aL Pars : = um ose FP } Hike ” Wl nN le Ht Hil | | : i i BROAS, the One-Price Clothier, Undersells them all on Clothing Hats, Caps, and Gents Furnishing Gooods. te TY ob ne ae ett a CORNER MICTITG ATI ATE WASHINGTON AVENUES, LANSING. eee co LG EG Ei HHAD QUARTERS aD . SHULL & ALSDORE’S DRUG STORE Drege, Perfumes, Chemicals, Toilet Articles, and a General Line of Novelties and Fanci Goods, - JOHNSON & FOLEY, a RETAILERS oF FINE DOMES! UIC se IMPORTED GROCER iB OLD LAND OFFICE, “LANSING, MICH. Everything New and First Class.at CASSEY & MERELS Photographers. Also Artists it Ink, Oil, and Crayon. 'N, B After August 10th We will have A NEW GROUND GLASS SKYLIGHT in Ow Studio, under which we will be able to produce as FINE PHOTOGRAPHIC WORK as an Studio in the State. : oOyhh LANSING NWA TIONA TA. RANE. , CABRSLXY & METRE L LL: U. H. FORESTER, FIRST CLASS LIVERY. WHOLESALE AND BETATL | | Books, Stationery, Toys, ald Fancy Goods. ; ‘STUDENTS PATRONAGE SLE CORNER STORE, Orrna Buocr, | JIMMY MARKEY, DAN SING, - - . IMCCE. A. themed dictionariea be aerl-of-lho-wa will mat Instruct, while no viegele Galonry, Teunbed in a Mayes Dicionary Holder, will Inelrust bettas In Fart, the Halder i the “prea belper 2f the geen Tealeon, an and in H rreikiter Chen vaak aloré’ of Learn 1, Ht scend on) In Imperiancs 1 the mace eee fa. mie ve Heater ee Ss sivles, to Lacquer te Ts the Asia of whic bie mere durable mot AL w..D. SABIN, Vholesale and ARetall Dealer in HARDWARE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, | \ Mechanics’ Tools, STOVES, HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS, ETC, 12S Washington Avenue, ‘ femo g | aiy doed io) queue ea poy . TOIMOad WHOA HOS 2DvId ¥ meen and mageines, thus bri ih he Iba tlre emagek conelant| ee ved tp e r, dhe ae the ‘Tico, th ery, Holder cee gx 8 ea racel) fica, Cirrular fie. Band for idm Dore, fullness Low ae ide ee Moore Chicaga, “H2070H AUVNOILDIO SSAON BHL S igasavdsMaN YNGA MOA BOW wv _ Jot ALA “ * ” - HICH. THE COLLEG! = SPECULUM. | Vou. IL—No. 3. LANSING, MICH., OCTOBER 2, 1882, Wuoe No. 6. ue ae SS ee “Twenty Years Ago.” A PARODY, Preparcd for and sung ab the meeting of the Alumni of Lie Michi. fan State Agricultural College, Aug. i, Iee2, by Frank Horlgnan. Tve wandered round the eollege grounds And sat beneath the tree That stool upon the rlyer lank And sheltered you and me; And here you are to groet me, chum, How pleasant ‘tis you know, To meet on these old study grounds Of twenty years ago, Twenty years ago, twenty years aro, To meet on these old study grounds Of twenty yours ago. The grase ls growing Just as green, And merry lads at play Are sporting now, as we did then, With epirits juat as gay. The master dwells upon the hill, The students come and go, They love him now, as we did then, bome twenty Foals age. . Twenty years ago, twenty yerrs ago, We love him now, and loved him then, Full twenty years azo. The buildings round have greatly changed, And some have been replaced By new ones, little like the ones Our pencils had defaced. We mise the ‘saints’ reel" boarding hall, But the bell swings to and fro With music, just the same a5 ‘twas Full twenty years ago. Twenty years ago, twenty years ago, Its music's just the same as ‘twas Full twenty years ago. How we did hate the rousing bell That called us out of bed; For Allen rung it out 60 loud We almost wished him dead; But once we tipped it bottom up And filled it full of snow And water, just to freeze it up, Some twenty years ago, Twenty vears a0, twenty years ago, It did not ring so loud that thie, Some twenty years ago, The river's running just as still, The treea along its aide Are larger than they used to be, The stream is not so wide. The old log bridge is swept away Where oft we used to go And take a stroll at eventide Full twenty years age. Twenty years ago, twenty years ago, And take a stroll at eventide Full twenty years ago. Far up the stream, above the bridge, Upon a grasay reach, We had a jolly chicken feast, Beneath a spreading beech; We roasted it upon the coals, The kitchen girla you know They furnished us the salt and things Some twenty years ago. Twenty years ago, twenty years ago, They roosted low,—the chickens did,— Bome twenty years age, Across the stream upon a tree You know I cut my name And cut another just below, And you did yours the same; Some heartless scamp cut down the tree; There's nothing left to chow The place we had such merry thoes Some twenty years ago, Twenty years aco, twenty years ago, Ah! those were merry, merry thes Some twenty years ago. But now the boys are scattered wide, And some we ne'er shall see A strolling round the college grounds Along with you and me. Poor Dickey fell at Gettysburg; And Benham died you know; They served thelr country well, those boys Did, twenty years ago. Twenty youre ago, twenly years aro, May we all do aa well ag they Did twenty years ago. + Co-operation. BY B.C. PORTER, PHI DELTA THETA, “Tn union there is strength.” From the earliest times it has been the custom among the tribes of mankind, in times of danger and distress, to combine as a means of increasing their strength and powers of resistance. United effort has carried on and per- fected the great