CORRIGENDA From PULA Volume 3 No. I (May 1983) As indicated in our last issue two pages from one article were accidentally missed out. The pages were added as a loose sheet. In addition we promised to reproduce the missing pages in this issue of November 1983. The missing pages from an article entitled: BOTSWANA'S BEEF CATTLE EXPORTS: ESTABLISHMENT OF A RESERVE INDUSTRY c.1900-1924 written by Michael Hubbard follow from the next page. 99 Reluctant negotiations followed, and, as a result of pressure fran RandMines, an agreementwas reached wherebyRandCOldstorage Ltd. (an rcs subsidiary) \\Oulddistrib.1te all Exchangeneat. COnplaints of a neat combinefollowed.45, fanner SUHX>rt for the E:l<' . :.:hange fell away, and in the first year of its operations it irrpor- ted twice as manycattle(fran SOuthernRh:)desia, Bectmanaland Protectorate and SOuthWest Africa) as it obtained. cbmestically - leading to further calls in Parliament for import restrictions 46. Owingto mismanagement and alienation of manbers the Exchangecollapsed in 1923whenRandCold Storage gave notice to terminate its distrib- ution agreerrent. Concerning the FCMI,the necptiations with rcs resulted. in the effec- tive incorp:>ration of the ccoperative by 1925, through its receiving financial assistance from rcs repaid in shares sufficient to give rcs a controlling interest 47. rn sum, State reaction in SOUthAfrica to pressures fran roth fanrers and meat wh::>lesalerswas protectionist: iIrport restrictions to appease the farmers and exj:Ort subsidies, primarily for the relief of the meat trading interests concentrated in rcs. The first iIrf'Ort restriction was the ending in February 1923 of unres- tricted entry of cattle from Southern Rlx>desiaand Bechuanaland. The RaInatlabama and Sikwanequarantine canps were shut down, and cattle inFOrts were once nore confined. to the Johanneswrg quarantine market. The b.1ild-up of protectionist forces in South Africa was watched with dismay in the Protectorate. The bleak outlook for the people of the Protectorate in mid-l923 was IX>ignantlysl.lIllred up by rsang Pilane, Chief of the Bakgatla, in an appeal to British Ibyalty (reminiscent of Kharm,Bathoen and Sebele's aweal to QueenVictoria in the 1890s): The Unionof South Africa has stopped cattle fran crossing the border, with the exception of cattle that are railed. direct to the Johanneswrg quarantine market, for imrediate slaughter. Todaya certain section of the inhabitants of the Union is agitating for a COYPlete embarcpon all cattle fran Rlx>desiaand the territories under His Gracious Majesty's Protection. If this bec0- mes law, we see no lxJpe for ourselves as a Nation and we humblypray that your Ibyal Highness srould avert the threatened evil. Weare all SOuthAfricans, and can recognise 00 such artificial barriers as legally or nerally right. The labour of our hands has assisted to b.1ild up the dianond and gold indUstries in the Union, and is still cbing so. WhendrOughtand disease have visited our neighlxJurs in the Union, we have sold them breeding stock freely and wi th goodwill, to enable them to replenish their herds, and we canmt understand what fault we have cx:mni tted that such harsh measures sb:luld be proposed against us. 100 Wesee that the Great Warhas left poverty and distress ~ind it, and that our rountry has not escaped, rot this 1S no reason whyrranbers of the sarre household should propose to destroy each other: Rather soould we unite and endeavour to devise sane ronnonlTeansto help each other to survive the evil times 48. III. By the early 1920s the Protectorate had becOme established as a reserve area of the SOuthAfrican c'COnomy rrainly through rolonial ronsolidation. The cattle export industry, growingwith the JOhannesrorgrrarket, was established within i:his fornation as a reserve industry. But with the end of the War the expansionary phase ended and the full rosts of being a reserve industry were threatening to be loaded u);X)n it : namalyto bear the rost of efforts by power groups within the SOuthAfrican indus- try to recover their profitability, witOOutany recorrpense. With the market rollapse and loaning SOuthAfrican protectionism the BechuanalandProtectorate oolonial cpvernrta1t found itself in a three- sided crisis. Firstly, the major source of purchasing power for ilIpJrts for the population of BechuanalandProtectorate was under threat - also the major domastic source of goveIl'l!leI1t revenue. Seoondly, BechuanalandProtectorate was falling victim to the protect- ionist poliCy of a state with which she was effectively integrated in alnost all rot nama. SOuthAfrica was virtually the only rrarket for extX)rts and source of inports; customs receipts from the agreement of (1910) were the second rrost inportant source of govermnentrevenue; plans for full political integration with SOuthAfrica stood on the SOuthAfrican statutel:ook (SOuthAfrica Act 1909). Alternative marketsfor BechuanalandProtectorate teef did not exist, the extX)rt trade to the Copperbelt being only nascent at this tiIre and confined to Ngamiland. Thirdly, the post WorldWar I rollapse of ronnodity rrarkets(which occurred in all western countries) ushered in an era of protectionist ccmrodi. ty trading in \\hich governmen ts, through international bargaining, were cast in as inportant a role as were the cx:mrodityproducers and traders thanselves. In the case of meat exporting, in which national veterinary standards are so inportant a oJITpOnent of product acceptab- ility internationally, the governmentrole became particularly crucial. The BechuanalandProtectorate colonial cpvernrrent, lacking any independent resources, or a sizeable Cbmesticmarket to use as a bargaining counter, was rrost ill-equipped. to defend her rrajor extX)rt trade, as the subsequent historical period was to prove. 101