This mark tells you a product is made of modern. dependable Steel. How cold Is up? We know that outer space can never be colder than minus 459.720 Fahrenheit-that's absolute zero, the point at which all molecular motion ceases. We don't know what coldness like this will do to materials, but we're finding out. Scientists are using a heat exchanger to produce temperatures as low as minus 4430 Fahrenheit. They test materials in this extreme cold and see how they perform. Out of such testing have already come special grades of USS steels that retain much of 0 their strength and toughness at -50 or below; steels like USS "T-1" Constructional Alloy Steel, TRI-TEN High Strength Steel, and our new 9% Nickel Steel for Cryogenics applications. And the heat exchanger to produce the -4430 Fahrenheit is Stainless Steel! No other material could do the job as well. Look around. You'll see steel in a lot of places-getting ready for the future .• For information about the many career opportunities, including financial analysis or sales, write U. S. Steel Personnel Division, Room 6085, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pa. U. S. Steel is an Equal Opportunity Employer. USS, "T-1" and TRI-TEN are registered trademarks. ~ United States Steel Things we know about tomorrow FRESH WATER FROM THE SEA "If we can develop low-cost \Vestinghouse scientists foresce mCllI/s of hringing (catcr to thirsty "water factories" like these going lands alld people of the world, up in seacoast cities all over the we shall bring a boon to mankind world. For peoples who never that is even more meaningflll had enough water, a new kind of thall the conquest of outer abundant life will be created. space ... "-V. S. Scnate Report. This is just one of the exciting In the desert sheikdom of Ku- things going on at \Vestinghouse. wait, a \Vestinghouse plant is To leam more about a career with now extracting nearly 17 million \ Vestinghouse, an equal-oppor- gallons of fresh water every week tunity company, see the \Vesting- from the extra-saltv Persian Gulf. house representative when he In San Diego, another \Vesting- visits your campus or write: L. II. house plant will soon be produc- Noggle, Westinghousc Educa- ing drinking water from Pacific tional Department, Ardmore at Ocean water-seven million gal- Brinton Road, Pittsburgh 21, Pa. lons a week. You can be sure ... if it's Westinghouse \.. \ \ Gyron-dream car that drives itself. This two-wheeled vehicle of the future envisions automatic speed and steering companies, the delta-shaped would feature a computer that permits Gyron the Gyron's sleek lines are parts coated with bright, corrosion-resistant nickel motorists to "program" their journey- plating. The front bumper, exhaust control for rehixed "hands-off" driving. distance, speed, arrival time-on a non- pOl.ts,taillight bezel, control console, all Designed by the advanced stylists of stop expressway. A gyroscope would get solid beauty-protection with this one of America's leading automotive stabilize the car in motion. Setting off durable nickel coating system. How Inco Nickel helps engineers make new designs possible and practical The engineer is vitally concerned with design-inside and outside- whether it's an advanced new car or a nuclear-powered ship. With Nickel, Or one of the many metals containing Nickel, he has a material that can meet the demands of a wide range of service conditions-providing an ex- cellent choice for the equipment of today and the designs of the future. Inco's List "A" contains descrip- tions of 200 Inco publications which are available to you, covering appli- The Nuclear Ship Savannah is capable Monorail "Airtrain"-a compact, high- cations and properties of Nickel and of sailing 350,000 nautical miles with- speed transportation system that wiII its alloys. FOr List "A", write Educa- out refueling. Her uranium oxide fuel be automatic, almost noiseless. Develop- tional Services. is packaged in tubes of Nickel Stainless ment is being explored by leading U. S. Steel, more than 5,000 of them. Engi- cities. Lightweight Monorail design neers specified 200,000 pounds of Nickel demands strong weight-saving metals. The International Nickel Company, Inc. Stainless Steel for use in the ship's Logical choice: Nickel alloys to take ad- 67 Wall Street, New York, N. Y reactor to meet critical service demands. vantage of newest engineering concepts. ~ INTERNATIONAL NICKEL The International Ni~kel C~mpany, Inc., is the U.S. affiliate of The International Nickel Company of Canada. Limited (Inco-Canada) -producer of Inco NIckel, Copper, Cobalt, Iron Ore, Tellurium, Selenium, Sulfur and Platinum, Palladium and Other Precious Metals. I chose a career, not a iob! by(f~J~ "I found a satisfying job right from the beginning -and more important, American Oil is diversi- fied enough to offer varied opportunities for the future." Peter Vossos earned his Master of Science degree at Iowa State, '58. As a physical chemist, Pete's immediate project is studying funda- mental properties of asphalts