This paper attempts to identify the essential elements of the communal land tenure system which contributed to the sustainable use of resources in Africa. A number of factors which could enhance and preserve the sustainable use of communal land tenure systems (given the socio-economic changes that have taken place) are discussed. Hardin's (1968) idea that resources held in common are likely to be over-exploited is re-examined. According to Hardin, in a communal pasture system. "Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit - in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all". According to Hardin, since there is no technical solution to this problem, the government must limit the freedom in the commons or undertake privatization of common resources. The paper argues that in most of Africa, conditions are not in favour of individually owned pastures and that Hardin's reasoning ignores the advantages of common land tenure systems.
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