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ECOL

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SING, MICH., JUNE

1, 1882, No. 4.

AT DAY-BREAK.

When the rosy blush of mornlag

Sends afar its ‘raptured warning
Of the melodies of birds,

J betake me to the meadows

Where the long and dewy shadows
Rest aslant the fragrant woods.

Where the golden stairs of sunlight
Melt the timid, mellow mooulight—
Kiss so sweetly brook and fern,
“Till the rill, with sparkling laughter,
Seems to bode some glad hereafter
Kestatic with celestial morn.

Freshly wave the dewy grasses

With the breeze that coyly passes
Bathing gently ev'ry nerve ;—

Laden deep with coolest fragrance —

Calling forth the sweetest vagrants
To arouse the sleeping earth.

Then it is that brightest pleasures
Richly set with sweetest treasures
Wing my soul to other spheres ;—
Deck it fair with gladest minions—
Send it far on lightest pinions
O'er the golden, aun-lit stairs;—

Up to bright and hopeful glories—
Up to realize the stories

Of the happy days agone,
Then it is that hope is lightest—
Then it is the world is brightest

In the fragrant, dew-kiss'd morn.

There is grandeat inspiration
Fraught with noblest resignation
In the balmy airs of morning —
Purest thoughts and best emotions—
Guiding few o'er life's sad oceans—
In the freshest dews of dawning.

Color and Odor

— =

in Flowers,

nhY F. KF. ROGERS, *&3,

The whole history of man is marked by a supersti-
tious feeling with which he has been wont to regard all
natural phenomena. Whatever he has seen in nature
that was new or startling he at first regarded as an evil
or good omen, and then fearfully looked for somethin
that would materially affect his race. So, when his
range of observation reached the subject of natural
history, all its peculiar forms were explained by aserib-
ing whatever is pleasing to a direct gift of Providence
for man’s enjoyment, and whatever is ugly to the same
souree to punish fallen man,

In the whole range of science the beauty of nothing
has been so mach admired as that of flowers, and it is
not strange that, with so little knowledge of their habits
and ways of growth, people should begin to regard
their beauty and fragrance as qualities intended only
for man’s gratification, This was an elevated feeling
and has gradually become associated with pavest
thoughts and pleasantest remembrances, Much has
been written to prove that flowers and all their attrac-
tive features were only to gratify man’s wathetic nature,

——sLos ooo $$$ ee

]

Poets have impressed the same feeling by their SONS,
and artista by their skill are continually reminding us
| that flowers were created only to add to our pleasure.
All this, with’ personal associations, has given their
colors and perfumes a place in human estimation so
high that many shudder at any new suggestion as to the
| utility of these qualities.

Ge this feeling ever so deeply rooted, men could not
|earefully study the minute stracture of plants and watch
(the use to which color and odor are put, and their ad-
mirable adaptation to the purpose, without becoming
convinced that these qualities are of vital importance ta
the plant itself. A careful study of the ways in which
plants are fertilized, showing the aid given by insects
| to certain classes of plants, has already convinced most
| botanists that the presence or absence of color and odor
is by no means accidental, and that, if present, they are
‘for nothing less than the benefit of the plant itself,
| Where nature has provided a way of fertilization with-
out the aid of insects, color, and often fragrance, is
wholly wanting, In many cases the wind gives this
aid, Grasses, willows, poplars and hazels are familiar
/examples of plants fertilized by the wind. In all of
these color 1s absent, and in many perfume is also miss-
ing. Darwin says: “It is an invariable rule that when
(a flower is fertilized by the wind it never has a gaily
colored corolla.” On the other hand, where aid is need-
ed for this work, nature has offered large inducements
to Insects, and a3 this need is greater the inducements
_are stronger, Lilies and irises, among which are some
‘of our most gaudy flowers, are largely fertilized by in-
‘sects, Here there is, not only adaptation for insect for-
tilization, but peculiar adaptations for certain classes of
| insects, Night-flowering plauts are usually white, and
so are easily seen by moths and other nocturnal insects,
while flowers which are open during the day only are
usually more gaily colored and marked with spots and
veins to guide insects to desired parts. Kerner
not only believes that color and odor are essential
to the preservation of species, but ‘that position,
direction and shape of leaf is of just as great signifi-
cance.” Me says: “ No hair is meaningless, whether
found on the cotelydon, leaf, stem or blossom.”

It is by close observation of similar facta that such
imen as Darwin, Lubbock, Gray and others have become
fully convinced that color and odor are given to planta
for their own preservation, and that the silent <orkings
(of these attractive features have had much to do with
the present forms of plants and their geographical dis-
| tribution.

As soon as the old idea that color and odor were for
man’s gratification was lost sight of, and planis were
studied in the new light, the seience of otany was
Placed on a new and firm foundation. Its stidents
found everywhere a broad and fruitful field for obserya-
tion. The new study has discovered many resomblances
between plants and animals heretofore unknown. Plants
had long been regarded as easential to animal life, but
not till now did the startling fact become known that
‘some plants, at least, are equally dependent upon sni-
jinals. One botanist testifies to this resemblance when he

48 THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

says: “Inter-marriage is as detrimental to plants as | when we thought and rejected them, than when scm
to animals, and nature has set all kinds of mechanical other person thoug t and ees them down:
devices against it, and offered as many to inluce the At times w hen our minds are very clear and strong,
vossine.” Gray says: “The animal and vegetable) we read more in our books than the author really put
crossing.” ‘ro widely at the top, but are united by a/ there, and these are the most interesting and valuable
works ie Seda yap mene ; . | ideas whieh we receive from our reading, It is because
This new study places the two great worlds of or | they are our own original thoughts, We notice this
eanized life in a strange yet beautiful relation. If) also im many of om conversations ” words often
itis humiliating to man to learn that much which he carry a far greater means to Ustener t ve tle - intend.
had selfishly supposed was wholly for him serves another, ped by the speaker. hi ; w hie we en Seed are Ob
a more important and a widely different purpose, it may being the original thinker in i" ee the \ i car
tend to lessen his egotism. It does not draw man out not be the speaker, for he merely u ered the words, It
of avrmpathy with nature, but merely places him where must then be the listener, for he concety ed the thought.
he can etter stad y plants and animals in their own and And yet the thought was suggested to hina the same as
mutual relations without the hindrance of the pre- if the speaker had conceived it before him. .
conceived notion that all is for him, Such a view) Next to originality of thought comes quotation,
modern botany teaches, and if intelligently accepted it How many persons there are who glanee over great
cannot fail to give mana grander conception of a far- productions, without even the slightest thought that
sighted Creator. there are great and beautiful sentences there for their
use if they will only use them. Let those sentences be
~~ once quoted, and soon they are on the lips of millions;
. t . ‘then the whole world claims their use; but a person
Originality, ‘must eateh the spirit of the writer, in quoting, if he
would have others follow his example
Such a person borrows nobly; others borrow simply

If aman would make himself great, he must seize becanse someone else has done so before them. We see
his thoughts as their light flashes across his mind, great things in Milton, but many of us would have seen
mould them in beautiful expressions, and east them be- nothing had not greater minds led the way, and opened
fore the world in their brightest form. that grand sphere of thonght to us whieh only Milton

He must not think that because the thought is hisit is could open to them. We are always inspired with aal-
unworthy of notice, We are too apt to spurn our own miration on reading a passage that comes directly from
thoughts as unfit for expression, simply because they the author, for the same light flashes across our mind |
are ourown, The result is, we afterwards find the same while reading as flashed across Lis while writing; but if
thoughts expressed by another, and we are compelled to’ we attempt to make the thought our own by using an
take our own treasures from the lips of another, expression of our own, we lose the original thought in

Emerson says: “Speak what you think now in hard its clearness and beauty,
words, and to-morrow what to-morrow thinks, in hard) We should therefore speak our own convictions eare-
words again, though it contradict all you said to-day. | fully and clearly, and when we wish to quote, do it,
Ah, so it shall be misunderstood! Is it then so hard to thinking that we are doing our readers or listeners a
be misunderstood? To be great is to be misunder- | favor, by allowing them to listen to what we could not
stood!” ‘express half so clearly.

Perhaps for the same reason that we cast away our)
own thoughts because they are our own, we prize the |
thoughts of others because they are anothers, Aman) Sketch of the Life and Work of Asa Gray.
never appears half so preat in his own works as in the eae
works of another, Hence many great writers have, The science of botany in its molern growth lias
sought to make their works more effective by ascribing gradually grown away from the idea heretofore common
many of their own thoughts to some one else. -with the majority of minds, so that its study is no

Same may consider originality a very rare thing. It) longer associated with hard names arbitrarily applied to
is, however, far more frequent than is commonly sup-| various plants; with this growth we inquire who are the
posed; for we must not consider it as mere primacy of master minds whose efforts have influenced the advance-
expression asif a thought could be original bat once. ment of the interesting science, All ayree in pronoune-
Indeed, it may be so many thousands of times; for the ing Dr, Asa Gray, of Harvard University, the first and
salle person may originate the same thought as many brightest light in America, A distinguished botanist,
times as it can spring from the same fountain of his)a ripe scholar, and ardently devoted to his favorite
mind which caused its first appearance, And so the science, he presents to us 4 character for study, and a
same thought may re-originate in the minds of many rare example for students to follow.
persons, No person in America, nor perhaps in the world, has

Our trees and plants go on bearing leaves and fruit done more to bring about this common respect for
year after year; and yet can we say that the work they botany than Dr. Gray. Indeed, he appears as one of
do is not original,simply because other trees have borne the very first in any country to attempt a popular work
leaves and fruit before them? Shakespeare had his upon this science, “ When this work first appeared,”
books of reference, yet it is said he was more original says the FPopeler Sefence Monthly, “distinguished
than his originals, Their thoughts were dead and heavy botanists abroad thought it either a waste of time or
things, he [ited them up and pat new life into them, | beneath their dignity to be engaged upon popular works;
and made them ta stand forth in all their beauty and but of late years we find that the most eminent of them
greatness, . are putting out their ‘Iand-Books* and ‘Popular

So itis the very spirit of Shakespeare in man that, Floras’” He has made the language so simple, and
enables hin ba appreciate those great works, and crown | yet so expressive of the ideas to ‘be conveyed, has de-
the author with his well earned praises, Kvery day we seribed in such a popular and pleasing Way even the
can, If we will, read our own rejected thoughts, “And most abstruse phenomena of vegetable structure and
ean it be said that they were either more or less original | physiology, that those who haye never received botanj-

KY TI, GC. NIXON, "SA.

a ee
THE COLLEGE SPECULUM. 49

cal cueation and even children, may easily comprehend | design of this work,” says the preface, “is to illustrate
the subject, His “ Lessons in Botany,” prohably his | the hotany of the United States, by figures with full
best work, is nothing less than a marvel of ingenuity. | analyses of one or more species of each genus, accom-
A reviewer says of it, “Tt is net only a superior work, panied by descriptive generic characters and critical
but the best work upon clementary science of any kind observations.” The drawings were made by Mr, Isaac
that we are acquainted with, Lt is indeed a wonderful Sprague, and were marvels of beauty and aceuracy, such
attempt at popularizing science, What are considered as have never been excelled in any other country. Two
abstruse points in physivlogy are told with such a mat-| volumes of this work were issued, each containing one
ter-ol-fact simplicity, that the reader is charmed as with hundred plates, when the work was discontinued for the
a tale, and, after reading it, is in possession of more of | same reason that the publication of the Flora was sus-
the philosophy of botany than he eould obtain from a! pended, and because the artist could not be induced to

dozen more pretentious volumes.” jcontinue, a8 he thought his drawings were not appreci-
Dr. Garay first came into notice in 1834, by present. | ated, ; :
ing before the New York Lyceum ot Natural History, Other important works are “Elements of Botany,”

a paper entitled “A notice of some new, rare, or other-| 1836; “How Plants Grow,” “How Plants Behave,”
wise interesting plants from the northern and western' “ Manual of Botany,” “ Field, Forest and Garden
portions of the State of New York.” This at once Botany,” “Structural Botany,” and “ Darwiniana,” a
brought him to the notice of the botanists of the day. lreview of the theories and experiments of Chas, Darwin.
The fact that a young man only twenty-four years of Aside from his many elaborate works, Dr. Gray has
age should discover and describe new species of plants, won a national reputation through his very extensive
in the old and well-known state of New York, and) communications to various scientific periodicals, For
should re-arrange these which had long been known) twenty-six years he has been associate editor of the
from the confusion into which they had fallen under the | * American Journal of Science and Arts,” nearly every
disposal of the older botanists, was a matter of no little | issue containing some valuable article from his busy pen.
surprise to these older heads, About this same time he One of his ablest articles points out the relations of the
wrote a work in two volumes on “North American Flora of Japan to that of eastera North America, Be-
Graminee and Cyperacem,” or the grasses and sedges of | sides this he is a contributor to the North American
North America. Asthese two natural orders constitute | Review, Atlantic Monthly, Transactions of the Ameri-
ly far the most diffivalt part of the study of flowering | can Pomological Society, and namerous journals of
plants, we can appreciate to some extent the ability of this! agriculture and horticulture. His writings, however,
young scientist, the more so, too, as these volumes were |are not confined to botanical subjects. Many anony-
much the best of any that had appeared previously,’ mous contributions to the Ameriean Review are excel-
Indeed, a person at the present time who would write lent additions to our literature. Besides this he has
upon these subjects must refer to these works. Each of |) made a critical review of almost every work on botany
the volumes contained a hundred species, illustrated by | that has appeared during the last twenty-five years,
dried specimens. Several new species were inserted, | either in our own country or abroad.
and the alder ones largely re-classified and revised, | Asa Gray was born in Paris, Oneida county, N. Y.,

