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AND HOW TO FIGURE YOUR FUTURE AS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Jet air line speeds bring new com- corporate size, Bendix ranks in the products include: Talos and Eagle plications to the problems the air- top 60 industrial firms (dollar sales) guided missiles; Doppler radar line captain must solve. Helping in the United States. In fiscal 1959, systems for aircraft navigation; him to prepare and follow his Flight Bendix sales totalled more than numerical control systems for $680,000,000. An investment in machine tools; power steering and Plan are two important Bendix® power brakes for automotive contributions: (1) The Bendix G-15 future sales was the $120,000,000 in engineering expenditures. vehicles; nuclear devices; flight Computer, which makes pre-flight control systems for aircraft; satel- calculations of wind, weather, fuel, DIVERSE PRODUCTION AND RESEARCH lite controls. More important to you, and load in seconds; and (2) air- — The graduate engineer has a as an engineering graduate, are the borne Bendix Doppler Radar, which chance to specialize with Bendix. vast numbers of new projects now gives the pilot instant, constant He can probe electronics, nuclear being planned — projects to which navigation data that previously re- physics, heat transfer, ultrasonics, you can contribute your knowledge Quired continual manual calculation. aerodynamics, power metallurgy - and ingenuity. Similar Bendix scientific and engi- and a long list of other challenging BENDIX IS SYNONYMOUS WITH ENGI- neering advances are geared to the fields. Or, he can aim for broader NEERING—At Bendix, you can join entire modern industrial complex. areas of mathematics, research, ad- ministration, and management. an engineering staff of more than OPPortunities for the engineering 12,000 people-5,000 of them grad- graduate are nearly limitless. CHANCE TO LEAD - Bendix is a di- uate engineers. BENDIX HAS 24 DIVISIONS, 4 SUBSIDI- versified engineering-research- Bendix offers you a chance to ARIES-Coast to coast, Bendix activ- m a n u f a c t u r i n g firm. Bendix exercise your engineering degree e s are decentralized-and, at the in a real engineering capacity. See same time, generally adjacent to the your placement director or write to Industries they serve. There is great Director of University and Scientific witude in choice of work area for Relations, Bendix Aviation Corpo- the young engineer. ration, 1108 Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan. SIZE AND STABILITY-In terms of Engineers at the General Motors Research either. Real opportunity to move up, increasing Laboratories electronically simulate the steer- your knowledge and responsibility, perhaps shift- ing response of Firebird III with analog com- ing to another department or division to develop puter equipment. further skills. Would you like to work with computers, the GM provides financial aid for those who go brain child of mathematics? How about metal- on to postgraduate studies. And for undergrads, lurgy? Solid state physics? Automobiles? Inertial there's a summer program with which they can guidance? If you're a scientist or engineer at gain valuable experience. General Motors, you may work in one of these For more information on a rewarding future fields or dozens of others, just as exciting, just with GM, see your Placement Officer or write to as challenging. General Motors, Salaried Personnel Placement, There's real opportunity here. No roadblocks Personnel Staff, Detroit 2. Michigan. ENGINEERS CHEMISTS PHYSICISTS MATHEMATICIANS LOOK TO DUPONT! Today is a time of rapid growth and expansion at DuPont. Development activities are being accel- erated, and new processes are being installed at plants new, old and under construction. This creates need for technical graduates: chemists (all specialties), physicists, mathematicians; engi- neers of almost every specialty-chemical, mechan- ical, industrial, electrical, metallurgical. LOCATIONS: Eastern half of U. S. primarily REQUIREMENTS: Recent Bachelor's, Master's or Doctor's degree Write to . . . 2420-4 Nemours Building E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (Inc.) Wilmington 98, Delaware Dean's Letter Inspection and quality control are operations employed by manufacturers to insure that their products are operable, and meet the standards of quality which they desire to maintain. The engineering colleges of the United States have their own form of quality control, to insure that the engineers graduated from these schools meet certain minimum standards appropriate to the engineering profession. Early in March four of our departments were visited by a team of inspectors from the Engineers Council for Professional Development, the group designated to undertake the quality control function for the profession. These inspectors were renowned engineering educators, each an authority in his field of education, from other major universities of the East and Midwest. By discussion with the Provost, the department heads and individual faculty, survey of laboratories and equipment, and perusal of problems, test papers, and laboratory reports as actual student products, these men appraised our currieulums, our courses, our staff, and our research, and compared them with certain minimum criteria and with the academic level of the Other 150 engineering colleges of the United States. While a final report will not be received until October, I feel confident that its contents will be favorable to our operation, with approval of the courses and currieulums available to you as students. In other words, I believe we passed! Having just returned from a trip as a member of similar ECPD inspection teams at a far Midwest school and an Eastern college, I can vouch for the thoroughness of the survey, and the seriousness of purpose with which these inspecting teams approach their jobs. Two days of burrowing into a school from all angles, plus midnight dis- cussions of findings, the fitting of information supplied by faculty members with other bits of information gleaned from administrative offices, budget, library, or research lab, lead to accurate appraisals of the strong and weak points of a college of engi- neering - the better to guarantee a quality professional education to you. As a member of such inspection teams one also has the opportunity to glean new ideas, ascertain trends, and to learn of the outcome of educational experiments. Perhaps some of this information may also be of use in improving our work in your behalf at M.S.U. Engineering education is indeed a planned process to insure proper and appropriate education for a great profession. J. D. Ryder EDITOR LA VERNE ROOT BUSINESS MANAGER of michigan state university DON ANDERSON VOLUME 13 NO. 4 MAY, 1960 M A N A G I N G EDITOR HERB HARMAN FEATURES: ASSOCIATE EDITOR 10 HILSCH TUBE Ncwt Black NEWT BLACK 12 STEAM CARS Dan Ferguson 13 ENGINEERING ALUMNI George Foley ASSISTANT EDITOR KEITH HARRIS 14 AMATEUR ROCKETRY John Thornton 16 MAN MADE GEMS William Hahn ASSISTANT EDITOR 18 JETS Eleanor Warren HESTER ROOT DEPARTMENTS: ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER ELEANOR WARREN 4 Dean's Letter 8 The Editor's Corner STAFF ARTIST 26 Miss May Engineer REG PILARSKI 30 Over The Transom PROMOTION MANAGER 34 Alumni Notes ART BEKMANIS 38 Sidetracked SIGMA PHI DELTA 40 Advertisers' Index STAFF B0LT COVER The cover for this month's Spartan Engineer was designed by J• J. MULLIGAN RegPilarski,am e m b e r o f o u r staff. Portrayed is the importance P- BUTLER K. RANOUS of rocket societies and clubs to further knowledge in the field of N FISHEL c. STOLL rocketry. G. FOLEY K. THIEROFF R• GUERTIN J. THORNTON C. HOLLEN D. WHITE R. LEPAGE ADVISORS J. D. RYDER T. FARRELL H. PLUMB J- STOKLEY D. McGRADY W . MclLRATH Mq V, 1960 with Delco. Long a leader in automotive radio engineering and production, Delco Radio Division of General Motors has charted a similar path in the missile and allied electronic fields. Especially, we are conducting aggressive programs in semiconductor material research, and device development to further expand facilities and leadership in these areas. Frankly, the applications we see for semiconductors are staggering, as are those for other Space Age Devices: Computors . . . Static Inverters . . . Thermoelectric Generators . . . Power Supplies. However, leadership is not self-sustaining. It requires periodic infusions of new ideas and new talent—aggressive new talent. We invite you to follow the leader—DELCO—to an exciting, profitable future. If you're interested in becoming a part of this challenging DELCO, GM team, write to Mr. Carl Longshore, Supervisor- Salaried Employment, for additional information—or talk to our representative when he visits your campus. FIVE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS... NOW CONSIDER THESE ANSWERS: 1. If your interests are in the fields of and test equipment. And with over electronics or the aircraft/missile 30 operational fields from which to industry, you will want to join the choose you can apply your talents to outstanding scientists and engineers the work you enjoy-in the fields best in the space age center of the world suited to your inclinations. - Southern California. At Northrop you will earn what you 2. If you work at Northrop you will are worth. With this growing com- live in Southern California - famous pany you receive increases as often for its year-round vacation climate. as you earn them. And these increases Here you're close to the beaches, in salary are based on your own indi- mountains and desert where you can vidual achievements. enjoy an active life in the sunshine. Northrop's vacation and fringe bene- 3. Northrop encourages you to work fits are extra liberal. for advanced degrees and to keep 5. Men you work with at Northrop current with the latest developments are acknowledged leaders in their in your chosen field. With Northrop's fields. They are selected because they program, you will continue to learn have the skill to guide younger men. while you earn with no-cost and low- These are men who know how to cost education at leading Southern delegate authority, encourage your California institutions. progress, and assure you of your fair share of credit for engineering 4. At Northrop you will work with achievements. the newest, most-advanced research Congratulations to those engineering seniors who will be graduating soon. You can look upon your studies in engineering with a sense of accomplishment. It represents a large investment of time and money, but more than this it represents an intellectual experience. With graduation, you are about to com- plete another step in your pursuit of knowledge. Whether your long range goal is to be the head of a department in one of the various engineering firms or to be the vice-president in a large company, you will find that your degree in engineering will furnish a firm foundation from which to work toward your goal. Building a career can be compared to erecting a large building. A good foundation is a necessary part of the building, but one must also make a wise selection of the materials used in completing the building. Integration of the materials into a well planned program of construction produces a building which one can be proud of. Likewise, one's career starts with a good foundation represented by formal schooling in engineering at a university. Next one must select the materials and an overall plan in order to complete the structure. One's long range goals represent the master plan. As in laying out the plans for a large building where one uses all of the skill and information avail- able, one should also give serious consideration to his long range goals. Once you have decided on your goals, you are ready to select the proper materials for your plan. Some of the available materials are: experience gained on your job, graduate study, employer sponsored training, self study, professional ac- tivities and other activities such as civic work. Each of these materials has a place in building your career. As an engineer each of you realizes it would be impractical to construct a large building using only one material. Would it be any more rational or practical to build a career from one material? Each of you must therefore