The  M. A. C. RECORD. 

MICHIGAN  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

V O L.  I O. 

L A N S I N G,  M I C H I G A N,  T U E S D A Y,  J U NE  20,  1905. 

N o.  39 

UNION  LIT.  COMMENCE 
MENT  FESTIVAL. 

On  Monday,  the  19th, the  Union 
Literary  Society  celebrated  its  25th 
annual  commencement.  T he  society 
rooms  were  very  prettily  decorated 
with  ferns  and  potted  plants  which 
with  the predominating  white  gowns 
formed  a  pretty  effect.  After 
a 
short  reception  the  following  pro-
gram  was  rendered  at  the  society 
building  : 

President's  Address,  M r.  F o r d. 
Poem,  M r.  Salisbury. 
Oration,  " T he Watchful  Citizen," 

Mr.  Lambert. 

the 

College  Paper,  M r.  Stringer. 
Prophesy,  M r.  Glazier. 
After 

interesting  program 
this 
to  the  dining  hall  of 
we  adjourned 
the  W o m e n 's  Building  where  a 
dainty 
five-course  banquet  w as 
served. 
After 

the  banquet  Toastmaster 
floor 
took 
A.  J.  Anderson 
and  after  a few  well  chosen  remarks 
opened  this  part  of  the  program  by 
introducing:  M r.  R a n n e y,  who 
toasted,  "Bye-gone  D a y s ." 
T he 
next  speaker  was  M r. J.  P.  Haften-
kamp,  who  responded  to  " T he  F u 
ture ;"  he  was  followed  by  M r.  R. 
G.  Potts  with  " O ur  Seniors."  T he 
last 
the  program  was 
" O ur  Society," by  M r. A.  D.  Peters, 
and  after  M r.  Anderson's  closing 
rcmsrhs,  all  -rose  and  gave  the  old 
U.  L.  S.  yell. 

toast  on 

We 

then  adjourned  to  the  build 
ing  where  the  remainder  of  the  day 
and  no  small  fraction  of  the  next 
was  spent 
in  dancing.  Prof,  and 
Mrs.  Babcock  and  Prof,  and  M r s. 
W.  O.  Hedrick  kindly  acted  as  pat 
rons  for  the  evening.  A  number 
of  alumni  members  were  present, 
those  from  out  of  town  were  M r. 
and  M r s.  W.  K.  Prudden,  '78,  of 
Lansing,  M r. and  M r s. R a n n e y,  '00, 
of  Greenville  and  M r.  L y m an  Car 
rier,  '02. 

Y.  M. C. A. 

D u r i ng  the  past  year 

the  mem 
bership  of 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has 
reached  the number  of  244.  Of  this 
133  are  active  and  111  associate 
members. 

In 

the  Bible  studv  department 
there  have  been  10  classes  with  a 
total  enrollment  of  204.  Classes 
in  " T he  Life  of 
have  been  held 
in  the  Acts  and 
Christ,"  "Studies 
Epistles,"  "Old  Testament  Charac 
ters,"  "Hi-tory  of 
the  Bible,"  and 
"Christian  Evidences." 

One  class 

in  "Studies  for  Per 
sonal  W o r k e r s"  was  held  during  the 
first  two  terms,  taking  up  the  study 
of  "Christian  Evidences"  the 
last 
ten  weeks. 

texts  used  were, 

T h e re  have  been  54  men  in  the 
classes. 
different  mission 
T he 
"Effective 
W o r k e rs  in  Needy  Fields,"  "Japan 
and  Its  Regeneration,"  and  " T he 
N ew  E ra  in  the  Philippines." 

study 

T he  association  meetings  have 
been  well  attended,  an  average  of 
60  men  being  present  In  the  T h u r s 
day  evening  services.  T he  average 

attendance  in  the  Sunday  evening 
union  meetings  has  been  180. 

We  will  be  represented  at  the 
Lakeside 
conference  by 
seven  men  and  at  Lake  Geneva  by 
two  more. 

summer 

' 69. 
J a m es  Satterlee  will  make  his 
home  in  Lansing  in  the  future.  His 
home  faces  Capitol  Square  and  is 
the  residence  formerly  occupied  by 
F r a nk  W e ' l s. 

A  NEW DISPLAY  BOARD. 

" M E C H A N I C AL  D E 

A  new  board  for  the  purpose  of 
displaying  the samples  of  work  done 
five-year  men  during 
by  four  and 
the  year  in  the  wood  shop  has  been 
placed  in  the  wood  working  room. 
T he  board  is  2 ft.  6  in. by  8  ft.  and 
is  stained  black,  which  furnishes  a 
splendid  background  upon  which 
are  fastened  the samples.  T he  cen 
ter  piece  consists  of  a  highly  pol 
ished  and  varnished  sample  of  bird's 
eye  maple,  about  12x16  inches  in 
frame. 
size,  set  in  a  neat  cherry 
T he  words 
P A R T M E N T ,"  a  beautiful  monogram 
of  the  letters  " M.  A. C ,"  and  the 
years " '08 "  and " '09 "  are inlaid  into 
this  in black  walnut,  the inlaying  be 
ing done by Messrs. Martin and Mus-
selman,  '08, and  Bleach  and  Davis, 
'09.  Around 
this  center-piece  are 
placed  samples  of  all  joint  exercises 
in  hard  wood  (black  walnut 
made 
and  maple)  which  gives  a 
finished 
appearance  to  the  work.  T he  sev 
eral  pattern  exercises  are  shown  as 
are  also  a  few  special  exercises. 
lathe 
T he  collection  also 
samples  and  a  few  of  the samples  of 
fancy 
inlay  work,  including  a  vase 
and  gavel  made  of  the  two  hard 
woods. 

includes 

T he  work  has  been 

changed 
somewhat  from  that  formerly  given 
in  that  it  is  aimed  to  make  it  more 
practical, a  less  amount  of  the  fancy 
work  being  required  in  class. 

This  display  is  the  result  of  care 
ful,  painstaking  work  on  the  part  of 
the  students  and  reflects  great  credit 
upon  the  instructor  in  charge.  We 
are  sure  it  will  be  admired  by  many 
M.  A.  C.  visitors  during  the  sum 
mer. 

Professor  A n d r ew  J.  Patten,  late 
ly  appointed  chemist  of  the  exper 
iment  station  to  succeed  Professor 
Floyd  W.  Robinson,  w ho  has  be 
come  chemist  of  the  state  dairy  and 
food  department,  has  been  assistant 
chemist  at  the  Geneva  station  for 
five  years,  where  he  was  associated 
with  H. J.  Eustace  and  F r a nk  Hall, 
graduates  of  this  college. 

Professor  Patten  is  a  graduate  of 
the  University  of  Maine  at  Orono. 
After  graduation  he  was  assistant 
in  the  chemical  laboratory  under  C. 
D.  Woods.  He  then  spent  a  year 
at  the  University  of  Heidelberg  in 
Germany,  where  he  had  the  benefit 
of  the  tuition  of  the renowned  Kos-
sel.  He  has  made  a  study  of 
the 
problems  surrounding  the  nutrition 
of  animals,  and  comes 
fully 
prepared  to  undertake  the  solution 
of  the  very  important  and  pressing 
questions  which  confront  the  Mich 
igan  farmers. 

to  us 

He  has  secured  rooms  at  the  res 
idence  of  Dr.  Landon  on  the  Delta. 
M r.  J.  S.  S h aw  will  remain  as 
his  assistant.  M r.  E.  A.  Boyer 
is 
also  assisting  in  the  laboratory,  tem 
porarily. 

'69-70. 

On  Tuesday  of  commencement 
week  all  of  the  living  members  of 
the  class  of  1870, excepting  George 
A.  Farr,  were  on  the  campus.  T he 
members  present  were,  Charles  W. 
Garfield,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Roswell 
Lilie,  Hammond,  La.,  Ansel  H. 
Phinney,  T u r n e r.  H.  G.  Reynolds, 
Pasadena,  Cal.,  W.  W.  Reynolds, 
Cassopolis,  Charles  D.  Sprague, 
Wacousta,  and  Charles  S.  Williams, 
Owosso.  T h r ee  members  of  the 
class  of  '69  were  also  at  M.  A.  C. 
on  the  above  day. 
T h ey  were, 
J a m es  Satterlee,  now  of  Lansing, 
J o hn  Strange,  Grand  L e d g e,  and 
H e n ry  E.  Gibson,  of  Lansing. 
These  men  w ho  graduated  35 or  36 
years  ago,  assembled  on  Tuesday 
morning  and  spent  the  day  on  the 
campus, 
t i m e s. 
talking  over  old 
It  is  said  that  in  one  or  two  cases 
introductions  were 
necessary,  so 
great  was  the  change  which  had 
taken  place.  On  Tuesday  afternoon 
they  were  grouped  in  front  of  Dr. 
E d w a r d s' 
they 
In  the  even 
were  photographed. 
ing 
the  Hotel 
Downey  for  tea,  after  which  all 
spent  the  evening  at  the  home  of 
. M r.  Satterlee  in the  city. 

they  gathered  at 

residence,  where 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  serious 
illness  of  his  wife,  M r.  F a rr  would 
this 
also  have  been  present  on 
occasion. 

just 

'70. 
H.  G.  Reynolds,  a  former  secre 
tary  of  the  College,  who  was  here 
for  commencement-,  has 
re 
turned  from  a t wo years  trip  through 
Europe  with  his  daughters,  and  is 
now  journeying  through  the  United 
States  with  "his  two  younger  sons. 
He  will  spend  the  greater  part  of 
this  month  in  Michigan,  and  will  go 
from  here  to  the  Yellowstone  P a r k. 

'87. 
W.  C. Hall, of  the  firm  of  Gibson 
and  Hall,  called  on  College  friends 
one  day  this  week.  M r.  Hall  is  in 
terested  in  the  sale  of  "Michigan 
the 
Forest  Products,"  and  makes 
handling  of  hard  wobd 
lumber  a 
specialty.  His  office  is at  422  Wid-
dicomb  Building. 

'03-
F.  M.  Morrison,  '03, writes  inter 
estingly  of  his  year's  work  as  direc 
tor  of  manual  training  and  drawing 
at  Kittanning,  Pa., and states  that  he 
has  been 
for  another 
year.  He  is  spending  the  summer 
at  his  home  in  Detroit. 

re-elected 

An  unusually  large  number  of  the 
parents  and  friends  of  the  graduat 
ing  class  were  at  the  commence 
ment  exercises. 

Invitations  have  been  issued  for 
the  wedding  of  Miss  Katherine  F. 
Gunn  and  M r.  Richard  L.  Yates, 
Wednesday, J u ne  28, at four  o'clock 
p.  m., at  the  home  of  the  bride's 
mother  in  Collegeville. 

ALUMNI. 

'75-'7S-

E.  Cass.  Harrington  is  principal 
attorney  for  the  Colorado  Fuel  and 
Iron  Co., of  Denver.  Mr.  Harring 
ton  has  met  with  splendid  success 
in'his  work,  and  is  a  very  prominent 
professional  man  in  Denver.  He 
was  attorney  for  Gov.  PeaboJv  in 
his  recent  campaign  for  the  gov 
ernorship. 

J.  D.  Stannard  is  engaged  in  irri 
gation  engineering  in  Colorado  and 
makes  his  home  in  Denver,  Colo. 

has 

the  past 

'94-
J.  YY. Rittenger,  '94, was  married 
on  YVednesday,  J u ne  14,  to  Miss 
A n na  McDuffee,  at  South  Bend, 
Ind.  M r.  Rittenger 
been 
principal  of  Olive 
township  high 
school,  located  at N ew Carlisle, Ind., 
four  years,  but  will 
for 
have  charge  of  the  department  of 
history 
in  the  South  Bend  high 
school  next  year.  M r s.  Rittenger 
has  had  charge  of  Latin  and  E n g 
lish  in  the  N ew  Carlisle  high  school 
during 
the  past  four  years.  Mr. 
and  M r s.  Rittenger  were  visiting 
the  former's  college  friends  a  few 
days  last  week. 

.  ' 96-

food, 

soils, 

fruits, 

T he  following  interesting 

infor 
mation  is  furnished  by  Prof.  R.  L. 
Clute,  '96,  whom  we  mentioned  as 
a teacher  of agriculture  in the  Philip 
"Each  pupil  is  given  a  plot 
pines  : 
5-30  f'.,  plants  one  row  of  all  com 
mon  vegetables,  cultivates  and  irri 
gates  the  same,  and  has  all  veget 
ables  he  can  raise.  We  succeeded 
in  r a s i ng  from  American  seed,  yel 
low  dent  corn,  egg  plant,  onions, 
lettuce,  beets, 
radishes,  cabbage, 
okra, carrots,  string  beans,  tomatoes. 
T he 
cotton  ball  weevil  destroyed 
In  the  labora 
all  buds  of  cotton. 
tory  we  studied  seed  germination, 
insects, 
plant 
the 
drainage  and 
irrigation.  All 
pupils  of  the  second  year  took 
this 
work  (105) and  met  daily  through 
out  the  entire  year.  T he  boys  and 
girls  were  from  15  to  22  years  of 
age.  T he  most  highly  prized  veg 
etable  was  the 
large  purple  e gg 
plant.  L a r ge  bamboo  hats  were 
used  when 
the  sun  was  too  hot. 
Every  month  we  had  a  union  meet 
ing  and were  addressed  by  members 
of  the  agricultural  bureau  or  spe 
labora 
cialists  in  the  government 
tories.  At  these  meetings  the  cul 
ture  of  sugar,  hemp,  tobacco  and 
rice  were  discussed.  D r.  Barrows, 
chief  of  the  educational  bureau,  is 
in  favor  of  organizing  an  agricul 
tural  school.  T he  boys  and  girls 
take  great  interest  in  the work,  both 
in  the  class  room  and  in  the 
field." 
M r.  Clute  spoke  at  the  last  H o r t. 
the  term,  where 
Club  meeting  of 
many 
features  of  his 
interesting 
work  in  the  i-dand  were  explained. 

'o6-'o7. 
M r.  Channing  Beal,  with  '06, and 
Miss  Bertha  Graham,  with  '07, were 
united  in marriage  YY'ednesday  even 
ing,  J u ne  14, at  the  home  of 
the 
bride's  parents,  near  Adrian,  Mich. 

2 

THE  M. A.  C.  RECORD. 

THE  M. A. C. RECORD. 

PUBLISHED  EVERY  TUESDAY  DURING  THE 
COLLEGE  YEAR  BY THE 
MICHIGAN  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 

B  A.  FAUNCE,  MANAGING  EDITOR 

ASSOCIATE  EDITORS. 
PAULINA  RAVEN, '05. 
EDITH  HUTCHINS, '06. 
CALLA  KRENTEL, '07. 
H.  I.  GLAZIER, '07. 
G.  C. DUDLEY, '07. 
T. H. McHATTON, '07. 
OIE  STEPHENSON, '07. 
B. B. CLISE, '07. 
O. I.  GREGG, '07 
BERENICE  MAYNARD, Sp. 

Subscription, 

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Remit by P. O. Money Order,  Draft  or  Regis 

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Address all subscriptions and advertising mat 
ter  to  the  College  Secretary,  Agricultural  Col 
lege,  Mich.  Address  all  contributions  to the 
Managing Editor. 

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Printing Co., 122 Ottawa St. E., Lansing. Mich. 
Entered as second-class mail  matter, Lansing, 

Mich. 

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ers.  Such  persons  need  have  no  hesitation 
about taking the paper  from  the post-office,  for 
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however, to secure the paper regularly is to sub 
scribe. 

TUESDAY, 

JUNE  20,1905. 

COMMENCEMENT. 

this 

and 

issue. 

enjoyed. 

T he  weather  during  commence 
ment  week  was  all that  could  be de 
sired  and  the  exercises  passed  off 
very  smoothly  and pleasantly.  T he 
baccalaureate  sermon  on  J u ne  18 
was  well  attended  and  much  appre 
ciated.  We  publish  the  sermon  in 
A 
in 
full  elsewhere 
former 
alumni 
number  of 
students  were  back  for  the  society 
thor 
reunions,  all  of  which  were 
reception 
oughly 
given  by  President 
and  Airs. 
Snyder  on  Tuesday  evening  was 
attended 
and 
the 
their  friends,  members  of  the  fac 
ulty  and  others.  T he  decorations 
were  very  attractive,  the  music  was 
good  and  a  very  pleasant  evening 
was  spent.  T he  refreshments  con 
sisted  of  ice  cream,  cake  and  punch. 
Commencement  day  was  one  of 
the  most  pleasant  days  of  the  term 
and  the exercises  were  well  attended. 
Following  is the program  rendered  : 

seniors 

T he 

by 

Music. 
Invocation. 

Overture  to  Tannhauser 

Wagner 

(2 pianos, 8 hands, arranged by Roques) 

Miss Freyhofer 
Miss Mack 

Mr. Neal  Perry 
Miss Northrop 

Address, The Forward  Movement in 

Plant  Breeding . . ..  Victor  R. Gardner 
{Agricultural Course) 

Address, The Development of Electric 

Traction 

Horace S. Hunt 

{Mechanical Course) 

Address,  History of Woman's Educa 

tion in the Uuited  States  .  .  Bon Bennett 
( Women's  Course) 

Vocal Solo, When the Heart is Young, 

Dudley Buck 

Miss Cornelia  Porter 

Address, The Panama Canal 

Hon. Charles E. Townsend 

Jackson,  Mich. 

Vocal Solo, When Celia Sings . frank  Moir 
Miss Cornelia  Porter 
Conferring  of Degrees 

T he 

addresses  by 

T he  piano  selection  "  Overture  to 
T a n n h a u s e r"  was  well 
rendered 
and  received  much  favorable  com 
ment  as  did  also  the  solos  by  Miss 
the 
Porter. 
members  of 
the  graduating  class 
were  intensely  practical  and  showed 
careful  preparation  on  the  part  of 
each.  T he  address  by  the  Hon. 
Charles  E.  Townsend  as  orator  of 
the  day  on  " T he  Panama  Canal" 
was  very  interesting  coming  from 
one  who  is  so  well  acquainted  with 

conditions  as  they  actually  exist  in 
the  region  of  the  proposed  canal. 

