~ f-" ~ /1 - ,...... l- A v ~ ~ " "'" J I ". , r- ..... r ; 1\ ~ ~ ~ I~ -- ~ L j t : \V ~ \ ~ '/I ~ ~ \ \ .. , J. J 'J ) ~J I// \, ./ // t v r ...... - - ....I ~ , '- • I~ - ..,~ ", ./ , ""'" / - " - I '~ - - - - ~ ~ o 1:; J\~ ~, - '1- / ~. / t -- ~. -- /' ~ V ometime within the next several years, th~ first S American will soar into orbit around the earth. He wIll be sealed in a small, cone-shaped spacecapsule mounted atop ~n Atlas missile. The missile will climb 100 miles in. less th.an SIX minutes, where the capsule will disengage and go mto orbIt. The man will be alone in space. The vehicle for this historic voyage is already in production under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's This mark tells you a product is made ~ of modern. dependable Steel. \lI' "Project Mercury." One of the methods of heat protection is a beryl- lium heat sink, forged on two giant steel dies. Both dies are USS Quality Steel Forgings. The top die (shown being rough-machined on one of our vertical boring mills) will be convex, 20 inches thick and will weigh 26,520 pounds. The bottom die, concave and 18 United States Steel Corporation inches thick, weighs 27,700 pounds. Both are 92 inches in diameter. Personnel Division 525 William Penn Place Steel is the starting gun in the race to outer space. Space ships Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania " Please send me the booklet, "Paths of Opportunity. and missiles couldn't get off the ground without it. And Steel de- Name --- pends on men like you. Send the coupon if you would like to find out School -- about the many engineering financial analysis or sales career op- Address ---- portunities at U. S. Steel. uss is a registeredtrademark Clty' _ Zone_State- @ United States Steel Thing~ we know about tomorrow Iphenomenon of modern America is the so-called 'thinkcompany." It owns no factories, manufactures :l) products and makes no shipments, but just "thinks" llOutproblems- -and brilliant ways to solve them. Ie have a number of "think companies" within Westinghouse • . Oneis a group of scientists in the research labs near ~ttsburghwho seek basic knowledge like the production l! light bY SOllds, . and the origin '. magnetlsm . of •OtherWeStinghouse scientists in Baltimore apply basic knowledge ~ that most demanding of all problems ... national defense. At ~eswick,Pa., another group thinks about products needed in the l&encanhome 10 or 15 years from now. •~ a result of this kind of thinking Westinghouse scientists and ':!glneers , have achleved ... startling advances ln atomlC power, the .aunchi . ng system for Polaris thermoelectric generators ':id many oth er developments. ' . Thebak c -up facilities in the Westinghouse .. "thlnk companles " ~-W ;0-' e estinghouse the best place for talented . englneers . . .Hlnformat lon ~:. .. on rewarding career opportunl tles ' wrl. te lrib' Noggle, West inghouse Educational Department, , yore and Brinton Roads, Pittsburgh 21, Pa. ou ca b n e sure ... if it's Westinghouse NASA program-highlights Project Mercury-U. S.'s first Jt Project Surveyor-First soft land. NEXT DECADE manned satellite. ing on moon. Conduct observations from stationary position. IN SPACE Year 4 to 14 of the Space Age Project Prospector-Soft landing Solar Observatory-350 lb. Large on moon and exploration of area flywheel and extended arms rolate within 50 miles of landing point. to stabilize. Under construction. Project Marlner-600 to 1200 Ibs. First U. S. Planetary missions to Venus and Mars. Modified craft for hard landings on moon. * Project Voyager-Orbit Mars and Venus and eject instrumented cap- sule for atmospheric entry and perhaps landing. Nimbus-GOO to 700 lb. meteoro- logical satellite series. Stabilization system will keep cameras pointed earthward. Orbiting Geophysical Observatory -1000 lb. geophysical research satellite designed for a near earth circular polar orbit or an inclined highly elliptical orbit. These programs facing the scientists and engineers of NASA comprise the most Project Aeros-24-hour stationary challenging assignment ever given a group Orbiting Astronomical Observatory weather satellite. Launched in of Americans. -Standardized, 3500 lb. satellite, equatorial orbit. Three satellites You are invited to work alongside the many for several experiments with differ- could permit continuous observa- lion of most of earth's surface. ent scientific sensors and special- distinguished and