changes and reforms that are record- ed in history. It was only by the solid coiiperation of the Northern States that the Union was preserved in the great struggle with secession. Napoleon was eonquered only after all the other European powers had combined and sent their armies into the field against him. When the workingmen of England were ground down and oppressed by their employers, codp- eration was held up as the only means of lessening the evil. The first place where this plan came into operation was at Rochdale, in England, in 1842, wenty weavers united in forming a company for the transaction of business, They were so poor at first that the weekly donation from each member toward a fund to be used as a capital, was only four cents; yet now their sales amount to $1,500,000 annually, and they declare quarterly dividends of twelve to fif- teen per cent, Since that time the plan has been tried in many parts of Great Britain, and also in this country, and has generally been attended with great success. In some cases the laborers have codperated with their employers, and instead of receiving wages they have a share in the profits of the business. This plan has proved a great success, and has been a source of profit not only to the men but also to their employers, as it makes the men feel as though they were partners in the business, and they work wit corresponding zeal and activity. Another plan that was resorted to by the workingmen to protect their 2 THE COLLEGE SPECULUM. interests is found in the Trade Union, but the power that the men thus acquire by uniting is often abused, and it must be said that these unions do more harm than good. Another instance where concurrent labor will be beneficial and productive of great resulta is between student and instructor, In many cases the student considers his teacher his enemy, and instead of help- ing him on in his duties by acting in concert with him, he does just the opposite, and the result im man cases is far from satisfactory. The student shoul codperate with hia teacher and try to make his school and studies as pleasant and instructive as possible. The student who works against his teacher works against his own interests. He does not take as much interest in his studies as he otherwise would; his exercises are poorly prepared; he breaks up the har- mony of the school by continually finding fault; he is a detriment to the welfare of the school. Why not unite with the instructor and help him on in his duties? It would bring about a better feelmg—a closer relationship. It would do away with many of the evils that now exist. Sometimes a study is entered upon that is disagreeable and devoid of inter- eat. Would it not be a better plan to codperate with the teacher and try to make it as interesting and instructive as possible, than it would be to work against his efforts in this direction, and thus render it more disagreeable than it really is? It is of great importance that a student should not entertain a dis- like for a teacher,—it does him no good, and on the other hand it does him a great deal of harm; that prime object for the attainment of which he enters school is forgotten and swallowed up in his dislike. _ Concurrent labor in our schools would be product- ive of great results, because it would promote this better feeling between student and teacher; the studies would be rendered less dry and disagreeable ; it would promote better order and discipline among the students, and thus promote education. Coopera- tion will strengthen any occupation or industry. The laboring man has been benefited by it; the farmers have taken it up, and we are already seeing the results for the better; it is the watchword of reform. Student Excellence. BY CLARK H. ELDRIDGE, UNION LITERARY SUCIETY. Tn the seale of moral and intellectual worth we all have our degree. Some possess excellence and abil- ity apparently unobserved or unappreciated by their gasociates, while others make the same excellence and ability which are less prominent ina literal sense more prominent in a general sense. It is a well- known fact that the Freshman who can wear the most highly polished part of his excellence on the exterior is at once besieged by delegates from the various literary societies, and the siege is not discon- tinued until he identifies himself with some of them. Yet the societies are often mistaken in such members. We often find that these are being slowly passed in intellectual ability by those whom we were reluctant to enter on our member list. Not because prepos- sessing members are found in the least unworthy, but because ability and excellence, like genius, are not always found on the surface, and must be wrought out from their hidden chambers. Ability may lie dor- mant perhaps years until the subject is reached which will incite the commanding powers of the individual to action. We do not think that all student have BUperior excellence in any direction, but by observation we is the student of greatest excellence. a rs i know that the prevailing idea among students of excellence at College is based upon false notions. From our present marking system of class standing the idea has sprung that a student's