Thl. mark lell. you e producl I. made 01 mOdorn, dependablo 51001. Whether it jumps to make a discovery that's out of this Unlled States Steel Corporation world, or sits down quietly to spend a century or two on Personnel Division atomic research, steel is the only material that has the Room 6085A, 525 William Penn Place strength and vigor to keep up with the reach of modern Pittsburgh 3D, Pennsylvania man's mind. New Stainless Steels developed by United States Steel Please send me career Information about U.S. Steel. withstand the vibration and friction of unearthly speeds. Name' _ New USS Steel Forgings shape atomic reactors and nuclear power systems. Look around. You'll see steel in so many Schoo ... ' _ places-building strength. And steel depends on men like you. For information about the many career opportunities Address _ at U.S. Steel, including financial analysis or sales, send the coupon. uss j, a "lIj"~rro trademark CItY------ Zone__ State, _ United States Steel @ ~ Things we know about tomorrow: \VI \lilf 000 00 Television tape may help save your child's life Westinghouse scientists and engineers have put togethe.r an unusual assortment of machines with which doctors hope to write a bright new chapter in the history of man's fight against childhood diseases. The machines are: A fluoroscope which uses lower radiation intensities ...to lower the exposure of the human body. A new light amplifying system which makes the image from the fluoroscope 50,000 times brighter. And a TV camera which picks up the image as a moving picture and records it on video tape. This can be played back again and again until the trouble is diagnosed, or put on w~ television cables and shown to specialists half a world away. Physicians hope that this machine will help them diagnose diseases and injuries more quickly and accurately than ever before. For more information about your future with Westinghouse, write L. H. Noggle, Westinghouse Educational Department, Pittsburgh 21, Pa. You can be sure ...if it's Westinghouse WHAT'S THE OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU AT DUPONT? It's good. Here's what Du Pont offers: A chance to grow, to build on your college training, as you work with, and learn from, men who have made their mark. A chance to advance at a rate consistent with your growth and development. A chance to achieve distinction in your field, on stimu- lating projects. Engineers, Chemists, Physicists, Mathematicians, with B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. Send the coupon below for more complete information on the opportunity for you at Du Pont. <[(JPOtID "IG. U.5,.,u.0I', BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ••. THROUGH CHEMISTRY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), 2420-1 Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware Please send me the booklets checked below: o Du Pont and the College Graduate 0 Your Engineering Opportunities at Du Pont o Mechanical Engineering at Du Pont 0 Chemical Engineering at Du Pont Name-------------class-- Course ,oegree _ CoIe I ge . - Your Address-----------,City .zone state - ONE IN A SERIES Bendix answers your questions WHAT Will DETERMINE MY STARTING SALARY? Nearly all professional associations and employers are predicting that 1961 starting salaries for college graduates will be about the same as those paid in 1960. According to a study by the National Society of Professional Engineers, the 1960 starting monthly salary for engineers averaged $530. E. E.'s received somewhat more than most other majors. The graduate can expect a position-and compensation- commensurate with his previous work experience, personal maturity, and academic record. While starting salary is only one of the things to consider, Bendix recognizes it as an important one, and continually reviews rates and trends to maintain its strong position. In addition, Bendix offers engineers and scientists superb challenges in such dynamic fields as those listed below, with a wide range of freedom to pursue special interests. Ask your Placement Director about Bendix - where you can build your career to suit your talents. If you can't arrange a personal interview, write to C. B. Cleveland, The Bendix Corporation, Fisher Build- ing, Detroit 2, Michigan, for more details. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN CALIFORNIA. CONNECTICUT. INDIANA. IOWA. MARYLAND. MICHIGAN. MISSOURI. NEW JERSEY. NEW YORK. OHIO. PENNSYLVANIA T~lIcfY CORPORATION Fisher Bldg .. Detroit 2. Mich. A THOUSAND DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTS SERVING THESE FIELDS: automotive • electronics • missiles & space • aviation • nucleonics • computer • machine tools • sonar • marine January, 1961 3 Dean's Letter You may often have heard that you are a student in the world's first Land-G.rant College. You may also know that Michigan State, founded in 1855 to serve agflcul- ture was used as the model institution around which the Morrill Land-Grant Act was writ~en and passed by Congress in 1862-but do you know what "Land-Grant" means In the field of education? Michigan and her sister states were given grants of federal land, the sale of which was to provide funds for establishment of institutions to be primarily concerned with the teaching of agriculture, the mechanic arts and the applied sciences. The term "Land- Grant," historically referring to the method of establishment and initial financing, today has a much deeper significance as indicative of a philosophy of education peculiarly suited to a civilization almost wholly dependent on the products of the mechanic arts, or engineering in the modern sense. Prior to 1850, a classic university was one which educated the sons, and a few daughters, of the rich in the arts of gentle living, and in the knowledge required by the professions of law, medicine, and the ministry. The land-grant schools were created because of a recognition that the benefits of education should be available to the able of all classes, without regard to parental wealth, and that through formal education all classes and occupations in our country could be advanced. Thus the emphasis on agriculture, tl:e mechanic arts, and the appli- cations of science became the first great contribution of the land-grant idea. It was soon recognized by these pioneer schools that not all those worthy of such education could come to remote campuses, yet all could benefit by being provided with new knowledge concerning their vocations. Thus was born the idea of extension edu- cation, or the philosophy of taking education to tl:e people wherever they were, and this was the second great contribution of the land-grant institutions. Michigan State has long been a leader in this practice of taking education to the people needing it in the state of Michigan. After World War II, with the development of new civilizations, it became apparent to President Hannah and others that the land- grant philosophy, which served so well for this nation in its period of development from agrarian life to industrial might, could also be directly applicable to these new nations. As a result, Michigan State is now well known for its part in taking a form of education appropriate to the world in which we live, into many developing countries, from Brazil and Colombia, to Okinawa, Vietnam, Pakistan, and Nigeria. For its part the College of Engineering has Frank Roop of the Mechanical Engi- neering Department aiding the University of the Ryukyus in Naha, Okinawa, to develop an engineering program, and is shortly to send its first representatives to Poona College of Engineering, Poona, and Guindy College of Engineering, Madras, both in Southern India. There they will aid these long respected engineering institutions in improvement of teaching methods, and in furthering graduate work. In addition, we currently have in our graduate program twelve professors from a number of engineering colleges in India. Thus we carry mechanic arts and applied sciences beyond our borders, with the hope that education, brought to all people in all walks of life, may lead other countries of the world to political and cultural stability, as it has for us. J. D. RYDER Sporton Engineer VOLUME 14 NO. :2 JANUARY 1961 4 DEAN'S LETTER 8 EDITOR'S CORNER 13 STEREO 14 COURIER SATELLITE 16 RUSSIAN EDUCATION 18 BE PREPARED 20 AIRBORNE CLASSROOM 22 MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS 30 WHAT'S NEW 40 SIDETRACKED 42 WHERE THE BOYS AREN'T 44 MINUTE BIOGRAPHY COVER: Designed by Roberta Huffmaster. It is her abstract impression of stereo. editor REG PILARSKI business manager DON ANDERSON assistant business manager JEANNETTE McCLEES assistant editor KEITH HARRIS copy editor PAUL BUTLER publicity ART BEKMANIS SIGMA PHI DELTA staff C. CHURCH G. FOLEY Member, Engineering College R. HUFFMASTER Magazine Associated ... Chairman: Professor Charles E. Wales, K. LESLEY Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan J. THORNTON Publisher's Rep: littell.Murray-Barnhill. Inc. 369 lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y. 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. advisors ]. RYDER T. FARRELL Published four times yearly by the students of the COllEGE OF ENGINEERING. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY. East lansing. M;cn;gan. H. PLUMB The office is on the third floor of the Student Services Bldg., Phone J. STOKLEY ED 2-1511, Ext. 261.4. Second closs postage paid in E. Lensing, Michigan, under act of March 3, 1879. D. McGRADY Subscription rate by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 25 cents. W. McILRATH January, 1961 5 missile system It takes more than pressing a button to send a giant rocket on its way. Actually, almost as many man-hours go into the design and construction of the support equipment as into the missile itself. A leading factor in the reliability of Douglas missile systems is the company's practice of including all the necessary ground handling units, plus detailed procedures for system utilization and crew training. This complete job allows Douglas missiles like THOR, Nike HERCULES, Nike AJAX and others to move quickly from test to operational status and perform with outstanding dependability. Douglas is seeking qualified engineers and scientists for the design of missiles, space systems and their supporting equipment. Write to C. C. LaVene, Box 6OO-X,Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, California. Alfred J. Carah, Chief Design Engineer, discusses the ground installation requirements for a series of THOR-boosted space probes with Donald W. Douglas, Jr., President of DO U G LAS MISSILE AND SPACE SYSTEMS. MILITARY AIRCRAFT. DC-8 JETLINERS. CARGO TRANSPORTS. AI RCOMB• GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT As you plan your career-be sure to consider Monsanto. It may surprise you that Monsanto needs electrical and mechanical engineers, • Process control instrumentation • Applied research • Automated process systems engineering • Equipment evaluation and selection as well as chemical engineers. Fact is, though, that Monsanto offers many opportuni- ties to men with your professional training, including: May we discuss these with you as we visit your Mechanical Engineers ... campus this year?You can arrange for this visit with • Plant design and layout • Plant engineering • Equipment selection • Construction your Placement Director; • Materials specification • Specialization in the fields of fluid mechanics, stress or write Professional Em- • Design of new and unique equipment analysis, heat transfer, etc. ployment Manager, EM -2, Electrical Engineers ..• Monsanto Chemical Com. • Design of electrical • Power distribution and systems substation design pany, St. Louis 66, Missouri. Editor)s Corner QUESTION: "In which area of management do you foresee the greatest difficulty in finding executive replacements?" ANSWER: "Engineering management presents the greatest problem." The Information Counselors' Survey takes periodic corporation surveys and, among other questions, the one stated above is always asked. And dur- ing the two years that I have been reviewing the results of these surveys, the area of major difficulty has always been in engineering management. I think it is safe to conclude from this that there just aren't enough engineers who are more than just highly trained technical people. Let's face facts: Already there is about four and a half years work being crammed into the four year program leading to a bachelor's degree in engi- neering. This gives one very little time to learn anything other than the tech- nical aspects of engineering. However, since the demand for engineers exceeds the supply, the average engineering graduate has no worry about getting a job. This is very nice and it looks like the engineer "has it made" from the start. ... or does he? The bachelor's degree merely permits the just out of college engineer to be placed in "the proving ground." From then on, success depends upon the attitude of the individual. Employers are, of course, looking for qualified engineers, but at the same time they are looking for their future leaders and executives. In other words, the well rounded individual is the sought after one. This is why you may be asked questions by your interviewer such as, "How many books (not textbooks or required reading) have you read in the past year?" or "What were your extracurricular activities and what offices did you hold?" The majority of engineering students realize that they should do outside reading and participate in activities but for some reason don't bother to do so until they are near graduation. They then panic and frantically join organ- izations and "haunt" the library digging up book reviews. Large corporations which publish engineering journals and the like often bring forth the matter of being a well rounded individual; they stress extra- professional reading and training. However, it seems that the majority of en- gineers do not take heed. I'm sure most of you who are future engineers hope to become executives ~omed~y. However, the bachelor's degree you will receive certainly won't Insure It. When you get that long awaited degree, don't let it be the end of your learning .... It should be just the beginning. R. V. P. 8 Spartan Engineer UPGRADING ENERGY -OUR MOST IMPORTANT JOB HIU~If."" '~\U"', \'WIIII' .