T he 

degree 

of  Bachelor  of 
Science  was  conferred  on  the  fol 
lowing  : 

Adams, Ethel  Mae, w, Armada. 
Anderson,  Arthur J., a, Shelby, 
Auten, Clyde I., m, Clyde. 
Baker,  Helen  Deborah, w, Agr'l  College. 
Bell, R. Floyd, m, Mason. 
Bemis, Bessie E., w, Ionia. 
Bennett,  Bon C, w,  Lansing. 
Bennett,  Franc C, w,  Lansing. 
Bennett, Wilmer C, m, Bad Axe. 
Benton, Zoe, w, Washington, D.  C. 
Bolte, John  Willard, a, Lakeside,  111. 
Bos, William  M., a, Forest Grove. 
Brown, Jessie, w, Grand  Rapids. 
Burk, Oliver W., m, Smith. 
Burrell, Orange B., a, South  Haven. 
Bushnell, Leland  D., a, Bronson. 
Butterfield,  Mary A., w, Detroit. 
Campbell, Clara S., w, Lansing. 
Carl, Roscoe J., a, Bath. 
Coad,  Kate M., w, Williamston. 
Davis,  Eiva R , w,  Ionia. 
Dunks, Fred S., a, Union  City. 
Feldcamp, Cora L., w, Ann Arbor. 
Ferguson,  Robert  Earle, a, Lansing. 
Fisk,  Alexander A., a, Colling. 
Ford, Clem C, m. South  Haven. 
Fowler,  Richard  C , m, Detroit. 
Fryman,  George R., m,  Berrien  Springs. 
Gardner, Victor R , a, Lansing. 
Gunnison,  Alta, w,  Dewitt. 
Gunnison, Eddy J., m, Dewitt. 
Hach,  Charles A., m,  Saginaw. 
Haftenkamp, Joseph P., m, Grand Rapids. 
Hinds, Sherwood, m, Stanton. 
Hinkson, Bertha,  w, Lexington. 
Howard,  Frederic B., a, Ionia. 
Hunt,  Horace S., m, Jackson. 
Jackson,  Bernice  M. w, Gregory. 
Johnson, C. Ernest, m,  Lansing. 
Johnston,  Frederick  L., m, Reading. 
Jordan, William  F., m, Morrice. 
Kenny,  E. Gerald, a, Chief. 
Kratz, Frank J,  m, Albion. 
McAlpine, Bruce,  m, Jackson. 
McNaughton,  Katherine,  w,  Middleville. 
Newton, Robert S., m, Jonesville. 
Nichols, George W., m, Grand  Rapids. 
Oven,  Harry O, a, Dearborn. 
Paddock,  Bessie K., w, Three Oaks. 
Palmer, Joel G., a, Orleans. 
Phillips,  Bessie, w, Davison. 
Pickett,  Anna  E , w, Okemos. 
Place, Edward  C,  a, Lansing. 
Raven,  Paulina, w, Brooklyn. 
Reed, Clarence A., a, Howell. 
Richardson,  Sadie, w, Bath. 
Robinson,  Walter  P., m, Detroit. 
Rupert,  Edna, w, Dunkirk,  N. Y. 
Schaefer, John  E , a,  New York, N. Y. 
Smith,  Nelson J., a,  Frankfort. 
Southwick, Sophia I , w, Houseman. 
Stephenson,  Mark  G., m, Memphis. 
Sterling, Clarence  D., m, Detroit. 
Stevens, Ralph T , a, Santa  Barbara, Cal. 
Stimpson, Clarence A , m, Mackinaw City. 
Stringer,  Clyde W. m, Otisvilie. 
Strong, Wilfred,  m, Kalamazoo. 
Swales, Charles E., a, Detroit. 
Taft,  Lillian,  w, Agricultural  College. 
Talladay,  George F., f, Auburn, N.. Y. 
Thomas, John  L , Hopkins. 
Tuttle,  H. Foley, a,  Detroit. 
Wessels, Phillip  H., a,  Flint. 
Wilcox, Ernest  A , m, Washington. 

upon 

conferred 

T he  degree  of  Master  of  Science 
was 
James  G. 
.Moore,  of  Shepherd,  Michigan. 
T he 
thesis  was 
"Effects  of  Super-heated  Soil  on 
Plants." 

subject  of  his 

President  Snyder 

T he  degree  of  D.  Sc.  was  con 
ferred  upon  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  of 
California. 
in 
conferring  this  degree  said  in  p a r t: 
" T h is  College recognizes in Albert 
J.  Cook,  of  the  class  of  '62, who  for 
twenty-seven  years  served  this  in 
stitution  as  Professor  of  Zoology 
and  Entomology,  one  of  its  oldest 
sons  whose  loyalty  has  never  wav 
ered  ;  whose  tireless  energy  and  in 
domitable  will,  whose  keenness  of 
intellect  and  conscientious  fidelity  to 
duty  have  placed  him  in  the  first 
I  am  au 
rank  of  his  profession. 

thorized  by 
the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  to  confer  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science. 

President  Snyder  was  enabled, 
on  the  plea  that  the  faculty  should 
be  represented  upon  the  rostrum  on 
this  occasion  by  its  senior  member, 
to  induce  D r.  Beal  to  accept  a  seat 
with  the  speakers  of  the  day.  He 
was  therefore  taken  completely  by 
surprise  when  asked 
to  arise  and 
listen  to  the  following  words  : 

"William  J a m es  Beal—You  have 
served  this institution  for  thirty-four 
years  very  faithfully  and  very  effi 
ciently  as professor  of  botany.  Y ou 
have,  by  your  writings  and  your  in 
vestigation,  brought  to  it  honor  and 
fame. 
In  recognition  of  your  stand 
ing  as  a  scientist,  of  your  ability  as 
a  teacher,  and  of  your  great  service 
to  this  institution,  it  gives  me  great 
the  State 
pleasure  on  behalf  of 
Board  of  Agriculture  to confer  upon 
you 
of  Doctor  of 
Science." 

the  degree 

PLEASURE:  I TS  LEGITIMACY, 
L I M I T A T I O N S,  A ND  C O S T 
LINESS.—Ecclesiastes  11:9. 

BACCALAUREATE  SERMON  BY  REV. 

W.  B. JENNINGS,  OF  DETROIT. 

Pleasure;  its  legitimacy,  its  limi 
is  the 
tations,  its  cos'liness,—this 
reading  of 
these  words,  words 
spoken  originally  to  young  people : 
not  as  young 
people  only,  but  as 
those  standing  at  the  beginning  of 
life,  the  point  "where  brook  and 
river  meet."  T he 
is  a  wise 
man's  counsel  for  life,  for  the  whole 
life. 
In  a  sense  they  are  the  key  to 
life,  and  worth  our  study. 

text 

I.  Pleasure,  as one  of  the  ends  to 
b e s o u g ht  in  life,  while  not the  high 
est,  is  entirely  legitimate. 

remarks 

Indeed,  one 

i.  In  the  very  constitution  of  hu 
man  nature  God  has so planned  that 
every  natural  function  gives  pleas 
ure. 
that 
"pleasure  is  Nature's  premium  on 
healthy  e x e r c i se  of 
f u n c t i o n :" 
E a t i n g,  drinking,  muscular  exercise, 
they 
what  sources  of  real  delight 
are  to  u s!  T he  same  thing  is  true 
of  our  mental  faculties,  of  memory, 
reason,  will.  Some  of  the  keenest 
from 
and  most 
lasting  j i ys  come 
love 
their  normal  working.  And 
in  its  various  forms,  friendly,  con 
jugal,  filial,  parental,  which  is  the 
outgoing  of  our  hearts 
to  other 
hearts,  is  the  chief  human  joy.  Sin 
all 
has 
these  funct'ons  of  body,  mind,  h e a r t; 
but  still  in  their  exercise  along  the 
lines  of  the  divine  intent  they  give 
pleasure,  because  God  ordained  it 
so. 

to  an  extent 

perverted 

2.  T he  constitution  of  the  outside 
world,  also,  attests  the  legitimacy  of 
pleasure.  T he  world,  as  well  as 
man,  is  God's  workmanship.  T he 
to,  fits,  the  other. 
one  corresponds 
T he  two  constitute  the  whole  hinge, 
e a ch  being  useless, 
inexplicable, 
without  the other.  T he  world  min 
isters  to  man's  joy  in  the  exercise of 
all  his  functions.  Much  of  our de 
light  comes  through  the  eye  trained 
to  see  t h i n g s;  and  the  world 
is 
painted  in  colors  correspondent  to, 
sympathetic  with  every  mood  of  the 
soul.  T he  delights  of  the  ear  in 
harmonious 
abund 
sounds 
ant  gratification 
in  the  wealth  of 
music  with  which  the  brooks,  the 
birds,  the  winds,  the  ocean  waves, 
the  pealing, 
the  gentle 
booming  thunder,  sing  to  the  soul. 
A  comparatively  colorless,  musicless 
world  would  have  done  quite  as 

rainfall, 

finds 

well  as  a  place  to  live  in  and  w o rk 
in;  but  O ! how  much  less  gladsome 
it  would  have  been.  God  made  his 
world  in  its  multifarious,  ever  vary 
ing  beauty  that  his  children  might 
be  glad  in  it. 

issue 

legitimacy  of  pleasure. 

3.  T he  Scriptures  prove  the  legit 
is 
imacy  of  pleasure.  T he  Bible 
the  brightest,  gladdest  of  all  books. 
Strange  that  any  man  should 
think 
it  gloomy.  Strange  that  any  should 
feel  like  coming  to  it  in  trouble-time 
only.  T r ue  it  does  record  the  dark, 
depressing  account  of  man's  s i n; 
but 
this  is  for  background  only  to 
bring  out  the  glad  and  gladdening 
story  of  God's  love.  T he  one  bur 
den  of  the  Book  is  love,  God's  love 
for  man.  Surely  this  ought  to  pro 
voke  joy.  T h e re  are  messages  of 
joy,  "  I  bring  you  glad  tidings  of 
great  joy."  There  are  commands 
to  joy,  both  in  the  Old  and  N ew 
Testaments,  "  Rejoice  in  the  Lord 
a l w a y;  and  again  I  say,  Rejoice." 
T he  Book  tells  of  Christ's  gift  of 
joy  ;  "  My  joy I  give  unto  you,  that 
It  abounds 
your  joy  may  be  full." 
in  directions  for  the pursuit  of  pleas 
ure,  that  men  may  be  saved  from 
seemingly  promiseful  avenues 
that 
quickly 
in  utter  disappoint 
ment.  Pleasure,  what  it  is,  where 
it  is  found,  how  it  is  to  be  obtained, 
the  modes  and  manner  of  its  com 
munication—this  is  the  purpose  of 
the  Bible,  and  this  very  fact  attests 
T he 
the 
very  first  word  of  the  risen  Lord, 
in  which  He  greeted  His  disciples, 
and  which  sums  more  completely 
than  any  other  word  the  spirit  and 
intent  of  the higher  life,  is, not  " A ll 
h a i l !"  as  in  our  English  Version, 
but,  literally,  "Rejoice,"  "be  glad  !" 
4.  If  we  needed  anything  more 
to  confirm  us  in  our  opinion  as  to 
the 
rightfulness  of  pleasure,  we 
have  it in the practice  of Jesus.  J o hn 
Baptist  came  as  an  ascetic,  clothed 
in  coarse  clothing,  fasting,  dwelling 
apart  from  men.  Christ  came  in 
just 
the  opposite  spirit  and  led  a 
eating, 
totally  unlike 
drinking,  mingling  with  men.  He 
led  no  hermit 
frequented 
public  places  where  men  met  in 
crowds, travelled  the thronged  high 
ways,  repaired  to  synagogues  and 
temple,  was  present  at  feasts,  wed 
dings  and  religious  festivals.  He 
in  flowers,  birds,  music, 
delighted 
and 
rejoiced 
with  those  who  rejoiced  as  often 
and  as  genuinely  as  He  Wept  with 
those  w ho  wept.  Not  only  did 
take  pleasure,  but  He  gave 
Christ 
pleasure.  M r s.  Oliphant 
says  of 
old  Giotto,  one  of  the  cathedral 
that,  " He 
builders  of  Florence, 
strayed  about  Italy  from 
to 
town 
town,  among  the  feastings  and  the 
fighting,  here 
leaving  a  mild-eyed 
madonna,  there  a  group  of  saints  in 
g l o r y;  * 
cheer 
fully  along  for  pleasure  and  profit, 
everybody's  friend, 
,*  *  *  and 
betraying  his  course  wherever  he 
went  by  something  beautiful,  some 
bit  of  rude  common  wall  blossomed 
into  an  immortal  t h i n g ."  So  Jesus 
walked  up  and  down 
the  world, 
"  shedding  joy  and  gladness  wher 
ever  He  went." 

little  children.  He 

life—came 

life,  but 

jogging 

*  * 

Good  words,  like  good  people, 
sometimes  fall  into  bad  company, 
and  then  are  judged  by  those  with 
whom  they  associate.  So  it  is  with 
the  word  "Pleasure." 
Itself  with 
out  fault  and  indicative  of  a  thing 
essentially  good,  it  has  come  to  be 
looked  upon  as  synonymous  with 
certain  forms  of  worldly  indulgence, 
with  revellings,  and  even  with  un 
bridled  sensuality.  We  need  to  r e 
store  the  word  to  its  right  meaning, 

the 

land 

from 

Charles  W a g n er 

we  need  to  rescue  the  thing 
itself 
from  the  captivity  into  which  it  has 
says 
fallen. 
somewhere,  " O ur  fathers  delivered 
the  holy 
infidel. 
T h e re  is  another  holy  land  which 
brigands,  thieves,  the  profane,  pol 
It  is  the  land  of 
lute  every  day. 
laughter  and  pleasure.  T h ey  have 
so  thoroughly  ravaged  and  disfig 
ured  it  that  it  is  not  recognizable. 
But  by  the  God  of  springtimes  and 
of  the  stars,  by  the  loving  kindness 
which  gives  the  fresh  laugh  to  the 
lips  of  childhood  and  the  sweet  in 
toxication  to  the  heart  of  youth,  this 
holy 
land  shall  not  remain  in  the 
It  is  ours,  and 
hands  of 
we  shall  regain  it."  Pleasure  is  not 
"heresy"  as  another  charges. 

infidels. 

sin-blighted, 

It  is  right  to  be  glad.  W h at  this 
sorrow-driven 
old 
world  of  men  and  women  want  and 
should  strive  for 
is  more  pleasure. 
Pleasure  is  duty  !  Have  the  cour 
age  to  be  happy  ! 

I I.  In  adding  the  word  " b u t"  to 
the  word  "rejoice,"  as  the  text  does, 
there  is  the  suggestion  of  some  lim 
itations  to  pleasure.  Yet  even  these 
limitations  must  not  be  thought  of 
as  intended  to  curtail,  but  rather  to 
regulate,  and  so,  in  the  end,  both  to 
intensify  and  perpetuate,  our 
joy. 
I  think  that  the  goodness  of  God 
and  His  desire  for  our  happiness 
are  nowhere  more  manifest  than  in 
the  fences  which  he  has  put  about 
us. 

i.  T he  pleasurable  exercise  of 
any  function  must  not  be  carried  to 
the  extent  of  overtaxing,  and  so  in 
juring,the  organ  or  faculty  invo!ved. 
T h e re  are  many  homely  proverbs 
in  the  Bible  collection  which  bears 
that  name,  which  express  much 
wisdom.  Here  is  o n e; — 

" H a st  thou  found  honey ?  E at  so 

much  as  is  sufficient  for  thee, 

Lest  thou  be  filled  therewith,  and 

vomit  it,"  (25  : i 6 ). 

the 

them.  T he  beginning 

Commenting  on  this,  one  s a y s: 
" T h e re  is  no  denial  of  the  goodness 
and  sweetness  of  honey.  Not  one 
word  is  spoken  against 
thing 
that  is  found,  or  against  the  appetite 
told 
that  desires  it.  We  are  not 
that  honey 
and 
thing 
is  a  bad 
dangerous  to  take  ;  nor  are  we  to'd 
that 
the  appetite  which  desires 
honey  is a  bad  appetite  and  needs  to 
be  crucified.  Honey  is  good.  So 
to  eat  it  is  perfectly  p r o p e r;  but  the 
text  tells  us  that  we  ought  only  to 
eat  sufficient,  because  if  we  eat 
to 
excess  we  shall  surely  punish  our 
selves.  T h at  is  a  wonderful  law  of 
nature. 
to  notice 
It  is  marvelous 
how  our  appetites  are  our  consta 
bles—taking  us  up,  arresting  us 
with  a  strong  hand, 
if  we  over 
is 
indulge 
very  good.  You  say  it  is  impossi 
ble  to  eat  too  much  of  this,  it  is  so 
s w e e t;  and  before 
the  clock  has 
gone  half-round  you  blame  yourself 
almost  for  beginning  the  feast  which 
was  so  delicious  ( P a r k e r 's  People's 
Bible,  p.  358).  This  -is'  a  g o od 
illustration  of  my  meaning,  that 
pleasure  is  never  to  be  indulged  in 
the 
the  extent 
to 
involved.  T h e re 
organ  or  faculty 
are  many 
this 
limit.  Novel  reading  is  a  pleasure 
right  in  itself  and  needed  in  our  day 
It  is  a  sort  of 
of  stress  and  strain. 
intellect-honey.  But  one  may  over-
read  in  the  realm  of  fiction  with  the 
is  enfeebled 
result 
the  mind 
that 
to  the  severer 
and  made  unequal 
life. 
tasks  which  make  up  most  of 
E v en 
in  our  life  work,  worthy  of 
the  best  that  is  in  us, in  the  doing  of 
which  we  find  one  of  our  chief  joys, 

disregardings  of 

that  it  injures 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

the  very  ardor  of  pursuit  may  urge 
to  over-work,  which 
in 
threatened  or  partial  breakdown. 

issues 

2.  Pleasure  must  be  limited  also 
at  that  point  where  its  enjoyment 
hurts  any  other  part  of  one's  nature. 
Man  is  a  triparbibe  creature.  Or, 
the 
if  you  question  that,  you  admit 
duality  of  his  nature.  He  is  body 
and  spirit.  To  the  healthy  soul  no 
joys  are  comparable  with 
those 
found  in  spiritual  exercises,  the  ex 
ercises  of  religion  as  we  call  them. 
But  — and  I  am  sure  you  will  not 
misinterpret  what 
to 
say—our  delight  in  song  and  prayer 
and  Bible  study  may  be  indulged  to 
the  body. 
the  degree  of 
T oo  long  vigils,  too  great  religious 
excitement,  these  rob  the  body  of 

I  am  going 

injuring 

off  that  modesty  which  is  her  robe 
and  crown,  when  the  accessories  of 
that  we 
the  exhibition  are  such 
would  be  unwilling 
to  have  one 
dear  to  us  take  part  in  it,  then  we 
are  buying  our  pleasure  with 
the 
red  blood  of  a  human  heart  and  the 
stained  whiteness  of  a  sister's  soul, 
— a  price  no 
let 
another  pay  to  procure  for  him  a 
passing  pleasure. 

true  man  will 

T he  real  reason  why  a  true-heart 
ed,  noble  man  cannot  walk  in  ways 
of  licentiousness  is  not  the  selfish 
fear  of  physical  contamination  or 
social  reprobation. 
It  is  because  he 
cannot  take  pleasure  in  the  banish 
ment  of  a  daughter  from  the  house 
hold  of  her  father;  in  the 
infamy 
of  one  w hj  might  have  been  a  pure 

m 

W" 

-

•fee 

^ 3 -T 

Mg""' ^ a i i i" 

-gm 

BIRD'S-EYE  V I EW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  C A M P U S. 