The next of his prominent works was begun in 1898,| Nov, 18, 1810, He graduated in a medical course at
“The Flora of North America.” This was written under | Fairfield College, Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1831. He
the joint authorshipof Dr, Gray and Dr, John Torrey, of relinquished the study of medicine, however, to pursue
New York, The subsequent joint work of these two his favorite science, His love for the setence is seen in
lhotanists has been a fortunate circumstance for Ameri-| his devotion to it. He sees in every flower a constant
ean science, Their ideas and motives being at all times beauty; he admires their forms ,nd their relations to
in perfect harmony with each other, and their botanical | surrounding objects. It is said to be nearly impossible
aecomplishments lying in somewhat different directions, for a person to study under his direction without cateh-
they presented a symmetrical and elaborate work of the ing something of his inspiration. He delights in the
ereatest scientific value. The Flora, however, was not vegetable world, and his students unconsciously follow
completed. The geographical range it was intended to his emotions. There is hardly a professor of botany in
cover Was an immense one, “Geographically it comprises the United States but has been at some time his student.
the United States and all the North American continent | In 1854 he was appomnted by the government as
and islands north, Greenland exeluded." The western botanist to the United States Exploring Expedition, but
and south-western boundaries of the Umted States the expedition being tardy in sailing, he resigned his
were at this time rapidly pushing toward the Pacific, | position. His name is the first among the first list of
New territory was constantly being acquired, nearly | professors clected to the University of Michigan; he
unknown in a botanical sense, causing the Flora to be never filled the position, however, but accepter the pra
continually growing more and more incomplete, Hence fessorship at Harvard, in 1942, where he served antil
when two volumes were completed, extending the work | 1873—#1 years—when he retired from active service, to
throuch the great order Compositw, the project was | remodel aut leisure the extensive herbarium of the Uni-
abandoned, Quite recently, however, Dr. Gray has! versity, the foundation of which lic materially aided
again taken up this work, and four years since issued a in his younger days. The botanie gardeus, greenhouses,
volume comprising the plants from Composita: through | etc., of Cambridge are living ThonMnents to his labor,
the gamopetalous exogens. It is proposed to entirely = In 1861 Tlamilton College conferred upon Dr, Gray
revise the first two volumes, the degree of LL. D, He is a corresponding member of

A series of valuable botanical memoirs by Drs. Gray |all the leading selentilie organizations of ‘Europe, andl
and Torrey, succeeded the interruption of the Flora. active member of all in this country. For ten years he
Herbariamsa collected by a number of scientific expe- has been president of that distinguished body of natu-
ditions sent out by the government, were sent to Dr,| ralista, the American Academy of Arts andl Sciences,
Gray for classification, The details of such labors are and in L372 was president of the American Association
civen in numerous department reports and scientifie for the Advancement of Science. He is also one of the
proceedings, iregents of the Smithsonian Institution,

In 1948 our author began an elaborate work on the) Tis great forte is systematic botany. In this he las
“Genera of the Plants of the United States," “The wona world-wide reputation, No living botanist excels
HO

THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

= =

him, America’s first botanical scientist stands second|and number of stomata, the two surfaces are about

to none, He came upon the scene of action when seien-
tifie botany needed a strong and skilled hand to disen- |
gage it from the entangled remains of the old artificial |
systems, His work he has done well.
scientists honor his name. |
He is now nearly seventy-two years old, but still full |
of vigor and energy. His long life has been one of |
exceasive toil. Hia habits are regular, food simple. He)
seldom studies after ten o'clock at night, generally retir- |
ing at that hour, or half an hour later. When he works
he works hard, and his regular time for relaxation which |
follows, he enjoys with all his ability. A person says,
“Qne of our pleasantest recollections of him is seeing
him, after a hard day’s work, engaged in a rough-and-
tumble frolic with an enormous Newfoundlander.” His.
life has been one of uninterrupted good health, preserved
by good and regular habits. One says, in speaking of
his old age, “ We have not tried a walk with him for
several years, but we venture to say that few young met
of twenty could take an afternoon’s tramp with him,
and not feel a sense of relief when the excursion was
ended,”

cientific. : |

a

: oe en ee =a — —

alike,

‘through a pane of

while in the mature leaf, they differ considerably
in all three of these particulars. *
Dr. Kedzie spoke of “The line of fracture in glass

A world of|as a meaus of determining the direction in which the
| fracturing force was applied.”

One distinctive characteristic of glass is that it does
not tend to fracture in plain surfaces; but its fracture is
conchoidal, an uneven or shell-shaped surface instead of
a flat plain, such as is seen in the cleavage of many
erystalline substances, The direction of the curvature
of such conchoidal fracture gives us one means of deter-
mining the direction of the fracturing force.

The simplest illustration, and one about which there
ean be no dispute regarding the direction in which the
foree was applied, is seen where a bullet has been fired
glass. Fire a bullet through a
window glass, and you observe that the glass presents
a sharp cutting edge on one side, while the other
side presents a series of shell-shaped surfaces where
the bullet carried the glasa before it as it passed
through the window pane. No one looking at such a

bullet hole would be at a loss to know which way the

ball went, for the even surface and sharp edge on one
side of the glass, and the ragged surface and shelly
fracture on the other side, would satisfy any intelligent
observer, Another example is afforded by taking a nar-

The Natural History Society ‘row strip of glass, placing this upon a table with a

Met on April 14th for the first time in the spring | sharp edge, pressing one part of the glass firmly upon
term, after a long winter vacation of three months and the table with one hand and bending the other end of
a half, One handred and three persons were present, | the glass down over the table-edge with the other hand

President L. H. Bailey, Jr., in the chair, |
Dr. Beal read a paper on “A comparison of the|
epidermis on both sides of leaves,” We present an)
abstract; Asa rule when young, plants and animals are)
much less complicated than when older. They take on)
the details and peculiarities of structure as they arrive’
at maturity. Twenty-five or more kinds of plants had
been compared. Both sides of cotyledons were com-
pared as they were nearly full grown, a

The higher plants growing with the tops in air are|
usually covered when young with one or more layers of |
transparent cells, called an epidermis, The harshest,
firmest, thickest leaves usually contain an epidermis of |
thick-walled cells. On the lower side of a leaf or eoty-|
ledon, we generally find that one layer of cells consti-|
tutes the epidermis, On the upper side of leaves we)
may find one layer in some plants, and two or three or|
more on leaves of other plants. A firm epidermis ena-
bles a plant to endure very dry weather, Now and |
then, among other cells of the epidermis, may usually
be seen small openings, each surrounded by two or more
cells containing chlorophyll. These openings and the
cells about them constitute the stomata.

These stomata open in wet weather, and close in a
time of drought, To some extent, they help control the
evaporation of moisture from the surface.

The plants studied were quite variable in appearance,
herbs, shrubs and trees, The idea brought out isshown
by the illustration of the epidermis of Jmpaticns fulva,
wild balsam. The lower side and the upper side of
young cotyledons look much alike. There is not much
difference in the size or shape of the cells) The cell
walls are straight, or uearly so, not much wavy. The:
number of stomata is about the same on both sides, In
an old cotyledon, the lower cells are much more WAVY |
or diversified in outline than those on the upper side, |
They are about equal in size. The number of stomata |
is about the same on both sides. In the case of the)
mature leaf, the cells of the lower side are larger, more |
wavy and have much the greater number of stomata, |
In the young cotyledons, in size of cells, shape of cells |

till it breaks, If the glass breaks with asingle fracture,
it will be found that the sharp cutting edge of the glass
that remains upon the table and resists motion will be
uniformly upon the upper side, and the rounded or con-
choidal surface will be upon the under side. By exam-
ining the piece which remained upon the supporting
table and resisted motion, it is easy to determine which.

was the upper surface and the direction the force was
applied. Sometimes the glass breaks in many pieces,

and the indications are not then so clear.
Let us apply the same investigation to lamps and

‘see whether we can determine whether a lamp has been

broken by a force externally applied, or a force acting
from within, as in the case of an explosion, In such an
investigation, we must not direct our attention to all
the broken pieces indiscriminately. In breaking a strip
of glass over a table edge, the piece of glass whic

yields to motion and that which resists motion will
present surfaces and edges the exact reverse, one from
the other. In sach investigations, we fix our eyes upon
the parts which do not yield to the moving force, ¢. y.:
the base or standard of the lamp which remains, as dis-
tinguished from the fragments scattered by the fractur-
ing force. Here are lamps which have been exploded,
the force acting from within outward; and you observe
that the cutting or sharp edge is on the inside, and from
this edge the fractured shells are outward. Here are
other lamps broken by an external blow, and you see
the cutting edges of the parts which remain attached to
the standard are upon the outside, and the conechoidal
surface is on the inside, The blow acts externally for
the most part only upon the side to which it is applied,
and, secondarily, may act as a force from within the
lamp upon the opposite side; and upon that side you
will sometimes tind the cutting edge upon the inside.
But when you find the sharp edge upon all sides of the
portion of the lamp remaining attached to the standard
or base of the lamp, and the fracture rounding outward
from this internal edge, you may safely conclude that
the lamp was broken by some internal force and not by

‘external violence, In this way the question whether a
THE COLLEG

E SPECULUM,

ol

given lamp was exploded or broken by an external |
hlow, may often be settled in a most conelusive way by |

examination of the portion which remains,

Dr, Kedzie also called attention to the guard posts on
the walks near the chemical laboratory, which have heen
painted with Galmain’s luminous paint. ‘This paint is 4
apecially prepared sulphide of caleium, which will
absorb light by day and emit light by night, The
posts shine with a purplish phosphorescent light, which
is more visible the darker the night. his paint is used
to illuminate clock faces, to paint buoys in harbors, ete.
It would be applied in many ways to store up day-
light for use In the night if the price of the paint wis
more reasonable. Perhaps by the use of this or some
better phosphorescent substance, we may yet yoke day

and night together, in a way we litth Imagine at.

present.
W. C, Latta gave the results of an incomplete series
of experiments in milk setting. Glass tubes of uniform

size were used, so that the depth of cream could be

aceurately measured,

Deep or shatlow setting had no effect on the percent. |
Milk from the Ayrslure and Shorthorn |
breeds was tepeatedly set at depths ranging from one-
and a half to nearly eight inches, but the results were

of cream FIFINg.

about the same in every case.

Eifect of Tenperuture.—Three lots of milk were |
taken, each lot containing samples from the Ayrshire, |

seo

Shorthorn and Liolstein breeds. Lot 1 was set at 74
Fahrenheit; lot 2, at 80°; and lot 4, at 90°. In twelve
hours the temperature of the first and secomd lots was
54°, and the third lot, 46°, The lots had cooled 21°, 206°
and 24° degrees respectively. The tirst lot had the

highest per cent. of cream, and the third lot the lowest. |

During the next six hours, the temperature of lote | and

3 rose, and at the end of this time was 66° and ’G0° res-)

pectively. During this time the temperature of lot 2
was kept falling till it reached 43°,
then again examined, showing no perceptible increase in
lot 1, a marked gain in lot 2 and only a slight gain in
lot 3, During the next three hours there was no gain
in the per eent. of cream, and in almost every case a
shrinkage, Lot 2, which had been cooled 37° in fifteen
hours, gave very much the best results, This expert-
ment appears to confirm Prof, L, B. Arnold's view, that
eream Will rise best in a continuously falling tempera-
ture, It would be unsafe, however, to make deductions
from a single experiment.
Eifeet of Breed.—Milk from the three breeds before
inentioned was set at different times, under identical
conditions, and allowed to stand twenty-four hours.
The Shorthorn milk gave the highest per cent, of cream,
and the Avrshire the lowest. The Holstein milk was
from a single cow, there being but one here, The
others were mixed, and therefore average samples,

7

Professor Cook has lately observed a very striking il- |

lustration of Darwinism in the development of two silk
moths, The Phuytysmmicceeropia is a large and beawti=
ful moth working upon the apple tree. Tt is well
marked and easily distinguished from other moths, Te
Platysemicn colombia works upon the lareh, and is quite
distinet from the cecropia moth. ‘These two moths—
the cecropia and colombia—have always been regarded
as entirely distinet species.
has lately reared specimens of each of these moths from
cocoons from the apple and larch respectively, and
and strange enough the moths are so nearly alike as to
destroy all specific characters. ‘There are strong appear-
ances of aregular gradation between these two species
of insects, showimg how by peculiar surroundings one
has gradually given rise to the other,

The cream was)

Professor Cook, however,

oo vo

Ii is interesting to study the peculiar ideas of men
who were considered good scientists a hundred and fifty
or more years ago. The following quaint “theory of
soylea” is froma work on “Ten Practical Discourses
eonecrning the Influenee of arth and Air, Fire anil
Water, as They Relate to the Growth of Plants,” writ-
ten by R. Bradley, Professor of Botany in the Univer-
sity of Cambridge, England, im 1727,--just a handred
vears before aluminum, the metallic base of clay, was
discovered:
| We may also take Notice, that Sand is of various
Colours, as grey, yellow, orange or red, blue, and black,
and if any of these Sands, Supposing them to conecist of
round Parts, happen to be mix’d with a due Proportion
of the Parts of Vegetables and Animals, they produce a
fertile Soyl, Which is more or less pinquid as the viseous
or the oily Matter abounds in them, thus have We
Earths of all these Colours, and of various Degrees of
Fertility, Strength, and Stittness; those which have their
arts most closely united by this means we call clay,
and those Earth wlich are less binding, and are in the
Middle Degree between Sand and Clay, we call Loam;
and from these we may reason upon all the rest.

“As a Demonstration of what T lay down, if we
take Clay of Different Kinds, and lay every Sort in so
many different Panns of water, till they dissolve, either
of themselves or by Force, we shall find, either a viscous
oroily Matter swimming upon the Surface of the Water;
| ane Type examining the Earthy Paris, we shall tind its
Principle Sand counex’d with such dusty Parts as [have
mention'd, as will appear by the Microseope; which
will plainly discover them to be broken Parts, either of
Vegetables or such things as have had their proper Ves-
sels for their juices lo move in, such as cannot be found
‘in Sand or any kind of Stone.”

| ‘The valleys of the lower Wabash and other streams
of Southern Indiana are remarkable for the great trees
which they produce, Case's Botantva! Jidex mentions
‘a chestnut in Jackson county that measures 22 feet in
‘cirenmference two feet above the ground, and a syea-
‘mere on the White river that is 48 feet in cireumfer-
ence and solid. Dr. J. Sehneck, in “ Flora of the
Lower Wabash,” gives the following measurements, the
first figures in each case being the circumference three
‘feet above the ground, the second figures the height to
the first limb, and the third the total height: Pecam,
(16 feet, 90 feet and 17% feet; black oak, 20, 75 and 160
feet; burr oak, 22, 72 and 145 feet; white oak, 15, 60
and 150 feet; persimmon, 54, 80 and 115 feet; black
walnut, 22, 74 and 154 feet; catalpa, 6, 45 and 101 feet;
‘scarlet oak, 204, 94 and 181 feet; hass-wood, 17, 60 and
(100 feet; sycamore, 334, 65 and 1746 feet; white ash,
(174, 90 and 144 feet; cotton wood, 22, 75 and 170 feet;
‘tulip tree (white wood), 25, 91 and 190 feet.