excellence de- pends wholly on the marks received from the profes- sor. Saying nothing of the unremedial ways by which the class standings are rendered grossly inac- curate, can we admit that even the true mark gives ug reliable information of the ability or excellence of a student? We maintain that while the true mark gives us a clue to class-room work, it leaves us entirely ignorant as to real ability. The most stupid student, by a few moments of close application, can commit a recitation in anatomy or history, and it does not require the most gigantic and sublime work- ings of the mind to commit a lecture in horticulture, Class standing may, if the student be honest, show his pride and application, but rt can never give us the faintest idea of his real ability as a student, Siens other than outward appearance and class standing should guide us in our estimation of student excellence, The highest aim of a collegiate educa- tion is simply to prepare the individual for the trans- action of the more common duties of life, and the student who most completely makes this preparation . Was the stand- a certain student in mechanics perfect? How many months do you think it will be until he cannot pass seven-tenths? When we are thrown off by our College into the comparatively unappreciating world, when we assume eivie duties, do you suppose anyone will ask us for some of the fine points in Ganot's Physics? A general knowledge of such subjects is gufticient for all practical purposes. A general knowl- edge of the manner in which scientific conclusions are reached, and of the general conclusions themselves, is enough for any student who does not make this branch or that branch a specialty. If much more is committed it will soon be forgotten. The signs that should govern us in determining stndent excellence are not class standings, outward appearance, or devotion to text books. Scientilic knowledge alone will make us neither sociable nor civic: and those who go from their Alma Mater with only such knowledge will find themselves thrown comparatively out of the social and elvie world, com- panionable only to the few who are able to compre- reliend them, and not long to them. ‘The true stu- ent, one who is preparing himself for a civil life aside from his profession, if he has chosen one, ia not eneysted in text books. He regards the library as of prime importance. He regards a general knowledge of science and a wide range of reading as preferable to a perfect knowledge of science, a limited knowledge of history, and no knowledge of present transactions. He finds in history and biography knowledge which is indispensable to the educated man, culture which will make him social in the social eirele, culture which will aid him in his civil and social duties, cul- ture which gives to him an air of refinement unknown to the purely scientific student. The products of aei- ence are inestimable to us. No educated man can be without an intimate knowledge of natural science. Yet natural science is only a small part of the knowl- edge which an intelligent citizen should possess. Natural science may aid us in dealing with nature, but there is another kind of knowledge required to make us political and social, And this knowledge ean be obtained only by varied and extensive reading. With the chief aim and end of college life in view, can we justify any student in pursuing the course usually pursued by the so-ealled “ best” students ? That student is the best student, and will make the ing of Seo ee ee a THE COLLEGE SPECULUM. Hs best citizen, who ts satistied with an average class stating, ail wastes no time trying to stand perfect in branches which will never be of interest to him. Hle is the student who is satisfied with a general knowledge of natural seience, and employs the time thus gamed in well planned and extensive reading. SCLENTIFIC. _ —— The Signal Service. The protection which the signal serviee affords to commerce is well known and fully appreciated. Storm and cautionary signals are carefully watehed anid their meaning understood by the mariners of our vreat lakes, just as the red and green signal lights are observed and followed by the employés of our railroads. The “probabilities” are published each morning in Detroit, and mailed to the many post- offices throughout the State, where they are posted for the information of the public. ; They are also furnished to the railroad companies mul are telegraphed over the railroad wire to most stations, where they are posted for the information of the railroad employés and the public. The ap proach of any great storm is heralded in this way, nud the section men placed on guard to keep the road hed in safe condition, Each year the daily probabil- ities are better appreciated; their value as a means of saving life and property repaying many times over the expense of the service. Latterly, the information contained in the morning weather reports has been used for speculative pur- poses as shown by the following extract from the Detroit Free Press. In the director's room of the board of trade hangs a lange and very plain and complete map of the United States, with a metal eyelet fastened at the location