with the objective of improving their performance in roofing and industrial applications. About his 272 years at American Oil, Pete adds, "This is a company that's big enough and dynamic enough to be doing important work, but not so mammoth that you get lost in the crowd." Many ambitious and talented young scientists and engineers like Peter Vossos have found challenging careers at American Oil. Their choice could have special meaning to you. American Oil offers a wide range of research opportunities for graduate chemists, chemical engineers, mechani- cal engineers, physicists, mathematicians and metall urgists. If you are interested in a career with the Research and Development Department of American Oil Company, write to:D. G. Schroeter, American Oil Company, P. O. Box 431, Whiting, Indiana. IN ADDITION TO FAR.REACHING PROGRAMS INVOLVING FUELS, LUBRICANTS AND PETROCHEMICALS, AMERICAN OIL AND ITS ASSOCIATE COMPANY, AMOCO CHEMICALS, ARE ENGAGED IN SUCH DIVERSIFIED RESEARCH AND DEVElOPMENT PROJECTS AS: New and unusual polymers and plastics. Organic ions under electron impact • Radiation.induced reactions • Physiochemical nature of catalysts. Fuel cells. Novel separations by gas chromatography. Application of computers to complex technical problems • Synthesis and potential applications for aromatic acids. Combustion phenomena • Solid propellants for use with missiles • Design and economics: New uses for present products, new products, new processes. Cor. rosion mechanisms • Development of new types of surface coatings. .m. ~iir'~ STANDARD ~ NATIONAL MARKETING 5 TAN D A R DOl DIVISION OF AMERICAN OIL COMPANY AFFILIATE OF STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) L • One in a series of messages on how to plan your career The Bethlehem loop course What it is and how it works The Loop Course is our program con- steel plant. At the end of this period ducted annually for selecting and train- he has a sound basic knowledge of ing qualified college graduates for the Bethlehem organization. careers with Bethlehem Steel. It was Their First Assig1lme1lts-At the end established 40 years ago. From the greater responsibility. The company of the basic course, loopers receive their very beginning, it included an observa- expects and encourages the looper to first assignments. Ordinarily a large tional circuit (or "loop") of a steel produce, to make steady progress. majority report to our steelmaking plant, ergo the name. Many men hold- Regular reports as to his work and plants, where they aCtend orientation ing key positions with Bethlehem co- progress are made to department heads programs much like the initial one at day entered the company through the -and annual reports to divisional Bethlehem, but more specialized. Dur- Loop Course. vice-presidents-throughout his career. ing this period plant management PromotiOIl jrom lVithill- The Loop closely observes each looper's apti- Emphasis 011 Tech1lical Degrees- Course is specifically designed to pro- tudes and interests, with the objective Because of the nature of Bethlehem's vide management personnel. Since it is of assigning him co the department or activities, the greatest demand is for our policy to promote from within, it job for which he appears to be best men with technical degrees, especially is vital that competent men, well- fitted, and corresponding as closely as those in mechanical, metallurgical, in- grounded in our practices and policies, possible to his educational background dustrial, electrical, chemical, civil, and be available to fill management open- and work preferences. mining engineering. ings as they occur. And, due to Bethle- Specialized Trai1li1lg-Loopers select- hem's steady growth, there has been Read O/Ir Booklet-The eligibility ed for sales, mining, shipbuilding, no lack of opportunities to advance. requirements for the Loop Course, as research, and the company's adminis- trative departments, proceed from the well as a description of the way it The Basic COllrse-Every looper at- basic course to specialized training operates, are more fully covered in our tends the initial five-week course held booklet, "Careers with Bethlehem Steel at our home office in Bethlehem, Pa., programs varying according to the type of work. and the Loop Course." It will answer beginning early in July. He aCtends many questions undergraduates may orientation lectures, listens to dis- Prepari1lg jor Adva1lceme1lt-As the cussions by management men on all have. Copies are availablein most college looper gains in ability, experience, and placement offices,or may be obtained by phases of company operations, and knowledge, and as openings occur, he makes daily trips through the local writing to Manager of Personnel, Beth- is moved into positions of increasingly lehem Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pa. All qualified applicants will reCtiVI considerationfor employment without regard to ract. crltd, color, or national origin. BETHLEHEM STEEL Raytheon offers Graduate study opportunities at Harvard and