-Intrclll.fld II ~ I" t~"r!'" '1, ..1" "'WIIl\ "'"ulIn" mln lit, 11n I II .1 I, fl. 'I,ll. lWiti "'r, I' 1 ..1 II.~ I, ,rr "" or • I., 11'11 It. prnll"'" nl nilI' al.lln.bnl ,,11111tU.l1 " n, hi ' ....1 .. ,I....' ",. 1 ... 1 I I~'" • r J • Illf •n ••' "., -1',lhl'r III Ihf" form of IW.JI from fo ,I f" 1 11" n II Uf In I~' I. rm , lillI-Wi .. r It h, Iltfn ,I' I \"""..1lilf" f"1~ Irie IlO"C"r. 0 lod.l\ !hI" .....'''''1 mt- I fit Ih .... ' Ir, If r. ,f..., ro I"" n." I••" HfI mnrt" dT)C'i,'nl uplZudllljl of nur c"' r,..' ourr. In I~" t. II I I Ir' I'" ,. ,_ I, I I , I." ", I" • ... Ilc' dlTtYl ennl rn'on n.1I hll" .-f1 11.1,,.. 10 Ir ,I .. , If'dr fl' "If r tI h, t I J, •• Ill •• 1 ',.m ,..1.'1I"r.. I" ..... 11111 lurlllO(", 0 \1 I~ lro,' .,1. on J"f' " rrh , d,l ..I, r r 1,,1, I" r , "" I'n .. , J. tJ"lOn. '~Idc.../I., 11.,'"lO*"J,clr,( AI d I." 1ft) I (,..' , I ,e , pr' •• \" I. I, t ." Ih,. rC".'dn h for"l""r~\ ul',..r.lChnptotf, r Jd 11,. ..... I.), ,.. ,..1 ,,.., '1.lIl... dr.,. """'" It ~ 'ntl nllf!hl 1rL. •• 10 ft,..1 oul n or •• 1 e ul .. Drr p t I I ,. III d, I ,e. J. ". ')..hu,1 •• , 4 f1 lni-lIwc'rlll,.-'1 kll ... 1,uI II c c 1.11 .. 1 ,,, Ir., nil rla'lIl •• J' n .. ~ I, h. fa-I.".I •• , • n.t 1'" nil nl Il•.p 111'",nl. Ilc trllli .?h, 'I C h, '"" c I IIIl ,,, " I I' • I I .... t • II • .. J I THE DETROIT EOISOH COMPANY AH IHYESTOR.OtYHED BUSINESS o o () o at S-IKORSKY AIRCRAFT A "stream-oi-action" environment with unusual growth possibilities should be a major factor in a choice of career. And that's an excellent reason for considering carefully the opportunities existing in Sikorsky Aircraft. We believe that our company is just the "right-sized stream". Young engineers can enjoy diversified, small- group activities, as well as stature opportunities in a field that is wide open to the expression of imagination and professional competence. Sikorsky Aircraft is the company which pioneered the modem helicopter. Our current program is far-ranging and is recognized as one of the broadest and most challenging in the entire aircraft industry. Work associations are stimulating and in an atmosphere of progress. Assignments could include joining an elec- tronic team of twenty to thirty associates-or-working with a highly selective group of four or five on interest- ing problems of radiation, instrumentation, auto pilot- age, automatic stabilization, etc. If you want to enter this "stream-oi-action", the time is now. Opportunities for personal progress have never been greater. For detailed information about careers with us, please write to Mr. James L. Purfield, Employment Supervisor. [ SIKORSKY AIRCRAfT DiVisION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION STRATFORD CONNECTICUT 10 Spartan Engineer Dow means an opportunity for individuals, ideals, ideas IHDIVIDUAL •. Chemi\lry ~m' 10 drllw • r.artlcuhr lund of Ihlt'l mu I .... l'Il'id hr 1"". d.t" ,.. I tt II penon. \\'helher he', a 'iClenll\1 or .. Ik-.m In. an tn ,""",r "Hlt\ • It, It I r.-m I J h r, • dt! I , (ll r or a m.ul..elJna man. "hen he chOO'.c the ChC'1TlK III tI u," lOCAl lit r 'f I 'I It! I d It I I (1' I1!i(1f'\' lor hl\ carcer he \InlCl~ him ~1/ 001 '" an Indl\ Itlu II Ih I room It r 'It! I I (~ I II C\1 r", I, lit. It" I rl .... Ihe kand 01 pcl'Vln "ho mak", up Ihe 1>0... or Inll I'on Al r d m I lh 1 d It n n , r It- It '" n Irnl I II. Do". leum"orl.. hut 11\ place, hUI II 1\ ~o OIl d 100, Ih I iltl.' rI J.. I .1 I J 'I r I" "lit d nh I \ m Jto few 010\1 l1real Ide.I' Arc born 10 Ihe mlOd 01 IIn 1n.!1I. fo. ,,, tt..= I I" II: ~ It! n I' I rrl ( I, n ,\., t .n '('Ir II IhlO'" "bOUI Ihe problem. IlLi n ... iIT t. ,., I r.- II I (1' rl '" tr n, h 01 I"'" IDULI. People may occ:.nlonOilly \pclk dl'r u',jnn,l)' ot h, rrod I H ft'qll 1'(' 't , 10 fill Ihrm 10 001'\ •• r 10 Wlmeone :n "II dfCamer and an Ide III I" lJul 11Ktt: .are C<1n","" 1"- 01 or 10 L • Ih m 'ar lIPlitr OIrd ('1 .. I'f'IK IllOOn.. e\aelly Ihe quallllC\ 01 all Ihe men "ho «It 10m 11..(' orne!- Al llo",. 0(1 nJ It , I I 1'1 ~"I 10 , • ., IhlOl' "r e;lI oul (If \llmcthlOll commonpl" When Ifcrb<." 10 L m m.n' 1tt111llto 1>". orJ'CIr'lu I). In I. M _"let 10 If. Do" lurned i1n 1O\lIZOIllC ani brine "cll 1010 • \ , & c~m- !Cal emplfc, he c.labll\hcd Ihe ()ow philo orh)' Ih.1l 'cvCI')'- lit- '«Chn II I II I d brl.,.... 01"" ym "I "In I I I on- 0' lho. ~~ I "' • Colorado 'oc\y f1~', . IlIIfIOll '"'. l>- "u.., 1"'0 Call'ornla P,lhbvtq. Sfool hell Monochulo'h £0 .... n R..,-,c" lobclf~'cwy." ~ It .... Ohio Th. [) ~. Ie, L .. C ~ , •• , ,.... , ' Leul.l."o , ...... ... C1.".1 t , • Oldohoma ~11 0.""_. TuI-o ' leaD, k. OIl" • V1rv.n1o W" c.noda , I C'" THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY • MIDLAND, MICHIGAN ~ JDlWOry, 1961 11 Chemistry in Steelmaking? You bet! Steelmaking is an extractive industry, and its chemical processes are many, complex, and-to the trained mind-fascinating. There are many opportunities for chemical engineers here at Bethlehem Steel, the world's second largest maker of steel and steel products. Think of the blast furnace, where complex chemical reactions occur on a tre- mendous scale. Same with both open-hearth and electric furnaces. These chemical processes are complicated by the subtle variations in make-up of thc materials used: ore, limestone, scrap metal, alloys. And our coke ovens produce a variety of hydro. carbon by-products. Bethlehem offers excellent career opportunities for men in virtually all For Strength engineering curricula: metallurgical, electrical, mechanical, industrial, civil, ... Economy mining, ceramic, architectural, and others. We suggest that you discuss Bethlehem ... Versatility with your Placement Officer. And be sure to pick up a copy of our booklet, "Careers with Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course." II BETHLEHEM STEEL Cm.IPANY, Bethlehem, Pa. BETHLEHEM STEEL DIMENSIONAL SOUND An analysis of stereophonic reproduction by JEANNETTE McCLEES, EE T HE accomplishment of stereophon- ic sound has brought a great deal of capable of sensing time with great fidelity, at least with sufficient fidelity high frequency or harmonic content, created by head and external ear shad- "liveness" and three-dimensionality in- to provide an accurate sense of direc- owing, of the sound signal reaching to our auditory world today. Those tion on the basis of arrival time of the the inner ear. who have heard the stereo illusion in stimulus at both cars. In other words, if a sound were all its purity will agree that it is a long Second, because the ears are sepa- coming from the right, the right ear step forward from yesterday's mono- rated by the width of the head, a would receive all the frequencies of phonic sound. sound reaches one ear at a lower level the sound, while the frequencies reach- Fundamentally, stereophonic sound of loudness. There is also an increase ing the left ear would be lacking in means solid sound. It is the attempt to in air pressure on the ear nearest the harmonic content. The lower f requen- achieve realism by presenting repro- sound source and a decrease on the cies tend to bend around the head so duced sound as it would be heard in ear furthest away. that a lower note reaches the further real life; dimensionally, by both ears. ear. The higher the frequency, the great- er is the pressure difference. This ac- Fourth, the ears receive sound di- Stereo has been widely discussed counts for a listener's ability to iden- rectly from the source and also from and written about, but it is still widely tify the direction of sounds of high reflections from room surfaces. The misunderstood. This article presents an frequencies more readily than those sound seems to come from the source analysis of basic stereophonic repro- having low frequencies. with the most natural or closest sound. duction. These intensity differences are more In reproducing sound, directionality Al tho ugh other characteristics of important than differences in arrival can be achieved by keeping reverbera- stereo sound are important, direction- time in producing a sense of direction- tion out of one of the speakers so that ality is its major attribute. ality. The ear is very sensitive to in- the source appears to be in the locality Directionality refers to depth, height tensity differences, and for this reason, of the speaker with the least reverber- and lateral spacing of sound. It de- balance between channels and speakers ation. The ratio of direct to reverber- pends on the ability of the ear to as- is important in the quality stereo unit. ated sound enables the listener to lo- sign a position in space to a source cate the source, and creates an illusion In an experiment, the difference of sound. of depth. between sound level at each ear was Several factors account for this kept constant. When listeners wearing Spaciousness is as important as di- ability: earphones were asked to state the di- rectionality in the stereo illusion. The First, the fast-acting nature of the rection of a sound source, each listener objective of spaciousness is to create ear enables a listener to detect a differ- assigned the same angular location to the illusion of a life-sized sound source ence in arrival time of as little as six the source. From this experiment, it rather than one the size of the speaker. millionths of a second. If a sound is is believed that the mind assigns a It also creates the illusion that the reaches a listener's right ear six mil- given difference in a sound level at performance is taking place in a large lionths of a second before it reaches each ear to a given angular placement hall rather than in a typical living his left, the tiny difference in time of the sound source. room. causes the mind to conclude that the Third, differences in the wave form This may be achieved by using a sound is coming from the right. at each ear help account for the sense lateral speaker arrangement, and by of direction. The stereophonic effect is reverberation. It was stated earlier that This is known as the precedence effect. You can see that the ear is partially produced by a difference in (Contin/led on page 46) 13 January, 1961 THE COURIER NEW SATELLITE IS A FORERUNNER FOR WORLD-WIDE RADIO COMMUNICATION by fOHN THORNTON, E.E. RECENTLY, a new type of satel. The purpose of the microwave sub- skin of the satellite and to a baseboard lite, the Courier, designed especially system is to provide a communications combiner which acts as a switching for global communications, was devel- link between ground stations and to component. Under normal operations, oped by Philco \'V'estern Development store data for retransmission. Using the combiner measures the signal-to- Laboratories. Acting as a miniature four transmitters, four receivers, a re- noise ratio of each receiver and com- space station, Courier enables messages ceiver baseband combiner and live mag- bines their outputs proportionally to to be relayed by microwaves, either on netic tape recorders, the microwave sys- these ratios. In case of failure of one a real-time or a delayed.time basis. The tem provides for years of reliable ser- of the receivers, the other receiver of real-time communication system pro- vice. The extra components in the the pair will still operate, providing vides a direct contact between ground system provide auxiliary circuits in case normal communications. stations. The purpose of the delay sys- of failure, thereby enabling reliable re- The four FM transmitters arc tem is to record the data on magnetic ception and transmission of data. specially designed and, except for the tape and later retransmit the data to The four FM receivers are transis- power amplilier tube, arc completely another ground station. Either teletype torized and each one weighs about transistorized. Since frequency stability or voice channels arc available. six and a half pounds. Each consumes might be affected by the extreme tem- Basically the satellite has four main about 3.3 watts of power. The four peratures, a crystal controlled oscillator subsystems; a microwa\'e system, a tele- receivers operate in pairs, at the same circuit is used to operate an electrome- metry system, a command system and time. Each pair of receivers is linked chanical frequency control system. a power system. to a microwave antenna on the outer The transmitters also operate in pairs. But only one pair functions while the others act as spares. Once data has been received, it is stored in one of live tape recorders. Four of the recorders store teletype digital communications while the re- maining recorder is used exclusively for voice or analog information. Each individual recording unit is hermetically scaled and of specialized design in order to reduce weight. The transistorized electronic components and ultra-light mechanical parts give maximum stability, simplicity and com. pactness. Although the units are ap- proximately the size of a seven inch cube, and weigh less than eight pounds each, they have a live minute continu- ous recording and reproducing capa. city. Another subsystem equally as im. portant as the microwave system is the telemetry system, whose main purpose is to analyze the performance and en- Ep~x)' fiberglau shellJ are mOllllled 011 dllmm)' sl/'llclllre 10 check fil of vironmental conditions of Courier and p{/rts... IF'oo(!en mock liPS ~re llsed 10 delermille exacl localioll of Ihe 38 rr black to provide a way for commands to be boxes /1/;lklllg liP Ihe Courter payload. sent to the satellite. 