of each point on the map where the signal service bas an office, Each morning after reports lave boen received from all stations, a small disk of cardboard, with a pin through ita center and with an arrow across, and extending over the edge of the disk, is placed at cach station by inserting the pin of the disk Into the cyelet. The arrow Is Placed so a6 to show the direction of the wit, while the color of the disk indleates the weather at cach station, In addition, there is placed with each disk a small slip of paper with the hight of the barometer, the hight of the thermometer, and the velocity of the wind at each station, The schedule of the disks is as follows: Ried disk, clear weather. Qne-quarter blue disk, one.quarter of sky cloudy. One-half blue disk, ome-half of sky cloudy. Three-quarters blue disk, three-quarters of sky cloudy. Blue disk, aky entirely clouded, lack diak, rain. Black and white disk, snow. By this compact yet complete system, it will be seen that a person may, by a few minutes’ study, inform himself exactly as to the condition of the weather all over the country. Storm centers may be located, the direction of storms may be dlecov- ered, estimates may be made as to the tlme of arrival of ap- pronching storms, while on the other hand estimates of the crop prospects can be formed from the dally records of the weather, locations where crops may have been retarded by drought or injured by exeessive rains may be kept in mind, and it is im this way that the signal service has come to play so important o part in the boards of trade and chambers of commerce through- ten a OO eatenday atternoon, while the Detrolt board of trade waa, at its best, a pandemonium, a reporter for The Free Press was inspecting the map as a member of the bodind rushed inte the director's room with: “ Well, it’s lively enough out there now: “What's the matter?" “Well, we've had a break of three-fourths of a cent, and they're going it wild now." “What caused the break?" “A break in Chicago.” . “Why should that affeet Detroit? at “Why? Hecnuse Chicaro controls the markets of the world on brendetulfs." “Well, then, to get back to the origin, what cused the break tit Clilemago?” “Ti's hard to tell, Some think the weather map did it, others that it was done by manipulation.” “How con a weather map cause a break?” “Vory easily and very often. The weather map indicates tuwl weather and late crops, wet weather and damaged crops, or gow) weather and crops, and the speculators buy or sell aceordingly." “Then the weather map is a great convenience?" “One of the greatest. Why, I know of quite a number of speculators in the smaller towns through Michigan who have left instructions with us to have the weather indications tele- graphed to them daily at their expense.” “The value of the map is then almost inestimable.” “Not only in grain crops, but take it in the winter, dealers In pork watch the weather map most closely,” “What for?” “To look out for the poor packings, It is only when the weather is at a certain temperature that the best pork packing is done,” “Well, pork packers cannot always have weather at the same temperature,” “That's so; but if the coming weather indicated by the map éhould be unfavorable for packing, the dealore may order a post- ponement of the slaughtering, for you must know that at cer- tain temperatures the animal heat beat escapes from the car- casecs.” “How do you know that you get pork slaughtered and packed just at the right time?” “Al heavy operators in pork have agents at all the packing centers who attend to that,” Since the establishment of the service and the pub- lication of probabilities and reports, there have stood at the head of each publication these words: ‘‘ Office of the chief signal officer, Division of telegrams and reports for the benefit of commeree and agriculture.” As already noted commerce is benefited, and after waiting long and somewhat patiently, the farmers are now to be benetited. A NOTICE BY THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. WASHINGTON, September 2,—The chief signal officer of the army has issued the following important notice: A system of warnings for frosts which threaten the tobacco growing sections of the United States will begin September 1 and continue until November 1, or until a killing frost has occurred. When a frost is antielpated in any district, notification of the fuct will be tele- graphed from this office, and, if posslble, 48 hours in advance, The telegram will define as clearly as practicable the region where the frost ia anticipated, and state the time it may be expected to occur, The telegrame will be sent to different cen- tera aceording to schedules deposited in the telegraph division and the indications room and addressed at centers where there are stations of the slgnal service to the observer in chargé, and at. other centers bo the manager of the Western Union Telegraph Company. The list of stations will ba modified as occasion ren- dera neeessary, The officers charged with special duties will take necessary action, This should be hailed as a step in the right diree- tion, but it is only a step. Of the farm productions which are likely to be injured