its  digestion,  and 

its  necessary  exercise  and  sleep,  dis 
result 
arrange 
otherwise  disastrously-  T h e re 
is 
such  a  thing  as  too  much  pleasure 
in  religion.  You  agree  with  me 
and  say  that 
it  is  very  candid  and 
praiseworthy  of  a  clergyman  to  ad 
mit  such  a  thing.  N ow  I  ask  you 
that 
to  be  just  as  honest,  and  admit 
there  is  such  a  thing  as 
indulgence 
in  bodily  pleasures  to  the  extent  that 
the  soul  is  in  consequence  shriveled, 
stunted,  starved. 
Legitimate  col 
lege  athletics  may  be  allowed  to  rob 
the  mind.  Delight 
out-door 
sports—and  this  is  a  temp'ation  of 
vacation  time—may  lead  us  to  spend 
the  first  day  of  the  week 
in  other 
ways  than  the  worship  of  God  and 
the  soul's  c u l t u re 
in  h o l i n e s s. 
Pleasure  pursued  to  the  point  of  in 
vasion  of  some  other  department  of 
one's  being  becomes  sin. 

in 

of 

third 

finds  a 

3.  Pleasure 

limit 
when  in  its  enjoyment  a  fellow-man 
is  hurt.  A  man  is  not  a  mere  in 
is  a  member  of  a 
dividual.  He 
great  social  organism.  He  is  bound 
with  all  other  men  and  women.  He 
is  under  consequent  obligation 
to 
regard  their  pleasure  as  well  as  his 
own.  T he  divine  command  is  the 
sociology, 
fundamental 
law 
" L o ok  each  of  you 
to  his  own 
things,  but  each  of  you  also  to  the 
things  of  others,"  ( P h i l.  2 14).  And 
yet  how  often  is  it  that  in  seeking 
some  personal  pleasure  one  is  utterly 
regardless 
President 
H y d e,  of  Bowdoin  College,  says 
forcefully,  "  We  may  not  buy  pleas 
ure  with  the  life  blood  of  our  fel 
lows ;  we  may  not  purchase 
it  at 
the 
cost  of  human  degradation. 
*  #  *  Against  opera  or  drama 
[as  such,  we  may  interpolate]  no 
lover  of  his  fellows  has  a  word  to 
the 
say.  W h e n,  however, 
spectacular 
the 
performance,  woman  is  asked  to  put 

embellishment  of 

others. 

for 

of 

sister  in  a  happy  home  ;  in  the  deg 
radation  of  one  who  ought  to  be  a 
wife,  proud  of  the  love  of  a  good 
man  and  happy  in  the  sweet  joys  of 
motherhood. 
this  point  our 
On 
social  standards  are  still  barbarous 
and  our  moral  insight  undeveloped. 
T he  man  who  has  eyes  to  see  things 
as  they  a r e;  the  man  who  can  real 
ize  the  cost  of  shame  and  degrada 
tion 
to  others  which  they  involve  ; 
the  man  w ho  can  see  this  and  still 
seek  pleasure  there,  is  a  man  whose 
moral  affinities 
are  with  the  by 
gone  bru'ality  of  the  R o m an  popu 
lace  that 
in  seeing 
found  delight 
Gladiators die, with  the  slave-drivers 
who  forced  human  beings  to  labor 
I  care not  how  high 
with  the  lash. 
such  a  man  may  stand 
in  social 
circles.  He 
is  a  man  with  a  cold, 
hard,  cruel,  callous  heart;  a  creature 
capable  of  finding  a l a s t ly  satisfac 
tion 
in  drinking  human  blood." 
(God's  Education  of  Man,  pp  94, 
95).  A  man  recently  said  to  an 
other,  as  they  "passed  a  poor,  paint 
ed  creature  of 
the  street,  'the  man 
who  won  pleasure  by  the  degrada 
tion  of  that  woman  is  a modern  can-
ibal.' 
firecely, 
'he  is  worse  than  a  cannibal,  for  he 
not  only  destroyed  her  body,  he  ate 
(Hunter,  Poverty, 
her  very  soul.' " 

' N o ,'  he  continued 

P  253)-

the  pleasure 

T h e re  are  some  limitations  to  the 
enjoyment  of  pleasure.  Let  me 
summarize 
them.  Pleasure  must 
not  be  indulged  to  the  extent  of  in 
juring  the  organ  or  faculty,  in  the 
is 
exercise  of  which 
had  ;  it  must  not  do  vio'ence  to  any 
other  part  of  man's  composite  na 
ture  ;  nor  must  the  price  paid  for  it 
be  any  w r o ng  done  to  a  fellow  hu 
man  being.  Transgressing  any  of 
is  sin  and 
these  bounds,  pleasure 
quickly  becomes 
old 
writer  put  it  thus,  "Pleasure  must 
is 
the  warrant, 
first  have 

pain.  An 

that 

it 

3 

without  sin;  and  then  the  measure, 
that  it  is  without  excess." 

I I I.  A  third  great  fact  is  implied 
in  the  text, rather  than  written  upon 
its  face  as  were  the  two  truths  al 
ready  considered. 
It  is,  the  costli 
ness  of  pleasure. 

In  one  of  Robert  Louis  Steven 
son's  prayers  is  this  petition,  " D e 
liver  us  from  fear  and  favor;  from 
mean  hopes  and  cheap  pleasures." 
In 
A re  pleasures  ever  " c h e a p ?" 
the  sense  of  more  or  less  enjoyment 
—perhaps.  F or 
there  are  grada 
tions  of  delight.  Physical  pleas 
ures  stand  lowest  in  the  scale.  T h en 
come  pleasures  of  the  mind.  Vast 
these.  But  above 
ly  superior  are 
them,  far  in  the  heights,  are  spirit 
ual  pleasures.  W h en  the  wise  man 
speaks  of 
that  are 
the  pleasures 
above  valuation  in  terms  of  wealth, 
he  means  pleasures  of  soul,  really, 
the  pleasures  of  religion. 
It  is  in 
disputable  that  religion  is  the  chief 
pleasure. 
this 
all  others  are  cheap,  in  the  sense  of 
a  lower  sort.  So  said  Solomon,  no 
theorist,  but  one  who  had  explored 
to  the  end  every  avenue  of  pleasure, 
who  had  sounded  every  shoal  and 
depth  of  delight.  O!  I  envy  not 
to 
the  joy  of  him  who  has  known 
indulgence 
the  utmost  of  rational 
every 
his 
whose  experince  embraces  the  high 
est  pleasures  of  the  m i n d;  if  with 
the 
they  have  not  known 
these 
diviner  delights  of  him  who  is  right 
with  God. 

bodily  pleasure;  nor 

In  comparison  with 

John  Foster  sa;d 

But  there  are  no  pleasures  which 
are  cheap  in the  sense of  being  with 
out  cost. 
long 
ago,  "All  pleasure  must  be  bought 
at  the  price  of  pain.  T he  only  dif 
true 
ference 
the 
pleasure 
price  is  paid  before  you  enjoy  it— 
for  the  false,  after  you  enjoy 
it." 
These  words  are  weighty  enough 
to  merit  repetition. 

between 
is  that  for 

false  and 
the 

true 

is  only 

is  one's 

See  how  large  is  the  cost  of  false 
pleasure,  which 
another 
name  for  pleasure  which  has  gone 
beyond  the  limits  already  indicated. 
Drink  costs  at  the  first  but  a  few 
cents.  T he  last  cost  one  finds  to  be 
health  of  body,  clearness,  balance  of 
mind,  the  sacrifice  of  the  soul's  life. 
Other  forms  of  physical  pleasure 
may  be  had  seemingly  at  low  price, 
a  few  dollars  will  suffice,  but  the 
soul-whiteness, 
real  cost 
one's  self-respect,  and  the  respect  of 
all  noble  men.  T he  pleasures  that 
lie  beyond  the  bounds  indicated  are 
as  illusionary  and  disappointing  and 
enslaving  as  was  the  imagined  lib 
erty  that  lay  beyond  the  ten  com 
mandments  to  the  y o u ng  man  in  our 
Lord's  story.  T he  real,  the  heavy, 
the  frightful  cost  of  false  pleasures 
vividly,  more 
is  nowhere  more 
awfully  told  than  in  our  Lord's  un 
answered  and  unanswerable  ques 
tion,  " W h at  doth  it  profit  a  man,  to 
gain  the  whole  world,  and 
forfeit 
F or  what  should  a  man 
his  life? 
give 
life?" 
(Mk.  8 : 3 6 , 3 7 ). 

in  exchange  for  his 

N ow 

contrast 

the  end,  with 

true  pleasure. 

the  costliness  of 
false  pleasure,  not  at  their  first  en 
the 
joyment,  but  at 
costliness  of 
T he 
price  of  every  true  pleasure  must  be 
paid,  in  heaviest  part,  before  you 
its 
true  joy  has 
enjoy  it.  E v e ry 
price.  Religion  is no  exception. 
In 
one  sense  Lowell  was  right  when 
he  sang  : 

"At the  devil's booth  all  things  are  sold, 

Each  ounce  of  dross  costs  its  ounce  of 

gold; 

ing ; 

For  a  cap  and  bells  our  life  we  pay, 
Bubbles we buy with  a whole soul's  bask 

'Tis  heaven  alone  that  is given  away, 
'Tis only  God  may be had  for the  asking." 

4 

But  in  a  sense  much  more 

im 
portant  this  is not  true.  Christ  tells 
us 
the  cost,  "If  any  man  wou'd 
come  after  me,  let  him  deny  him 
self, and  take  up  his  cross  and  follow 
me.  F or  whosoever  would  save 
his  life  shall  lose  it;  and  whosoever 
shall  lose  his  life  for  my  sake  and 
(Mark 
the  gospel's,  shall  save  it. 

S:34>35)-

in 

irresistable 
Remain 

And  be  wise  enough 

T h is  is  my  message  to  you  today. 
In  view  of  the  rightness  of  pleasure 
I  beg  you, 
the 
the  word  of 
of  Hermas,  " P ut  on, 
Shepherd 
therefore,  gladness 
that  hath  al 
ways  favor  with  God,  and  is  accep 
table  unto  Him,  and  delight  to  thy 
self  in  it.''  But  know  that  the  do 
main  of  pleasure,  tho'Jgh  wide-ex 
tended,  is  yet  bounded. 
Let  not 
these  boundaries  be  to  you  what 
Emerson  says  a  fence  is  to  a  school 
temptation  to 
boy,  "an 
gladly  within 
j u m p ." 
them. 
to 
look  far  ahead,  even  to  the  ultimate 
the 
cost.  Be  wise  enough  to  buy 
real  pleasures, 
for 
the  payments 
which  are  heaviest  at  the  beginning, 
but  lighter  ever  as  you  go  on,  while 
the  degree  of  enjoyment  grows  ever 
than 
greater  and  greater;  rather 
the  false  pleasures  glitteringly  al 
luring,  which  constantly  decrease  in 
delight,  but  demand  ever  heavier 
payments,  the  last  which  is  heaven 
a-d  the  soul's  life.  T he  pleasures 
of  the  man  who  1 ives  God,  like  the 
path  of  the- just,  "shineth  more  and 
more  unto  the  perfect  day." 
Buy 
that! 

' 

THE  PANAMA  CANAL. 

COMMENCEMENT  ADDRESS  BY  HON. 

CHARLES  E.  TOWNSEND. 

its  friends  on 

I  am  greatly  pleased  with 
the 
honor  which  has  been  given  me  by 
the  invi'ation  to  address  the  Class 
this 
of  1905  and 
occasion.  Not  that  I  am  burdened 
with  benefits  to  confer  upon  you, 
for  I  confess  I  have  been  much  per 
plexed 
to  prepare 
something  which  you  will  be  will 
ing  to  h e a r;  but  I  am  pleased  be 
cause  it  brings  me 
touch  with 
young  men  and  women  educated  to 
do  things. 

in  mv  efforts 

in 

is 

the 

and 

training 

Probably 

fundamental 

and 
principal  benefit  derived  from  edu 
the  habit  of 
cational 
reasoning 
thinking  honestly 
legitimately,  and  when  the  habit 
is 
acquired  from  contact  with  natural 
laws,  thought  must  be  honest  and 
reason  will  not  evade. 
In  the  labor 
atory  of 
the  microscopic  cell,  the 
bursting  bud,  the  ambitious  plant 
and  spreading  -fee  there  is  no  de 
ception.  T he  purpose  is  fixed;  the 
plan  is  complete  and  the  execution 
faithful  to  the  formula  of  the  great 
chemist. 
are  no.  devious 
Ignorance, 
ways  in  nature's  path. 
superstition  and  bigotry  may  blind 
the  student's  eyes  but  the  way  is 
there  and  it  leads  direct  from  prem 
conclusion,  and  he  who 
ise 
lan 
has  learned  mathematics  and 
guage  ; 
sciences  and 
the  natural 
logic,  amidst  the  illustrated  lectures 
of  nature's 
teachers  has  learned  to 
think  and  reason  safely  and  well. 

T h e re 

to 

He  has, however,  done  more  than 
to 
learn  to  think.  He  has  learned 
indeed  if 
do.  He  has  been  stupid 
he  has  failed 
in 
every  weed  and  vegetable,  in  every 
t r e e;  in  every  microbe 
shrub  and 
and  living  thing  ;  in  compost  and  in 
blight;  in  climbing  sap  and  falling 
rain  ;  in  so-called  animate  and  inani 

to  see  a  purpose 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

for 

stronger 

tiring.  A 

mate  substance,  for 
in  the  broader 
sense  all  things  live  and  move  and 
have  their  being.  Each  has  a  work 
to  do,  and  doing  it  fulfills  its  destiny. 
No  opportunity  is  neglected.  Quar 
ter  is  neither  asked  nor  given.  You 
have  learned  that  the  myriad  forms 
of  life  which  day  and  night,  year  in 
and  year  out  have  swarmed  about 
this  magnificent  farm  are  ever  active, 
never 
force 
may  for  a  season  hold  it  in  check, 
but  it  is  ever  alert  to  find  an  oppor 
tunity 
expression. 
renewed 
Under  such  circumstances  and  with 
such  teachers  you  have  been 
truly 
fortunate.  Strong  in  body,  keen  in 
to  do,  you 
intellect  and  ambitious 
will  find  a  place  in  the  world. 
It 
needs  you  ;  much  of  its  work  i<  not 
even  well  done.  M a ry  of 
those 
w ho  are  engaged  at  it  are  drifting 
away  from  the principles  which  you 
have  learned  ai;e the correct  ones and 
you  will  need  to  be  strong  indeed  if 
policy  or  unworthy  desire  does  not 
induce  you  to  c Jmpromise  with  the 
ideals  which  you  have  learned  are 
realities. 

T he 

times 

seems 

temptations  of  wealth  and 
power  are  most  enticing,  and  their 
acqu:sition  man)' 
to 
have  violated  all  laws  and  principles 
which  you  now  respect  and  cherish, 
but  (he  end  appears  to  have  justified 
the  means.  Be  not  deceived.  Many 
of  the  so-called  most-successful  are 
the  greatest  failure-.  Wealth  and 
power  are  desirable  when  properly 
rightly  used.  T h ey 
acqui'ed  and 
become  merciless 
taskmasters  and 
cruel  despots  when  al'owed  to  con 
trol.  Hi  who  has  gained  wealth 
by  a  proper  application  of  the  prin 
ciples  of  wise economy,  honest  effort 
and  superior  wisdom,  not  for 
the 
sake  of  having,  but  for  the  purpose 
of  using  it  as  a  means  for  greater 
and  more  efficient  being  and  doing, 
has  done  well.  Probably  he  has 
increased  his  opportunity  for  doi  ig 
good.  But  he  who  has  become 
rich  through  devious  ways  and  then 
uses  his  money  as  a  passport 
into 
veneered  society,  and  as  a  means  to 
purchase  that  for  which  worth  not 
wealth 
is  -the  equivalent,  has  gold 
but  not  true  riches  and  it  can  never 
buy  one  of  the  priceless  possessions 
which  you  enjoy,  health,  strength, 
worthy  ambitions  and  the  glorious 
in  your 
consciousness  of  having 
in  which 
possession  a  clean  book 
you  may  write  the  story  of  a  good 
and 
In 
such  a  presence  on  such  an  occasion 
I  feel  it  an  honor  to  stand  as  com 
mencement  orator. 

therefore  successful 

life. 

# 

# 

in  knowing 

the  greatest 

I  have  said  that  \ ou  have  been 
taught  to  do  some  things,  and  thus 
have  necessarily  acquired  the  desire 
I  take  it  you  will  be 
to  do  more. 
something 
interested 
about 
industrial  and  ' 
commercial  project  of 
the  world, 
and  so  I  have  selected  as  the  sub 
ject  of  my  address  T he  P a n a ma 
Canal. 
* 
After 

# 
the  treaty  with  N ew  Gra 
nada  was  entered  into,  but  before  it 
was  ratified,  an  exclusive  privilege 
the 
of  building  a  railroad  across 
Isthmus  was  granted 
to  a  French 
company  in  May,  1847.  T h is  privi 
lege  afterwards  was  transferred  to 
an  American  company  consisting  of 
William  H.  Aspinwall,  J o hn  L. 
and  H e n ry  Chauncey 
Stephens 
the  Panama  Rail 
w ho  organized 
road  Company  under 
laws  of 
the 
N ew  Y o rk  and 
in  1855  the  road 
was  completed  with  a  length  of 
about  48  miles  extending  from  As 
pinwall  or  Colon  on  Limon  Bay  to 
France 
P a n a ma  on 

the  Pacific. 