dedicated members of our ized devices. technical staff. For details about outstanding professional opportunities, address your inquiry to the Personnel 6O,000Ibs. Director of any of these NASA Research and Space Flight Centers- 40,000Ibs. Anticipated Growth of NASA - Sp~ce.craft in terms of weight NASA Ames Research Center. Mountain View, California 20,000Ibs. of individual near earth satellites. NASA Flight Research Center. P.O. Box 273, Edwards, California 1960 1963 1967 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Maryland NASA langley Research Center. Hampton, Virginia NASA lewis Research Center. Cleveland 35, Ohio launch Vehicles-New and more powerful launch vehicles' chemical NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Alabama electrical, nuclear propuision. ' NASA Wallops Station. Wallops Island, Virginia CENTAUR SATURN C.l SATURN C.2 National Aeron t. d au ICS an Space Administration As you plan your career - be sure to consider Monsanto. It may surprise you that Monsanto needs electrical and mechanical engineers, • Process control instrumentation • Applied research • Automated process systems engineering • Equipment evaluation and selection as well as chemical engineers. ~act is, though, that Monsanto offers many opportuni- tIes to men with your professional training, including: May we discuss these with you as we visit your Mechanical Engineers ... campus this year? You can arrange for this visit with • Plant design and layout • Plant engineering • Construction your Placement Director; Equipment selection • Materials specification • Specialization in the fields or write Professional Em- of fluid mechanics, stress • Des~gn of new and unique equipment analysis, heat transfer, etc. ployment Manager, EM -2, Electrical Engineers ..• Monsanto Chemical Com- • Design of electrical • Power distribution and pany, St. Louis 66, Missouri. systems substation design 3 March, 1961 There are many opportunities for mechanical engineers at Bethlehem Steel I t of use for You'll find a mechanical engineer desirrninrr complex ma- ents of mechanical engineers and has pen y St el. chinery ~or a new. rolling mill, Another is supervising them, look into the possibilities at Bethlehem e ~on~truchon of a gIant blast furnace, Another is develop- portunities ~ng Improved production methods. Others design tools, are Bethlehem offers excellent career op . icula: m ch arge 0f pant I'd mamtenance ivisions, or head up fuel Jar men I'n vI'rtually . I allI engineen.ndgcur: . al en ustrza,l departments, Others are in sales work. In fact Bethlehem's metallurgical, electnca, c temlC , 1 d others, president is a mechanical enrrineer,' civil mining, ceramic, architectura , all '(h Th ' . b e .po,mt IS simple: there's virtually no limit to the op- , We suggest that you d'IScuss Bethlehem WI B d be sure to portum~les a~ ethlehem Steel for men trained in mechani. your Placement OffiIcer'klAn "Careers with cal engmeermg. pick up a copy oj our boo et, " ~:!'~ 'PP'OO: :' :- H :::':'E:C;P;:':I'h~1 I.f .you're looking for a real opportunity to put your Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course, trammrr to work with h p @::~ . GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT Dean's Letter Coming to you from Athens Greece 1 AN ENGINEER of today should always be curious. He should be interested in the world around' him, the how and why of nature and of man. Travel, even when on business, permits an engineer to exercise his curiosity in new surroundings and with new standards of reference. To visit the ancient buildings and ruins of Roman and Greek early culture is an opportunity to exercise curiosity and which at the same time should increase our engineering humility. Visible evidence of these early civil- izations, still standing, forces us to accept the fundamental fact that as of 3000 years ago, these men were engineers who understood thoroughly their mater- ials, and solved their problems in ways we are now only reapplying. Limited to marble, stone, and brick, with only crude hand tools, they fashioned things of beauty which have been copied repeatedly throughout history. Making up with a multitude of hands for their lack of machines they quarried, moved, and placed great marble blocks which would strain even our best movers of today. The lintel of Agamemnon's tomb must weight over 100 tons, yet it was quarried, moved over 16 miles in rough country, and hoisted many feet