by rain or frost, what a small portion is embraced in the tobacco crop! For every pound of tobacco grown in the Union, there are three bushels of corn produced. Nor does it seem fair to protect in this way one particular industry, when carrying the same means to greater perfection the whole farming community might be helped. he storm which ruined the wheat of this State to the extent of hundreds of thousands of dollars, waa well known at the signal office to be coming, and yet nothing was done. Numerously signed petitions from farmers and fruit-growers in this and other States have been sent. to the signal officer asking him to devise some means of warning the country of the approach of danger- ous storms and blasting frosts, and the tobacco dis- tricts are now to reap the reward of these endeavors. How the information is to be spread from the sig- 4 THE COLLEGE SPECULUM. nal stations and telegraph offices in time to be of | another of fuchsias and begonias, practical use, time must show, Perhaps, when “the officers charged with special duties” have taken “necessary action,” we shall know, and the success- ful carrying out of this seemingly crude plan lead to more widespread and useful results than those result- ing from saving the tobacco crop alone would seem to indicate. It is well known that not only the storms of large logical laws. Such waves of destructive cold can he predicted the same as storms. If the fruit-grower, at the eritical times of Howering or ripening of his crops, could have timely notice of threatened change, how great a saving might be secured! If farm- ers could know, in time for preparation, of distant but swift-footed ruin which is coming from the northwest literally “‘with the speed of the storm,” how safe he could make his threatened erops and exposed herds! Government does not hold the shield of its protection over these vast producing interests because they con- sent to suffer m silence. otent, but silent producing classes, can command from the general government and from all its depart- ments a protection commensurate with their impor- tance, when they demand it in dead earnest. When will the great producing classes demand their rights, and demand them with an emphasis betokening thorough conviction? When they do, the signal serviee will not send out “ Farmers’ bulletins, Division of telegrams and and reports for the benefit of commerce and agriculture,” with its eye wide open on the shipping alone, with an occasional squint at the tobacco patch; but it will be able to see the sea- like grain fields, the forests of fruit trees, and the cat- tle upon a thousand hills and prairie belts! —_ a THE WATER BLANKET.—An untimely frost is a trial to the eultivator of the soil. Any frost seems un- timely that nips early growing vegetables in the spring and late ripening crops in the fall. If there is any way by which the frost may be averted, even for afew days, great good may be seeured. The early spring vegetables may be carried beyond the period of danger, and in autumn we often have a few nights of frost which are followed by many weeks of warm weather, The ripening fruits, the vines, and_flower- ing plants carried beyond the critical period give a rich reward in the suceeeding weeks of pleasant weather. The practice of building fires or of covering up the plants is laborious and unsatisfactory because it is often impossible to completely cover [ruit trees, ete. The other evening I found Prof. Beal carrying out blankets and wraps to cover his grapes from threat- ened frost, for they were at least a month late in ripening. I suggested to him to cover his vines with the water blanket, or a sereen of watery vapor all around the vines, by drenching the plants and the soil beneath them with water. If the air is quiet the vines will be enveloped in an atmosphere saturated with watery vapor, which has a powerful influence to revent the eseape of radiant heat, whereas there is ittle danger of frost at this season, if the wind blows. The professor tried the experiment and his grapes escaped injury. In order to secure the full benefit of the watery protection it is necessary to drench the plants and soil as completely as would be done by a eood shower, To further test the value of this kind of protection, I tried the experiment with some plants known to be especially liable to injury by frost. I watered with cold water a plot of coleus planta, and The vast, politically omnip- | extent, but great disturbances of temperature sweep |“ The little foxes spoil the grapes.” over the country according to well known meteoro- | applying the water about nine o’clock in the evening. The next monring I found the plants free from every trace of frost, but every remaining coleus plant on the grounds wag ruined by the frost. In this way our flower beds and many of our tender vegetables, such as tomatoes, can be preserved for many weeks. Very hard frosts would hardly be averted in this way, but it is the slight yet killing frosts that inflict the most vexatious damage, EY THE SUDENTS =— OF — THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, = Tenus, 3 CRNTS A YRAR; SINGLE NUMBERS, 15 CEnNts. ADVERTISIKG HATER MADE KEOWS ON APPLICATION, CS" All subscriptions will be regarded os continued unless we are notified to the contrary. om er = BOoAnBRD 8F BDITOme. Oo. 0. HOWE, Eclitor-in-Chief.....