Monyaise as a Setswana Novelist:
With particular reference to the novel
Go Sa Baori
                                        by James Moi/wa
The Novel
Investigation of the novel as a genre has received attention of many scholars and as
students and teachers of novels we should be interested in their findings. Because
Monyaise is a novelist it would be interesting to consider him against the background
of the tradition of the novel in its universal sense and for that purpose we shall use
the statements of only three authorities from amongst the many, namely, E.J. Gordon,
M.Z. Shroder, and W. Allen.
       a.    A writer is creating a world and asking you to enter imaginatively into it.
             You hear a voice (point of view), saying that something is happening (plod,
             to someone (character) in some time and place (setting), and that the
             action of the story illustrates a meaning or dominating idea (theme),1
       b.    n_     the novel has a typical action, with a thematic         value, which is
             characteristically its own.2
       c.    W. Allen's statement on what he regards as model novels - The classic
             novels are classics because of the illumination of life they offer. They are
             statements about human nature, made in terms of story and character,
             which have stood the test of time and have withstood the scrutiny of
             successive generations of readers.3
He further suggests that       intelligent  reading of a novel should prompt the following
questions in a reader:
       Does this novelist's view of life as expressed in this book, square with
       the essential facts of life as I myself have known them? Does it seem
       false to them? Does it lead me to question my own experience of life?
       Shall I have to revise or amplify my view of life as a result of reading
       this novel?
The above words invoke the sense of responsibility of both the author and the reader-
!.e. sincerity in both writing and reading. As Gordon suggests, the novelist          writes
Imaginatively, creating a world, and asks the reader to read him imaginatively as well,
for clear understanding and authentic interpretation. The most important thing about
any novel is its meaning and value. Firstly, therefore, the reader must understand
clearly the meaning of the experience of the author as communicated in .the
novel before he can evaluate it.             Appreciation of meaning leads to evaluatIOn,
evaluation leads to the discrimination of the experience against the other experiences,
and without discrimination, there can be no pleasure.
In the view of W. Allen, pleasure is not the only entitlement of the reader. A reader
~imself has a duty to what he reads. A sportsman, e.g. a boxer or a footballer, who
IS unsportmanlike and disregards the rules of the game is often checked by the. ref~ree
or booed by the spectators.        The novelist too has an obligation to the art, which IS as
much as to say, to the tradition of the novel.            Firstly,  he should be honest to
his life experience. This is called the novelist's integrity, and it is up to the reader
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to see to it that the novelist maintains his integrity by shunning one who does not. If
the novelist fakes the findings of his experience, whether for money or desire ~o
please a large public, whether to make converts to his religion ~r .propa.8anda for his
political pal;ty, he is being dishonest as a novelist and has lost his mtegrity, and must
be shunned.5
What we observe as the point of convergence of the statements of the three
authorities cited above is 'meaning'. Allen emphasises 'illumination of life and human
nature' as the subject of the novel. Shroder stresses the thematic value of its action,
and, Gordon suggests that all the elements of a novel are deployed to illustrate its
meaning, which is the main thing about a novel.
Briefly, they are saying, that a novel exists for conveying meaning of whatever aspect
of life. One of the important considerations in reading a novel therefore is its world
and the range of experience communicated within it.            And in compliance with his
integrity, the novelist must create the world in which he himself sincerely belieYeS, to
be plausible <nf rewarding.
 Monyaise's Place in the Setswana Novel Tradition
 In terms of Tswana literature, Monyaise's works are a milestone. They constitute a
quantitative leap in the development of the Tswana novel and literature as a whole.
 His novels mark a stage in the Setswana novel tradition well above 'the preceding
 stages. In quality his novels are miles away from those of his predecessors that even
 some of his successors still write after the pattern of those of his predecessors. His
 level has not yet been surpassed, instead, we have a crop of young budding novelists
 who have committed themselves to emulating his style - some successfully and others
 unsuccessfully e.g. Lebethe, and Mmileng.6 To date, he is a colossus that bestrides the
 tradition of the Tswana novel. He has thoroughly disturbed the tradition by adding
 something radically new to it, both in form and content.