to 

that 

took 

favorably 

suitable  to  form 

and 
the  United  States  continued 
active  in  their  efforts  to  determine 
the  best  possible  location  for  a  canal. 
Congress  appropriated  money  sev 
eral  times  for  surveys  and  exami 
nations.  T he  growth  of  commerce 
and  settlement  of  the  west  seemed 
to  demand  an  all-water  communi 
cation  between 
the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  seaboards,  but  up  until  1850 
no  records  of  surveys  or  scientific 
explorations 
the 
ba'-is  for  undertaking  so  gigantic  an 
enterprise  were  found. 
In  1850  the 
American  Atlantic and  Pacific  Canal 
Company  employed  a  Philadelphia 
engineer  by  the  name  of  Childs  to 
make  a careful  survey  for  the  Nicar 
agua  route  and  his  report  was  a 
va'uable  addition 
the  world's 
knowledge  of  the  Isthmus.  T h is 
survey  and  repoit  became  the  basis 
of  future  canal  work  and  was  of 
real  value. 
In  1869  the  President 
in  his  annual  message  to  congress 
suggested 
the  United  States 
build  an  American  canal  on  Ameri 
the  American  people. 
can  soil  for 
the  mat'er  up  and 
Congress 
appointed  a  commission 
further 
to 
explore  the  Isthmus.  Tehuantepec, 
Nicaragua,  Panama,  and  Darien 
were  investigated  by  different  sub 
committees.  T he  first  was  reported 
impracticable  ;  the  second, or  Nicar 
agua  route  was  reported 
favorable 
with  an  estimated  cost  of  the  canal 
of  one  hundred  and  forty  million 
dollars.  T he  Panama 
route  was 
also  reported 
feasible  at  a  cost  of 
ninety-four  million,  five  hundred  and 
eleven  thousand,  three  hundred  and 
route 
sixty  dollars.  T he  Darien 
was  also  reported 
but 
the  commission  favored  the  Nicar-
aguan  route  above  the  others. 
'  While  the  United  States  was  con 
this  investigation  a  provi-
ducting 
si  nal  company  was  organiz-d 
in 
France  for  the  purpose  of  inaugur 
ating  a  scheme  to  connect  by  canal 
the 
Lieut.  L.  N.  B. 
W y s e,  in  behalf  of  said  company, 
obtained  in  1876  the  exclusive  right 
from  Columbia  to  build  and  operate 
a  canal  across  the  State  of  Panama 
for  99  years.  This  was  a  right 
the 
restriction,  except 
without 
c o m p my  should  select  the  route  oc 
cupied  by 
the  Panama  Railroad 
Company  itshou'd  make  satisfactory 
that  company. 
arrangements  with 
to 
This  concession  was  transferred 
the  Panama  Canal  Co.  organized  in 
1879.  F °r  several  years  the  various 
other  routes  heretofore  mentioned 
were  discussed  and  investigated  by 
new  companies  from  different  na 
tions, but  it  is  with  the  French  Pan 
ama  Co.  that  our  interest  lies,  and 
to  it  I  desire  to  direct  your  attention 
briefly.  T he  geographical  features 
at  the  place  where  the  canal  is  con 
Isthmus 
templated  show  that  the 
runs  nearly  east  and  west, and  there 
fore 
the  line  of  the  canal  is  nearly 
north  and  south,  the  Pacific  end  be 
ing  somewhat  east  of  the  Atlantic. 
T he  Cordillera  mountains  parallel 
the  Pacific  and  are  about  six  miles 
distant  therefrom  at  Panama.  F r om 
its  Atlantic  mouth  in  Limon  Bay  at 
Colon 
extends 
the  French  canal 
through  low  grounds  or  swamps  to 
Old  Gatun,  a  distance  of  six  miles, 
where 
intersects  the  Valley  of 
the  C h a g r e s;  it  follows  this  valley 
for  twenty-one  miles  and  then  takes 
tributary 
the  course  of  a  small 
through  the  mountains  at  Culebra 
which  was  originally  330  above 
mean  tide  at the  Pacific  ;  after  pass 
ing 
the 
course  of  the  canal  is  down  the  val 
ley  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Pacific 
at  Panama.  T he  high  part  through 

the  mountains 

two  oceans. 

through 

if 

it 

the  mountains  is about  6  miles  long. 
T he  Chagres  rises  in  the  mountains 
and  at  its  mouth  near  Colon  it  is 
about  one-half  mile  wide. 
It  is sub 
ject  to  great  variations,  rising  many 
feet  in  a  few  hours. 
I  personally 
saw  it  rise  1 2 J^  feet  in  five  days. 

that 

isthmus 

jungle,  and 

is  covered  with  a 
T he 
tropical 
the  climate 
ranges  from  69  to 95  degrees.  T he 
average  annual  rainfall  is  150  inches. 
It  was  along  this  line  and  subject  to 
these  conditions 
the  P a n a ma 
railroad  was  built  in  1850  to  1855, 
and  it  was  along  the  same  line  prac 
tically  that  tha  French  Canal  Com 
pany,  which  had  purchased 
the 
W y se  concession  was  finally  begun. 
Before  the  French  Canal  Company 
was  formed  a  congress  of  delegates, 
many  of  whom  were  distinguished 
engineers  from  various  nations,  met 
to  discuss 
in  May,  1879,  at  Paris 
the  question  of  an  isthmian  canal. 
T he  moving  spirit  of  this  congress 
was  Ferdinand  De  Lesseps  of  Suez 
canil  fame.  He  dominated  the  con 
gress  by  his  commanding  person 
ality  and  national  reputation  as  a 
canal  builder.  After  being  in  ses 
sion  two  weeks  it  was  decided 
that 
a  canal  could  be  built  at  sea  level  on 
the  Panama  route.  After  the  con 
gress  adjourned  the  Panama  Canal 
Company  was  organized  and 
the 
W y se  concession  purchased  for  ten 
million  francs,  or  about  two  million 
dollars. 

engineers 

T he  company  issued  six  hundred 
thousand  shares  at  500  francs  each 
and  it  was  all  sold  in  1880. 
In  18S3 
work  o:i  the  canal  was  commenced 
two 
on  an  extensive  scale.  T he 
great  physical  obstacles  were 
the 
river  Chagres  and 
the  Cordillera 
mountains.  To  complete  the  pro 
ject  De  Lesseps  had  stated  it  might 
require  $127,600,000,  but  that  was 
the  outside. 
of 
T he 
greatest  ability  at  the  1S79  congress 
had  stated  the  cost  would  be  near 
$240,000,000  and  that  the  time  re 
quired  for  completion  would  be  12 
years.  But  De  Lesseps'  opinion 
prevailed  and  the  work  was  begun 
and  continued  until  the  latter  part  of 
1887;  at  that  time  it  became  evi 
to  everyone  and  admitted  by 
dent 
De  Lesseps  that  a  sea  level  canal 
could  nov  be  completed  within  the  8 
yeavs  and  so  a  change  in  plans  was 
made  and  a  lock  canal  was  to  be 
revised  plans 
these 
built.  Under 
they  proceeded  until  1889  when  the 
company  became  bankrupt  and  a 
liquidator  appointed  to  take  charge 
of  affairs. 

is  about 

Up  to  this  time  by  issuing  new 
obligations  and  by  sale  of 
lottery 
bonds  under  sanction  of  the  French 
government  nearly  two  hundred  and 
fifty  million  dollars  were  raised  and 
expended  on  the project.  72,000,000 
cubic  yards  of  earth  and  rock  were 
total 
removed  out  of  an  estimated 
of  157,000,000  cubic  y a r d s; 
this 
estimate  was  for  a  sea  level  canal 
2 9^  feet  deep  and  72  feet  wide  on 
the  bottom  which 
two-
thirds  of  the  size  of  the  canal  to  be 
built  by  the  United  States  which 
will  require  it  is  estimated  the  re 
moval  of  260,000,000  yards  of  earth 
and  rock.  Of  the  77,000,000  yards 
the  F r e n ch  Company 
removed  by 
old  and  new, 
that 
is  thought 
it 
40,000,000  yards  will  be  of  value  to 
the  new  canal,  or  in  other  words, 
40,000,000  cubic  yards  have  been 
removed  which  will  not  have  to  be 
removed  again,  or  one-sixth  of  the 
work  has  been  d o n e;  undoubtedly 
nearer  a  fifth  of  the  w o rk  has  been 
performed. 

To  him  w ho  has  visited  the  canal 
the  F r e n ch 

zone  and  seen  what 

the 

told, 

dump 

side  with 

lack  of  principles, 

company  has done,  and  then  become 
familiar  with  its methods  and  princi 
ples  or 
there 
comes  the  conviction  that  that  cpm-
pany  had  a  genius  for  extravagance. 
Much  of  the  distance  from  Colon  to 
P a n a ma 
is  lined  on 
railroad 
expensive  ma 
either 
chinery,  spoiled  with  rust  and  over 
v e r d u r e. 
tropical 
g r o wn  with 
Thousands  of 
cars, 
iron 
scores  of  steam  engines,  iron  boats 
taken  there  in  sections.  On  the  top 
of  Culebra 
iron  diving 
is  a  large 
bell;  w hy  it  was  placed  so  far  away 
from  the  water  I  cannot  tell  or  w hy 
it  was  purchased  at  all 
is  unex 
plained.  At  Emperador  is  a  build 
ing  containing,  I  am 
forty 
thousand  dollars  worth  of  steel  writ 
ing  pens.  Well  equipped  machine 
shops  where  engines  and  cars  can 
be  built  and  repaired;  s t o r e h o u s es 
filled  with  almost  every  implement 
or  kind  of  supply  which  could  have 
steam  shovels  and 
been  b o u g h t; 
In  the  waters  of  the  ocean 
dredges. 
the  canal  dredges 
at  either  end  of 
and  boats  of 
expensive 
kind  have  been  rusting  and  rotting 
for  years.  Over  2,400  buildings  are 
standing  along 
line.  Aucon 
is  literally  covered 
Hill  at  Panama 
its  eastern  side  with  hospital 
on 
buildings.  T wo  palaces  built 
for 
officers  in  a  forest  of  palms  at  Colon 
were  being  eaten  up  by  wood  ants 
and  the  elements  when  the  United 
into  possession.  E x 
States  came 
travagance 
reckle-s 
and  wanton 
waste  was  everywhere  v i s i b l e. 
Millions  of  dollars  were  spent 
for 
management  and  display  at  Paris 
and  millions  more  in  P a n a ma  and 
N ew  Y o r k.  Licentiousness  and  cor 
ruption  of  every  kind  run 
riot  on 
the  Isthmus  and  sapped  the  lives 
and  energies  of  the  workmen. 

the  most 

the 

the  work,  but  failing 

T he  misrepresentations, or  at  least 
the  reckless  statements  made  by  De 
to  obtain  money  in  1880 
Lesseps 
characterized 
the  whole  work  and 
the  French  company  passed 
when 
into  the  hands  of  the  liquidator  in 
1S89  it  was 
financially  bankrupt, 
morally  ruined  and  without  credit 
or  decency.  T he  liquidator  endeav 
ored  to  rehabilitate  the  scheme  and 
complete 
in 
this  he  kept  the  Columbian 
fran 
chise  alive,  hoping  he  might  be  able 
to  sell  it  and  realize  something  out 
It  had  some 
of  it  for  the  creditors. 
thing  of  real  value. 
It  had  acquired 
nearly  all  the  stock  of  the  Panama 
railroad  and  this  was  worth  about 
$  16,000,000.  It  had  done  much  valu 
able  work  on  the canal;  for  instance 
it  had  cut  Culebra  down  from 
its 
highest  point  333  feet  to  about  150 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It 
had  some  machinery  and 
tools  of 
value;  it  had  buildings  that  could 
be  u s e d;  in  fact  it  had  about  $40,-
000,000  worth  of  desirab'e  property, 
but  the  liquidator  could  not  realize 
upon  it  unless  some  purchaser  could 
be  found  who  could  use  it  on  that 
particular  canal. 

W h e re  was  the  .person  or  power 
that  would  attempt  the  enterprise? 
Experience  had  shown  that  nothing 
and 
than  a  great,  wise,  rich 
less 
powerful  nation  could  hope  for  suc 
cess.  T he  world  needed  the  canal 
and  all  its  eyes  were  on  the  United 
S t a t e s;  she  had 
the 
engineering  ability  and  a  chief  exec 
utive 
the  work.  T he 
Spanish  W ar  emphasized  the  need 
of  the  canal  by  the  United  States. 
W h en  Cevera  threatened  our  east 
ern  coast  one  of  our  greatest  battle 
ships  was  at  San  Francisco  and  she 
had 
clear 
the 
around  Cape  H o r n,  a  distance  of 

the  wealth, 

to  make 

journey 

fitted 

for 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

5 

through 

requirements 
that 

seven  thousand  miles  further 
than 
would  have  been  necessary  if  she 
the 
have  sailed 
could 
Isthmus. 
of 
T he 
trade  demanded 
the  people 
should  not  be  at  the  mercy  of  trans 
continental  roads,  in  fact  the  needs 
of  peace  and  the  necessities  of  w ar 
the  country 
forced  upon 
the  con 
struction  of 
the  canal.  But  how 
were  we  to  build  it?  We  might 
buy  out  the  French  Company,  but 
its  franchise  or  concession  only  ex 
tended  to  1910  and  probably  only 
to  1904.  A  new  concession  must 
be  obtained  from  Columbia. 

Furthermore  the  Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  in  1850  was  still 
in  force  and  must  be  terminated  or 

from  Columbia. 

knew  the  United  States  had  nego 
tiated  with  the  French  company  for 
its  property  for  $40,000,000  condi 
tioned  upon  the  United  States  get 
ting  a  concession 
In  the  meanwhile  events  were  shap 
ing  themselves  rapidly  at  Panama. 
T he  state  of  Panama  was  a  part  of 
the  Columbian  Republic.  She  was 
not  a  part  by  her  own  volition,  but 
had  been  practically  forced  into  the 
union  without  her  consent.  T he 
proposed  canal  ran  through  her  ter 
ritory,  and  Columbia's  course 
in 
trifling  with  the  United  States  was 
causing  P a n a ma 
trouble. 
T he  United  States  was  now  again 
route, 
discussing 
and  Panama's  hopes  and  visions  of 
prosperity  and  g r o w th  were  disap-

the  Nicaraguan 

serious 

B I R D ' S - E YE  V I EW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  C A M P U S. 

modified,  for  it  provided  that  neither 
country  would  ever  obtain  or  main 
tain  for  itself  over  any  communica 
tion  by  canal  between  the  oceans  at 
Panama  exclusive  control,  or  would 
use  its  influence  to  obtain  rights  or 
privileges  which  the  other  did  not 
enjoy.  Whatever  was  to  be  done 
must  be  done  f >r  tKeir  mutual  good. 
N ow  the  United  States  was  think 
ing  about  building  the  camd  and  it 
realized  that  while  it  was  to  be  for 
the  good  of  the  world  it  must  be 
under  the  control  and  protection  of 
the  United  States.  T he  Clayton-
Bulwer 
terminated  by 
treaty  was 
treaty  so  that 
the  Hay-Pauncefoot 
the  United  States  could  build,  oper 
ate  and  control  the  canal;  then  at 
the  suggestion  of  Columbia  a  treaty 
was  entered  into  between  Columbia 
and  the  United  States  whereby  Col 
umbia  was  to  concede  to  the  United 
Stares  a  strip  of  land  7  miles  wide 
from  Colon 
to  P a n a ma  for  which 
the  United  States  were  to  pay  Col 
and 
umbia  $10,000,000 
$250,000  a  year  after  the  canal  was 
built  and  the  United  States  took 
it 
subject  to  the  rights  of  the  French. 
the 
treaty  to  the  U.  S.  it  was  modified 
in  some  details  and  accepted,  but  re 
turned  to  Columbia  for  her  ratifica 
tion,  which  was  expected  promptly. 
But  instead  of  ratifying 
it  she  de 
manded  more  than  her  original  price 
and  raised 
to  $15,000,000  and 
then  to  $20,000,000  and  finally  to 
$25,000,000.  She  broke  her 
faith 
the  U.  S.,  not  by  a  majority 
with 
the 
vote  of  her  congressy'but  by 
unanimous  vote  showing  there  was 
infamy. 
concerted  action 
in  her 
fact 
Had  she  seen  visions  of 
that  her  extention  of 
the 
French  company  was  not  binding, 
and  that  she  could  forfeit 
the  con 
cession  and  add  $40,000,000  to  her 
She 
price 

After  Columbia  presented 

the  United  States? 

in  gold 

the 
to 

time 

to 

it 

from 

republic's  remedy, 

pearing.  She  had  little  in  common 
further 
with  Columbia.  She  was 
from  Bogota  when  measured  by 
time  in  reaching  that  city  than  she 
was  from  Washington.  She  there 
fore  resorted 
to  the  South  Ameri 
revolution, 
can 
as  she  had  done  on  several  previous 
occasions  and  withdrew 
the 
union.  Columbia  sent  troops  under 
the  traitor  Huertis  to  put  down 
the 
to  his 
rebellion,  but  he  sold  out 
country's  enemies  and  the  Republic 
of  P a n a ma  was  born.  She  was 
promptly  recognized  as  a  separate 
and  sovereign  republic  by  all 
the 
the  world,  and 
leading  nations  of 
shortly  afterwards  under  authority 
of  congress  President  Roosevelt 
entered 
the  same 
treaty  with  P a n a ma 
that  he  had 
attempted  to  make  with  Columbia. 
a nd 
operates  the  panama  railroad,  o.vns 
all  the  property  of  the  French  Canal 
Company  and  all 
the  work  it  has 
ten 
done. 
miles  wide  across  the  I s t h m u s;  has 
the  republic  of 
agreed 
P a n a ma  against 
invasion  and  pro 
poses  to  build  the  canal. 

T he  United  States  owns 

It  has  a  strip  of 

into  practically 

to  protect 

land 

It  now  seems  probable  that  it  will 
be  47  miles  long,  35  feet  deep,  150 
feet  wide  on  the  bottom  and  with 
an  average  width  of  300  feet  at  the 
top. 
It  may  cost  $300,000,000  and 
may  take  15  years  to  dig  it, but  will 
it  be  d u g?  Will  it  pay? 

questions  quickly 

asked  are  difficult 

a nd 
T h e se 
to 
universally 
answer. 
to  my 
I  have  however 
own  satisfaction  answered  the  for 
mer  in  the  affirmative.  T he 
latter 
is  more  difficult  and  in  the  nature 
of  things  must  be  a  rough  estimate. 
F r om  the  beginning  of  the  X VI 
century  the  civilized  world  has  rec 
the  great  importance  of  a 
ognized 
direct  all  water  route  around 
the 
world.  Western  Europe  has  been 

in  it,  and 

interested 

to  enforce  which 

especially 
the 
United  States  has  come  to  require 
It  is  necessary  for  us,  in  order 
it. 
as  I  have  said,  that 
the  needs  of 
commerce  and  the demands  of  safety 
of  both  of  our  s  aboards  may  be 
interests  are  not  now 
met.  Our 
confined  to  the  continent,  they  also 
extend  into  the  far  East  and  into  the 
middle  of  the  Pacific.  T he  Philip 
pines  and 
the  Hawaiin  Islands  are 
under  our  control  and  must  be 
in 
guarded.  We  are  now  a  factor 
the  problems  of  the  orient  as  well 
the  Occident  and  we  must  be  a 
as 
prime 
the 
factor,  without  which 
problems  must  not  be  solved.  From 
the  d a \s  of  President  Monroe  we 
have  adhered  to  the  Monroe  Doc 
trine 
the  canal 
may  be  needed.  Our  outposts  have 
been  multiplied  and  our  responsibil 
time  may 
ities 
come  when  we  shall  need  the  com 
bined  strength  of  our  east  and  west. 
W i th  thecanal  builtourstrength  will 
be  greater  and  the  probabilities  of 
peace  enlarged.  We  are  now  as 
never  before  a  great  world  power. 
T he greatest  world  power.  Greatest, 
first  because  it  guarantees  the  widest 
individual  freedom  to  the  best,  most 
patriotic  and  intelligent  class  of  citi 
zens  to be  found  in  the  world.  Sec 
ond,  because  while  its  policy  is  one 
of  peace  it  is  able 
those 
rights  the  submission  to  a  violation 
of  which  means  weakness  and  na 
tional  disaster  ;  and  third  because  it 
is  progression  and  ever  on  the  alert 
to  promote  the  general  welfare  of 
its citizens, and  to  lead  in  the  world's 
march  of  material  and  moral  devel 
opment. 

increased. 