As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, aud
these, if vigorous, brancli out and overtop on all sides
many a feebler branch, so by generation T believe it has
‘been with the great Tree of Life which fills with its
dead and broken branches the erust of the earth, and
‘eovers the surface with its ever-branching and beautiful
‘ramifications, — Jaret,

Ohio has passed a bill establishing an experimental station, te
Iw conirolled by a board of five, to be as follows: Governor of
State, one from the State Board of Agriculture, one from the
State Horticultural Society, one from the State Grange, and one
a professor at the Ohio State University, Prof. Lazenby repre
gents the University on the Board, The results will be published
‘iu the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture, New
‘York, Maine and many other states have similar stations; and
(ia it not time that Michigan moved in the same direction ?
THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

52 — °
= : ‘been elected editor-in-chief. The Natural History 50°

he College Speculum. ciety elected Dr. BR. C. Kedzie; the Delta Tau Delta,
@ : fs “ | Mr. BL. W. Collingwood, *83, our former business man-
Pubtished Quarterly, on the 1stof August, Oct'r, April and June, | ager and author of commendable articles in volume one;

BY THE STUDENTS
—or—

THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Terms, Fifty Cents a year; Single numbers, 14 cents.
Advertising rates made known on application. |

gag All subscriptions will be regarded as continued unless we |
are notified to the contrary. |

BOARD OF EDITORS.
L. H. BAILEY, Jn., Editor-in-Chief. .....--... +
L. W. HOYT, Seeretary..........Corresponder , Exchanges
Tem. W. J. BEAD... 1-2. .00 cae cece cece erence eerie
J, W. BEAUMONT as

H. W. COLLINGWOOD...
FPeor § JOHNSON

re

cree eee

Collage News. |
and Colleges, |
cece vee Personals and Reviews. |
Business Manager.

LANSING, Micn., JUNE 1, 1882.

‘Tas issue closes volume one of Tue SpPEcuLuM.,
With its close the present board of editors resigns its
duties, and it may be well to give some idea of the
condition of the work they are leaving. Tur Srecu-
Lum was organized as a students’ paper, to be main-
tained by them and to afford a medium to express |
their thoughts and desires, It was, consequently,
agreed and expected that it should not only receive
their pecuniary aid, but also a free and generous con-
tribution to its contents. We are happy to say that
the former of these requirements has been thoroughly
met by essential aid in subscriptions, but the contribu-
tions have been received only through a continaal s0-
licitation, if at all. Indeed, so irksome has become the
work to the editors that they feel a great relief in the
completion of their duties. During even the short ex-
istence of the paper, students have come to look upon

it as the work and property of the editors alone, and |

they seem to feel no responsibility for its contents. If
Tae Srecuium should ever prove a failure, it will prob-
ably be from this general neglect. The editors may re-
gard their task as an arduous and thankless one.

the Phi Delta Theta, Mr. C. E. Smith, #4; the Eclectica,
Mr. A. C. Bird, ’s8. Mr. D. C. Holliday, Jr., "83, was
chosen business manager, and Professor Johnson was
re-elected treasurer. We gladly greet the new incum-
benta; may their vigilance never sleep, nor their pens
ever grow weary!

We wish to urge all alumni to be present at the tri-
ennial re-wnion next August. It is expected that the
meeting will be the most interesting of any ever held.
Very many of the members have already written their
intention to be present, and, as far as we can learn, all
are anticipating an enjoyable and profitable visit. The
orator, poet and historian have expressed their accep-
tance of their offices, and are preparing themselves for

the occasion.

Those who have not visited the College in the last
few years will hardly recognize the old, familiar land-
marks. Their alma mater has grown beyond the an-
ticipations of the earlier students. It has come. to be
a resort alike for those acquiring a scientific education
and for those who wish to spend an occasional day in
recreation, New buildings have been erected, the lawns
have been extended and more students are in attendance,
until one almost thinks himself in a neat, quiet, intellee-
tual village. But much more needs to be done. The
College needs the aid of its sons in disseminating tts
merits among the people of the state. Already the
people are looking to the College as a leader in agricul-
‘tural and seientifie matters. The alumni should be the
firat to catch up this strain of praise and inquiry and to
aend it forcibly home to every intelligent community:
They should keep themselves in sympathy with the ad-
vancement and needs of the institution, Do not think
yourselves unimportant factors. The College relies upon
you, for you are the fruits of its labors. Make your
alma mater a visit. Meet your old classmates and
friends, and revive once more the pleasant memories of

In a pecuniary way the success of Tak Srecutum|
has been most gratifying. Notwithstanding the low |

price of the paper and the many expenses attendant | address this invitation.
upon the starting of a new enterprise, it has paid all)

expenses for the year and has a considerable fond on)
hand for the improvement of volume two. The first
issue was one thousand copies, a large portion of which
were taken on regular sabseriptions. Kv ery alumnus
and undergraduate, as far as Lheir addresses could be ob-
tained, have been urged tu subseribe, and the readiness
with which they have responded speaks well for their
interest inalma mater. The editors have had constantly
‘in mind the wants of the alumni, and they are thankful
for the appreciation rendered,
Tt remains for us to say aword in regard to the com- |
petent board of editors elect. Mr. O. C, Howe, ‘83, of,

the Union Literary Society, who has so satisfactorily | few years.

your college life.

But it is not to the alumni alone that we wish to
Those who have ever been
students at the College and friends of the institution
are not forgotten, and their presence will be heartily
welcomed,

Come!

Every friend of the College will fecl a keen interest
in the efforts being made to secure a mechanical depart-
ment, The Congressional land grant and the state law
require that the Agricultural College shall teach the
mechanic arts, This requirement has never been met,
and much censure has been heaped upon us in conse-
quence of the deficiency. We have probably been los-
ing grbund, in an educational point of view, for the last
While it is trae that no other institution in

edited onr personal department for the last year, has|the United States, having but a single course of four
THE COLLEGE SPECULUM

er if

chet

years instruction, has as great an attendance as we, it is} We are pleased to learn that the members of the

nevertheless apparent that we have developed to about.

the extent of our possibilities in this direetion,
devolves upon us to broaden our curriculum, or to re-
main forever in a narrow and stationary condition. The
efforts which are now being made to secure these addi- |
tional advantages are already dilatory. The State Uni-|
versity las organized a small mechanical department,
amd it will undoubtedly claim of the legislature the
right for appropriations to rapidly increase it, Meehani- |
cal instruction, supported by the state, belongs, how-
ever, to the Agricultural Coliere, aml we should make
an effort to secure it. Our proposed mechanical depart-
ment will becopied largely after the excellent system of
the Ilinois Industrial University at Champaign. Pro-
fessor Carpenter and Hom. HH. Gr. Reynolds, members of

the committee for visiting other tistitutions for the pur- |
oof the farmer and gardener,

posu of obtaining information coneert ing the nmatber,
visited the Ohio University and the Purdne University |
a few days sine. They prefer the Illinois method
to that adopted by the Towa Agricultural College,
as it net only affords students the same advantages |
of instruction as the making of models exclusively, |
lat alse brings a constderalle income from the sale
of aetual machinery. Both woel and tron work will!
All students in the regular course will
prolertily he required to take a certain amount of shop |
practice, while for those who take the four years’ me-
chanical course, a thorough course of lectures, and shop |
practice in det ail will be given,

Alumni and friends of the College should lose no)
opportunity to press the need of a mechanical depart- |
ment, An appropriation will be asked of the next legis-
lature, and all should use their influence to see that it
is obtained. There can be no donbt in any mind that}
sich adepartment is the greatest need of the instita- |
tion, a need which must certainly he met if we keep
abreast the expanding siueation of the times,

be inelacled,

Ir may be presumptuous for Tre Srecunua to adl-
vise concerning the appotntments for members of the |
State Hoard of Agriculture, but we believe that the |
needa of the institution would be more satisfactorily met
if alii oft the C allege Were tap COME eSG OL
even a large minority, of that holy, Not until three |
years ago was an alumnus ever placed upon the State
Board, and from this limited experience we unhesitat-
ingly wish to see the practice continued,

worthy and capable of seats on the State board of Agri-
culture, who are aequainted with the needs and the!
merits of the institution and who are fully in sympathy
with industrial edieation.

Avticultural College? Who eould better remedy its
disadvantages,

merits?

are best acquainted with the College.

I new |

(State Board of Agriculture and of the Faculty are be"
ginning to talk about introducing military taetica inte
cour course, ‘The committee which was appointed to
visit other institutions for the purpose of enquiring inte
their mechanical departments, was requested to enquire
into their military systems also. Getter late than
never. Of the industrial institutions of the United
States at least twenty-three have chairs including mili-
tary tactics. Is Michigan abreast the times?

AgricuLturaL Colleges are founded for the purpose
of imparting a knowledge of those sciences which por-
tain especially to agriculture and the industrial arts re-
lated to it, The extent to which this purpose is carried

| j jing the

majority, or

There are
many whom we would be prom] to mention as highly)

Who knows better than!
they what are the advantages and disadvantages of the)

who better shtekl and strengthen its)
These memberships are not ones for the (roy.
ernor to fill from political favorites or from* personal |
friends, bat from men who are most in sympathy and

out determines the value of these schools as edicators
One of the best means of
judging of the merits of a college and its work is by
“noting the extent and efficiency with which the gradu-
ates practice the principles that have heen taught them,
Let us, then, examine the list of the alumni of this Col-

leve and see how well it has filled its mission. The vo-

| cations are numerous in whieh our ¢raduates are engaged,

yet sixty-two per cent, of them are pursuing those pro-

fessions which are subjects of special study in this Col-

lege, OF the graduates, forty per cent. are farmers, who
| ave doing much to elevate their class of work by mak-
ing it more remunerative—in a financial way, by practis-
most improved methods of farming; in au intel-
jleetual way, by making further experiments in their
iwork No other schoo! of its kind can show so favor-
able a result. Of those who have completed the course
at the Ilinois Industrial University, which is the largest
lachool of its kind in the West, only thirteen per cent.
pare farmers; at the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
twenty: ‘three per cent.; and at the Agricultural College
in Maine, twelve per cent, Nine of our graduates are
fruit, culturists, thus showing that nearly one half are
| strictly engaged in agriculture. Eleven graduates are
full professors in different colleges, and five are instrac-
tors, who, at no distant day, will become professors, ‘Two
professors aud one instructor have died. In all, eight
| per cent of the graduates are teachers of a high onder.

Nine machinists and five engineers have been graduated,

| yet, with a mechanical depar tment, a mach better result
| could have been obtained, With no instruction, except
that given in the class, students as well as graduates
have been able to do reliable work in land aud railroad
| surveys. Among those who are not strietly employed
‘in work pertaining to agriculture there are twenty-live
| merchants, twenty-four lawyers and seventeen pliy-
sicians, and most of them entered college with the in-
tention of following one of these professions. While
their work is somewhat different from that for which
the present work prepares one to follow, yet the College
may well be proud of their occupation and the degree
of success they are attaining, Many others are doing
valuable work as teachers, editors and clergymen, Four
‘are authors of books which haye been very favorably
pe THE COLLE

received by the public, Two are members of the legis-
lature in this state, and two others members of the U,
S, Signal Service. Fourteen have died, reducing the
number of living graduates to two hundred and thirty.
It is a fact worthy of notice that many more will be
farmers, but who chose for the present other profes-

sions because of their inability to secure a satisfactory |

start at farming. has we find the College doing good
work in educating farmers’ sons, and, at the same time,
combating those arguments that are brought to bear
against it.

Ware the different departments are obtaining

means for buildings and improvements, it should not be |

forgotten that the dormitories are in great need of re-
pairs. Wells’ Hall was never decently completed; the

plaster was frozen in most of the building, and it was’

poorly put on at that; many of the rooms are entirely
unfit for oecapants until papered or kalsomined by the
student. A slight jar will often provoke a most uncon-

genial shower of sand and mortar. Many of the upper |

rooms leak also. The greatest need of the building,
however, is a water supply, We would call attention
to the fact that there is absolutely no means of protec-
tion against fire. Each confined department of the
building has but a single stairway, and that is narrow
and crooked, There are one hondred students in the
building, all using lamps and matches. Still, there is
nota drop of water furnished the building, and no
means of getting any if an emergency should oceur,
Williams’ Hall is supplied with water and hose; the
same should be provided Wells’ Hall. Again, aga mat-
ter of accommodation to students, thia water supply
should be provided. They occasionally wish to have
water moderately accessible, and several have been
know to desire soft water for toilet purposes, Williams’
Hall needs a new roof—one that slopes toward the
sides, not towards the middle, We have often heard it
affirmed that the $2.25 a term for “incidentals” goes to
repair the buildings. We have always promptly denied
it—for obvious reasons.

_ Norwrrasraxpine one of the objects of manual la-
bor at this College is the preservation of health, our stu-
dents, like other people, are occasionally il.
able and irregular hours for study, green apples, swim-
ming in the river after meals, cold rooms, unauitable
clothing, the mumps, the measles, an unlucky move on
the ball ground, are some of the agents which oveasion-
ably disable our young men. When a student is too ill
to report for study, he needs quiet, cheerful sarround-
ings, and the help and advice of a good nurse, At
present we have no resort except our own rooms, which
are often poorly furnished. Stadents’ halls are not al-
ways quiet; to return home ia expensive, takes time,
and is generally unnecessary, It is indeed gratifying
to the numerous friends of the institution to notice the
great number of improvements which are continually
being made, Our wants are not all supplied, and in a
progressive age it is not likely that they ever will be,

GH SPECULUM,

We need a hospital—a pleasant room or two, neatly fit-
ted up in a cottage, or on some portion of the grounds,
away from the main buildings, The rooms should be
near the ground, and presided over by some good, skill-
ful, motherly woman. In making up a list of the

needful things, may the “authorities” not forget a hos-

pital. It would make student life at the College more
pleasant, and would often be the means of retaining
those who might otherwise retarn home dissatisfied, or
go to some other institution, To become attached to a
college, a student wants to feel well while he is there.
The comforts of the body should be carefully maintained.