14 Spartan Engineer The telemetry system handles up to 35 system parameters, such as power outputs, operating temperatures and conditions in space. This information will not only provide data necessary for global communications, but also data for the design of more efficient satellites. Each piece of information to be tele- metered is coded by a special genera- tor. The coded data modulates six sub- carries which then modulate the trans- mitter. A seventh subcarrier is used as a timing signal. The four transmitters are connected to four whip antennas on Courier's outer skin. A diplexing unit enables simultaneous VHF transmission and reception. Both the telemetery and microwave systems are in turn controlled by a third system: the command system. The command system acts as a switch- board for telemetry and microwave communications, providing syncroniza- tion for the various complex switch- ing operations. Another function of the command subsystem is to switch equip- ment in case of failure of a compon- ent. The main components of this sub- system are a command decoder and spare receivers. The command decoder, which resembles a small digital com- puter, checks incoming commands for correct coding. Signals from the ground are picked up by two small, crystal-controlled FM command receiv- ers which in turn feed the data to the Thl! balanced and weighted model of the Courier is mounted on the vibra- decoder. tion table to test its performance tmder the conditions which are encountered Also included in this system is a as the Thor-Able-Star accelerates the pay10ad into orbit around the earth. small, 50 mw. beacon transmitter. The signal from this transmitter enables the satellite to be tracked from the ground and also indicates when it is to be supplied to the equipment. When metry transmitter begins to forward within range of the ground stations. illuminated, the cells charge the bat- data to the station where it is recorded. teries at a rate of 1.8 amps. The stor- Then the ground antenna switches to I.n order to supply power for the microwave frequency. When the mic- age batteries permit Courier to operate vanous circuits, an ingenious power- rowave signal is picked up, instruments while it is in the earth's shadow. Be- pack was devised. Approximately 70% on the ground automatically begin to cause of this type of power supply, of the outer surface of the satellite's track the satellite. Courier will be able to operate indefi- skin is covered with 19,152 small, rec- nitely. Data relay or exchange is accom- tangular solar cells arranged in groups. When fully exposed to sunlight, they The following describes a typical plished during the fifteen minute peri- furnish 70 watts of power. Each solar pass of the Courier over ground sta- od before the satellite disappears over cell is a thin, diffused-junction, silicon tion: At the ground station the re- the horizon. The relaying equipment in wafer which is covered with a thin, ceiving antenna points in the direction Courier then switches off. glass radiation filter. Seven cells are from which the satellite will appear. connected in series to form "shingles" As the satellite appears on the horizon, \X'hen Courier was launched on Oc- which in turn are put in series to form the signal of the beacon transmitter is tober 4, 1960, it was a major accom- 84 cell groups. These groups form two picked up. A coded command from the plishment in space communications. independent arrays. station causes the satellite's equipment With its advanced equipment, it is to come to an active state. The beacon a forerunner for world-wide radio Each array charges a nickel-cadmium battery, permitting greater power loads transmitter switches off and the tele- communication. January, 1961 15 RUSSIAN EDUCAliON A challenge to American education and freedom DURING the last year the Russian high B students can enroll in night rubles per month for outstanding stu- educational system graduated 108,000 or correspondence courses, enter a dents in nearly every field. engineers; the U. S. graduated 38,000. lechl1;C11I1l, or enter the university after In return for this preferential treat- A meri ca n technical schools trained working two years. ment, the Soviets expect their engin- 15,000 technicians while the Soviet Strong incentives arc provided to eering students to work hard. For ex- lechl1;C11I1lS were producing 250,000 encourage the superior students to con- ample, a first term freshman in me- graduates. tinue their education, especially in en- chanical engineering at Moscow High- This great disparity in numbers of gineering. Students and graduate en- er Technical Institute is required to engineers and technicians, as well as gineers arc exempt from the draft. take 4 hours of Marxism-Leninism, 2 recent Soviet advances in space explor- They arc provided with ample housing hours of a foreign language, 8 hours ation, may have wide ramifications in even in badly crowded cities. of math, 4 hours of chemistry, 5 hours the cold war. Docs it mean that we Contrary to the communist ideal, of descriptive geometry, 2 hours of will have to change our educational large wage differentials exist in the technology of metals, 5 hours of draft- system or even our political and eco- U.S.S.R. The common laborer receives ing, 4 hours of shop training, 2 hours nomic system to survive? It certainly about 350 rubles per month, a truck of physical education, and 3 hours of justifies a closer look at Red reading, driver about 740, a school teacher military training each week. Atten- writing, and .rithmetic. about 1,000, an engineer about 2,500, dance is mandatory. Every Russian boy and girl must a full professor about 5,000, a depart- Russian engineering students spend attend a minimum of seven years of ment head 6,000, and a member of one year and four months in on-the- school, roughly equivalent to nine the U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences job training sessions in industry. Many years of American schooling. \'V'ithin about 10,000 rubles per month. of the students work two years in in- a few yeras the entire ten years, equiv- Engineers and teachers also have dustry before entering the university. alent to our twelve years, will be made very high prestige in Russia because As a result the classroom education is compulsoq'. the people realize that they have been more theoretical and mathematical than The Russian education is completed instrumental in changing Russia from in the U.S. in fewer years by using a six day week a peasant country to a rapidly advanc- Engineering curriculums in Russia with six hours of lecture each day for ing industrial nation. are much more specialized. The Soviets ten months each year and by carrying No tuition is charged in any Soviet do not produce mechanical engineers. heavy loads. For example, the univer- school; in fact, most of the students they produce cold metal working en- sal Russian curriculum for seventh in the universities receive scholarships gineers, thermal processing equipment grade students includes Russian lan- or living allowances. The grants for engineers, etc. Each of the 835 majors guage and literature, 'mathematics, his- engineers vary from 300 rubles a and specializations has a set curricu- tory, U.S.S.R. Constitution, physics, month the first year to 500 the fifth lum of five years. biology, chemistry, geography, foreign year. Grants are lower or nonexistent The Russian engineering curriculums language, drafting, and physical edu- for students in less essential majors. are highly technical; the only non- cation. Scholastic competition is encouraged technical courses are a propaganda Despite the constant over-working sequence in Marxism-Leninism and by giving 25% increases to students and the many uninteresting compulsory political economy. A few electives are who got all A's in the preceding quar- courses, academic standards are gener- offered but they are all technical and ter. Students must keep a B average to ally higher than in the U. S. because must be taken in addition to the regu- keep their scholarships, but authorities of the fierce competition and the great lar schedule. are more lenient with engineers. In incentives. In order to gain admission addition to the regular scholarships, Another big difference between the directly to a university a student must there are about 7,000 personal schol- American and Russian engineering stu- have a high A average. Low A and arships ranging from 500 to 1,000 dents is that 30% of the Russian en- 16 Spartan Engineer ,.- CROSSROADS OF t... EDUCATION .J by PAUL BUTLER, ,\I.E. gineering students are women. Russian ganda. The students dislike the course The great majority of the graduates women have equal opportunity to get but attendance is mandatory and fail. are arbitrarily assigned jobs in any part any job from ditch-digging to engin- i?g the course means automatic expul- of the country in which they are need- eering; they form an important reser- sion. ed. Recently the Russian government voir of talent. decreed that married couples must be The rigid admission requirements One reason for the high number of assigned jobs in the same county, an are a handicap. Students can apply to Russian graduates is the low drop-out important policy change. only one school a year. To avoid miss- rate. Of the resident students only ing a year students frequently apply Russian graduates are guaranteed a about 16% drop out, compared to a to inferior schools and offer to accept job but they must always remain en- figure of 41 % for the U.S. The figures admission in any major. gineers in their specialty unless the are, of course, higher for e\'ening and government asks them to change. The correspondence students. Even if they do not like their major U.S. loses many engineers each year to An important link in the Soviet edu- there is little chance of changing it management, sales, etc. cational system is the lechl/imlll or unless the planners decide that a short- specialized secondary school. Students age exists in some field and ask for Although the Soviet system produces may transfer to the lechl/ict/ln after 7 transfer volunteers. If there are no vol- engineers efficiently, it should be ob- years in the elementary school, but unteers students are transferred against vious that their methods could not be most students graduate first and enter their will. Engineering students cannot adopted in this country because of our the lechl/im1J1 if they are denied ad- transfer to science or science majors different political, economic, and phili- mission to the university. to engineering because the two fields sophic systems. Their educational are taught at different schools. methods would conflict with the Amer- Last year the lechnim1J1s graduated ican way of life. 250,000 technicians for industry. These Because of the rigid curriculum technicians are in the same fields as schedules, students must take many American industry does not need the the engineers but they are more nar- courses which they find unnecessary or large numbers of engineers the Soviets rowly specialized and their education uninteresting. The lack of non-techni- are producing. However, the demand is practical rather than theoretical. cal electives discourages many students is much higher than the present supply, with more than one interest. and the decrease in engineering en- Not only are the Soviets graduating rollment definitely calls for some reme- more engineers and technicians than Most of the new enrollments con- the U.S., but they are increasing their dial action. sist of students in night and corres- enrollments every year at a substantial pondence courses. These students must Some of the Russian methods could rate. In contrast, U.S. engineering en- work full time and study long hours, be easily applied to American educa- rollment has fallen 7% during the tion; for example, government engin- which puts a great burden on them. last two years. eering scholarships and coeducational For this reason the drop-out rate is However, the Russian system has high and the average student takes engineering. Technical schools could many faults and drawbacks from the many years to complete the program. be set up to train technicians. Giving American point of view. One is the graduate engineers exemption from the extreme specialization. The Soviets are Only 3% of Russian university draft would be a cheap and very effec- not interested in educating men, they graduates go on to graduate school. tive way of getting more engineers. are interested in producing workers. However, because of the heavy course American education teaches men how load, the shorter vacations, the prac- The United States can produce to think; Russian education teaches tical training, and the five year pro- enough engineers without changing to them not to think. gram, the Russian degree is considered a totalitarian educational system, but to be equivalent to a master's degree we cannot afford to be complacent; we The propaganda courses in Com- munist doctrine are just that; propa- in the U.S. must act to meet the challenge. 