 His     novels     mainly address themselves to the social and psychological problems as
 opposed to the earlier ones that tend to be biographical, historical, and romantic,
 marked by stereotyped plot structure and heroic heroes. I therefore see his writings
 as a reaction against what has come before them.
 To understand Monyaise, one has to understand the novel and its tradition and to
 understand anyone of his novels one has to be aware of the distinctive features of his
 writings as a whole.
 His ~vels make verr difficult and yet very interesting and rewarding reading. The
 question, therefore, is; "what makes him difficult and interesting?"           The answer is
 that he ~as a unique vis~on to which he owes a unique style.                His writings are
 charactensed by the follOWingfeatures which anyone who reads him must be aware of:
  I.    His diction is subtle, poetic, and for the best part he writes in restricted   code as
        against the elaborate one.
 2.     He uses hints and elliptical      suspense in place of explicit       and full blown
        statements.
  3.    His tone is one of confidence in the intelligence    of his readers.
  4.    Each of his novels is often loaded with a number of themes; i.e. his novels are
        rich in meaning.


 5.   Irony is one of the strongest tools that pervade his novels. He commands it and
     can turn it to whatever use, e.g. expression of scorn or pity.
6.   He seldom has a single main character but a group of main characters.
 7.  His books are structured on several plots which are carried through concurrently
     but intermitentiy, which ostensibly suggests fragmentation.
8.   He uses design in terms of juxtaposition and repetition        amply e.g. flashback,
     foreshadowing, motifs, and repetition of images.
9.   His characters sometimes are not portrayed as either types or individuals but as
     embodiments of both functions, i.e. they are themselves and more than
     themselves simultaneously e.g. Naomi in NI/;aka, Mosadi Mooka, Lebogang in
     Marara, and Kerotse in Go ~a Baori, each of them is an individual round
     character whilst at the same time they represent a certain type of a modern
     young woman found in urban townships.
10.  He uses symbols e.g. the setting of N!,:aka, Mosadi Mooka is Baragwanath
     Hospital.    Symbolically it signifies the illness (social pathology) of the society
     which is portrayed in it. Another common symbol is 'Marakanelo a ditsela'
     (Cross-roads) which signifies internal conflict.
II.  His main characters are not heroic and inflated like e.g. Rammone in Rammone
     wa K!,:ala!,:adi, Mokomaditihare in Mokomaditihare, Mokwena in             Mokwena,
     Bolokang iA Kobo e Ntsho, Selotlegeng in Moremo!,:olowa Motho.
12.  Unlike with romances, whose action is based on quest which is literal, his are also
     based on quest but which is metaphorical.
13.  He uses exposition flexibly.      According to the demands of the situation he
    resorts to what he deems appropriate to use. Commonly he uses concentrated
    and delayed types of exposition.
14. Like with exposition,     he uses different    types of Point of View for various
    purposes.
15. A common feature in his presentation of his stories is the method of the
    Inverted Time Shift as opposed to the conventional linear one i.e. what comes
    last is presented first and vice versa.
16. Another technique he commonly uses is that of 'The Story of concentric circles'
    i.e. a story within a story as, for instance, in Go ta Baori, Marara, cn:I BoIP;i Kqle
17. He is the only Tswana novelist who has, at least in one of his books, attempted
    the stream of consciousness technique.
    According to this technique the events and thoughts are not chronologically
    sequenced.      They are neither time nor space bound. Rather they assume a
    dream-like sequence.
18. Monyaise is an opening-up writer. He does not have to be read o~ce but. several
    times.    Each of the subsequent readings yields more understandmg. HIs novels
    read like good poetry whose meaning is submerged and not on the surface. He
    has to be read slowly and with concentration.
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The above catalogue is of items which attribute to the complexity and difficulty of
Monyaise's works. To be aware of them would facilitate reading him. The catalogue
does not only imply the sophistication of Monyaise as a writer but also the need for
his readers to be equally sophisticated, which means that knowledge of literary theory
on the part of his readers would make him more accessible and meaningful. The
various literary aspects and techniques mentioned in the catalogue must be familiar to
anyone who wants to analyse and interprete his works satisfactorily.             Whoever
prescribes anyone of Monyaise's works for school pupils must have in mind what it
demands to teach and to study it and at what level.