M.I.T. As the major horizons in electronics are explored and extended, Ray- theon offers an increasing number of challenging projects for scientists and engineers. In order to accom- modate this heavy investment in research and development, Ray- theon is committed as never before to comprehensive programs for s ..", developing its technical staff. The new Advanced Study Program is one of these. Raytheon offers This program is available to a selected group of outstanding scien- current openings •In: tists and engineers. It enables pres- ent and prospective Raytheon staff members, who are accepted for RADAR graduate study at Harvard and INFRARED M.I.T., to pursue at Raytheon's expense part-time study toward a MISSILE SYSTEMS master's and/or doctor's degree in COMMUNICATIONS & DATA PROCESSING electrical engineering, physics or applied mathematics. You too may MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS be able to qualify for the Advanced SOLID STATE '-. Study Program. SONAR 1 For detailed information, visit your ELECTRON TUBE TECHNOLOGY placement director, obtain the bro- chure, "Raytheon's Advanced Study Program," and arrange an on- campus interview. Or you may write directly to Mr. G. C. Clifford, Coordinator of College Relations, Raytheon Company, Gore Bldg., Watertown, Massachusetts. ~AYTHEO~ An Equal Opportunity Employer November, 1961 5 Spor/on Engineer VOLUME 15 NO. I NOVEMBER 1961 8 FROM THE EDITOR'S DESK 10 DEAN'S LETTER 12 F-1 ROCKET 14 WHY THE SPACE RACE? 16 CONCRETE ARCHITECTURE 20 COMPUTERS IN THE SKY 24 BE PREPARED 33 INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE 34 SIDETRACKED 35 MISS ENGINEER 38 CONVERSION FACTORS 46 WHAT'S NEW editor . REG PILARSKI business manager . JOHN THORNTON publicity ART BEKMANIS SIGMA PHI DELTA staff DIANNE CACCAMISE ROBERT A HUFFMASTER VIC HUMM LOREN NELSON Member, Engineering College JOE STRBIK Magazine Associated Chairman: Professor Charles E. Wales, RAY TRENTHAM Wayne Stote .. University, Detroit, Michigan Publ isner's Rep: littell.Murray-Bornhill, Inc. 369 lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y. advisors J. RYDER 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. T. FARRELL Published four times yearly by the students of the COllEGE OF ]. STOKE LEY ENGINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, East lansing, Michigan. The office IS on the third floor of the Student Services Bldg., Phone D. McGRADY 355.8298. Second class postage paid in E. lonsing, Michigan, under oct of March 3, 1879. W. McILRATH Subscription rote by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 2S cents. 6 Spartan Engineer ~=:li=.D AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ANAL YTICAl CHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY BiOlOGICAL SCIENCES - BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CIVil & SANITARY ENGR. elECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING - I - - INDUSTRIAL RelATIONS f- f- f- INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS I- f- f- - - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING r- METAllURGICAL ENGINEERING r- MINING ENGINEERING - - ORGANIC PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY I:1 - - - JI I- PHYSICS - I- '-- - - I I '.,/1/ SCIENCES AND ARTS -- m'~'~'_"_F.~' f- '-- - TEXTIlE TECHNOLOGY "'""..,,"'''''"./1.111.;/////I,/'1i' '~#/i' ,.. ,.. ~":". ~(; .~(; "'!::'(::'" ;::'" c- 0 .):;' .....~ ~<: ...c" ~~ o~c.. .~(; ,:<::~c.;~;: i' .ff .~(;:.. ~(., .,P ~~Cj Q'lJ Q'lJ ~ o<:.iff., q: :j~llll/ 0<::' ,l'" "'J *' ~" el' ;".'. WE HAVE OPPORTUNITIES "I; ~$ ..,.(::0 '~J~~I .l: ~ ~ ~ i Q I~~ ~c.,o ....c: ....<: f~/~ ~(f ~ J5 I~ $1 i:f ~ ~J~ .~" (J q)' ....0 .s .~ <:)0 ~1lJ ~.) ()' ~ . ~ .... - I ,I, I \ \ ---- ~~:: i ,,~ "" ... -" ••••••• ~ Mass spectrometer-IO/OOO chemical analyses every second. double-grid ion acceleration system, with exceptionally high A valuable tool for fast analysis of gases, liquids, solids, and resolving power. The other is a magnetic electron multiplier, which plasma, the Bendix@ Mass Spectrometer is another dramatic is becoming an important component in Bendix-developed instru- result of Bendix teamwork. Physicists, engineers, chemists-all mentation systems for space research. contributed to the development of this first successful time-of- Currently, as part of our miniaturization research efforts, flight mass spectrometer. our engineers are completing an advanced version, weighing only Based on the patented Bendix time-of -flight principle, the 12 pounds, for measuring the composition of the atmosphere Bendix Mass Spectrometer uses pulsed electron beam to create of manned space vehicles. ions which are immediately accelerated into a field-free region. If you're interested in challenges, sign up for an interview Here, ions separate according to their mass-to-charge ratios. These with a Bendix representative through your placement office. Or, separated ion signals are then amplified in the electron multiplier and fed to an oscilloscope, whose sweep is synchronized to