17 January, 1961 BE 'POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN BEING INTERVIEWED b)' ROBERTA HUFFMASTER, ,\lATH & PH}'S. SCI. T I-IERE is a big demand for en- ~ineers in industry, and there will con. There arc just as many "do's" as "don't's" in being prepared. Do be telligent questions and the recruiter won't have to repeat information in tinue to be one in the years to corne. early for the appointment. If there is the brochures. This, however, doesn't automatically an emergency, and it becomes impos- During the interview, the n:presen. eliminate the need to sell yourself to a sible to keep a scheduled appoint- tative is bound to ask questions that prospective employer. In fact, since sal- ment, a telephone call to the Place- require some thought before answer. aries arc hi~h for startin~ engineers, ment Bureau is absolutely necessary. ing; such as "Why would you want to the company has a vested interest in A person who doesn't show up is work for this organization?'" or findin~ the best. denied the privilege of using the bu- "\'\fhat do you have to offer my com- reau again. pany?" Here again it is much easier In order to make the best impres. sion on the representative, and also Do use the library facilities pro- to cope with the probing :ct .tlon~ Wllh lIeher, kJ.k r\. 1101 jllll1l'r\), Jl1d "£) .. 1 ) OU II )'JU lie If) \I I «I I" \1,,1 Ih. or, 10 !,drlll q,.II~' 111.alhlell.\ I Ahhou,l:h You ,hould look lhe (lamran) UHI " .... " 11 • Ilulll.,OU 1'11" It II.t I Ih.\C' m.l) \«m .1 lillie Irrdel.1111 10 Wllh at Ie"'t III mUlh Il1luc I and mAl .I~h I) A "nut .t.. ul IIv .'1,...".... 1'<'111,1:.all .11,1:1Il~'Cr.Iher hdr Ih, r, Ihorou,:hnc\\ ,&) tlx llamp.al1) .I.." )'.u ,"((JUI'I ~I~'" )' u t>, 0 l'lU .1" .. ,I HUller ,~'C r,lsl your W.lde r~'{orJ 10 Some studenl. (orlo'( tlut Ilxlr or .I .omp-'111 Ah,) \" h< 1)' I ""t .u IOU .1\ .Ill IIldil idu.l1 portUOIt) II noC jl»( .tnoCher joh. hut (UloI.l" Thol h)( Ie, rll1ll Jrraltl1'<'rl posSlbl)' .1 pernunent urC'Cr lkuUK .. on I lx (ookd l'J A $900 • .ah (.II' fk\ldes this trpe of IOtef' le\\'. 111 Ihls IS .1 nulol step. )OU ~Id look .and ) OU .II" "Op.tldllll1ll .t p"" Ihl. \\'11I(h lhe r('pr~'SCnt.lti, I.' .Isks the ques. fOI definite ,1u,utenstKs 10 lhe com. I,b oppoctUl1lt) liOns .and expeds you to listen to him potnr Some o( thoc .He T .. o nujOC \Cumblll1~ blodu (.1(,.1 p.art of the time. there is .Inother .Ip- pro.ldl 10 the nutter . .Ind tlut IS for ICpul.allon .tnd utlO,!: of the b) KOIOC wudenu Jrc dl a>uuJ.,'( flK 01 the: rccruller to Soil'. "Tc:l1 me aboul (omp.an)'. .Ind a rom.aot , I L'" of A (..tIC'?-'''' During both phases of telecasting, interested schools will be provided with assistance on both the technical and educational aspects of the pro- gram. MP ATI has conducted an extensive "teacher talent search" to find the most Map showing the al'ea of six mid-/~est.em states I'~ached ~y edllcational outstanding teachers from classrooms telellision pl'ogl'ams I'elayed fl'om plane C1l'clmg Afontpeltel', lndldna. January, 1961 21 MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS NEW CONCEPT OF MINIATURIZED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK SHRINKS ELECTRONIC WORLD by KENNETH L. LESLEY. E.E. T HE PRESENT-DAY, extensive ap- plication of electronic equipment to carry the gear to many parts of the universe. Equipment installed in a application; application may be under- taken on the device, circuit, or system military use places upon the constitu- modern long-range missile will run the level. Molecular electronics is con- ent components the most rigorous re- temperature gauntlet as it leaves a hot cerned with the circuit and system quirements ever to be specified. The desert launching pad and is propelled levels. This field, occasionally termed trend of the grlater part of these appli- to freezing high altitudes. Clearly, this "molecular engineering,-' is concerned cations is towa rd miniaturization. For electronic gear must be capable of re- with the design of appropriate materi- a man carrying a portable transmitter, liability in meeting the most strenuous als in conjunction with appropriate miniaturization is a blessing; for a sat- environments without failure. Thus, electrodes to result in an integrated ellite it is a necessity. This miniatur- miniaturization and reliability are the structure giving a desired electronic ized electronic gear, in addition to be- effect. Realization of this "functional goals in the field of microsystem elec- ing lightweight and compact, must be block" by the miniaturization of a sys- tronics. operable in motion. Also it must be tem or circuit into a microsystem helps rugged with regard to varied environ- Microsystem electronics suggests it- to solve the problem of size but, un- ments because military utilization may self to division into three levels of fortunately, does not yield maximum reliability. The importance of reliability cannot be overstressed; in a unit such as a "\, \ satellite in orbit, repair or replacement is out of the question. Therefore, re- liability and longevity are a must. In an effort to solve the problem of re- /I! liability, multi path or redundant cir- cuits are used. , \ In the Nike Hercules missile, it is imperative that the warhead not ex- plode near the launching site where human lives would be endangered. Within the missile there are circuits ~ designed to prevent complete arming of the missile until it is sufficiently out-of-range of the launching site. In this disarming safety circuit, compo- nent failure could mean a circuit fail- ure with disastrous results. To insure against such failures making the mis- sile unsafe, a redundant circuit is used to bypass the failure but still allow the missile to complete its mission in the A /IIoleml(/r electrOllic two-st(/ge I'ideo (/mplifier showlI beside (/ dime. normal way. Ironically, in order to 22 Spartan Engineer insure reliability by building in extra circuits, emphasis falls upon miniatur- ization to allow more circuits per unit volume. This type of systems relia- bility is a substitutional answer to the question for it does not solve the prob- lem of reliability within the functional block. At this stage of development in molecular electronics, complete relia- bility has not been attained; it is still a goal to be achieved. Manufacturers and research engineers studying this problem feel that it can be partially solved through standardization. Any experimental field or infant industry is bound to be plagued by a lack of common terminology and nomencla- ture. Beyond this rather basic but vast- ly important problem, there is the question of standardization in manu- facture. A means toward the end of uniform reliability is the use of stan- dard designs, materials, processing techniques, and testing methods. At present such a system of standardiza- tion is coming of age in the transistor industry. Transistors, in a relatively short per- iod of twelve years, have been devel- oped to such a point that they can ef- fectively compete performance-wise and cost-wise with their forty-four year old rival, the vacuum tube. Being of a miniaturized nature, the transistor encountered much the same type of problems as confront the microsystem. Manufacturing processes constitute a major problem in the transistor indus- A molemlar electronic fllnction block med as an amplifier in conjllnction try. Prior to the development of the with a c01ll'entional preamplifier and speaker. relatively new dendrite method of manufacture, it was necessary to resort to highly-sophisticated methods of begins in the hands of a designer who Although the microsystem today is growth and alloying processes. This is establishes the function of the block not the prevalent thing, it is a matter not to say that these methods are now by a study of the requirements of the of up-and-coming importance. If we obsolete nor is it meant to forecast system. From there the system goes to keep an ear tuned to the professional future obsolesence. It is merely to say a topologist who determines the math- journals, we will hear the whisper of that the dendrite method of drawing ematical design of the block through progress. Closely following the pro- crystal ribbons from a molten mass the domain and interface relations fessional journals' articles, the trade appears to have much promise when that are to control the energy flow magazines and the newspapers will compared to the conventional method within the system. It is the work of begin proclaiming the wonders of mic- of X-ray or crystallographic inspection the materials engineers to produce a rosystems. \'V'ithin five years, it is not followed by precision sawing, etching, system with the desired physical ef- unlikely that we will see the applica- fects, generally using germanium and tion of molecular electronics in such and polishing of crystals to obtain a satisfactory working surface. Such man- silicon as the basic semiconductor ma- important fields as telemetering. fire- terials. It is these materials engineers control guidance, communications, ~facturing problems and their preced- who are faced with the realization counter-weapons, and flight-control Ing surface study problems are also in- problems of material behavior, physi- systems. Such application will indi- herent in microsystems. cate more than the culmination of cal strength, and other results of pro- The concept of microsystems is years of study and research; it will in- based upon the crystalline behavior of cessing behavior. The result of their dicate the beginning of a new concept domains and interfaces within a func- successful work is a microsystem func- of electronics. tional block with regard to the control tional block having the required char- of energy flow. The design of the acteristics to fulfill the job need and Injormation and photoJ courtesy of system and consequental development the reliability to make it practical. IF'estinghome Electric. 23 January, 1961 * * * where, ...... now will you be applying ).y~ engineering knowledge? Soon many positions will be made available to you tain your interest, quickly broaden your experience and and you must select a cornerstone for your career. Be continually create advancement opportunities. analytical; you have a great deal to invest. Make sure AN OUTSTANDING GRADUATE STUDY PRO- the company offers room for personal growth plus GRAM .•. tuition-paid program at accredited col- the stimulus for achievement. leges and universities ... Rensselaer Polytechnic We urge you to examine Hamilton Standard, for we Institute, University of Connecticut and others. know our company offers the ideal environment for SMALL PROJECT GROUP APPROACH to assign- an engineering graduate. Long famous for its accom- ments give you a sharper conception of the total prob- plishments in aerospace equipment, the company's lem and the evolution of each product. Advanced Product Planning Program promises exciting expansion into entirely new industries. You wiII enjoy: DESIRABLE CONNECTICUT LIVING in a pictur- esque country setting, yet near New York and Boston. A VARIETY OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITY to sus- Excellent schools and housing . • • • Ask the Hamilton Standard campus representa- BREATHING SYSTEM FOR tive every key question concerning your career. THE B.70 BOMBER In the meanwhile, send for your copy of our A highly sensitive air induction system produced 40-page brochure, ENGINEERING FOR YOU AND by Hamilton craft attain Standard speeds will help this mighty of over 2,000 miles an hour air- YOUR FUTURE. Write: R. J. Harding, Adminis- and altitudes to 70,000 feet. Design and develop- trator-College Relations ment of this complex Standard's capability system underscores Hamilton in the fields of aerodynam- ics, hydraulics, electronics and electro-mechanical controls. HAMILTON STANDARD DIVISION an organization dedicated to g~ and 8ngtn.eermg ~ UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT 24 Spartan Engineer AT RAYTHEON ... Scientific imagination focuses on ... RADAR ... INFRARED ... MISSILE SYSTEMS •.. COMMUNICATIONS & DATA PROCESSING ••• MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS ... SOLID STATE ••. SONAR ... ELECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY Positions designed to challenge your scientific imagination are offered by Raytheon Company to exceptional graduates (Bachelor or advanced degree) in EE, ME, physics or mathematics. These assignments include research, systems, development, design and production of a