to  defend 

T he 

At 

the 

time 

last  November 

It  has  undertaken 

Every  worthy  motive  appeals  to 
our  government  to  complete  the  en 
the 
terprise. 
work,  it  will  be  difficult  to  abandon 
It  has  the  disastrous  experience 
it. 
of 
the  French  company  before  it. 
T he  mistakes  of  this  company  will 
to  the  United 
be  valuable 
lessons 
to 
is  hostile 
States.  T he  climate 
northern  labor,  but  acclimated  work 
men  can  be  obtained.  T h ey  are  not 
the  most  desirable.  One  American 
laborer  is  worth  two  of  the  South 
Sea  kind.  Thousands  of  men  were 
sacrificed  under  the  French  contrac 
tors,  but  the  laws  of  health  were 
ignored  and  pestilence  was  an 
in 
vited  guest.  Already  under  United 
States  control  the  cess-pools  of  filth 
and  the  breeding  places  of  disease 
are  being  destroyed  and  made  clean. 
Interstate  and 
the 
Foreign  Commerce  Committee  of 
the  I l i u s e of  Representatives  visited 
the  Isthmus 
they 
found  400  marines  at  Emperador  on 
the  line  of  the  proposed  canal  where 
the}-  had  been  for  over  10  months 
and  no  death  or  serious  sickness 
had  occurred  among 
the  n u m b e r; 
this  shows  what  the  observance  of 
the  ordinary  laws  of  health  will  do. 
T h e re  are  some  stupendous  ob 
stacles  in  the  way  of  the  proposed 
canal,  but  they  are  not  insuperable. 
At  the  time  of  the  original  estimate 
of  $iSo,ooo,ooo  for  the  cost  of  the 
waterway  a  canal  with 
locks  was 
I  believe  the  wisest 
contemplated. 
engineers  now  believe 
that  a  sea 
level  canal  should  be  constructed. 
T h is  will  mean  more  work  and 
greater 
the  cost  of 
ma  ntenance  and  operation  will  be 
greatly 
the  benefits 
greater.  T he  best  is  the  cheapest 
in  the  long  run.  But  the  cost  will 
depend  largely  upon  the  ability,  in 
tegrity  and  honesty  employed.  T oo 
jobs  are  the  op 
frequently  public 
portunity 
T he 
management  and  control  of  so  great 

for  public  graft. 

lessened  and 

expense,  but 

6 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

Temptations 

an  enterprise  will  have  the  disburse 
ment  of  millions  of  dollars  for  sup 
plies  and  work. 
to 
profit  from  such  disbursement  will 
be  great,  and  the  government  may 
suffer.  But  with  our  present  great 
the  way  of 
Executive  at  the  head 
the  transgressors  will  be  hard.  Al 
ready  some  wholesome  lessons  in 
civic righteousness  have been  taught, 
the  work  will  be  inaugurated 
and 
under  a  system  best  calculated 
to 
get  full  value  for  every  dollar  ex 
pended. 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  have 
occupied  more  of  your 
time  with 
•this  great  subject  than  I  should,  but 
the  greatest  industrial  and  commer 
cial  enterprise  in 
the  world's  his 
tory,  having  its  origin  in  the  16th 
century  demands  for  its  discussion 
time  than  I  have  con 
even  more 
sumed. 
It  is  not  the  only  subject 
which  you  will  have  an  opportunity 
to  study.  Others  are  pressing  for 
attention.  T he  abilty,  honesty  and 
integrity  which  I  have  mentioned  as 
requsi'e 
to  a  successful  canal  are 
needed  in  all.  Character  and  ability 
in  every  duty  and  vocation  helps, 
not  only  to  build  canals  but  to  build 
up  a  people  worthy  of  the  greatest 
I  congratulate 
respect  and  honor. 
you  upon  your  deserved  advance 
ment  and  trust  you  will  become  the 
useful  citizen,  which  the  State  ex 
pects  you  to  become. 

THE FORWARD MOVEMENT 
IN PLANT BREEDING. 

VICTOR  R.  GARDNER. 

W h en  we  consider  that  one-half 
of  all  human  effort  is  employed  in 
the  food  and  textile  industries  and 
that  the  materials  of  both  are  agri 
cultural  products,  the  larger 
factors 
at  least  which  enter  into  their  pro 
duction  will  be  seen  to  be  of  the 
importance.  A n y t h i ng 
greatest 
which  will 
lessen  the  cost  or  better 
the  quality  of  a  fabric  or  a  food 
must  of  necessity  interest  a  majority 
of  the  people. 
Improvement  in  the 
articles  of  these  industries  has  come 
about  through  better  methods  and 
through  better  materials. 
It is  with 
this  improvement  of  materials  that 
plant  breeding  has  to  do. 
Indeed, 
plant  breeding  is  at  the  bottom  of 
.most  progress 
agricultural 
lines,  for  without  better  plants  and 
m o re  of 
in 
methods  of  handling  them  would  be 
limited. 

improvement 

along 

them 

by 

cultivating 

any  definite 

Formerly  the  plant  breeder  was 
regarded  with  suspicion.  He  spent 
the  most  of  his  time  in  promiscuous 
hybridizing, 
foreign 
plants,  or  producing  rare  and  mon 
strous 
the 
forms.  Charmed 
novelty  of  the  phenomena  he  pro 
duced,  he  kept  on  experimenting, 
forgetful  of 
object 
which  he  may  have  originally  had. 
It  became  a  mere  game  of  chance 
with  nature,  played  for  the  gratifi 
cation  it  afforded.  Many  important 
varieties  and  types  of  plants  have 
originated  in  this  way,  and  this  kind 
of  experimenting  has  been  far  from 
unfruitful.  But  as  the  laws  of  Na 
ture  have  come  to  be  more  fully  un 
derstood  and  her  various  phenom 
ena  have  been  explained  one  by 
one,  as  she  has  gradually  disclosed 
her  secrets  to  the  careful 
investiga 
tor,  plant  breeding  has  lost  some  of 
its  mysteries.  N ew  men  have  gone 
into  the  workhouse  of  nature  and, 
armed  with  the  teachings  of  science, 
have  demanded 
their 
guidance  she  shall  produce  forms  to 

that  under 

their 

meet 
ideals.  W i th  definite 
ideas  as  to  the  yield  or  chemical 
content  of  a  cereal,  the  shape  or 
quality  of  a  fruit,  or  the  color,  size, 
or  fragrance  of  a  flower,  they  have 
set  about  to  so  combine  the 
forces 
of  nature  as 
these  re 
succeeded. 
they  have 
sults,  and 
Plant  breeding  is  no  longer  a  game 
of  dice,  loaded  perhaps  against  you. 
It  is  a  definite  process  for  a  definite 
end. 

to  produce 

to 

Probably  no  class  of  plants 
is 
worthy  of  so  much  attention  as  the 
cereals  —  wheat,  corn,  oats, 
rice. 
T h ey  receive,  at  least,  half  the  culti 
vation  given 
the  plant  king 
In  the  United  States  alone 
dom. 
over  25^  billion  bushels  of  corn  are 
raised  annually.  Selection  is  with 
out  doubt  carried  on  more  carefully 
with  this cereal than  with  any  other. 
farmer  selects  his 
E v e ry  careful 
seed  corn.  Y et  in  Illinois alone,  sys 
tematic  concerted  efforts  have  been 
made  to  improve  it.  H e re  individual 
growers, corn  breeder's  associations, 
farmers'  clubs,  private  companies, 
and  even school  children  have  united 
in  an  attempt 
to  breed  corn  which 
will  yield  more  to  the  acre  and  con 
tain  a  higher  per  cent,  of  oil  and 
protein.  Observation  has  shown 
these  people  that long, slightly  taper 
ing  ears,  with  small  cobs  and  deep 
firmly  packed,  wedge  shaped  ker 
nels  in  straight  parallel  rows  yield 
the  most  shelled  corn  to  the  bushel. 
Chemical  analysis  has  shown 
fur 
ther  that  there  is  great  variation  in 
the  chemical  content  of  kernels  from 
different  ears,  but  that  the  composi 
tion  of  different  kernels  from 
same  ear  is  fairly  constant. 

the 

for 

larger 

N ow  corn  starch  is  worth  about 
one  cent  per  pound,  corn  protein 
about  a  cent  and  a  quarter,  and  corn 
oil  about  five  cents.  T h is  at  once 
suggested  selecting  seed  ears  not 
only  with  good  conformation  but 
with  high  percentage  of  oil  and  pro 
tein. 
It  was  also  found  that  the  oil 
is  contained  mainly  in  the  embryo 
of  the  kernel,  and  hence  selection 
sought  on 
embryos. 
T h is  process  has  been  kept  up  sea 
son  after  season  till  today  types  of 
corn  have  been  developed  yielding 
25  per  cent  more  oil  and  15 per  cent 
more  protein  than  formerly.  T he 
result  has  been  that  within  the  last 
J 5 years  25,000  square  miles  of  corn 
land  has  risen  $5  per  acre  in  value, 
due  alone  to  the  improved  types  of 
maize.  T h is  means  seven  million 
dollars  of  added  wealth  to  Illinois 
in  the  valuation  of  her  land  alone,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  wealth  accruing 
during  these  15  years  from  the 
in 
creased  yields. 

this 

In  Minnesota  at  the  present  time 
efforts  are  being  made  by  the  ex 
periment  station  to increase  the  yield 
of  wheat.  Already  varieties  have 
been  secured  which  will  yield  a 
fourth  to  a  third  more  than  the  old 
increased 
sorts.  E v e ry  year 
three 
two  or 
product  will  mean 
million*  added 
income  to  the  farm 
ing  population  of  that  state ;  and  if 
this  practice  were  extended  over  the 
entire  wheat-producing  w e st 
it 
would  mean  a  hundred  millions  to 
us  annually. 
( W i t h in  the  reach  of 
every  farmer  lie  the  means  to greater 
w e a l t h;  yet  too  often  it  is  not  until 
we  see  ourselves  being  pushed  to 
the  wall  by  the  industries  of  our 
neighbors, that  we  spur  ourselves  to 
action). 

T h i r ty  years  ago  it  was 

thought 
that  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  were 
the  only  states  that  could  raise  rice. 
T h ey  could  not  produce  enough  for 
our  home  consumption  and  millions 
imported 
of  dollars  worth  was 

annually.  T h en  someone  discovered 
that  better  rice  could  be  g r o wn  in 
Texas  and  Louisiana 
than  on  the 
In  15  years  ten 
Atlantic  seaboard. 
the 
million  dollars  was  added 
to 
the 
wealth  of  those  states  through 
rice 
indications 
are  that  we  will  soon  export  this 
cereal. 

industry;  and 

the 

few  years  ago 

F or  years  the  great  staple  of  the 
South  has  been  cotton,  and  well 
might  the  southern  plantation  owner 
be  proud  of  his  cotton  fields  at  har 
vest  time.  Y et  the  cotton  industry 
has  not  been  without  its  discourage 
ments.  A 
it  was 
hampered  by  the  prevalence  of  a 
fungous  disea-e  which  attacked  the 
roots  of 
the  cotton  plant,  ruining 
whole  plantations.  T he  boll  weevil 
the 
was  completing  above  ground 
w o rk  that  the  fungous 
left  undone 
below.  Plant  breeding  came  to  the 
rescue.  T y p es  resistant  to  the  dis 
ease  were  selected  and  bred.  T o 
day  the  cotton  weevil  is  no  longer  a 
terror  to  the  cotton  grower,  and  in 
dications  are  that  the  ravages  of  the 
boll  weevil  may  finally  be  held 
in 
check. 
In  addition  to  this,  cotton 
with  a  longer  and  finer  staple  has 
been  produced. 
Sea 
Island  cotton  has  been  brought  here, 
cultivated,  hybridized  with  our  own 
sorts  and  expensive  foreign  impor 
tations  reduced. 

South 

( ?) 

for 

the 

then 

the  cereals  and 

its 
is  paid 

But  if  plant  breeding  has  done 
fiber 
much 
plants, it  has  done  even  more 
for 
the  fruits.  W h en  the  necessities  of 
luxuries 
life  are  provided  and 
sought,  more  attention 
to 
quality  and  less  to  quantity.  T h u s, 
after 
the  cereals  have  provided  us 
with  the  necessary  food  for  exist 
ence,  we  seek  to  satisfy  our  higher 
physical  wants  with  fruits. 
Plant 
breeding  must  meet  these  demands 
with  better  qualit  es,  finer  flavors, 
and  more  delicate  tints  and  aromas. 
Probably  no  fruit  better  illustrates 
progress  in  plant  breeding  than  the 
grape.  T he  story  of  its  evolution 
in  America  reads  like  a  romance. 
A  century  ago  grape  culture  in  the 
United  States  was  practically  un 
known.  All  attempts  to  grow 
the 
European  varieties  were  without 
success.  T h en  someone  began  cul 
tivating  the  wild species.  Seedlings 
were raised.  A m o ng  them  appeared 
the  C a t a w b a;  then  Ponds  Seedling  ; 
famous  Concord. 
and 
Viticulture  in  America  was  now  on 
a  sound  basis.  T he  next  step  was 
to  hybridize  these  standard  Ameri 
can  sorts  with  the  European  species, 
but  the  cross  was  too  violent  for  the 
followed 
best  results.  T h en 
the 
is  now  being  em 
method,  which 
ployed,  of  crossing 
these  hybrid 
plants  with  our  own  sorts.  Gradu 
ally  the  Vinifera  blood  of  the  Euro 
into 
pean  species  is  being  infused 
that  of  our  native  species 
through 
these  attenuated  hybrids  and  a  su 
fruits 
perior 
family  of  American 
fully 
produced.  Already  we  have 
a  thousand  varieties  suited  to  a  wide 
range  of  soil  and  climate  conditions. 
4,000  varieties  of 
apples  there  isn't  a  farmer  in  Amer 
ica  that  should  be  without  this  king 
of  fruits.  A  hundred  years  ago  the 
pioneers  of  the  great  northwest  took 
along  apple  seeds  and  planted  them. 
T he  seedlings  grew,  but  soon 
the 
their  arid  sum 
hot,  dry  winds  of 
mers,  or 
their  bleak, 
cheerless  winters  withered  or  froze 
them.  T he  settlers  were  discour 
aged  and  apparently  the  northwest 
was  to  be  a  fruitless  region,  grow 
ing  nothing  but  her  worthless  crabs. 
But  plant  breeding  came  and  con 
quered  the  northwest,  not  with  irri 

the  cold  of 

W i th 

over 

in 

gation  and  windbreaks,  but 
the 
face  of  her  own  heat  and  wind  and 
seed 
cold.  Literally  millions  of 
lings  w e re  g r o w n;  varieties 
from 
northern  Russia  and  Siberia  w e re 
imported; 
the  native  crabs  w e re 
selected  and  hybridized;  and  all 
these  were  crossed  and  re-crossed, 
till 
the  northwest  has  an 
apple  flora  of  her  own  —  made  not 
of  her  native  crabs,  not  of  eastern 
varieties,  nor  of  the  Russian 
types, 
but  of  all  these  —  b ; st  suited  to  h er 
own  conditions. 

today 

T he  evolution  of  our  native  plums, 
our  strawberries,  and  our 
tomatoes 
has  been  even  more  phenomenal. 
Suffice  it  to  say  that  varieties  have 
been  produced  which  aim  to  satisfy 
every  condition  of  soil,  climate,  and 
market. 

F o r ty  years  ago  a  commercial 
greenhouse  was  unknown.  Today 
it  is  estimated  that  1,000  acres  are 
under  glass  for  the  forcing  of  vege 
tables  and  ornamental  plants,  repre 
senting  an  annual  output  of  twenty-
five  million  dollars.  Go  into  one  of 
the  ranges  of  greenhouses  covering 
14  acres  near  Chicago  or  into  one 
the  smaller  ones  near  our  own 
of 
Grand  Rapids  at  Christmas 
tide, 
see  perhaps  an  acre  of  roses  or  car 
nations  or  violets  in  full  bloom,  and 
then  decide  whether  or  not  plant 
breeding  which  has  made  possible 
these  types  of  plants  has  not  made 
the  world  more  beautiful  and  better. 
Ask  the  proprietor  if  it  is not  profit 
able. 

A  discussion  of  plant  breeding 

to 

tirelessly 

improved 

would  be  incomplete  without  a  men 
tion  of  Luther  Burbank,  the  man 
w ho  probably  has  done  and  is doing, 
more  for  plant  breeding  than  any 
one  else.  Patiently, 
for 
the  past  30  years  he  has  been  at 
work  on  his  farm  at  Santa  Rosa, 
Cal.  During  this  time  he  has  raised 
hundreds  of  millions of  plants,  work 
ing  with  over  2,500  species.  He 
has  not  only  given 
the  world 
huudreds  of  valuable  new  varieties, 
such  as  the  Wickson  plum  and  Bur-
bank  potato,  but  he  has  actually 
produced  new  species.  He  found  a 
weed  on 
the  hills  of  N ew  Y o r k. 
He  took  it  home, cultivated,  selected 
it,  in  ten  years 
and 
the 
result  was 
the  Shasta  daisy.  He 
has  crossed  the  plum  with  the  apri 
cot,  producing  an  entirely  new  fruit, 
the  plumcot.  He  has  produced 
pitless  plums  and  thornless  black 
berries  of  wonderful  quality  and 
productiveness.  He  has  made  a  hy 
brid  walnut,  whose  nuts  a'e 
three 
times  the  size  of  an  ordinary  walnut 
and  which  grows  as  large  in  a  sea 
son  as  its  parent  will  in  a  genera 
tion,— indeed,  he  has  made  the  wal 
nut  the  fas'est  g r o w i ng  tree  in  the 
temperate  zone.  His  really  superior 
varieties  are  many,  his  novelties 
J u st  now  the  creation 
numberless. 
to  be  of  greater 
which  promises 
economic 
than  all  his 
past  work  put  together  is  his  edible 
cactus.  He  has  taken  the  cactus  of 
the  prairies,  bred  out  its  spines  and 
woody  spicules,  increased 
its  size 
and  vigor,  trained  it  to  withstand 
heat  and  cold  and  drouth,  and  made 
it  a  veritable  storehouse  of  whole 
some  food  and  nutriment.  W i th  it 
the  desert  regions  may  be  made  to 
bloom  and  millions  can  thrive  on 
food  from  land  heretofore  unfruit 
ful.  These  are  but  a  few  of 
the 
things  he  has  actually  accomplished. 
He  has  others  planned  which  prom 
ise  even  more  to  humanity. 

importance 

All 

this  plant  breeding  means 
t wo  things  to  the  consumer  of  plant 
products, — lower  prices  and  better 
larger  part  of 
qualities.  To 

the 

mankind  will  be  afforded  more  of 
life's  luxuries  in  the  shape  of  whole 
some 
and 
fruits  and  vegetables 
more  of  its  beauties  in  the  shape  of 
flowers  and  ornamentals. 
In  short, 
plant  breeding  is  making  possible  a 
higher  plane  of  living. 

