This mark identifies modern. dependable steel. Look for it on consumer products. This is an and erecting 20,000 tons of structural jects in our nation depend on steel. artist's concept of steel for the framework alone. The And steel depends on men like you. If U. S. Navy through the prime con- you woulq like to find out about the the world's biggest tractor is supervising the entire job. many career opportunities at U. S. When it's completed, there'll be a Steel, send the coupon. \. radip ., ' te.lescop,e ... ~ ,. \' .)- power plant, officebuildings and per- . sonnel facilities for a permanent 500- USS is a registered trademark This giant telescope will use radio United States Steel Corporation man crew. The site is near Sugar Personnel Division. Room 60858 waves to locate objects that arebil-l Grove, West Virginia. 525 William Penn Place lions of light years out in space. The Pittsburgh 3D, Pennsylvania dish-shaped mirror will be 600 feet in UnIted States Steel produces many Please send me career information of the materials that are essential for about U.S. Steel. diameter-about the size of Yankee Stadium. It will be the biggest mov- construction: Structural carbon steel; Name . able radio telescope ever known. high strength steels; alloy steels; stain- less steels; steel piling; steel drainage Schooll _ As you'd imagine,it is goingto take a lot of material to build an instru- products; cements; slag; reinforcing Address _ ment this size. The American Bridge bars; welded wire fabric; wire rope; City--- __ Zone __ State _ steel fence; electrical cable; and other Division of United States Steel, as a major subcontractor, is fabricating allied products. The most important building pro- @ United States Steel UPGRADING ENERGY -OUR MOST IMPORTANT JOB FOR EIGHTY YEARS, America's electric power industry has been advancing the science of upgrading energy resources into the most usable, flexible and economical of all the forms of energy-electricity. The progress of our abundant industrial society has depended very largely on the refinement of "crude" energy -either in the form of heat from fossil fuels like coal, or in the form of falling water-into infinitely versatile electric power. D Today the development of atomic electric power offers another means for even more efficient upgrading of our energy sources. In the near future this new development may lead to large scale direct conversion machines-enabling us to produce electricity directly from heat without steam generators and turbines. D At Detroit Edison, research and development of new power sources through fission, fuel cells, thermoelectric and thermionic generation is being continuously appraised. Applications of this research for energy upgrading offer a challenge to young engineers coming into the electric power industry. D You might like to find out more about us. Drop us a note and we will send you a copy of Detroit Edison Engineering-it tells about the challenges and opportunities you can expect. Write to Detroit Edison Employ- ment Department, Detroit 26, Michigan or check with our representative when he visits your campus. THE DETROIT EDISON COMPANY AN INVESTOR-OWNED BUSINESS The crushing pressure of 2,000,000 psi At the General Motors Research Laboratories the 600-ton tetrahedral anvil press duplicates pressurl which exist 200 miles beneath the earth's surface. The purpose: to study the combined effect of ultra-hig pressure and temperature on the physical and chemical properties of known materials with an eye towaI improving their properties or even creating new materials. What happens to solids at pressures of 2,000,000 psi and 7,000 degrees F.? General Motors ha the research facilities required to answer these questions. In addition, GM offers experienc and diversification to provide the young scientist and engineer with unlimited opportunity. Automotive research, production engineering and manufacturing, electronics and astronautic are just a few of the many technical areas offered. You will be given every opportunity to COI centrate on one, or if your interests are varied you may move into other divisions. You'll be i a position to tackle big Jobs at GM because this is where important things are being done. It' the opportunity of a lifetime and it offers a lifetime of opportunity. General Motors also has a program which provides financial aid for postgraduate and undel graduate studies. For more complete information check with your college Placement Office: or write to General Motors Salaried Personnel Staff, Detroit 2, Michigan. GENERAL MOTORS GM positions now available in these fields for men holding Bachelor's, Master's and Doctor's degrees: Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Metallurgical, Chemic< and Ceramic Engineering - Mathematics - Industrial Design0C'.••••_ Physics - Chemistry _ Engineering Mechanics _ Business Administration and Related Fiel, Things we know about tomorrow: Sound waves like these will wash dishes, disperse fog, make chemical reactions go faster. Ultrasonic waves can weld one metal to another without heat. Help decontaminate radioactive parts. Make solder adhere to almost anything, even glass. Perform surgery without a knife. Change the flavors of foods, and the crystals in a steel ingot. Ultrasonics is a major research and development area at Westinghouse ... and another reason why Westinghouse is the best place for talented engineers. For more information write L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Pit~sbUrgh 21, Pa. You can be sure if it's Westinghouse 3 ••• a band in things to come Taking the pulse of a petrified river From the Colorado plateau-once the floor of a vast inland sea- Learn about the exciting work now going on in atomic energy. comes the wonder metal uranium. Using sensitive instruments, Union Carbide Send for the illustrated booklet, geologists find its faint gamma rays along the beds of ancient petrified rivers~ "The Atom in Our Hands," Union Carbide Corporation, Every ton that is mined ultimately yields just about half an ounce 270 Park Avenue, New York 17, of uranium 235 ... precious food for atomic reactors. At Oak Ridge, Tennessee N. Y.l n Canada, Union Carbide Canada Limited, Toronto. -the great atomic energy center operated by Union Carbide for the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission-the fuel becomes the kind of energy that will drive a submarine •.. light a city ••. or help doctors pinpoint the location of diseased tissue. UNION Finding, refining, and researching the materials used in atomic CARBIDE energy are all part of the work done by the people of Union Carbide to enrich your daily life. With pioneering curiosity, they are seeking new things not only in atomic energy, but also in the fields of carbons, chemicals, gases, ... a hand metals, and plastics. in things to come SpfJrtfJn Engineer VOLUME 14 NO.1 NOVEMBER 1960 6 DEAN'S LETTER 8 EDITOR'S CORNER 14 OUR NEW HOME 16 MAN-MADE "MONSTER" 18 FUEL CELLS 20 LABORATORIES IN SPACE 22 ENGINE OF TOMORROW 24 PROFESSIONAL STATUS 32 WHAT'S NEW 36 FUDGE FACTORS 44 ALUMNI NEWS 50 NO PLACE LIKE OHM 51 MINUTE BIOGRAPHY 52 SIDETRACKED editor ' : : " REG PILARSKI business manager : DON ANDERSON assistant business manager ' ':' JEANNETTE McCLEES assistant editor ; KEITH HARRIS copy editor PAUL BUTLER publicity ART BEKMANIS SIGMA PHI DELTA staft C. CHURCH i.; G. FOLEY Member, Engineering College R. HUFFMASTER Magazine Associated K. LESLEY Chairman: Professor Stanley Sty"es, Wayne Stote University, Detroit, Michigan o 0 • J. THORNTON Publisher's Rep.: littell-Murray-Barnhill, Inc. 369 lexington Ave., New Yorlc 17, N. Y. 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. advisors J.'kYDER T. FARRELL Published four times yearly by the students of the COllEGE OF H. PLUMB ENGINEERING. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY. East lans;ng. M;ch;gan. The office is on the third floor of the Student Services Bldg .• Phone J. STOKLEY EO 2-1511, ht. 2614. Second closs postage paid in E. lansing, Michigan, under oct of March 3. 1879. D. McGRADY W. McILRATH Subscription rote by mail $ 1.00 per year. Single copies 2S cents. November, 1960 5 r7.. -' .. .,. I Dean's Letter The lengthening and lowering of automobiles has been a trend in recent years. Conscious that they overshot their market, the manufacturers are now moving back to shorter and smaller cars. Some trends, such as these, may be of short time duration and easily discernible; others take years to develop and are not apparent except to those in positions of opportunity. Engineering education has its trends too, usually of such long duration as not to be apparent to a particular student. In the early days, engineering training could be satisfactorily obtained through practical experience, but since World War I the self- made practitioner has almost disappeared, and the Bachelor's degree has come to be the normal path into the engineering profession. With the rise of research and development as a part of engineering activity since \Xforld War II, a trend toward the graduate degree level has developed. As the engineering field has become more complex and scientifically based, many of our engineering employers have .Iearned to appreciate the special abilities of the holder of a Master of Science or Doctor of Philosophy degree, and are actively seeking many more of these men than are available each year. It should also be pointed out that many very good men, holders of only the B.S., find themselves handicapped and unable to advance to levels of which they believe themselves capable, when faced with many of today's problems, and with the com- petition from the holders of graduate degrees. We should recognize this, too, as a long term trend, a movement toward the day when the B.S. degree will only be a pause on the path to advanced degrees in the engineering profession. May I again repeat that which I have said to many of you-any student who will stand in the upper half of his class on graduation should give serious thought to continuation of his education beyond the Bachelor's level. In the broadly scientific and fiercely competitive world of the future it will payoff, measured either by standards of satisfaction and achievement, or by economic ones. With an advanced degree all doors will be open-with only the B.S. some door may be shut in your future! All of you, from freshmen to senior, are invited to discuss the subject with your department head or with me. J. D. Ryder Spartan Engineer ONE IN A SERIES Bendix answers your questions WHAT ARE MY JOB PROSPECTS? However phrased, the employment question is probably uppermost in your mind as you approach graduation. Actually, your prospects are excellent.The Engineers Joint Council anticipates a strong job market this year. The demand for engi- neers is increasing sharply, while the numbers of both new enrollments and graduates are decreasing. And, according to the American Society for Engineering Education, engineering and the sciences are among the fastest growing professions. The Society reports in its Journal of Engineering Education, April, 1960:"Twenty years ago only one scientific or technical worker was employed for every 100 people in the labor force; today there is one for every 32 workers." If you graduate with a good record and are willing to carry responsibility as you develop your own professionaland leader- ship abilities, you will find excellent opportunities at Bendix, where you can build your career to suit your talents. See the fields listed below. Arrange for a Bendix interview through your Placement Director, or write to C. S. Cleveland, The Bendix Corpora- tion, Fisher Building, Detroit 2, Michigan, for more details. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN: CALIFORNIA. CONNECTICUT. INDIANA. IOWA. MARYLAND. MICHIGAN. MISSOURI. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. OHIO. PENNSYLVANIA T~ncf~ CORPORATION Fisher Bldg .. Detroit 1. MICh .• A THOUSAND DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTS SERVING THESE FIELDS: automotive. electronics. missiles & space' aviation. n/lcleonics • computer' machine tools. sonar. marine November, 1960 7 Editor's Corner We are literally engaged in a fight for survival. Whether or not we want to admit it, we have entered into direct competition with Russia. Day by day this competition inevitably creeps into every area of our daily existence. One of the most crucial areas of competition is the struggle for tech- nological supremacy in science and engineering. Already the Soviets have wrested the lead from us in many areas of nuclear and space development, despite protests to the contrary. In 1950, when the difference in political ideologies and increasing inter- national competition between the United States and Russia became apparent, we had approximately 100,000 more trained engineers than the Soviets had. Today, the U.S.S.R. not only has more trained engineers than the U.S., but continues to pull away by an ever-widening margin. The Soviet Union is currently graduating 90,000 engineers annually-double the number of U.S. engineering graduates. A recent survey by the Engineering Manpower Commission estimates a fifty percent increase in the need for engineers in U.S. industry in 1966. Yet educators tell us that each year as many as 200,000 of our nation's most talented high school graduates do not go on to college and that freshman engineering enrollments are decreasing. This tremendous waste of talent is due mainly to a lack of financial means to pay for a college education. The realization of this untenable situation has prompted the establishment of a considerable number of scholar- ship foundations. Such non-profit organizations have been of tremendous help to large numbers of students. But even the financial resources of these groups are inadequate to cope with the problem single-handedly. We, as a nation, cannot rest on our laurels; we must move ahead to stay ahead. We must produce more engineers and scientists if we are to win this fight for survival. What can you do to aid in the fight? As a student, you may not be in a position to do much, but in the future, as a citizen and a parent, you can help considerably. You can make an individual contribution by supporting science and engineering interest among our youth; by encouraging them to take science and mathematics courses in high school, by seeing to it that the local high schools provide the proper guidance and training for college, by encouraging the pursuit of a science or engineering career, and finally by financial assistance. The need is there. The decision is yours. R. V. P. 8 Dow means an attitude toward research, resources, results RESEARCH. "Find the truth of a matter first, then adapt that beneficial exploitation of these common materials. Dow truth to the industrial needs of the day." This is the attitude thoroughness in the handling of all resources has led to the of the research staff of The Dow Chemical Company. In industry axiom, "If it's Dow, it's backed by complete new and expanded facilities across the United States, in technology." Canada, and overseas, Dow research continues to embody this philosophy on which the company was built. It is note- RESULTS. Even with such a short list of raw materials as worthy in the history of Dow that parallel to the steady Dow employs, a complete exploration of these materials will growth of the company has been a steady increase in the take you into medicine and biochemistry, agriculture, metal- number of research personnel. With this attitude toward lurgy, dyestuffs, solvents, plastics, and just about every other research, Dow will continue to find and invent new and better field as well. And Dow gets results. Many of these bear processes and products, and at the same time to offer the re- well-known names like saran and Saran Wrap*, Dowgard*, search-minded person an ideal atmosphere for development. Styrofoam@, Lurex@, and hundreds of others. And the end is not in sight. Each new product suggests its successor, and RESOURCES. When someone told Herbert H. Dow that there it's the rare item that can't be improved. Hence, as it must wasn't enough bromine available in the earth, he made his be in every healthy company, every effort is made at Dow now famous statement, "We'll ..have to mine it out of the to see that research produces new results from the available ocean, then." This is characteristic of the Dow attitude resources. toward resources. It is true that the chief raw materials for virtually all the Dow products are sea water, brine, petro-. To learn how you can find a part in the Dow Opportunity, leum, coal, and oyster shells. It is also true that the Dow visit, or write to the Technical Employment Manager at one attitude toward resources has led to an extremely broad and of the locations listed below .