decide what materials you will use in order to build the career you desire. A well balanced selection of materials will allow you to build a career which will mark you as a member of the engineering profession rather than just another high caliber technician. will be made of the moon and the plan- Since its inception nearly 23 years ago, tier will advance at an accelerated rate. ets and of the vast distances of inter- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has given The preliminary instrument explora- planetary space; hard and soft landings the free world its first tactical guided mis- tions that have already been made only will be made in preparation for the time sile system, its first earth satellite, and seem to define how much there is yet when man at last sets foot on new worlds. its first lunar probe. to be learned. During the next few years, In this program, the task of JPL is to payloads will become larger, trajectories gather new information for a better un- In the future, underthe direction of the will become more precise, and distances derstanding of the World and Universe. National Aeronautics and Space Admin- covered will become greater. Inspections istration, pioneering on the space fron- Man hat accomplished many com- plicated feats such as hitting the moon and orbiting the sun, but to date he can't explain the effects of the simple Hilsch tube. The Hilsch (or vortex, or Ranque) tube as it is sometimes called, is a very simple device which has no mov- ing parts. It merely ((insists of a Straight length of tubing intersected perpendicularly by another section of tubing with a tangential entry as shown in Fig, I. The diameter of one side of the straight tube is slightly smaller than the diameter of the other side. The spectacular effect of the ap- paratus is that when compressed air at room temperature is led through it, the entering stream of air separates into two streams of different temper- atures; (he hot stream leaving through the large end and the cold stream leaving through the small end. But, The history of t h e Hilsch tube In 1947 at the end of the war in fessor of mechanical engineering; and flow-visualization studies. Their model even though the Hilsch tube is sim- dates back to 1931 when it was first Europe, an army occupation group of Bung Chung Lee, a doctoral candi- is adaptable to many kinds of meas- ple, there is presently no general reported by G. Ranque, a metallurgist scientists went through Germany and date, were awarded an army contract urement at different points along the agreement as to the theory of its at a steel works in France. Ranque came back with many German scien- in 1958. The objective of this project length of the tube. operation. noticed the vortex cooling effect at tific discoveries — one of these was a is to obtain basic knowledge of the Compressed air at room tempera- his work in cyclone separators. Soon simple tube whereby you could blow velocity, pressure, and temperature ture is fed tangentially into a center So far, analyses have been based The key feature of Dr. Lay's design afterward he constructed a device to into it and get hot and cold air from distributions in the vortex tube. block, Fig. 3, from which it spirals is that a probe assembly can be in on very little systematic experimenta- tion because of the difficulties in- duplicate the effect, and applied for it at the same time. along the axis of the vortex tube, and serted at different stations (1/10 in. Lee and Dr. Lay felt that, even volved in gathering data. And the a French patent in December, 1931. out the ends of the tube. apart) along the length of the Hilsch At about the same date a Johns though the effect diminishes as the analysis of the phenomenon involves He thought it m i g h t be used in tube, and the probes (in the form of Hopkins University professor also size of the device is enlarged, they Stagnation temperature, stagnation three fields: gas dynamics, thermody- refrigerators. hypodermic needles) may be raised. brought back a model and a thesis could obtain more accurate data with pressure, static pressure, and velocity namics, and heat transfer. The prob- Subsequent d e v e l o p m e n t s , how- by Hilsch. The thesis provided per- a large Hilsch tube. traverses are taken at stations along lowered, or revolved within the flow lem is also complicated mathemat- ever, brought the disappointing real- formance data and optimum dimen- the tube as shown in Fig. 4. The field; thus measuring the velocity of ically. Nevertheless, since 1946 when Hence, they designed a plexiglas the air flow. "Care must be taken. ization that t h e Hilsch t u b e was sions for the vortex tubes. The data exit end of the tube is fitted with a it was brought to the United States tube which was large enough to per- however," said Dr. Lay, "not to dis inefficient as a refrigerator, so nothing showed t h a t t h e maximum effect mit velocity, temperature, and pres- cone-shaped valve which is movable from Germany, scientists of widely more was heard of it until 1946 when would send - 6 0 ° F . air from the in and out to regulate the flow in the turb the flow pattern." different backgrounds have been in- sure measurements to be taken with- R. Hilsch from Germany published a small end and +400°F. air from the out causing major disturbances in the hot tube. The big drawback to the experi terested in the phenomenon. paper on the device. large end. ment is the tremendous job of gather- flow field. Dr. Lay's vortex tube is so designed Widespread American interest has that a number of sections can be fit- ing d a t a . E a c h r u n requires 3 8 0 been given to the Hilsch tube ever The inherent limitations to the ted together to form a tube of any different r e a d i n g s , a n d t h e probes since. The extreme simplicity of the study of the tube, until recently, kept desired length. (Continued on Page 24) device and the spectacular separation concise investigation of the Hilsch of hot and cold air streams suggested tube from progressing very far. that it might replace some of the Both Ranque's and Hilsch's original more complicated refrigerator designs. models were of very small diameters However, subsequent investigation (4 to 18 mm tubes) where impressive effects were obtained with low or showed that the power required to moderate air supply pressures. "Such operate the vortex tube was many small models, however, are not suit- times that required by a conventional able to the basic study of the vortex refrigerator. But, other applications phenomenon," said Dr. Lay, "because are suggested for the device, espe- they do not lend themselves to ve- cially regarding j e t - a i r c r a f t cooling- locity, pressure, or temperature Thus, i n t e r e s t in the phenomenon traverses." continues. At Michigan State University two To perform these measurements, Lee and Dr. Lay designed consider- men, Dr. J. E. Lay, associate pro- ably larger models; this in turn re- quires high flow rates of air. Also the vortex effect is lessened; thus, instead (Fig. 1) Newt Black, left, of the °f getting the tremendous tempera- Spartan Engineer consults with ture differences, the MSU researchers Joachim Lay and Bung Chung Lee. get a high temperature of 100°F. and Dr. Lays left hand is on the large a low of 40°F., Fig. 2. tube (warm air exit) and his right Their model is a 2 in. diameter hand is pointing at the small tube vortex tube made of lucite. Dr. Lay (cold air exit). Probe is shown near Points out that lucite also permits center of tube. Ma y, I960 Spartan Engineer How would you like to have a STEAM CARS car that accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in less than 5 seconds, runs on #2 fuel oil, and has a two cylinder en- gine that makes the same number of revolutions per mile regardless of car speed? These advantages and many offer simplicity and high efficiency more can be realized by the use of steam as a source of power in the automobile. As far as we know, the first ve- hicle driven by its own engine was propelled by steam. It was built in 1770 by a Frenchman, Nicholas Cug- not. This vehicle had three wheels; power was applied to the front wheel only. In spite of this early start, it wasn't until the late 1800's that the gasoline engine, electric motor, and the steam engine were widely used as sources of power for self-propelled vehicles. The two main components of a steam power plant are the boiler and the engine. The system may contain a condenser. The boiler may be of many types: the pot boiler, flash boil- er, or the multitube boiler. The en- gine may be of two, three or four cylinders and either single or double acting. Because the steam engine can be connected directly to the ring gear in the differential, the transmission, drive shaft, universal joints, clutch, flywheel, a n d g e a r shift are un- necessary. Early pioneers in steam car devel- opment in the United States were the Stanley Brothers. They built their first car in 1898 and made continuous im- provements. They used a pot boiler and a double-acting two cylinder en- gine. In 1906 a Stanley racer estab- lished many records, among them the speed of 127.66 miles per hour. One of the Stanley Brothers was killed in an accident in 1917, and in 1924 the company went out of business. A few of the other 125 makes of steam cars that have been on the market since 1900 are the Mobile, the Locomobile, Lane, Clark, Eclipse. White, Gearless, Coats, Doble, Brooks, and the Delling. The Delling Steam Car Company was the last company to go out of business in 1934. R. E. Olds, founder of Oldsmobile Division of General Motors, even built a steam car. This was in 1887 but it was never offered for sale. The gasoline engine is basically a constant speed and constant load ma- chine which is quite suitable for boats or airplanes. But in the propulsion of an automobile, both speed and power must be varied. This is done by tne clutch, transmission, carburetor, et • (Continued on Page 24) Another First for the Engineers! been started towards achieving these This time the breakthrough is not in goals. The Association has appointed the electrical, mechanical or chemical three standing committees: the com realm, but in the field of Alumni re- mittees for Animal Reunion, Public lations. The College of Engineering is Relations and for Alumni Contactl the first College of Michigan State and Surveys. University to establish a separate Mr. Earl Kelly, chairman of the alumni association of its own. Alumni Reunion Committee, has an- For some time it has been felt that nounced that the College of Engi- the M.S.U. College of Engineering neering Alumni Association will hold and its Alumni would both benefit its 1960 reunion September 30th and by a closer working relationship. It October 1st. All Engineering gradu- was felt that an Engineering Alumni ates, former students and their fam- Association which was designed spe- ilies are invited to attend. cifically to meet the needs of Engi- The Contacts and Surveys Commit- neers would be desirable. The Uni- tee headed by Mr. Robert Alpers has versity Alumni Office also sanctioned also been very active. Cards have theis proposal and in September of been sent to the engineering alumni 1959 the ground work was laid for in an attempt to bring the alumni the organization. Forty members of files up to date. Other surveys are the M.S.U. Engineering alumni rep- also being planned by this commit resenting various graduating classes tee. One example ol how this type ol were contacted and this group along survey might mutually benefit M.S.U. with Dean Ryder did the actual plan- and the alumni is that this Informa- ning of the Association. tion is the kind used by listings such The Engineering Alumni Associa- as Who's Who's in Engineering. Mich- tion does not limit its membership igan State University has many out- to Engineering graduates exclusively standing graduates whose names do and any former student of the Engi- not appear in publications of this neering College who is interested in n a t u r e because information about M.S.U. is eligible to join. Members them is not available. of the Engineering faculty and friends The Public Relations Committee, of the College may also take part in with Claud Erickson as chairman, has the organization. also been very active. Among the The purpose of the Engineering