to its place. Then to insure its safety these engineers devised a method of prestressing this marble, so that its own tremendous weight would not cause failure. Today we are just beginning to reapply prestressing in our concrete structures-but will they survive for centuries? We doubt it, because our building depends on rust-prone steel, not suited to the ages. We build to meet the needs of the moment-tomorrow's needs may be different. This, indeed, is one lesson which we have learned-we expect change as a matter of course, the ancients foresaw only a continuation of the same man- ner of living. What is the ingredient in our civilization which has lead to ~ur progress into the new? Is it that our engineers have gone beyond the solvmg of today's problems, and have added curiosity as an element of their education? J. D. RYDER 11 March, 1961 BIG ROCK POINT Nuclear Power Plant Will Provide Research and Development Facilities and Eventually Commercial Power by JErlNNETTE jHcCLEES, E.E. strate the feasibility of higher heat steam separators in the drum, the CONSUMERS POWER Company output in relation to the size of the steam then flows directly to the tur- and its contractors have embarked up- reactor core, increased fuel life, and bine, with the water returning to the on a courageous and pioneering un- lower fuel fabrication costs. This pro- recirculating pumps. dertaking to build a nuclear power gram will continue for four and one- The turbine is a 3,600 rpm, tandem plant in northern Michigan. It will half years after the plant goes into compollOd, double flow, condensin be located at Big Rock Point in Char- operation. unit directly connected to a hydroge levoix County, between Charlevoix cooled generator with a gear-drive This plant will consist of a nuclear and Petoskey on the shore of Lake excite(. Provisions are being made m steam supply system, turbine-generator Michigan. set, surface condenser and associated the turbine, generator and exciter for Bechtel Corporation is the prime auxiliary system. the anticipated output based. on suc con tractor and engineer-constructor. cessful results of the research and de- In forced circulation operation, wa- The General Electric Company will velopment program. ter is pumped from Lake Michigan supply the nuclear part of the plant into the reactor vessel by the recircu- The reactor is of the single.cycl and the power generating equipment, lating pumps, flowing upward through forced circulation boiling-water type and will also conduct the associated the core where boiling takes place. The steam generated in the reacto research and development program on The resulting steam-water mixture core tlC)ws to the steam drum, then nuclear fuels. then flows upward through six 14-inch to the turbine, with nO heat exchange The basic goals of the research and risers to the steam separation drum. in between. Guaranteed nominal elec development program are to demon- After passing through mechanical trical (a.pacity is to be 50,000 kilowatt 1---_- -r-' " - -..:! al Big Rock Poinl 111 Charlel'oix Co/lilly. 12 Engineer Spartan WATER COLOR _ STEAM.WATER MIXTURE CODE ~ STEAM Cross-section t1ieuJ of the Big Rock Point nllclear electric gellert/ling planl. gross at a reactor system pressure of The reactor fuel will consist of consisting of a hydraulic piston and a 1050 psia. System components based slightly enriched uranium dioxide pel- mechanical latching feature that will upon a successful research and devel- lets with an initial enrichment of hold the rod in any selected position. opmental program will be designed about 3.2% and encased in stainless Both positioning and scram motions for power production of 75,000 kilo- steel tubing. Each tube is about four- will be hydraulically actuated. watts gross electrical output at system tenths of an inch in diameter and six The nuclear steam supply system al. working pressures up to 1500 psia. feet long. The power from a single so includes a drum for separating the The plant is scheduled to be in opera- load of fuel will be roughly equiv- stearn from the water, piping, and re- tion by early fall of 1962. alent to that which could be generated circulation pumps. Auxiliary equip- by burning 260,000 tons of coal, ment includes a shutdown heat ex- Major plant structures include the enough for a coal train almost 32 changer, and a reactor demineralizer reactor enclosure and the turbine miles long. A fuel assembly will