the write to Dr. A. L. Canfield, The Bendix Corporation, Fisher Build- spectrometer frequency. As many as 10,000 complete mass ing, Detroit 2, Michigan. Career opportunities in California, spectra are presented each second, making the Bendix Mass Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Spectrometer ideal for applications requiring extremely rapid Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. response. Creative engineering in these fields: automotive, aviation, Two other developments resulted from this work. One is a missiles and space, manufacturing and systems development. T~ncfY CORPORATION An equal opportunity employer. fiSHER BUllOING, OETROIT 2, MICH'GAN November, 1961 13 WHY THE SPACE RACE? by Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin Chief, Telecommunications Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology OUR COUNTRY is now engaged in an effort to conquer space at a such new adventures have The motives are almost taken place. always the that can launch the first satellite is certainly capable of building a good tempo almost inconceivable little more same, though the relative importance bridge. than five years ago. We did not em- of one motive or another may be dif- One of the more surprising but most bark upon this course easily or without ferent. compelling reasons for programs from considerable controversy. And we are One of the strongest motives is a the building of the Acropolis to the not the only country so engaged. It demonstration of a successful society. space effort is the need for channeling was the vigorous activity of the Soviet the excess energy of a society in a A successful society must have suffi- Union which prompted the scale of our direction which will hold the society cient organization, purpose, skill, en- own drive and which has given the together. When Pericles was asked ergy and assets even to start large exploration of space most of the ele- why he was proposing construction of projects and certainly to complete ments of a race. the temples on the Acropolis, one of them. It is far more difficult to accom- Superficially, one might give the plish a large and well-organized pro- his strongest reasons was to provide present status of the contest by saying gram than it is to perform a collection an outlet for the energies of the youth that the Russians are definitely ahead of smaller, independent ones. The of Athens as a way of minimizing in terms of the size of their payloads, societies which built the cities of an- juvenile delinquency! The late Louis and the United States just as surely cient Crete, the Acropolis, the city of Ridenour maintained that such seem- ahead in terms of the quality and quan- Rome, the magnificent churches of ingly wasteful projects as crash mili- tity of information obtained from su- Europe and the wonders of the Far tary programs and marginal space ac- perior instrumentation. It is also fair East were certainly not weak or anar- tivities were a necessity in the United to state that this particular race got chistic. States because otherwise our excess pro- off to a badly organized start. The two ductivity would lead to a depression. If the elements of competition are For the same reason, the U.S. Depart- contestants did not start at the same time, and there is some question that also present, such enterprises are car- ment of Labor is viewing the years they are going in the same direction. ried on with salemanship and prestige 1965 to 1970 with some concern, be- The scientific merit of the entire dem- in mind. We have had "World Fairs" cause at that time there will be an onstration is certainly not obvious. If for thousands of years. Cities of me- enormous influx of raw labor resulting a year ago the question was, "Who dieval Europe built towers whose num- from the post-World War II birth- says there's a space race?," then today bers and heights were an indication rate surge. Large projects have real the query might be, "What's the use of a city's wealth. Later these same value as at least a partial solution. of our racing for space?" or "What cities built great cathedrals. The sales and public relations aspects of un- Although it is difficult to measure are we racing for?" the exact value of impressive memor- dertakings like these were tremendous- One of the remarkable things about ly important then-and are now-in ial projects, there is little question of human societies is that by the time a acquiring a share of the world-trade the economic and social benefits they society is sufficiently well organized market. For example, Soviet successes produce: aqueducts, highways, harbors, to plan everything ahead with com- in space unquestionably have affected electronic components, new military plete knowledge of all its motivations, the world market in their favor. The devices. the society is on the way out. A dy- Russians are now selling more bridges More than 100 years ago, Michael namic society moving ahead generally and roads, electronic equipment, auto- Faraday was