Last vacation when we were called out by a false
alarm of fire in Wells’ Hall, we were led to very grave
eongideration of how we would extinguish a fire, should
one break out in any of the buildings, and especially
| Wells’ Hall,

The only protection that this Hall has is a well from
which water could be carried in pails, ete. Williams’
Hall is a little better supplied, having places for the
attachment of small hose, but the hose is in some place
where, we will venture to say, not ten students in Col-
lege know where it is. Then, again, the present hose is
‘too small to throw a stream large enough to make any
impression on a well-started fire. College Hall has the
protection of a small cistern with a broken pump. ‘The
| Botanical Laboratory has little or no protection. The
Chemical Laboratory has not a sufficient water supply,
and a fire might oceur when the tank there was entirely
empty. The eight farm buildings have only three wells
and cisterns.

From these statements one can sea how necessary it
is that something should be done before we suffer some
severe losa fromalack of sufficient protection, It would
cost only afraction of the loss that must be incurred by
a fire, to add much to the comfort and security of our
buildings, We have an excellent pump in the boiler-
house, but our present tank is not large enough to
supply water until steam could be generated sufficient
to run the pump. ‘The first requisite is a larger
tank ao aituated that it could supply all the buildings
with water, It is proposed to put a tank in the tower

; cof Williams’ Hall, which will bold 200 bbls., providing
LU nseason- |

the tower is strong enough to hold it, This should be
connected with all the buildings by larger pipes than
are now Used.

The following is a rough estithate of the cost of
auch a aystem!

2000 feet of S and $4 inch pipe laid af 0c.... 31,500 00
25 hydramta, at BBO. eee ete Hie Oe
M0 feet 2 inch hose, at Te, 0... eee eee 150 00
Hose cart... .4...0 6 eae ETP TTT TTT Tee 1h id
Tank, S00 bbls... cea ee 500 00

$2,000 00

If Williams’ Hall tower is not strong enough, there
will be in addition to this the cost of a tower. The
mere statement of the facts shows clearly that we need
something of this kind, but whether this is the best plan
isa question, This proposed plan would only supply

THE COLLEG

ES.

E sPEGCULUM

adjacent buildings and would not be sufficient for the
Botanical Laboratory and Faculty Row. .1t would not
be high cnough to throw a stream to the top of Wells’
Hall, Library and Museum building, College Mall and

some of the barns, but water could be carried to their.

tops in pipes, Would it not be better to have a tank
large and high enongh to supply the whole College
grounds with «a good head of water? With such, mains
could be laid as rapidly as practicable to all parts of the
rounds, The gardens could receive their much needed
irrigation, "The wind-mills and tanks at the green-house
and farm could be discarded, thus saving much expense
each year in repairs. It would save the expense and
trouble of having tanks in Professor's houses. It would
vive ames for sprinkling our lawns. It would furnish
water for some fountains that might be placed on the
gronmids with no loss of beanty thereto, We could pre-
sent other advantages, but enough have been given to
show that a great improvement to our College is still to
come, ind to come soon, we hope.
In this connection we may speak of a bath-house,
which is generally considered a good thing to have, A
secon story could be built to the proposed boiler-house,
where hot water could be had at all times by a moderate
expenditure of fuel. Here eight or ten bath-rooms could
be placed, ata cost of $250 to $350, which would add
greatly to the comfort and health of the students, Let
this matter be considered before the estimates are made
for the boiler-house. Tt would be difficult to get a sup-
ply of hot water elsewhere on the College grounds, and
as we certainly need some bathing arrangements, let
this item be considered when planning a boiler-house,

Iv ladies are ever to be admitted to the College, now
ia the time to make the effort. Like the proposed mili-
tary system, the erection of a ladies’ hall has long
been disenssel; appropriations for the purpose have
heen asked of the legislature. However, there has
been no combined and persistent effort made. If the
determination were nade to win, and this determination

persistently pressed, we doubt not that snecess would |

scon be the result.

—— es

We now have the library moved inte the new build-
ing, and new books are being added rapidly, This is
eratifying. he students should get the greatest good
from the library that is possible. To do this, they must
have a library catalogue, and have the library open all
day. A librarian could be engaged at a moderate sal-
ary; the library could be eatalogued for about $250,
Should this not be done ?

We vive our readers a eut of the new library and museum
Trilling as secon from the north entrance to Williams’ Hall, The
older alumi can locate the building by Knowing that it stands
aw few roils directly north of the old dormitory—*'saint’s vest” Ut
is just at the easters cge of the old football grounds, the trees
Liat epee constituted the “‘line’? being adlirectly In front of the
building, Improvements are slowly encroaching ” upon the
student's favorite hunting grounds, and are driving him farther
from the latele-fhelds of this fathers,

Correspondence: —

| We should be plenged bo receive OnNUniMions on Varlous topics. Dor
| this department, from tite to time,

Anonymous arkieles will not ine noticed by the editors,

All correspondence should be addressed to OC. BE. Sacrta.

We print the following from a private letter from Mr, N. P.
(iraham, class of 'T0, who was obliged to leave College three years
‘ago on account of i) health, Since that time many sad reports
| have beet recelved as to the condition of Wis health, but the fal-
lewing brings good news lo us all:
SauLr Bram Marie, Mich., April BU, 1882.
* # It lacks buta few days of three years since 1 was
taken Lome from Lansing with brain fever, complicated by cere-
‘brespinal ditticuley. From that time till the late autumn tt was
‘an open question each weck whether | should live to see another
one, The winter saw ny health somewhat improved, Tut with
the return of warm weather I again started on a downward
‘eourse, During that whole year my head bad beeo in an alarm
ing condition, I could not read half an hour at atime; could
nat study at all; could nol stand excited or prolonged cHILVELEAL-
‘tien, aid had an almost constant feeling of oppression, of diz:
ness and of blackness, 1 could not walk half a mile, and part of
‘the time had not strength enough to drive my own horse, T liad
taken mevlicine enough to have started a drug store. I could
neither eat nor sleep; and i seemed a greet many limes as if the
only favor life had yet to give was—death,
| My doctor told me that he knew of nothing more except a
‘change of climate, with the thought to be inferred that his faith
fin that was not of the land that moves mountains. Gul, acting
upon his advier, [Teame, with a friend whe statd with Eke oh few
| weeks, to Northern Michigan. I flrat came to the Grramd Triverse
iregien. Then, away books and even newspapers; went fishing
‘for speckled trout in the nearest brook; sailed out with the tieler-
men io take up their mets full of whitefish and Mackinaw trout;
hunted wiki pigeons and ducks; rode with the farmers out of
town, trusting to luck to get back; gathered ** apectmena,” and,
in lack of anything else, have lain for hours on the bright side of
hs send bank sunning myself like a woodehucl. .
Now for the result, In three weeks | was eating ‘like a dog.
When the smiling waiter girl would propound the usual ques-
tion of a morning, “beefsteak or fish?” [would feel constrained
to anewer, in as even a tone as T could, but firmly, ** beetsteak
vane fish,”
There is something in the odor of pine aml spruce and in the
Nake air which makes every one hungry, | remained in this
‘nerthern country till autumn, doing nothing that was work,
wrote some poor poetry, with whieh [bored the country editors,
and which they, with a wisdom far beyond what one would: be
led to suspect by eeving them, Javariably refused to publish 1
went home in Oelober und went to teaching school, walking i
mile atl three-quarters twice aday! Tbave been troubled rome
since, and this spring I came to the Upper Peninsula, as} now
think, to stay. T have been here tut a few weeks, but ] already
feel better. I tramped twenty-six miles a day for four days in
auecession through the woods, so, you see, Tam not very
wenkly.”
Mr. Giraham’s permanent address is Marengo, Mich,

iv

Se

| Mr. G. BE. Redvie, 73, a uephew of Dr, Kedzie, is a United
) States mineral surveyor in Colorado, We extriet the following
| from a letter written from Chiluuahua, May 14:
| Last summer Mrs. Kelsie and Tomade the ascent of tiray's
| Peak. which bag an aluitude of 14241 feet, and ix about three miles
ldiatunt from here, While upon the summit we had quite a ore
“tnarkable experience with an electric storm, We were standing
upon the top of a low stone building viewing the scenery, which
is grand beyond description, and watching o small storm cloud
Leoming Loward na and up one of the valleys, The solitude is al
i most painful at this altitude, and we were very inueh startled al
hearing «report very much like a firecracker, which was repeat-
ed several times before it dawned tipon me what the camac could
be, Aslitthe pellets of snow were beginning to fall, | suggeatecl
that we co below under the roof, and as 1 partially descended to
‘wewist Mra. KK, down, leaving ber higher than I, she began to
Spranee around asa surprised woman only can and exclaimed that
ler hat was fullof crickets, and pulling out her hat pin to re-
| move her bat, found that the erickets were upon the point of the
‘pin. Reaching the ground below the summit of the building, the
| Four corners of the building commenceil to hiss like a very pow-
| erful electric machine, and continued to do so until the storm waa
jnearly over. Going lo where the horses were litche| to ® stone,
iT found them ejually surprised, for whenever they raised theiv
i heads above their backs dhe bridle trons would commence to snap

hand hiss, when the horses would shake theirheads and lower them
56

THE GOLLEGE SPECULUM.

=A

to their knees, Several surveyors have recently informed me that
they have been caught in these storms at high altitudes and coin
pelled to leave their instruments and chain until the storm was
over on secount of the escaping sparks and shocks.”

Having generally received praise for Tuk SrecULUM, we take
pleasure in printing the sequel to the only criticism ever received,

which was printed in our last:
. Onenir, O., May 1, 1882.

Eprrok or THe SPECULUM:

Dean Sim—The third number of Tre SrecuLum came to
hand a few days ago, I was quite surprised to find my letter
ameng others in your correspondence column, T think, however,
you have done very well in complying with the requeat contained
in it, Each suceeeding number has been better than the :ast, and
I think the 50 cents well invested that paid for the year’s sub-

acription, foo,
H. V. Chan, “78.

Colleges.
Columbia is to have a new library building, costing $250,000,

Fraternity badges in Germany consist of narrow ribbons, worn
across the brenet or cap.

Harvard has, we understand, a Total Abstinence Society of
ever four hundred members,

Last year Wisconsin expended $2,670,748.54 in public ecluca-
tion, an average of $7.07 per pupil.

Gen, J. W. Keiffer, Speaker of the U. 5. House of Represent-
atives, i¢ an alumous of Antioch College.

The Alpha Tau Omega froteralty is rapidly adding new chap-
fens. Tt has lately entered Adrian College with a good member-
a Lay}.

Mr. Orville Brewer, a graduate of Beloit College, Beloit, Wis.,
has got up a new college song book. His address is 441 Wash-
ington slreet, Chicago, I Price, $1.40

Mr. John 8. Slater, of Norwich, Conn., has given $1,000,000
for the education of colored people in the south. EB. Hayes is
chairman of the Board of Trostecs. Let others follow this noble
exminple.

Ohio has provided for the establishment of a State Meteorn-
logical Bureau, with Prof. Mendenhill, professor of physica at
the Ohio State University, a3 a member and probable head of the
Board of Trustees,

The Golden Hey ig a new fraternity paper representing the
Kappa Kappa Gamma, a ladies’ fraternity. It is published at
Indianapolis, Ind., with Miss Minnetla Taylor, of Greencastle,
Teal. as editor in-chief.

_ ‘Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., holds annual examinations
in Chicago and other western cities to save candidates the expense
of so long a journey. The idea is an excellent one, and gives
Trinity many students she would not otherwise have,

The circulation of some college papers are as follows: The
Dartmouth, 1,050; The Chronicle, 1,000; Princetonian, 1,000;
Yale Courant, 800; Yale Reeord, G00; College Speculum, | A
Yale Literary, 550; Harvard Crimson, 500; Oberlin Review,
50, Argus, fli,

_ A college press association was organized May 8, at Indianap-
olis, Ind., the officers being the cditor-in-chiefs of the followin
papers: President, Knox ent, Galeaburg, Il.; Vice-President
Franklin Collegiate, Franklin, Tnd.; Becretary and Treasurer,
Vidette Reporter, lowa City, ‘Two prizes, of fifty and twenty five
dollars, are to be awarded by the association for the two best
articles appearing in college papers.

The Inter-State Oratorical Convention held its eighth annual
meeting st Indianapolis, May 4, 1882. Oho, Iowa, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Minnesota and Indiana were the states represented at the
convention, In the state contests, the following gentlemen won
the first place, and consequently were sent to Indianapolis: C. E
Jefferson, from Ohvie: . Clark, from Minnesota; A, J.
Craven, from Towa; T. G. Hanchett, from Hlinois: H. 8 Fiske.
from Wisconsin; CL. Goodwin, from Indiana. The contest
eccurred in the evening before a large audience, and afterward
the judges gave the first place to Mr. Hanchett, of Illinois:
second, Mr. Craven, of Iowa; third, Mr. Goodwin, of Indiana,
The markings were as follows, 1,200 being perfect: Iinois, 1 138;
Tawa, 1,125; Indiana, 1,117; Minnesota, 1,083; Ohio, 1 050: Wis.
eonsin, 1,055. We umlerstamd that Mr. Hanchett is a mem ber oe

the Delta Kap Epsilon Fraternii MI :
Delta; Mr. Gonulwin, Phi Delia Their Craven, Delta Tan

There seems to have arisen a very serious tr

i ' : cna le

Arbor in regard to the election of editors of the Chronicle torn
next half year, Ata meeting of the Chronicle Association, held

— =

‘| of the constitution and of all precedent;

May 20, 1882, one hundred and thirty-two of those who expected
to vote were denied that right (we do not know that it was &
rghit}, because the managing Board thought that these persons
‘had not become members of the association according to ita con-
‘ slitutional provisions. Buch confusion then followed that the
meeting was adjourned; and at o later one, four editors were
elected. The opposing party then issued a circular claiming that
“One hundred und thirty-two voters were disfranchised by the
acting Board of Editors, in partisan spirit, and in direct violation
* and that ‘* The Chronicle
as the organ of a faction, and in @ monuer
They algo threatened to estab-

has been cond
not creditable to the University.”

lish another paper. If those deprived of a vole were all of a
| party op in polities to the managing Board, it would look
| a5. thou there was ground for complaint, with appearances

‘much against the Board, When the opponents of the Board,
however, claim The Chronicle has been conducted “in a manner
‘not creditable to the University,” we think that they did not
judge by comparison with most college papers, or that their ideal

very high, According to our opinion, The Chronicle has been
abl conducted during the last year, and we hope thatthis trouble
will not affect its auceessful publication in future.