con- system. Initial rating of the system building. The reactor enclosure struc- sist of 140 of these individual tubes will be 607,000 pounds of saturated ture will be a steel sphere 130 feet or rods, grouped for case in handling. stearn per hour at a pressure of 1020 in diameter. The bottom of the sphere A total of 56 of these fuel assemblies pounds per square inch. Based on the will be approximately 27 feet below will be placed vertically in the reactor successful outcome of the development Ii~ished grade. Inside the steel sphere to make up the initial core loading. program, the reactor will be capable Will be reinforced concrete structures The lower end of each assembly is of supplying 96<1,000 pounds of sat- for biological shielding, equipment, provided with an orilice for directing urated steam per hour at a pressure a~d fuel storage pool. Three air locks the coolant water /low around each of 1470 pounds per square inch. WIll be provided; two for personnel fuel rod in each assembly, and also access, with a larger one for passage Big Rock Point Nuclear Plant will providing a means for adjusting the of equipment. not be the largest boiling water reactor pattern of water /low and steam gen- in the United States. It will, however, Major components and accessories eration within the core. be the largest direcl c)'cle boiling wa- of the reactor include the reactor pres- Control rods will be of stainless ter reactor plant in the United States, sure vessel, reactor core, control rods steel containing 2% boron, having a and it will be the largest electric gen- and their drive systems, and the steam cruciform cross section and an overall erating plant of any kind in northern supply system. length of about 6 feet. A total of 24 Michigan. The reactor pressure vessel is ap- control rods will be employed initially, Consumers' direct cycle boiling wa- proximately 9 feet inside diameter and located on approximately 10.5 inch ter reactor will differ from an indirect 3~ feet inside length, and consists of centers and will enter through the cycle plant in the requirements for high strength steel alloy material clad bottom of the pressure vessel. Each of the rods will have a drive mechanism (Conlinlled 011 page 34) on the inside with stainless steel. 13 March, 1961 AEROBEE HI Small, But Efficient Rocket Explores Upper Atmosphere by JOHN THORNTON, E.E. trol system in order to reduce weight. Aerobee-Hi is launched from a 140 DURING the International Geophy- The high speed of the boosted take- foot tower with the aid of a high sical Year, many studies of the earth off plus the large area of the fins keep thrust booster. The 550 pound booster and its surrounding atmosphere were the rocket stable throughout powered gives the main rocket an initial ve. carrie9 on by U. S. scientists. A great flight. locity of 700 mph. The maximum ac- deal of emphasis was placed on the celeration is about Ilg. Aerobee-Hi's propulsion system con- upper atmosphere about which scien- sists of a single chamber, liquid-fuel Once the Aerobee has been launch. tists knew little at that time. The work- rocket engine using red fuming nitric ed, it is tracked by ground-based sys- horse of these studies was the Aerobee- acid as the oxidizer and a furfurol al- tems such as radar, as well as with Hi rocket. Extremely reliable, the Aer- cohol-aniline mixture as fuel. The rocket-borne telemetering equipment. obee-Hi carried payloads of scientific small, regenerative-cooled motor devel- Other optical equipment such as track. instruments high into the F layer of ops 4000 pounds of thrust for approx- ing telescopes, cameras and theodolites the ionosphere, gathering data neces- imately 45 seconds, lifting the rocket give the scientists a visual report on sary to understand many physical phe- to a height of 23 miles. the rocket's flight. Radar is used in nomena. conjunction with computers to deter- But how were these rockets devel- A typical Aerobee-Hi can carry a mine the location of impact. oped and why do they concern the av- great variety of instrumentation. Each part of the airframe is utilized. The \'\fhen the flight is over, the instru- erage person? fins have built-in notch antennas for ments can easily be recovered. When \X'hen Germany finally surrendered the Aerobee-Hi reaches 40 miles alti' the telemetering and cut-off receivers. in 1945, the U. S. Army managed to tude on its downward flight, explosive A parachute recovery