A. Watkins, Detroit, solid color, 4 years old. This bull is by Averroes who was a son of Matilda 4 th a nd by Ida's Eioter of St. Lambert. His dam was Retta of Bloomfield (29520) who was by the famous bull Ramapo. No better bred Jersey bull exists today in the state. Three Holstein bull calves, three months old or younger, all by Maurice Clothilde and out of the selected cows Oatka 3rd's Wayne, College Houwtje and College Pauline Wayne. Owing to the crowded conditions of the stables these animals will be sold cheap. Nine Yearling Shropshire Rams out of thorough bred ewes and by a prize Shropshire ram. Poland China and Duroc Jersey Pigs of both sexes. These Animals will be registered, transferred and placed on board cars at Lansing on receipt of price, which will be given on application to CLINTON D. SMITH, Director and Superintendent of F a r m, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH. Olympic Society—Meets on fourth floor of Williams Hall every Saturday evening at 7:30. C. A. Jewell, President. F. J. Kling, Secretary. THE MAPES Phi Delta Theta Fraternity—Meets on Friday even ing in chapter rooms in Wells Hall, at 7:30. C. K. Chapin, President. J. W. Michen, Secretary. Union Literary Society- Meetings held in their Hall every Saturday evening at 7:30. J. T. Berry, President. F. V. Warren, Secretary. Tau Beta Pi Fraternity—Meets every two weeks on Thursday evening in the tower room of Mechanical Laboratory. E.D. Partridge, President. J.H.Steele, Secretary. Club Boarding Association—I. L. Simmons, Presi dent. H. A. Dibble, Secretary. M. A. C. Grange—Meets every two weeks in the Col umbian Society rooms. G. H. True, Master. H. W. Hart, Secretary. Try and Trust Circle of King's Daughters—Meets every alternate Wednesday. Mrs. W. B. Barrows, Pres ident. Miss Lilian Wheeler, Secretary. CLOTHING CO. 2 07 & 2 09 W A S H I N G T ON AVE. S. When young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of duck trousers, vacation^ and all that sort of sunshiny loveliness, he should direct his steps towards our store, where we tnake a specialty of MID-SUMMER CLOTHING AND BICYCLE SUITS. ^""JUXY 2 1, 1896. T HE M. A. C. K E C O ED NEWS FROM GRADUATES AND STUDENTS. Mrs. Jesse B. Baker, '90, is visiting at t he College. Orel S. Groner, '94,. h as been elected principal of t he Manistique schools. Miss E m ma Churchill, with '96, is spending t he sum mer at Kewaunee, Wis. Mrs. H o w a rd E. W e ed is visiting her p a r e n t s, Mr. a nd Mrs. G. W. F r e e m a n, Lansing. D A V IS & CO 11'4 W a s h i n g t on A v e. N o r th 1 14 A. C. Bird, '83, is a delegate to t he Republican state convention from Oakland county. DITCH S U I TS Gerrit Masselink a nd Clay Tallman, '95, a re on their w ay to Buffalo, N. Y.—a bicycle trip. Dr. E u g e ne D. Millis, '82, of Fowlerville, w as a m o ng t he Odd Fellow visitors last T h u r s d a y. Miss Nancy McArthur, with '9G, h as been elected preceptress of t he Millington high school. Mrs. L. A. Clinton, I t h a c a, N. Y., w i th her t wo chil dren, is visiting h er parents, Mr. a nd Mrs. H. S. Seage, corner O t t a wa a nd Chestnut street, Lansing. C. M. Conner, '92, has recently been made assistant in agriculture a nd a m e m b er of t he E x p e r i m e nt Sta tion staff in t he Missouri Agricultural College. It is currently reported in P o r t l a nd t h at J. W. P e r- ringo, '94 m, will be offered t he position of superin t e n d e nt of t he n ew electric light plant at t h at place. I n s t e ad of teaching next year, E. M. McElivy, '93, expects to t a ke a course at the U. of M. He is spend ing his s u m m er vacation at his home in Kalamazoo. F. J. Free, '88, gave a pleasant p a r ty in honor of his sister on Monday night of last week. Recitations ami music formed a p a rt of t he entertainment. T he P a r t ridge brothers rendered several selections on t he gui t ar a nd mandolin. A. C. McKinnon, with '95 m, writes t h at a lot of M. A. C. boys were at B ay City t he Fourth.. AmOng the n u m b er were J. B. Dimmick a nd Chas. S. Beard, with '93 m; M. F. Loomis, with ' 2_ CO LLJ a u. 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