Volume 15 Number 1 2001 ~SSN 0256-2316 (Issue #24) '" ~ ~wana Journal of African~ies Essays on Botswana Archaeology '" edited by Karim Sadr Bakgalagadi settlements Ntsweng (Old Molepolole) Mud wall dScay in Bobirwa Ostrich eggshell beads Salt pro~uction in Makgadikgadi ~ 11tli-17th century land use Butchery styles on cattle ca~s Vitrified..dung formatiOn Initiation schOOlsat Mochudi Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies A journal devoted to studies of Africa with particular emphasis on Southern Africa EDITORIAL BOARD I.N. Mazonde (Chair), UB Research & Development T. Kebaagetse (Secretary), UB Research & Development Q.N. Parsons (Editor) S. Shaibu, UB Education A.K. Segobye, UB Humanities E.K. Quansah, UB Social Sciences T. Gwebu, UB Science O.S.Raditholo, UB Financial Services PUBLISHER Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies is published by the Research and Development Unit, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB-00708, Gaborone, Botswana. All editorial correspondence should be addressed to the Editor at this address. DISTRIBUTOR Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies is distributed by the Educational Book Service, Private Bag BR-42, Gaborone, Botswana. All subscription enquiries should be addressed to Ivy at the following: email: ivy@ebs.info.bw; fax: (+267) 300462; tel: (+267) 304283. See our web-site http://schapera.fws1.com/pula for details of HOW TO ORDER COPIES and HOW TO CONTRIBUTE AN ARTICLE ISSN 0256-2316 @ Copyright individual authors and PULA: Botswana Journal n( A (rirnn SfwHo" ')fIfI 1 Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies vol. 15 no.1 (2001) Special Issue: Essays on Botswana Archaeology edited by Karim Sadr Contents Introduction Karim Sadr 3 Bakgalagadi settlements in historical and archaeological perspective Patricia Maungo Lepekoane 23 An archaeological survey of Ntsweng in Molepolole Princess Sekgarametso 46 Archaeology and mud wall decay in the Bobirwa area: an ethnoarchaeological survey M.D.L. Baloi 60 An archaeological examination of ostrich eggshell beads in Botswana Milton C. Tapela 75 Salt production and the salt trade in the Makgadikgadi Pans Kabelo Matshetshe 91 Settlement and land use between the 11th and 17th centuries in eastern Botswana Donald Mookodi 108 Butchery styles and the processing of cattle carcasses in Botswana Cynthia Mooketsi 125 Vitrified dung in archaeological contexts: an experimental study on the process of its formation in the Mosu and Bobirwa areas Bafentse Peter 144 An ethnographic study of initiation schools among the Bakgatla ba ga Kgafela at Mochudi (1874-1988) Morongwa Nancy Mosothwane