to 

the 

to  yield 

T he  outlook  in  plant  breeding  is 
bright.  E n o u gh  has  been  accom 
plished  to  demonstrate  that  the  field 
is  fruitful.  Much  yet  remains  to  be 
done.  Varieties  need  to  be  bred  re 
sistant 
inroads  of  bacteria, 
fungi  and  insects.  Qualities,  flavor, 
and  aromas  without  end  need  to  be 
added,  taken  away,  strengthened,  or 
blended.  H u n d r e ds  of  wild  species 
may  be  made 
to 
man.  W h e t h er  on  the  arid  prairies 
or 
the  snow-capped  mountains  of 
the  west,  the  shifting  sand  dunes  of 
Michigan,  or  the  dismal  swamps  of 
Florida,  Nature  is  there  with  some 
form  of  vegetation.  She  gives  the 
suggestion,  it  only  remains  for  man 
to  heed 
that  suggestion,  act  with 
her,  and  make  these  places  one  and 
all  contribute  to  our  happiness  and 
welfare.  T he  movement 
for 
ward,  for  a  wiser  cultivation  and  a 
better  people. 

tribute 

is 

THE  D E V E L O P M E NT  OF 
ELECTRIC  TRACTION. 

these 

T he  nineteenth  century  was  a 
period  of  unprecedented  growth  in 
the  field  of  invention  and  scientific 
discovery.  During 
years 
many  ideas  were  suggested  and  de 
veloped  which  have  had  a  great 
effect  upon  a  number  of  long  estab 
lished  customs.  T he  steam 
rail 
road,  the  harvesting  machine,  the 
the  gas  engine, 
sewing  machine, 
the 
dynamite,  Bessemer  steel  and 
turbine,  each  of  which  has 
steam 
had  a  remarkable 
its 
own  field,  all  stand  as  products  of 
man's  genius  during 
the  last  hun 
dred  years. 

influence 

in 

field.  T he 

the  electrical 

More  wonderful,  however, 

than 
any  others,  and  more  familiar,  are 
the  discoveries  and  inventions  made 
in 
tele 
graph  was  a  marvelous  achievement 
of  science  and  has  been  far  reach 
ing  in  its  beneficial  influence.  T he 
introduction  of  the  telephone  formed 
a  startling  departure  from  the  estab 
lished  methods  of  communication, 
while 
the  application  of  electrical 
energy  to  illumination  soon  after 
ward,  was 
renewed 
surprise  and 
interest.  A m o ng  all 
of  the  developments  in  the  science 
of  electricity,  however, 
the  one 
which  has  had  the  most  remarkable 
g r o w th  and  which  promises  most 
for  the  future  is  its  application 
to 
the  production  of  power,  with  spe 
cial  reference  to  electric  traction,  in 
vestments  in  which  field  now  great 
ly  exceed  those  in  telegraphy,  tele 
phony  or  electric  lighting. 

the  cause  of 

to  1861 

Previous 

the  primary  battery. 

experiments 
with 
respect  to  transportation  by 
means  of  electrical  energy  were  not 
of  much  practical  importance  ow 
ing  to  the  fact  that  the  only  source 
of  electricity  open  to  experimenters 
was 
T he 
large  number  and  consequent  cost 
of  the  batteries  needed  to  obtain  a 
sufficiently  powerful  current  made 
im 
commercial  success  for  a  time 
possible.  After 
invention  of 
the  continuous  current  dynamo  in 
1861  and  the  discovery,  a  few  years 
later,  that 
it  could  be  used  as  a 
means  of  obtaining  power  also,  if 
an  electric  current  was  supplied  to 
it,  experiments  in  electric 
traction 
were  m#Ae  with  a  more  hopeful 
T he  pioneers 
prospect  ot  SMcess. 

the 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

7 

in  this  new  field  of  electrical  science 
—Siemens,  Field,  Edison,  V an 
and  others—made 
DePoele,  Daft 
many 
interesting  and  valuable  ex 
periments  and  contributed  greatly  to 
the  rapid  development  of  the  elec 
railway.  Between  1879  and 
tric 
1884  many  short  experimental  lines 
were  built,  and  their  success  prom 
ised  much  for  a  future  g r o w t h. 

In 

time 

T he  building  of  electric  railroads 
as  a  commercial  venture  may  be 
said  to  have  begun  in  1884. 
In  that 
year  one  was  installed  on  the  streets 
of  Cleveland  and  entered  into  com 
petition  with  the  lines  operated  with 
horses.  T he  new  system  was  quite 
successful  but  its  growth  was  slow 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  establish 
ing  public  confidence  in  its  practic 
ability. 
the  next  two  years  a 
number  of  improvements  were  made 
and  electric  roads  were  established 
in  several  other  American  cities. 
T he  first  important 
installation  of 
electric  motive  power  for  transpor 
tation  purposes  was  made  in  Rich 
mond,  Virginia,  in  1887, and  its  suc 
cess  gave  a  great  stimulus  to  the 
development  of  the  industry.  F r om 
that 
its  future  was  assured. 
Its  growth  was  rapid,  and  from  a 
total  of  48  miles  in  1887  the  mileage 
of  electric  roads  today  has  increased 
to  30,000—certainly  a  good  show 
ing  for  eighteen  years  of  operation. 
T he  reasons  for  this  growth  of 
electric 
in  its 
great  applicability,  and  ease  and 
convenience  of  operation. 
T he 
slower 
transportation  provided  by 
the  horse  car  and  the  increased  com-
f  >rt of  the electric  car  were  sufficient 
grounds  for  the abandonment  of  the 
former  in  favor  of  the  latter  system. 
T he  greater  cost  of  establishing  a 
cable  line  on  new  streets,  as  well  as 
the  greater  simplicity  of  the  elec 
trical  system  were  arguments  which 
operated  to  its  advantage,  while  the 
cleanliness  and  convenience  of  elec 
in 
tricity  as  compared  with  steam 
the  operation  of 
roads 
have  led  to its almost  universal  adop 
tion  for  this  purpose. 

traction  are 

suburban 

found 

F r om  this  last  application  of  elec 
tricity  many  benefits  have  been  de 
rived.  T he 
temporary 
facility  of 
escape  from  the  crowded  districts of 
large  cities  which  it  offers  enables 
many  people 
to  obtain  a  needed 
change  of  scene  and  the  benefits  of 
country  air. 
tends 
to  build  up  the  country  surrounding 
the  cities,  since  it  makes  it  possible 
for  business  men  to  reside  at  some 
distance  from  their  place  of  employ 
ment. 
facilities 
which  electric  traction  gives,  manu 
facturing 
industries  may  be  estab 
lished  in  the  suburban  districts,  thus 
aiding  in  their  growth. 

It  furthermore 

Because  of 

the 

roads 

in  the 

it  began 

tunnels  built  under 

At  first,  electricity  was  applied  to 
the  surface  city  railways  alone,  but 
it  was  not  long  until 
to 
supplant  steam  in  the  operation  of 
large  cities, 
elevated 
it  is  in  general  use  for 
and  today 
this  purpose.  Besides 
its  use  on 
elevated  roads  electricity  is  also  used 
as  a  motive  power  in  driving  cars 
the 
through 
streets  of  the  large  cities.  Splendid 
examples  of  this  late  development 
of  electric traction  are  found  in  N ew 
Y o rk  and  London  where,  after  the 
expenditure  of  vast  sums  of  money 
and  years  of  labor,  systems  of  rail 
ways  have  been  built  benea'h 
the 
the  busy  thoroughfares, 
surface  of 
the  whole  undertaking 
standing 
as  one  of  the  greatest  achievements 
of  modern  engineering  skill. 
In 
stead  of  being  limited  like  the  sur 
face  cars, to  a  speed  depending  upon 
the 
the  conditions  of 

traffic  on 

streets,  these  underground  or  sub 
way  railroads  can  be  operated  at  a 
high  speed  and  on  a  time  schedule, 
being  entirely  free  from  outside  in 
fluences  and  stopping  only  at  regu 
lar  underground  stations  connecting 
with  the  street  surface  above.  T he 
saving  of  time  effected  by  means  of 
this  high  speed  and  regularity  of 
service  is  of  considerable  importance 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  success 
the  systems  already  built  will 
of 
lead  to  the  construction  of  similar 
subway  systems  in  other  large  cities. 
In  addition 
service 
electric  traction  has  found  an  exten 
sive  application  in  mining  work  and 
the  hauling  of  freight  on  city 
in 
this  work  electric  loco 
lines.  F or 
motives 
equipped  with  powerful 
motors  and  hauling  trains  of  several 
cars  are  used. 

to  passenger 

track  and 

Methods  of 

roadbed 
construction  as  well  as  the  equip 
the  cars,  have  changed 
ment  of 
greatly  since 
introduction 
the  first 
of  electric  traction.  W h en  electric 
ity  began  to  displace  the  horse  as 
a  motive  power 
the  old  horse-car 
tracks  were  utilized  and  did  quite 
well  until  the  increased  speed  and 
weight  of  later  types  of  the  electric 
car  made  heavier  rails  necessary 
to 
the  comfort  of  the  passengers.  T he 
first  cars  weighed  three  or  four  tons 
and  were  about  four  horse-power, 
today  many  of  the  interurban  cars 
the  horse 
weigh  forty 
tons  and 
three  hundred. 
power  aggregates 
To  accommodate  this 
in 
increase 
weight  and  power,  more  careful  at 
the  grading 
tention  was  given  to 
and  ballasting  of  the  track,  in  addi 
tion 
to  using  heavier  rails  and  a 
broader  gauge.  T he  present  prac 
tice  of  important  electric  roads  is  to 
make  use  of  the  standard  rail  and 
gauge  of  the  steam  railroad,  so  that 
construction  now 
their 
compares  very  favorably  with 
the 
best  of  the  latter. 

road-bed 

the 

too  much  danger 
regard 

T he  cars  have  also  changed  great 
ly.  T he  main  object  of 
first 
builders  of  electric  railways  seems 
to  have been  to  transport  the  passen 
to 
gers  without 
to 
lives  and  without 
their 
their  personal  comfort;  but 
the 
large  interurban  car  of  the  present 
time  is  built  to  run  smoothly,  its  in 
terior 
and 
everything  is  provided  that  tends  to 
increase  the  comfort  of  the  passen 
gers.  Sleeping  cars  are  even  pro 
vided  on  some  of  the  long  electric 
roads. 

is  beautifully 

finished 

the 

iron 

electric 

supported  above 

trolley  system,  the 

is  kept  in  contact  with 

T he  three  best  known  methods of 
current 
obtaining 
the 
which  supplies  the  cars  a r e: 
overhead 
third 
rail  system  and  the  conduit  system. 
trolley  system  con 
T he  overhead 
sists  simply  of  a  copper  wire  of 
the 
proper  size 
center  of  the  track  and 
furnishing 
current  to  a  small  revolving  wheel, 
the 
which 
wire  by  means  of  an 
trolley 
pole.  T he  current,  after  passing 
through  the  latter,  is  conducted  by 
means  of  insulated  wires  to  the  mo 
through 
first  being  carried 
tors, 
suitable  regulating  devices. 
the  overhead 

trolley 
does  very  well  for  city  traffic  and 
the  small  suburban  roads it has  been 
inter 
found 
urban  traffic  are  so  heavy  that  some 
other  method  of  supplying  current 
to 
this 
the  cars  is  desirable.  F or 
purpose  the  third  rail  system  has 
inter 
been  used  on  a  number  of 
urban  roads  and  has  proven  to  be 
very  successful. 
In  this  system  the 
current  is  supplied  by  means  of  an 
ordinary  rail  which  is most  common 

the  demands  of 

A l t h o u gh 

that 

through 

ly  supported  on  the  ties  a  short  dis 
rails 
tance  outside  of  the  running 
and  elevated  several  inches  above 
the  roadbed.  An  iron  casting  called 
a  contact  shoe  is  supported  on  the 
sides  of  each  truck  of  a  car  in  such 
a  position  that  it  rests  directly  upon 
the  third  rail.  A  vertical  movement 
of  the  shoe,  to  provide  for  inequali 
ties  in  the  level  of  the  track, is  made 
possible  by  means  of  toggle  joints. 
Current  is  supplied  to  the  third  rail, 
it  is  conducted  to  the 
from  which 
motors 
the  contact  shoes 
resting  upon  this  rail.  To  protect 
the  top  of  the  rail  from  sleet  and 
snow  some  roads  have  been  con 
structed  with  an 
iron  covering  a 
short  distance  above  the  rail,  so  ar 
ranged  as  to  allow  a properly  shaped 
contact  shoe  to  enter  an  opening 
iron  roof. 
between  the  rail  and  the 
In  large  cities  the  poles  and  wires 
of  an  overhead 
trolley  system  are 
not  only  unsightly,  but  form  an  ob 
struction  upon  crowded  streets,  and 
since  the  use  of  a  third  rail  is  im 
possible  on  account  of  danger  of 
shock  the  conducting  circuit  is some 
times  placed  underground.  A  con 
duit  provided  with  a  slot  running 
lengthwise  in  its  upper  side  is  built 
beneath  the  center  of  the  track  and 
two  uninsulated  metallic  conductors 
are  supported  beneath  the  slot.  An 
iron  rod  carrying  two  contact  shoes 
the  bottom  of 
from 
and  hanging 
the  car,  runs  in  the  slot  and  presses 
the  two  shoes  one  against  each  con 
ductor.  One  of 
the  metallic  con 
ducting  strips  thus  acts  as  a  source 
of  supply  and  the  other  as  a  return 
circuit. 
third 
rail  systems 
the  rails  upon  which 
the  cars  run  form  the  return  path  of 
the  current,  but  because  of  the  diffi 
culty  of  forming  good  electrical  con 
nection  between  the  ends  of  the  rails 
some  of  the  current  passes  through 
the  ground  and  tends  to  cause  great 
damage 
pipes, 
through  the  electrolytic  action  which 
it 
the 
metallic  return  system,  as  exempli 
fied  in  the  conduit  construction,  is 
far  superior. 

In  the  overhead  and 

induces.  F or 

underground 

reason 

this 

to 

in 

With  the  improvements  in  track 
construction  and 
the  motor  equip 
ment  there  has  come  about  a  great 
increase 
the  speed  of  electric 
road-.  For  a  number  of  years  the 
maximum  rate  attained  was  20  miles 
an  hour.  Today  the  large  interurban 
cars  can  easily  travel  at  the  rate  of 
60  miles  an  hour,  while  upon  an  ex 
perimental  road  in  Germany  a  spec 
ially  constructed 
car  recently  at 
tained  the  great  maximum  speed  of 
130  miles  an  hour, a  result  which  al 
though  quite  interesting  was  secured 
at  too  great  a  cost  of  operation  to  be 
of  immediate  importance. 

T he  last  few  years  have  produced 
such  a  great  development  in  electric 
traction  that  it  is  difficult  if  not  im 
possible,  to  prophesy  what  the  fu 
ture  will  bring  forth  in  the  way  of 
further 
alter 
advancement.  T he 
nating  current  motor  gives  promise 
of  great  results  and  it  is  very  prob 
able  that  in  a  few  years  many  roads 
will  employ  the  a'ternating  current 
in  preference  to  the  direct  current 
system,  which  is  in  such  general  use 
now.  Some  of  the  leading  electri 
that  electric 
cal  engineers  predict 
traction  will 
supplant 
steam  on  the  great  trunk  lines  and 
that  the  steam  locomotive  is  doomed 
to  final  rejection.  While  too  much 
faith  must  not  be  placed  in  the  truth 
there  is  no  doubt 
of  this  assertion 
in  store 
that  there  is  a  great  future 
for  electric 
the 
that 
traction  and 
success  of  the  system  is  assured. 

eventually 

8 

THE  M. A.  C.  RECORD. 

THE  HISTORY OF WOMAN'S 
EDUCATION  IN THE 
UNITED  STATES. 

years 

interest 

thousand 

T h e re  is  perhaps  no  question  of 
toward  which 
universal 
mankind  has  been  so  consistently 
and  unworthily  conservative  as  that 
It  has  taken 
of  woman's  education. 
several 
the 
for 
world  to  consent  to  educational  free 
dom  for  women.  Several  thousand 
years  to  win  the  mere  acknowledg 
ment  of 
think  and 
right 
know  ;  this  is  the  tardy  gift  to  its 
daughters  of  a  civilization  which 
boasts  itself  the  culmination  of  the 
world's  life  time  of  development. 

the 

to 

We  have  little  evidence  that  our 
forefathers  of  early  colonial  days 
felt  the  importance  of  education  for 
their  daughters. 
It  is  probable  that 
in  the  home  many  of  them  learned 
to  read  and  write,  but  this  was  the 
extent  of  their  education  with  the 
exception  of  the  domestic  training 
they  received.  T he  Dame  schools 
were,  however,  open  to  girls  from 
the 
special 
function  was  to  provide  the  boys 
with  the  rudiments  of  English  as  a 
preparation 
g r a m m ar 
schools. 

start,  although 

their 

the 

for 

granted 

occasional 

As  time went  on grammar  schools 
increased  in  numbers,  but  we  find 
instances  where 
onlv 
girls  were  admitted  to  their  privi 
leges  until  1784  when  Dorchester 
voted  "that  such  girls  as  could  read 
the  psalter  be  allowed  to  attend  the 
grammar  school  from  the  first  day 
of  J u ne  to  the  first  of  October." 
T he  eagerness  with  which 
the 
girls  availed  themselves  of  any  edu 
cational  privileges 
them 
was  taken  advantage  of  by  private 
teachers  and  several  private  schools 
were  opened.  At  Medford,  Mass 
achusetts,  an  institution  for  girls 
dignified  with 
the  title  of~-"Acad-
e m y"  was  opened  in  1789  and  was 
the  first  of  its  kind  in  N ew  E n g 
land.  Bradford  Academy  founded 
a  little  later  originally  admitted  both 
sexes,  but  the  girls  gradually  dis 
placed  the  boys  and  for  many  years 
it  has  been  one  of  the  best  known 
schools  for  girls  in  the  East. 
In  its 
early  days  the  course  of  study  con 
sisted 
of  Geography,  Rhetoric, 
Pope's  "Essay  on  M a n ,"  Grammar, 
Composition,  embroidery  on  satin, 
and  the  study  of  the  Bible. 

in  N ew  England. 

In  other  parts  of  the  country  we 
find  less  willingness  on  the  part  of 
schools  to  admit  girls  than  was  the 
case 
I n-  the 
South,  the  home  was  generally 
thought  to  be  school  enough 
for 
them and the household  duties  a  suf 
ficiently  extended  curriculum. 

W h en  it  had been  proved  beyond 
a  doubt  by  the  academies  and  sem 
inaries  for  women,  which  sprang  up 
during  the  early  part  of  the  nine 
teenth  century,  that  sex  differences 
were  not  of  so  much  importance  in 
education  as  had  been  supposed, 
institutions  of  a  still  higher  grade 
were  founded.  Some  of  the  acade 
mies  by  adding  a  year  or  more  to 
their  course  of  study  became  col 
leges  ;  while  at  the  same  time  n ew 
institutions  sprang  up in  considerable 
numbers.  T he  colleges  for  men, 
too, when  the entire  feasibility  of co 
education  had  been  established  by 
the  secondary  schools,  opened  their 
doors  to  women  and  today  as  a  re 
sult  of  all the  moves in  the  direction 
for  women, 
of  higher  education 
there  are  three  classes  of  education 
al  institutions  which  admit 
t h e m; 
first,  colleges  for  women  upon  dis 
tinct  and  separate  foundations  ;  sec 

ond,  women's  colleges  affiliated  with 
universities  for  men ;  third,  co-edu 
cational  institutions  in  which  both 
sexes  have  equal  privileges. 