wide variety of products for commercial and military markets. Facilities are located in New England, California and the South. \ For further information, visit your . ~ placement director, obtain a copy of ~ "Raytheon ... and your Professional ~ ~uture", and arrange for an on-campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. J. B. Whitla, Manager-College Relations, 1360 Soldiers Field Road, Brighton 36, Mass. January, 1961 - Excellence in Electronics 25 What "W"ouldYOU do • as an engIneer Development testing of liquid hydrogen-fueled rockets is car- ried out in specially built test stands like this at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's Florida Research and Development Center. Every phase of an experimental engine test may be controlled by engineers from a remote blockhouse (inset), with dosed. circuit television providing a means for visual observation. Spartan Engineer . ( ~ I I rratt & Whitney Aircraft? r ( Regardless of your specialty, you would work in a favorable engineering atmosphere. Back in 1925, when Pratt & Whitney Aircraft was designing and developing the first of its family of history-making powerplants, an attitude was born-a recognition that engineering excellence was the key to success. At P&WA's Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Lab- oratory (CANEL) many technical talents are focused That attitude, that recognition of the prime impor- on the development of nuclear propulsion systems for future air and space vehicles. With this live mock-up tance of technical superiority is still predominant at of a reactor, nuclear scientists and engineers can P&WA today. determine critical mass, material reactivity coefficients, control effectiveness and other reactor parameters. The field, of course, is broader now, the challenge greater. No longer are the company's requirements confined to graduates with degrees in mechanical and aeronautical engineering. Pratt & Whitney Air- craft today is concerned with the development of all forms of flight propulsion systems for the aero- space medium-air breathing, rocket, nuclear and other advanced types. Some are entirely new in concept. To carry out analytical, design, experimental Representative of electronic aids functioning for P&WA or materials engineering assignments, men with engineers is this on-site data recording center which can provide automatically recorded and computed degrees in mechanical, aeronautical, electrical, chem- data simultaneously with the testing of an engine. This ical and nuclear engineering are needed, along equipment is capable of recording 1,200 different with those holding degrees in physics, chemistry values per second. and metallurgy. Specifically, what would you do?-your OlVn engi- neering talent provides the best answer. And Pratt & Whitney Aircraft provides the atmosphere in which that talent can flourish. For further information regarding an engineering Studies of solar energy collection and liquid and vapor career at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your col- power cycles typify P&WA's research in advanced lege placement officer or write to Mr. R. P. Azinger, space auxiliary power systems. Analytical and Experi- Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, mental Engineers work together in such programs to East Hartford 8, Connecticut. establish and test basic concepts. PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircroft Corporotion CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS - East Hartford FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER - Palm Beach County, Florida January, 1961 27 NOW IS THE TIME TO PLAN YOUR FUTURE WITH CELANESE With a major in chemistry, engineering or to the Junegraduat Many varied career opportunities await you now at business, there's just no limit on how far or fast Celanese. See your College Placement Officer. Or you can grow professionally at Celanese. We are write to: Mr. Glen M. Smyth, Celanese Corporation of America, 180 Madison Avenue, N. Y. 16, N. Y. rapidly expanding our world-wide activities in basic chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers ... as ..... ---clip and mail--------------, well as missile and rocket propellant development. I Celanese Corporation of America 1 180 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. Dept. R. I I You can specialize where your talents will be 1 I want to know more about Celanese. 1 fully appreciated. And, because Celanese is a 1 Send me a copy of "For a World of Better Products." 1 science-minded business, the conditions that 1I NA~IE, 11 1 COLLEGE 1 speed professional advancement are a constant 1 ADDRESS I concern of management. You really owe it to 1 ------------1 1 ClTy-- ZONE STATE __ 1 yourself to find out what Celanese now offers you. ~------------------------~ CORPORATION OF AMERICA CHEMICALS FIBERS PLASTICS C ELL U LOS E 28 Spartan Engineer STU'S EXPLAINING HOW MACHINES WILL SOME DAY "OUTTALK" PEOPLE "Stu" Smith graduated from Southern Cal Los Angeles area. As a pioneer in this new data with a powerful yen for excitement. His kind of transmission field Stu predicts data processing excitemen t - Engineering. machines will some day do more Long Distance "talking" than people. He got what he bargained for (and a little more) when he joined Pacific Telephone. One of Stu contacted 12 other companies before join- Stu's early assignments was to find out how ing Pacific Telephone. "I don't think there's any existing Long Distance networks could be used limit to where a man can go in the telephone to pipeline high speed "conversations" between business today. Of course, this isn't the place for computers in distant cities. a guy looking for a soft touch. A man gets all the The fact that he did a fine job did not go opportunity he can handle right from the start. unnoticed. He's limited only by how well and how fast he can cut it." Today, four years after starting his tele- phone career, Senior Engineer Stuart Smith If Stu's talking about the kind of opportunity heads a staff of people responsible for telegraph you're looking for, just visit your Placement Office and data transmission engineering in the huge for literature and additional information. "Our number one aim is to have in all management jobs the most vital, intelli- gent, positive and imaginative men we can possibly find." FREDERICK R. KAPPEL, President American Telephone & Telegraph CO. BELL TELEPHON E COM PAN IES WHAT'S NEW only the thickness of a penny)-dissipate heat sev- eral times faster than a cast block. As a bonus, the uniform wall thickness eliminates the troublesome "hot spots" which cause pinging in conventional engInes. The new engine, which is available in four dis- placement sizes (91,105, 120, and 135 cubic inches), can be converted from one size to another simply by replacing the crankshaft to change the ~troke. A~I sizes have the same 3.50-in. bore, all develop maxI- mum power at 6500 rpm. WI NOOW PERMAWICK LUBRICANT THRUST WASHER OIL SLINGER STAINLESS STEEL ENGINE Auto designers and engineers are taking their first look at a remarkable new engine which features a block made of a thin, stainless steel sheet. Designed by Lloyd Taylor, and produced by Tyce Engineering Corporation of Chula Vista, Cal- ifornia, the four-cylinder engine is sparking discus- sion among auto experts by its unique combination of high power, lightness, and durability. For in- stance, one model of the Tyce/Taylor engine de- CD livers 175 hp, yet weighs only 175 lbs., or one horse- THRUST WASHER power per pound. OIL RETURN HOLE The main reason for the new engine's amazing performance is its use of brazed, thin stainless REVOLUTIONARY BEARING steel sheet for the block assembly, including com- A revolutionary new family of bearings, which bustion chambers, cylinders, water jacket, intake combine the design advantages of sleeve and ball and exhaust ports, upper block pan, and spark plug bearings, has entered production by the Tann Bear- tubes. ings Company, Detroit. Tyce Engineering specified a grade of stainless Unique features of the new bearing include steel known to the metal trade as Type 302. This a base life of 20,000 hours, a lifetime recirculatory is a familiar stainless composition employed in every- oiling system, and a hydrodynamic oil film between thing from pots and pans, to rocket support stands, inner race and bushing which supports the weight of a.nd building fronts. Besides contributing to the the shaft. There is no metal-to-metal contact at lightness, strength and durability of the Tyce/Taylor any point. Four, the stainless steel construction of the block The above diagram illustrates the operation of does away with corrosion worries. Moreover, the hydrodynamic oil film. thin stainless steel stampings-(in some sections (Col/til/lled 011 page 34) 30 Spartan Engineer - - -- -- ..:s:e... . ,:\, .,~ ......... _~..,--_. u~ 11iio III ~ .. ~ '~ .~ . ..~.' , '~" " .. f~ ........ -.~ .c~.. J. .• 1.:1.'- .. _,~_, '- ,'.~ ---r~- - Some ideas just won't wait With Over 70 advanced projects in the works, the intellectually invigorating environment and rewards Northrop atmosphere is so stimulating that ideas often offered by Northrop's current and future programs. refuse to wait - they compel attention wherever the We seek exceptional engineers. physicists, and inspiration strikes. Missile guidance, rendezvous and mathematicians to join our thinkers and doers. Send us a card today maneuverability in space. bioastronautics, universal checkout systems, laminar flow control for aircraft present insistent. gratifying challenges. If you have with your name, address, and area Northrop sharp creative abilities in these lines, investigate the of special interest. Northrop Corporation, Box 1525, Beverly Hills, California Engineers who qualify 10 fililhese (hairs ••• are on the road to filling responsible iobs with a growing company in a growing industry • American Air Filter Company is one of the world's. FORMAL FIVE-MONTH TRAINING COURSE pioneers in the field of "better air." Starting 30 years ago Your first job at AAF will be to complete a full five-month as a manufacturer of air filtration equipment only, it has, course in its technical training school. This is a complete through a planned program of product development, attained and carefully planned course covering every phase of this the unique position of being the one company in its industry business of better air and is under the direction of Mr. James that can take the complete over-all approach to the customer's W. May, a recognized authority on air handling problems and air problems. In brief, this means supplying and coordinating presently a member of the board of directors of ASHRAE. all the proper products to filter, cool, heat, clean (control Classes, held in special, air conditioned quarters, are sup- process dust), move, exhaust, humidify and dehumidify air. plemented by field trips to visit AAF plants and observe "Better Air", while a big business today, is still in its on-the-job applications of equipment. infancy. Name any industry, any building type, and you have a present or potential user of AAF equipment. Other well- known trade names in the AAF family are Herman Nelson, YOUR FUTURE IS ALL. IMPORTANT TO AAF Kennard and Illinois Engineering. At present, AAF operates AAF prides itself on attempting to m'atch the man to the ten plants in Louisville, Moline, III., St. Louis, Chicago and job. During your training period you will have contacts Montreal, Canada. with key company personnel. Your personal desires as to type THIS KIND OF and location of job are given every consideration. AAF is big ••• QUALIFIES YOU FOR ENGINEERING DEGREE ••• THIS KIND OF JOB enough to provide opportunities galore-small enough to never lose sight of the personal touch that adds satisfaction t t along with success. Mechanical- Engineering, Sales or Manufacturing A representative of AAF will be on your campus soon to Electrical - Engineering or Sales interview students interested in learning more about the Industrial - Manufacturing or Sales opportunities with this company. Consult your Placement Civil - Sales Office for exact date. American Air t:ilter BETTER AIR IS OUR BUSINESS Auxiliary Gas Turbines becoming a prime povver source lor industry r"~"n'~"""",-", ------ -.-, l I L He!mUI Schelp,. chief engineer, AiResearch Manufacluring Dirision of ranging in .,izefrom 3010850 hp. Clockwise from Ihe lop: eTC 85.28 Anzona, Phoenix, surrounded by t)'pica I {(as turbines now in production eTCp 105 • eTp 70.6 • eTP 30.1 • GTp 70.10 • eTU 85.2. AiReseareh Gas Turhine Engines, on almost any fuel and start immediately The foregoing and other diverse, highly the most widely used power source for in any weather. interesting Garrett programs provide out- the ~tartin~, air conditioning, cooling and Future prime power applications of standing opportunities for engineers. heat~ng of Jet aircraft, now are becoming AiResearch gas turbines for industry in- An orientation program lasting a period a p.nn~e power source for industry. clude: earthmoving equipment; small in- of months is available, in which new EaSIer to maintain because of few dependent generator rlants; marine use; graduates work on assignments with ex- moving parts, these lightweight gas helicopters and smal conventional air- perienced engineers in laboratory, pre- turbine engines develop more horse- craft; emergency power plants; air con- liminary design and development projects. pm~er per pound and inch than any other ditioning, heating, refri~eration; atomic Should you be interested in a career with engme. Most efficient at max- energy (closed cycle gas turbine The Garrett Corporation, write to Mr. G. imum speeds, they run with atomic energy heat source). D. Bradley in Los Angeles. THE CORPORA ....ON tliResearch Manufacturing Divisions LOS ANG~L~S 45. CALIFORNIA • PHO~NIX. ARIZONA OTHER DIVISIONS AND SUBSIDIARIES: AIRSUPPL.Y-AERO ENGINEERING. A/RESEARCH AVIATION SERVICE. GARRETT SUPPLY. AIR CRUISERS A/RESEARCH INDUSTRIAL.. GARRETT MANUFACTURING LIMITED- MAR WEDEL • GARRETT INTERNATIONAL. 