Committee's primary objectives is that Alumni Association according to its of promoting interest in engineering by-laws is " t o provide a medium in local school and local communities. whereby the Alumni may cooperate The stimulation of general interest in with the College of Engineering for the field of Engineering will be of the improvement not only of the Col- mutual benefit both to M.S.U. and lege of Engineering but also the to the Alumni. Michigan State University in its en- The officers for the first year as tirety." Also, "It shall provide a elected by the 32 members of the means of helpful advisory service to Board of Directors are: Chairman, the engineering administration on one Major Albert Sobey, '09, Flint; 1st hand and where needed a helpful Vice-Chairman, C. Earl Webb, '12, service to engineering alumni either Okemos; 2nd Vice-Chairman, Claud as individuals or as a group." R. Erickson, '22, Lansing; Secretary- Although the organization is still Treasurer, Miss Agnes McCann, East in its infancy much work has already Lansing. Editors note: Scientists and engi- neers use many tools in their quest for knowledge of our physical uni- danger to himself and others. The following article illustrates how M IT A OST people, when they hear the rocket built by the Morgan Park Rocket Society. Usually the idea a group in amateur rocketry in ad- comes from a desire to perform a verse. Many of these tools, such as hering to the proper safety procedures word amateur rocketry, immediately certain experiment or to test a new atomic energy and rockets are po- averted injury to themselves as well think of a g r o u p of unsupervised method. A preliminary design with tentially dangerous if misused. The as to others. Compare their proce- youngsters building rockets of plumb- rough specifications is drawn up. The amateur scientist should follow the dures with those groups or individuals ing pipe and matchheads. Unfortu- main effort at this stage is to design example of the scientists, in working that have made the newspaper by nately there are such instances, but the rocket as a system instead of with these tools. He should first he- these cases should not be confused individual parts. From these initial blowing up a rocket in a residential come familiar with his area of interest with a relatively large group of col- plans, detailed drawings are made. neighborhood or any of the other so that he can recognize the potential lege and high school students who Each part is considered individually types of such accidents caused by hazards. Next, he must find out what devote a great deal of time, research, and then is fitted into place. Every carelessness. The cooperation of a and money in making amateur rock- safety precautions should he taken. qualified advisor is also important in fault eliminated on the drawing board In all experiments he must adhere to etry as safe as possible. These stu- means a b e t t e r performing rocket. the undertaking of a hazardous sci- dents, working closely with qualified all safety precautions to reduce the entific study. When this stage is completed, con- adult supervision, approach amateur struction begins. rocketry as a scientific undertaking. This group has built sophisticated A typical rocket, the X9-A, was rockets with a high degree of effi- constructed in two sections, the thrust ciency, capable of carrying payloads chamber assembly and the instrument to respectable altitudes. The payloads section. The X9-A, the last rocket v «y from multi-channel telemetering fired by our group, was designed spe- systems, complete with parachute re- cifically to carry a two pound payload covery, to m o r e s i m p l e equipment to an altitude of 4000 feet. The thrust such as smoke and vapor generators, chamber or motor was made of a various experiments have ranged from four foot section of S.A.E. 1020 seam- mail rockets, as fired by the Reaction less steel tubing, with an outside Research Society, to sending animals alott to expose them to cosmic rays. diameter of two inches and a wall Resides experimenting with conven- thickness of one-sixteenth inch. This tional solid and liquid fueled power- was quite sufficient to withstand the P ants, amateurs have built and tested pressure of a low energy propellent P asma and ion propulsion systems. burning at 1200 degrees F. A safety factor of 4 was always used in cham- The Morgan Park Rocket Society, ber construction, in case internal pres- a small group to which the author sures rose higher than normal. The Belongs, fired over fifty flight missiles nozzle, held by eight machine screws, "•om 1955 to 1958 without any seri- was machined from aluminum, which ous injuries, except maybe a smashed withstands t h e r m a l erosion better. umb where some over-zealous mem- Also, the density of aluminum being ° e r missed a nail with a hammer, about one-third that of steel, the total etui Procedures and strict rules weight of the motor was reduced. J f res Ponsible for this safety rec- The nozzle, being a critical part, was sea, f n ° t h e r group, the Reaction Re- given an extremely smooth finish. The htT _. ° c i e t y ' h a s fired over three forward bulkhead, which separated ( has - r ° c k e t s i n fifteen y ears > b u t had the thrust chamber and instrument ; in _ f a serious accident result- section, was also aluminum. i em, 7 a rocket t e s t - Many other ^ u p s have similar records. The instrument housing consisted take a look at the of a two inch aluminum tube into coif' "nstruehon and testing of a typical *»ten. (Continued on Page 32) M °y, I960 Throughout recorded history man has always had the tendency to ac- quire treasures. King Tut, Solomon, Genghis Khan all had vast and ex- pensive collections. Always included among these treasures were diamonds, the most beautiful stones ever created. Men studied them, fought wars over them, stole them, and even wor- shipped them. These small inanimate objects were very different from any of the other creations that Nature had bestowed upon the earth. What Other substances possess qualities such as the fiery b r i l l i a n c e , the everlasting durability, and the rarity of the dia- mond? None can be found. No won- der these tiny hits and fragments were, and still are, held in such high esteem by everyone. Whenever there are qualities that make an article particularly valuable, in layers, the configuration of graphite ensuing waves of molten lava formed validity of such Statements has since humanity has most always tried to is outlined. There are no connecting a volcano. Time brought activity to been disproved. reproduce them so that they may de- forces between the layers of the a halt and then years of erosion by planes except extremely weak electro- destructive elements leveled the cone. Progress was slow, and many peo- rive from the benefits that these ar- static forces (VanderWaals). This fact What was left was the pipe or the ple thought it was sheer folly to 6VO ticles can produce. So men have tried, enables the planes to slide over each fissure e x t e n d i n g deep inside the think that such a development was time alter time, to create and fabri- cate from the elements around him other and thus make graphite a good earth. Imbedded in it were the dia- possible. A major break-through oc- the beautiful, the durable, and the lubricant. monds. Today these pipes are the curred in 1938 when F. D. Rossini rare. richest source of the gems. and R. S. Jessep of the National Bu- Why diamonds form tetrahedrons reau of Standards published data One of the most climactic feats in and graphite hexagons is another ex- When the details of natural forma- showing the thermodynamic limits ol this realm of synthesizing that has ample of the control that Mother tion became known during the 1800's, graphite. These showed that if graph- ever been accomplished occurred at Nature has over natural elements. some people wondered if it would be ite is heated to 3000*F. and a force the General Electric Research Lab- Graphite is the most common config- possible to duplicate such conditions of 20,000 pounds per square inch was oratory in 1955 " M a n - M a d e Dia- uration found over the earth. Thermo- in the laboratory and thus be able applied for a few minutes, no dia- monds" were the culmination of 125 dynamically, it is the easiest to form to artificially produce diamonds. Sub- monds were formed; but a reverse years of work by various men in try- and the most stable. Diamond, on the sequent trials by various men all transition of diamond to graphite was ing to duplicate these small, hard other hand, requires the most extreme ended in failure, even though some stones. Even though the prototype and rare conditions for tetrahedral claimed to have perfected it. The (Continued on Page 34) weighed only a tenth of a carat formation. Graphite is always pre- (about one thousandth of an ounce), ferred because it has a lower potential the seemingly impossible had been energy. Transition to the diamond will done. Limitless possibilities exist for occur only when instances of extreme their use. all of which may be ac- conditions arise. complished without destroying the in- trinsic value of the diamond. Most of the diamond regions of the earth are places where volcanic ac- The nature of the diamond, its tivity once predominated. Ages ago physical and c h e m i c a l properties, in these areas, vast unsettled regions should first be considered before any ot activity were brewing beneath the attempt can be made in describing surface of the earth. Masses of molten the process that was developed by rock of a certain chemical composition General Electric. It may be hard to forms of carbon was made in the the next occurring unit, and this ar- (no quartz), which were at extremely believe when you look at a diamond, early 1900's with X-ray apparatus. rangement is carried on many billions hightemperaturesand pressures, were but this gem is made out of carbon. The resulting pictures showed that of times, the resulting structure is the in motion. Conditions in this state How can such a lovely, elegant stone the basic recurring unit of the dia- diamond. These interlocking tetrahe- were just right so that the carbon be made of the same material that mond was a tetrahedron (4 planed drons are the reason for the charac- atoms that w e r e present were is found in black chimney soot, the pyramid) and a hexagon for graphite. crowded together into a very compact line made by a pencil, the coal burned teristics that diamonds possess. The tetrahedral configuration of dia- Graphite has entirely different mass; thus started the tetrahedral in furnaces, or the solid lubricant used alignment into definite patterns. Crys- in various parts of the automobile? mond can best be described by imag- properties because of a different struc- The secret as to why the diamond ining the following picture. A lone ture. By taking the hexagonal struc- tals grew in a relatively short time is so lucid and the other materials carbon atom is placed in the geomet- ture and placing a carbon atom in and diamonds separated out. Without so drab and opaque, lies in the de- rical center of the tetrahedron. In each of the six corners and then as- such optimum surroundings, graphite sign or pattern that nature has as- each of the four corners of the pyr- suming that the lines, which define would have been formed. signed to the different crystalline amid another carbon atom is placed. the hexagon, are the bonds or binding From the tremendous forces at forms of carbon. Between each of these carbon atoms forces, the graphite pattern will take work, from the expanded gases, and and the central one a line is drawn shape. If an uncalculable number of the liquefied rock, the fluids began The discovery of the inner skeletal to represent the bonding or attracting these hexagons are joined into a to work their way up the faults and structure of both allotropic (same con- forces that hold the system together. chicken wire pattern, a broad plane fissures in the overlying mentle. Fi- stituents but different arrangement) If the atom at the center of this pyr- is formed. If several of these planes amid is imagined to be the peak of are placed one on top of each other nally, one of the cracks gave way 16 withacataclysmic eruption and the Spartan Engineer Ma y. I960 Our society must