• TTad~maTk California-Pittsburg, Seal Beach. Colorado-Rocky Flots • Illinois-The Dow Metal Products Company, Madison. Louisiana-Plaquemine Massachusetts-Eastern Research laboratory, Framingham. Ohio-The Dobeckmun Comp~ny; Dow Industrial Service, Cleveland Oklahoma-Dowell Division,Tulsa. Texas-Freeport. Virginia-Williamsburg. Canada-Sarnia, Ontario " THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY • MIDLAND, MICHIGAN ~ November, 1960 9 PhD, MS, BS in EE PhD, MS in Physics and Mathematics - 'Would you rather blaze trails in electronic communications theory or consolidate territory ne'Wly 'Won? YOU CAN AIM YOUR CAREER IN EITHEI DIRECTION AT STIOMBEIg-CAIlSON Division of General Dynamics ••• where a group of outstanding scientists and engineers are conducting both theoretical and applied studies in many aspects of the science of communications The list below indicates While our broad concern at Stromberg-Carlson is in the acqui- the range of work currently sition, transmission, processing, storage and display of com- in progress. munications data, ancilliary investigations - often seemingly FIELDS OF RESEARCH ENDEAVOR remote - are carried on to enhance our basic understanding Paramagnetic Resonance of the communications field. Thin Photoconductor Films Ferroelectricity Propagation and Coding TO THE ADVANCED DEGREE CANDIDATE this fre- Speech Analysis quently offers the opportunity, upon completion of his studies, Bandwidth Compression Hydro-Acoustic Transducers to continue theoretical investigations initiated in thesis Molecular Electronics preparation. Defect Solid State Physics Parametric Devices Tunnel Diode Logic TO THE MAN WHO HAS RECENTLY RECEIVED HIS Scatter Propagation Analysis BS, it provides varied career choices: to work directly with Plasma Physics experts on research projects; to participate in advanced devel- ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING opment engineering concerned with the solution of complex ICBM Communications systems engineering and equipment problems; to undertake Electronic Switching the design of specific hardware which may involve the first Nuclear Instrumentation High.Speed Digital Data Communications practical utilization of new knowledge. Electronics Reconnaissance Systems Single Sideband Communications Synchronous Data Transmission AT ALL LEVELS, the opportunities for professional growth ASW Techniques are exceptional, not only through concentration on work in Machine Tool Automation advanced areas but through continual contact with able men Radio Data links High Intensity Sound Generators trained in other disciplines. Informal consultation between Air Acoustics engineers, physicists, mathematicians, psychologists and lin- Shaped Beam Display Systems High.Speed Automatic Missile Check.Out Equipment guists is available on a day to day basis. Further, with scien- Super.Speed Read-Out and Printing Equipment tists it is the aim of Stromberg-Carlson's technicaIly-trained Electro Acoustics & Transducers management to maintain the atmosphere of the academic Logic Systems Sound Systems world, encouraging discussion, publication of papers and par- RF Equipment ticipation in technical symposia. Precision Hi-FI Components For further information 'Write to the College Relations Section, Engineering Personnel Department. STROMBERG-CARLSON A DIVISION OF GENERAL DYNAMICS 1450 North Goodman St., Rochester 3. New York November, 1960 11 an environment of inquiry and research prevails at Hamilton Standard Your advanced degree can be judiciously applied at Hamilton Standard. Far-reaching and important projects dealing with sophisticated space vehicle equipment as well as a diversi- fied list of new product programs will enable you to utilize your knowledge and capabilities on a high level. UNEXCELLED FACILITIES. In addition to Hamilton Standard Experimental Laboratories our personnel have available to them the research and development facilities of United Air- craft Corporation, considered the finest privately-owned in- stallations in the industry. A "MID-POINT" LOCATION. Our location in the picturesque Connecticut countryside offers pleasant, leisure-time living. PROMISING NEW PRODUCT. The Hamiltan.Zeiss Eleclran Beam Yet, we are only a short distance from Boston and New York process, using a controlled high density stream of electrons to weld, melt or cut any known materials is typical of Hamilton and the important research centers of the East. Standard's industrial diversification program. Areas presently being explored concerning the Electron Beam process include A HEALTHY OUTLOOK. Hamilton Standard has been a major Advanced Electron Optics, High Vacuum Systems, High Voltage Apparatus, Electro-Magnetics and Automation. force in the aerospace industry for over forty years. The company continues to be deeply involved with major advances in the field of missiles and space Right. However, a dynamic, • well-balanced program of product diversification is now TALK OVER your career requirements with the applying the resources and talents of the company to entirely Hamilton Standard graduate school representative new industries. The opportunity for knowledgeable, younger ... then visit our facilities and meet scientists working on the Electron Beam process. For further men to assume challenging positions is outstanding. information write: Mr. R. J. Harding. HAMILTON STANDARD DIVISION an organization dedicated to g~ and 8ngiJ1eerifl!J ~ UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT 12 Spartan Engineer Is there a future for you in a chemical company? At Monsanto, definitely yes. Mechanic~l and electrical Electrical Engineers ... engineers carry key responsibilities in Monsanto en- • Design of electrical systems • Power distribution and substation design gineering and management. You will have unique • Process control instrumentation • Automated process systems engineering opportunities for broad application of your profes- • Applied research • Equipment evaluation and selection sional skills as well as opportunities for specialization in engineering, plant operations, research and Want to hear more? We hope you will arrange through your Placement Director to development. see our representative when Mechanical Engineers ... he visits your campus, or write Professional Employment • Plant design and layout • Plant engineering • Equip t If. Construction Manager, EM-l, Monsanto ~en se ~c 10~ • Specialization in the fields of fluid Chemical Company, St. Louis • Matenals speCIficatIOn mechanics, stress analysis, heat • Design of new and unique equipment transfer, etc. 66, Missouri. Il,l) ... is a rare and marvelous possession. It is to be coveted and protected-nourished and encouraged-given freedom for expression, and, at the same time, intelligent guidance. At Delco Radio Division of General Motors we have an appreciation for talent-the kind of talent which led Delco to a position of leadership in the fields of electronics and solid state physics. Armed with this background and men of proven abilities, we intend to assault the challenges of the future. We have unusual opportunities for ambitious young men with new ideas-new talent. If you're interested in becoming a part of this aggressive Delco, GM team, write to Mr. Carl Longshore, Supervisor-Salaried Employment, for additional information-or talk with our representative when he visits your campus. ~LCO RADIO DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS KOKOMO, INDIANA lS November, 1960. FUEL Power source with twice the efficiency of a steam turbine I N the near future, there may be an era in which electrical power will of fuel cell is called an oxygen con- will continue to flow as long as there centration cell and it consists of a is a vacuum or a fuel to react with be generated with an efficiency that sandwich of a cathode, an e1etrolyte the oxygen to produce a difference in will make today's methods of power and an anode. Oxygen molecules arc oxygen concentration between the an- generation seem very inefficient. The introduced to the system at the porous ode and cathode. device that will make this possible is cathode. They diffuse through the the high temperature fuel cell. There are many types of fuel cells cathode and form oxygen ions by pick- being developed in the laboratories You may ask, "What is a fuel cell ing up four electrons. A potential dif- around the world. A few of the many and how does it operate?" Basically. ference is created by the difference in types are listed in Fig. 2. These fuel a fuel cell is an electrochemical device concentrations of oxygen at the cath- cells vary in the type of electrolyte which converts the free energy of a ode and anode. When the ions diffuse chemical reaction into electrical en- used nature of the cell reaction, tem- through the electrolyte, a positive ergy. It does this by consuming an pera;ure of operation and the direct charge is left at the cathode and the inexpensive fuel and an oxidant which or indirect use of the cell reactants. anode becomes negatively charged. arc fed continuously into the system. All of the fuel cells are subject to If a load is connected across the catalyst problems because a cataly.st is Consider Fig. 1, which pictures the cathode and anode a current will flow needed to speed the electrode reactIOns. simplest type of fuel cell. This type in the external circuit. This current Note that all the cells operating below 250 degrees centigrade use hy- QpERATI NG PRINCIPLE OF THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF FUEL CELL --- drogen or some other type of special fuel. The hydrogen-oxygen type fuel cells have the best operating charac- terists, but hydrogen is a high cost Electrode => Cathode O2 + 4e-;::::: 20= fuel. To improve the economy of pres- ent fuel cells, a cheaper source of Reaction Anode -~ 20- ~ O + 4e 2 hydrogen would have to be found. A different approach to this prob- CATHODE ANODE lem involves the design of high tem- perature fuel cells which use the Oxygen inexpensive fossil fuels. Most research Oxygen at devices of this type have used molten at ~ O ~ Lower Pressure salt electrolytes. One of the advantag~s 2 of the high temperature fuel cell IS Pressure PI ./ P2 that the electrode reactions of fuel such as natural gas or coal occur muc~ faster at higher temperatures. ThiS gives a better long range potential by reducing the catalyst problem. However, operation at higher tem- peratures induces some very severe re- Figure 1 quirements upon the components of 18 Spartan Engineer CELLS by DON ANDERSON, E.E. the fuel cell system. These components should be able to produce over twice reached between efficiency and cost. must be made of a low cost, highly as much energy from the fossil fuels The ideal fuel cell would use cheap corrosion resistant material that will as the most efficient steam turbine of fuels, be made of low cost materials, retain its conductivity for sustained today. operate at high efficiency and have periods of time at high temperatures. The efficiency of fuel cells is usually high power output per unit of volume Special ceramics, fused salts, and metal defined as the ratio of electrical energy and weight. alloys are presently being studied to output to the heat of combustion of On the basis of estimated power determine specific physical and chem- the fuel for a direct comparison with per unit volume at 50 to 80 percent ical requirements that will enable op- heat engines. On this basis fuel cells efficiency and present trends in fuel eration at high temperatures. can theoretically operate at efficiencies costs, it appears that the high temper- In present experimental units, the as high as 70 to 90 percent, compared ature cells might become competitive size of the furnace and containers for to a maximum of 42 percent for to- with conventional large scale power the fuel cell overshadows the size of day's most modern central station sources in ten to twenty years if the the cell itself. It is expected that the plants. critical research is completed. For eco- size of the furnace can be reduced The efficiency noted above is not nomical large scale power generation, by substituting for the electrolyte the complete picture because efficiency' fuel cells that use cheap fuel such as sandwich a series of stacked plates. is also a function of the load on the coal or natural gas must be developed. The heat generated by this type of cell system, efficiency decreasing as the To use such fuels, cells operating at would be sufficient to maintain the load increases. To use fuel cells eco- temperatures of 500 degrees C. and high temperature required for opera- nomically, a compromise has to be above appear to have the most promise. tion. Such a high temperature fuel cell might be built as a small mobile Operating Estimated unit or as a large central power source Fuel Electrolyte KW/ft3 Temp. because the efficiency would be inde- (cell only) pendent of size over a few kilowatts Hydrogen Aqueous alkaline of power. This type of fuel cell could and would operate on some of the cheapest fuels available today. and oxygen 50 atm. Solid ion exchange 1200-2400C I 2-4 Hydrogen Ambient Some of the unique characteristics membrane 3 - 1.5 and oxygen to 50°C of the fuel cell that offer advantages 1 atm. I in electric power generation are silent operation and efficiency independent Aqueous alkaline .2- 1 Hydrogen and air 50-80°C of the size of the cell over a wide 1-5 atm. range of power output. Fuel cells are Hydrogen and air Aqueous chemical low voltage, direct current devices, Ambient which makes them readily adaptable Carbonaceous intermediates (redox) .2- 2 to 80°C for use in electrochemical industries. materials and aIr 1 atm. The fuel cell does not operate on the heat cycle which limits the efficiency of steam turbine generators and other Carbonaceous gases Molten salt 1 atm. 1500-850°C I 1 -4 heat engines. Theoretically, a fuel cell Figure 2 November, 1960 19 • Space Laboratories In USAF scientists pave the way for manned space flight by JOHN THORNTON, E.E. T 0 the average reader, the use of rockets containing animals for exper- bailout from high-altitude, aircraft. supersonic and respiratory sus monkeys. rhythms of several rhe- iments in space medicine seems to be Rockets are ideal vehicles for studies The monkeys, after being anesthe- a relatively new field. Actually, USAf of this nature. Under power, an Aero- sized, were securely strapped to a scientists of the Aerospace Medical bee sounding rocket reached speeds of sponge rubber bed. The purpose of Division experimented with mice and 2000 mi./hr. After burnout of the these beds was to prevent the monkeys monkeys as early as 1950. main engine, while coasting to its peak from struggling and to protect them Soon after World War II, with the altitude, a rocket decelerates at 1 "g" from the shock of the opening of the coming of jet fighters and supersonic, because of lack of air resistance. Dur- parachute. rocket-powered research aircraft, sci- ing this short period, a "year gravity" Various electrodes and needles were entists realized that man was the weak state is produced, and any objects not inserted into the monkey's legs and link in their experiments. Just as any anchored to the airframe will hang suspended in space. chests in order to obtain electrocardio- sensitive mechanism needs protection from vibration, temperature, and pres- graph data. A special rubber face During a four year period, three mask, fitted with thermocouples, meas- sure to operate correctly, the pilot of Aerobee rockets containing mice and a modern plane or rocket needs ade- ured the rate of respiration. monkeys were flown from Holloman quate protection in order to survive Air Force Base. In Aerobee III, two monkeys were on the fringes of space. used. One was placed in an upright Two basic types of study were con- position while the other was lying The Aerospace scientists were pri- ducted. The first consisted of physio- prone. The object was to determine marily concerned with the problem of logical observations of the pulse rates whether directional effects of the rock- et's acceleration on various parts of the body made any changes in the respiration rate. The monkey in the upright position was connected to an electrocardiograph which recorded the heartbeat. The second monkey had small electrodes inserted into his body which were connected to a transducer. These signals were fed into frequency 1 modulated oscillators and then to an fM transmitter mounted in the tip of the nose cone. These signals were picked up and recorded at Holloman Air Force Base, eighty miles away. The Aerobee nose cone also carried a complete air purification system con- sisting of a fan and an eight hour oxygen supply. A small can containing soda lime was used to absorb carbon dioxide and water vapor. Once the parachute had lowered the nose cone safely to the ground, this system pro- vided air until the cone was recovered. The second study was of mice un- der weightless conditions. A cylindri- cal drum six inches in diameter was free to rotate on an axle mounted across the main axis of the rocket. The nose cone of Aerobee III lI'ith the skin striPped away. The monkey, at top, is in the compartment in which he rode into the "pper atmosphere. The drums were divided into two small compartments with plastic (USAF photo) fronts. A small paddle was mounted 20 Spartan Engineer in one compartment of each drum. An electric motor drove the drums at various speeds. A sixteen mm gun camera took movies of the two mice during the three minute "zero grav- ity" condition and parachute descent. By using three accelerometers to meas- ure the roll, pitch, and yaw of the rocket, scientists were able to deter- mine the exact amount of gravity, if any, which affected the experiment. The rockets used in these experi- ments were the standard Aerobee high- altitude research rockets manufactured by Aerojet General Corp. Aerobee is a /in stabilized rocket of low cost, using nitric acid as the oxidizer and aniline as the fuel. The main part of the rocket is eighteen feet long and fifteen inches in diameter. Loaded, the rocket weighs about 1050 pounds, but it is capable of sending a payload of 150 pounds a distance of seventy-five miles. The Aerobee's main engine gave 2600 pounds of thrust for forty-five seconds. Besides the main engine, a booster giving 18,000 pounds thrust for 2.5 seconds was used to increase the takeoff acceleration to fifteen g's, giving the rocket more stability. Both nose cones for the second and third Aerobees were specially designed for biological experiments. Each had a complete eight channel telemetering system for transmitting data. The mounting of instrumentation as well as the mice and monkeys required compact packing. When the rocket reached maximum altitude, the nose cone was separated from the engine and fuel tanks. After falling approximately thirty seconds, a drag chute popped open, slowing the nose cone to the speed at which the main parachute could open . . The results of the experiments lIS- Ing ~ne~thesized monkeys showed the posslbtllty of manned space flight. The monkeys' pulse rates and respiration rates were not disturbed to any great extent by the effects of the rocket flight. During the flight, the internal temperature of the nose cone rose about 59°F (15°C), but this didn't seem to affect the passengers at all. W.h~n subjected to "zero gravity" condltIO.ns, the mouse in the compart- ment ~Ithout a paddle thrashed wild- ly, lOSIng his orientation. The second mo~se clung to his paddle, apparently undIsturbed. It was proven later that a ~mall gravitational force of 1/20 g Aerobee III roars aloft from Hol!om:1II Air Force Base. c(/rr)'ing mice (/nd eXIsted.due to the rolling of the rock~t monkeys to (/n altitflde of 200,000 ft. /11 1952. (USAF photo) about ItS main axis, but the expeCt- ment was considered a success. Once the chute had opened, both mice re- sumed normal activity. (Continfled 011 page 55) 21 November, 1960 ENGINE OF TOMORROW FREE PISTON ENGINE SHOWS GREAT PROMISE FOR THE FUTURE by PAUL BUTLER, ALE. The "engine of tomorrow"-what torque, and expensIve fuel are also necting rods. The free piston engine is it and what does it promise? Re- inhibitive. itself does not produce mechanical searchers working with what is called power. It simply generates hot, high In contrast, the free piston engine the "free piston engine" have tagged pressure gases which are passed has no crankshaft, and therefore is it with this title-full of hope, but through a turbine to produce power. practically unlimited in compression promising some difficulties that may be solved-"tomorrow." ratio. The use of direct fuel injection The free piston engine has two in the free piston engine eliminates horizontal pistons with a combustion Investigators have been impressed the problem of knocking. It has high chamber between them, as shown in with the engine's high thermal effi- thermal efficiency, excellent torque, Figure 1. When the engine fires, the ciency, excellent torque, low exhaust and can run on anything from pea- pistons ( 1, 1) are thrust outward, temperature, and few moving parts. nut oil to high octane gasoline. compressing air in the cushion or On the other hand, they have had The other engine presently being bounce chamber (3). problems with starting and low effi- developed is the gas turbine. This has As the pistons separate they un- ciency when idling and when operat- the disadvantage of low efficiency, es- cover first the exhaust ports (10) and ing under part load conditions. pecially under part load conditions, then the intake ports (9). Pressurized The common gasoline engine has and it requires expensive alloys for air rushes in from the air box (11) several disadvantages which hi n d e r turbine blades. Because of the low ex- through the intake ports, clearing the further development. The maximum haust temperature of the free piston chamber of exhaust gases and bringing force which the crankshaft bearings engine, this latter disadvantage is in fresh air for the next cycle. On the can withstand severely limits the range eliminated. outward stroke the inlet valves (5) of possible compression ratios. The open and admit air into the compres- The free piston engine is basically problems of knocking at high com- an opposed piston, two stroke diesel sion chamber (4). pression, low thermal efficiency, poor engine without a crankshaft or con- When the pistons reach the end of the outward stroke, the compressed air in the bounce chamber acts as a spring to force the pistons together. On the ~s inward stroke the air in the compres- :J! ., I. I. 4 -- sion chamber is compressed and forced under pressure through the delivery valves (6) into the air box. At the 3 " J =" c::::l Z 8 same time the air in the combustion chamber is greatly compressed. c::::l = Because of the high temperature produced in compressing the air to /I about one-fortieth of its original vol- ume, spontaneous combustion occurs .1. PI!.ro,." 