At the Ohio State University, Columbus, O., the students
room in a college building with rent free, but they are obtiged to
give bonds for the good care of the building. The students form
an association and let io some person the job of furnishing and
care of the rooms, the kitchen and dining-room work and the care
of bath-rooms. The rooms, we understand, are nicely furnished,
and this, with the careand heating, costs each student sixty centa
The students elect.a president, who has his board
free, This person purchases all foo, and it is prepared for the
table at a cost of fifty cents per week to cach student. The food
cosig on an average $2.40, making the whole cost of board $2.00,

At Perdue University, La Fayette, Ind., the faculty lets the
contract. to furnish table-voard at $2.50 per week, The students
can board at the college boarding-hall or elsewhere, as they
choose, The college charges fifty cents for lights and gives a
suite of three rooma to every two students, The rooms are fur-
nished with bedstends, wash-stands, tables and chairs.

At Ano Arbor the students board m clubs at the cost of from

to $2.50. A steward purchases the food and is boarded free.

he cost of preparing it for the table is Hifty cents week.
| At Hillsdale College club board eosts this year from $1.) to
($2.25. Last year it was as low as #1.70 in the club where it is
‘now £2.25. Furnished rooms in dormitories or in private houses
{the care is included here) at from thirty-sever to sixty-two cents
per week. Board in private families, including care of rooms, is
from $2.50) to #3, i0,

At Olivet College, before ihe fire, board cost $2.50,

When we compare our boarding system with thoar of the
‘other colleges we see how expensive ours is as compared with
others. it costs to prepare our food sixty eight cents per week
each, fuel used in preparation costs ten cents, making a total of
seventy-cight cents per week, as compared with fifty cents in
other colleges. Food costs $9.97, making the entire expense
$3.15, not including furnishing and care of the rooms.

/ per week.

Micniean Inren-Con.eciure Soctery Assocrarion,—The
firat annual meeting of the M. 1. 0. 8. A. was he'd at Albion,
May 4,5 and 6, 1882. Delegates present: tion! and Wycolf,
Adrian: Des Jardins and Reed, Albion; Bennett and Spalding,
Ann Arbor; Pierce and Wheeler, Hillsdale; Beaumont and Hol-
liday, Lansing; Barber and Cooney, Kalamazoo. First session,
Thursday afternoon, in Erosophean Hull; acceptance of creden-
tials and reports of standing committees. Second session,
Thursday evening; action taken upon regularly offered amend-
| ments to constitution; election of officers for next year. Friday
morning, session held in College Chapel, new President, L,
Cooney, in the chair; this day devoted to presentation and «lis-
cussion of papers from delegates, upon literary society topics;
first paper by W. M. Wyceoff, Adrian: * Ttelation of Literary
Bociety to Actual Life:” second paper by M. O. Reed, Albion:
“Aim of Literary Socteties;” discussion followed] each paper.
Aflernoon session, first paper by C. H. Gleason, Kalamazoo;
Discipline of Society Work;” second papor, C. R. Wheeler,
Hilleda e: ‘Society and Class;" and third paper, Mr. D. C
Holliday, Lansing :** Workings of Eclectic Bociety;" an imterest-
joe discussion followed - President Fisk, of Albion College, was
called upon and responded in an entertaining and instructive
manner, Friday evening was held open meeting in College
(abe). programe as follows: Music, ‘ Restless Sea,” Miss
Mamie E. Hussell, Messra. Gleason and Russell; introductory
remarks by the ex-president, J. W. Beaumont, Lansing; music,
violin aolo, Prof, N. P. Stanton: essay, “Conscience and Law,”
Kk. B. Rood, Adrian; poem, “Night Brings out the Stars,” Miss
Alba M, Stiles, Albion; music, cornet solo, Louis Boos, Jackson;
discussion: question, '' Resolved, that immi ration of the Chinese
into the United States should be restricted by law,” affirmative,

THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

57

J. F, Evert, Lansing:
music, plano solo, “Caprice Fantastique,”
bion; discussion continued: iffirmative,
sity: negative, C. H. Pierce, Hillsdale:
Franc Eve Earl, Albion; oration:
History,” A, A. Clark, Albion; .
Jackson ; paper: “The League,” C. R, Cooley, Hillsdale: music,
pine solo, Miss M, Sweet, Adrian; following this was a grand

nquet in Erosophean Hall Saturday morning, session held in
parlors of Commercial House; settling of floanees and election of
sanding committees; wext year's officers are: President, L.
Cooney, Kalamazoo; Vice-President, M, O. Reed, Albion: See:
retary, C. HE. Pleree, Hillsdale; Trensurer, E, B, Rood, Adrian,
Ano Arbor has the chairman of{Executive Committee, and Lan-
sing has chairman of Literary Committee, in Mr. Holliday. The
first meciing of the association wae a qupcess, aol proved the use-
fullness and permanence of the organization. unsing sent a
large delecation—twenty men—an
honor, We have especial reason to be proud of the association,

8. F, Garrung, Al-
H. E. Spalding, Univer-
aale music, vocul solo, Miss
“Study of Language a Key to
music, cormet solo, Louis Boos

since it may be considered a child of our own, and since it las |

been pushed to its present success mainly by the energy of our
OWT Tet.

LIRRARY ART MUSEUM BUILDING.
From the soith-weet.

College News.

Subseries for Te BrecuL.um—voelame two,

The juniors wear a class ring. Sophomores next!

The Phis have lately purchased a fine new upright pinno.

The furm department will purchase a twine self-binder soon,

Volume one of Tuk Serecunum has been printed at the Post
nod Tribune Job Thoome, Detroit.

Twenty-eight students will graduate in August, One ia a
ludy.

President Fairchild, of Oberlin, paid Dr. Kedzie a day's visit,
May LT,

The botanical laboratory has been repainted, and somewhat
repaired,

The college band has lately purchase one of Lyon & Healey’s
$165 tubns,

The new tool-house, being erected just south of the horse
barn, is emelosed.

The silo ia to be considerably enlarged, and the experiments
with ensilage continued,

Professors Cook and Carpenter have telephones from their
residences to thelr offices, ;

The Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society
will visit the college June 4,

negative, D. P, Sheldon, Kalamazoo ; |

a delegation that did her |

The Olivet base ball club expects to play our nine at this

| place the first of the month.
| Rev. Stewart Kedzie, a brother of Dr. Kedzie, from Grand

Haven, paid the College a visit, May 21,

} The collere cornet band made musle for the people of Lansing
decoration day. ‘The Lansing band has disbanded.

| Professor Samuel Dickie, of Albion College; will lecture here
| before the ¥. M. C.A., June 2d, on Robert Burns.

Among other new apparatus in the chemical laboratory is a
| Plétographer's camera. Itis conspicuous on sunny days.
) ‘The experiments om the crossing of corm mentioned before in
| THR SPECULUM are Leing extensively continued this year.

The Y. M. C. A. las applied for the old museum room in
College Hall, It intends to use it for business meetings,
library, ete.

Rev. Dr, Holmes and wife, of Chelsea, made the College a
short visit, two weeks since, Mr Holmes was a clasamate of
Dr, Kedzle's.

A permanent fee of $2.25 will be required of the students
each term for hea!. This item is combined in the accounts with
the room rent.

| Dr. Beal intends to exbiblt the drawings and theses on botany
| of the seniors and freshmen before the State Teachers’ Associa-
| tion next winter,

Our course in English literature is now extended over two
| Years, and essaya in connection with the work are required for
| five consecutive terme,

| (One of the most attractive portions of the grounds ty students
}and visitors is the wild garden, Considerable improvement is
| being made thia summer.

College Hall will be extensively refitted next year. A pew
roof will le put on, the walls aud floors repaired, and many
changes mace in the apartments.

| J. 0. Beal, ot Lenawee County, made his brother, Dr. Beal, a
visit some lime since. He is especially interested in our silo, He
| is Intending to build one this year.

The labor system has become badly demoralized in the horti-
cultiiral depariment. It is maintained at ita old standard under
the management of the farm department,

| An accurate life size portrait of Judge Wells,

| George W. Reed, Kalamazoo, has been procured by

Tt will probably hang in the reading room,

| ‘The library is now thorough’y act up im the new rooms in the
. Tr

| lihrary and museum tuildin vw books, so crowded in the old
room, Make a littl display in the new one.

| Weare unavoidably delayed with this Issue, as the time of go-
ing io press occurred Urlig vacation. Laren,.—The proofs were
loat in the mails, causing still further delay.

Each table in the analytical rooms of the chemical laboratory
has been provided with stools, Those of us who have stood up
to three hours of manipulation will appreciate the change.
| The farm. and indeed the whole farm denurtment, never
looked better than at present, There is order and thrift apparent

everywhere; everything shows thought, anid good, practical
| Management,

| No need cf the College is more apparent than a compelent
| superintendence of the horticultural department. The chair of
| horticulture could be profitably combined with a superintendence
| of the whole department,

| Some time since, the College purchased ten registered Merino
jewes of A. D. Taylor, Romeo, for- $300, and a ram of Mr,
| Thompson, of Macomb Co., for $75. These sheep are now in
jexecilent condition; some tine lambs are being raised,
| Dorr J. Stryker, a student in the class of ‘85, was quite seri-
| ously lnjared in a ball game, April Sth. Anankle-joint was dislo-
|¢ated, and the leg broken just above, He remained at College,
| keeping up with his classes; he has now nearly recovered.
| Professor Cook's old class-room in College Hall will probably
| be piven to Professor McEwan, It will be cnited with Professor
| McEwan's present cluss-room, the one formerly oecupied by Dr.
| Beal. A private study may be built from oa portion of the rooms.
| Dy. Kedzie received a few days since a sample of “* Palmer's
| Plant and Vine Protector,” for analysis. It is claimed that it
| protects plants from. all insects.and ‘at the same time invigorates
their growth.” It contains about seven parts of bran or shorts
} and one part of cayenne pepper.
Wm, M. Badcock, of Taunton, Somersetshire, England, has
jcome from England for the purpose of atudying apiaculture
‘nuder Professor Cook, Mr. Radeock is a banker, but intends to
| follow bee-keeping hereafter. Misa Belle Smith, of _Mosherville,
| Mich,, ia taking a aimilar course under Profeasor Cook,

ainied by
co] Lege,
a

8

THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

The orators for commencement arc: Erwin N, Ball, Ham-
burg; Charles W. Crossman, Benton Harbor; John F, Evert,
Moorepark; Jacob M. Hollingsworth, Ridge Farm, 1. ; Jeff. H.
Irish, Pontiac: Theodore F. Millspaugh, Walden, N. Y.; Edwin
A. Murphy, Lyons, and Charles B. Plummer, South Maven.

There is probably no presentable collection of Indian Corn in
the United States, Dr. Beal is making arrangements for exhibit-
ing the large quantity of samples of corn he has now on. hand.
Two cases for this purpose have been placed in the museum of
vegelable products at a cost of S100,00, and two more will soon
be added,

A number of the students have combined in connecting Wells
and Williams’ Halls with a telegraph linc, and in procuring &
number of instruments for the practicing of telegraphy. It ts
rumored that the operators from the two Halls meet on the lawns

at dead of night, to ask each other questions concerning the mes- |

sages of Lhe clay.

The crops on the farm are distributed as follows: No, d, 15
feres of ants, the remainder devoted to experiments; No. 4, divi-
ded into amall pastures; No, 5, meadow; No. 6, corn and pota-
ines; No. 7, pasture: No. 8, clover meadow; No. 9, wheat; No.
10, corn, and ¢izht acres of roots; No, 11, wheat; Nos 12, 14 and
15, pasture; No. 14, meadow.

lt is proposed to remove the garden tools from the basement
of College Hall, and io erect a small tool-house and store-lhouse
for the use of the horticultural department, near the vegetable
gardens, If money ie oblained, this will be done next year. The
using of the present basement for the storing of tools, etc., ren-
dera the whole building unhealthy.

A subscription paper has been circulated among the farmers
of the vicinity, among the members of the Faculty and business
men of the city, for aid in veling the road between the Col-
lege and Lansing. About $000 have been subscribed. The stu-
dents have promised considerable work. Professor Carpenter
will have charge of a part of the work.

No greater improvement is shown in any department of In-
struction than in the course in anatomy and phystology und-r
Professor Cook. The new dissecting room is convenient and
commodious, and the dissections are conducted under a rigi
and thorough system. Indeed, the anatomy and physiology
becoming one of the strong points of our institution.

Our flower gardens are every year the delight of visitors, and
the pride of the College. They are skillfully managed by Mr.
Cassidy. One of the circular plats, twenty-seven feet in diame-
ler, which is each year filled with bright contrasts of foliaze,
will this year contain eighteen hundred planis, grown in the
greenhouse. This plat contains exch year one of the ‘ carpet
fesiens,” Which are ao attractive all through the summer.

Dr, Beal has procured an apparatus for testing seeds. ~ It is
constructed upon the plan of an incubator, The extensive ex-
periments on the testing of seeds carried on in the past will be
continued. Bamples of vegetable seeds from the different seed
houses are teated, together with those grown upon the College
wremises, Samples of grass seeds have been tested as to purity.

his is done by carefully picking out the weed seeds, and other
foreign miter, and then weighing thent in delicate scales,

“The Young Lad‘es’ Secret Society" is the name of a late lit-
erary organization here by the waiters and kitchen girls, It is
just our luck! Aneditor for THe Srecu.om will be elected from
this society, of course, but the present editors will have laid away
their broken pens and will be denied the inspiring boon of eltring
jong at the editorial table beside the fair ecitress. 7

ia

educational inatitution.

We greet the new comer!
and much secrecy !

Long life

The experimental plats on thejfarm will contain, this year,

three or four varieties of corn, two varieties of millet and one of |

Hungarian grass, grown for testing their worth for ensilage; ten
varieties of wheat; eight varieties of potatoes, some of them new;
a plat of doura, or rice-corn, for ensilage; one-eighth of an acre
of yellow lupine, to test its value as a green manure, as compared
with clover; and one-eighih acre of cach of the following, to test
their value for hay and forage: orchard grass, foul meadow grass
English blue grass, Kentueky blue grass, alfalfa, red-top, white
clover, alsike clover, and oat grass.