system as well salvage a large number of V-2 rockets. charges separate the tail section from as cameras can be housed in special These were shipped back to White the airframe. The rocket, being aero- extensions. San?s Proving Grounds, the Army's dynamically unstable, tumbles end over testll1g center. Besides being evaluated Aerobee rockets have been used for end, losing much of its velocity. as a possible weapon, the V-2 was used a variety of experiments. During the extensively for upper-atmospheric re- IGY, Aerobees carried instruments At 25000 feet a barometric switch search. After a few months, when the such as mass specterometers, cameras, triggers 'a parachute. Instru~entatio~ supply of captured V-2's began to run radiation detectors and cosmic ray tel- is almost always recovered Intact b} . h'l the low, scientists and engineers of the escopes. Photographs of the earth have this method. Once 111 a w I e, Appli~d Ph~sics Laboratory of John been taken at altitudes of over 100 rocket is allowed to impact without Hopkll1s Ul1Iversity and Aerojet-Gen- miles, clearly showing the distribution a parachute. Damage to heavily a:. e:al Corporation drew up initial de- of clouds over the Western United mored instruments such as cameras is slg~s for a small, but efficient, high States. small. altItude rocket. Through constant development by Early in 1952-53, the U. S. Air _ .. t'on With The Aerobee-Hi rocket is a liquid- Forc~ .pioneered in the field of space the Armed l'orces 111 conJunc I .' I Aerobee fueled, fin stabilized rocket. Weighing m~dlcme by using Aerobees to carry Aerojet-General the ongIna , . d A Aero- about 128~ pounds at launching, the ~Ice and monkeys as high as 40 miles has been greatly Improve. n mto the ionosphere. .. d b th Naval Re- Aerobee-HI IS built primarily of stain- bee- HI, mstrumente Y e I' de ew a tltu less steel, magnesium and aluminum. search Laboratory set a n Besides scientific instruments the , 'n 1957. The fuel tanks were built of stainless record for single stage rockets I ,\erobee-~i usually carries a vari~ty of . G I has ex- steel in order t~ increase their length Since then AeroJet- enera flIght eqUipment. Equipment such as . ,'th more and. reduce theIr weight, making it range safety receivers are used to pre- Panded the Aerobee senes \\1 ab 1e 0 f possIble to carry 30% more propel- efficient propulsion systems, caP vent the rocket from straying too far lants. greater performance. If the Aerobee wanders off course ~ . h series the T:ree fixed magnesium fins, spaced command cut-off signal is sent fr~m One new model In t e I'd' r00 the ground, activating valves which in Aerobee 300, is a two stage, so I P 120 apart, are used instead of a con- turn terminate the fuel flow. (Coll/illlled 011 page 50) 14 • er Spartan EngIne z o (/l I'l » fTI ::n o CD fTI fTI I: ~ 0 (/l :I:l ~~ :I:l::;[ C:I:l °c ~(/l i~ I'l (/l ~ c; :u~ Z CJ> 0_ ~ I'l ~r C :I:l ,..:u ~ I o:l:l ::;[0 .., \ J>~ I:P z ---- lIlr I'lJ> :Uz ~ CD O C- » .., 0 -4 z Ul 0 -4 fTI ::n • \. ~ ::n z 0 0 () N N " fTI -i r ,.., POLARIS: Northrop's Oatico checks SKYBOLT: Guidance and navigation MERCURY: The Northroplandinu' out Polaris at all levels of mainte- systems are being developed by Nor- tern is designed to bring th. ~ nance and operation. throp for this new and highly secret cury astronaut down safel,. air-launched ballistic missile. Northrop is now active in more X.15: Northrop produces Q.Ball the lies com~' flight angle sensor for safe re-~ntry AERODYHAMICS: Northrop's laminar TITAH: North~OP s~P~1manag,= of X-15 and other aerospace vehicles. Flow Control technique Is designed technical and ,"d~~;'anmiSSilebl to activate the T- I ~o.g.reatlYincrease aircraft range, flex- IbIlity, cargo and passenger capacity • • • and mathematic For work Dn these advanced programs, we seek exceptional engineers, sCientists COMMUNICATIONS: Northrop designs T.38: World', first supersonic twin. II: Northrop produces airframe the trans-Pacific Scalier Communi. jet trainer Is built by Northrop for pon.nt" ground handling and cations Network and other world. the United States Air Force. ,...ing equipment for this air de. "missile. wide communication systems for U.S. and free world governments. f ~han70 important programs 1 , SPACE RESEARCH: Northrop's accel. 