5.A .• GARReTT lJAPAN, LIMITED January, 1961 33 IF'HAT'S NEW a softening point as high as 350? 0 F. These highly heat-resistant bulbs are filled WIth more than 10 (Con/in/led from page 30) times atmospheric pressure of xenon (more than 1. Oil is drawn from reservoir of Permawick 140 lbs. per sq. inch). Thus, xenon lamps are t~e lubricant through bearing window. most advanced and intricate products of the electnc 2. Rotation of inner race under load generates lamp industry to date. hydrodynamic oil film, supporting inner race "CURRENT CONTENTS OF SPACE without metal-to-metal contact. AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES" 3. Oil forced to bearing ends by film pressure A comprehensive weekly listing of ~he 11.0,000 lubricates thrust washer. articles reported in the space and p~ysICal sCle~ces 4. On leaving washer, oil is picked up by slin~er each year was announced by t~e Instlt~te for SCle~- and slung to oil retaining ~up,. froI? whICh tific Information. Inaugural Issue wIll appear 10 it is reabsorbed by Permawlck 10 011 return January 1961. hole. This new service is specially designed to help individual scientists keep abreast of the avalanche of research reports emanating from thousands of , , research laboratories throughout the world. CUR- .. ~ RENT CONTENTS OF SPACE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES enables scientists to locate essential read- ing in minutes in such fields a~ missiles .and r~ckets, computers, mathematics, phYSICS, chemlstr~, lI1stru- mentation, atomic energy and all other subject areas .J in the space and physical sciences. For further information and a specimen copy of CURRENT CONTENTS OF SPACE AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES contact the Institute for Sci- entific Information, 1122 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia 23, Pa. IBM FORMS SPECIALIST GROUP The creation of new technical and professional force to lead the way into the next computer. era was announced by International Business Machll1es -, Corporation. The force, initially numbering more than 1,000, is expected to grow to several thousand within the next few years. Mathematicians, machine experts and industry " INCHES specialists compose the new data processing systems engineering organization. The objective of the gro.up is to assure the best systems for all IBM machll1e XENON BULB users and to develop breakthroughs along a wide front in the solution of advanced management and Xenon high pressure, high brightness bulbs are scientific problems. a new type of powerful lamp for military u~e, "Just as the computer has mastered separate, searchlights, projectors and space applications. The routine accounting functions during the past decade rays of the xenon lamp can be projected for a dis- tance of 50 miles. the 1960's will see it involved in the scientific man- agement of entire businesses and industrial com- In one "envelope," the bulb has three brilliant plexes," predicted Gilbert E. Jones, president of arc discharges spaced approximately one-quarter of IBM's Data Processing Division. an inch from the other, differing in this way from In addition to the new group, IBM also an- one-arc conventional lamps. The availability of the nounced a supporting educational program offering three closely spaced arcs, which can be switched systems training in depth. Advanced formal cour~es and regulated independently, makes the lamp par- will be given to systems engineers working in speCIal ticularly useful for military and space applications, as well as commercially. fields. The recently-opened IBM Systems Research Institute provides graduate-level studies. The I.n- The shells of xenon bulbs must be made of fused stitute, the first of its kind, will soon graduate ItS quartz, the only suitable transparent material with initial class. 34 Spartan Engineer Facts about chemical industry growth that can be important to your future career Did you know that the chemical industry has grown at a rate of about 10% per year since 1929, as compared with only 3% for the econ- omy as a whole? It's a fact! And there's every reason to believe that this favorable growth rate will continue. For the graduating chemist or chemical engineer, this spells oppor- tunity. Opportunity to grow with a growing industry. Allied Chemical, for example, now produces more than 3,000 diver- sified chemicals at over 100 plants throughout the country. Many of these products are basic-used in volume by almost every industry. Allied is at the heart of the nation's economy and looks forward to continued growth and stability. Ask our interviewer about career opportunities at Allied when he next visits your campus. Your placement office can give you the date and supply you with a copy of "Your Future in Allied Chemical." Allied Chemical Corporation, Department 161-R1, 61 Broadway, New York 6, New York. DIVISIONS: N!ied BARRETT' GENERAL CHEMICAL INTERNATIONAL' NITROGEN' NATIONAL ANILINE PLASTICS AND , Uemical COAL CHEMICALS • SEMET-SOLVAY SOLVAY PROCESS BASIC TO AMERICA'S PROGRESS Thomas O'Connell (B.S. in M.E., Notre Dame, '54; M.B.A., New York University, '60). Recently, as part of his job in marketing at IBM, he found himself assisting the customer technicians with the design problems of one of the world's busiest bridges. WHAT'S AN IBM MAN GOT TO DO WITH REDESIGNING A BRIDGE? Tom O'Connell is an engineer working in marketing areas as an ~ Im , IBM Data Processing Representative. His job is to introduce management to the advantages of electronic data processing. Once they have acquired an IBM system, he acts as a con- .. " .. Ii" sultant on new uses for the system. A Spectacular Engineering Achievement. How is he helping to redesign a bridge? One of his clients is the agency which con- structs and operates transportation facilities in the New York- New Jersey area. Recently, they began to add a lower deck to the George Washington Bridge. It has been a spectacular engi- neering achievement. Sections were brought up the Hudson River on barges and hoisted hundreds of feet into position. All this while heavy traffic continued in both directions. This double-decking of one of the world's busiest bridges took complex planning. An IBM system materially aided in the veri- fication of bridge design calculations and in suspension bridge truss analysis under various loading conditions. Tom O'Connell supplied many of the computer programs that were used in conjunction with other programs developed by the customer. Tom now knows a lot more about the problems of bridge design. A Job That Makes News. One of the exciting aspects of Data Processing Marketing at IBM is this wide diversity of systems application. Using the knowledge a man has gained in college, and backed by the comprehensive training he receives at IBM, he moves into many kinds of application areas. The areas are always interesting, sometimes newsworthy. In fact, almost every day newspapers carry stories about new applications of computer systems in important areas of business, industry, science and government. If you would like to find out in more detail about the many kinds of marketing opportunities at IBM, our representative will be visiting your campus soon. He'll be glad to sit down with you and discuss the reasons why marketing is a career with a virtually unlimited future. Your placement office can make an appointment. Or you may write, outlining briefly your back- ground, to: IBM Harley A. Thronson IBM Corporation 618 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago 5, III. @ You naturally havea better chance to grow with a growth company. WHAT HO, WRATISLAW! YES, ROGE.R,THE COMPANY FOR EXAMPLE, THEY ARE I UNDERSTAND THAT YOU I'M JOINING IS A LEADER THE LE.ADERS IN CREATING HAVE ACCEPTED AN ENG- IN MANY DIVERSIFIE.D AND PRODUCING- AI R BORNE INEERING POSITION. FIELDS OF ELE.CTRONICS. NAVIGATION,COMMUNICATION, INSTRUMENTATION, AND CON- TROL SYSTEMS. THE MOST,TO SA.Y THE LE.A.ST, HUH, BUDDY? V'W~ .... r\~ ~~ 4 .""'/..V- & I \ @ '- ... '~'~~'i ,.iI'>.-: .... ~" .,~~; ~r:f~; ... lf~6L~, _ ~~;\I \ ..tL<.~~. ,••... ~,. """.' • -OO;'~Q'.'~ - .~.~,: '~J' r.i'. t'it; • THEY ARE AlSO VE.RY BIG IN PEOPLE INVOLVED IN BROAD- THEY ARE. ALSO LEADERS IN TH E.GROUNDCOMMUNICI\TIONS CAST AND AMATEUR RADIO MISSILE. ELECTRONICS AND DEPARTMENT ... PIONEERING TELL ME THAT THIS COMPANY SPACE. EXPLORATION. THEY AND PRODUCING-SINGLE SIDE- MAKE.S EQUIPMENT THA.T'S••• WERE FIRST TO BOUNCE VOICES, BA.ND, TRANSHORIZON AND UH .. , TELETYPE,WIREPHOTOS, AND I MICROWAVE SYSTEMS. DON'TKNOWWHATALL, OFF THE ECHO SATELLITE. There are many sound reasons why engineers go to work for Collins. One of the nation's leading growth companies, Collins offers the young engineer an exceptional opportunity to advance within the company. Salaries and benefits are tops in the industry. What's more, you choose the area of the country in which you would like to work. Research, development and manufacturing facilities are located in Cedar Rapids, Dallas and Burbank. Collins likes engineers ... 20% of its 15,000 employees are engineers. Collins is in the business, basically, of selling the products of their imaginative thinking. Collins would like to discuss your future with you. Write for the free booklet "A Career with Collins" and ask your placement Counselor when the Collins representative will be on campus. YES,ROGER, THESE AND THE FACT THAT MY GREAT -AUNT LEFT ME A lO-ROOM RA.NCIi HOUSE NEA.R ON E. OF THE COLLI N 5 R e. 0 LABS. COLLINS RADIO COMPANY CEDAR RAPIDS. IOWA DALLAS, TEXAS BURBANK. CALIFORNIA For the man who likes to make his own career decisions The Allis-Chalmers Graduate Training Course is based on freedom of opportunity. You will have up to two years of practical training to find the right spot for yourself. At the same time, you enjoy a steady income. You can ac- cept a permanent position at any time - when- ever you can show you are ready. You help plan your own program, working with experienced engineers, many of them grad- uates of the program. Your choice of fields is as broad as industry itself-for Allis-Chalmers supplies equipment serving numerous growth industries. A unique aspect of the course is its flexibility. You may start out with a specific field in mind, then discover that your interests and talents lie in another direction. You have the freedom to change your plans at any time while on the course. Types of lobs: Research • Design • Development. Manufac- turing • Application • Sales • Service. Industries: Agriculture • Cement. Chemical. Construction • Electric Power • Nuclear Power • Paper • Petroleum • Steel. Equipment: Steam Turbines. Hydraulic Turbines. Switchgear • Transformers • Electronics • Reactors • Kilns • Crushers • Tractors. Earth Movers. Motors. Control. Pumps. Engines: Diesel, Gas. Freedom of Opportunity opens the doors to chal. lenging and interesting careers. Among them is our Nuclear Power Division, with an engineering staff in Washington, D. C., a new research and development center in Greendale, Wis., and an important research effort at Princeton University involving power from the hydrogen atom. For de. tails on the opportunities available, write to Allis- Chalmers, Graduate Training Section, Milwaukee I, Wisconsin. A.1192 ALLIS-CHALMERS ~ SIDETRACKED The math professor was no~orious CE.: "Was her father surprised E.E.: "Thought you were going to for piling on home work. Finally one when you said you wanted to marry visit that blonde in her apartment." harassed student went to him and his daughter?" CE.: "I did." complained that it was absolutely im- Aero. E.: "\'(1 as he surprised? Why E.E.: "How come you're home so possible to do all the assigned prob. the gun fell right out of his hands." early?" CE.: - "Well we sat and chatted lems. * * * * "Here's what you do;' suggested awhile. Then suddenly she turned out The teacher was explaining to the the lights. I can take a hint." the instructor. "Just do half the prob- grammar school students the merits of lems'" owning a yearbook and having one's * * * * The student's face brightened. picture in it. Statistics reveal that the average "Then," continued the prof, "next "Just think," she said, "thirty years American foot is getting bigger. The year, when you're repeating this from now you can look in this annual target is now so large, that even an course, you can do the other half." and say, 'There's Willie Jones; he's a amateur, practicing the fast draw, can judge now. And there's Sally White; shoot off a couple of his own toes. * * * * she's a nurse. And there's ... ' " Rules for handling women electri. "And there's teacher," came a voice * * :I< * cally: from the back of the room. "She's Coed: The nimblest man on campus dead." If she talks too long-Interrupter. is the one who can shift gears in a If she wants to be an angle-Trans- * * * * Volkswagon without getting his face former. Employer: "Are you looking for slapped. If she meets you half way-Receiver. work, young man?" If she gets too excited-Controller. Engineering Student: "No, but I * * * * If she gets up in the air-Condenser. would like a job." She: "Have you heard about the If she is hungry-Feeder. new college game?" * * * * He: "No, what is it?" If she sings inharmoniously-Tuner. If she is wrong-Rectifier. Blonde: "Wouldn't you call it men- She: "Button, Button, here comes If she is too fat-Reducer. tal telepathy if we were both thinking the housemother." the same thing?" If she gossips too much-Regulator. If she wants to get married-Resistor. Engineer: "No, just plain luck." * * * * Finals, finals everywhere * * * * * * * * with drops and drops of ink, E. E. Prof.: "Now watch the black- And never a prof who'll leave the There are only two kinds of parking board while I run through it once room left on campus-illegal and no. more." And leave a guy to think. 