The farm department haa sold five shorthorns this spring,
follows: Cow and heifer to C. A. Miller, Marshall—the cone for
SM), the heifer for $125; three fearling bulls for $125 ench, to
to the following gentlemen: William Johnson, Plymouth, Merrit
Peckham, Parma, Mich., and Joseph Purves, Burton, Mich
The amount of stock will be increased as the condition of the
farm admits, Shorthorns and Ayrshires will be the leading
breeds kept. Ii ie the idea of the present mausgement, that the

di |

But we gather |
consolation trom the fact that from turret to basement this is an |

aaa

| College should be prepared to furnish the le of the state with
| pure stock.and to sell them cheap. Stock will be maden specialty.
The demand for stock, and especially for shorthorns, is now
| geod.

Much new and expensive apparatus has licen added to the
‘chemical and physleal department, Among other things is an
}aneroid barometer, # set of vacuum tubes for illustrating the
i fourth state of matter” —the state beyond the gaseous form;
| Bohnenberger’s dry pile, am instrument for illustrating ‘‘Arago’s
| rotation,” by means of which a magnet ls made to revolve in the
same direction as 4 rotating unmagnetic metal; Meltoni's com-
| plete set of apparatua for illustrating principles of heat; a pyro-
i meter, with bara of the different metala; Edison's phonograph;
‘Duma’s apparatus for determining vapor density; Faraday's ap-
paratus for converting electricit i, inta motion; Cailletet'’s machine
for the liquifaction of the so-called permanent gases,

| Dr. Kedzie is trying a most novel experiment, He is trying
lta ascertain the condition of electrical currents In the earth pre-
‘ceding and during storms as a1 means of foretelling changes of
weather, His apparatus consists of a very delicate galvanometer
which is connected with trocs by wires. These trees being in
intimate contact with the earth and being themselves non-genera-
tors of electricity afford a ready means for the eonduction of the
earth's electricity, The experiment is yet too new to bring any
definite results, although the deflections of the galvanometer
needle correspond to changes in the weather, Dr, Kedzie is the
| first Investigator in the field, The weather department at Wash-
‘ington has obtained information of the experiment and it will
probably institute Investigations.

Dr. Kedxie is experimenting upon the sources of nitrogen of
plants. It is known that the leguminous plants—clover, lupine,
peas, beans, et¢.—will contain much more nitrogen than cereals
crown upon the same ground. Why is it? The soil contains a
certain amount of “inert nitrogen"—nitrogen which is inactive
‘and usually considered unavailable for plant food. Many it not

be that the leguminous plants have the power of utilizing this
nitrogen which the cereals have not? The experimental plants
are grown upon soil which has been burned to expel the com-
bined nitrogen and are watered with distilled water. If a cheml-
cal examination of the mature plants shows any accumulation of
| nitrogen above that originally contained in the seed it will have
‘come from the inert nitrogen of the soil.
pleted, and the
| find the dif-

| When the alterations in College Hall are com

offices it is to contain are fitted up, the visitors wi

ferent officers (in the following places: President Abbot, Li-
brary and Museum building, first floor, south side; Secretary
Baird, Library and Museum building, first floor, north side; Pro-
i fessor Kedzie, Chemical Laboratory, south entrance; Professor
iCook, Library and Museum building, second floor, front side;
| Professor Beal, Botanical Laboratory, north entrance; Professor
Carpenter, College Hall, second floor, south-east corner; Profes-
isor Johnsen, College Elall, first floor, north side; Professor
MacEwan, College Hall, third oor, south side; Professor Har-
rower, College Hall, second floor, north-east corner; Frank Ked-
vie, Chemical Laboratory, north entrance; and all in private
oltiees.

A number of new experiments will be berun by the horticul-
tural department this year, and many of the old ones continued.
Besides the extensive testing of seeds to find what per cent. will
germinate, many will also be tested to find how high o tempera-
ture they will endure, and what variations of temperature will
be required to destroy their value. Corns from the northern and
jsouthern states will be tested to see if equal temperatures affect
them differently. Alternating rows of different vegetables which
jure treated alike, will be measured to see how the yields compare
‘in quantity. Last year rows of onions side by side, receiving the
same cullivation, varied often as much as two bushels in yield.

If theae tows had been differently fertilized or cultivated, the
linference would have been drawn at once, that such fertilization

por cultivation was the cause of the difference in yield. Corn will
he grown from the upper and lower eurs on the stalks to find if
there is any difference im the yickd. Experiments will be con-
tinued with sprouted a which have been dried. <A kernel of
wheat may be sprouted aud dried at least three times. Long-keep-
ing specimens of yellow Danvers onions will be wh for a few
years lo improve their keeping qualities, Similar experiments
with the white globe onion have resulted favorably.

The College catalogue for 1852 le oul. We unhesitatingly pro
nonce it ihe best the College has ever issued. It contains the
triennial catalogue, Which will hereafter be regularly issned
before slumni reanion, instead of after it. Among other -
new features the calulogue contains an index, an important mat-
ter always overlooked before. The degree of Master of Science
ig given not only after three years' of study, a3 heretofore, but
(also alter the student has ‘‘spent at least one year in the College,
in a course of post-graduate study marked out by the faculty in

THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

each case.” The triennial catalogue containa 4 su of
occupations, from which we learn that of the two hondred and
thirty living graduates, one hundred and forty-three are engaged
in industrial pursuits; ninety-three are farmers. It also gives the
residences of graduates, One hundred and seventy reside in
Michigan: six in Colorado and in Towa; five in Kansas, in Mis-
souri, in New York audio Ohio: four in California mod in Indi-
ang; three in Dakota; two fo Winois, in Nebraska aod in Wiseon-
ain, and one in each of the following: Dristrict of Columbia,
Florida, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mlasisslppi,

Texos, Washington Territory, Manitoba, pr Syria, Asia. The
only feature to which we take exception, is the insertion of the
alercoty ped paragraph concerning our military drill, We have mo
military drill, and the mere ingertion of words to. tht effect does
nob satiafy the law.

Professor Johnson is conducting a series of experiments for! -

the purpose of determining the source of the nilrogen supply of
field crops. ‘This ig one branch of an extensive co-operative ex-
periment initiated and conducted by Professor W. O. Atwater,
of tho -Connecticut Experiment Station, These experiments
were berun at this College last year and were mentioned
in No, 3 of Toe Srecunum. They consist in the growlng of
crops on plata fertilized with different nitrogencus fertilizers, and
a detailed comparison of the results with those of the sume crops
grown with other fertilizers. As stated in Professor Abtwater's
elrewlar, “The object of this experiment is to test the effects of
nitrogenous fertilizers Indifferent amounts and combinations upon
the growth of the plant, and inferentially its capacity to gather
ita nitrogen from natural sources, * * © The nitrogen ia sup-
plied as nltric acid in nitrate of soda; as ammonia in sulphate of
ammonia, and a4 onginic nitrogen in cried theod," rofessor
Johnaon's results, a4 tabulated in Professor Atwater’s report of
March, 1882, are as follows, the crop being corn:

NO MANUIC.. eee eee eres 44.7 bushels per acre.
Niteate of soda, age Sa Ey ea ag. 1 ai :
Muriate of potash, D0 dha. 22. ceca eee 52.0 di in
Nitrate of soda, 150 hd... e eccrine tage go te =
Superphosphate, #00 tha... ...-...-6.-+-
Nitrate of soda, 150 Iha........0--. 6.005 43 ie ue
Muriate of ae Fah ete, wil Fe :
Buperphoaphate, Goakaceeeceneenne bn “ My
Muriate of potash, 150 Ibs...........55. nish.
Mixed mineral fertilizers (superploa- i

phate, 300 lbs ; muriate of potash, 150 lbs.) ; 38.8 a if
Nitrate of soda, 150 Ibg..... 0 .....--..45 \
Mixed mineral fertilimers.... 6... 00002 eee bee gq 4 =
Nitrate of soda, bos ee eae
Mixed mineral fertilizera.............000 day “= rs
Nitrate of soda, 450 Iba..........2. 0.5. { 401
Mixed mineral fertilizers. ..... Perc ee . tiny “ ;
Sulphate of ammonia, ...+...---+--.++-5
Mixed mineral fertilizers. --.....--.----- ag
Dried blood, 225 Tha. .....--.-+-.--se08: 'aiaag
Mixed mineral fertilimers....-... 62.0005 ley goo
Dried blood, 450 Ihe. .... 0.6. ceeevear eee F
Mixed mineral fertilizers......---..60e05 ee M4
Tiled blood, G75 Nba... ce. eee es Riek: i
No MABUTG. cece ec eee eee eee ol

oa |

ducted upon 4 level upland, sudy
loam, light and well drained. It isnoticvable that Profes-orJolin-
gon reported much larger yields than any other experimenter,

The conclusions at which Professor Atwater arrives, after four
years of experimenting, are that ‘corm was helped but little
nitrogen in the fertilizers,” and that ‘“it gathered a good deal
from natural sourees.” Potatoes showed uniformly good results
from the ‘ose of all the fertilizers. “The experiments indicate
very decidedly that the potato plant differs from many others in
respect to the effect of these fertilizing materials upon its growth,
and imply that it has less capacity than corn for gathering an
adequate supply of food from natural soureca. It seema to de-
mand a full and immediately available supply of nourishment
for its sucecasful growth.” With cotton ‘' phosporic acid has
rreat and potash very little effect. Nitrogen increases the crop;
but that in ipeeniine meal is as useful, or more #0, than in the
other and more costly fertilizers.”

These experiments were oot

E. B. Fairfield, Jr., ‘Tl, after graduating read law a few
months with 8, F. Seager 0
correspondent for the Chicago
During 1873 he was with the
quetie Co., Mich; was mi justlog 4

‘ance Company in 1874-5; dabb i '
1aTi=ii, dines 1876 he has been teaching and is al present
af school at Tecumech, Mich.
aoe Gavel College. Married Miss Mary L. Jones in "12, who
waa one of the ladies admitted to the college in 1870.

Utuh, Virginia, |

by |

rof Lansing; then acted as a legislative |
Inter Ocean and other papers. |
public Iron Mining Co., of Mar- |
nt for the State Fire Ingur- |
in real estate in Chicago in)
upl, |
He is an officer of the State!
Association and a member of the vishing committee te |

Personals.

Twn Editor of this Department desires the carnest co-operation of the
mumoi in aiding him to fill these columns with interesting items. Give
occupation since graduation, what offices held, whether married or not,
ebe., ato. Let this receive prompt attention from every alumogsa, Address
 COMMUcn tons to A. 0, Buin,

Adams Bayley, ‘Bl, is farming near Troy, Mich. :
Tharles &. Guile is practicing law at Mason, Mich.
Charlea FP, Shilling, ‘78, is a clerk in Sturgis, Mich.
Wallace W. Bemis, “76, is a farmer near Tonia, Mich,
AG. Gulley, “68, will be here to the alumni re-union
Morse W. Jones, 80, ia studying law in Bt. Paul, Minn.
William Caldwell, "76, is farming near Commerce, Mich,
Henry H, Mills, a special in 75, ls a farmer at Joppa, Ind.
Charles McKenny, “81, ia teaching school at Dimondale, Mich.
James Doonan, once with 78, isin Stearns’ laboratory, Detroit.
Carl Durt, ‘81, is Assistant Engineer of the City of Lansing,
Mich
i Charles D. Aprague, “TO, is a prosperous farmer at Greecnville,
| Mich,
J. P. Letts, once with ‘#1, is a student.of medicine, ab Orion,
Mich.
Samuel Fellows, once with ‘78, is u railroad man at Orion,
Mich
‘i William A. Spencer, once with "76, ls a miller, at Orion,
ich,

__ James P. Lewis, ‘78, is a prosperous hardware merchant at
| Firth, Neb.
| J..A. Briggs, °79, is im the law office of O. EK. Angstman, 'T5,
at Monroe, ‘lich,

Churles H. Parker, 'T5, is 4 prosperous farmer at Jerome,
| Hilledale Co., Mich.
| ' Will 8, Holdsworth, "78, is at present o designer and dranghts-
nan, im Chicago, Il.

W. G. Simonson, "81, is introducing school books in this
alate for Harper Eros,

Powell Carpenter, one of the earliest students of the College,
iis a farmer near Orion.

Russell A. Clark, "76, i2 a lawyer in Lansing.
daughter ten months old,

Arthur Jones, "81, is book keeper in the real estate firm of
Jones & Porter, Lansing.

E. B. Fairfield, "71, is one of the special contributors to the
Michigan School Morerator.

George B. Hannahs, once with ‘78, is a prosperous lumber
merchant at South Chicago.

CB. Fisk Bangs, "76, has quit railroading and gone to farm-
ing near North Lansing, Mich.

David Strange, “67, and his brother, John D. Strange, ‘60, are
farmers at Grand Ledge, Mich.

Augustus 8. Hume, ‘74, has purchased s farm near Lansing
upon which he expeels to move soon,

F, B. Dickerson, once with "74, is a prosperous subscription
‘book publisher, Larned street, Detroit.

Charles W. Me@urdy, “Sl, has aceepled a position as assistant
in the Reform School at Lansing, Mich.

W. L. Cole, once with “78, after craduating at the Detroit
Madical College, located at Orion, Mich.

Henry Jenison, ‘67, is afarmer near Eagle, Mich.; he is also
the County Surveyor of Clinton County.

George BE, Breck, "78, is. now practicio
Mich.; he was admitted to the bar lsat March,

Jay D. Stannard, '76, has purchased a nice farm neur White-
water, Wis., and will tuke possession next fall,

Elliot W. Langley, over two years with ‘S1,is a bovk-keeper
in the lumber firm of Fuller and Rice, Grand Rapids.

Joel 8. Pardec, ‘78, has lately graduated from the Chicago
Medical College; he is now located at New Troy, Mich.

L. N. B. Ives, once with 'T9, is with Ivea & Sons, bankers,
eorner of Jefferson avenue and Griswold street, Detroit.

Samuel Hedger, once with WG, and for several years a mer-
chant at South Lyons, has moved to Spink (o,, Dakota.

| ACJ. Pierce, oncee a member of the class of 't), has left South
| Haven for Aberdeen, Dakota, where he has taken up land,

He las a litthe

law in Paw Paw,

60

THE COLLEGE SPECULUM.

i ith * Miss Nellie
T. C. ¥. Kline, once with ‘#3, recently married a}
Belles, of Orion, near which place he is engaged in ame
; I. Dyckman, Jr., once with ‘79, is night clerk tm
Lyicits E ie St Louis, Mo, ; his address is 1019 Olive stroet.
ith “TO, i i i lum.
F. L. Hough, over two yeara with ‘79, is engaged im the
ber business at Fruitport, Mich. ; he is also quite a land owner.