demonstrating his elec- embarks upon new ventures almost mobiles and surgical supplies to the tromagnetic equipment to a British brashly, leaving it to later historians world at large than they did before government committee in the hope of (from Homer to Parkinson, say) to fill Sputnik I, even though the launching obtaining government support. One in the reasons. of Sputnik had no more to do with member admitted he was fascinated, If our present space race were the these specific world-market goods than but asked Faraday, "What practical first such venture of mankind, the rea- the towers of Europe had to do with benefits can we expect?" "I can't sons might be difficult to find now. local trade. To world-wide consumers, answer that question," Faraday replled, But th is is by no means the first time it seems readily apparent that a nation (Continued on Page 28) 14 Spartan Engineer Build with the carefree beauty of stainless steel Handsome appliances and gleaming counter tops that stay FREE: Find out how stainless steel bright and are so easy to wipe clean ... even the kitchen sink be- enhances the value of your home. Write for "Carefree Living with comes a thing of beauty when it is made of shining stainless steel Stainless Steel" Booklet T-60. -the useful metal that was developed after years of research. Union Carbide Corporation, 270 Park Avenue, New York 17, Whether you're building or remodeling, stainless steel gives N. Y. In Canada, Union Carbide a lifetime of value ... saves many dollars in upkeep. You can Canada Limited, Toronto. now have gutters and downspouts that are almost indestructible because they won't rust or rot. And the strength of stainless makes possible door and window screening so fine you hardly know it's there. The secret of stainless steel lies in chromium-one of many indispensable alloying metals developed by Union Carbide. They are typical of the hundreds of basic materials created through research by the people of Union Carbide in metals, as well as carbons, chemicals, gases, plastics and nuclear energy . ... a hand See the "Atomic Energy in Action" Exhibit at the new Union Carbide Building in New York in things to come November, 1961 15 CONCRETE ARCHITECTURE A Unique Application of Concrete Forms a New Look In Terminals Edited by Dianne CaccamiSt LONG AFTER it has become a While nearly every element of the Three 180-foot, 45-ton cranes hoist- fa mil i a r sight to world travelers- structure represented a daring new ad- ed the concrete to the roof in one architects, engineers and builders venture in construction, the sweeping cubic yard loads, with each bucket throughout the world will look upon 1Y~[fuY~ @@]~@. circular mils circular mils _ _ 7.854xI0.' sE!uare inches. Square mils. 10' cord-feet _ 0.7854 abohms nn u un _ 10-16 meK'ohms 4 ft.x4 ft.x I ft. cubic feet. abohms _ cords _ cubic feet. 10.' microhoms. coulombs _ 8 ft.x4 ft.x4 ft. abohms __u u __ n __ u 10 •• ohms. 1/10 abcoulombs. abohms .... _ coulombs • _ 3x10. statcoulombs. I /9x 10.'. statohms. coulombs per sq. inch _ 0.01550 abeouIombs per .q. crr abohms per em, cube u_ 10.' microhms per em. cube. coulombs per sq inch _ coulombs per SQ. em. nbohms per em. cube _ 6.015xI0.' ohms per mil foot. 0.1550 coulombs per sq. inch _ 4.650x 10. stateouls. per sq. em. abvolts n n n n 1/3x]0.'. stntvolts. cubic centimeters _ 3.53IxI0 .• cubic teet. abvolts __uuu n_u _ 10 •• volts. cubic centimeters _ cubic inches. acres _ 6.102xI0.- 43.560 square feel. cubic centimeters _ 10.6 cubic meters. acres .._ square meters. cubic centimeters _ cubic yards. pcrcs _ 4047 1.308xI0.6 1.562x] 0.' square miles. cubic centimeters _ 2.642xI0.' gallons. Acr('S _ cubic centimeters _ ncr('S _ 5645.38 square Varas. 10-' liters. 4840 square yards. cubic centimeters _ 2.113xI0.' pints (liq.). Rcre-fect .. _ cubic centimeters _ 1.057xI0.' quarts (liq.). 43.560 cubic.teet. cubic teE't _ ncr,t."-teet _ J::'aJlons. 2.832xI0' cubic ems. 3.259x10' cubic teE't _ nmperes _ 1728 cubic inches. nmperl"S _ 1/10 abamperes. ('ubic feet _ oubic meters. 3x10. statampercs. cubic feet _ 0.02832 cubic teE't _ 0.03704 cubic yards. nmper~ per sq. em. 6.452 amperes per sq. ineh. 7.481 I:sllons. cubic feet _ ampere' per SQ inch 0.01550 abamperes per sq. em. cubic feet _ 28.32 liters. nmpt"r("gPer SQ inch 0.1550 amperes per sq. em. 59.84 pints (liq.). cubic feet _ quarts (liq.). n'!lp(res per sq inch 4.650xI0. stntamperes per SQ. em. 29.92 ampere-turns _.. .. cubic feet per minute _ 472.0 cu bic cms. per see. 1/10 abampt're-turns. cubic feet per minute _ ~allons per sec. ampere-turns ...__..... .. 1.257 I:llberts. 0.1247 cubic feet per minute _ 0.4720 liters per second • ampere-turns per cm. 2.540 ampere-turQs Per in. cubic feet per minute _ lbs. of water per mIn. cubic inches _ 62.4 Ampere-turns per inch 0.03937 abampere-turns per em. 16.39 cubic centimeters. ampere-turns per inch 0.3937 cubic inches _ cubic feet. ampere-turns per em. cubic inches _ 5.7~7xI0-' ampere-turns per inch 0.4950 gilb~rls per em. 1".639xI0-. cubic meters. areas _..... .. .. _ cubic inches _ cubic yards. 