educate more and weeks a standard manual is sent to an opportunity for talking with pro- better scientists. Nearly five hundred all of the participating students. This fessors and industrialists. high schools in forty-one states and booklet has a new theme each time Puerto Rico have taken the big Step with subjects ranging from aeronau- Unity among members is another toward answering this call. They are tics to metallurgy and crystallography. aim of JETS. This is illustrated by active participants in the Junior Engi- The manuals are used as a study the use of a standard manual and by neering Technical Society or JETS as guide for the JETS meetings. Con- the national publication and meetings. the program is better known. tained in the booklet is an outline for Each member of the organization also presentation and study, sample prob- receives a JETS pin and has the op- JETS was founded at Michigan portunity to p u r c h a s e an emblem State University just ten years ago, lems (ranging from easy to most dif- ficult), pictures and diagrams, and an jacket or official slide-rule tie clasp but rapidly spread to other areas. if he desires. These articles help to The National Headquarters for the excellent bibliography for additional reading on the subject. From the gen- instill a sense of unity and enhance organization remains on the Michigan a feeling of belonging to an organ- State campus. eral plan, each student is stimulated into his own area. ization. "Opportunities in Engineering and Science For Youth" is the goal of JETS activities are in no way lim- The local o r g a n i z a t i o n of the JETS. The group works with indus- ited to the use of the manual and groups is quite fascinating. It is often try, engineering and scientific soci- and to the work on the individual thought of as an exploration group eties, and educational institutions to project. T h r o u g h reading of their and the officers are given related develop an outstanding science pro- publication, JETS-O-GRAM, you may names, e.g., Captain, First Officer, gram for the American high school see that chapter activities often in- Navigator, and Communications Of- student. clude field trips to industries and ex- ficer. In addition, there is the JET hibits, listening to scientific lectures, Pilot or advisor who is a science What makes this science program watching scientific movies, and con- or mathematics teacher in the local so outstanding? It is not just another ducting scientific or career programs school and there is an engineering textbook course that stresses mem- for a s s e m b l i e s , o t h e r schools, or advisor who is a local engineer or orizing several hundred pages of for- television. scientist. Each chapter is self-govern- mulas. F i r s t of all, J E T S is an ing and may adopt its own constitu- extra-curricular activity that may be The old saying, "All work and no tion and amendments as the need selected by any junior or senior high play makes Jack a dull boy," is cer- arises. Financial assistance is granted school student provided a local chap- tainly believed by J E T S members. through industry, universities, and sci- ter is available. This means that 99- Individual c h a p t e r s s p o n s o r social entific and engineering organizations. 100% of the students who belong events, but even more important is have a great deal of interest or ability the opportunity for each student to JETS is primarily interested in ad- in the field of s c i e n c e . Secondly, display his project at the annual En- equately preparing a student to meet JETS stresses learning by doing. Each gineering Exposition. The event, held the scientific demands of the day. For member has an individual or group in May at Michigan State University, this reason, they have set up a pro- project that he works on during the provides not only an excellent oppor- gram called "The Big Brother Day." entire year. Importance is placed on tunity for "socializing" but gives the originality and c r e a t i v i t y . Projects This is an opportunity for a JETS JETS member a chance to see what range from simple telescopes to com- other students have been able to cre- member to spend a day with an engi- plex electronic computers depending ate. Certainly, many of the group will neer or scientist in his own field ot upon the experience and ability of go home with an inspiration for next interest. The program provides excel- the individual students. year's project. The exposition also al- lent views of what is being done to- lows the students to see the engineer- day and what is expected of our The project ideas often spring from ing and scientific facilities that are scientists. the Academic Unit Plan. Every two available on the campus and provides (Continued on Page 40) He wears two kinds of work togs For engineer Richard A. Ernsdorff, the "uniform of the wave systems and SAGE radars and trouble-shoots any day" changes frequently. A Monday might find him in a problem that arises. He also engineers "radar remoting" checkered wool shirt on a Washington or Idaho mountain facilities which provide a vital communications link be- top. Wednesday could be a collar-and-tie day. tween radar sites and Air Force Operations. Dick is a transmission engineer with the Pacific Tele- A current assignment is a new 11,000 me radio route phone and Telegraph Company in Seattle. Washington. He from central Washington into Canada, utilizing reflectors joined the company in June, 1956. after getting his B.S.E.E. on mountains and repeaters (amplifiers) in valleys. It's a degree from Washington State University. ''I wanted to million-dollar-plus project. work in Washington," he says, "with an established, grow- "I don't know where an engineer could find more inter- ing company where I could find a variety of engineering op- esting work," says Dick. portunities and could use some imagination in my work." * * * Dick spent 21/2 years in rotational, on-the-job training, You might also find an interesting, rewarding career with doing power and equipment engineering and "learning the the Bell Telephone Companies. See the Bell interviewer business." Since April, 1959, he has worked with micro- when he visits your campus. wave radio relay systems in the Washington-Idaho area. When Dick breaks out his checkered shirt, he's headed tor the mountains. He makes field studies involving micro- He's breaking through sound barriers to find new applications of human speech It is believed that once clear, distinct signals can be obtained from human speech sounds, the human voice can be used for direct com- munication with machines. James Elam is working in this direction. Voice-Machine Communication Problems The problems involved are formidable. Machine "understanding" of human speech will be limited by both the sensitivity and the number of electronic "recognizers" of speech-sound patterns that can be built into the machine. To further complicate matters, the human voice is capable of making an almost infinite variety and subtlety of sound patterns. Only in theory could a machine be built that could recognize all of them. A Solution in "Phonemes"? To further this work on voice-machine communication, James Elam is studying various techniques of speech analysis. In one scheme, recordings are made of voices reading words. These are then examined in their frequency spectrum, and a power within discrete bands is plotted. The plots, or spectrograms, are used to break down words into basic sounds called "phonemes." Each phoneme has a separate and distinct pattern and is capable of giv- ing a clear signal. It is hoped that these signals can be used to communicate directly, through an audio input, with machines. Fascinating Assignments Because of its exciting future possibilities, James Elam finds his work fascinating. If you would like to employ your talents in areas where exciting future possibilities are all part of a day's work, then you might consider the opportunities offered by IBM. When our representa- tive comes to your campus, he will be glad to give you information about opportunities in research, development, manufacturing and other areas at IBM. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION Your Placement Officer can tell vou when an IBM representative will next visit your campus. Or you may write, outlining briefly your back- ground and interests, to: Manager of Technical Employment, IBM Corporation, Dept. 846, 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. Continued Growth Through Continued Reading — young engineers to write grammatically, spell, or punc- Never before has the young engineer's advancement been tuate correctly. so dependent on consistent reading that broadens his Bright young men entering industry's engineering pro- viewpoint and keeps bin abreast <>l developments in his grams today possess a high degree of facility in basic own Held. mathematics. However, a disturbing percentage of them No one has stated the case more concisely than did are sadly lacking in ability to use language as a tool for Francis Bacon in his Famous quotation; reasoning and communicating. "Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; One of our prominent educators, Dr. Eric A. Walker, and writing an exact man, And. therefore, if a man write president of Pennsylvania State University, has Stated little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer his conviction that this situation will not change until little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read the professors - all the professors of all the courses little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know establish certain minimum standards for the students that he doth not." written work and then make it clear to the students that violation of those standards is just as serious as violation It is sheer folly for am young engineer to take the of the basic principles of mathematics. attitude that because of the heavy demands on his time Dr. Walker says further that a program of this sort. he just doesn't have time for serious reading anymore. if carried out conscientiously by the faculties of our Admittedly the reading material now available to the engineering colleges, would soon make engineers the most young engineer is so voluminous that he must exercise literate of all professional groups in America today. discrimination in his selection of reading material. But it Failure to stress writing capacity early enough in the is a sure bet that if he can't manage to find time for educational process has also been cited as a major cause reading that will keep him informed and make of him of poor writing. Further, that the greatest trouble is with "a full man" he will never progress beyond the routine the written word - putting it down on paper. A college ot his present job. dean is quoted as saying, "You will find men who are Writing Anility Can Make The Difference — Young very articulate orally who are shockingly incompetent in engineers who have acquired the ability to turn out lucid, writing properly." coherent papers and reports are so much in the minority This situation is not likely to improve until aspiring today that their rapid advancement professionally is prac- young engineers are somehow made to realize the Pro- tically assured. On the other side of the ledger we find foundly adverse effect that lack of writing skill can have the main young men who appear blissfully unaware that on their own advancement professionally. And, most im- lack of this ability can make the difference between a portantly, they must have the will and tenacity to do tremendous]) successful career and a very mediocre one. something about it. Educators and business leaders alike are exhibiting P. B. GABBETT - Publisher and Editor increasing concern over the marked inability of many Reprinted from Electric Light and Power, April 1, 1960 STEPPING STONES TO SPACE Just as the satisfactory recovery of an or- I bital vehicle signals the success of a space project, you, as a professional engineer, will in time enjoy increased prestige in your company and community, a high standard of living, and personal pride in the knowledge that your con- tributions have advanced the art of aeronautical and space technology. At McDonnell—a large number of relatively young engineers are already enjoying the hall- marks of