-.---Literiry Articles and Roriews, ln. BH. OC. KEDSIB. 2.222.222.2000 02-. -------- 2 eee eee eee ---- Be, H.W. COLLIN GG WOU oon eee cere eee eee e eee ees College Nowa, - A. O. TDM Dw... eee. ee eee we ee eres eee eee sees POP ROn Ae, u, EK. a@M0TH, secretary ....Carreapomlence, Exchanges, and Colleges. D.C. HOLLIDAY, Jn... ; .--- Business Manager. Por, 5. JOPINSON, ...- 0.0.22 2-20 cscs coos connee eee eee eee BE, LANSING, MICH., OCTOBER 2, 1883. — Tux Srecutum, ever ready to furnish its readers with the most interesting information and to do the most good for the institution it endeavors to repre- sent, has taken upon itself a new feature, that of publishing the proceedings of the last Alumni reun- ion, ‘Che prime object in thus doing is an economical one, both to the Alumni and the Srecunum, The one wishes neat and attractive copies of the exercises at a reasonable rate; the other intends thereby to increase its subseription list until the name of every active Alumnus is upon it, he benefit being mutual it seems as though there ought to be satisfaction. While this number will be confined to the limits speci- fied, as far as is possible, yet only the departments of lesger importance will be abbreviated in order to give more space. It has always been maintained that the distinctive characteristics of a college paper should be the personals and college news. In justice to our patrons these departments will be maintained in full with the usual amount of valuable matter. Thus far Tae Srecutum has been fairly prosperous. [t has attracted the attention not only of the college press, but of some of the most prominent city papers. Thus gratified, no effort will be spared to make it worthy of support from every graduate and from every other person who is interested in industrial education. Wer wotice that many of the best institutions of learning have done away with the old-style com- THE COLLEGE SPECULUM. a) mencement orations, and put in their place a lecture or address. If this change is an improvement, and we think it is, why are we behind the times? The present system is as old as the College; but while we believe that gray hairs should be respected, we are equally confident that “ reform is necessary.” Commencement is, after all, buta sort of advertise- ment for the College. It is as if she said to the peo- ple of Michigan, “see what I can do for a boy in four years.” The people are invited to commend or eriti- cise. In keeping up the system the College does not even show good business management. At present the orators are chosen by lot. The man who has hardly an atom of oratorical ability, for whom writing is simply a “horrid grind,” may be called upon to represent the College, while the best oratore sit still and listen. But even if the system was changed, and the best eight men in the class put forward, is this the best way of elevating. It may be fairly asked, of What good is the commencement oration? Who is helped or benefited by it, beyond the student who prepares it. A farmer comes to the College to get some new ideas for his work. Here are boys who have spent four years in working out the problems of agricultural science. Surely they can help him. He drinks in with eager ears the great principles of civil service reform, the great truths of free trade, but he goes away with his mind in something of a maze as he asks himself—“‘is this agriculture?” The orator may think he has made a great impression, but the man of practical experience smiles at the trite phrases, and sees at once the pet theories of the text-book. How much better for the class and the audience to listen to a sound practical address from some promi- nent man. It is to be hoped that before the next commencement some change will be brought about. Or aut problems which our College has tried to solve perhaps the one of compulsory manual labor by the students has been the most perplexing. Many institutions of the same character have tried the labor system for a time, but becoming discour- aged at the difficulties to be overcome in successfully carrying if on, have given it up entirely, Others have compromised the matter by accepting man- ipulations in the laboratory, and in some cases, where co-education exists, painting, drawing, and music as a substitute. The fosterers of our College have from its founda- tion clung steadily to the idea expressed in the words, “Each student not exempt on account of physical disability is required to labor three hours each week- day (except Saturday) in those seasons of the year when labor can be furnished.” With trifling excep- tions this rule is rigidly enforced so far as the officers themselves are concerned. With the students a few work for the money earned, but a large majority go through the operation mechanically, just as we do with some worthless studies, because it is in the course and there is no way of avoiding it; although at some seasons of the year the number who escape through the clause “on account of physical disabil- ity’ is simply enormous.