'i111E1MI COMMERCIAL METAL PRODUCTS: Nor. erated space research programs SSILES: Northrop ha, pro. throp produces aluminum architec. reach into such advanced areas as ~l-co~ore than 50,000 electronl. ~-"ill trolled aerial targets, and tural shapes for many important maneuverability, rendezvous, space r ante drones. industrial and commercial buildings. vehicle maintenance, space probes. and the survival of men in space. ~~ NDrthropCorporation, Box 1525, Beverly Hills, California. Divisions: Norair, Nortronics, Radioplane. MAGNETIC DRIVES · •• May Replace The Clutch Assembly Edited by C. D. CHURCH, E.E. ating characteristics. For example, Westinghouse T HE ELECTRIC MOTOR is simple, rugged, in- Magnaflow drives use the coupling configuration expensive, and relatively efficient in constant-speed shown in Fig. 2. applications. However, because of its poor torque The rotor has a large number of specially shaped at low speed, some other apparatus is necessary to poles designed to produce better torque. To avoid adapt it to adjustable speed operations. the use of slip rings and thus increase the reliability The electromagnetic coupling is one of the and reduce the maintenance of the coupling, the simpler methods of obtaining variable output speed field coil is stationary. from the constant speed of an electric motor. Its The use of this arrangement necessitates support. use has grown rapidly in recent years because it ing the rotor poles to the right of the coil from the offers reliability, minimum maintenance, compact- poles to the left rather than from the rotor hub. ness, and high efficiency. This is accomplished without magnetically shorting The electromagnetic coupling provides the same the poles by using a nonmagnetic metal support basic function as the familiar mechanical clutch-a ring integrally welded between the two sets of poles. variable output speed is obtained from a constant speed input speed by controlling the amount of slip The drum, in which heat is produced by the eddy between the two rotating members. currents, is used as the constant speed input member to obtain constant cooling. The drum is finned in However, unlike the clutch, the electromagnetic the case of air-cooled couplings as shown, but is coupling has no mechanical contact between the two smooth in the case of liquid-cooled couplings. parts to cause wear, adjustment, and replacement; torgue is transmitted by an electromagnetic reaction Notice the mounting of the motor on the coup' between the rotating members. Also, the slip can ling for maximum compactness and minimum num. be controlled much more precisely and over a wider ber of parts. In smaller units, the same space and r:Inse than with a mechanical clutch. parts economy is achieved by mounting the motor and coupling in the same frame. An electromagnetic coupling has three basic componen~s-a ro~or made up of many pole pieces, The torque and speed produced by an electro. a hollow Iron cyllllder or drum that surrounds the magnetic coupling can be easily controlled by vary. rotor, ~nd a coil to provide the primary electro- ing the current in the field coil. The coil current is magnetic field. These basic parts are shown dia- generally controlled by tachometer feedback control. grammatically in FiS. 1. In this method a tachometer generator, driven The coil is energized with direct current. the by the output shaft, provides a voltage signal pro- l~la.l~netic fields thus established are shown. Essen- portional to the output speed. This signal is com- tially all the magnetic flux from the rotor poles on pared to a reference voltage and the resulting error one ~ide of the ~oil flows through the drum in signal is used to adjust the coil current. This method re~chlllg the opposite poles on the other side of the ?f control is widely used in automation where ad. c~t1. The flux, of Course, concentrates in the area Justable output speeds are required. directly between the opposite pole pieces. Modern electromagnetic coupling designs. ha~e a . When th~ drum is rotated the flux concentra- ~5% :fficiency at maximum speed. For applIcatIOns tIOns sweep Clrcumferentiall}' through the d rum Slllce . I~ whlCh most of the running is at high speed and they ah:ays remain .adjacent to the rotor poles. This h.lgh torque electromagnetic couplings are very effi. ~hange 111 flux densIty at all points around the drum Clent. . lIlduces eddy currents, which establish second . The chief loss is from slipping, which incr~ases . fi Id ary magne~1C e s. These secondary fields interact with ~Ith decreasing speed. At reduced speeds effioen