success mentioned above. You, too, can write your success story with us by taking ad- vantage of McDonnell's Stepping Stones to Space. Learn more about our company and com- munity by seeing our Engineering Representa- tive when he visits your campus, or, if you prefer, write a brief note to: Raymond F. Kaletta Engineering Employment Supervisor P.O. Box 516, St. Louis 66, Missouri HILSCH TUBE its maximum driving force almost in- the use of water in the boiler. Also, stantly and for a while can continue many people were afraid that the (Continued from page 11) to supply this d r i v i n g force even boilers would blow up and sometimes MUST be used separately so as not though the output of power may be they did. to disturb the air flow. This means beyond the continuous capacity of the power plant. For example, a steam Some of the old pot boilers were numerous changes during a particular quite dangerous. If a small hole de- run, and makes the experimental work car with an engine rated at 20 horse power may exert as much as 85 horse veloped in one of them, there could tedious. be a bad explosion. Boiler designers power by d r a w i n g on its reserve Dr. Lay's construction of the vortex steam. decided to use tubes to reduce this tube from lucite gives him a good hazard. The flash boiler could build opportunity to study the How patterns The gasoline engine has no imme- up a head of steam in about thirty visually. Thus, he has injected various diately available stored power other seconds, but it had no reserve power. gasses and other materials into the than that in the flywheel. The only The multi-tube boiler with horizontal lube. First Dr. Lay used smoke which way one can increase this power is and vertical tubes could burn out showed up well at low pressures by speeding up the engine. The great- easily because the water could be (thus low speeds), but at moderate est driving force the operator can pushed away from the heated region. or high pressures the smoke was utilize at any moment is that which the engine is capable of delivering at Hill has designed and copyrighted invisible. a safe boiler with diagonal tubes. the speed it happens to be running. Next he tried balsa sawdust. It also There are twenty-four % inch tubes did not show up well at high speeds. This stored power in the steam car 48 inches long connected to three 5 After balsa sawdust, fine confetti was enables high torque at low speeds inch diameter headers, all of seam- tried, but in robbing against the lu- i}k to 5 mph) as compared to prac- less steel tubing rated at 50,000 psi. cite, developed static electricity and tically no torque at low engine speeds It weighs 100 pounds as compared clung to the walls of the tube. in the gasoline car. This means the to the Stanley boiler which weighed operator has positive response in any about 400 pounds. There is approx- The final and most successful meth- driving situation. imately 125 feet of tubing as opposed od of How visualization was to inject The steam car is controlled by one to the 1,000 feet in the Stanley boil- clear or colored water. First clear valve and a reversing lever. The er. The Stanley pot boiler took twenty water was used, but in order to study the flow more thoroughly, Dr. Lay valve, or throttle, also stops the car minutes to heat up; this design takes used colored water which could be at almost any desired rate. 1 1/2 minutes for a head of 200 psi. photographed. Instead of using water in the boiler, There is no fuel or power wasted Hill uses a mixture of glycol, water A major problem, says Dr. Lay, is through idling, because the steam en- and steamer oil. Besides preventing to discover if there is a change of gine doesn't idle. The engine makes freeze-ups, this mixture also lubricates composition of the air as it splits up the same number of revolutions per the engine. Two boilers of Hill's de- to leave either through the cool end mile while traveling at 1/2 or 70 miles sign are now in use. One, in Massa- or the warm end. He believes that per hour (if the wheels aren't slip- chusetts, has been driving a 2% ton no composition change takes place. ping). Usually, the engine is geared Stanley for eight years. This car has to the axle at a 1 to 1 ratio. cruised at 70 miles per hour for 75 To date Dr. Lay and Bung Chung Lee have gathered most of the data A double acting two cylinder steam miles without the boiler pressure fall- needed from the experiment. Now engine gets as many power impulses ing below 700 psi. The other boiler comes the tremendous task of inter- as an eight cylinder gasoline engine. has been driving a 20 horse power preting, and f o r m u l a t i n g theories A piston in a gasoline engine must Stanley engine, installed on a con- about the effect. go up and down twice for one power verted Pontiac chassis in Texas, for impulse; but when a double acting four years. Both systems get about steam piston goes up and down twice, 17 miles per gallon of # 2 fuel oil. it has had four power impulses. The STEAM CARS gasoline engine is run by explosions, Hill and the Shaw Mercantile Co., but the steam engine's power comes San Francisco, California, hold pat- (Continued from Page 12) from gently applied pressure giving ents in the U.S.A. and 6 foreign coun- Actually, it's amazing the way the uniform turning at any speed. There tries for a two cylinder double acting gasoline engine has been adapted to is complete lack of vibration, even steam engine of Hill's own design, a purpose for which it isn't suited. at the highest speeds. called the Hill-Alpha. Some of the The steam engine is fundamentally features of the old Stanley engine are There is no smoky exhaust and the incorporated in it. The crankshaft in- a variable load and variable speed machine; this is shown by comparing engine itself doesn't become contam- corporates a steel bar one inch in it with a common horse. A horse can inated with dust, gasoline or carbon. diameter, a n d m o u n t s a counter- maintain a pull of about 120 pounds The s t e a m e r s have extraordinary balanced crank at each end, 90 de- while walking three miles per hour, acceleration and it sounds quite im- grees out of phase. Four steel rounds but when starting from a standstill possible today when we read that called stanchions are run completely he can exert up to 1,000 pounds if some of the old steams could go from through the front and back plates on he has traction. Therefore, his start- 0 to 60 miles per hour in less than the cylinder heads. The stanchions of ing effort or force is approximately 5 seconds. the old S t a n l e y e n g i n e were just 8 1/2 times his running force. This threaded into the bottom plate and shows that under certain conditions In view of all of these apparent often broke off. Cross heads slide on he can handle a load, for a short time, advantages, why did the steam cars the stanchions which is adapted from that eight horses would have a hard cease to exist? Is anybody doing any- thing to bring them back? a design used in the Worthington time hauling continuously. Hyde pump for over 50 years. The If a steam engine has a full head Russell A. Hill, retired machinist weight of the Hill-Alpha engine is of steam in the boiler, it can exert and inventor from Detroit, claims that 75 pounds; the Stanley weighed 300 the main disadvantage of steam was (Continued on page 32) 24 RCA-BUILT"TIROS" SATELLITE REPORTS WORLD'S WEATHER FROM OUTER SPACE As you read these lines, the most remarkable horizon-locating system, complex receiving and trans- weather reporter" the world has ever known mitting equipment, and a solar power supply that collects its energy from the sun itself. In addition to the design hurtles around our globe many times a day, and development of the actual satellite, scientists and hundreds of miles up in outer space. engineers at RCA's "Space Center" were responsible The TIROS satellite is an orbiting television system. for the development and construction of a vast array Its mission is to televise cloud formations within a belt of equipment for the earth-based data processing and several thousand miles wide around the earth and trans- command stations. mit a series of pictures back to special ground stations. Project TIROS was sponsored by the National Aero- Weather forecasters can then locate storms in the making nautics and Space Administration. The satellite pay- ... to help make tomorrow's weather forecast more load and ground station equipment were developed and accurate than ever. built by the Astro-Electronic Products Division of RCA, The success of experimental Project TIROS opens the under the technical direction of the U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory. door to a new era in weather forecasting—with benefits to People of all lands. This experiment may lead to advanced The same electronic skills which made possible the weather satellites which can provide weathermen with hour- success of man's most advanced weather satellite are em- by hour reports of cloud cover prevailing over the entire bodied in all RCA products—RCA Victor black & while world. Weather forecasts, based on these observations, may and color television sets, radio and high-fidelity systems then glve amPle time to prepare for floods, hurricanes, enjoyed in millions of American homes. tornadoes,typhoons and blizzards—time which can be used to minimize damage and save lives. Many extremely "sophisticated" techniques and de- vices were required to make Project TIROS a success- two lightweight satellite television cameras, an infra-red MISS Nancy Sessions Hometown: Vicksburg, Michigan MAY Age: 21 Specs: 5' 6 1/2" ENGINEER Brown Hair Blue Eyes 36 - 25 - 37 Hobbies: Water Skiing Swimming All Sports It takes more than pressing a button to send a giant rocket on its way. Actually, almost as many man-hours go into the design and construction of the support equipment as into the missile itself. A leading factor in the reliability of Douglas missile systems is the company's practice of including all the necessary ground handling units, plus detailed procedures for system utilization and crew training. This complete job allows Douglas missiles like THOR, Nike HERCULES, Nike AJAX and others to move quickly from test to operational status and perform with outstanding dependability. Douglas is seeking qualified engineers and scientists for the design of missiles, space systems and their supporting equipment. Write to C. C. LaVene, Box600-X, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Alfred J. Carah, Chief Design Engineer, discusses the ground installation requirements for a series of THOR-boosted space probes with Donald W. Douglas, Jr., President of DEPENDABILITY of shifter fork improved by designing it to be FORGED By designing the shifter fork of his transmission to he forged, a manufacturer of earthmovers eliminated costly equipment breakdowns in the field because of fork failure. Factor of safety was increased even while weight and over-all costs were being decreased. Parts scrapped because of voids uncovered after much high-cost machining are eliminated . . . forgings are naturally sound all the way through. Forgings start as better m e t a l . . . are further improved by the compacting hammer-blows or high-pressure of the forging process. Design your parts to be forged... increase strength/weight ratio, reduce as-assembled cost, improve performance. Literature to help you design, specify, and procure forged parts is available on request. SELECTIVE SERVICE TESTS - Congratulation) to the following on Selective Service and other regula- The 1960 Selective Service College Winter term Four-pointers in engineer- tions that are of particular concern Qualification Test is scheduled for ing. to scientists and engineers. Intended April 28. Last year only 5,258 stu- Seniors: as a general guide for employers and dents took this examination, the low- Elizabeth Buschlen individual registrants that brochure est number on record since the test Edward Curtindale "Critical Personnel and the Draft" was instituted. This was only 0.379% James Eagan can be obtained from SMC, 1507 M of the nonveteran male students pop- John Engstrom Street, NW, Washington 5, D . C . - ulation, which is estimated at approx- Phillip Fife single copy free, nominal cost in bulk. imately 1,385,000. Charles Hanson Assistance on indivdual