0.02471 acres. cubic inches 2.143xI0-' areas .._ 100 1. 4.329x10-' ganons. square meters. cubic inches _ liters. atmospheres ..... _ cubic inches _ 1.639x10-2 atmosph"!'res _ 76.0 ems. ot mercury. pints Olq.). 29.92 cubic inches _ .0.03463 atmosph('rcs. .. _ inches of mercury. quarts Oiq.). 33.90 teet ot water. cubic meters _ 0.01732 atmospheres ..._... _ 10. eu bic centimeters atmospheres ... _ 10.333 kgs. per sq. meter. cubic meters _ cubic feet. 14.70 pounds per sq. inch. cubic meters _ 35.31 atmospheres ... _ 61.023 cubic inches. 1.058 tons per sq. toot. cubic meters _ cu bic yards. cubic meters _ 1.300- Dars u_n _ 264.2 gallon •. cubic mt'ters _ nars ..... ... _ 9.870xI0.' atmospher('s. cubic meters _ 10' liters. I dynes per SQ. em. 2113 pints (l1q.). Bars cubic meters. _ quarts (Ii'.!.) •. 0.01020 kgs. per square meter cubic yards _ 1057 Dan Bars :::::::::::::::::::::: __ 2.089xI0.' pounds Pt!'r sq. tool... 7.646x10' cubic centtmeters. 1.450xI0.' cubic yards _ pounds per SQ. inch. cubic yards _ 27 cubic feet. cubic inches. board.feet -================= British thermal units. 144 sq. In.x1 In. 0.2530 cubic inches. cubic yards _ 46.656 0.7646 cu bic meters. kilogram.calories. cubic yards _ I:allons. British thermal units ------ 777.5 cubic yards .. _ 202.0 British thermal units __n __ foot-pounds. 764.6 lite"'. 3.927xI0.' ~orse-power ..hours. cubic yards _ pints (liq.). British thermal units ------ 1054 cubic yards _ 1616 British thermal units ------ Joules. quarts (liq.). 107.5 807.9 British thermal units =::=== 2.92&:'10-' kilogram.meters kilowatt-hours .• eubic yards per minute cubic yards per minute ---- - 0.45 3.367 cubic feet per seeond. gallons per seco.nd• ~:t~: ~:~min------n-- ___ B.t.u. per m.n 12.96 0.02356 toot.pounds per sec. horse-power. cubic yards per minute :::: 12.74 liters per .""ond. 0.01757 B.t.u. per :i~:::::::::::: kilowatts. hours. '~L~~~::~~~~~~~~ 17.57 24 watts. 1440 minutes. ~~:~:l: ---__ B.t.u. per sq. ft. per mln __ 0.1220 watts per square inch. 86,400 seconds. ~~:~:l: u -------------------- ====:------ n n_ _ 1.244 2150 0.03524 cubic teet. cubie inches. cubic meters. :::~~~~ degrees ----------------,- (angi;)-::::::::::: 0.1 0.1 0.1 grams. lite",. meters. minutes. 4 pecks. degrees (angle) u _ 60 ~~:~:I: =====::::::::::::::: 64 32 pinta (dry) • quarts (dry) . degrees degrees degrees (angle) per second per second -------- _ 0.01745 3600 0.01745 radians. ~:d~:~:. per second. .Centares n n _ 0.1667 revolutlo06 per min • 1 degrees per second -------- revolutions per see. square meters. 0.002778 centigrams .. == 0.01 ddeekkaagl'!taems rs --------_::::::::... _ 10 grams. grams. centiliters centimt"ters ---------------- 0.01 liters. ~~~I~~e~U.S~)" -- - -- --- -- ---- 10 10 liters. meters. centimeters ---------------- 0.3937 inches. 5.182 francs (French). centimeters ...--------------- 0.01 meters. dollars (U.S.) ::::::::::::: 4.20 marks (German). 393.7 dollars (U.S.) n _ centimeters :::::::::::::--- mils. ~~~I;,':(U.S.) _ 0.2055 pounds .terling (BriLl 10 milJimeters. 4.11 shillings (British) centimeter-dynes --- 1.020xI0.' 1.7.72 grams. centimeter-dynes ----------- centime~er-grams. drams -------------------- 1.020xI0 •• meter-kilograms. 0.0625 ounces. centimeter-dynes ::::::::::: 7.376xI0.' dynes _:::::::::::::::::::: 1.020xI0-O grams. pound-teet. dynes 7.233'x10-' JlOundala. (Continued on Page 40) 38 Spartan Engineer Why college men choose careers with Du Pont Every year, several. hundred new college graduates choose Du Pont. Many Masters and Ph.D.'s do, too. Recently we asked some of them what factors influenced them to decide for Du Pont. They cited more than half a dozen reasons. Here are some they almost all agreed upon: OPPORTUNITY AND RECOGNITION They were aware that college-trained beginners go right to work with men who have achieved. For example, research chemists work with individuals who've done successful research. New engineers work with pros, some of whom have designed new plants, or devised new manufacturing methods, or distinguished themselves in some other way. And other graduates, with B.A. or M.B.A. degrees, go to work with leaders who've been successful in Sales or Advertising or Treas- urer's, or another of Du Pont's many departments. RESEARCH CREATES NEW PRODUCTS; NEW PRODUCTS CREATE NEW JOBS Men like working for a company that believes in research, enough to invest in it ... $90 million a year! The fact is that important new prod- ucts come from Du Pont laboratories and go to Du Pont manufactur- ing plants with frequency. Here are but a few since World War II: "Orlon"* acrylic fiber followed nylon (soon after the war). Then came "Dacron"* poly- ester fiber, "Mylar"* polyester film, "Lucite"* acrylic lacquer and "Delrin"* acetal resin. These, and many others, have created thou- sands of new jobs .