70 D.l4!loeL 7. .F"ucc. /"'J.c~ when fuel is injected into the cylinder Z ;;,,,,,,,,,,, CYLINO&>< IJ. COJl?PA!'l!ES50of' P,:sy-./ E.:AH",u~rl .3. Cus""~ C.H~~ ~ INur~ ~~ "lURB/HE. as the pistons reach the end of the 4_ ~,,",,~$o.e G~tr /0. EKH",VC1" ~ inward stroke. This starts the cycle 5. /"T~ 'VItL :s II. RJI~ 80.. ~.o.u~ V .,.s over again. As the exhaust gases, considerably cooled and diluted by the pressurized fresh air used to clear the cylinder, leave .the combustion chamber they 22 Spartan Engineer pass into a collection chamber, which eliminate the pulsations of the engine in the flow of the gases. From the collector the gases pass through a tur- bine which utilizes the hot, pressurized gases to produce mechanical energy. Because the exhaust gases have been mixed with fresh cool air and have expanded within the cylinder before passing to the turbine, they enter the turbine at about 900 degrees F, com- pared with 1800 degrees F for a gas turbine engine. This permits the use A. COMPRE:.SSJON of cheap and easily obtained alloys, and an afterburner to increase power for short periods of acceleration can be added without damage to the tur- bine. Part of the power produced by the gas turbine engine must be used to drive the compression turbine, but all the power generated by the turbine of a free piston engine can be utilized to do work. The compression ratio of a free piston engine varies between 35 to 1 B.POWGJl:' and 50 to 1, depending on the amount of fuel being burned. This high com- pression results in high thermal effi- ciency, as high as 45%, which, combined with a turbine efficiency of 80%, gives an overall efficiency of 36%. The average efficiency of a gas- oline engine is 25%. The high temperature produced by the compression makes it possible to burn almost any kind of clean burn- ing fuel in the free piston engine. The low cost of fuel, combined with high thermal efficiency, makes the free C. t!:XHRusr piston engine very economical to FI<;. 2 "lifE. CYCLE. operate. Since the speed of the engine is The engine is mechanically very factory. Some starting procedures are independent of the speed of the tur- simple, requiring few moving parts too complicated or too expensive, bine, approximately the same amount and few precision tooled elements. others are not dependable. of power is produced at all vehicle Only the pistons, the injector, the Much of the development has been speeds. In fact, the torque produced valves, and the synchronizing linkage devoted to improving the engine's part is greater at low turbine speeds, which move and therefore only these parts load efficiency, and although consider- makes the engine very useful for trac- and the surfaces they contact require able improvement has resulted, this tors, trucks, and buses because they machining. facet of the engine's performance is require power and acceleration at low speeds. Two or more engines can be used still unsatisfactory. to supply gases to one turbine and The contest between the free piston The independence of the engine thus double the power output. Out- engine and the gas turbine will prob- and the turbine also results in better put can also be varied considerably ably be decided by metallurgists. If response and more flexibility than by changing the fuel, since the energy a cheap, high-temperature alloy for either the gasoline engine or the gas produced is directly related to the turbine blades is developed, the gas turbine. This results in better per- heating value of the fuel. turbine will probably win. With pres- formance and allows the engine to be However, serious difficulties must ent day materials, the free piston en- placed anywhere while the turbine is be ironed out before the free piston gine has the advantage. placed at the point of power applica- engine can be widely applied. Many In order to replace the established tion, with only a small tube for the different methods have been tried for powerplant, the challenger must not hot gases connecting the engine to the starting the engine but none of them only perform as well as the present turbine. have proved to be completely satis- (Con/in1/ed on page 46) November, 1960 23 THE ENG/NEER /N QUEST OF PROFESS/DNA L STA TUS by DR. DANIEL H. KRUGER LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CENTER AflCHlGAN STATE UNIVERSITY The dramatic changes taking place This is indeed a significant change. term is used has been explained, in in the engineering function and in Once upon a time, the working unit part, as a cultural phenomenon of the engineering education are well known. of engineers was small. Their work United States. In the decade ahead, it is certain that involved a high degree of independ- It seems that status has become all other changes will occur. The new ence in day-to-day decisions. They important. Many popular books have changes in processes, techniques and themselves set their fees or other re- been written on the subject of the defense requirements have had and muneration, they regulated their own status seekers. Status can take many will continue to have their impact hours and conditions of employment forms. There is status in the work on the engineering profession. As a according to market conditions and place, in where one resides, in the result, new terminology has been cre- personal inclinations. They were in a kind of clothes one wears, where he ated. The curricula of the engineering sense, free practitioners. Today the in- purchases them, the kind of car he schools have been revised to meet the dividual who wants to be an engineer drives, etc. The available evidence sug- needs of the mid-twentieth century is dependent, for the most part, upon gests that the engineer seeks status in engineer. an employer of engineering personnel. the work place. The changes taking place are viv- The market place has become a How does the engineer obtain pro- idly portrayed by looking over the dominant force in the life of the fessional status in the work place? Is ads for engineering personnel. In a engineer because it is the market place status related to job duties? Is it re- recent issue of the New York Times where the engineer sells his service. lated to earnings? Is it related to there appeared ads for the following: The employer-employee relationship emoluments? Is it related to educa- Supervisor of Analysis, Ionospheric becomes most important. In this kind tion? Is it related to job assignment? T ra i n ing Specialists Operations, Re- of relationship, the engineer seeks Is it borrowed directly from the na- search Scientists, Analog and Digital status and recognition. ture of the service performed? Is it Computer Design, Aerodynamicist a function of proficiency on the job? What can be said about the status Electronics Production Engineer, Mi- Is he a professional just because he of the engineer in the decade ahead? crowave Specialist, Reliability En g i- says he is or lays claim to it? There is much discussion these days neers, Rocket Engineer, Missile Range concerning the professional status of Certainly the engineer can't claim Instrumentation. The list could' be the engineer. The term profession has professional status on job duties alone. extended. been widely used and abused by many Some engineers are jus t technicians These ads make interesting reading. groups. For example, a football player who in the discharge of their duties They show the kinds of engineering signs a contract to play professional perform highly routine functions. skills currently in demand. They re- football. By being paid to play, he Claim cannot be made on earnings be- veal the price tag for such skills. They becomes a professional. Other exam- cause the professional engineer is also point out the changing nature ples are just as ludicrous. There are pledged "to place service before prof- of the engineering profession. These many definitions, criteria and charac- its." Emoluments alone do not make ads were placed by large firms who teristics of professionals depending on for professional status. Educational employ many engineers. Most engi- the source used. It is not my intent background standing by itself is not neers today are employees. They work to add another set of definitions or a basis. There are some engineers who in some company under some man- criteria to the already growing list. have not kept pace with changes in ager or supervisor. Their salaries and It seems that all kinds of groups seek their field of specialization. For these conditions of employment are laid status, recognition and prestige by af- the learning process ended with grad- down by rules which are determined fixing the term professional to their uation. They have not participated in by their employers. job title. The avidness with which the (Con/in1/ed Oil page 46) 24 Spartan Engine~r Solid opportunities with solid state devices A big part of \Vestern Electric's job is to manufacture the For creative prodnction engineering, installation planning, miniature "new arts" products that are changing the science and merchandising methods. Our job for the Bell System of communications. It's a job which offers you a challeng- and the U.S. government has :::rown to the point where we ing career-a chance to plan new methods of mass produc- are now one of the nation's "Top II" in industrial sales. ing ever-improving kinds of trans:stors, ferrite devices, And your chance to play an important part in our future diodes, special purpose electron tubes, etc. growth is solid! You'll be with a company that is expanding rapidly in Opportunities exist for electrical, mechanical, industrial, civil and this field. At present our Allentown and Laureldale, Fa., chemical engineers, as well as physical science, liberal arts, and busi. plants are devoted exclusively to making electron devices, Mess maiors. For more information, get your copy of Consider a Career and a big new plant is under construction in Kansas City. at Western E'ectric from your placement Officer. Or write College The needs of the Bell Telephone System for these products Re'otio"" Room 6105, Western Electric Compony, 195 Broadway, New YOlk 7, N. Y. Be sure to arrange for a Western E!ectric interview when are increasing daily and wiII multiply enormously with the the Bell System recruiting team visits your campus. introduction of Electronic Central Office switchi;,g now nearing trial operation. These devices are changing the scene at all our manu- facturing plants as they go into the startling new com- munications products developed by our associates at Bell Wtgtertt Electric Telephone Laboratories. From microwave transmission equipment to submarine cable amplifiers, our products call MANU'''CTURING "ND su,pty @ UNIT o. THE IELL SYSTEM Principal manufacturing locations at Chicago, III.; Kearny, N. J.; Baltimore. Md,; Indianapolis, Ind.• Allentown and laureldale. Pa.; Winston-Salem, N. C.; Buffalo, N. Y.: North Andover. Mass.; Omaha, Neb.: Kansas City. Mo.; Columbus. Ohio; Oklahoma City, Okla. Engineering Research Center. Princeton. N. J. Teletype Corporation, Skokie. III .• and lillie Rock. Ark. Also Western Electric distribution centers in 32 cities and installation headouarters in 1" cities General headauarters: 195 Broadwav, New York 7. N. v The care and feeding of a • missile system It takes more than pressing a button to send a giant rocket on its way. Actually, almost as many man-hours go into the design and construction of the support equipment as into the missile itself. A leading factor in the reliability of Douglas missile systems is the company's practice of including all the necessary ground handling units, plus detailed procedures for system utilization and crew training. This complete job allows Douglas missiles like THOR, Nike HERCULES, Nike AJAX and others to move quickly from test to operational status and perform with outstanding dependability. Douglas is seeking qualified engineers and scientists for the design of missiles, space systems and their supporting equipment. Write to C. C. LaVene, Box 600-X, Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Alfred J. Carah, Chief Design Engineer, discusses the ground installation requirements for a series of THOR-boosted space probes with Donald W. Douglas, Jr., President of DO U G LAS MISSILE AND SPACE SYSTEMS Ii MILITARY AIRCRAFT. DC-8 JETLINERS. CARGO TRANSPORTS. AIRCOMBiI>. GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT OUT OF THE LABORATORY Advanced power conversion systems fluid systems and controls, pneumatic valves and controls and missile accessory power units. for space vehicles utilizing energy of the sun or This diversification of project areas enables heat from a nuclear reactor are now being devel- the engineer at Garrett to specialize or diversify oped by Garrett's AiResearch divisions. Under according to his interest, not only making work evaluation are dynamic and static systems which more interesting but increasing the opportunities convert heat into a continuous electrical power for responsibility and advancement. supply for space flight missions of extended dura- An orientation program lasting several months tion. Component and material developments for is available for the newly graduated engineer, these systems are being advanced in the fields of working on assignments with highly experienced liquid metals, heat transfer, nonmechanical and engineers in laboratory, preliminary design and turboelcctric energy conversion, turbomachinery, development projects. In this way his most profit- alternators and controls. able areas of interest can be found. Besides solar and nuclear power systems for For further information about a career with space applications, other product areas at Garrett The Garrett Corporation, write to Mr. G. D. include small gas turbine engines, environmental Bradley in Los Angeles. systems for advanced flight vehicles, cryogenic CORPORA ....ON THE ?1iResearch Manufacturing Divisions Los Angeles 45, California. Phoenix, Arizona Systems and Components for: AIRCRAFT. MISSILE. SPACECRAFT. ELECTRONIC. NUCLEAR AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS From school ... through job ... to professional achievement America's colleges and universities give engineering students excellent training in basic disciplines. But this is only a preliminary to a professional career. Future success depends largely upon wise choice of job opportunities. The U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, offers young engineers outstanding opportunities ... the opportunities that really count. In considering your job situation, look into training and graduate programs, research and working facilities, challenge of assignments, and professional advancement opportunities. You will be pleased to learn how well a position with the U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, meets your needs. TRAINING PROGRAM OFFERS BREADTH OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFESSIONAL NOL, White Oak, has a one year rotational ADVANCEMENT training program under which an employee The Laboratory retains patents in employee's is given four-month assignments in research, name for professional purposes, and for engineering, and evaluation departments ... commercial rights in some instances. Attend- and a voice concerning assignment upon ance at society meetings is encouraged, and completion of the program. there are ample opportunities to engage in foundational research. ASSIGNMENTS ARE CHALLENGING Assignments are available in aeroballistics; EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES TOP-FLIGHT underwater, air and surface weapons; explo- sion and chemistry research; physics and The Laboratory has some of the finest equip- applied research; and mathematics ... and ment available anywhere for research and the employee has a voice in selecting the field development work. The Laboratory's loca- of his choice even during his training program. tion at White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland is in an attractive and dynamic suburb of Washington, D. C .•.. an atmosphere con- GRADUATE PROGRAM TIES IN WITH ducive to the best of living and working SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS conditions. The graduate program, under supervision of Position vacancies exist for persons with the University of Maryland, permits an em- Bachelor, Master or Doctoral degrees, with ployee to obtain advanced degrees while or without work experience, at starting working. Many courses are conducted in the salaries ranging from $5,335 to $8,955. Laboratory's own conference rooms, and These positions are in the career civil serv- employees are given generOllS time to attend ice. For additional information, address these courses. Highly significant projects for your inquiry to: Employment Officer, U. S. theses and dissertations are available, of Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, course. Silver Spring, Maryland, Attention: DPE. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory White Oak • Silver Spring, Maryland Your Placement Office can inform you of the date our representative will visit your school. Challenge Opportunity ... important, stimulating work ••• for continuing advance- in your chosen field, for a ment consistent with your company that's a leader in qualifications, working with Jobs at research-the development of new products, new ways of men who have made their mark, learning from men who producing them, and new have achieved. Here you are Du Pont areas for their use. Du Pont's methods of training, extensive given every encouragement to score your own success. Here offer ... modern equipment and work- ing atmosphere will help you you are an individual; your own good ideas are wanted, you are credited with them, work at the top of your ability, and you will be rewarded for help you keep growing. them. CHEMISTS ENGINEERS PHYSICISTS MATHEMATICIANS due soon to receive a Bachelor's, Master's or Doctor's degree ••. talk with your placement officer ... or with our personnel representative when he is on campus. Or write us. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), Room 2430-11 Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware. Better Things for Better Living ••• through Chemistry November, 1960 29 What~ould YOU do • as an. en.gIn.eer Development testing of liquid hydrogen-fueled rockets is c ried out in specially built test stands like this at prat Whitney Aircraft's Florida Research and Development Cen Every phase of an experimental engine test may be control by engineers from a remote blockhouse (inset), with dos circuit television providing a means for visual observati Iratt & Whitney Aircraft? Regardless of your specialty, you would work in a favorable engineering atmosphere. Back in 1925, when Pratt & Whitney Aircraft was designing and developing the first of its family of history-making powerplants, an attitude was born-a recognition that engineering excellence was the key to success. At P&WA's Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Lab- oratory (CANEL) many technical talents are focused That attitude, that recognition of the prime impor- on the development of nuclear propulsion systems for future air and space vehicles. With this live mock-up tance of technical superiority is still predominant at of a reactor, nuclear scientists and engineers can P&WA today. determine critical mass, material reactivity coefficients, control effectiveness and other reactor parameters. The field, of course, is broader now, the challenge greater. No longer are the company's requirements confined to graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical engineering. Pratt & Whitney Air- craft today is concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems for the aero- space medium-air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types. Some are entirely new in concept. To carry out analytical, design, experimental Representative of electronic aids functioning fer P&WA engineers is this on-site data recording center which or materials engineering assignments, men with can provide automatically recorded and computed degrees in mechanical, aeronautical, electrical, chem- data simultaneously with the testing of an engine. This ical and nuclear engineering are needed, along equipment is capable of recording 1,200 different with those holding degrees in physics, chemistry values per second. and metallurgy. Specifically, what would you do?-your own engi- neering talent provides the best answer. And Pratt & Whitney Aircraft provides the atmosphere in which that talent can flourish. For further information regarding an engineering Studies of solar energy collection and liquid and vapor career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your col- power cycles typify P&WA's research in advanced lege placement officer or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, space auxiliary power systems. Analytical and Experi- Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, mental Engineers work together in such programs to establish and test basic concepts. East Hartford 8, Connecticut. PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporalian CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida WHAT'S NEW NEW MATH HEAD tronic equipment such as radios, television Already it has made possible a series of receivers, and high-fidelity in place of tran- high-speed color photos of combustion at Dr. Charles P. Wells has assumed di. sistors and ordinary tubes. compression ratios as high as 1O.7-to-1, rection of the department of mathematics offering researchers a more realistic view here at MSU. He succeeds Dr. J. Suther. An example of the versatility of "Com- than they could get before, and combustion land Frame who has headed the department pactrons" lies in the fact that two of these occurring under both load and full throttle for the past seventeen years. devices can provide all the functions in a engine conditions. table radio that now are provided by five Dr. Frame has stepped down at his own tubes or seven transistors. Earlier "window" engines, L-head de- request to spend more time in writing and research. Similarly, twelve "Compactions" will signs with quartz heads, never could be provide all the electron flow control func- operated above 7-to-1 ratio, while today's Dr. Wells has been a member of the tions in a television receiver which now valve-in-head engines range from 8-to-1 to mathematics faculty since 1938. He is co- requires about seventeen tubes or twenty- 1O.S-to-1. author of a book "Differential Equations" five transistors. Further, automobile radios and has done post.doctoral study and re- Basic difference between the new "win- which combine the best qualities of both search at Brown University and California dow" engine and its predecessors is that tubes and transistors eventually can be built Institute of Technology. high-speed photos are taken through the with two "Compactrons" instead of four transparent top of its piston rather than At MSU he has been connected with tubes. various mathematical research projects for through a quartz "window" in its head- from the bottom upwards instead of the the government. top downwards. DISCOVERY STARTLING Sound waves can be used to measure PLENTY OF JOBS more accurately the rates of fast chemical NEW SOUND Virtually all of this year's engineering reactions, it has been found by a physicist graduates are assured of jobs. Demand con- The first experimental effort to correlate at the University of California, Los Angeles. tinues highest for chemical engineers, as satellite instrumentation by broadcasting a One way of measuring very fast reaction standardized timing code or clock signals during the past three years. Graduates in rates, those that occur in one-millionth of over National Bureau of Standards Radio business, commerce, and the arts are about a second, is through sound waves, whose Station WWV is underway as a cooperative ten percent below engineers in definite velocities change with the time of effort by NBS Boulder Laboratories, the commitments. reactions. Electronic Engineering Company of Cali- Source: Using a complex apparatus, U.C.L.A. re- fornia, and Convair Astronautics. Engineering Manpower Commission. search physicist Harvey Blend has devel- Listeners to WWV are now hearing a oped a method for detecting very small new sound in addition to the precision changes in sound wave length and velocity, AIRBORNE TV once-per-second ticks. During the third which in turn allows him to measure re- Television signals will be beamed at five minute of ten five-minute periods a buz- o action rates more accurately. million mid.west students from the world's .ing sound interrupts the ticking and- first flying classroom this fall. The pro- Through a combination of optical. acous- too fast for the human ear to decode-- grams will originate from Purdue Univer- tical and electronic techniques. Mr. Blend indicates the day-of-the-year, hour-of-the- sity, transmitted from a specially equipped has been able to measure change~ in wave day, minutes, and seconds. During this one- DC-6 orbiting overhead. length of two thousand five hundredths minute period this timing information is of an inch, and changes in frequency of read out sixty consecutive times. Programs will supplement efforts of one cycle in a million. These measurements teachers in 17,000 locations covering parts Scientists and engineers at satellite in- taken together, represent a new high i~ of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, accuracy. strumentation sit e s wit h i n the effective Ohio and Wisconsin. All education levels range of WWV can put the timing signal from grade school through college are In his apparatus, which he largely de- included. signed himself. Mr. Blend used two trans- on their oscillographs and tell time to an ducers to generate and receive sound waVes. accuracy of one mill i-second or a thou- He sent his waves in short bur~ts to elim- sandth of a second. WWV is used by "COMPACTRON" inate the echoes which had c10udeJ meas- missile test ranges and satellite tracking A significant new development in the urements of earlier researcher~. stations to synchronize their timing systems. history of controlling electron flow was These are in operation 24 hours per day unveiled by General Electric late in June. to correlate the data received from tele- The device is called a "Compactron" and "WINDOW" ENGINE metering receivers, tracking radars, special consists of a packaged combination of elec- A single-cylinder overhead valve engine cameras. and to correlate data from the tronic functions. t>(juipment operated during the launching with a quartz-toppeJ piston may give new The "Compactron" eventually i~ expected information about the burning of air and phases. to be widely used in entertainment e1ec- fuel in high compression auto engines. (Con/in!led 0/1 page 54) 32 Spartan Engineer Northrop is an analog for progress where engineers Northrop is rich in advanced projects to grow on. - and ideas - grow to reach their maximum poten- If you want to associate yourself with an organiza- tial. It takes a lot of engineer to measure up to tion that is producing tomorrow's technological Northrop's creative engineering challenges. headlines today, stand up and be measured. Send us To convert our sophisticated requirements into a card or letter today with your name, address, and producible and reliable systems calls for intellectual area of special interest. stature, disciplined imagination, and an explorer's NORTHROP CORPORATION, P.O. BOX 1525, BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. venturesome curiosity. DIVISIONS: NORAIR I RADIOPLANE I NORTRONICS November, 1960 33 Fudge Factors MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN Abamperes _ centimeter-grams _ 980.7 centimeter-dynes. Abamperes _... ..._... _ 10 amperes. centimeter-grams _ 3x101• Btatamperes. 10-' meter-kilograms. centimeter ..grams _ 7.233xI0'o pound-teet. abamperes per sq. em. _ 64.52 amperes per sq. inch. nbamperc ..turns ...__... _ centimeters of mercury 0.01316 atmospheres. 10 ampere-turns centimeters of mercury 0.4461 feet ot water. ahampere ..turns • _ gilberts 12.57 centimeters of mercury 136.0 kgs. per square meter. abampere.turns per em. _...__ 25.40 ampere-turns per inc.h centimeters of mercury 27.85 pounds per sq. tooL abcoulombs _ centimeters or mercury 0.1934 pounds per sq. inch. abeoulombs _ 10 coulombs. centimeters per second 1.969 feet per minute. 3x101• statcoulombs cen timeters per second feet per second. 0.03281 ahcoulombs per sq. em. __.._ 64.52 coulombs per sq. inch. centimeters per second 0.036 kilomete~ per hour. abtnrads .. _ abtarad. __ h h _ 10' farads centimeters per second 0.6 meters per minute. abrarads _ 10" microfarads. cen timcters per second 0.02237 miles per hour. 9x101• • ta lta rad •. centimeters per second 3.728xI0" miles-"er minute. abhenrfes .. _ cms. per sec. per see. 0.03281 feet per sec. per Bee. 10-' henries cms. per sec. per sec. _ abhenrfes ..... ...._..... ...__ 10-s 0.036 kms. per hour per If( abhenrles millihenries. ems. per see. per sec. _ miles per hour per at< n __ n _ 1/9xI0". stathenries. 0.02237 circular. mils .._ 5.067xI0-6 square centimeters. abmhos per em. cube _ 1.662xI0' mhos per mil toot. circular mils _ abmhos per em. cube _ 7.854xI0" Sfluare inches. 10' megmhos per cm. cube. circular mils _ square mils. abohm. __ cord-feet _ 0.7854 10-10 abohm. abohm. abohm. n_ _ 10-' 10-' meJwhms microhoms. ohms. cords coulombs _ _ 4 tt.x4 ft.xl 8 ft.x4 tl.x4 1/10 ft. H. cubic feet. cubic teel. abcoulombs. n _ 1/9xIO-I• atatohm •• coulombs _ statcoulombs. 3x10' abohm. per em. cube _ lo.a microhms per cm. cube. coulombs per sq. inch _ 0.01550 abcoulombs per sq•• IT abohm. per em. cube __ 6.015x10.a ohms per mil toot. coulombs per sq inch _ 0.1550 coulombs per sq. em. abvolta n _ coulombs per sq. inch _ 4.650xI0' stateouls. per sq. em. nbvolta __ 1/3xlfl.l• stat volts. cubic centimeters _ 10-s volts. 3.53IxI0-6 cubic teet. acres ... .. _ cubic centimeters .. cubic inches. cubic centimeters _ 6.102xI0-2 nc~a ... _ 43,560 square teet. 10'. cubic meters. acres .......... _ 4047 square meters. cubic centimeters _ 1.308xl0'. cubic yards. acres -._ 1.562x10.a square miles .• cubic centimeters _ Kallons. cubic centimeters _ 2.642xI0-' 5645.38 square varas. 10.3 liters. acres .. square yards. cubic centimeters _ 4840 2.113xl0-3 pints (Jiq.). Dcre ..reet ...... ... _ 43.560 cubic.teet. cubic centimeters _ quaru (Iiq.). acr,e-teet ... _ cubic feet _ 1.057xI0" 3.259x10o s::allons. cubic teel 2.832xI0' cubic cms. amperes .. ....__.. ...._ n .. __ 1728 cu bic inches. 1/10 abamperes. cubic feet _ amperes _.. .._ 3x10' stntnmperes. 0.02832 oubic meters. cubic feet _ amperes per em. 0.03704 cubic yards. SQ. 6.452 amperes per SQ. inch. cubic teel u n _ Itallons. cubic feet _ 7.481 amperes per SQ inch 0.01550 abamperes per sq. cm. 28.32 liters. amperes per inch cubic feet _ SQ 0.1550 amperes per sq. cm. 59.84 pinu (Iiq.). a~p(res per SQ inch 4.650xI0' stntamperes per sq. cm. cubic feet _ quaru (Ilq.). 29.92 ampere.turns _.._...._.. .. cubic feet per minute _ 472.0 cubic cms. per ste. amperc.turns .. _ 1/10 abampere-turns. cubic feet per minute _ 1.257 gllberta. 0.1247 R'allons per see. cubic feet per minute _ OA720 liters per second ampere-turns per cm. 2.540 ampere turQs 4 per in. cubic teet per minute _ Ibs. ot water per mill. lImpere-turn. per Inch cubic inches _ 62.4 0.03937 abampere-turns per em. 16.39 cubic centimeten. ampere-turns per inch 0.3937 cubic inches .... _ cubic feet. ampere-turns per em. cubic inches _ 5.7f7xI0-' ampere.turns per inch 0.4950 gllb~rta per em. 1.639xI0'o cubic meters. areas __.. .._.._....__.. _ cubic inches _ cubic yard •• areas .. .. 0.02471 acres. cubic inches _ 2.143xI0-s 100 square meters. cubic inches _ 4.329xI0-' Itallon •. atmospheres .. .. .. _ 76.0 1.639x 10-' liters. atmoaph~res _ cms. ot mercury. cubic inches _ pints (lIq.). 29.92 inches of mercury. cubic inches .. ....__ .0.03463 atmospheres _ 0.01732 quarta (lIq.). atmospheres .. _ 33.90 teet oC water. cubic meters _ cubic centimeters 10.333 kgs. per SQ. meter. cubic meters _ 10. atmospheres __.. _ cubic feet. atmospheres _ 14.70 pounds per sq. inch. cubic meters .. ... _ 35.31 1.058 61,023 cubic inches. tons per sq. fool. cubic roeters _ cubic yards. cubic meters _ 1.30/;. Ba~ .. n _ cubic meters _ 264.2 gallona. Bars .. _ 9.870xI0" atmospheres. cubic meters _ 10' liters. Bara ---- u _ 1 dynes per SQ. em. cubic meters. _ 2113 pints (liq.). Ba~ __ 0.01020 kgs. per square meter cubic yards _ 1057 quarta (Iiq.) •. Ba~ _ 2.0R9xlO.a pounds per sq. foot. 7.646x10s cubic centimeters. 1.450xlO'O cubic yards _ pounds per sq. inch. cubic yards _ 27 cubic feet. board.teet _n _ 144 .q. in.xl in. 46,656 cubic inches. cubic inches. cubic yards _ Briti.h thermal unlta. cubic yards _ 0.7646 eu bie meters. 0.2530 kilogrnm.calories. Brlti.h thermal unlta 777.5 cubic yards _ 202.0 Itallon •• Briti.h thermal unlta tool-pound •. 764.6 liters. 3.927xl0" horse-power-hours. cubic yards _ Brlti.h thermal un Ita cubic yards _ 1616 pints (liq.). 1054 joules. quarts (liq.). Brltl.h thermal units 107.5 kilogram-meters. cubic yards per minute _ 807.9 Brltl.h thermal units 0.45 cubic feet per .econd• 2.92/;'XIO-' kllowatl-hou~. cubic yards per minute _ gallons per second. D.t.u. per min _ cubic yards per minute _ 3.367 12.9fi foot-pounds per see. 12.74 liters per second. B.t.u. per min __ 0.02356 B.t.u. per mln hors~power. Days _ B.t.u. per mln unu __ _ 0.01757 kilowalts. Days _ 24 hours. 17.57 walts. Days _ 1440 minutes. B.t.u. per .q. tL per mln __ 0.1220 walta per square inch. 86.400 seconds. bu.hel. _ decigrams ... 1.244 decilitera _ 0.1 grams. bushel. u __ cubic teet. bu.hel. _ 2150 decimeters _ 0.1 lite~. cubic inches. 0.1 meters. bu.hel. _ 0.03524 cubic meters. degrees (angle) ~ bu.hel. _ 4 degrees (angle) __ 60 minutes. peck •. u _ 0.01745 radians. bushe.l. n __ 64 pin III (dry). . degrees (angle) _ 32 quarta (dry) degrees per second _ 3600 ~~:~:. per second. Centar .. r~ntigrams _n ..__ _ 1 square meters. degrees per second deR'TeeS per second dekagrams n_ _ _ 0.01745 0.1667 0.002778 revolution. per miD. revolutions per Bee. 0.01 grams. dekalite~ u _ 10 grams. rentiliters .. _ dekameters n _ 10 lite~. 0.01 liters. centimeters .... _ dolla"3 (U.S.) _ 10 centimeters .. _ 0.3937 inches. dolla~ (U.S.) __ 5.182 }':.~~~. (French). centimeters _ 0.01 meters. dolla~ (U.S.) _ 4.20 marks (German). centimeters .. _ 393.7 mils. dolla~ (U.S.) _ 0.2055 pounds sterling (BrILl 10 millimeters. drams _ 4.11 shillings (British) eentimeter-dynes __.. _ 1.020xI0-' drams _ 1.772 grams. centimeter-dynes _ centimeter-grams. 1.020xl0.a meter-kilograms. dynes _ 0.0625 ounces. centimeter-dynes __..__.. _ 7.376xI0-a dynes _ 1.020xl0-s gnuna. pound-teet. 7.233XI0-a poundals. (Col1tilll1ed 011 page 38) 36 Spartan Engineer I'.'~" ' ,1 I '.12 '..',.' 3, I: I" I' 4 I , 1' 5 I , I' 6 I ' , ' I ' 1 ,• 1' I ' I' 9 I ' I' 10 I ' , ' I' 11 'I 12 " '- " " " ONLY 12 INCHES WIDE ••• Tom Speer, Senior Engineering Research Supervisor at Stand- whirl around to reveal wear patterns and other vital informa- ard Oil, inspects one of the 12 sections in a new miniature tion. (INSET) Ruler shows wear pattern after strip has road tester. Under simulated weather conditions, four wheels taken pounding from tires during rain, freeze, thaw and heat . ••• THls 'ROAD' CARRIES WORLD'S HEAYIEST TRAFFICI Say good-bye to washboard pavements and from desert dry to cloudburst drenched. "Road chuck holes-their doom may be sealed! conditions", too, can be changed from freezing Key weapon in the war on costly road dam- to thawing. age is a new miniature highway developed in Within weeks. the new test-tube roadway the Standard Oil research laboratories in can determine what happens to roads during Whiting, Indiana. It is only 12 inches wide and years of use in all kinds of weather. It can pre- 44 feet in circumference, but it carries heavier test paving formulas and techniques, and may loads than any highway in the world. This Tom show how to eliminate washboard pavement Thumb turnpike will eventually lead to meth- and chuck holes. Savings in highway research ods of building longer-lasting, smoother, safer alone may run into millions of dollars. Even highways ... at far less cost to taxpayers. larger savings in auto and road repairs and Four wheels whirling around hour after hour possibly in gasoline taxes are in sight. can give it any degree of traffic intensity de- This test-tube roadway is just one of the sired. Pressure that corresponds to the weight many exciting developments at Standard. of the' heaviest trucks can be applied to the Every day, scientific research, pure and applied, wheels. To simulate actual traffic, the wheels points the way to new or improved products. are placed on braking and acceleration 90 per This work holds great challenge and satisfac- cent of the time. Automated electronic equip- tion for young men who are interested in scien- ment can quickly change "road conditions" tific and technical careers. STANDARD 910 SOUTH MICHIGAN OIL COMPANY AVENUE. CHICAGO SO, ILLINOIS G~ THE SIGN OF PROGRESS .•, THROUGH RESEARCH November, 1960 37 FUDGE FACTORS (Contin/led trom page 36) IIWLTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN IIWLTIPLY BY :1'0 OBTAIN dynes _ gram-eentimeurs _ 2.248d~-- pounds •. gram-centimeters _ 9.807x1~-s joules. dynes per squa ... cm; _ bars. 2.344xlO-' kilogram-calories. 1 gram-centimeters _ EI'lrS _ grams per em. _ 10-' kilogram-meters. EI'lrS _ 9.486x10-u British thermal units. 6.600xlO-1 poundo per Incb. Ergs _ 1 dyne-eentlmeters. grams per cu. em. ._._ 62.43 grams per cu. em. _ poundo per cubic fool. EI'lrS _ 7.376x10-1 foot-poundo. 0.03613 poundo per cubic inch. 1.020x10-1 gram-eentlineters. 