problems can College administrators are urged to Robert Harger be obtained from both Commissions encourage undergraduates to take the Jon Hussey as a continuing service to industry test, especially if there is any possi- John Sargenl and the professions. bility that they may enter graduate Juniors: school. College graduates may qual- Alvin Bailey ify for deferment as graduate students Galen Brown Recent promotions in the Engineer- if' they stand in the upper quarter ot John Hrinevich ing Department, here at Michigan the male graduates in the senior class. State University, include: or if they get a grade of 80 or better Sophomores: on the SSQT. Since class standing is John Forsyth Tien Hsing Wu—Civil Engineering always problematical, taking the test James Ledvinka Donald P. Brown—Agricultural is a worthwhile gamble. It does not Larry Osterink Engineering commit the student in any way, nor Stanly Steinberg Bill A. Stout—Agricultural does it extend his military liability. Richard Synoradzki Engineering Freshmen: Clement A. Tatro—Applied Raymond Eldridge Mechanics ENROLLMENT FIGURES AT MSU Karl L. Schulze—Civil Engineering COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING For Fall Quarter (1959) there were The American Society for Testing Henry Krause—Mechanical Materials will hold its biannial tech- Engineering 1616 undergrad students (including nical Photographic Exhibit in connec- 18 women!) and 126 (4 women) grad- Richard G. Pfister-Agricultural uate students registered in engineer- tion with its Apparatus Exhibit and Engineering Annual Meeting next June. They are ing. This included 530 (9 women) in particularly i n t e r e s t e d in s t u d e n t These promotions are to the posi- freshman year. activity in the materials fields where tion of professor, and are effective photography, photomicrography, and July 1, 1960. electron micrography are important S.A.E. REORGANIZATION Also included in the above list is analytical and research tools. Anyone one of the Spartan Engineer's advis- The Society of Automotive Engi- desiring further information contact ors, Denton D. McGrady. neers is reorganizing on the M.S.U J. D. Ryder, Dean of Engineering. Campus. Any students desiring mem- A new appointment in the field of engineering was also announced by bership or information on their ac- MILITARY SERVICE NEWS-The the Board of Trustees lately. Michael tivities should contact Dr. Otto in Scientific Manpower Commission has Erdei is to become an assistant pro- Room One Olds Hall. Faculty mem- fessor of Electrical Engineering May bers interested in this group might published an outline of ground rules 9, 1960. mention it in their classes. 30 Boron-10 vs. brain tumors How would you meet such chal- Physicians and scientists working in narily turns out about three pounds lenges? Some problems, of course, were cancer research at Brookhaven National during a 24-hour work day. Separation unique and demanded ingenuity of a Laboratory, Upton, N. Y., are probing of the isotope takes place in what is high order. But answers to most, 90% the use of Boron-10 isotope in treating described as "the world's most efficient or more, could be found in the vast a common type of brain tumor (glio- fractionating system." In 350 feet of "experience bank" maintained by Inco blastoma multiforme). total height, six series-connected Monel . . . some 300,000 indexed and cross- Results of this therapy are so encour- nickel-copper alloy columns enr.ch a referenced reports of metal perform- aging that Brookhaven and at least two complex containing 18.8% Boron-10 iso- ance under all manner of conditions. other institutions are constructing addi- tope to one containing 92% Boron-10. Make a mental note: (1) that The tional nuclear reactors used in this Purification. To purify the 92% con- International Nickel Company is a rich therapeutic venture. centrate, a whole series of complicated source of information on high-tempera- processing steps are needed., ..includ- he method. In a technique known as ture and corrosion-resisting alloys; (2) ing deep freeze. Columns, reboilers,, Neutron Capture Therapy, the patient that Inco makes this experience avail- receives an injection of a Boron-10 com- condensers, vessels, pumps and piping able to you. Pound. Cancerous tissue absorbs most abound-each a constant challenge... The International Nickel Company, Inc. of the neutrons. both to the metal and to those concerned New York 5, N. Y. In with equipment design and operation. the split second that the Boron-10 becomes radioactive, it produces short- r a n g e d alpha particles which destroy cancerous tissue with a minimum of demage t o healthy tissue. Producing the isotope. The plant fur- nishng Boron-10 to Brookhaven ordi- STEAM CARS ROCKETRY ing four propellant cartridges and an ignitor into the rocket and then bolt- (Continued from Page 24) (Continued from Page 15) ing in the nozzle. The loaded rocket pounds. The bore is three inches and which a wooden nosecone was fitted. was then raised into firing position. stroke six inches, and the Indicated The nosecone both streamlined the A final check on the transmitter, and horse power at l.ooo rpm and 600 missile and held the radio antenna. all was ready. psi is 254. Both the transmitter and the power An elaborate c o u n t d o w n began, supply w e r e m o u n t e d on a light Hill is making up a car with his consisting mainly of i n t e r s t a t i o n wooden frame that was slipped into boiler and enginer for Shaw Mer- checks on the army surplus field the rocket. cantile Co., San Francisco, California, phone system. A Very pistol was fired which is putting up the money. His In this experiment, we decided to at X m i n u s 30 s e c o n d s to alert goal is to make available to anyone limit the instruments to a 220 mega- tracking observers. At zero seconds, a steam power plant that ean be in- cycle radio transmitter without a re- the switch was thrown. The X9-A stalled in conventional ear bodies and covery system. The purpose of the rose rapidly at an acceleration of 45 chassis. T h e California firm plans to test was to obtain information on gravities. Burning for 0.6 seconds, the sell and install the complete system whether the particular transmitter de- motor pushed the rocket to a max- including gages, piping, etc. imum velocity of 600 miles an hour. sign would hold up under flight con- At 1000 feet, the instrument housing The main advantages oi steam over ditions and whether a narrow beamed sheared off, causing the rocket to veer gasoline are the great reduction of signal could be received successfully out over the lake. Although momen- parts needed and the higher torque during the short flight period. Most tarily lost to view, it was soon seen at low speeds. The system Hill has of the weight of the instrument sec- moving in a nearly horizontal position. designed has practically eliminated tion was due to the large batteries Peak altitude reached was about 3600 disadvantages among which were: used to power the transmitter. feet. Although the instrument section (1) Long time to raise steam. tumbled to the beach and was re- When completed, the X9-A stood covered, t h e s p e n t thrust chamber (2) Danger of explosion (from pot slightly over five and one half feet landed about a mile offshore and was boiler). tall and weighed 161/2pounds. About lost. (3) C o m p a r a t i v e l y short life of half of the weight was the propellant. boiler. The mass ratio, or the ratio of the Now came the postflight inspection. weight of the fueled rocket to that This enabled us to determine what (4) Short water mileage (without had caused the instrument section to condenser). of the empty shell was 2.06. Red and shear off. One reason was that the (5) F r e e z i n g p r o b l e m in cold white stripes were painted around the heavy batteries had come loose. In weather. motor tube to aid visual tracking. turn, this set up such vibrations that The X9-A was taken to the flight the instrument s e c t i o n c a m e loose. Many people believe that if as The batteries had pulled the radio to much time had been devoted to the area on April 26, 1958, the day of pieces, causing it to shut off during development of the steam car as has the firing. All plans as to order of the flight. been devoted to the development of firing, range layout and observer pro- the gasoline powered ear that steam tection had been made out previous- Although the flight didn't appear to in the automobile would be a com- ly. Five qualified adults were on hand be successful to the average person, mon thing today. Eventually, steam to supervise the firing. it supplied us with a great deal ot cars may come back and replace the information that would be useful in internal combustion engine. Further The test ground was a rather deso- future tests. The flight had given our developments in atomic power may late piece of land, four square miles observers experience and the ground boost this comeback. If it becomes in area, with one edge bordering on equipment a good testing. Besides the practical to build small light weight Lake Michigan. The shoot was to performance figures a l r e a d y stated atomic piles which would be cooled by water (same principle as atomic take place as early in the morning here, we were able to get a wealth submarine) one would have an almost as possible to avoid high winds. of information by examining movies inexhaustible supply of heat. Cost of and by mathematical analysis. A blockhouse had been erected at operation would be extremely low. a safe distance (at least 150 yards) The flight of the X9-A illustrates from the launcher. It was constructed that various things can go wrong in of railroad ties and reinforced with amateur rocketry, but through strict As he felt his way around the lamp sandbags. adherence to the proper safety rules, post, the overloaded engineer mut- one can minimize the possibility of While the tracking and camera po- personal injury. tered, "S'no use, I'm walled in." sitions were being laid out, the firing • » o Editor's Note: The members of area and blockhouse were checked. Four-year-old Bobby was stroking The launching rail was set at an angle Morgan Park Rocket Society, through his cat before the fire. The cat be- of 88 degrees and the rocket put in the proper approach to amateur rock- gan to purr loudly. Bobby gazed at position for loading. After everybody etry have each learned a great deal her then suddenly seized her by the had reported in, the cameramen were about the principles of rockets and tail and dragged her away from the allowed to photograph the rocket and the ground equipment involved in hearth. His mother said: "You must launching setup. A pre-flight briefing their safe handling. The parents and not hurt the kitty, Bobby." insured that everybody knew his duty. advisors of the group also learned a "I'm not," he saiad, "but I've got great deal about rocketry. Several of The firing area was cleared and the members have since gone into to get her away from the fire. She's beginning to boil." two group members loaded the thrust engineering. Some have as their goal, chamber, a process consisting of slid- a position in the rocket industry. 