' wn sick for some Lime.
Edward A. Haven, once with '88, has been sick fc
He now expects to return next fall, and enter with the class

ce “Bb,

George Ande
Business College, an
father,

William H. Smith, "75, has
farm recently purchased in this State;
Springs.

We have received notice of the marrluge of George Breck,
"2 to Miss Belle Dart, of Lansing, the ceremonies to take place
June 8th,

Stephen P. Tracy,
wealthy gentleman of
property.

Will . Hubbert, "81, was in a drug store, in Detroit, some
time after graduating; he is now engaged in the same business in
Minto, Dakota. + he Kati

¢r, Kedzie will meet the Executive Committee of the Nation:
aul Henlth Assnelation, of which body he is President, at St. Paul,
Mino., June 6th,

A. L, Seeley, formerly with 'S1, spent the winter at the De-
troit Medical liege; but is, during the sammer, running a lumber
yard at Orion, Mich.

J. Bruff Ware, once with the c
81, to Miss Dora M. Foote; both are
offer congratulations. 5 ; da ct

i with the class of '66, is Superintendent o
ated ince ‘Rivers, Mich. ; he ig also Secretary of the State
Teachers’ Agsociation. — oO

tharles EK. Bush, '81, has been at home, in Lansing, aick for
several weeks past; he was attacked with rheumatiam of the
heart, but is mow recovering.

Case E. Herrington, once with the cliss of ‘78, is now a pro”
mising lawyer in Pontiac, Mich. He graduatedin the law depart-
ment of the University in 1879.

C. B. Collingwood, once with the boys of '58, is on a cattle
ranch in Mexieo: his address is Santa Maria, Cal He expecta to
go to surveying again in the Spring.

Charles E. Hollister, G1, is a farmer at Laingsburg, Shiawas-
seo Coo: he has been a prominent surveyor for some years; he is
now Principal of the Laingsburg echools,

We had the pleasure of visiting Mr, Frank P. Hagenbuck, "79,
at his residence near Centrevi-le. and he has one of the finest
farma in that beautiful portion of Michigan.

T. I. Stevens, nearly three “beh one of the (class of "65, is a
farmer in Bath, Clinton Co.; he has becn a prominent teacher
for some years; he left College to go to the war.

Frank W. Hastings, ‘7é, is postmaster in Baint Louis, Mich. ;

rson, once with "$1, passed through Mayhew's
dis at present farming near Orion, with bis

riven up the South, and gone ona
i his address a Cedar

“6, has just gone inte the employ of a
Detroit, a3 superintendent of a large farm

lass of "82, was married
from Grand Rapids.

he has cleared for the office, during the year past, nearly $2,500; |

it shows him to be a very efficient public officer.

Warren T. Winslow, who entered with 83, was married to
Miss Libbie Sias, a nelghbor's daughter, April, 17th. He is farm-
ing upon a part of the homestead at Hartford, Mich.

Carlton V. Hinman, ‘78, after graduating, wis for some time
a hook-keeper; be has lately graduated in the Halnemano Medi-
eal College at Chicago, and is now located at Lansing, Mich,

Richard Haigh, Jr., of South Haven, milvertises lis froot far
forsale, He is now a traveling agent for the New York Life
Tnsurance Co, He intends to be with as during alumni re-union.

Adam Groner, who was obliged to leave the junior class of “81
on aecount of Tl health, ig now at home at Porkville, St. Joseph
Co,, studying medicine. Last winter be taught district school.
His health is improving.

John A. Porter, ‘77, is teaching and farmingat Longmont, Col-
orado, On account of his health he is oblighed to work at farm-
lng some of the thme instead of following continously his old vo-
calion of school teaching.

Win, H. Burgess, "81, has of late been to work for the Detroit
committer distributing money among the tire sufferers of Huron
and Sanilac Counties. Heis also studying law with the Avery
Bros of Port Horen, Mich,

May |

a

Warren A. Wells, G8, is just completing the aeventh year #3
| principnl of the schoola at Vicksburg, Mich.; his house was
‘destroyed by fire last February; he lost the whole of his library,
‘and a large collection of insects.

Eva Coryell McBain, "79, and her husband have moved for
the present to Grand Rapids. Mr, McBain is hook-keepet for the
Grand Rapids Plaster Co , and in addition owns and operates a
| farm at Sparta, Kent Co., Mich.

Harvey L. Rosenberry, "$1, is still at Columbus, Ohio. AC eliorl
time since, he sent to Professor Cook a human viscera, aleo
foetus which had, in place of the ductus arteries, foramen run-
‘ning through the walls of the heart.

P. H. Felker, "71, is now editing “ The Grocer,” in Bt, Louis,
Mo. ; he has lately written a work, cntitled **Letlers to a Young
Merchant, and Talks to Clerks,” which gives much information
‘to those who are just starting .n business.

| Harvey A. Price, !, traveled in the book business for some
time after graduating. Last winter he studied law in Minneapo-
lis, Kan, ; he is now sight-seeing in the West. At lust accounts,
aome two weeks since, he was starting on a trip North from
Pueblo, Colorado. :

6 W. Duncombe, of Paw Paw, entered bere in May, 1857,
and temained three terms; he bas lately been appointed to con-
duet the Un ted States Land Offices at Aberdeen, Dakota. He
has for many years been prominently connected with the county
offices of Van Buren Co.

Geo. W. Harrison, 69. after graduating, was a druggist, and
later & hardware merchant; he isnow manufacturing a wrought-
iron rubber-lined knife-head, to be used om reapers and, mowers,
which, to a great extent, obvintes the friction and nolee of the
machine. His address is Lansing, Mich.

Dwight A. Harrison,
‘uating, waa in the dr

"68, for two and a half years after grad-
business with Frank Wells, ih Late ie.
| During the nine years following he was a dragg st at Williame-
ton, Mich. He a nde traveling for the firm of Farrand, Wil-
liams & Co., wholesale druggists, at Detroit, Mich,

Toe Sreco.u is in receipt of an invitation to the marri
af Chas. W. Sheldon, "75, to Miss Helen Parsons, of Burr Oak.
The wedding took place May 17. We wish the genial groom and
his bride many long and happy years, Mr, Sheldon returned to
Fremont, Nebraska, to continue in the stock business,

| W. C. Latta, "TT, who is assistant in agricultural experi-nents
| here at the college, is aperuling his vacation in visiling the promi-
nent Agricultural Colleges in the middle and eastern slates Hiz
trip will be an extended one, thus giving him an excellent chance
ito ktudy the prominent features of these various achools,

Albert A. Crane, °74, is a promis nog lawyer at Gaylord, Mich.
| He was formerly a member of the firm of Cooper & Crane, but is
inow his own partner in business; he paid the College a short
| visit in April, tut found time to call on Tak SrecuLom, and to
| become a subeeriber; le will visit ua at the alumni re-union.

| Clifford & Walton, of Bay City, and Thomas H, Rees, of
| Lansing, members of the class of "#5, leave for the West Point
| military school June lat, they having received the appolutment
| from thelr respective representative districts Weare loth to lose
| two euch good students but wish them success as we bid them
| adieu,

| A. B. Simonson, “77, left Minong, Isle Royal, a short time
| since, to tuke a post-craduate course in medicine at the Michigan

University; he had been there but a few weeks, when he was
i tendered the position of resident physician at Harper Hospital,

Detroit; he aceepted, and is now engaged in the performance of
| hia duties,

| (©, A. Dockstader, of “81, is still at his home in Centreville,
jone of the prettiest litth: towns in the state, and, moreever, brim
| full of the prettiest little adsmes, too. This is, in all probability,
lwhat keeps Dock there so constantly. For the past week he has

been bonting and visiting friends at Sylvanside Cottage, Island
| Park, Ind.

| Erwin F. Smith, who took a course in botany under Dr. Beal
| in 1880, is one of the keepers in the Ionla House of Correction;
jhe is one of the suthors of the work entitled “Catalogue of
| Michigan Plants.” He is aleo a special contributor to the Michi-
| gan Sehool Moderntor, LatTer.—Mr, 8mith has come to Lansin

) to aceept a lucrative position in the office of the State Board
| Health

Dr. D.C. Hawxhurst, who was o student here in 1865, died,
| last January, of the small-pox, in the pest house at Paris, France;
he was formerly acdeniist at Battle Creck, Mich., and at one time
President of the State Dental Association, Last June he gradua-
ted in the Medical Department of the Michigan University, and
ove after went to Paris te pursue a course of medical

cr

61

Will Pack, «member of '81 for two years, after leaving Coll
removed to Athens, Mich, with his pedple, "His father died soni
after; and he took charge of his father's congrezution for nearly
ayear. He then attended school wt Valparaiso, Ind.; and is now
at his old home, Centreville, oceupying the position of foreman
of the Centreville knitting factory.” C. L. Major, onee with ‘83,
is boss spinner in the factory,

Prof, C.K. Bessey has recently met with a severe loss, which
calls forth the sympathies of his many botanical friends, On
April 6th, a lornwdo struck the north hall of Towa Agricaltaral
College, carrying off the roof and crushing in the botanical bab-
oratory, botanical lecture room, and the room in which were the
professors library, cabinet and herbarium, His work is now ear-
ried on in another building. The herbarium is saved in pack-
ages: bot the cases are still in the wreeked building, exposed to
rains ane storms. The library was mostly seved, but badly burt
by rain, lime and crushing, The building ia to be repaired socom,
und the professor expects to be back in bts old quarters by miid-
ser. —Betanien Gertie, We learn that other injurics were
(one to the college,

Josephus F, Groner, 74, gruluated inthe Medical Department
of the University in 1840. Sines graduating, he has been prac-
ticing medicine in Big Rupids, Mich. ; at present, he is physician
aml surgeon to Mercy Hospital of that elty, He has discovered
that pilocarpin is « specitic remedy for parotitis, and the editor
of the Phyacien and Surgeon, who published afull account of Mr.
Gironer's work, writes him thiut “‘some of the best medical jour.
mils have copied your article on ‘Specitie for Parotitis."” He lias
ilsa demonstrate | the efleacy of chloral hydrate in diphtheria,
having used it extensively a Year and a half before any case Was
puton record. Mr. Groner’s many [riends will be plensed to
lewrn of the saccess he has attained in less than two years; he was
marricd August 25, 18391,

J, P, Finley, ‘Ta. paid the College a short visit some three
wecks sinee; le was on a trip through Michigan and lows to
shiny up the torgatlocs that lad lately passed over those States,
Mr. Finley is the man of the weather department who looks after
the storms, To this subject he lias paid especial attentlon for
some yours. He was onee sent to France to stu ly storms; when
he returood, General Myers at one ordered] him on other duty,
not allowing him time to work uo his observations, as General
Myers was opposed to such investigation by Mr. Finley; conse-
quently, his work was suppressed, but under the present incum-
bent, le is working at the matteragain, and will probably publish
his researches. Mr. Finley has aecepted the oratorship of alumol
re-tiniesm,

William J. Sessions, ‘74, after graduating, taught school four
months, and the following summer, 1875, worked on his father’s
farm, in Clinton county, and thet October went to Ann Arbor,
where he spent one term of six months studying law; the next
spring, 1&7, passed a legal examination before Judge Lovell, of
the 8th judieal cireuit at lonia, and admitted to practiee in all
the Courts of Michigan. Having a farm of 120 acres, Bo went to
farming in the spring of “76, at which business he continued
until Auwuet, 1881, when he rented his farm to a brother and
moved into Ionia, to engage in the law business; was married in
August, 1876. His family consists of wife and girl, nearly two
years old.

We had a pleasant call some time since from §. RB. King, once
with the class of 68, Mr, King is now ao resilent of this county,
his post-office address being Meridian, He is the inventor and
mitentee of ‘* King’s Patent Ereetor,” an ingenious machine for
raising whe frames of buildings, It has been awarded a silver
medal, four diplomas, and several first premiums by agricultural
aocieties amd faire. Mr. K. raised the large College barn, last
fall, by this machine. Two brothers of Mr. King entered the
College at an early day, one in ‘58, and one in St. The latter,
Edgar H. King, died in his room in the wutamn of 59. This was
the first death among the students of the College, The other
brother, T. 0. King, did mot finish bis course; he is now a pros-
perous farmer at Hudson, Mich. These brothers were three out
of the first five students ta onter. from Jackson Co.; one of the
reminining two, Mr. Cole, was their cousin; Mr. Cole died before
completing his course.

Chas. J. Monroe. of South Baven, entered college when it
firat opened, In 1857, in the “middle” clas, there being at first a
matriculation to three different classes. Mr. Monroe waa obliged
io give up the course after two and a half years, on account of
trouble with his eyes. For one year while here he drove an ox
icam, pulling stumps where the buildings now gtand. Durin
ihe first two years, the students cleared two handred acres o
land. In consequence of the rapid clearing and the breaking of
the soil, a great many malarial troubles became prevalent; so
much ao, that at one time, by actual count, seventy of the one
hundred students were unable to attend meals. During the last
year of hia stay here, Mr. Monroe was engaged with Professor

Prentiss in planning and conducting the vegetable gardens, In the
fall, Profeasor P. was called away, and Mr. M. had entire charge
of the gardens. He did the first storing of seed3,arranging them in
neat pliecon holes alone one side of the room recently vacated by
Professor Cook, Mr. Monroe is now one of the prominent men of
Van Buren Co.; a Ia land owner; President of the Bank of
Bangor; and stockholder in the Bouth Haven National Bank, of
which he was cashier for many years. He owns a pleasant anil
well improved farm near South Haven, upon which he lives, He

says: “'T have great faith in the Agricultural Coll . ae
eis a brother of the J. I.

intend that my boys shall attend it,”
Monroe of "78,

We clip the following from an extended article on the Purdue
University in the Jadinnapalis Sentinel of April 7: ‘The depart-
ment of agriculture and horticulture was formally opened Sep-
tember 1, 1879, and the work of instruction was the first work to
be laken into considerution, A three years’ course of study was
arringed ao a3 to conform to the scientific course already in exist:
ence, This course has continued, with slight modification, 43 al
first planned, * * * The department is ino healthy, growing
eomfition, and is destined to be heard from further in «a few
yeura, When it shall have developed more fully. [Tt is now Iezs
than three years old, and will this year send out its first gradu-
ales, and put on file Ita first set of theses on agriculture, Piofes-
sor Charles L. Ingersoll, B. 8., fills the Chair of Agriculture and
Horticulture, and has in addition the immediate charge of the
“Experimental Station,” and the model farm. He graduated at
the Michizan Agricultural College in 1874, and subsequently
tilled the position of foreman of the farm until 1877, when he
wis Promoted ta the Chair of Agriculture, with the supervision
(of the farm, laving won promotion by excellent work both as a
student and an officer, iis auecess In this leading Agricultural
(College of the country secured his appointment to Purdue in
1870 He is filling bis difficult position with marked success, and
‘enjoys in aw high degrea the confidenmme of the State Societics of
Agricultare and Horticulture, and of the representative agricul-
turists of the State. The Experimental Station has already at-
tracted Lhe attention of those who have charge of similar depart-
ments, not only in this country, but also in Canada and England.
Professor Ingersoll is taking an active partin the Farmers’ In-
atitute, recently a ae tinder the direction of the State Board
of Agriculture. fe has his hands full, but his industry and skill
acom fully equal to the important work committed to him. Mr.
RK. H, MeDowell, the present foreman of the farm, formerly held
a similar position in the Michigan Agricultural College, under

raoll. He haa been here sinee the Ist of March,
and is believed tobe a valuable man for the posithon."' The arti-
cle alao mentions a book-keeping class ably conducted by E. C.
Walle, Mr, White was a former member of our present senior
eluss.