8'rams per cu. cm. _ 3.405xl0-T Enra _ poundo per mil-fool. Enra _ 10-T joules. Heetares _ Erp _ 2,3'90xlO-u kilograin-eslorles. Heetares __ 2.471 acres. ergs per second _ 1.020xl0-1 kilogram-meters. beetograms _ 1.076xl0s square f",!t. ~rn per second _ 5.692xl0-' B.t. units per minute. beetollurs _ 100 grams. 4.426xlO-. foot-poundo per min. beetomEurs _ 100 Hurs. ergs per second _ 7.376xlO-1 foot-pounds per see. 100 meters. ertrB per second _ beetowatts _ e.rp per second _ 1.341xlO-1o hone-power. 100 watts. 1.434xl0-' kg.-calories per min. bemispberes (sol. angle) _ 0.5 sphere ..' erzs per second _ 10-10 kilowatts. bemispberes (sol. angle) _ 4 spberlcal rigbt angles. Farado _ bemlspberes (sot angle) henries _ _ 6.283 suradians. Farads __ 10-' abfarado. henries _ 10' abhenries. Farads ~ 10. microfarads. henries _ 10" mlllibenries. fatboms ~ 9xl0-u statearads. horse-power _ 1/9x10-11 stathenries. feet _ 6 feet. horse-power _ 42.44 B.t. I units per min. feet ~ ~_ 30.48 centimeters. horse-power _ 33,000 foot-pounds per min. feet _ 12 inehes. horse-power _ 550 foot-poundo per see. feet _ 0.304R meters. horse-power _ 1.014 borse-power (metric) feet _ .36 v_rea. horse-power _ 10.70 kg.-calories per min. 1/3 yarclo. horse-power _ 0.7457 kilowatts. feet of waur _ 0.02950 atmospberes. 745.7 watts. feet of waur _ borse-power (boiler) _ feet of waur _ 0.8826 inches of mercury. 33'.520 B.t.u •. per bour. 304.8 kgs. per square meter. borse-power (boiler) _ 9.804 kilowatts. feet of waur _ -horse-power-hours _ feet of waur __ 62.43 poundo Per sq. ft. 2547 Brltisb thermal units. 0.433"5 pounds per sq. inch. horse-power-hours 1.98xlO. foot-pounds. feet per mlnuu __ 0.5080 centimeters per' see. horse-power-hours feet per mlnuu _ 2.684xl0. joules. feet per mlnuu _ 0.01667 fe€t per see. horse-power-hours 641. 7 kilogram-calories. feet per mlnuu _ 0.01829 kilometers per bour. horse-power ...hours 2.737xl0s kilogram-meters. 0.3048 meurs per minuu. horse-power-hours _ 0.7457 kllowatt-bours. feet per mlnuu _ hours _ feet per seeond _ 0.01136 miles per bour. hours • _ 60 minutes. feet per second . _ 311.48 centimeters per see.. 3600 seeonds. feet per second _ 1.097 kilometers per bour. Incbes _ feet per second. _ 0.5921 knots per bour. Incbes _ 2.540 centimeters. feet per second _ 12.29 meurs: per minute. Incbes _ 10" mils. feet per second _ 0.6Sl8 miles per bour. .03 varas. 0_01136 miles per minute. Inches of mercury _ atmospheres. feet per 100 feet _ 0.03342 1 per cent grade. Incbes of mercury _ 1.133 feet of waur. feet per' see. per see. 30.48 ems. per see. per see. Inehes of mercury _ kp. per squa ... meter. feet per Bee. per see. _ 345.3 1.097 kms. per br. per 3ee. Incbes .of mercury _ 70.73 pou ndo per squa ... ft. feet per aee. per see. _ 0.3048 meters per BeC. per see. Inehea of mercury _ feet per see. per see. _ 0.4912 pounds per square in. '0.6818 miles per br. per see. Incbes of waur _ atmospheres. foot-poundo _ Incbes of waur _ 0.002458 foot-poundo _ 1.286xl0-1 Brltisb tbermal units. 0.07355 inches of mercury. foot-poundo _ 1.356xlOT enra. Incbes of waur _ 25.40 kgs. per square meter. '5.050xlO-T horse-power.houn. Incbes of water- _ ounces per square in. foot-pounds _ Inches of water _ 0.5781 foot-poundo _ 1.356 joules. 5.204 pounds per square ft. 3.241xl0-' kilogram-ealorles. Inches of waur- _ pounds per square in. foot-poundo _ 0.03'613 foot-poundo _ 0.1383 kilogram.meurs 3.766xl0-T kilowatt-bours. .Toules 9.486xlO-' Brltisb thermal units. foot-poundo per mlnuu _ 1.286x10-1 B.t. units per minute. .Toules foot-poundo per minute _ lOT ergs. 0.01667 foot-pounds per see. .Toules 0.7376 foot-poundo. foot-poundo per minuu _ 130Oxllt-s horse-power. :Toules kilogram-eslorles. 2.390x10-' foot-poundo per minute 3.24lx10-' kll.-ealori .. per minute • .Toules 0.1020 kilogram-meurs foot-poundo per minuu 2.260x10-s kilowatts • .Toules 2.772x10" watt-bours. foot-poundo per second 7.717xl0-1 B.t. units per- minute. Kilograms _ fO()t-poundo per seeond 1.818x10-1 horse-power. dynes. foot-poundo per second 1.945x10-1 Kilograms _ 980.665 kR:.-ealorles per min. 10' grams. foot-poundo per seeond _ 1.356xl0-1 kilowatts. Kilograms _ franes (Frencb) _ Kilograms _ 70.93 poundals. franes (Frencb) _ 0.193 dollars (U.S.). 2.2046 pounds .. 0.811 marks (German). Kilograms _ franes (Frencb) _ kilo/rram-eslorles _ 1.1~2xlO-s 0.03865 poundo sterling (Brit.). 3.968 ~ri~ls~~~~~';'al u'nlts. furlonl8 _ 40 rods. kilogram-calories _ 3086 foot-pounds. Callons __ kllogram-eslorles _ 1.558xlO-s horse-power ..hours. 3785 cubic centimeters. kllogram-eslorles _ joules. Callons _ kllogram-eslorles _ 4183 Callons _ 0.1337 cubic feet. 426.6 kilogram meters. Callons _ 231 cubic inches. kilogram-eslorles _ kilowatt-bours. 1.162xlO-1 Callons • __ 3.785xl~-1 cubic meters. kg.-caloriea per min. _ 5l.43 foot-poundo per see. 4.951xlO-a cubic yarclo. kg.-eslorles per min. _ 0.09351 horse-power. Callons _ 3.185 kg.-eslorles per min. _ Callons _ lIurs. 0.06972 E pints (Ilq.). kl8.-ems. squared _ ::'~:.b~~"'t squared. Callons •. 2.373xlO-1 4 quarts (llq.). kgs.-ems. squared _ 0.3417 poundo-incbes squared. gallons per mlnuu _ 2.228x10-s kilogram-meters _ gallons per minute _ cubic feet per second. 9.302xlO-a Brltisb tbermal units. ..auues _ 0.0630!;" lIurs per seeol1d. kilogram ..meters _ kilogram-meurs _ 9.801xlOT ergs. gilberts _ 6.452 lines per ;,quare' inch. 7.233 foot-poundo. gilberts _ 0.07958 abampere-turns. kllogram-meurs _ joules. kilogram-meters _ 9.801 0.7958 ampere-turns. 2.34b10-a kilogram-ealor-ies. gilberts per centimeter gills _ _ 2.021 ampere-turns per inch. kilogram-meters _ 2.724x10-. kilowatt-bours. gills _ 0.1183 lIurs. kgs. per cubic meur _ 10-' . grams per cubic cm. grains (troy) _ 0.25 pints (Ilq.). kgs. per cubic meur _ 0.06243 pounds per cubic foot. 1 kgs. per cubic meter _ grains (troy) _ grains (av.). kgs. per cubic meter _ 3.613xlO-s poundo per cubic Inch. grains (troy) _ 0.06480 grams. 3.405xlO-10 poundo per miL foot. 0.04167 pennyweigbts (tro,.). kp. per meter _ grams _.:. _ 0.6720 poundo per foot. crams _ 980.7 dynes. kgs. per squat-e meur . _ 9.678x10-s atmospberes. grams . _ 15.43 grains (troy). kgs. per square meter _ 98.07 bars. grams . _ 10-1 kilograms. kgs. per square meter _ 3.281xlO.a feet of water. :~11,.'d.o~~:~~ crams _ 10s milligrams. kgs. per square meter _ 2.896x10-.s crams _ 0.03527 ounees. kgs. pe'" squa meter _ 0.2048 It. 0.03215 ounces (tro,.). kgs. per squa meur _ pounds per square. ill. kgs. per sq. millimeter _ l.422x10-' ~ms grams --------------------- _ 0.07093 poundahi. kllolines _ 10' kgs. per square .meter- gram-ea1ories _ 2.205xl0-s poundo. klloliurs _ 10" maxwells. gram-eentlmeters _ 3'.968x10-1 Brltlsb thermal unlt8. loa liters. kilometeno _ gram-eentlmeters ~ 9.302x10-s British thermallllllW. kilometers. _ 10s ee1\tImete~ gram-eentlmeters _ 980.7 ergs. 11281 feet. UUx10.f foot-poqllu. kilometrn __ ~~_._' ._ •• 10' mewr.. (Contin/led 011 page 40) 38 Spartan Engineer \\11\\ ... ~ ~ '"' II) " -=JI I ~ ELDOR,SOMETIWIES I GET lHE IDEA THE,( SAID T"AT 1 WOULD BE.WORKINC1 lHAT COMPANY RECRUITING- REPS ON NE.W UNCHART£:D TRAilS ARE. EXAGGERATING- TO US. DON'T THROUGH 1\-\E. UNIVERSE ... WITH YOU FINO IT n-\U5? THE. ONLY LIMITS THOSE IMP05ED BY MY IMAGINATION. I WILL LIVE IN ~N ULTI?~-MODERN WITH MERELY A DOUBLE GARAGE, lHE\{ TOLD ME.E~ACll Y WHAT ALL ELECTRONIC H6M[5NUGGLE.D ONE OF MY SPORTS JOBS WILL ~AVE: MY SALARY WOULD BE,AND I'LL TO SIT OUT IN THE. YEAR-ROUND HAVE.TO SET ASIDE (TEMPORARilY) AMONG THE PINES AllHE EDGE OF A CRYSTAL BLUE. LAKE. PLEASANT WEATHER. YACHT. --- MY PLANS fOR AN OCEAN-GOING- Furthermore, Collins is one of the nation's leading growth companies, producing for both govern- ment and business. Commercial fields include airline and business aircraft communication and navigation equipment, data transmission, microwave, amateur radio, broadcast and ground com- munication equipment. Research, development and manufacturing facilities are located in Cedar Rapids, Dallas and Burbank. Colli~s likes engineers ... 20~ of its 13,000 employees are engineers. Collins is in the business, basically, of selling the products of their imaginative thinking. Callins would lilce to discuss your future with you. Write for the free boo""et -A Career with Collins- and as'" your placement Counselor when the Collins represent- ative will be on campus. AND SO YOU'RE. JOINING COLLINS? YES, ALBRECI-IT, SUCH HONEST'{ AS COLLINS RADIO COMPANY CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA DALLAS, TEXAS BURBANK, CALIFORNIA THEIRS SHOULD NOT GO UNREWAROED. FUDGE FACTORS (Col//il/lled from page 38) MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN kllometera _ 0.62U mil ... mierohlnB per crn .. cube _ 6.015 ohms per mil foot. kilometers _ k lometers per hour kilometers per hour _ _ 1093.6 27.78 6U8 yards. eentimeters per feet per minute. .ee~ microhms per inch cube microna miles miles __ _ _ 2.540 10-0 1.609xl0' microhoms P. em. cube. meters. cen timeters. kilometers per hour _ 0.9113 feet per second. 6280 kilometers per hour _ miles _ feet. 0.6396 knots per hoar. miles _ 1.6093 kilometers. kilometers per hour _ 16.67 meters per minute~ 1760 kilometers per hour _ yards. kma. per hour per see. Ians. per hour pe~ soc. _ _ 0.62U 27.78 0.9113 mil .. per hour. cms. per 8ee. per 8ee. ft. per soc. per aee. :n: p-e-;;--h~tir-:::::::::::: miles per hour _ 1900.8 44.70 88 varu .. centimeters per see. feet per minute. kms. per hour per sec. _ 0.2778 meters per 8ee. per lee. miles per hour _ miles per hour . _ 1.467 feet per second .. lems. per hour per aee. _.. _ 0.62U miles per hr. per aee. 1.6093 kilometers per hour. kilometers per min. _ kllometens per hour. miles per hour _ kilowatts _ 60 0.8684 knots per hou.r.. 66.92 B.t.u. units per min. mil" per hour _ 26.82 meters per minute .. kilowatts _ 4.426x10< miles per hour per see. _ kilowatts _ foot-pounds per min. 44.70 ems. per see.. per see. 737.6 foot-pounds per see. miles per. hour per see. _ U67 feet per sec. per see.. kilowatts _ miles per hour per see. _ kilowatts _ 1.341 horse-power. 1.6093 kms. per hour per Bee. kilowatts _ U.34 kg.-calorles per min. miles per hour per see. _ 0.4470 M. per sec.. per sec. 10" watts. miles per minute _ kilowatt-hours __ miles per minute _ 2682 cenljmeters per sec. kilowatt-hours _ 3416 British thermal units. miles per minute _ 88 feet per seeond. kilowatt-hours _ 2.666xl0e foot-pounds. miles per minute _ 1.6093 kilometers per min. kilowatt-hours _ 1.341 horse-power-houn. 0.8684 knots per minute. 3.6xl0' joules. miles per minute _ kilowatt-hours _ 60 miles per hour. kilowatt-hours _ ti'60.6 kllogram-calorl ... milligrams _ knots _ 3.671xl0' kilonam ..meters. m!ll!henr!~ _ 10.1 grams. knots u _ 6080 feet. 10e abhenries. knots _ 1.863 kilometers. mdllhenrles _ lO-1 millihenries _ henries. 1.162 miles. milliliters _ 1/9x10'u stathenries .. 2027 yards. 10-1 t~~~ knots ;per .-;-h.;-;;-~-============ hour _ 61.48 1.689 centimeters per sec. teet per sec. miIlimeters millimeters _ _ 0.1 liters. centimeters. knots per hour _ miIlimeters _ 0.03937 inches. knots per hour _ 1.863 kilometers per hour. mils _ 39.37 mils. 1.162 miles per hour. mils _ 0.002540 centimeters. Lines per square em. _ miner"s inches _ 10-1 inches. lines per square inch _ 1 gausses. minutes (angle) _ 1.6 cubic feet per min. links (engineer's) _ 0.1660 gausses. 2.909xl0-< radians. 12 Inehes. 60 Jinks liters liters (suveyor's) __ _ _ 7.92 10" inches. cubic centimeters. :;:~':.~f:' months months _~~~~~~~_=========== __ _ 30.42 730 s.. onds (Ilng!e). days. houn. liters _ 0:03631 cubic feet. months _ 43,tiOO minutes. liters _ 61.02 cubic inches. myriagrams _ 2.628xl0o seconds. liters _ 10-1 cubic meters. myriameters _ 10 kilograms. liters _ 1.308x10-1 cubic yards. myriawatta ~ _ 10 kilometers. liters _ 0.2642' gallons 10 kilowatts. 2.113 pints (liq.). Ohms _ m:::: Np-;,-;.--;;;i;;~t;-========== _ liters IOglO per minute _ 1.067 6.866xl0-< 4.403xl0-1 quarts (Iiq.). cubic feet per second. ~allons per second. Ohms Ohms Ohms _ _ __ 10' 10-. 10. abohms. megohms. microhms. 2.303 JOg,. N or In N. 1/9xl0-11 statohms. log,. N or In N _ ohms per mil foot _ 0.4343 log,. N. ohms per mil foot _ .166.2 abohms per em. cube • lumens per SQ. it. 1 foot-candles. ohms per mil foot _ 0.1662 microhms per CM. cube. ounces _ 0.06524 microhms per in. cube. Marks lGerman). _ 0.238 dollars (U.S.). ounces _ 8 drams.' Marks German) _ ounces _ 437.6 grains. Marks (German) _ 1.233 franes (Freneh). maxwells _ 0.04890 pounds sterling (Brit.). 28.31> grams. mea-alines _ 10-' 10. 'kllollnes. maxwells. ~~~~:(O;iid)"-::::::::::::: ounees (ftuid) _ 0.0626 1.805 pounds. cub;c inches. megmh08 per em, cube _ 10-1 Bbmhos per em. cube. ounees (troy) _ 0.02957 liters. megmhos per em. cube _ 2.640 mfYmhos per in. cube. ounees (troy) _ 480 grains (troy). megmhos per em. cube _ 0;1662 mhos per mil foot. . ounc .. (troy) _ 31.10 grams. megmhos per Ineh cube _ 0.3937 megmhos per em. cube. ounces (troy) _ 20 pennyweights (troy). megohms _ 0.08333 meters _ 10' ohms. ounces per square inch _ pounds (troy). 100 centimeters. 0.0626 pounds per sq. Ineh. meters _ meters _ 3.2808 feet. Pennyweights (troy) _ meters _ 39.37 inches. Pennyweights (troy) _ 24 grains (troy). 10-a 1.666 grams. meters _ kilometers. Pennyweights (troy) u_ 0.06 ounc:ea (troy). meters _ 101 millimeters. perch"" (masonry) _ 1.0936 yards. pints (dry) _ 24.76 cubie feet. meter.kllograms _ pints (lIquid) _ 33.60 cubic inches. mE:ter-kilograms _ 9.807xl07 centimeter-dynes. 10' centimeter-grams. poundals _ 28.87 cubic inches. mrler-kllograms _ poundals _ 13.826 dynes. meters per minute _ 7.233 pound.feet. 1.667 centimeters per see. poundals _ 14.10 gram9 .. meters per minute _ pounds _ 0.03108 pounds. meters per minute _ 3.281 teet per minute. 0.06468 feet per second. pounds _ 444,823 dynes. meters per minute _ pounds _ 7000 erains. meters per minute _ 0.03 kilometers per hour. 0.0372& miles per hour. pounds _ 463.6 grams. meters per second _ pounds _ 16 ounces. 1968 feet per minute. meters per second _.:. _ 3.2l!4 feet per second. pounds (troy) __ 32.17 poundllis. meters per second _ pound-feet _ 0.8229 pounds (av.). meters per second _ 3.0 kilometers per hour. 0.06 kilometers per min. pound-feet _ 1.366x107 centimeter-dynes. m cubic inches. microfarads _ 16.28 meemhos per In. cube. 10-10 abfarads. pounds of water per min. __ 0.1198 gallona. microfarads _ 10.e 2669xl0'< cuble feet per see. microfarads _ farads. pounds per cubic toot _ 9x10' statfarads. pounds per cubic foot _ 0.01602 grams Per' cuble em. microJ.:'Tams _ 16.02 mlerollters _ 10-e grams. pounds per cubic foot _ kp. per eublc meter. 10-e liters. pounds per cubie foot _ 6.7ti7xl0-< pounds per cubic Ineb. microhms _ 6.456x10-' microhms _ lOa abohms. pounds per cubic Ineh _ pounda per mil foot. 10-11 meeohma. pounds per cubic inch _ 27.68 Jrrams per cubic cm~ mlcrohms __ 2.768xllr' microhms _ 10-e ohms. pounds per cubie Ineh _ kp. per cuble meter. 1/9xl0-lT statohms. pounds per cuble Ineh _ 1728 pounds per cuble foot. microhms per cm~ cube _ 10" abohms per em. cube. pounda per foot _ 9.425x10-e pOunds per. mil foot. microhms per ctn. cube _ 0.3937 mlerohms p. In. cube. pounda per Ineh _ 1.488 kp. per. meter. 178.6 lmUI1B per.em. (Col//il/fled 011 page 42) 40 Spartan Engineer SHOCK-STRENGTH of steering spindle soars by designing it to be forged Modern board -lift forging hammer By designing front-end spindles to be forged, automobile and truck manufacturers practically eliminate danger of failure of these vital parts, even under sudden turning stress that can reach thousands of foot-pounds. Start your designs by planning to use forgings everywhere there's a high degree of stress, vibration, shock, or wear. Forged parts withstand them all better than parts made by other fabrication methods. And forgings have no hidden voids to be uncovered after costly machining hours have been invested ... the hammer blows or high pressures of the forging process compact the better forging metal, make it even better. Write for literature on the design, specification, and procurement of forgings. W hR.Nv .tt& ~ ~ f'aJeX" d.e4-l.q1t'\" Ji; Xo he, Drop Forging Association. Cleveland 13, Ohio NQ11U!Soj sponsorinl companies on request to thi, ma,azine. 41 November, 1960 FUDGE FACTORS (Continlled from page 40) MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN I><>undsper mil foot 2.306xI0' grams per cubic em. square millimeters 0.01 square centimeters. pounds per square foot square millimeters- __ . _ 1.550xI0-' 0.01602 feet of water. square mils _ square inehes. pounds per square foot _ 4.882 kgs. per square meter. 1.273 circular mils. pounds per square foot _ 6.9Hx10-s square mils ... _ pounds per sq. inch. square mils _ 6.452xI0-' square centimeten. pounds per square inch 0.06804 atmospheres. square varas _ 10-' square inches. pounds per square inch 2.307 feet of water. .000]771 acres. pounds per square inch 2.036 square varas _ inches of mercury. square varas _ 7.TI6049 square feet. pounds per square inch _ 703.1 kgs. per square meter. .0000002765 square miles • pounds per squa~e inch _ square varas _ 144 pounds per sq. foot. square yards _ .857339 square yards. square yards _ 2.066xI0-' acres. Quadrants (ang]e) __ nn _ 90 degrees. 9' square feet. Quadrants (angle) square yards _ n _ 5400 minutes. square yards _ 0.8361 square meters. Quadrants (angle) n _ 1.571 3.228xI0-1 square miles. quarts (dry) n _ radians. square yards _ quarts (Iiq.) _ 67.20 cubic inches. statamperes _ 1.1664 , square varas. quintals _ 57.75 cubic inches. statamperes. _ 1/3xI0-l• abamperes. quires _ 100 pounds. statcou]omba n __ nn_ 1/3xI0-' amperes. 25 sheets. statcoulombs _ 1/3xI0-10 a1>eoulomba. Radians __n_nn __ n _ statfarads _ 1/3xI0-' coulombs. Radians _ 57.30 degrees. statfarads _ 1/9xI0-1o abfarads. Radians _ 3438 minutes. statlarads _ 1/9xI0-11 farads. 0.637 Quadrants. stathenries _ 1/9xI0-s microfarads. radians per second _ 9xl02o radians per second _ 57.30 degrees per second. stathenries _ abhenries. 9xlOll radians radians radians per second per sec. per sec. per Bee. per Bee. _ 0.]592 9.549 573.0 revolutions per second. revolutions per min. revs. per min. per min. stathenries statohms ----- statohms n_ _ _ 9xlOH 9x101• henries. millihenries. abohms. _ 9.549 revs. per min. per sec. statohms 9xlOs megohms. radians reams peorsec. per see. _ _ 0.]592 n __ n __ n_ 9x]011 microhm$. revs. per seC'. per sec. statohms ----- . 500 9xl011 n n_ revolutions _ sheets. statvolts -_nu __ _ __ _ ohms. revolutions _ 360 degr .... statvolts - n n n n n _ 3xI0' • abvolts. r~volutions _ 4 Quadrants. steradians _ 300 volts. 6.283 radians. steradians _ 0.1592 hemispheres. revolutions per minute _ . revolutions per minute revolutions per minute _ _ 6 0.1047 0.01667 deKree5 per sE.'cond. radians per second. revolutions per sec. steradians steres _ _ 0.07958 0.6366 10' :~~:~k~l liters. right aneJa. revs. per min. per min. _ 1.745xI0-a revs. per min. per min. _ r8d~. per sf"c. p~r sec:. Temp. (den. C.) +273 _ 0.01667 revs. per min. per sec:. 1 aba. temp. (degs. C.). revs. per min. per min. 2.77&"x10-' Temp. (degs. C.) +17.8 1.8 temp. (den Fahr.). revolutions per second revolutions per second revolutions per second _ _ _ 3'60 6.283 revs. per sec. per see. degrees per second. radians per second. temp (degs. F.) +460 temp. (degs. F.) -32 tons (long) _n _n _ n _ I 5/9 aba. temp. (degs. F.). temp. (degs. Cent.). revs. per sec:. per sec. _ 60 revs. per min. tons (long) nn _ 1016 kilograms. 