32 The word space commonly represents the outer, airless regions of the universe. But there is quite another kind of "space" close at hand, a kind that will always challenge the genius of man. This space can easily be measured. It is the space-dimension of cities and the distance between them . . . the kind of space found between mainland and off- j shore oil rig, between a tiny, otherwise inaccessible clearing and its supply base, between the site of a mountain crash and a waiting ambulance—above all, Sikorsky is concerned with the precious "spaceway" that currently exists be- tween all earthbound places. Our engineering efforts are directed toward a variety of VTOL and STOL aircraft configurations. Among earlier Sikorsky designs are some of the most versatile airborne vehicles now in existence; on our boards today are the ve- hicles that can prove to be tomorrow's most versatile means of transportation. Here, then, is a space age challenge to be met with the finest and most practical engineering talent. Here, perhaps, is the kind of challenge you can meet. GEMS (Continued from Page 17) W. John Blyth. ('38) and his wife Robert C. Patterson ('49) is vice appreciably slowed down. This in- Mar) live at 251 Woodcrest Drive, president of a contracting firm in Buf- formation was extremely valuable for Dearborn, Mich, He la a traffic super- falo,N. Y. His address is 43 Keats it proved there was a point at which intendent for Michigan Bell Tele- Ave., Tonawanda, N. Y. He has four conversion of diamond to graphite phone Co. in Detroit children. could be stopped. If this point could * * * * * * be found, artificial production would be feasible. Perhaps this could be Douglas E, Lake ('38) is a project Wilbur A. Kurtz ('29) was recently done by raising the pressure and tem- engineer for the Dow Chemical Com- elected president of B. O. Vannort perature to much higher levels. It pany in Midland, He lives al 3802 Engineer, Inc., a firm of consulting was at this time that the General devonshire St., Midland, Mich. engineers in Charlotte, N. C. He had Electric people began basic research. * * • been senior vice president and chief engineer for a number of years. His Work was in progress for a few Robert W. Spinner CIO) is a stall' months, but because of World War II engineer for Buick Division in Flint. address is 1024 Sewickley Drive. the project was pigeonholed. Remark- His address is 2875 Hickory Grove * * * able advancements in all fields during Rd., Bloomfield Hills. Michigan, |ohn A. Henry ('30) writes from the war years, especially theoretical, * * * 702 W. Ohio, Urbana, Ill. His son is made it feasible to predict the rate Stuart Beekman ( I I ) is a manager a sophomore at the University of of transfer of graphite to diamond in the jet engine department of Gen- Illinois but is giving serious consid- more precisely t h a n e v e r . General eral Electric in Evendale, Ohio. Me eration to MSU's hotel management Electric, in 1950, forecast that the lives in Cincinnati al 1235 Laurence course. "If he does so, I shall be Jessep-Rossini data must be revised Road. forced to become a more interested upward in order for transformation * * * alumnus." to occur. The new estimate raised * * * pressures to 3,000,000 p o u n d s per \ \ . Mack Finlan ('41) is a senior project engineer for Eastman Kodak square inch and the temperature to Marshall F. Parsons ('30) is a plant in Rochester.N. Y. His address is 7000 °F. Thus the long struggle up engineer for Textile Machine Works 191 Denise Road. in Wyomissing, Pa. His address there the thermodynamic hill to the trans- * * * is 5 Woodland Road. formation p o i n t w o u l d require the best ingenuity and talent to prescribe |ohn |. Shanahan ('41) is a sales * * * a method to make the reaction go engineer for Babcock & Wiloox Co. to completion. R. O. Abel ('31) is a road design in Boston, Mass. He lives at 12 Bon- engineer for the Michigan State High- agl Rd., Winchester. Mass. way Department. His address is 1314 Under the guidance of Dr. Guy * * * Wood St., Lansing, Michigan. Suits and with the aid of a new 1000 Robert G. Parkhurst ("43) is man- ton hydraulic press, experiments be- * * * ager in industrial electronics sales lor gan. Although work was slow, it was International GE. Ivan C. Hepfer ('32) is president soon found that the press was not * * * and general manager of the Furniture capable of attaining the required pres- City Plating Company in Grand Rap- sures through concentration of the George II. Dye ('47) writes from ids. His address is Rt. 1, Caledonia, 1367 Academy Lanes, West Engle- Michigan. total o u t p u t on a small area. The wood, N. J. maximum p e r f o r m a n c e was about * * * 1,500,000 pounds per square inch, * * * William Sanders ('52) is an electri- whereas 3,000,000 pounds pressure Donald E. Bennett ('48) is an en- gineer for Consumers Power Com- cal engineer for the Bendix Aviation were r e q u i r e d . Investigating along pany in Jackson. He lives at 729 Corporation in Detroit. He lives in other lines, so that this disadvantage Christy. Pontiac at 780 E. Square Lake Road. could be overcome, they employed an * * * * * * old chemical trick; a catalyst. Rudolph A. Jacobs ('48) is senior Bertrand Farber ('53) is a senior A catalyst is a substance which engineer for RCA's astronautic divi- engineer at Sunstrand Turbo in Pa- when added to reactants affects the sion at Princeton, N. J. His address coima, Calif. His address there is rate of chemical change or reaction is 616 W. County Line Rd., Lake- 9719 Varna Ave. and yet may be recovered, itself un- wood, N. J. * * * changed, at the end of the reaction. * * * Probings into the characteristics of William W. Hamilton ('55) is senior Mac Rand ('48) is sales manager engineer at the Martin Company in several available catalysts, revealed for the National Carbon Company in Denver, Colo. He and his wife Carrie that if a catalyst film was spread over San Francisco. He and his wife Shir- have two sons and live at 3651 S. the basic reactant, graphite, it would ley live at 181 Avalon Dr., Los Altos, Cherokee, Englewood, Colorado. lower the temperature and pressure Calif. sufficiently so that reaction may be ac- * * * * * * complished with the available equip- Ronald Friedmon ('57) is a research ment. The r e d u c e d p r e s s u r e was Dart L. Ridenour ('50) is vehicle metallurgist at the Ford Motor Com- d e p a r t m e n t superintendent for the pany in Detroit. He and his wife b e t w e e n 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 and 1,800,000 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Corporation in Joan live at 22735 Floral, Farming- pounds and the temperature between Torrance, Calif. His address is 4684 ton, Mich. They have a son, Steven 2200 and 4400 degrees. Banner Dr., Long Beach, Calif. Douglas, born March 9, 1959. (Continued on Page 36) DIVERSIFICATION IS THE KEY TO YOUR FUTURE major supplier of centralized flight data systems and Company diversification is vital to the graduate engi- neer's early development and personal advancement other electronic controls and instruments. in his profession. The extraordinarily varied experi- • Missile Systems — has delivered more accessory ence and world-wide reputation of The Garrett power units for missiles than any other company. Corporation and its AiResearch divisions is supported AiResearch is also working with hydraulic and hot by the most extensive design, development and pro- gas control systems for missiles. duction facilities of their kind in the industry. • Gas Turbine Engines —world's largest producer of This diversification of product and broad engineer- small gas turbine engines, with more than 8,500 ing scope from abstract idea to mass production, delivered ranging from 30 to 850 horsepower. coupled with the company's orientation program for .*. new engineers on a rotating assignment plan, assures you the finest opportunity of finding your most profit- See the magazine, "The Garrett Corporation and able area of interest. Career Opportunities," at your college placement Other major fields of interest include: office. For further information write to Mr. Gerald D. Bradley in Los Angeles... • Aircraft Flight and Electronic Systems—pioneer and GEMS perature and yet, allow a reaction to the piston enabling it to remain cool take place within. Such a mechanism from the electrical heating device, (Continued from Page 34) was labeled "the belt" by the research thus prolonging strength and lifetime. staff. The belt is a spherically built The exact role that the catalyst donut chamber composed of several The mechanism is now complete plays is still a Stubborn mystery. As stress binding rings. The conical and in early 1955 the first diamond nearly as can be figured out, at shaped pistons from the press induce was produced. Today they are being diamond-forming temperatures, the its force upon the rings. The assembly produced at substantial rates for in- thin film of the metal catalyst exists for the production of diamonds is dustrial use. Since the diamonds are as an interface between the uncon- placed within the chamber. This con- not of gem quality (that is they have verted carbon and the diamond crys- sists of a holder for the graphite and flaws and are very small) they are tal that is formed. The diamond catalyst, gaskets, and a current trans- being put to use for such things as always forms on the side of the cat- mitting element. resin-bonded abrasion wheels, and alystflimin away from the carbon. diamond-headed machine tools. Should a break appear in the film, The most important part of the assembly is the gaskets, for they re- One interesting feature to note is diamond formation stops completely. that diamonds can be tailored to meet Some of the catalyst films that have strict the fantastic pressure to the inside of the holder. The substance specific needs. You can get diamonds been effective are chromium, rhodi- in assorted crystal shapes by varying um, palladium, cobalt, nickel, iridium, used for this purpose is prophyllite, a naturally occurring mineral (Alumi- the temperature. For instance, at low tantalum, and platinum. Each catalyst temperature, cubes are formed pre- has special properties and will give the num silicate). This compound has some unique properties which make dominantly. Intermediate tempera- diamonds a particular characteristic. tures yield mixtures of cubes, octa- it adaptable to this process. First, at With the catalyst, hydraulic press, normal conditions the silicate melts hedra, dodecahedra. Only octahedra and high-temperature-producing at 2400 degrees, but under the extra- are formed at high temperatures. equipment, the procedure is almost ordinary conditions it melts at 4800 Color can also be regulated; black complete, except lor the significant degrees. Secondly, the substance can low temperature, through dark green, device which holds the reaction. Such act as an insulator, both thermally light green, yellow, to white at high a device must be capable of with- and electrically, because the material temperatures. Hardness is regulated standing extensive pressure and tem- is able to transmit the pressure of in the same manner. An orientation to home? Domain orientation? The secret of a lodestone? The cosmic ray accelerator? An aspect of a unified field? Fundamental to Allison's business — energy conversion — is a complete familiarity with magnetism in all its forms. This knowledge is essen- tial to our conversion work. Thus we search for a usable defini- tion of magnetism—not only what it is, but why it is. And to aid us in our search, we call upon the capabilities within General Motors Corporation and its Divisions, as well as the spe- cialized talents of other organiza- tions and individuals. By applying this systems engineering concept to new research projects, we increase the effectiveness with which we ac- complish our mission—exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weapons systems. "Who ever told that guy he was a No man is completely worthless- Pilot to Navigator: "What is our prof? He might know it but he can't he can always serve as a horrible present position?" teach it. The trouble is that he is too example! Navigator to Pilot: "Due to my far advanced. Every time he tries to extensive training in calculus and explain something, he gets so far off Some people have read so much trigonometry, I have calculated our the subject that no one understands about the harmful effects of smoking position to be seven miles due south anything about it. He oughta go back that they have decided to give up of infinity." to the farm, or try teaching a more reading. 0 0 0 advanced course. Skidding is the action. "Yeah, I flunked the course, too." When friction is a fraction o o o I come from a small town. They won't allow you to use electric razors Of the verticle reaction Salesman: "Sir, 1 have something there. When you plug 'em in all the Which won't result in traction. here that's guaranteed to make you trolley cars stop. a 0 4 the life of the party, allow you to 1st E.E.: "Take hold of that wire." win friends and influence people, help E.E.: "I know all about electricity. 2nd E.E.: "This one? Okay." you forge ahead in the business world, A politically minded ion hears that 1st E.E.: "Feel anything?" and in general make life a more there is going to be an electron, so he 2nd E.E.: "Nope." pleasant place and invigorating ex- goes to the poles and volts." 1st E.E.: "Then don't touch the perience." 