EDITORIAL BOARD.
      Prof. N. Ahmad
      Prof. S. Decalo.
      Prof L. Ngcongco
      Mrs. K Raseroka.
      Dr. J. Jeske.
 EDITOR.
     Prof. K. Prah.
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               The Editor
               PULA,
               Dept,of Sociology
               University College of Botswana and Swaziland.
               Private Bag 0022
               Gaborone
               Botswana.
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                                 CONTENTS
                                                              Pages
 Pulbic Examinations    and Educational Advance in Botswana
             -M.   Francis
 Origins of the Tswana
            - L. Ngcongco                                        21
Some Findings on the Origins of Political Parties in Botswana
            - R. Nengwekhulu                                    47
 The Structure of East African Age-set Systems
 (Masai, Arusha, Nandi and Kikuyu)
            -F. Morton                                         71
The Institutionalization of Military Rule
(The Case of Togo) - S. Decalo                                103
Literature and Politics among Blacks in South Africa
            -M. Mzamane                                       123
Book Reviews
          -   C. Moremi - K. Prah -B.     Tsimako-J.   Jeske  146


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Professor Sam Decalo is head of the Department of Political and Ad-
ministrative Sciences in the University of Botswana and Swaziland in
the Botswana Campus. He is the author of Coups and Army Rule in
Africa and several other books. He was formerly a staff member of the
New School for Social Research - New York.
Professor M. Francis is the head of the Department of Foundations
of Education in the University of Botswana and Swaziland (Botswana
Campus). He has a long research and teaching experience in East
Africa.
 Dr. F. Morton is a member of staff in the department of History,
 University of Botswana and Swaziland, Gaborone Campus. His historic-
 al work and area of interest, has been East Africa Littoral.
 Miss C. Moremi is an administrative officer in the Ministry of Finance
 and Development Planning, government of Botswana, she is a socio-
 logist by training.
  Mr. M.V. Mzamane is a staff member of the Department of English
  and he is a critic and a short story writer. His latest collection of short
  stories is appearing as My Cousin Comes to Jo'burg.
  Professor L. Ngcongco is head of the Department of History, Dean of
  the Faculty of Humanities, and Director of the Institute of Research
  in the University of Botswana and Swaziland, Botswana Campus. He
   is an authority on Southern Afrcia History and his studies include
  Aspects of the History of the Bangwaketse to 1910.
  Mr. R. Nengwekhulu is a former student leader from South Africa,
  a lawyer and currently a member of staff in the Department of Political
  and Administrative Studies, University of Botswana & Swaziland.
  Professor K. Prah is a member of staff in the Department of Sociology
  and a former staff member of the Universities of Heidelberg, Amster-
  dam, and Cape Coast. His publications include Essays on African
  Society and History.
    Miss B. Tsimako is a sociologist in the Rural Sociology Unit, Ministry
  of Agriculture, Botswana.
  Dr. J. Jeske is a fellow of the National Institute of Research       in the
  University of Botswana and Swaziland.