We admit that Monyaise writes above the head of many a reader. A novelist who
works by restriction in this way always risks limiting his appeal.        But there will
always be readers to whom his best and most characteristic novels will always evoke
 that combination of recognition and discovery which only novels of real quality and
 originality can produce. Such readers are the ones who have been suggested above.
 Let it be recognised and accepted - to teach Monyaise, and to teach him well, is not
 an ordinary and easy task until such time when one has mastered the strategies of
 approaching him.
 Go   ta Baori
 It is against the foregoing background that we have to appreciate his latest novel, Go
'Sa Baori.
 The complexity of Monyaise's novels corresponds with their publication sequence. The
 later novels are more complex than the earlier ones. Go sa Baori, being the last of
 the five publications is by that token the most baffling of them all. In it are
 multithemes, multiplots, many main characters, characters who are simultaneously
 themselves and more than themselves, various types of point of view and exposition,
 use of design, symbolism and irony, complex poetic and recondite diction, elegant
 prose, use of hints and elliptical suspense, the story of concentric circles and the use
 of the stream of consciousness technique as well as the inverted time shift method
 of presentation - the whole assortment concentrated in one book as if the author is
 deliberately straining to be abstruse and obscure. The fortunate thing however, is
 that all these elements do not clash with one another. They are harmoniously
  integrated and as such, together they serve to enhance the point of the novel.
  Plot Structure
  The events are presented in two concentric plots which are kept moving forward
  concurrently yet alternately and with sustained suspense to the end. One plot is
  centred around a dream (toro) and the other around 'semi-consciousness' (maibi). At
  the end, the two plots converge. Their convergence is somewhat haphazard and yet
  not out of place considering that the stream of consciousness technique has been used
  for presentation.
  Th~ themes. are spread across the plots and respective groups of characters are
  assigned vanous plots to act them out. The concentric arrangement of the plots has
  helped to bring about the unity between the two plots themselves and the characters
  who service them and of the novel as a whole. For the use of the stream of
  consciousness technique and the occasional inverted time shift method, events often
   lack chronological sequence. The first plot is assigned Potso, Kerotse and Kedibone
  as ~n     character~   The second plot is manned by Olebile, Mmoni, Diale Motlagole,
   Moslmane wa Olantl, Mapule and Leta as chief characters.


 Theme
  In this novel the author explores the following range of themes:
  1.    Fate, and how it operates. ('Fa badimo ba sa rate, nkgo di a wa,)7 p.llS;
 2.     Pelo e ja serati (one's own choice is the best) though often attended by promis-
        cuity and irresponsible sex and love relations;
 3.     Protest against hedonism of the youth ("Basa 0 ba tshabe: Jwa bona botshelo ke
        jwa gompieno - gona jaanong - ka moso 0 tIa ipona") p.74;
 4.     Life in black urban townships.
 5.     Low sense of values;
 6.     Go  Sa baori.
 The themes of Go S'a Baori are present in the first part of the book which is the
 parallel and basis of the second part. The first part is short and serves as a useful
 prelude to the second. It has few characters and although it looks simple it is not as
 simple as it appears. It is rich in meaning and contains most of what is contained in
 the next plot. The first plot is short; it has few characters and events as contrasted
.with the second. They however have thematic equality and similarity. All the themes
 listed above are illustrated by the interaction of the main characters in the first plot,
 namely Posto, Kedibone, and Kerotse.
 The first theme we are presented with is "Fa badimo ba sa rate, nkgo di a wa". p.IIS.
 Here we are presented with the situation where the hand of fate has been given sway
and the responsibility has been shifted to the will of gods, a theme which pervades the
entire book. Put simply, it is like saying: I have been planning this but fate has
defied my plans and has put me where I find myself.
 For two years, Potso had planned and hoped he would marry Kedibone, a woman of
good qualities, but he finally found himself in the hands of an apology for a wife,
Kerotse. "Fa badimo ba sa rate, nkgo di a wa". The other themes naturally develop
out of this situation - Potso preferred Kerotse to Kedibone the pleasure seeker
(hedonism), Potso preferred Kerotse to Kedibone against his family's wish (Pelo I" ja
serati), Potso preferred an inferior woman to a superior one (low st>nse of values) •
Potso later realised from experience that his choice of Kerotse as a wife and the
abandonment of Kedibone was not wise and to his disadvantage (Go ~a baori), Potso
is assaulted by unknown people on his return from dancing, (black township life and its
precariousness).