40 Spartan Engineer HOW ENGINEERS MAKE NEW DESIGNS POSSIBLE AND PRACTICAL lUustration courte"ll of Grad, Urbahn & Seelue. Inco Nickel helps give engineers the solution to metal problems in new radio telescope How do you design a precision instru- materials tough and strong enough? probably you, yourself, in the near Nickel gave them the answer! Nickel future, will be faced with problems ment that will "see" 38 billion light just as difficult.When you are, you can years into space? This problem was in steel gave these engineers a mate- rial tough enough to maintain pre- count on Nickel-and the cooperation answered by the engineers working of Inco - to help get the job done, .. on this revolutionary, new radio cision in the rotating mechanism even telescope. under the anticipated 20,OOO-tonload. and done right! And Nickel, to be used in the steel If you'd like to get acquainted with But these engineers faced another Nickel steels, write us for a copy of, challenging problem-How do you members, gave them the high strength at minimum weight needed to sup- "Nickel Alloy Steels and Other Nickel actually build it? How do you build Alloys in Engineering Construction ~ teles~ope as tall as a 66-story build- port the giant reflector. The radio telescope is one of the Machinery." Educational Services, Ing With a reflector so big it could The International Nickel Company, hold six football fields? many developments in which Nickel has solved important problems. Most Inc., New York 5, N. Y .How do you build a rotating mecha- msm that can swing this giant up or ~own, or sideways, to aim at any spot tn the Universe with pin-point accu- racy? Just the tiniest amount of wear International Nickel or distortion in this mechanism could The International Nickel Company, Inc., is the U. S. affiliate of The International Nickel throw the telescope millions of miles Company of Canada, Limited (Inco-Canada) - producer of Inco Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, off target in the far reaches of space! Iron Ore, Tellurium, Selenium, Sulfur and Platinum, Palladium and Other Precious Metals. , Where could they get construction "Where The Boys Aren't" ll Engineering IIDropouts Cause Concern Among U. S. Educators Almost half of the students who start programs which, he said, "we must draw our skilled engineers in engineering fail to complete them, the American and technicians." He stressed that this is the area Association for the Advancement of Science was where such programs as JETS are most effective told. in encouraging better scholarship and setting the The high casualty rate is one of the principal necessary predisposition towards engineering. concerns of engineering educators, reported Richard Fallon said there is another 12 per cent segment T. Fallon of Michigan State University's College of of engineering students who fail to make the grade Engineering. but "who should have been steered out of engineer- Fallon, who participated in a panel discussion ing in the first place, either in junior or senior high before the engineering section of the association, schools." is director of the Junior Engineering Technical So- "This group just does not have the proficiencies ciety (JETS), which has 742 chapters in high schools in the basic sciences to handle engineering courses," and junior colleges in all 50 states and several he explained. This could be remedied in part, he foreign countries. believes, by better aptitude testing and by giving "Engineering enrollment~ have been meeting the the students experience through junior engineering bare needs of the economy during the past six programs. years," Fallon said. A third group of students who drop out of en- He added that such enrollments could be suffi- gineering, about 17 or 18 per cent, "are victims of cient "if the students who started in engineering re- new pressures and delusions that everyone who mained in the field and graduated with degrees." studies science is going to be a scientist," Fallon However, he reported that about half (48 per cent) noted. of the engineering students are lost along the way Such students, Fallon explained, "soon defect to for various reasons. other fields when they find that engineering does Engineering "drop outs" appear to fall into three not offer the glamour they sought or it does not offer groups, Fallon noted. them a chance to pursue majors in the disciplines One group, comprising about 17 per cent of where they built up their proficiencies, such as math- engineering students, "have the capabilities, talents ematics, physics and chemistry." and interests in engineering," he said, "but they Fallon called for "more imagination on the part have not been properly prepared or oriented in high of engineering educators" to allow engineering stu- school toward engineering. Such students are not dents to have the option of a major in mathematics, informed about what is required in engineering physics or chemistry along with their engineering training and what engineers do on the job." courses. Fallon said these students are victims of "poor He also stressed the need for a more realistic teaching in high school, lack of responsibility on evaluation in secondary schools as to what engineer- the part of guidance persons and lack of sympathy ing requires. For example, he pointed out that send- on the part of high schools for the engineering ing a satellite up by way of a rocket is 95 per cent story." engineering, designing, building, and operating the "These are not the so-called gifted students for hardware, rather than theoretical science. whom everything is being done these days," he said, The high rate of attrition, concluded Fallon, has citing some science programs which accept only stu- caused the national government, industry and uni- dents with IQ's of 135 and over. versity officials to support such programs as JETS, Fallon referred to the large segment of students which present a realistic picture of engineering and "iust under the cream of the crop" and a group from technology. 42 Spartan Engineer We wisb pou tbe be~t of eberptbing in tbis new pear '([~e ~taff - "~Jlartan ~n9ineer" January, 1961 43 MINUTE 810GRAPHY Leo V. Nothstine, Associate Professor, Civil and Sanitary Engineering Mr. Nothstine graduated from Mancelona High School, Mancelona, Michigan in 1934. He attended MSU and graduated in 1938 with a CE. degree. After working a year in construction, he attended Kansas State with a research assistantship, graduating with a Master's degree in CE., then taught two years at Texas Tech. Nothstine worked for a year as a stress analyst for the Glenn L. Martin Co., then for three years, starting in 1942, for the Ford Motor Company at Willow Run. \'{Thile there he worked on the B-24 bomber, as a liaison between production and engineering, in flight research and instrumentation. He helped develop and perfect the American version of the BI buzz bomb, taking part in launchings in the Gulf of Mexico. After the war, he worked in automotive research. In September of 1945 he joined the firm of Gould Enigneering in Flint, Michigan, designing municipal works, and one year later joined the MSU staff as an assistant professor. Very active in student affairs, Nothstine is advisor to one fourth of all civil egineers, advisor to the civil engineers honor society, Chi Epsilon, and faculty advisor to Phi Lambda Tau, the all engineering honor society. He is also a member of many pro- fessional societies and is a registered CE. and land surveyor. Mr. and Mrs. Nothstine and their four sons reside in Okemos. His favorite hob- bies are hunting and fishing, which would be expected with four boys in the family. While he is not doing any research at present, he encourages his students to do so. In his teaching he strives to put the matter across to his students without sacrificing any necessary material and he is always looking for better teaching methods. Professor Nothstine expects to remain indefinitely at MSU. What's been done with new DEEP STRENGTH Asphalt Pavement in Upstate New York could be important to your future If your career is Civil Engineering Advanced Design DEEP STRENGTH THIS IS DEEP you owe it to your future to know Asphalt pavement helped solve the what's happening in Asphalt pave- problem. (See diagram.) A 21h.lnch Asphalt ment design. To know more about the new Ad- concrete surface course Take Interstate Highway #81 near vanced Design Criteria for heavy- B Watertown, New York, for instance. duty Asphalt pavements and how they 3-lnch Asphalt Here, in an area where .frost depth are responsible for the most durable base course C goes to 48 inches and the soil is and economical heavy-duty pavements 4.lnch base boulder-strewn glacial till, engineers known, send for free student portfolio course of broken stone had to find a way to stop heaving and on Asphalt Technologyand Construc- D subsequent pavement failure. New tion. Prepare now for your future. 6-lnch graded gravel subbase E THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE 6-lnch bank.run Asphalt Institute Building, College Park, Maryland gravel foundation Ribbons of velvet smoothness ... course ASPHALT-paved llllerstate Highways F r---------------------------- EXC8vated inches below pavement to 48 grade In cuts---locally ~ II Gentlemen: Please send me your free student portfolio on Asphalt Technology and Construction. available baCk fill material I NAME-- CCLASS _ compacted "super" with II ADDRESS - I compactor. ~ I c~ SCIlOOL q~------- - 44 Spartan Engineer How do You a Challenge? At Delco Radio we're meeting the staggering challenges of the Space Age with a combination of outstanding resources and abilities. Latest addition to the Delco complex of over one million square feet of modern laboratory, manufacturing and office facilities is the new 125,000 sq. ft. research and engineering center now under construction in Kokomo, Indiana. But physical resources are only half the story. Delco's rise to prominence in the fields of electronics and solid state physics has been led by men of unusual abilities. And, just as it's necessary to continue expanding our physical resources, we must continue to seek out capable men to meet the increasing challenges of the future. We need ambitious young men with new ideas-new talent. If a bold, aggressive program of action is what you're interested in, write to Mr. Carl Longshore-Supervisor, Salaried Employment, or talk with our representative when he visits your campus. KOKOMO, INDIANA 45 January, 1961 , SOUND (Con/inNed trom page J 3) a large ratio of reverberated sound to - direct sound reduces the ear's ability to locate the source. Therefore, rever- beration reduces the impression that the sound originates area. in a restricted In a concert hall, the sound reach- ing a listener has been reverberated several times from the surfaces of the room. The mind associates the ratio of direct to reverberated sound and the time interval between the direct and reverberated sound with a given size '~P[C~" of room or hall. Stereophonic sound also deepens up- on differences in multiple representa. ~/MPLlfY tions of sound. These may differ in time of arrival at the ears, wave form and intensity. The multiplicity effect I can be achieved by one channel serving wifh MANUFACTURER as the sound source and altering the sound's characteristics as it is repro- duced through a second speaker sys- tem. 10,4 PRODUCT LINES In producing the stereo illusion, two microphones, left and right, pick up the musical impulses from the source and feed them into two sound tracks on tape. These sound tracks are then pressed both laterally and vertically in- to grooves on a record. A needle was Chances are you'll eventually be involved developed which is capable of moving laterally and up and down simultane- in some way with specifications for: ously to pick up both channels of sound. AIR CONDITIONING The two sound channels are un- scrambled by the stereo cartridge in REFRIGERATION the tone arm. This miniaturized elec- HEATING tric generator, translates the sound channels into electrical impulses and HEAT TRANSFER directs them into separate amplifier circuits. Here they are magnified and and chances