We have the following items of interest concerning persens
formerly connected with the College: Louis R. Fisk, Plotessor
of Chemistry from 1857 to 1863, ia aldent of Albion College;
Prof. Manly Miles is Directer.of Experiments on Houghton farm,
Mountainville, Orang. Co, N.Y. This farm is owned by Mr.
Lawson Valentine. Dr. Miles is in constant correspondence with
Lawes and Gilbert, of Rothamstead, England, and with other
experimenters, John (. Holmes, Professor of Horticulture from
‘57 to ‘68, is a wealthy cltizen of Detroit. His address is 41
Moffat Block. Prof. Holmes was the most active mover in the
foundation of the College. He was for several yeara the Secre-
tary of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, from ite organi-
zation in 184%, Calvin Tracy, Professor of athematics tires
/yeara, from 1857, is a resident of Lansing Before he became
connected with the College, he wrote an srithmetic, which was
‘the first to give prominence to cancellation. Prof. Tracy was
j very fond of hunting while he was at the college; one of his
| prizes was a fine deer, shot near th: present am aerogs the Cedar,
‘James Bayley, Superintendent of the farm, 60 to '62, is a resident
of Birmingham, Mich, His sen, Adams Bailey, ‘61, lives upon
ithe homestead, Cleveland Abbe, Instructor in Civil Engineering
jin 1850 and ‘60, obtained the assistantship in civil engineering at
| the University soon after leaving the college. Later, he became
Director of the Cincinnati Astronomical Observatory, He was
lent by the Government to study the observations and apparatus
(of the noted institutions of Europe. He is now the scientific
(meteorologist of the signal service department: he is the only
‘man in the department who is not a member of the army,
| Robert H. Tripp, Instructor in the Preparatory Department, 1559
and “69, was Professor of Latin in the University of Minnesota
until he ately acecpted a similar position in Central University,
Pella, Iowa. Carlos A. EKenasion, Instructor in the Preparatory
Department from ‘62 to "63, is Professor of Mathematics at
Ripon, Wis, Secretary William H. Marston, "78 to ‘75, is an
editor at Benton Harbor, Mich, John G. Ramedell, Instructor in
Book-keeping and Commercial Law, ‘61, is the Jadge Ramadell
of Traverse City, H. D. Bartholomew, Instructor in Book-keop-

62

THE COLLEGE

SPECULUM.

‘al P ice, | is tiv E in Lansing. |
. nd Commercial Practice, 4, ia City Engineer |
The following foremen of the farm are farmers: Hiram Hodges, |
‘37 to Te Mason, Mich.; Willard KE. Norris, “Tl to '73, Vermont-
ville, Mich,; George W. White, ‘76 to ‘79, Muscotah, Atchineon
Co., Kansas.

‘Reviews: as

. wel d for review io this de wrtment, No book mo.
Re ged ier ppt ia want to the editor of this department.

Ww ‘ : E AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

xe SE ET last ha ee rofessor J rasan, of whorn coples can be
This is 4 neat pamphlet of sixteen pages, giving the results of
careful experiments on ensilage, under the charge of the farm de-
partment; it also contains a bulletin of the New Jersey Expert-
mental Station for comparison. The very gener interest |
awakened in the making of ensilage, has called forth experiments
from a number of well-known experimental stations, not the least
of which is our own farm department, Our experiments have
heen conducted with much accuracy of detail, and this pamphlet
wives all that ig desirable for any farmer to know of our present
knowledge of the subject, The silo is 14x feel, with thick
atone walls & feet high. The total cost of construction was
$151.80; the cost of raising the corn and placing it inthesilo was
S41.81, or $2.00 per ton, The silo was ¢ oscd by planks om top,
welzhted with nine hundred pounds of stone to the square yard ;
ihe whole was kept as nearly as possible air-tight. “There was no)
outward sign of any change going on within thesilo, On Decem-|
her 15 the silo was opened, and the ensilage found to be nicely |
preserved. Is slightly acid in taste, quite brown in color when
first taken from the silo, but after exposure to the air for a short
time, rezained largely its fresh green appearance. The cattle
from the start, with a few exceptions, ale it with avidity. Ome
yery important consideration concerning the value of ensilage is
the fact that so large an amount of it can be packed in a com-
paratively small apace. A cubic foot of ensilage weighed thirty-
five pounds; the fodder was cut by an ordinary feed cutter before
heing placed in the silo. The pamphlet gives in detail the tabu-
lated results of the feeding. Many of the most important results
were given in the last SeeccLom. We quote the following, relat-
ine to the comparative feeding and cost Vale of ensilage: }
«The meal fed to the cows is worth $22.40 perton, That fed)
to the bull calves, $85. Hay is worth $10, and cornstalks and
oat straw each $5 per ton, and rutabagas 40 cents per bushel.

Compared with other feeds at the above rates, the engi has
feeding value four times the cost of growing thecrop and putting
it inte the silo. I was not at all sanguine, when we began the ¢x-

periment, as to the declded merits of ensilage as claimed by many
writers, but I have heen greatly pleased with the results of the
feeding, The convenience in handling the prepared fodder; the
‘daree amount that can be stored in a small space; the avidity
with which cattle cat it, and thrive and grow when a meal ration
ia fed with it; the fact Uhat it can be stored in a wet time, during
lowery weather, when fodder could not be cured; the furnishi
of succulent food for stock during our long wloters at very &
eost - these are some of the reasons that lead me to think the en-
silaging of corn especially will prove to be a practical and profit-
able method of prapariog food for stock. I think it may t
place of roots, and be a cheap substitute for them. Tam disposed
ty believe that the best results will be secured by feeding one
daily ration of dry fodder in connection with the ensilage. The
experiment shows that it is not a complete food ration,”

4 JAR CAL NIA FLORA. By Volney Hattan, Third edition.
* OEE AE Bancroft amd id ried

This litth work of 158 pages is intended for beginners in
western California, The author begins, In a plain way, with text
and illustrations of seedling plants. He goes back a little to con-
alder the seed, The illugtrations are good, and many of them
new. The stricture of the loaves, stems and flowers follow next.
Then be devotes a few pages to systematic botany, to prepare the
student for analyzing plants and finding their names by the key
descriptions. No attempt is made to make the student familiar
with some of the moat difficult natural orders, such as umbelli-
fere, composite, cupulifere, salicacer, coniferm, cyperacem,
grimmee. The author has done what he aitempted, and has
done it well,

LIFE: TEMPURAL AND ETERNAL: Ag Essay from the Second Eclition
ef “Eternal Purpose.” By William EK. Hart. J. B. Lippineet & Co:
Philadelphia, Pa. 1582,

A friend of the author has sent us a copy of the esany,
Thinking some of the views ‘‘tnaound,” some time ago this
friewl wrote for our opinion on certain sclentifie points.

Mr. Hart says; “DT have Uiought it advisable to go a litthe out-
side of my origioal plan, which confined me to the presentation
of the testimony of revelation, and in issuing a second edition of
' Eternal Purpose,” to glance at man’s claim to Immortality in the

‘scopic inspection,

‘rotting wand
oak tree,
to the essence of its bel

hare well grounded in vegetable physiology.
| pregnated acorn?

e the | P

light of reason.

"ee See

Let us consider some natural Take, for instance,
an acorn; cut it open; it shows nothing, to sight or touch, of the
oak tree Which it contains. Bubject it to chemical analysis, and

you find a few well-known elements. Put it in the ground and it
will grow, and in time becomes a mighty oak; but neither micro-

or chemical analysis can tell what makes it
condition antecedent to its growth, and that
is that while it was yel a flower, and before it was an acorn at
all, the pollen of a male flower must have lodged within it, and
have become incorporated withit. [f you compare an acorn which
has thus been impregnated, with one which has not, you cannot
possibly discover the difference: and yet, there is the greatest pos-
sible difference. The unimpregnated ‘acorn, if put into the
ground, will only rot and perish; the impregnated acorn, while
wishing as to its own identity, will live again in an
he future oak tree is in the acorn. The tree itself, as
_ is as real before the acorn is planted,
as when it is manifested in the century-old oak, The life in the
acorn is, therefore, subetawee, i.e, that which is real, and in which
properties inhere; it is really the oak which is to be, The visible,
inaterial tree, is only organized matter.” ae

Again, he says: ‘IT do not overlook the distinction between
veretable and animal life; that the first absorbs carbonic acid gas
and gives out oxygeo, while this process is reversed with the pec-
ond. Yet, it has so far been found Impossible to discover where
the one ends and the other begins.”

The acorn-and-oak illustration needs no comments to any who
What is an unim-
Bome parts of most plants give out oxygen,
this is about as far as we can go and tell the truth in this matter.

‘Matter, force, and life are a trinity, reflecting their creator.
The third constituent of this trinity is life; this appears to be aa
universally present as force and matter. When one form of life
has been destroyed, another takes its place, When, for instance,
a forest of pines has been destroyed, another, not of pines, but of
oak and chestnut, springs up in its room, It does not appear, as
the result of a great number of observations, that by the so-called
process of nature, acorns and chestnuta were planted after the des-
truction of the pine trees, but rather that the germinal plinelple
was in the ground, waiting for the proper conditions to develop
it, A multitude of similar instances of the spontaneous growth
of new vegetation, replacing that which had been burned or
otherwise destroyed, are clted by observers. Where earth lias
been brought up, aa in the digging of a well, from a depth of
many fect, and from a place where it has not been disturbed per-
haps for milleniume, and is exposed to climatic influences, it be-
gins to develop life. But this life ia not, as might have ween
supposed, the result of seeds lodged in from surrounding vegeta-
tion. This newly exposed and subterrancan earth differs from ¢
the surface soil, and will not nourish the vegetation peculiar to
the latter; it brings forth another form of vegetation quite pecul-
jor to itself, and different from that around it, Life was there,
invisible and immaterial, but nevertheless there,”

The writer of this review has koown of numerous instances
in Southern Michigan, where fires sot by the Indians annually
destroyed or kept out, or kept back, all trees and shrubs; when
the fires ceased, trees and shrubs came up in abundance, but they
wore not wilike Lhoge in the neighborho Not a chestowt, not a
Ine was ever known in auch growth in that locality. He has
““botanized" all over many door-yards in the vicinity of wells and
cellara, in four or more Btates, and has yet to find the first new
plant in those places; they were common weeds or plants native
to the neighborhood. The testimony of one good botanist in such
matters 13 Worth more than that of a thousand “observers,” who
have not learned to carefully distinguish plants.

The writer has known five named sorta of our ornamental
Plants to be planted, and thrive quite nicely, in soil taken from
the sand found at the bottom of a deep well. It is really too bad
in Mr. Hart, not to allow our native plants to grow in the soil
taken from wells, and then to cut off all desire for aceds of pines
to grow and produce pine trees. when the large pines are cleared
away, This is carrying the thing too far. rther on, he saya:
“The law is universal, that ‘like produces like.” You cannot
develop grapes from thorns, or figs from thistles." Many of the
“observers” who say that new species spring from soil taken
from. wells, and that forest trees grow without sprouts or seeds,
believe that horge lines will turn to worme, and many of them
know that wheat will turn to chess,

The author, like other ministers, no doubt earnestly strives to
09 good. Who that has a fundamental knowledge of botany or
zoology, or has made careful experimentsin agriculture, can have
confidence in the theology preached by a man in the pulpit, when
he attempts to reuson on statements as poorly supported as are
those used in the above Iustrations?

Nature furnishes an endless number of interesting, varied, and

inted examples for illustrating sermons aod religious tssays; to
influence those in the , it is very important that these iljus-
trations be correct, and not mere of the imagination,

crow, There is one
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a

FAOULTY.

THEOPHILUS C. ABBOT, LL. D., PREsiIDENT,
Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic.

ROBERT C. KEDZIE, A. M., M. D.,

Professor of Chemistry and Curator of the Chemical Laboratory.

ALBERT J, COOK, M. 5., .
Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and Curator of the
General Museum.

WILLIAM J. BEAL, M. 5., Ps. D.,

Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Curator of the
Botanical Museum.

Rey, ROBERT G. BAIRD,
Secretary.

ROLLA C. CARPENTER, M. §., C. E.,
Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering.

SAMUEL JOHNSON,
Professor of Practical Agriculture.

ELIAS J. MacKWAN, M. A.
Professor of English Language and Literature, and Librarian.

GEORGE H. HARROWER, B. A.
Instructor in History and Political Economy.

FRANK 8. KEDZIE, B. &.,
Assistant in Chemistry,

LOUIS G. CARPENTER. B5. 5.
Assistant in Mathematics.

A. J. MURRAY, V. S.,
Lecturer in Veterinary.

LOUIS KNAPPER,
Superintendent of Horticultural Department.

JAMES .CA®SIDY,
Florist.

ABRAM 8. BIRCH,
Foreman of the Farm.

WILLIAM C. LATTA, B.'5.,
Assistant in Farm Experiments.
JAMES TROOP, B. 8.,
Assistant in Horticultural Experiments.
CON, B. MALLORY,
Steward.

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