Another way in which it is presented is where Potso is committed to his o,wn
responsibility - where he has to choose between two objects which are both attractive
but are unequal in value.         This has to do with the making of important lifetime
deCisions. The decisions taken are often wrong for the principle on which they are
based - the pleasure principle which guides the populatilln of his fictive world. This
brings out one of the author's intentions - to criticise and parody the life of the
modern society' in the urban townships. What is reflected is a low sense of values on
the part of the people portrayed in Monyaise's world. The error is often di~covered
very late when nothing can be done to correct it. This ,is ~pt~r~         by ,the Image of
the cross-roads (marakanelo a ditsela) which at the same time IS Ironical In effect:
                                             65


             Fa 0 fitlha mo marakanelong a ditsela 0 tsaya ya molema kgotsa
            "fa moja ya bokone kgotsa ya bonia.         Mme fa 0 sena go tsamaya
             sekgala se seleele, e bile 0 lapile, 0 lemoga gore tsela ya gago ke e
             o e t10getseng kwa morago.9
             [When one comes to the Cross-roads, he follows the one leading to
             the left or tte one leading to the right, the one leading to the
             north or the one leading to the South. But after having walked a
             long distance and even tired for that, one comes to realise that the
             road he should have followed was the one he avoided •
The immediate meaning of the image is that when Potso had to choose for a. wife
between Kerotse and Kedibone he chose Kerotse only to discover later that Kedlbone
might have been a better choice. At one level (fate), it ~s.t? sa~ t~at life is unkind
to some people sometimes, at another (character's responsibility) It IS to say that we
approach life irresponsibly and therefore wrongly. We value the valueless an~ devalue
the valuable as exemplified by Potso's sudden preference of Kerotse to Ked~bo~e.- a
portrayal of a life which is guided by the pleasure principle and lack of self-dlsclplme;
a life which takes no account of the happy and secure future.
 Potso's position between the two valences referred to above, represents a reaction to
 a life situation which besets the contemporary society, especially the modern young
 people in the urban setting.
 Setting
 The setting of the novel Go ~a Baori is in perfect harmony with the other features of
 the work and the manner in which it enhances them. The time setting is the present
 day and the place setting is Johannesburg, Sofia (Sophiatown), Mmasepala (Western
 Native Township), Matshaeneng (Newc!are), Benoni, Tshwane (Pretoria)                   Olanti
 (Orlando), Teemaneng (Kimberley) Matlosane (Klerksdorp). The many places at which
 the activities surrounding dancing are set suggests that the type of life portrayed is
 not peculiar to a specific township. Rather it suggests that the life portrayed is of
 the black urban townships in general. The events and characters are made plausible
 by the setting because they fit in with it and the themes are clearly illustrated by it.
 Occasionally, the action shifts to a hospital.          Like in Nl!;aka Mosadi Mooka, the
 hospital symbolises illness - that of the society.      The book portrays to us a life beset
 by social pathology in all its shades.
 Presentation
 The story has been presented through Potso's dream and semi-consciousness
 deliberately as an adaption of the stream of consciousness method. With this method
 the flow of thoughts is random. The thoughts and events are neither time nor space
 bound:     The sequ.ence is that of a dream.         According to Oaiches "The stream of
 conSCiousness, at ItS most subtle and most intense, is able to achieve by depth what
 the traditional. met~od achieves      ?,y extension.    It provides a method of presenting
 character outSide time and place 10 (Daiches, p.2~). In such a presentation there
 must be a unifying element. And such unifying elements are:
       a.     Potso.
              He is the narrator as well as the character.      He therefore  straddles  both
              plots. Thus he reduces the apparent fragmentation.


      b.    The dancing activity.
            It is encountered in the first plot and it is continued in the second plot as
            the central activity which serves as the watershed of all other activities.
            Kerotse and Potso are actually involved in the dancing in the first plot; in
            the second part he dreams about the activities. What Kerotse indulges in,
            and later Potso, is repeated in the second part where it involves many
            people and at many places.