0 0 0 other one. It's carrying 3,000 volts." Engineer: "I'll take a quart." * * * And there was the heart-rending ease of the man who spilt a whole Prof. "When the room settles down The day after finals, a disheveled bottle of hair restorer on his head I'll begin my lecture." Ch.E. walked into a psychiatrist's and smothered before he could get Engineer: "Why don't you go home office, tore open a cigarette, and to a pair of scissors. and sleep it off?" stuffed the tobacco up his nose. * * * "I see that yon need some help," Sigma Phi: "Are you the barber A true lover of music is a man who, remarked the startled doctor. who cut my hair last time?" upon hearing a soprano voice in the "Yeah," agreed the student. "Do Barber: "I don't think so. I've only bathroom, puts his ear to the keyhole. you have a match?" been here six months." * * * ft 4 0 "Do you know what good clean Statistics show there are three She was the "Honey-Chile" in fun is?" classes of coeds: the intellectual, the Dallas, "No, what good is it?" beautiful, and the majority. The sweetheart of the bunch, * * * o o o But on the old expense account, And then there was the freshman She was beer, cigars and lunch. so dumb that he thought a logarithm Then there is the sad story of the EE who went nuts trying to hook up 0 0 0 was a lumber camp song. a Laplace transformer. Northern visitor: "Zeke, don't the * * * mosquitoes bother the colonel?" "Carry your bag sir?" Body Servant: "No, sah, de furst "No, let her walk." Chem. Prof.: "I'll bet you wish I part of de night de kernel is too full * * * were dead, so you could spit on my to pay 'tenshun to de skeeters; and grave." Typist: "But professor, isn't this the de last part of de night de skeeters same exam you gave last year?" Chem.E.: "No, sir; I hate to stand is too full to pay any 'tenshun to de in line." kernel." Professor: "Yes, but I've changed the answers." 33 ...THIS 'ROAD' CARRIES WORLD'S HEAVIEST TRAFFIC! from desert dry to cloudburst drenched."Road Say good-bye to washboard pavements and conditions", too, can be changed from freezing chuck holes—their doom may be sealed! Key weapon in the war on costly road dam- to thawing. age is a new miniature highway developed in Within weeks, the new test-tube roadway the Standard Oil research laboratories in can determine what happens to roads during Whiting, Indiana. It is only 12 inches wide and years of use in all kinds of weather. It can pre- 44 feet in circumference, but it carries heavier test paving formulas and techniques, and may loads than any highway in the world. This Tom show how to eliminate washboard pavement Thumb turnpike will eventually lead to meth- and chuck holes. Savings in highway research ods of building longer-lasting, smoother, safer alone may run into millions of dollars. Even highways...at far less cost to taxpayers. larger savings in auto and road repairs and Four wheels whirling around hour after hour possibly in gasoline taxes are in sight. can give it any degree of traffic intensity de- This test-tube roadway is just one of the sired. Pressure that corresponds to the weight many exciting developments at Standard. of the heaviest trucks can be applied to the Every day, scientific research, pure andapplied, wheels. To simulate actual traffic, the wheels points the way to new or improved products. are placed on braking and acceleration 90 per This work holds great challenge and satisfac- cent of the time. Automated electronic equip- tion for young men who are interested in scien- ment can quickly change "road conditions tific and technical careers. JETS (Continued from Page 18) Even after seeing the projects com- pleted by these students, some people might raise the question, "How does this really affect our scientific devel- TEN PILLARS OF YE STUDENTE ENGINEERS opments?" Obviously, the program does teach the students to be more creative and gives them a good sci- 1. Verily, I say unto you, bring ye volumes of manuscript as entific background. However, the pro- gram is not meeting its ultimate goal tribute unto the master of the Laboratory of Power, lest unless these JETS members continue he unleash upon you his mighty fury. Remember well that their scientific work. The clubs are he withholdeth the "A" as a mighty jewel, but lavisheth the meeting their goal. A recent survey "F" without mercy. showed that ninety-one percent of all JETS graduates have entered a col- 2. Be ye not present at the Place of Joe; neither be ye found lege or university and sixty-four per- at the Taverne of Kenneth on the eve of the great inquisi- cent of the total enroll as engineering tion, lest thou appear for interrogation with fogged mind students. Many of these students are recipients of the JETS scholarships. and blurred vision. Such appearance extracts not sympathy from the department head—neither will his staff comfort Yes, JETS is meeting the challenge thee. offered by a modern technological so- ciety! Creativity is being inspired and 3. Thou shall diligently burn thy candle in the evening—yea, the members are having fun, too. even unto the crowing of the cock, lest thy master be dis- As an engineering or science stu- pleased with thine efforts. dent, you are in an excellent position to assist the JETS program. Every 4. Make thy comma and thy semicolon trusted friends unto two weeks, a new academic unit is thee. May they assist thee in traversing the province of needed. If you are interested in learn- Thomas the Blackhearted unscathed. ing more about JETS or wish to help in any way, write to JETS Inc., Box 5. When thy master uttereth the big joke, be ye filled with 589, East Lansing, Michigan. mirth; when he smileth not, make thy countenance like unto stone. 6. Park not thy carriage in the stables of the Lords and Nobles —lest the constabularly confiscate thy silver and thy pro- perty—yea, even will they curtail thy personal liberties. 7. Be ye not tardy in returning thy fair damsel to the Hall of Currier; may thou never experience the wrath of the Keeper of the Harem. 8. Beware of the "Blind Date," she accepteth thy cigarettes and beer and squandereth thy shekels and promiseth unto thee mighty things that she will give to thee—yet she giveth only her thanks. 9. Be not first—nay, be thou not even early unto thy class; neither be ye the last to leave—nor may thou engageth in discourse with thine instructor lest thou incur the con- demnation of thy fellow peons. 10, Prepare thee well for thy day of judgment; know ye that thy masters punish with impunity. My children, endear these maxims to thine heart. Enter upon thy journey with the opened eye and closed mouth; tread with light step and never-ending vigilance. Keep thy sliding rule ever ready to fend off the attacks of the inquisition. May it please Allah that thou may succeed. Godspeed! —youll find Photography at Work with you. From the time a scientist's mind first sparks an idea for exploring space, photography gets to work with him. It saves countless hours in the drafting stage by reproducing engineers' plans and drawings. It probes the content and structure of metals needed by photomicrography, photospectrography or x-ray diffraction. It checks the opera- tion of swift-moving parts with high- speed movies—records the flight of the device itself—and finally, pictures what it is in space the scientist went after in the first place. There's hardly a field on which you can set your sights where photography does not play a part in producing a better product or in simplifying work and routine. It saves time and costs in research, in production, in sales and in office routine. So in whatever you plan to do, take full advantage of all of the ways photography can help. CAREERS WITH KODAK: With photography and photographic proc- esses becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design, sales, and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. Interview with General Electric's Byron A, Case Manager—Employee Compensation Service Your Salary at General Electric Several surveys indicate that salary is Q When could I expect my first salary class are more than double the 1954 not the primary contributor to job increase from General Electric and how median starting rates and, in some satisfaction. Nevertheless, salary con- much would it be? cases, are three or four times as great. siderations will certainly play a big A Whether a man is recruited for a Q What kinds of benefit programs part in your evaluation of career op- specific job or for one of the principal does your company offer, Mr. Case? portunities. Perhaps an insight into the training programs for engineers—the salary policies of a large employer of Engineering and Science Program, the A Since I must be brief, I shall merely engineers like General Electric will Manufacturing Training Program, or outline the many General Electric em- help you focus your personal salary the Technical Marketing Program-—his ployee benefit programs. These include objectives. individual performance and salary are a liberal pension plan, insurance plans, Salary—a most individual and per- reviewed at least once a year. an emergency aid plan, employee dis- sonal aspect of your job—is difficult to For engineers one year out of col- counts, and educational assistance pro- discuss in general terms. While recog- lege, our recent experience indicates a grams. nizing this, Mr. Case has tried answering first-year salary increase between 6 and The General Electric Insurance Plan as directly as possible some of your 15 percent. This percentage spread re- has been widely hailed as a "pace questions concerning salary: flects the individual's job performance setter" in American industry. In addi- and his demonstrated capacity to do tion to helping employees and their Q Mr. Case, what starting salary does more difficult work. So you see, salary families meet ordinary medical expen- your company pay graduate engineers? adjustments reflect individual perform- ses, the Plan also affords protection A Well, you know as well as I that ance even at the earliest stages of against the expenses of "catastrophic" graduates' starting salaries are greatly professional development. And this accidents and illnesses which can wipe influenced by the current demand for emphasis on performance increases out personal savings and put a family engineering talent. This demand es- as experience and general competence deeply in debt. Additional coverages in- tablishes a range of "going rates" for increase. clude life insurance, accidental death engineering graduates which is no doubt insurance, and maternity benefits. widely known on your campus. Be- Q How much can I expect to be making Our newest plan is the Savings and cause General Electric seeks outstand- after five years with General Electric? Security Program which permits em- ing men, G-E starting salaries for these A As I just mentioned, ability has a ployees to invest up to six percent of candidates lie in the upper part of the sharply increasing influence on your their earnings in U.S. Savings Bonds range of "going rates." And within salary, so you have a great deal of per- or in combinations of Bonds and Gen- General Electric's range of starting sal- sonal control over the answer to your eral Electric stock. These savings are aries, each candidate's ability and question. supplemented by a Company Propor- potential are carefully evaluated to de- It may be helpful to look at the cur- tionate Payment equal to 50 percent termine his individual starting salary. rent salaries of all General Electric of the employee's investment, subject technical-college graduates who re- to a prescribed holding period. Q How do you go about evaluating my ability and potential value to your ceived their bachelor's degrees in 1954 company? (and now have five years'experience). Their current median salary, reflect- A We evaluate each individual in the ing both merit and economic changes, light of information available to us: is about 70 percent above the 1954 type of degree; demonstrated scholar- median starting rate. Current salaries ship; extra-curricular contributions; work for outstanding engineers from this experience; and personal qualities as appraised by interviewers and faculty members. These considerations deter- mine where within G.E.'s current sal- ary range the engineer's starting salary will be established.