Of  the  three  classes  the  first  was 
the  earliest 
in  the  field,  the 
third 
later,  while  the  second 
but  a  little 
is  the  product  of  the  latter  part  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 

T he  so-called  "four  great  colleges 
forwomen"are  Vassar, Smith,  Well-
esley,  and  Bryn  M a w r.  T he  in 
tention  of  M a t t h ew  Vassar  in  found 
ing  Vassar  was  to  found  and  equip 
an  institution  which  should  accom 
plish  for  young  women  what  our 
colleges are accomplishing  for  young 
men.  At  the  opening  of  Vassar  in 
1865  the  trustees  and  faculty  made 
an  honest  attempt  to  discover  and 
introduce  certain  modifications  in the 
system  of  intellectual  training  then 
in  operation  in  the  best  colleges  for 
men.  T h ey  planned  from  the start to 
give  much  more  time  to  accomplish 
ments,  such  as  music,  drawing  and 
painting,  than  was  given  in  men's 
colleges,  and  this  example  was  fol 
lowed  ten  years  later  by  Wellesley 
and  Smith.  These  accomplishments; 
however,  have  gradually  fallen  out 
of  the  course  and  neither  Vassar 
nor  Wellesley  allows  time  spent  in 
them 
the 
bachelor's  degree.  Smith,  alone,  of 
the  colleges  of  its  class  still  permits 
nearly  one-sixth  of  the  whole  col 
lege  course 
to  ac 
complishments. 

to  be  counted 

to  be  devoted 

toward 

Smith  and  Wellesley,  founded  in 
1875,  are  within  one  hundred  miles 
of  one  another^  yet  each  has  risen 
to  the  first  rank  among  colleges  for 
women. 

therefore 

H e n ry  F.  Durant 

founded  W e l 
lesley  as  "a  college  for  the  glory  of 
God  by  the  education  and  culture 
of  women."  T he 
first  experience 
of  Wellesley  coincides  with  that  of 
Vassar—young  women  were  poorly 
fitted  to  do  the  work  offered 
them, 
fitting  classes  were 
and 
a  necessity  and a  preparatory  depart 
ment  was  added.  T h is 
lasted  for 
five  years,  but  since  1880  only  col 
legiate  courses  have  been  offered. 
is  very  complete  and 
T he  course 
covers  four  years,  including 
four 
modern 
languages,  Greek,  Latin, 
science  and  history,  embracing  an 
extended  course  in  political  and  so 
cial  science  and  constitutional  his 
tory,  botany,  physics,  and  mathe 
matics,  and  a  study  of  the  Bible. 
After 
the  freshman  year  opportu 
nity  for  specialization  is  afforded  by 
the  re 
elective  work 
mainder  of  the  course,  music,  draw 
ing,  and  painting  being  offered  as 
extra  studies.  T he  course  of  study 
has  changed  but  little  since  the  pre 
paratory  department  was  dropped. 
T he  equipment  of  Bryn  Mawr, 
lines  is 

especially  along  scientific 
unexcelled.  No preparatory  depart 
ment  has  ever  been  maintained,  but 
a  larger  number  of  students  are pur 
suing  advanced  w o rk  there  than  in 
all  the  other  separate  colleges  for 
women  of  the  first  rank  taken  to 
gether. 

throughout 

T he  great  advance  in  the  higher 
education  of  women  made  during 
the  last  half  century  could  scarcely 
be  overlooked  by  the  older  colleges 
for  men.  T h r o u g h o ut 
the  west 
they  have accommodated  themselves 
to  the  movement  by  opening  their 
doors  fully  to  both  sexes  and  be 
coming 
co-educational. 
T h is  plan  had some  followers  in the 
east  and  south,  yet  there  conserva 
tism  in  educational  matters  is  strong 
and  in  several  of  the  older  universi 
ties  a  compromise  was  made  by  the 
establishment  of  affiliated  colleges 

generally 

for  womem  T h ey  are  under 
the 
same  board  of  control  as  those  for 
men  and  Usually  have 
the  same 
faculties,  but 
the  women  are  in 
structed  separately.  Five  of  such 
women's  departments  are  in  opera-
-  tion  ;  among  them,  Barnard  College 
connected  with  Columbia  and  R a d-
cliffe  College  affiliated  with  Har 
vard. 

institution  of 

Co-education  in  higher  institutions 
of  learning  is  a western  product  and 
is 
there  very  generally  practiced. 
Oberlin,  founded  in  1833,  has  the 
credit  for  being  the  first  fully  co 
educational 
college 
It  was  twenty 
rank  in  the  world. 
years  before  another  followed 
its 
example  and  this  time  also  within 
the  same  state.  Antioch  College, 
at  Yellow  Springs,  O., was  opened 
in  1853 under  the  presidency  of  the 
renowned  educator,  Horace  Mann. 
One  of  his  aims  was  to  make  its 
advantages,  whatever 
they  were, 
equally  open 
to  both  sexes.  No 
one  has  ever  questioned  co-educa 
tion  at  Antioch,  for  whether  from 
the  point  of  view  of 
intellectual 
capacity,  or  physical  endurance,  or 
moral  purity  it  affirms  the  wisdom 
of  the experiment  in  co-education. 

A  new and valuable  feature  added 
to  the  college  courses  for  women  in 
some  colleges  is the domestic  science 
course. 

In  the  early  days  besides  the  or 
dinary  domestic  occupations  were 
the  making  of  butter  and  cheese, 
spinning  and  weaving  of  woolen 
cloth,  and  the  cutting  and  making 
of  homespun  garments  for  the  fam 
ily,  and  every  girl  was  trained  to 
these  tasks.  A p a rt  from  its  useful 
ness 
this 
the  educational  value  of 
training  was  unquestionable,  but 
with  the  increase  of  inventions  and 
machinery  these  tasks  have  passed 
has  given  women 
away.  T h is 
more 
lost 
they  have 
some  of  the valuable  domestic  train 
ing  and  therefore,  the  domestic  sci 
ence  is  a  valuable  addition. 

leisure,  but 

subject  of  household 
eco 
T he 
nomics 
is  by  no  means  narrow. 
W h en  we  consider  that  the  subject 
may  well embrace  not only  questions 
relating 
to  food,  its  selection  and 
preparation,  analysis  and  dangers, 
but  also  clothing,  health,  and  the 
economical  aspect  of  the  household, 
the  architecture,  equipment  and  art 
of  the house, the  sanitation  and  ven 
tilation  of  the  rooms,  and  finally  the 
ethics  of  our  individual 
lives,  we 
may  surely 
find  a  full  course  of 
stud}'.  Such  a  course  may  include 
subjects  of  physics, 
the  general 
chemistry, 
bacteriology, 
biology, 
physiology  and  hygiene,  art,  archi 
tecture,  and  economics  considered 
to  the  subjects  of 
with 
cooking,  marketing,  sewing, 
food 
analysis  and  dietetics. 

reference 

T he  higher  education  of  women 
should  not become  specialized  house 
there  should 
hold  economics,  but 
also  be  room  enough  for  culture 
studies,  for  languages,  history,  phil 
osophy,  and  mathematics.  T he 
scope  of  woman's  education  should 
be  broad,  but  there  should  be  the 
differentiation  in  respect  to  the  fu 
ture  uses  of  the  education 
that  we 
find  in  our  men's  colleges,  and  her 
education  is  not  completed  until  she 
has  attained  a  coTnpletely  fashioned 
will,  which  will  know  how  to  con 
trol  and  direct  her  in  life,  and  the 
mental  power  to  judge  and  care  for 
herself  in  every  way. 
O ur  American 

girls  will  not 
blindly  obey  what  seems 
to  them 
arbitrary  rules.  T h ey  can  be  ruled 
only  by  winning 
their  conviction  ; 
in  other  words  they  will  rule  them 

selves,  and  therefore  they  should  be 
so educated  that  they  do this  wisely. 

Lansing,  Mich.,  J u ne  21st,  1905. 

B ON  B E N N E T T. 

ALUMNI  AT COMMENCE 
MENT. 

Prof. C. L. Bemis, '74, Ionia 
Prof. J. R. McColl, 'go, Purdue University 
Prof. J. W. Rittenger,  '94, and wife, South 

Bend,  Ind 

L. H. Van Wormer,  '95, Lansing 
R. L. Clute, '96, Philippine  Islands 
A. T. Swift,  '99, Saginaw 
Mr. and Mrs. Ranney, 'oo-'99, Belding 
S. L. Christianson, with '00, Scottdale, Pa. 
H. B. Gunnison,  '00, Detroit 
Celia Harrison,  '01, West Superior 
L. B. Littell  '01, and wife 
Gertrude Van Loo, '02, Zeeland 
Lyman  Carrier, '02 
Hannah  Bach, sp 'o2-'o3, Sebewaing 
Blanch  Covell, sp 'o2-'o3, Whitehall 
C. B. Rose, '02, Detroit. 
E. R. Bennett,  '02, Conn. Agr'l College 
Irving Gingrich,  '02, South  Bend, Ind. 
N. B. Horton, '02, Fruit  Ridge 
Bessie Buskirk,  '03, Wayland 
Ora  Luther, sp 'o3-'o4, Coopersville 
B. T. Hesse, '03, Napoleon 
F.  H. Sanford,  '03, St. Charles 
Gertrude Slaght, '04, Davison 
Katherine  Slaght, '04, Davison 
Jewel Lee, '04, Laingsburg 
Elizabeth  Johns, '04, Wixom 
Robert  Baldwin, '04. Brown City 
G. V. Howard,  '04, Wyandotte. 
A. A. Rosenberry,  '04, Los Angeles, Cal. 
Paul B. Pierce, '04, Ann Arbor. 
Clark  Brody, '04, Fabius. 
W. S. Merick,  '04, Kalamazoo. 
M. W. Tabor, '04, Manistee. 
Jessie  Palmer,  '04, Kalkaska. 
Dora Skeels, with '04, Harrietta. 
Dorr Skeels, with  '04, Ann Arbor. 
Helena  Laurence, sp. 'o3'o4.  Hudson. 
Cara  Farmer,  sp. '03-'o4,  Grand  Blanc. 
H. T. French, with '06, of Purdue. 

Little  Katherine  Hedrick,  w ho 
was  operated  upon  last  Tuesday  for 
appendicitis,  is  doing  • as  well  as 
could  be.expected.  T he  operation 
was  of  a  more  serious  nature 
than 
was  anticipated. 

W i th  the  exception  of  those  w ho 
remain  at  the  College  to  work  dur 
ing  the  summer,  the  students  have 
all  gone  home.  Several  members 
of  the  teaching  force  have  also  left 
and  the campus  begins  to seem  quite 
deserted. 

NEW  BOOKS  IN  LIBRARY. 

Gulick,  Physical  Education  by 

Muscular  Exercise. 

Ice  Cream  and  Cakes. 
Johnson,  Differential  Calculus. 
Jessup,  Book  of  the  Short  Story. 
Johnston,  History  of  the  Library 

of  Congress. 

J o r d a n,  Foot-notes  to  Evolution. 
Johnston,  To  Have  and  to  Hold. 
and 
Landolt,  Optical  Activity 

Chemical  Composition. 

Leavitt,  Facts  About  Peat. 
Leffmann,  Structural  Formula;. 
Lassar-Cohn,  Chemistry  in  Daily 

Life. 

of 
Lassar-Cohn,  Applications 
General  Chemical  Reactions  to  In 
vestigations  in  Organic  Chemistry. 

L a m b,  Infinitisimal  calculus. 
London,  T he  Sea  wolf. 
London,  Call  of  the  Wild. 
Leob,  Studies  in  General  P h y s i 

ology.  2  vols. 

Langton,  H ow  to  K n ow  Oriental 

R u g s. 

Laurie,  Pre-christian  Education. 
Laurie,  Studies  in  the  History  of 
the 

from 

Educational  Opinion 
Renaissance. 

Moisson,  Electric  furnace. 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

9 

H few Seasonable 
necessities 

Screen  Doors 

Screen 

Windows 

Screen  Wire 
Mowers 

Lawn 

Lawn  Hose 

Mops  and  Mop 
Wringers 
Gasoline  Stoves  and  Ovens 

Step 

Ladders 

EVERY  KIND OF 

FURNITURE 

FOR  YOUR  ROOM. 

Cots 

Folding  Beds 

flatresses 

Book  Cases 

Desks 

E  are  now  showing 
our complete line of 

Men's Hats 

Nothing  but  late  S t y l es  and 
find  place 

dependable  qualities 
here. 

we  W A NT 

YOUR  T R A DE 

NORTON'S 
HARDWARE 

AH Goods  Delivered  Free. 

M. J. & B. M.  Buck. 

You  know  where  to  get  the  new  things 

in  Caps. 

ELGIN  HIFFLIN. 

THE  JEWETT  &  KNAPP  STORE  | 

New  Spring  Goods  in Every  Department. 

N ew  Silks,  Dress  Goods,  Dress  Trimmings,  Laces, 

Embroideries,  Gloves,  Hosiery,  Neckwear,  Tailor-

Made  Suits,  Jackets,  Skirts  and  Waists. 

JEWETT  & KNAPP 

220,  222,  224  W a s h i n g t on  A v e.  S. 

Lansing,  Mich. 

patent  Colt  (Stbson Zic 
Oxfords 

Price $2.50  a Pair. 

Your home  going  made pleasant  by a pair  of  our  Gibson  Tie  Oxfords. 
Its  very easy for you to present  an attractive foot.  All that's  nescessary 
is a pair  of these  Very  Dressy  Oxfords.  Every  foot  appears  to  the  best 
possible advantage  without  the least  sacrifice  of Comfort  or  Service. 

C  D. WOODBURY'S  SSSi. Hollister Block. 

<& 

A B O UT 

T HE 

C A M P U S. 

*£ 

T he  photograph 

the 
A l p ha  Zeta  fraternity  is  exception 
ally  good. 

taken  of 

Out  of  nearly  50  sophomores  tak 
ing  ecology  not  one  received  a  D  or 
•an  F. 

Instructor  Holbrook  will  attend 
the  summer  school  at the  University 
where  he will  take  work  in  electrical 
engineering. 

M r.  Floyd  Robison  was at  his old 
home  in  Milan  last  week  where  he 
took  part  in  the  high  school  com 
mencement  exercises. 

Quite  a  delegation  from  the  Blind 
School  held  a  picnic  on  the  Campus 
recently. 
In  spite  of  their  affliction 
t h ey  seemed  a  merry  crowd. 

Capt.  Burk  just  missed  winning 
•the  batting  medal  this  year  by  one 
hit.  M c K e n na  winning  out.  Last 
year  he  was  defeated  by  Canfield 
fey one  hit. 

A m o ng 

the  graduates  of 

the 
University  of  Michigan  in  civil  en 
gineering  are  found 
the  names  of 
A.  J.  Decker  and  R.  L.  Bigelow, 
formerly  with  the  class  of  '02. 

T he  Horticultural  Club  at  its  last 
meeting  elected  the  following  offi 
cers  for  the  fall  term  of  1905 :  M. 
T. Dorsey,  president;  R.  L.  P e n-
nell,  vice-president;  D.  H.  Ellis, 
secretary. 

Prof.  F r a nk  Smith,  professor  of 
zoology  in  the  Illinois  Agricultural 
College,  was  a  College  visitor  one 
or 
structor  M y e rs  was  at  one  time  a 
student  under  Prof.  Smith. 

two  days  the  past  week. 

In 

On  T h u r s d ay  of 

last  week  Dr. 
Beal  and  Profs.  Barrows  and  Dan-
deno  met  with  others  at  the office of 
the  state  geologist  to  discuss  plans 
of  natural  history  work  in  Michigan, 
a  small  appropriation  for  which  was 
recently  made  by  the  legislature. 

Prof.  Shaw  left  Saturday  morn 
ing, J u ne  17, for  Portland,  Oregon, 
and  other  points  in  the  west.  He 
will  visit  several agricultural  colleges 
on  his  trip  and  spend  a  few  days 
with  his  family 
in  Portland.  He 
expects  to  return  the  first  week  in 
July-

the  work 

In  all  branches 

in 
athletics  has  been  very  successful 
and  although 
the  ball  game  was 
lost,  we  did  exceedingly  well  to  win 
second  place,  considering  the  fact 
that  we  have  many  new  men. 
Prospects 
for 
another  year. 

bright 

very 

are 

T he  Industrial  School  Choir,  un 
der  the  direction  of  Mr.  Burgess, 
spent  a  day  on  the  campus  recently 
T h ey  ate  their  luncheon  under  the 
shade  of  the  trees,  played  games  on 
the  drill  ground  west  of  the  armory, 
and  finally  were  allowed  to  test  the 
swimming  pool  in  the  bath  house, 
which 
im 
mensely. 

they  seemed 

to  enjoy 

Prof.  S.  A.  Beach,  of  Geneva,  N. 
Y.,  spent  two  or  three  days  with 
Prof.  U.  P.  Hedrick 
recently. 
Prof.  Beach  has  been  elected  to  the 
position  of  professor  of  horticulture 
and  forestry  at  A m e s,  Iowa,  and 
spent  some  time  here  looking  over 
the  agricultural  course  and  especially 
that  part  of  the  work  relating  to 
horticulture. 

represented 

things.  A m o ng 

T he  curiosity  strip  in  charge  of 
Instructor  M c W e ty  contains  many 
interesting 
the 
grains 
are  macaroni 
wheat,  einkorn,  emmer,  speltz,  and 
three  kinds  of  barley.  T he  plat 
contains  specimen  plants  of  all  the 
various  legumes,  vetches  and  clovers 
and  it is  proving  quite  interesting  to 
note  the  growth  each  is  making,  as 
all  were  planted  on  the  same  date. 
T he  State  Firemen's  Association 
held  its  annual  meeting  in  Lansing 
during 
the  week  ending  J u ne  17, 
and  on  T h u r s d ay  visited the  College 
in  a  body,  headed  by  the  Clare 
band.  As 
to 
train,  their 
catch  an  early  evening 
visit  was  a  hurried  one, and 
they 
were  able  to  see  only  a  very  small 
part  of  the  equipment  of  the  Col 
lege. 

they  were  obliged 

Mrs.  Clarence  Smith  (Lottie  Lee 
Smith,  '97-'98),  of  Washington,  D. 
C.,  was  a  College  visitor  last  week. 
Mrs.  Smith  and  family  will  spend 
the  summer  with  her  parents,  J u d ge 
and  M r s. Q.  A.  Smith,  of  Lansing. 
H er  husband,  Clarence  B.  Smith, 
graduated  in  '94, and  received 
the 
degree  of  M . S.  the  following  year. 
Mr.  Smith  is  horticultural  editor  in 
the  office  of  the  experiment  station 
record,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Miss  Dori  Moxness,  who  for  the 
past  year  has  held  the  position  of 
assistant  chemist  of  the  experiment 
station,  has  returned  to  her  home  in 
N o r w a y.  After  leaving  M.  A.  C, 
she spent  some  time  with  h er  broth 
er  in  Boston, and  sailed  on  Wednes 
day,  J u ne  7,  by  the  Scandinavian 
American  line on the steamer,  Oscar, 

in 

sailed 
to  Chris 

the  Second.  T he  steamer 
direct  from  N ew  Y o rk 
tiana 
the  north  of  N o r w a y, 
which  takes  about  ten  days.  T he 
many  College 
of  Aliss 
Moxness  wish  her  a  pleasant  voy 
age  and 
that  she  has  now 
reached  her old  home  in  T r o n d g e m, 
N o r w a y,  safely. 

friends 

trust 

T he  annual  night  shirt  parade  oc 
curred  on  T h u r s d ay  evening,  J u ne 
15,  and  the  usual  program  was  car 
ried  out.  Bills  were  gotten  out  be 
fore-hand  announcing  the  speakers 
and  subjects  so that  each  might  pre 
pare  his  speech.  T he  crowd  was 
drummed  together  at  Williams  and 
Abbot  Halls, from  which  places  they 
proceeded  to  the  greenhouse,  to  the 
W o m e n 's  Building  and  thence  west 
on  Faculty  R o w,  where  each  resi 
dent  was  aroused  by  the  officers  in 
charge  and  introduced  to  the  crowd. 
Dean  Gilchrist  was  unable  to  ap 
pear  and  after  due  explanation  by 
ladies  of 
Mrs.  Haner,  the  young 
the  building  sang  " H o m e,  Sweet 
H o m e ." 
Instructor 
Prof.  Taft, 
Blair  and  Prof.  Vedder  were  away 
from  home.  Prof.  K i ng  was  un 
willing  to  speak  unless  he  could 
hear  the  old  familiar  yell.  After 
her  father's 
response,  little  Helen 
Weil  favored  the  crowd  with  a  reci 
tation  which  was  duly  appreciated. 
R ed  fire  was  burned  at  each  stop 
ping  place  and 
fireworks  and  bal 
loon  ascensions  were  made  a  prom 
inent  part  of  the  program. 