are you'll profit by knowing fed into two separate loudspeakers which translate these impulses into sound which your ears hear stereo- phonically. When your left ear receives an im- pression from one speaker on the left, and your right ear one from the right, your brain combines both impressions into one total impression. The stereo illusion is a three-dimen- sional image which is characterized by the sensations of directionality, spaci- the One Manufacturer providing ousness and solidity. A whole new world of listening pleasure has been "one source-one responsibility" for all 4. opened since its introduction. Future research will undoubtedly make even DUNHAM-BUSH, INC. further progress so that our sense of hearing can be exploited to its fullest WEST HARTFORD 10 • CONNECTICUT • U. S. A. capability. Spartan En~ineer Ability of energy to do work? A mathematical convenience? Gibbs' Free Energy? What does it mean in isothermal electrochemistry? The concept of energy availability in all its ramifications is becoming ever more important to Allison's energy conversion mission. Current projects involving this con. cept include electrochemical con- version systems (for satellites, space systems, and perhaps even your future automobile), heat regenerator systems and photolysis regenerators. In our inquiries we rely not only on our own resources but also on the talents of General Motors Corpora- tion, its Divisions, and other organi- zations and individuals. By applying this systems engineering concept to new research projects we increase the effectiveness with which we accom- plish our mission - exploring the needs of advanced propulsion and weapons systems. Energy conversion is our business Division of General Motors, Indianapolis, Indiana If you are graduating with outstanding scho- lastic achievement in engineering or the physical sciences, Sandia Corporation has an interest in your future. At Sandia, you would work in research, design and development, or engineering. Our research engineers and scientists are cur- rently engaged in projects in the fields of solid state physics, magnetohydrodynamics, materials research, explosives technology, pulse phenomena and radiation damage. You would work in a modern well-equipped $60 million laboratory and be associated wilh some of this nation's outstanding tech- A nical personnel. You would receive liberal benefits whch, in addition to insurance, re- tirement and vacation, include an oppor- FUTURE tunity for graduate study. You would be employed in sunny, dry Albu- FOR querque, a Southwestern over 200,000, cultural center of or in our laboratory more, California, with all the advantages at liver- of the San Francisco Bay area. AT SANDIA At All Degree levels ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS At MS and PhD levels CHEMICAL ENGINEERS CERAMICISTS CERAMIC ENGINEERS PHYSICISTS METALLURGISTS METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS MATHEMATlC~ANS STATISTICIANS PHYSICAL CHEMISTS ENGINEERING PHYSICISTS AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERS TECHNICAL WRITERS Sandia Corporation is a member of the Bell System whose team of recruiters will be on your campus soon. For dates and appoint- ment for interview, see your College Place- ment Officer. now. SANDIA • CORPORATION ALBUQUERQUE. NEW MEXICO ~ LIVERMORE. CALIFORNIA "POSITIONS OPEN" There are positions open on the staff of the "Spartan Engineer" 10 the following areas: Writing (technical or non-technical); Art (illustrations and covers) ; Layout. The staff of the "Spartan Engineer" is comprised mainly of persons majoring in engineering, but one need not be an engineering major to qualify for a position on the staff. The only prerequisite is a sincere desire to learn the workings of the magazine. Students in any college of the university are invited to join the staff. If interested, come up to room 346 of the Student Services Building and place an application for the position you desire. RESERVE YOUR FUTURE COPIES OF THE SPARTAN ENGINEER Mail to: Spartan Engineer Subscription Rates 346 Student Services Michigan State University $1.00 per year (4 issues) Enclosed find $ _ for year(s) subscription(s) to the SPARTAN ENGINEER. NAME - CAMPUS OR HOME ADDRESS 49 January, 1961 ADVERTISER'S INDEX BE PREPARED (Continued from page 19) The second block is the idea that Allied Chemical 35 from out of nowhere will come the Allis-Chalmers ,. 39 only right job with the only right com- pany. This is false. Anyone of 5 or Allison Div. of General Motors 47 6 organizations should be able to pro- vide the opportunities you are looking American Air Filter 32 for. The job then becomes one of narrowing the field down. Once you American Tel. & Tel. 29 make your choice, however, don't look back and wish. It gives a bad Asphalt Institute 44 name both to the school and to you if you suddenly decide that the com- Bendix Aviation 3 pany's offer doesn't really take into Bethlehem Steel 12 consideration all that you are worth. The Placement Bureau was estab- Celanese Corporation 28 lished to be a middle ground between industry and students; by doing your Collins Radio 38 part to make it run smoothly, you not only help the companies find the best Delco Radio 45 employees, but help yourself in find- Detroit Edison 9 ing the right job. Douglas Aircraft 6 From the National Dow Chemical Company , 11 Bureau of Standards Symbol: WOo Atomic weight: 120. Dunham-Bush, Incorporated 46 Occurrences: Found wherever a man is DuPont 2 found, seldom in a free state. Physical properties: Generally round- Eastman Kodak * ed in form. Boils at nothing and may freeze at any minute. Melts when Garrett Corporation 33 treated properly. Very bitter if not used well. General Electric . ** Chemical properties: Very active. Hamilton Standard 24 Possesses great affinity for gold, silver, platinum, and precious stones. Vio. I. B. M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36-37 lent reactions when left alone. Able to absorb great amounts of food. Turns International Nickel Company 41 green when placed beside a better- looking specimen. Ages rapidly. Monsanto Chemical Company 7 Uses: Highly ornamental. Useful as a tonic in acceleration of low spirits, Northrop Aircraft 31 etc. Equalizes the distribution of wealth. Is probably the most powerful Pratt & Whitney 26-27 income-reducing agent known. Raytheon Mfg. Co 25 Caution: Highly explosive when in inexperienced hands. Sandia Corp 48 Preparation of this tongue-in-cheek reference file card on women was a Sikorsky Aircraft 10 project of the StandJrds Bureau Labor- atories at Boulder, Colorado. U. S. Steel , *** Westinghouse .................................... 1 REMINDER! On the average, man is a 0.25 megohm, 1 watt resistor; at 1 milli- ampere, shock is perceptible. At 10 * Inside Back Cover mils, you can't let go, 100 mils is generally fatal, and electrical engi- ** Back Cover neers are already in short supply. Don't make an ash of yourself! *** Inside Front Cover 50 Spartan Engineer If your sights are set on electronics- With the IBM Sage computer, Air Force personnel view computer- generated displays projected in the Command Post. -you'll find Photography at Work with you THE engineer working in elec- which you can set your sights creasingly important in the business tronics finds photography one of where photography does not play and industry of tomorrow, there his most valuable tools. For ex- a part in simplifying work and are new and challenging oppor- ample, he uses camera and film routine. It saves time and costs tunities at Kodak in research, en- to capture and study the fleeting in research, on the production gineering, electronics, design, sales, transient on the oscilloscope face. line, in the engineering and saies and production. department, in the office. If you are looking for such an X-rays and film provide him interesting opportunity, write for in- with a check on the internal in- So in whatever you plan to formation about careers with Kodak. tegrity of sealed components. do, take full advantage of all the Address: Business and Technical Even intricate circuits can be ways photography can help. Personnel Department, printed and miniaturized by Eastman Kodak Company. CAREERS WITH KODAK: photographic methods. Rochester 4, N. Y. With photography and photo- There's hardly a field on graphic processes becoming In- EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rochester 4, N. Y. One of a series Interview with General Electric's Earl G. Abbott, Manager-Sales Training Technical Training Programs at General Electric Q. Why does your company have train- third year of the Advanced Engineering edge in dealing with customers. After ing programs, Mr. Abbo"? Program. completing orientation assignments in Then there is the two-year Creative engineering, manufacturing, and market- A. Tomorrow's many positions of major Engineering Program for those graduates ing, the Program member may specialize responsibility will necessarily be filled by who have completed their first-year in one of the four marketing areas: appli- young men who have developed their assignments and who are interested in cation engineering, headquarters market- potentials early in their careers. General learning creative techniques for solving ing, sales engineering, or installation and Electric training programs simply help engineering problems. service engineering. speed up this development process. Another avenue of training for the In addition to on-the-job assignments, In addition, training programs provide qualified graduate is the Honors Program, related courses of study help the Program graduates with the blocks of broad ex- which enables a man to earn his Master's member prepare for early assumption of perience on which later success in a d~gree within three or four semesters at major responsibility. specialization can be built. selccted colleges and universities. The Furthermore, career opportunities and Company pays for his tuition and books, Q. How can I decide which training interests are brought into sharp focus and his work schedule allows him to earn 75 percent of full salary while he is going program Iwould like best, Mr. Abbo"? after intensive working exposures to several fields. General Electric then gains to school. This program is similar to a the valuable contributions of men who research assistantship at a college or A. Well, selecting a training program is have made early, well-considered deci- university. a decision which you alone can make. You sions on career goals and who are con- made a similar decision when you selected fidently working toward those objectives. Q. Just how will the Manufacturing your college major, and now you are Iraining Program help prepare me for focusing your interests only a little more a career in manufacturing? sharply. The beauty of training programs Q. What kinds of technical training pro- is that they enable you to keep your grams does your company conduct? career selection relatively broad until you A. The three-year Manufacturing Program consists of three orientation have examined at first hand a number of A. General Electric conducts a number specializations. assignments and three development of training programs. The G-E programs Furthermore, transfers from one Gen- which attract the great majority of assignments in the areas of manufacturing engineering, quality control, materials eral Electric training program to another engineering graduates are Engineering are possible for the Program member. and Science, Manufacturing, and Tech- management, plant engineering, and manufacturing operations. These assign- whose interests clearly develop in one nical Marketing. of the other fields. ments provide you with broad, funda- mental manufacturing knowledge and Q. How long does the Engineering and with specialized knowledge in your Personalized Career Planning Science Program last? particular field of interest. is General Electric's term for the The practical, on-the-job experience A. That depends on which of several selection, placernent, and pro- offered by this rotational program is sup- avenues you decide to take. Many gradu- plemented by participation in a manu- fessiorwl developrnent of engi- ates complete the training program dur- facturing studies curriculum covering neers und scientists. If yon would ing their first year with General Electric. all phases of manufacturing. like a Personalized Career Plan- Each Program member has three or four ning folder which describes in responsible work assignments at one or Q. What kind of training would I get more of 61 different plant locations. rnore detuil the Cornpany's train- on your Technical Marketing Program? Some graduates elect to take the Ad- ing programsfor technicul gradu- vanced Engineering Program, supple- A. The one-year Technical Marketing ates, write to iUr. Abbott ut Sec- menting their work assignments with Program is conducted for those graduates tion 9.59-13, General Electric challenging Company-conducted study who want to use their engineering knowl- courses which cover the application of Compuny, Schenectudy 5, N. Y. engineering, science, and mathematics to industrial problems. If the Program mem- Progress Is Ovr Mosf Imporfqnf Protlvt:f ber has an analytical bent coupled with a deep interest in mathematics and physics, he may continue through a second and GENERAL _ ELECTRIC