6.283 rads. per sec. per sec!. tons (metric) _ 2240 pounds. revs .. per sec. per seC'. _ 3600 10s revs. per sec:. per sec. _ revs. per min. per min. tons (metrie) n n kilolZ'rams. rods --_n_u un _ 60 revs. per min. JK:r see. tons (short) n n __ n 2205 pounds. 16.5 feet. tons (short) __ n_u_n _ 907.2 kilograms. 2000 pounds. Seeonds (angle) tons (short) per sq. ft. 9765 u_u u_ 4.€48xI0-' radians. tons (short) per sq. ft. kgs. per square meter. opheres (solid angle) u_u_ 12.51 13.89 DOunds per SQ. inch. opherieal right angles _u _ steradians. tons (short) per sq. in. n __ 0.25 hemispheres • tons (short) per sq. in. 1.406x10' kgs. per square meter. • pherical right angles _ n __ 2000 spherical right angles _ 0.125 spheres. pounds per sq ineh. 1.571 steradians. Varas _ square centimeters _ 1.973x10s Varas _ 2.7777 square centimeters _ circular mils. feet. 1.076xI0-s square feet. Varas _ 3'3.3333 inches. equare «ntimeters _ 0.1550 Varas _ .000526 equare centimeters _ square inches • miles. square centimeters _ 10-. 100 square meters. square millimeters. volts volts --------_n U _ h _ h _ •9259 10' yards. abvolts. sq. cm8.~ms. sqd. _ equare feet _ 0.02402 SQ. inches-inches sQd. volts per inch _ 1/300 statvo]ts. square feet _ 2.296xI0-s acres. volts per inch _ 3.937x10t abvoltA per cm. 929.0 square centimeters. 1.312xI0-s statvolts per em. Watts :~::~: equare ~ fret:t=:::::::::~:::::: _ 144 0.09290 square inches. square meters. Watts Watts u h n n __ __ _ 0.05692 B.t.u. units per min. equare f(et _ 3.587xI0-s square miles. 101 prgs per second. equare f(et _ .1296 square varas. 44.26 foot-I><>unds per min. 1/9 Watts Watts ------------ u_ 0.7376 oq. feet-feet sqd. __ square yards. -u _ foot-I><>undsper sec. square inches n __ u _ _ 2.07bI0' SQ. inches-inches sQd. Watts __ u_u hnun _ 1.341x10-s horse.power. equare inches _ 1.273xl0' circular mils. Watts nh h n _ 0.01434 kR'.•caJories per min. Isquare inches _ 6.452 square centimeters. watt-hours _ lo-a kilowatts. square inches _ 6.9HxI0-s square feet. watt-hours _ 3.415 British thermal units. square inches _ 10. square mils. watt-hours _ 2655 foot-pounds. 645.2 square milJimeters. watt-hours _ 1.34IxI0-a horse-power-hours. eq. inches.inches 8Qd. _ 41.62 watt-hours _ 0.8605 8Q. inches-inches 8Qd. _ sq. cms.-cms. sQd. kilogram-calories. 8Quare kilometers _ 4.823xI0-s sq. ft.-feet sqd. watt-hours _ 367.1 kilogram-meters. 247.1 acres. webers _ 10-1 kilowatt-hours. square .kilometers _ 10.76xI0' weeks _ 10" square kilometers _ square feet. maxw~I1s. square kilometers _ 10' square meters. weeks _ 168 hours. 0.3861 square miles. weeks _ 10.080 minutes. square kilometers _ square meters _ 1.196x10' square yards. 604,800 seconds. square meters _ 2.47IxI0-' acres. Yards --- u _ square meters _ 10.764 square feet. Yards _ 91.44 cen timeters. square meters square miles _ _ 3.86IxI0-1 1.196 square miles. square yards. Yards Yards -------u- u_n_ 3 36 feet. inches. square miles _ 640 acres. Yards -- __ nu _ 0.91H meters. square miles _ 27.88xI0' square feet. years {common) _ 1.08 Varas. square miles _ 2.590 square kilometers. years (common) _ 3'65 days. square miles _ 3.613.040.45 square varas. years (leap) _n _ 8760 hours. 3.098x10. square yards. years (leap) __ n_n _ 3"66 days. aquare millimeters u u 1.973"x10s 8784 circular mils. hourS. These conversion factors first appeared in the November '54 and Jan-:- uary '55 issues of the CITY COLLEGE VECTOR. 42 Spartan Engineer Record-breaking Atlas missile hillows flame and vapor as she laundles satellite into orbit. 130 tons of missile with a sl(in thinner than a window pane! The Nickel Stainless Steel skin of ncers turn more amI more to Nickel to metals under extreme conditions. the Atlas missile is actually about Stainless Steel as temperatures rise Inco Research a source of such data one-third as thick as the glass in ... as speeds soar ... as demands get Quite often, lnco Research has your window. more and more severe. already developed the information But space is only olle of the new needed amI has it neatly filed and And yet look what this skin docs: worlds science is penetrating, and cross indexed. Ready for use. In • It is the sole structural framework not even the newest. 'Vitness man's several instances, when a new alloy for Atlas-130 tons of dead weight 35,805-foot dive into the depths of was needed, harrier hreakers have at the moment of firing. the Marianas Trench in the Pacific. found it already developed and • It serves as the wall of the propel- Or his exploration of deep cold. Of tested hy Inco Research. lant tanks in Atlas' weight-saving super pressures. Of ultrasonics. Rememher Inco Research when, design. Before the manipulation of such in the future, you encounter severe new environments can even he con- new conditions amI need useful data. • It withstands the deep chill of sidered, scientists and engineers The International Nickel Company, Inc. liquid oxygen (-297°F) ... the need to know exactly what happens New York 5, N. Y. high heat of supersonic speed (400°F-600°F) . ... and it is less than 1/25 of an inch thick! ~~ International Nickel The International Nickel Company, Inc., is the U.S. affiliate of the International Nickel No wonder they call stainless the Company of Canada, Limited. (In(.o.Canada) - produ('cr of lnco Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, space-age metal. No wonder engi- Iron Ore, Tellurium, Selenium, Sulfur and Platinum, Palladium and Other Precious Metals. ALUMNI NEWS Lowell Brigham ('59) is employed Ernest Hart ('14) is president of the Donald Churchill ('58) is living at bv General Electric as an applications Food Machinery and Chemical Corp. 421 Haslett St., East Lansing, Mich- e~gineer. He is residing at 3 Virginia in New York City. His address is igan. He is doing research for the Ave., Endwell, New York. 4000 Howell Parkway, Medina, N. Y. Agricultural Engineering Department at Michigan State. * * * * * * Edwin Buehler ('59) is working at Carl Nilson ('14) is project engi- Oldsmobile. He is living at 4568 S. neer for the Army Ordnance's Tank- * * * Anthony Cipolla ('59) is working Hagadorn, East Lansing, Michigan. Automotive Command in Center Line, for the General Chemical Corporation Mich. He lives at 1329 Audubon, at Claymont, Delaware. His address * * * Grosse Pointe 30, Michigan. Robert Buonodono ('59) is working is 100 N. Clayton Ave., Wilmington, with Flood Control problems in Los * * * Delaware. Angeles. His address is 280 Puente Claude B. Milroy ('16) is district Ave., Covina, Calif. bridge engineer for the Michigan * * * Ronald Clarke ('59) is an associate State Highway Department at Jack- * * * son. His address is 970 Northwood engineer for Convair Astronautics. He James Burns ('59) is an associate is residing at 20291h Norena Blvd., engineer for Rocket Dyne and is work- St., Ann Arbor, Michigan. San Diego 10, Calif. ing on the design and test of rocket * * * components and engines. He is re- L. S. Plee ('18) is supervisor of * * * James Clock ('59) is an aircraft siding at 6936 Garden Grove, Reseda, research and statistics for the Mich- structural analysis engineer for North Calif. igan Public Service Commission. He American Aviation. His address is * * * has been a state employee for 35 3359-C, East Broad St., Columbus 13, Robert Cadwallader ('59) is em- years. His address is 1813 Drexel Rd., Ohio. ployed by Fisher Body Technical Lansing 15, Michigan. Center. Bob is living at 17580 Pen- * * * * * * James Coon ('59) is employed by nington, Detroit. Robert L. Wirt ('25) is senior de- Boeing Aircraft, Seattle, Washington. * * * sign engineer for the Niagara Mo- He is living at 3236A 113th, S.E., John Campbell ('59) is working in hawk Power Corporation in Buffalo, Bellevue, Washington. acoustical engineering at the General N. Y. His address is 29 Lakeside Motors Proving Ground. He is resid- Crescent, Lancaster, N. Y. * * * Eugene D. Cox ('59) is working for ing at 2350 S. Milford Rd., Milford, Michigan. * * * Bendix-Pacific Division of Bendix Avi- Robert Deam ('59) is working for ation. He is working in the area of * * * the Chicago Bureau of Engineering. transistor circuit design. Gene's ad- Richard Carpenter ('59) is a process His address is 6134 North Kenmore, dress is Apt. 20, 1235 N. Harper, engineer for Olin-Mathieson Nuclear Chicago. Los Angeles 46, Calif. Fuel Division. He works on cores for nuclear reactors. He lives at 849 * * * * * * John Decker ('59) is a project en- Gayle Crabb ('59) is a civil engi- Ridge Road, Hamden, Conn. gineer for Western Electric. He is neer for the U. S. Army Corps of * * * residing at 1514 West 99th Street, Engineers. He is living at 1303 Min- Richard Carroll ('59) is an electri- Chicago. neapolis, Sault Ste. Marie, Michiga~. cal engineer for Collins Radio Com- pany and is working with space navi- * * * John DeFoe ('59) is working in * * * gation. Dick is living at 361 30th St., Ronald Cruthers ('59) is working testing and research for the Michigan S.E., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. for U. S. Naval Avionics Facility. He State Highway Department. He is liv- is living at 8810 Pendleton Pike, In- * * * ing at 628 West Walnut, Hastings, dianapolis 26, Indiana. Thomas Case ('59) is now working Michigan. as a Foreign Sales Engineer Trainee * * * * * * for The Worthington Corporation. He Thomas J. Culhane ('59) is living Herbert Dellapenta ('59) is working and his wife Barbara reside at 2809 at 230 Clifford Ave., Lansing, Michi- for General Electric. His address is Woodworth Place, Hazel Crest, Ill. gan. He is employed by Motor Wheel. 53 Kelly Ave., Endicott, N. Y. * * * * * * * * * Patrick Caskey ('59) is employed as Robert Daly ('59) is employed by Raymond Delong ('59) is an assist- a project engineer for Sundstrand Avi- Bendix, Pacific, Inc., and is living at ant engineer for Burroughs Corpora- ation in Rockford, Illinois. His ad- 110091h Hartsook St., N. Hollywood, tion, Plymouth, Michigan. He is living California. dress is 2421 11th Street. at 2471 Ogden Drive, Orchard Lake, * * * Michigan. * * * Gerald Davies ('59) is working for Howard Cervantes ('59) is working in the Bell Telephone laboratories in * * * Boeing Aircraft Corporation. His ad- Wayne Denniston ('59) is working dress is 9227-9th Ave., S.W., Seattle Murray Hill, N. J. His address is for the St. Joseph Health Department. 66, Washington. Bldg. 1, Apt. 12A, 100 Franklin St., He is living at RR # 1, Box 88, Cen- Morristown, New Jersey . treville, Michigan. * * * . Charles Davis ('59) is continuing * * * * * * h~ e.ducation at the University of V. H. Christenson ('59) is employed William F. Eaton ('30) and his by Chrysler Missile in Warren, Mich- IIImois. His address is Electrical En- wife Margaret write from 128 Mead- gineering Department University of igan. He is living at 1540 Lapeer Rd., ow Lane, Grosse Pointe Farms 36, Illinois, Urbana, IIIindis. Lake Orion, Michigan. Michigan. (Continued on page 55) 44 Spartan Engineer For the man who likes to make his own career decisions The Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course is based on freedom of opportunity. You will have up to two years of practical training to find the right spot for yourself. At the same time, you enjoy a steady income. You can ac- cept a permanent position at any time - when- ever you can show you are ready. You help plan your own program, working with experienced engineers, many of them grad- uates of the program. Your choice of fields is as broad as industry itself-for Allis-Chalmers supplies equipment serving numerous growth industries. A unique aspect of the course is its flexibility. You may start out with a specific field in mind, then discover that your interests and talents lie in another direction. You have the freedom to change your plans at any time while on the course. Types of lobs: Research • Design. Development. Manufac- turing • Application • Soles • Service. Industries: Agriculture. Cement. Chemical. Construction • Electric Power • Nuclear Power. Paper • Petroleum • Steel. Equipment: Steam Turbines. Hydraulic Turbines. Switchgear • Transformers • Electronics. Reactors • Kilns • Crushers. Tractors. Earth Movers. Motors. Control. Pumps. Engines: Diesel, Gas. Freedom of Opportunity opens the doors to chal- lenging and interesting careers. Among them is our Nuclear Power Division, with an engineering staff in Washington, D. C., a new research and development center in Greendale, Wis., and an important research effort at Princeton University involving power from the hydrogen atom. For de- tails on the opportunities available, write to Allis- Chalmers, Graduate Training Section, Milwaukee I, Wisconsin. A-lI92 ALLIS.CHALMERS~ ENGINE OF TOi\fORROIFI' (Con/inlled from page 23) WHO engines, but must surpass them in some category to make the expensi\'e changeover profitable. ME? To replace the gasoline engine an engine must be cheaper to build, more compact, more economical to operate, WklTE and better performing. Potentially the free piston engine has these qualities, but it will require years of develop- ment to realize its great potential. '~PE~"? PROFESSIONAL STATUS (Con/inlled from page 24) any kind of self-development pro- gram. They have not availed them- selves of the opportunities designed to keep them properly informed. Experience likewise cannot solely serve as the basis for claiming profes- sional status. What kind of experience counts? There are wide variations in the work experiences of the engineers. Professional status is rather an elusive item. An event told by a training co- ordinator of a large west coast em- ployer indicated that status, at least to some engineers, is a state of mind. In this company the manufacturing Chances are you'll eventually be involved division maintained a laboratory which in some way with specifications for: was used to test the items produced. There were fifty engineers working in this laboratory. Although the labora- AIR CONDITIONING tory was a part of the manufacturing REFRIGERATION division, the engineering personnel were in the engineering division of HEATING the company. Last summer the engi- HEAT TRANSFER neering personnel in the laboratory were transferred to the manufacturing division because of the nature of their and chances are you'll profit by knowing job assignments. There was no change in salary, no change in physical place of employment, no change in equip- ment used. The only visible crange which occurred was a change in tbe first prefix of their identification badge numbers. The personnel in the manu- facturing division bore the prefix num- ber 3, while the engineering personnel had the prefix number 7. Thus the only cbange was from 7 to 3. The training coordinator told me tbt 25 the One Manufacturer providing of the engineers resigned shortly after the transfer was announced. His ex- "one source-one responsibility" for all four. planation was that the engineers in this laboratory had lost status because DUNHAM-BUSH, INC. of their transfer from the engineering division to the manufacturing division. WEST HARTFORD 10 • CONNECTICUT • U. s. A. (Crill/iI/lied all page 48) 46 Spartan En9ine~r ~",J :~a_ ~~. __ ..~~,i~~'''it\e~;,;0~;**'''~~~ :.;:::.,....:.~" ~"' • • ../.~~ ~ ,;,,:.,.,:,::i..~::::~ ._.;1~1 d4}~',~~: ~ i~~.':'.'.'~~' ~:::~:E:~::~:;:~;d::-::~~? BU~~;::~t~rn power for project ~~~. ~ '" :.' .. ,. HOW. is .it related to binding energy? .,;,..:.:ttI/ft ..:::.~ 1:::::::::::::::::.::-:::--. .s.' . GravIty IS both a bane and a boon to ~an's ~f:orts - and ~ t~~rough ~nderstandmg of ~ It ISof great sIgnIfIcance In the completion ",;,:::::::':i::..,Z~~ of Allison's energy conversion mission. ~ Gravity conditions our thinking on ad- vanced assignments. For example, in outer space there is a disorientation of conventional design. The fact that large accelerations can be obtained with low thrust forces has taken us into the new field of electrical propulsion, ion and magneto- hydrodynamic rockets. In our inquiries, we supplement our own resources by calling on many talents and capabilities: General Motors Corporation, its Divisions, other individuals and organi- zations. By applying this systems engineer- ing concept to new projects, we increase the effectiveness with which we accom- plish our mission - exploring the needs of Energy conversion is our business advanced propulsion and weapons systems. Division of General Motors, Indianapolis 6, !~diana PROFESSIONAL STATUS conscientiously desire to serve their own best interests by recognizing and (Continlled from page 46) treating engineers as full professionals The problems of status and recog- in every sense of the word." While nition as revealed in the story above these are helpful they do not appear do not lend themselves to easy solu- to address themselves to the nature tion. They cannot be solved just by of the employment relationship. having canons of ethics and 61 rules There is much misunderstanding of conduct. These may be printed in and confused thinking about this rela- attractive form; the words are well tionship. The employee-employer rela- chosen. They "mean exactly what they tionship inet1itably generates problems. say-that there is no concealed, hid- The more employees, the more prob- den or obscure intent." These rules lems and the more complex are the are' important guidelines and serve a problems. Someone manages and useful purpose. As Heermance once BE someone is managed. In other words, wrote-a united expression of what someone gives instructions and some- PROUD is best for the common good becomes one carries out these instructions. In a strong force for progress. OF YOUR the management process, employees Status and recognition involve, will experience at some time or an- WORKING TOOLS ... however, at least two persons, one to other, feelings of irritation, dissatis- A.W.FABER claim it and the other to honor the faction, ill treatment, etc. For one CASTELL claim. The engineer may claim pro- brief example, the engineer is assigned fessional status and recognition but to a job which doesn't comport with helps the hand that full and complete honoring of the his notion of what a professional shapes the future claim has been slow in coming. At should be doing. #9000 CASTELLPencil first glance there appears to be several Since there is this relationship, these with world's finest reasons for the slow honoring of the natural graphite that are essential differences of interest be- claim. One relates to the individual tests out at more than tween those who are employed and engineer and the other to the employ- 99% pure carbon. those who employ. The employer is Exclusive microlette ers of engineers. conscious of costs; he seeks to make mills process this graphite into a drawing Some of the shortcomings of the a profit. The employee on the other lead that lays down individual engineer in laying claim hand wants more money (and, engi- graphite-saturated, for professional status and recognition neers are no exception). The employer non-feathering lines of have already been noted. It can be wants greater freedom in running his intense opacity. Extra strong to take needle- summarized in a brief phrase-he is business while the employee wants point sharpness without just not entitled to the claim. His in- greater freedom as an individual. It breaking or feathering. dividual actions do not merit his claim is highly unrealistic to say that there Smooth, 100% grit- being taken seriously. It would do are no differences in interest. While free, consistently well to remember the biblical injunc- the engineer may be "company mind- uniform, 8B to 10H. tion-"By ye actions, ye shall be ed" he is also concerned with his own #9800 SG LOCKTITE TEL-A-GRADEHolder, judged." Indeed individual engineers interests. At times there will be a perfectly balanced, are judged and the "actions" do not conflict in interests and these conflicts lightweight, with new measure up to the expectations of em- must be resolved if a mutual satisfac- no-slip functional grip. ployers who are being called upon to tory working relationship is to be Relieves finger fatigue. honor the claim. Unique degree maintained. indicating device. Employers, on the other hand, have It must be noted that human rela- #9030 imported Refill attitudes and concepts about engineers. tions and communication techniques Leads, matching To a very large measure the employ- exactly #9000 pencil will not resolve all the real differences in quality and grading, ers' attitudes and policies control the of interest. Would the attitude of the 7B to 10H, packed in actual extent of the individual engi- engineers in the story related above reusable plastic tube neer's success in attaining professional with gold cap. have been any different if they were status and recognition. For the most A man advancing in part it is the employer of engineer- told about being transferred to the his career just ing personnel who writes the job manufacturing division and explained naturally gravitates to the reasons for the transfer? I doubt description. CASTELL,world's finest drawing pencil. You'll it. This is not to say that a sound The heart of the status problem is be wise to begin now. human relations program is unimpor- found in the employment relationship. tant. They can be very useful, but The Subcommittee of the Employment A.W.FABER - CASTELL Practices Committee of the National they will not eliminate the differences Pencil Co., Inc., Newark 3, N. J. of interest which grow out of the Society of Professional Engineers has developed its Criteria For Professional very nature of the employee-employer Employment of Engineers. These relationship. ~ "rules of the road" are for "those who (Contil/fled 01/ page 54) 48 Spartan Engineer ....AT RAYTHEON ... Scientific imagination focuses on ... RADAR ... INFRARED ... MISSILE SYSTEMS ••. COMMUNICATIONS & DATA PROCESSING .••• MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS ... SOLID STATE ••• SONAR •.. ElECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY Positions designed to challenge your scientific imagination are offered by Raytheon Company to exceptional graduates (Bachelor or advanced degree) in EE, ME, physics or mathematics. These assignments include research, systems, development, design and production of a wide variety of products for commercial and military markets. Facilities are located in New England, California and the South. \ For further information, visit your . ~ placement director, obtain a copy of ~ "Raytheon ... and your Professional -~ ~uture", and arrange for an on-campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. J. B. Whitla, Manager-College Relations, 1360 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton 36, Mass. November, 1960 - Excellence in Electronics 49 ONCE up~n a time when t equals zero, there lived in a small cavity in a dielectic medium, a poor struggling dipole by the name of Eddy Current. He was deeply in love with a beautiful coil by the name of Ann Ion, the daughter of an influential force in the town, Cat Ion. Eddy's first contact with her came at a time t equals a. As he passed by a beauty parlor on his periodic orbit, he saw her having a standing wave induced in her filaments. He made a fine sight in his beautiful doublet and it was a case of mutual polarization. "YOU SHOCK ME" By a coincidence they met at a dissipation function of the following night. After a few oscillations to the strains of a number (n) played by Mo Mentum and 'his Incadescent Tuning Forks, the couple diffused into the field outside. "Gauss, Ann," he said, "You're acute angle; I am d (termined) that U shall marry for K sphere that I shall never be happy without you." "Oh, Eddy," she replied, "Don't be so obtuse. Integrate out here in the alpha rays tonight?" "Ann, are you trying to damp my osculation? Can't you see I'm in a state of hysteresis over you?" HE CAN'T RESISTOR "Now, Eddy, be a discrete particle. What will father say?" Alas, there wa5 also in this cavity a mean dipole who was resolved to marry the beautiful Ann, using coercive force if necessary. Hearing these murmurings of love, he went Pi-i'd with fury, and crept stealthily upon the couple with velocity u, his joules drooling with the vestial erg that moved him. "What the infra red are you doing here you flat-footed vial villian?" demanded Eddy. The situation grew tensor. THE VECTOR! Schmidt advanced to choke the beautiful coil: Eddy offered resista.nce R; His capacity C for absorbing the charge Q was low, and Schmidt suffered little lost work content in knocking him out to infinity with a severe blow on his megative charge. Eddy made a quick comeb'ack with acceleration a stripping off Schmidt's outer electrons. This so upset the villian's equilibriu~ that he was converted into cosmic radiation and vanished into the realms of space, leaving Eddy the resultant vector in the combat. "Our love will not be transient," said Eddy as he formed a closed circle around her. "Darling, we will raise a one parameter family of second infinitesimals " murmured Ann happily. ' And as time t approached infinity, they lived happily ever after. Editor's Ilote: Thi,s is taken from the, H~IIStOIl Ire SectiOIl Pllblicatioll, who took it fr01l1 the Kallsas Clt)' IRE sectlOll p"bbcatloll, who cOllldll't remember where the' got it, ) 50 Spartan Engineer MINUTE 810GRA'HY Joseph A. Strelzoff-Professor of Electrical Engineering Dr. Strelzoff was born on June 21, 1899 in Southeast Russia. After graduating from high school in 1916, he was one of 500 out of 3200 stu- dents selected to enter Kharkov Institute of Technology. World War I interrupted his studies after six months, and it wasn't until 1919 that Dr. Strelzoff had the opportunity to return to his studies. He attended the university at Liege, Belgium, receiving a Mechanical Engineering degree at the end of three years and two years later a degree in Electrical Engi- neering. While in attendance he worked part-time for the Construction Electriques de Belgeque. Dr. Strelzoff entered the United States in 1929, and. until his entrance to Cornell University in 1931, worked for Stone & Webster, consulting engineers in Boston and later for Gibson-Hill in New York City. It was at this time that Dr. Strelzoff received the Bull Earl Fellowship at Cornell. Dr. & Mrs. Strelzoff were married in 1931. While at Cornell he received his Master of Science in Electrical Engineering in 1932 and his Ph.D. in 1934. From 1934 to 1942 Dr. Strelzoff taught at various schools and joined the teaching staff at Michigan State University in 1942. Among his numerous hobbies, Dr. Strelzoff listens to opera, reads history, square dances and loves to take long walks. He walks to school every day. Mrs. Strelzoff reveals that until they had their dishwasher in- stalled, her husband washed the dishes every night. Although he has nany hobbies, Dr. Strelzoff says his most rewarding hobby is teaching. Design for ~our future! Learn how to build the new DEEP-STRENGTH Asphalt pavements If you're going into Civil Engineering, it will pay you to keep a close eye on Asphalt design devel- opments. Here, for example, is the latest from Oklahoma ... one of the new, DEEP-STRENGTH Asphalt pavements the state is using on Interstate 40. This one is outstanding because its base is 8 inches of hot-mixed-hot-laid sand-Asphalt ... no coarse aggregate. Why 8 inches? Why not 6 or 10? What did engi- neers do to insure good drainage? What factors set the design? The Asphalt Institute answers questions like these ... keeps you abreast of all the latest in the design of Asphalt Highways, the most durable and economical pavements known. Would you like our new booklet, "Advanced Design Criteria for Asphalt Pavements", or our "Thickness De- THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE sign Manual"? Write us. Asphalt Institute Building, College Park, Maryland 51 November, 1960 SIDETRACKED Things men like to hear a girl "May I have this dance?" The EE's Lament say: ''I'm sorry, I never dance with Through the smoke and ozone 1. "No, I've never seen the golf a child," said she, with an amused fumes the student slowly rises. course at night." smile. His hair is singed, his face is 2. "Why bother, there's no one "Oh, a thousand pardons," said black, his partner he despises, home here." he. "I didn't know about your He shakes his head and says to 3. "You don't think this bathing condition." him, with words so softly spoken, suit is too tight do you?" * * * "The last thing that you said to 4. "Let's go dutch!" The ferocious lion ate a bull. me was, 'Sure, the switch is 5. "Chaperone? What chap- Afterward he felt so wonderful open.' " erone?" he roared and roared. A hunter 6. "No, it really doesn't make * * * heard him roar and shot him. Thermometers-Something else any difference whether I get Moral: When you are full of graduated with degrees without back at all tonight." bull, you had better keep your having brains. 7. "My, but I'm cold!" mouth shut! 8. "Yes!" * * * * * * A farmer who had earlier given A Texan, newly arrived in Eng- two tramps a job chopping wood * * * land, was playing poker with a decided to check on how they It was C.E.'s first date with the couple of the natives. He was were doing. He found one tramp Coed. pleasantly surprised upon picking leaning on his ax, watching the "No, thank you, I don't smoke." up an early hand to see four aces other execute a series of flip-flops "Let's go down and sip a beer in it. or two." and somersaults. ''I'll wager a pound," said the "Gosh," said the farmer, "I ''I'd rather not. I never touch Britisher on his right. liquor." didn't know your friend was an "Ah don't know how (all acrobat." "\Xfell, let's go down to the measure your money," drawled stadium for awhile." "Neither did I," admitted the the Texan, "but ah reckon ah'lI tramp, "till I cracked him on the "No, I'd rather go out and do have to raise you about a ton." shin with this ax." something new-something excit- ing." * * * * * * It's tough to find "O.K. Let's go down to the Senior Engineer: "We're com- For love or money ing to a tunnel. Are you afraid?" dairy building and milk hell out A joke that's clean of a couple of cows." Cooed: "Not if you take that And also funny. cigar out of your mouth," 52 Spartan Engineer Our new mountain-top research laboratories •.. where science will broaden steel's horizons ~ow fast nearing completion, this huge research project There's excitement in the air at Bethlehem, and splendid IS a multi-million-dollar investment in the future of steel. opportunities for men who join this diversified organiza- Few research facilities can boast the equipment planned tion. We need mechanical, metallurgical, chemical, electrical, industrial, civil, mining, ceramic, and other f~r this one. And its magnificent lOOO-acre site will pro- engineering graduates, for our many activities. Such men v.lde a stimulating environment in which Bethlehem scien- tIsts will explore the unknown-in process and physical can look forward to rewarding careers with a company metalIurgy; in mechanical and chemical engineering; in that is constantly moving ahead. ceramics, chemistry, physics, and nuclear studies. Ask YOlLrPlacement Officer about Bethlehem For co lIege men this means opportunities in research, Steel. Ami be sure to I'ick Ul' n C0I'Y oj olLr of course. And it also emphasizes progress in every phase booklet, "Cnreers with Bethlehem Steel of the steel business: preparation of raw materials; im- and the Lool' Course." proved processing methods; new and better products. @ BETHLEHE~[ STEEL CO~[PANY, Belhlehem, Pa. teelforStrength .,. Economy ••. Versatility BETHLEHEM STEEL II • PROFESSIONAL STATUS policy of "red carpet" treatment may both individual and collective action. be carried to the point where older The individual engineer can work to- (Con/inNed /r01ll page 48) engineering employees of less poten- wards improving his own status but Since these differences do exist, tial develop a chronic case of low by the nature of the employment re- neither employers nor employees can morale. lationship he can only do so much. be trusted to protect adequately the He must have the backing of a strong This suggests that while there is a interests of the other. The employers professional society vitally interested machine and equipment obsolescence do have power and they exercise au- in improving "professional treatment," there is also the problem of aging and thority. Employers often develop pol- "personal treatment" and "financial obsolescense in respect to engineering icies on the basis of "knowing better treatment." This is the age of collec- talent. Of course, this condition could what's good for you than you do for tive action in which individuals band be remedied by an educational pro- yourself." 0 f ten policies are intro- together to advance their interests. gram plus sufficient will to action by duced with the best of intentions but the engineer. With the ever increasing Professional societies have got to their application causes friction. Then, tempo of change, there are also engi- bring their thinking up-to-date. They too, no group of employees, no matter neers who fall behind in their knowl- all too frequently resort to what Pro- how idealistic they are, can adequately edge of fundamentals which underlie fessor Galbraith has termed conven- protect the employer's interest. new developments. Employers need to tional wisdom-"ideas which are In this kind of situation what can develop educational and training pro- esteemed at any time for their accept- the professional engineer do to obtain grams which will permit engineers to ability." The articulation of conven- status? It must be remembered that keep their skills up-to-date. Their tional wisdom is in the words of status and dignity are not given; they investment in engineering talent could Galbraith "a religious rite." Profes- must be earned. Occupational compe- be enhanced if proper use were made sional societies devote a good bit of tency is a must. Engineers must turn of these persons. their time to articulating conventional in a creditable performance on the wisdom. But the enemy of conven- The employer's attitude and actions job. In other words, the place to begin tional wisdom is not ideas but the are another aspect in the engineers is with the individual engineer. march of events. There are dramatic quest for status. The professional so- Since most engineers are employees, cieties have a role to play in fostering changes taking place in the engineer- the employer must be educated so as a healthy professional climate for em- ing profession and in the market place to establish a clear understanding of ployed engineers. There is more to be where the skills of the engineer are employment conditions necessary to done than establishing standards of being utilized. These changes are mak- meet professional employee expecta- ethical conduct or pressuring for more ing the conventional wisdom of the tions. The Engineer-in-Industry Sub- stringent registration laws. Profes- moment obsolescent. In time the Committee of the Employment Prac- sional societies have a responsibility to changes become fatal to these once tices Committee has formulated certain prom?~e better salaries and working acceptable ideas. The fatal blow is criteria for employers of engineers. cond~tlOns. To accomplish this may delivered when the ideas have lost The criteria include recruitment pol- regUlre the development of new insti- their relationship to the real world. icies, indoctrination, technical devel- tutional arrangements. Professional so- The position of the engineer in Amer- opment of the individual, company cieties have got to stop talking about ica in the 1960's will turn on the practices, personnel practices, working raising the professional status of en- adaptation of new ideas to meet new conditions, etc. The important gues- gineers and start doing more than changes. tion is how to get employers to adopt uttering platitudes and cliches. A pro- and to put into practice these criteria. fessional society must be strong and active if it is to assist in enhancing As was point~d out the best of in- pro~essional status. To be strong. the WHAT'S NEW/" tention can and does produce frictions engmeers must support their societies. (Continued //'0111 page 32) and irritations. A number of manage- This means more than sending in the ment practices contribute to engineer annual dues. AUTOMATION PLUS dissatisfaction and poor morale. For A contract to develop an all-electronic example, the improper use of engi- The problems and prospects of rais- Alpha-Numeric Recognition Device for neering talent. haphazard salary ad- ing the status of engineers in the identifying typed or printed envelope ad- ministration, :-vork assignment, incom- deca~e ahead ~re replete with many dresses has been awarded to Philco Corpo- petent supervision are but a few of formIdable barners. The profession of ration's Research Division by the U.S. Post the areas of friction. In the decade engineering is a heterogeneous com- Office Department in Washington, D. C. ahead these areas will become more plex. The profession speaks with many The system will be able to read envelope aggravated unless remedial action is voices. Perhaps one approach would addresses by separate recognition of all 26 taken. be to de-emphasize the status question. alphabetic and 10 numeric characters. with- There are already too many groups The shortage of certain types of out. th.e use of special symbols or of mag- m the grips of t he "status panic." n~hc Ink. It is planned that this machine engineering skills has and will con- Perhaps more can be gained by con- wI~1 be integrated with letter-sorting ma- tinue to produce frictions. Employers centrating on occupational competency. chInes developed by the Post Office Depart- give the special treatment to the en- Status may well come throug" credit- m~nt to further the automation of mail- gineer whom they have pirated away handling in post offices. able workmanship. from another firm. Usually these spe- But this is only the starting place. Electronic scan nIng . tec h nlques .. will h e cial talent engineers have been brought used for locat' ' .11 in at high (or higher) salaries. This Raising the professional status requires Th Ing auuresses on envelopes. e contract requires the capahility of rec- S4 Spartan Engineer ognizing typed or printed addresses which Hugh C. Forsberg ('45) is an en- Uno W. Filpus ('51) is an engineer can be sorted to as many as 50 different gineer at the University of California's for Consumers Power Company in addresses. A high processing rate is prom. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory at Traverse City. He has four sons. His ised, with a character analysis capability Los Alamos, New Mexico. address is 922 Avenue D, Traverse of identifying one thousand alpha-numeric City, Michigan. characters per second. * * * Gale D. Sharpe ('47) has been * * * appointed office manager of Anderson Dayton A. Hunt ('52) was married Chemical Company, Weston, Mich. in July and is working for the Sche- FEWER ENGINEERS * * * nectady Varnish Company. His ad- For the second consecutive year, enroll. Thomas A. Zechin ('47) writes from dress there is 2165C Daisy Lane. ment in America's accredited engineering 23125 Norcrest Dr., St. Clair Shores, colleges has dropped. Michigan. A daughter, Nancy Louise, * * * Floyd H. Valentine ('09) has been In the fall of 1959, 240,063 students was born March 15, 1959. elected secretary of the Cleveland registered in engineering; in 1958 there * * * Consulting Engineers Association. He were 249,950, and in the fall of 1957 the John Foster ('48) is director of lives at 3019 Edgehill Rd., Cleveland total was 257,777. products development for the J. L. Heights 18, Ohio. Clark Manufacturing Company in Under the influence of high enrollments Rockford, III. He and his wife Juliette * * * in the mid.1950's, the number of engineer. James A. Smith ('12) is retired and live at 1607 Cynthia Drive. living in Rochester, N. Y., at 4 Bev- ing graduates continues to rise; in the year ending in June. 1959, 41.132 degrees were * * * erly Heights. Edward A. Lau ('49) is vice pres- given in various fields of engineering. But ident of Precision Controls Company * * * a study of recent enrollments would indi- R. R. Havens ('15) is living in St. cate that there will be fewer engineering in Dexter, Mich. His address is 17547 Petersburg, Florida, at 6021 Burling- graduates within the next one or two years. Stahelin, Detroit 19, Michigan. ton Ave. according to the American Society for Engi- * * * * * * neering Education. Jack B. Ridenour ('48) is a devel- Herman C. Zierleyn ('15) is retired. opment engineer for Oldsmobile. He Total engineering enrollment in the fall His home is at 119. Maple Terrace, lives at 2201 Quentin Ave., Lansing. of 1959 was down 4% from 1958 and Spring Lake, Mich. 6.9% from 1957. according to the survey. * * * * * * Richard Howell ('49) writes from A decrease in undergraduate enrollment A. H. Nichol ('17) has retired from first reported in 1958 contin ued in 1959 College Park Apts. 6-C, Camp HilI, management in the power specialties Pa. A son was born in April. with a 5.7% drop during the year. These field after 40 years. He now is asso- engineering enrollment decreases came at * * * ciated with an Oldsmobile dealer in a time when total college enrollments were John R. Kelley ('50) is an engineer Lancaster, Ohio. His address there is rising-in all, by 10.9% during the two- for Federal Electric Corporation in Rt. 3, Baltimore Rd., Lancaster. year period. In 1959 engineering students Paramus, N. J. He lives at 161 Linden Ave., Emerson, N. J. (Continlled on page 58) accounted for only 7.1 % of all college students. compared with the high of 8.4% in 1957. SPACE LAB. (Continued from page 21) ALUMNI NEWS AEROBEE ROCKET EXPERIMENTS OF THE (Continlled from page 44) AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION DURING 1951-52 Lloyd H. Harrington ('30) is an engineer for the western division of Consumers Power Company in Grand Date of Peak Altitude Animals Rapids, Mich. His address is 3838 Aerobee No. Firing (miles) Carried Clyde Park Ave. * * * I 4-18-51 38 1 monkey R. Clark Dawes ('31) is in his 20th year as a member of the Grove 1 mouse City (Pa.) College staff and his sec- ond as chairman of the engineering II 9-20-51 40 1 monkey department. His address is 801 Su- 2 mice perior St. III 5-21-52 38 2 monkeys * * * Stan Slezak ('39) is a designer for 2 mice General Electric in Schenectady, N. Y. His address is Rt. 2, Amsterdam, N. Y. Except for the monkey in Aeorbee These tests, while not conclusive, I, all mice and monkeys were ~e- indicate that man can survive and * * * covered safely. However, after SUrviV- function in the hostile environment of Fred E. SatchelI ('44) is chief chemical engineer for Brunswick, ing a wild ride into the ionosph~re, space. Although it wiII probably be Balke Collender Company in Muske- the monkey flown in Aerobee II died a while yet before an astronaut is gon, Mich. His address is 1107 Hen- from heat exposure on the way to t~e shot into orbit, these early tests and drick Road. laboratory. The mice were used. III more recent ones involving orbital rockets are laying the groundwork for * * * hereditary experiments to determllle future, successful, manned space flight. E. W. Baldwin ('II) is retired and whether cosmic radiation would have living in New Oxford, Pa. any effect on reproduction. November, 1960 ss 19 Ways to Flunk Any Course Learn now that society will provide for you. Just because you are you. Just because you are paying for an education doesn't mean you have to get your money's worth. Don't be ridiculous. "If the learner hasn't learned," it isn't your fault, surely. 1. GENERAL ATTITUDE-The B.B.A. degree is valuable. Successful grads have made it so. It is valuable because they produced. Let them keep up the good work, but don't prepare to rob them of their glory, to increase the value.• 2. BE YOUTHFUL-Be young while you can. Why discard those good old high school days-and ways? Don't grow up until you just have to. People will always be understanding and appreciative of your adolescence. 3. DRESS-Be yourself, dress naturally. Those business people can be very stuffy about sartorial matters. On that first job, they'll probably start you off as a porter anyway, so why not look like one? 4. AROMATICS-The pungency of the locker room can be carried with you. A gamey "athletic" odor is a great personal asset-in class and out, in business and out-and fast. Carry your own atmosphere- be "aromatic." 5. RELAX, ENJOY IT -A stiff posture restricts absorption. Spread yourself figuratively. Chairs in front, occupied or not, are fine for parking feet, thus facilitating relaxation. 6. ,"tENT AL EFFORT -Some say that brain cells, like liquor bottles, can not be used twice. Save them, coddle them, spare them-in class and out. The mind(?) you save may be your own. 7. DON'T ANTIC/PATE-Who knows what might happen tomorrow-or for that matter next week, when the paper is due? Don't do it ahead of time-nothing might happen. Then you'd have no excuse. 8. ACCURACY -Is for the birds. A misplaced decimal point is embarrassing but not critical. You can always do it right when and if you get a job (on the basis of your excellent school record, of course). 9. DON'T WRITE, TELEGRAPH-Legibility went out with long underwear. None of the really big wheels like Napoleon, Hitler, or even Confucius-could write good English. 10. SPELLING-Why bring that up? Phonetics are out, "word picture" didn't work, so your genera- tion just can't spell. Everyone understands and is sorry. You are unique-now don't go and spoil it. 11. LATE PAPERS-Promptness here is a sign of servility. Be independent. Be different. A few days late shouldn't matter, especially if you use a good standard explanation. 12. BE LATE-A "fashionable" entrance, after everyone else is seated, and the class is moving along- this calls attention to one, definitely. You can also be so ignorant about what has gone before and get the spotlight again. 13. ATTEND IRREGULARLY-That's the stuff. Always being there is dreadfully boring. After all, one meeting is like another and the instructor gets tired of your face, too. 14. BE CONVERSATIONAL-Talk it up. If the old buzzard doesn't make it interesting, it surely can't be interesting to your neighbor, can it? Competition is good for business, so why not for business educators? 15. PREPARATION-A dangerous habit. Here again, let's don't anticipate. A heavy snow might make the work useless. And-the instructor might resent having you come to class one day knowing what he is talk- '.' ing about. 16. (BUT OTHERWISE) CLAM UP-Don't ever venture an OpinIOn, don't defend a point; let some other jerk stick his neck out. Remember it may be better to remain silent and be thought ignorant-than to open one's mouth and remove all doubt. 17. ON YOUR MARK-Don't get left at the post when the bell rings. A rustling of papers and plop- ping of books indicates alertness on your part to the hour of parting and reminds the Professor accordingly. 18. REPETITION-A powerful force. If the files show that someone did a good paper on the topic last year, why should such a gem be discarded? The instructor will never recognize it if your p:d' was at U. of M. 19. ' PLAGIARISM-If in preparing a paper you find that some author has said it better than you can; and a long time ago--don't dull initiative. Let him have his way-in your paper, too. It should be flattering to him. 56 Spartan ,;~"gineer What's going on here? Papermaking!-but you needn't know a single thing about the process-that is, to start with. What we want to know is, can you demonstrate engineering proficiency in any of these fields: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering (with mechanical interests), vibration, fluids, balance, noise control in sound levels, power transmission, chemistry of papermaking, machine design, controls, structures, thermodynamics, lubrication, stress, and instrumentation? If engineering is your field, you may find a real challenge at Beloit Iron Works-where the world's largest papermaking machines are designed and built. In the papermaking field, there is scarcely a branch in which Beloit hasn't broken a record or introduced an engineering innovation or refinement. Beloit engineering-since 1858- has set standards for paper- making around the world. Beloit also manufactures machines and equipment in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, Japan, Italy. As for the community, Beloit, Wisconsin, is a place of pleasant dwellings and modern shopping facilities. I t's also the home of Beloit College. It's located in the heart of the Midwest's lake and recreational region. Let us tell you more. send for brochure: "Your Future at Beloit." For Interview appointment date consult your College Placement Director-or send for brochure: Beloit Iron Works, Personnel Division, Beloit. Wisconsin .- Please send me illustrated "Beloit" brochure Name _ Beloit, Wisconsin, is a college town School_'-- _ Date 01 graduallon Address _ Clty .Zone__ State -- ----- 57 November, 1960 ALUMNI NOTES (Continued trom page 55) Leonard S. Plee ('18) is supervisor ADVERTISER'S INDEX of research and statistics with the Michigan Public Service Commission. He lives in Lansing at 1813 Drexel Rd., and extends a cordial invitation Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co 45 to alumni to visit him. Allison Div. of General Motors 47 * * * Thomas A. Steel ('21) is president Asphalt Institute 51 of the Leitelt Iron Works and Leitelt A. W. Faber-Castell Pencil Co 48 Elevator Company in Grand Rapids. He and his wife Dorothy live at 1543 Beloit Iron Works , ., .. , 57 Mackinaw Road, S.E., Grand Rapids, Bendix Aviation 7 Michigan. * * * Bethlehem Steel Co 53 Forest B. Crampton ('23) completed Collins Radio . 39 his 30th year this summer with Marsh & McLennan, national insurance Delco Radio 15 brokers. His address is 14855 Coyle Ave., Detroit 27. Detroit Edison Co . * :.:: * Douglas Aircraft 26 Ralph E. Decker ('27) is right of way clearance agent for the Califor- Dow Chemical Co 9 nia Division of Highways in Los An- Drop Forging Assoc 41 geles. He lives in San Gabriel at 338 N. Arroyo Drive. Dunham-Bush Inc 46 * * * Du Pont 29 Charles Blattner ('58) is an em- ployee of Commonwealth Associates, Eastman Kodak .......................................... Inc., and is currently working on * Project Matterhorn in Princeton, N. J. Garrett Corp 27 His address is Laurelton House, Rt. 3, Princeton, N. J. General Electric Co ** General Motors ......................................... 2 * * * Peter Chiarenza ('58) works as a Hamilton Standard 12 systems engineer at the Martin Com- pany in Baltimore, Md. His address IBM 34-35 is 830 Argonne Dr., Apt. 9, Baltimore International Nickel Co 43 18, Maryland. * * * Monsanto Chemical Co 13 Donald F. Colby ('58) is a tech- Naval Ordnance Lab 28 nical sales representative with Rohm & Haas Company. He and his wife Northrop Aircraft 33 Dorothy live at 38 Glenbrook Drive, Prospect Heights, Ill. They have three Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. " " 30-31 children, a girl and two boys. Raytheon Mfg. Co 49 * * * Mark DeBono ('58) and his wife Sikorsky Aircraft 10 Joan live at 247 Park Avenue, East Standard Oil .............. '" '" '" 37 Orange, N. J. A daughter, Lori Ann, was born in July. Stromberg Carlson 11 * * * Union Carbide .......................................... 4 Donald E. Janke ('58) is serving two years with the Army at Fort Bliss, U. S. Steel Corp. ....................................... *** Texas. Western Electric .......... '" '" '" 25 * * * Westinghouse Electric Corp. ............ A. S. Armstrong ('06) retired in ................. . 3 1958 after fifty years with the same company. He lives at 307 S. 16th * Inside Back Cover St., Quincy, Ill. * * * ** Back Cover Arthur Pulling ('10) is a retired engineer living at 16214 Fielding *** Inside Front Cover Ave., Detroit. * * * John J. Harris ('12) writes from 3231 Jamaica, Corpus Christi, Texas. S8 Spartan Engineer If your sights are set on research and development- -you'll find Photography at Work with you RESEARCH and development engineers find photography one of their most versatile tools. Camera and film can record the readings of instruments- can capture for study the fleeting transient on the oscilloscope face. The content and structure of metals can be st udied by photospectrograph y or x-ray diffraction. And stresses in parts are visualized by photographing plastic models with transmitted polar- ized light. There's hardly a field on which you can set your sights where photography does not playa part in simplifying work and routine. It saves time and costs in research, on the production line, in the engineering and sales departments, in the office. So in whatever you plan to do, take full advantage of all the ways photog- raphy can help. CAREERS WITH KODAK: With photography and photographic proc- esses becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, elec- tronics, design, sales, and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Department, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. Jet heat blast of more than 15,000 degrees Fahrenheit flares over surface of an experimental nose cone shape in a physics laboratory of Avco Research and Advanced Development Division, Wilmington, Mass. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY TRADE M4AK Rochester 4, N. Y. One of a series* J Interview with General Electric's Charles F. Savage Consultant- Engineering Professional Relations How Professional Societies Help Develop Young Engineers Q. Mr. Savage, should young engineers Q. What contribution is the young en- courage employees to join pro- join professional engineering socie- gineer expected to make as an ac- fessional societies. Why? Because ties? tive member of technical and pro- General Electric shares in recog- A. By all means. Once engineers fessional societies? nition accorded any of its indi- have graduated from college A. First of all, he should become vidual employees, as well as the they are immediately "on the active in helping promote the common pool of knowledge that outside looking in," so to speak, objectives of a society by prepar- these engineers build up. It can't of a new social circle to which ing and presenting timely, well- help but profit by encouraging they must earn their right to be- conceived technical papers. He such association, which sparks long, Joining a professional or should also become active in and stimulates contributions. technical society represents a organizational administration. good entree. Right now, sizeable numbers of This is self-development at work, General Electric employees, at Q. How do these societies help young for such efforts can enhance the all levels in the Company, belong engineers? personal stature and reputation to engineering societies, hold re- of the individual. And, I might sponsible offices, serve on wO,rk- A. The members of these societies add that professional develop- ing committees and handle Im- -mature, knowledgeable men- ment is a continuous process, portant assignments. Many ~re have an obligation to instruct starting prior to entering col- recognized for their outstandIng those who follow after them. lege and progressing beyond contributions by honor and Engineers and scientists-as pro- retirement. Professional aspira- medal awards. fessional people--are custodians tions may change but learning of a specialized body or fund of knowledge to which they have covers a person's entire life span. These general observations en:- And, of course, there are dues to phasize that General ElectrIC three definite responsibilities. does encourage participation. In be paid. The amount is grad- The first is to generate new uated in terms of professional indication of the importance of knowledge and add to this total stature gained and should al- this view, the Company usually fund. The second is to utilize ways be considered as a personal defrays a portion of the expen~e this fund of knowledge in service investment in his future. accrued by the men involved In to society. The third is to teach supporting the activities of these this knowledge to others, includ- Q. How do you go about joining pro- ing young engineers. fessional groups? various organizations. Remem- ber, our goal is to see every ma? Q. Specifically, what benefits accrue A. While still in school, join student advance to the full limit of hIs from belonging to these groups? chapters of societies right on capabilities. Encouraging him to campus. Once an engineer is out join Professional Societies is one A. There are many. For the young working in industry, he should engineer, affiliation serves the way to help him do so. contact local chapters of techni- practical purpose of exposing his Mr. Savage has copies of the booklet cal and professional societies, or work to appraisal by other scien- find out about them from fellow "Your First 5 Years" published by tists and engineers. Most impor- engineers. the Engineers' Council for Profes- tant, however, technical societies sional Development which you may enable young engineers to learn Q. Does General Electric encourage par- have for the asking. Simply write to of work crucial to their own. ticipation in technical and profes- Mr. C. F. Savage, Section 959-12, These organizations are a prime sional societies? General Electric Co., Schenectady source of ideas- meeting col- 5,N. Y. A. It certainly does. General Elec- leagues and talking with them, tric progress is built upon cre- reading reports, attending meet- ative ideas and innovations. The ings and lectures. And, for the * LOOK FOR other interviews dis- Company goes to great lengths cussing: Salary • Why Companies young engineer, recognition of to establish a climate and in- his accomplishments by asso- have Training Programs • How to centive to yield these results. Get the Job You Want. ciates and organizations gener- One way to get ideas is to en- ally heads the list of his aspira- tions. He derives satisfaction from knowing that he has been identified in his field. GENERAL fj ELECTRIC