On  returning  to  the  hall  the  usu 
al  reception  by the  Sophomores  was 
tendered,  which  closed  the  program 
for  the  parade  of  1905. 

IO 

THE  M.  A.  C.  RECORD. 

C.  PvB u s h,  '83,  was  among 
alumni  here  for  commencement. 

the 

Walter  Stanton, 

'05,  will  spend 
the  summer  working  in  the  botanic 
garden. 

Strawberry  picking  on  the  Hort. 
began  J u ne  14.  J u ne  15,  44  quarts 
were  picked. 

Mr.  S.  B.  Snyder  and  family  are 
visiting  the  former's  brother,  Presi 
dent  Snyder. 

M r s.  G.  A.  Lambert,  of  Niles, 
spent  several  days  with  her  son,  J. 
R.  Lambert,  the  past  week. 

•  # 

'09,  of  Detroit,  was 
E.  Meyer, 
called  home 
past  week  on 
the 
account  of  the  serious  illness  of  his 
father. 

G.  J.  Koch,  Geo.  A.  Brown  and 
H a r ry  B r o wn  have  been  employed 
by  the  agricultural  department 
for 
the  summer. 

T he  seniors,  under  the  patronage 
of  Prof,  and  M r s.  Sawyer,  spent  a 
delightful  day  at  Grand  Ledge  Sat 
urday, J u ne  17. 

Instructor  Curtis  was  at  A nn 
Arbor  for  commencement,  his  sister 
the  present 
being  a  member  of 
graduating  class. 

Mr. and  M r s.  Loew  returned  from 
Allegan  county,  T h u r s d a y,  where 
the  funeral  of  M r. 
they  attended 
Loew's  father  J u ne  21. 

Prof.  J.  R.  McCall,  '90,  professor 
of  steam  engineering  at  P u r d ue 
University,  spent  several  days  with 
College  friends  recently. 

T he  Hort.  department  has  made 
arrangements  for  the  summer  sup 
ply  of  ice  to  be  drawn  from  the  city. 
T he  price  will  be  $6  per  ton. 

T wo  members  of  the  graduating 
class  are  children  of  alumni.  Miss 
Bemis  is  a  daughter  of  Prof.  C.  L. 
Bemis '74, of  Ionia, and Miss  Benton, 
a  daughter  of  F r a nk  Benton  '79,  of 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Ralph  Graham,  '06m,  has  been 
elected  captain  of  the  track  team  for 
the  coming  year.  Mr.  Graham  has 
two 
track 
been  on 
years  and  on  the  relay  team  for  the 
same  length  of  time. 

team 

the 

for 

Prof,  and  M r s.  W,  B.  Barrows 
left  Tuesday,  J u ne  20,  for  Cam 
bridge,  where  they  will  be  present 
at  the  graduation  exercises  of  their 
son,  W.  Morton  Barrows  '03,  from 
the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  of 
Harvard  University  on  J u ne  28. 
T h ey  will  return  about  J u ly  1st. 

T wo  interesting  bulletins by  Prof. 
L.  B. Judson,  '03, of  the  University 
of 
re 
Idaho,  have  recently  been 
ceived.  T h ey  are  bulletins  43  and 
47,  and 
the 
Apple  Orchard  "  and  "  P r u n i ng  the 
contain 
A p p le  Orchard." 
many 
the  subjects 
discussed  and  are  well  worth  care 
ful  reading  by  those  interested. 

treat  on  "  Planting 

illustrations  of 

Both 

M r.  Robert  Kendall,  for  the  past 
two  years  foreman  on  the  experi 
ment  station,  has  been  obliged  on 
account  of  throat  trouble  to  give  up 
his  position  and  seek  a  different  cli 
mate.  He  has  secured  a  position  at 
Pueblo,  Colo.,  in  connection  with  a 
in  charge  of  D r. 
private  hospital 
H u b e rt  W o r k.  He  will 
superin 
tend  the  work  of  the  farm,  orchards 
and  lawn,  and  also  the  care  of  live 
stock.  During  his  stay  Mr.  Ken 
right 
dall  has  proven  himself 
the  right  place  and  his 
man 
friends  at  M.  A.  C.  trust 
that  he 
may  speedily  recover  and  some  time 
return  to  Michigan. 

the 

in 

Following  is a  partial  list  of  books 
library  since  our  last 

added  to 
notice  in  N o v e m b e r: 

the 

Ames,  T h e o ry  of  Physics. 
Appleton,  Lessons 

in  Chemical 

Philosophy. 

Abbott,  Electric  Transmission  of 

E n e r g y. 

( N ew  edition). 

A d a m s,  Dialect  Ballads. 

" 

Leedle  Yawcob  Strauss. 
Abbott,  Christianity  and  Social 

Problems. 

Allen,  T he  Mettle  of  the  Pasture. 
Baldwin,  American  Short  Stories. 
Blyth,  F o o d s;  Their  Composi 
( N ew  edition). 
f or 

Bell,  P o w tr  Distribution 

tion  and  Analysis. 

Electric  Railroads. 

Buel,  Reinforced  Concrete. 
Bigelow,  H ow  Nature 

S t u dy 

Should  be  T a u g h t. 

Cajori,  History  of  Physics. 
Chase  and  French,  Haes  W a e l; 

Book  of  Toasts. 

Considere,  Experimental  R  e -

searches  in  Reinforced  Concrete. 

Cunningham,  Dock  Engineering. 
the 
Campbell,  A  Revolution 

in 

Science  of  Cosmology. 

Chapin,  Theory  and  Practice  of 

Infant  Feeding. 

Coulter,  Plant  Relations. 
Dexter,  History  of  Education  in 

the  United  States. 

DeVries,  Species  and  Varieties. 
Successful 
Dingee,  Science  of 

T h r e s h i n g. 

Doyle,  Hound  of  the  Baskerville. 
Sherlock  Holmes. 

" 

Dunbar,  Economic  Essays. 
Falk,  Cements,  Mortars, and  Con 

cretes. 

Farrington 

Milk  and 
edition). 

and  Woll,  Testing 
( L a st 

Its  Products. 

Gotshall, Notes  on  Railway  Econ 

omics. 

Goodrich,  First  Book  of  F a r m i n g. 
Gibson,  Calculus. 
Hering,  Conversion  Factors. 
Hutchinson,  Food  and  the  Princi 

ples  of  Dietetics. 

Hillis,  Quest  of  J o hn  C h a p m a n. 
H u n t,  Cereals  in  America. 
Houstan,  Dictionary  of  Electrical 

W o r d s,  T e r ms  and  Phrases. 

Gray,  Absolute  Measurements  in 
Electricity  and  Magnetism.  3  parts. 

Groom,  Elementary  Botany. 

CASH  ACCOUNT  STATEMENT  OF  T HE 
M. A. C.  BOOK-BUYING  ASS'N. 1905. 

RECEIPTS. 
Cash  bal. on  hand  Sept.  XI, 1904. .  $853  07 
14.377  2° 
Merchandise  sold 
252  75 
Membership  tickets 
65  25 
Discounts 

.. 
•  • 

.

.

.

.

.

EXPENDITURES. 

$15,548  27 

For  merchandise 
Business  expenses 
Dividends  declared 
Cash  on  hand 

$I3.876  23 
875  45 
525  54 
271  05 
——  N 
$15,548  27 

MERCHANDISE  ACCOUNT  STATEMENT. 

DR. 

Inventory  on  hand  Sept.  21, 1904.  $1,379  50 
13,876  23 
Merchandise  purchased 
i>2i4  32 
Excess  over cost 
$16,470  05 

CR. 

Merchandise  sold 
Inventory,  June  21,1905 

I14.377  20 
2,09285 

$16,470  05 

COMPARATIVE  SUMMARY. 
1903-04. 

Merchandise  sold 
Business  expenses 
Inventory,  June,  1904 
.
.
Membership  tickets 
1904-05. 

.

Merchandise  sold 
Business  expenses 
Inventory,  June,  1905 
Membership  tickets  340 

.

.

.. 

$9,375  79 
813  19 
1,379  25 
233  00 

$14,876  23 
875  45 
2,099  85 
252  75 

Organized  Effort  Wins. 
W 

Life  I n s u r a n ce  is  Organized  Thrift. 

T he  M u t u al  Benefit  s h o ws  60  y e a rs  success  w i th 

splendid 

m a n a g e m e n t. 

Do y ou  w a nt  to  come  in  n ow  w h i le  y ou  c a n?  S o me  w a it  t o?  long. 

No  one  e v er  r e g r e t t ed  c a r r y i ng  a  good  i n s u r a n ce  c o n t r a c t. 

CA-LL  ON-

L A W R E N CE (SL 
V A N B U R EN 
P R I N T I NG  CO. 

W H EN  IN  N E ED  OF 

DANCE  P R O G R A MS  or 

SOCIETY  PRINTING. 

122  Ottawa  St.  K. 

DIRECTORY 

LANSING  BUSINESS  and 
PROFESSIONAL  MEN 

~ e* 

The  names  in  this  Directory,  as well  as 
those  of all  our  other advertisers, are  of reli 
able  parties.  We  hope  that  the  faculty  and 
students  will  take  pains  to  patronize  those 
who patronize  us. 

BARBERS. 

A.  C  BARBER  SHOP,  Rooms  in  New 

Bath  House.  H. A.  Sias,  Propr. 

M 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 

A M.  E M E R Y.  116  Wash.  Ave.  N.  Books, 

Fine  Stationery,  Engraved  Calling  Cards, 
Fountain  Pens.  Pictures, Frames.  Fine  Framing 
a Specialty.  Up-to-Date  Styles. 

CITY  BOOK  STORE.  Fountain  Pens.  Drafting 

Tools,  Stationery,  Card*  Engraved,  Pocket 
Books, Card  Cases  and  Bibles.  Tennis,  Football 
and  Baseball  goods.  Crotty  Bros.,  206  Wash. 
Ave.  N. 

BOOK  BINDERS 

GEO.  G.  BLUDEAU  &  CO —Bookbinders  Ac 

count  book  makers,  paper  ruling,  library  and 
fine art  bindings, file boxes, map mounting, albums, 
pocket  books,  etc.  Citizens  phone  No.  56.  109 
Wash.  Ave.  N. 

WAGENVOORD  &  CO.—Bookbinders,  Blank-

book  Makers,  109 Washington  Ave. South. 

BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 

D.  WOODBURY.—  Boots  and  Shoes.  We 
shoe the  students.  See  ad. 

CLOTHING. 

BUY 

\our  Dry  Goods  and  Clothing  at  H. 
KOSITCHEK  &  BRO'S.  Dry  Goods  Store 
210  Washington  Ave.  S.  Clothing  Store  113 
Washington  Ave.  N. 

LOUIS  BECK.—Clothier.  Gents'  Furnishings, 

Hats  and  Caps.  112 Washington  Ave.  North. 

CROCKERY  AND  GLASSWARE. 

H  H.  LARNED.—China,  Glass  and  Lamps, 

105 Washington  Ave. S. 

DENTISTS. 

Citizens 862. 

M.  01.  218  Washington  Ave.  S. 

A F . G O R D O N,  D.  D.  S.  M.  A.  C.  '91,  U. of 
J  E.  STOFFER,  D.  D.  S.  Office  105  Wash 

ington  Ave. S.  Citizens' Phone  1049.  Former 
M. A.  C.  student. 

Phone, 

H.  MOORE,  D.  D. S.  Office  411-13  Hollister 
Building, Lansing,  Mich.  Citizens phone 475. 

517.  Citizens  Phone  52, Bell  Phone 396. 

R W.  M ORSE, D. D. S.  Hollister  Block,  Room 
D E.  P A R M E L E E,  Dentist,  U7]4  Washing-

ton  Ave. S., Lansing,  Michigan.  Citizens' 

Phone,  office  275; residence, 1440. 

. 

DRueeiSTs. 

date.  Corner store.  Opposite  Hollister  Block. 

ROUSER'S  CAPITAL DRUG STORE.  Up to 
ROBINSON  DRUG  CO., successors to  Alsdorf 

&  Son,  Drugs  and  Druggists'  Sundries.  102 

Washington  Ave.  N. 

DRY  SOODS. 

HE 

JEWETT  &  K N A PP  STORE.  Dry 

Goods.  222-224  Washington  Ave.  S. 

ALL  MEATS 

May  look  alike  to  you,  but  there  Is  a 

very  great  difference  in  the  quality  we  han 
dle  and  that  sold  by some other  markets. 
We  handle  none  but  the  very  best.  Like 
the  pudding,  the  proof  of good  meats  Is  in 
the  eating.  A  trial  will  convince  you  that 
you  ought  to trade  with  us. 

We  make  daily  trips  to  the  College. 
BOTH  P H O N E S.  Careful  attention  given  to 

'phone  orders. 

Washington  Ave.  South. 

GOTTLIEB  REVTTER. 

ELECTRICAL 

SUPPLIES. 

p A P I T OL  ELECTRIC  CO.  Electrical  Supplies, 
KJ 
telegraph  Instruments  and  Telephones.  321 
Wash.  Ave.,  S. 

FURNISHING 

600DS. 

J L G tN  M I F F L I N . - L a d i e s'  and  Gentlemen's 
j  Furnishing  Goods.  See  ad. 

FURNITURE  DEALERS. 

M J.  &  B.  M.  BUCK.—Furniture.  Cor.  Wash 

ington  Avenue  and  Ionia  Street.  See ad. 

HACK  AND  BAGGAGE  LINES. 

O RDER  your  hacks  for  parties  at  Carr"s  Hack 

Line.  Livery  in connection.  410  Washington-

a 

Ave. N. 

HARDWARE,  STOVES  AND  TINWARE. 

NORTON'S HARDWARE-General  Hardware, 

Stoves,  Tinware,  Graniteware,  Cutlery,  etc, 

111 Washington  Ave. South.  See  ad. 

INSURANCE. 

THE  DYER-JENISON-BARRY  CO.,  L T D .. 

Incorporated)  Hollister  Block.  All  kinds of  the 

best insurance.  Strongest  agency in  city, 

JEWELERS. 

CHAS.  A.  P I E L L A. 

121 Washington  Ave.  N.,  Lansing,  Mich. 

Jeweler  and  Optician. 

MANICURE  AND  HAIRDRESSING. 

Parlors.  Masquerade  Wigs 

MRS.  O.  T.  CASE—Manicure  and  Hairdressing 

for  Rent. 
Switches  made  of 
cut  hair  or  combings.  The-
France-American  Hygienic  Toilet  Requisites  a. 
a  specialty.  New'phone  118.  222!4  Washington 
Ave.  S., up  stairs. 

MUSIC,  PIANOS,  ETC. 

GR I N N E LL  BROS.  Pianos, Organs  and  every 

thing  in  the  line  of  music.  219  Washing 

ton  Ave.  N. 

OCULISTS. 

CHAS.  G. JENKINS,  M. D. — Diseases of  Eye, 

Ear,  Nose  and Throat.  Hours, 9  to  12  a,  m.. 
and  2  to  5  p.  m.  Citizens  Phone  No.  1030.  224 
Washington  Ave. South. 

PHYSICIANS. 

12  A.M.,  2 to  4  and  7 to  8  p.  M.  Office  at  212 
Washington  Avenue S.;  home 219  Capitol  Ave, 

J W.  HAGADORN  M. D.—Office  hours,  U  to 
DR.  H.  W.  LANDON.  Office  and  residence, 

M. A.  C.  Office  hours  from  1  to  8:30] a,  m.,. 
and  12:30 to 2, and 6:30  to  8  p.  m.  Sunday  office 
hours 4 to 5 and 7 to 8 p. m.  Now  phone 1560. 

lege, Mich.  Citizens phone 1502. 

m.;  2 to 4 and 7 to  8  p. m.  Agricultural  Col 

DR.  OSCAR  H.  BRUEGEL.  Hours  9 to  11  a. 
J OSEPH  FOSTER,  M.  D., Eye,  Ear.Nose  and 

Throat.  Hours 9 to 12 a.  m.;  2 to 4 p. m.;  Sun 
days, 12 to  1;  Evening  7  to 8.  Corner  Allegan 

St. ara  Capitol  Ave  , Lansing.  Both  'phones. 

PLUMBERS. 

SHIELDS  &  L E A D L E Y.  Plumbing  and Heat 

ing.  300  Wash.  Ave.  N.,  Lansing.  Both 

Phones. 

SPORTING  GOODS. 

J 

H.  L A R R A B E E.  Base  Ball  Goods,  Foot 
Ball  Goods,  Tennis,  Golf,  Guns,  Ammunition 
and  Fishing  Tackle.  326  Wash.  Ave.  S. 

Miss  Blunt,  formerly 

assistant 
professor  of  English  at  M.  A.  C, 
and  her  mother  spent  Sunday,  the 
18th,  at 
the  College,  as  guests  of 
M r s.  Landon. 

M r.  A.  A.  Pattullo,  who  took  the 
in  live  stock  hus 
special  course 
bandry  last  winter,  is  to  be  married 
on J u ly  28  to  Miss  Isabel  McVittie 
at  Deckerville,  Mich.