It is around this activity (dance) that a lot is exposed. All the themes we have
mentioned are revealed by what emanates from the dance activity.
Exposition
We find concentrated and delayed types of exposition have been used in connection
with the following: Sekolo sa bana ba Mathabe, Diale, Kerotse, Kedibone, Mapule,
Sello (concentrated) Monna wa peipi (delayed).
Point of View
Point of view is the way the actions of a story are reported to the reader. It is the
perspective of the narrator toward the materials of the story that determines what
information the reader is given, in what order, with what emphasis, and in what tone.
                                                                    >,/'
There are many types of point of view. For the first plot of Go Sa Baori the point of
view used is that of the First Person Central or 'I' as the Protagonist. In this type
the author allows the characters to tell the story in their own words. These must be
the main or important character(s).     Hence Potso is the one who tells his own story.
This type of point of view achieves a certain intimacy and a psychological closeness
so that the reader identifies with the speaker easily. For a big fictive world with a
big population of characters with a lot of action, it can prove to be limiting.
After Potso's accident, the First Person Central Point of View is abandoned in favour
of the omniscient one.       Here the narrator knows everything. He can tell us what
the characters think, what they do when they are alone, and he can follow one
character and then another. He can go forward and backward in time.
In the second plot are involved Olebile's group and many other dancing groups, the
Magapela and Mawelana gangs. The multiplicity of these characters warrants t~ use
of the omniscient point of view. The one used is the multiple selective omniSCience.
Here the reader ostensibly listens to no one. The story comes directly through the
minds of characters.      As a result the tendency is almost wholly in the direction of
scene, both inside the mind and externally with speech and action.              Narr~tive
summary where it appears it is either supplied unobtrusively by the author as if by
way of 'stage direction' or it emerges through the thoughts a!1d words .of the
characters themselves. Objectivity is achieved by the adoption of thiS perspective.
In brief, the first plot point of view is restricted     and that of the second plot is
omniscient.


Characters
The characters are mainly presented through the dramatic method, the speeches of
characters about others, created situations to which the characters are made to react
so that inference about what type of people they are, is made from their reactions,
and seldom by direct description by the author. They are dynamic and like real life
and well matched with the action and setting of the book.               They are neatly
individualised and typified - all in one, and this lends them plausibility. This is for
instance true of anyone of them such as Matong, Sello, Kerotse, Mapule, Monna wa
Peipi and Ngaka Bodila. Each gives an impression that he is an individual with his
own idiosyncrasies while at the same time all of them can be identified as people
whose behaviour is conditioned by the urban environment. Their outlook and general
style of life is typical and coincides with such an environment - whether they be
females or males, children or adults.
Characters in this book are divided into main groups according to the two plots. The
first plot has main and minor characters.       The main characters are Potso, Kedibone
and Kerotse.       The themes of the book are revealed through their actions and
interactions.    In this plot unlike the second one, Potso is referred to by name. The
minor characters are Potso's mother and sister, ngaka (doctor), and mooki (nurse).
These are kept in the background and are not referred to by their names. The reader
is not even given their description. They help to characterise the main characters and
to unravel the plot through their actions and speeches. For instance, it is through
nRaka and mooki that the reader is made aware that Potso had been talking in a
dream or state of semi-consciousness since his admission to hospital after his assault
by unknown people. The following words exemplify:
            --- Ka OOtsa mool4 gore ke tsile jang mo kokelong; mme ka utlwa
            mafoko a a gakgamatsang. Gore ka Matlhatso a beke e e ka kwa
            pele ke ne ka selwa mo mmileng gaufi Ie ntlo ya tshipi. Go bonala
            gore ke ketekilwe ke batho ...
            - - - - -. Fa a sena go tshega a ba a gelola keledi, are, "Dipuo tse
            o di buileng!" Ka tshoga.
            "Ntlha 0 ka bua Mmoni a seyo. Ke raya gore rona re tlwaetse
            dipuo tsa lona fa 10 tswa roo maibing-.
            "Ke buile ka reng?"
            "A wa re ke santse ke itse.       Bangwe a ne e Ie OOKedibone Ie
            boKerotse Ie 00 ••• ke lebetse gore ba bangwe ke bomang. e ne
            e Ie maina a mantsi fela".ll
            [j asked the nurse how I carreto the hospital; and I heard amazing
            words. That on the Saturday of the week before the previous one I
            was picked up on the road near the church. The indication was
            that I had been assaulted by people - - -.
            After laughing thoroughly, she said, "Things you have said!" I got
            scared. "Why couldn't you have rather talked in Mmoni's absence.
            We nurses are used to the sort of things you say when you come
            to."
            "What did I say?"
            "Do you think I can still recall? Some were Kedibone's others were
            Kerotse's and - - - I can't recall who the others were. It were so
            many names".] (Author's translation)
 It is by ngaka and mooki that we get to know that the author's persona,         namely
Potso, had been dreaming
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              ---mme ka utlwa ba sebaseba ka lobaka 10 loleele gangwe Ie gape
              ngaka e botsa ka lentswe Ie Ie supang gore ga e dumele mafoko a
              mooki. Fa e sena go keleka dikwalo tsa me ya tswa. Le ena a e
             sala morago. Ka itse gore ga nkitla ke tlhola ke utlwa 0 ne a ya
             go reng ~onne tsotlhe ke maitlhomo - maitlhomo fela.I2
            [;.--and I heard them whispering to each other for a long time, with
              the doctor now and again asking in a voice that showed that he
             did not believe what the nurse was saying. After inspecting my
              medical records he moved out •. And she followed him.         I knew
             that I would never hear what she was going to say because all this
             is hallucination - mere hallucination.l2 J (Author's translation)
The underlined words tell us that the story of th e book is a dream and they are the
closing statement of the entire novel. In case the reader has not been aware that
the narration has been couched in a dream, he is being alerted and made aware.
The characters of the second plot are also divided into main and minor ones. The
 minors are further subdivided into two, those who support the main characters and
those who oppose them.
The main characters are bana ba sekolo sa Modikwadikwane sa Mathabe and Olebile,
their leader, Mmoni, Diale, Motlagole, Leta, Mapule, and Mosimane wa Olanti. The
minor ones are the two groups of gangsters, Magapela and Mawelana. The former
were the supporters and the latter the antagonists of Olebile's party (main
characters).      The conflict between them develops the plot. The protagonists are:
Same, Rooi, Shimane MmaagweShimane, MmaagweDiale, MmaagweMotlagole, and
Ngaka Bodila. The antagonists are: Monna wa Peipe, Matlole, Matong (Morwa Matlole)
Legae and Mmami.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we ask ourselves as to how Go sa Baori stands in relation to the
statements of the three authorites cited at the beginning of the paper. All their
statements accomodate it. The work has a rich meaning which is well supported by
its structure - and also an action which has a thematic value and probability. There
is a wide range of experience offered within its world and as such it sheds enough
illumination on life. In it, the author does not fake the findings of his own experience
hence his integrity as a novelist sticks out clearly. His view of life as expressed in it
squares with the facts of life as they are. Its intelligent reader feels challenged to
question his view of life and to revise and afTl)lify it after reading the text. For what
it is,it has found itself a prominent position in the tradition of the Tswana novel.
                                             69


Footnotes
I.   Gordon, E.J., Writing about Imaginative Literature,  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
     Inc., New York, 1973, p.6.
2.   Schroder, M.Z., "The Novel as a Genre", in P. Stevick (ed.), The Theory of the
     Novel, Collier Macmillan, London, 1967, p.12.
3.   Allen, W., Reading a Novel, Dent, London, 1963, pp.31-32.
4.   Ibid., p.32.
5.   Allen, op.cit., p.33
6.   d. with S.j.J. Lebetho, Mosele, Van Schaik 1972; Morabaraba, Van Schaik,  1974
     and M.T. Manileng, MotlilogOje, Van Schaik 1977; Mangome, Van Schaik, 1975.
7.   Go Sa Baori, p.118.
8.   Ibid., p.74
9.   Go Sa Baori, p.3.
10.  Daiches, D., The Novel and the Modern World,       University of Chicago Press,
     Chicago & London, 1973, p.24.
II.  Go Sa Baori, p.122
12.  Ibid., p.123.
                                         70