•. in research, manufacturing, sales ... in fact, in all Du Pont departments. DU PONT BACKS EMPLOYEES WITH HUGE INVESTMENT New graduates feel that every facility is provided for doing the job well. Last year, Du Pont's operating investment per employee was $32,500. Since much of this was expended to provide the most modern and best of equipment to work with, it further increases the chance for individual achievement. DU PONT PROVIDES STEADY EMPLOYMENT Career seekers appreciate the importance of security. Today, the aver- age annual turnover rate at Du Pont is less than one-third that of industry nationally. If you'd like to learn more about job opportunities at Du Pont, just clip and mail this coupon. And be sure to tell us your course of study, so we can send you the appropriate booklet. -------------------------------------------- E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) Room 2419-12, Nemours Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware Please send me the booklet outlining opportunities in my major field (indicated below). Name -- Class IMajor ,Degree------- College ------- My address ----- City zone State--------- ------------------------------------- --------- An equal-opportunity employer BETTER THINGS fOR BETTER lIVING ... THIIOUGH CHEMISTIIY * REGISTERED CU PONT TRADEMARK 39 November, 1961 CONVERSION FACTORS (COIi/iIiNed f/'oll1 Page 38) BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN d11les _nMULTIPLY _ 2.248l<1j)-s pounds., gram-centimeters gram-centimeters _ _ 9.807Xlj)-' joules. dynes per square em. _ 1 hars. 2.344xl0-s kilogram-calories. gram-centimeters _ 10-S kilogram-meters. Ersrs grams per em. _ 5.600xlO-1 pounds per inch. _00 00 __ 9.486xlO-1I British thermal units. grams per cu. c:m. _ Erp 00 00 __ 1 dyne-centimeters. 62.43 pounds per cuhlc foot. Ergs grams per cu. em. _ 0.03613 7.376xlO's foot-pounds. pounds per cubic incb. 00 00 _ ErKS gram-centlinetcrs. grams per cu. cm. _ 3.405xlO-T pounds per mil.foot. 1.020xI0-' _00 __ 0000 00 __ Erp 00 _ 10-T joules. Heetares _ Erp n n n_n 2,3'90xl0-1I kIlogratn-calories. 2.471 acres. Heetares nn n_ 1.020xlO-. kilogram-meters. 1.076xl0' square feet. ~:::p~;-;;;;~d-:::::::::::: ~rgs per aecond _ 5.692xI0-. 4.426xI0'. B.t. units per minute. foot-po~nds per min. hectograms hectoliters _ _ 100 100 grams. liters. t!rgB per ergs per second ergs per second second _ _ _ 7.376xl0-s 1.341xI0-1• foot-pounds per see. horse-power. hectom.ters hectowatts hemi.pheres _n_n (spl. angle) _ _ _ 100 100 meters. watts. 1.434xlO'. kg.-calories per min. 0.5 sphere ... erza per second _ 10-10 kilowatts. hemispheres (sol. angle) _ 4 spherical right angl ... hemispheres henries (sol~ angle) _ _ 6.283 steradians. Farad. n nn_n _ 10-' abfarads. 10. abhenries. Farads _ henries _ Farads ~ 10' microfarads. henries _ 10' millihenries. fathoms ~ 9xl0-n statCarads. 1/9xl0-11 stathenries. 6 feet. horse-power' _ 42.44 B.t. I units per min. feet horse-power _ 30.48 centimeters. _0000 00 00 33.000 foot-.pounds per min. feet n_nnn __ n _ 12 inches. horse-power _ 550 foot-pounds per sec. feet n_n nnn __ 0.304R horse-power _ feet n n n __ meters. horse-power _ 1.014 horse-power (metric) .36 varas. 10.70 kg.-calories per min. feet __ nn_n_nn n _ 1/3 yards. horse-power _ 0.7457 kilowatts. feet of water 0.02950 atmospheres.. 745.7 watts. ~~~:::::~ [bc;ii;;}-:::::::_ _nn_n __ feet of water nn _ 0.8826 inches of mercury. feet of water __-' _ 33',520 B.t.u., per hour. 304.8 kgs. per square meter. horse-power (boiler) 9.804 kilowatts. feet of water _ 62.43 pounds per SQ. ft.. .horse-power-hours 2547 British thermal units • feet of water n n_n _ 0.4330 pounds per SQ. inch. horse-power-hours 1.98xlO. feet per minute _ foot-pounds. feet per minute _ 0.5080 centimeters per sec. horse-power-hours 2.684xl0s joules. teet per minute _ 0.01667 fef.t per sec. horse-power-hours 641.7 kilogram-calories. feet per minute _ 0.01829 kilometers per hour. horse-power-hours 2.737xl0' kilogram ..meters. 0.3048 meters per minute. horse-power-hours _ 0.7457 kilowatt-hours. feet per minute _ hours _ feet per second _ 0.01136 miles per hour. 60 minutes. 3'0.48 centimEters per see. hours • _ feet per second _ 3600 seconds. feet per second _ 1.097 kilometers per hour. 0.5921 knots per hour. Inches _ feet per second _ Inches 2.540 centimeters. feet per second _ If.29 meters' per minute. n _ 10' mils. 0.6S18 miles per hour. Inches 00 _ f~t per second ...... _ .03 varas. 0.01136 miles per minute. Inches of mercury _ atmospheres. feet per 100 feet 1 Inches of mercury _ 0.03342 _nn __ nn per cent grade. 1.133 feet of water. feet peor Bee. per Bec. __... _ 30,48 ems. per sec. per see. Inches of mercury _ fee-t per Bee. per Bee. _ 345.3 kgs. per square meter. 1.097 krna. per hr. per .ee. Inches' of mercury _ pounds per square ~t. feet per Bee. per Bee.. _ 0.3048 Inches of mercury _ 70.73 feet per see. per see. _ meters per seC. Per see. 0.4912 pounds per square In. '0.6818 miles per hr. per see. Inches of water _ foot-pounds _00 00 _ 1.286xlO-1 Inches of water _ 0.002458 atmospheres. foot-pounds British thermal units. 0.07355 inches of mercury. _n n _ 1.356xlOT ergs. Inches of water _ kgs. per square meter. foot-pounds '5.050xl0-T Inches of water 25.40 horse-power-hours. 00 __ 00_00 _ foot-pound. 00 _ 0.5781 ounces per square in. Inches of water _ 00 _ 1.356 joules. pounds per square !t. foot-pounds nn n _ 3.24Ixl0-' Inches of water _ 5.204 foot-pounds n n _ kilogram-calories. 0.03'613 pounds per square lD. 0.1383 kilogram-meters foot-pounds n __ n_n __ n __ 3.766xI0-T foot.pounds per minute foot-pounds per minute __ _ 1.286x10-1 kilowatt-hours. B.t. units per minute. Joules Joules -------------------- 9.486xl0-' lOT British ergs. thermal units. n 0.01667 foot-pounds per see. Joules foot-pounds per minute _ 3.30OXlO-' horse-power. 0.7376 foot-pounds. foot-pounds per minute _ Joules kilogram-c:alories. 3.24Ixl0-' 2.390xl0-' foot-pounds per minute " _ 2.260xl0-' k~.-calorie3 per !ninute. kilowatts. Joules -------------------- 0.1020 kilogram-meters foot-pound. per second foot-pounds per seeond _ _ 7.717xl0-1 B.t. units per minute. Joules -------------------- _ 2.77&xlO" watt-hours. 1.818xlO-1 horse-power. Kilotrrams foot-pounds per second foot-pounds per second _00__ 1.945xl0-1 k~.-calories per !nino Kilograms _ 980.665 dynes_ 1.356xI0-' kilowatts. Kilograms _ 10' grams. franal (French) _nn n_ 0.193 dollars (U.S.). Kilograms _ 70.93 poundals. franal (French) 2.2046 pounds. 0.811 Kilograms _ 00 _ franal (French) furlonp - _00 n _ _ 0.03865 marks (Cerman). pound. sterling (Brit.). kilokram-calories _ 1.W2xl0-1 40 rods. kllogram-calories _ 3.968 ~ri~is~~~~~';'al units. Callons n _ kilogram-c:alories _ 3086 foot-pounds. Callons 3785 kilogram-calories _ 1.558xl0-s horse-power-hours. 00 _ cubic: centimeters. joules. Callons 0.1337 cubic feet. kilogram-calories _ 4183 kilogram meters. 00 _ Callons _ 231 cubic inches. kilogram-ealories _ 426.6 3.785xlj)-s cubic meters. kg._calories per min. _ 1.162xl0-' kilowatt-hours. Callons ------ n _ 4.951xl0-' 51.43 foot-pounds per see. Callons 00 _ cubic yards. kg.-c:alories per min. _ 3.7'85 liters. 0.09351 horse-power. ~g.-calories per min. _ g:ll~: a&lIons per minute :::::::::::=::::::_ & 4 2.228xlO-1 pints (liq.). quarts (liq.). kI!ll.-crna. squared k!t".-cms. squared _ _ 0.06972 2.373x10-. 0.3417 kilowatts. pounds.feet pounds-inches squared._. squareu. Pllons per minute ..auues trilberts _ _ _ 0.06300' 6.452 cuhic feet per seeond. liters per second. lines per square' inch. kH:~:::::~~ kilogram_meters ----------- ::::::::::: 9.302xl0-s 9.807xl0T British thermal units. ergs. 0.07958 abampere-turns. kilogram_meters _ 7.233 foot-pounds. trilberts 0.7958 9.801 joules. trilberts ;;;-;;;;ii;;;;t;;-:::: 2.021 ampere-turns. kilogram-meters 2.344xl0's kilogram-calories. ampere-turns per inch. kilogram-meters ----------- :ll~ trrains :::::::::::::::::::::: (troy) _ 0.1183 0.25 1 liters. pints (Iiq.). kn. per cubic kh. per cubic met;;-------- meter ------- 2.724xl0-. 10-1 . 0.06243 kilowatt-hours. grams per cubic cm.. pounds per cuhic foot. trrains (troy) grains (av.). kgs. per cubic: tneter ------- trralns (troy) 00 __ 00 0.06480 grams. 3.613x,l0.s pounds per cubic inch. ~IIS. per cubic meter' ::::::: pounds per mil. foot. :~~e 00 _ nama _ 0.04167 3.405x10"o :J;~~eights (troy). ararna ararna . _ _ 980.7 15.43 grai"" (troy). k:: :~ kgs. per square meter -m""e-t;;-.:::::: _ 0.6720 9.678xl0-. pounds per foot. atmospheres. ararna ' ... _ 10-1 kilograms. 98.07 bars. Jrrarna _ 101 kn. per square lneter 3.281xl0-' feet of water. milliln'81t18. kga. per square meter ------ &Tam. 0.03527 ounces. 2.896xl0-~ inches of mercUry. n _ legs. per square meter ------ pou nds per square !t. &Tam. 0.03215 ounces (troy). 0.2048 ~.Ii~: kn. per square meter ------ 00 _ &Tam. _ j).07093 POundals. 1.422xl0-~ pounds per square 1D. &Tam-calorles _ 2.205xl0-1 pounds. sq. millimeter -::::: 10. kgs. per square meter. trram-centl_ters n _ 3.968xl0-1 British thermal units kiloliters ------------------ 10s maxwells. trram-centlmeters _ 9.302xl0-s British thermal 1,lniW: kilomete ----------- 10' liters. kllomete:::' _n d_ _ lP"1lrn-centlmeters -_n _ 980.7 7.233xl0-1 erp. foot-P<>1lIl~. 10' 3281 cer(timetel'll. feet. kilomcte~ :::::::::::::::: 10' ~ett[!re, (COIl/illlled 011 Page 42) 40 Spartan Engineer Cooling space pilots from launch to landing New conc ep tOO s m aIr b orne cooling have become vital to the become identified include space life support systems, solar proO'ress o l:l of A mcnca 0' s space program. For example, Garrell and nuclear power systems, electronic systems, air condition- IS now de I ing and pressurization systems, computer systems and small S ve opmg an advanced system for the Boeing Dyna- 0 oalr manned space glider. It will use the liquid hydrogen gas turbines for both military and industrial uses. f thue for the ve IlIC Ie ' s Own accessory power system to control 0 Available to newly graduated engineers is a several month orientation program to help you determine your futureo . noehtemperature of the pilot and equipment throughout the 10' t Tho 0 For further information about a career with The Garrett h ~. IS IS another of the many systems in development }pGa:rell to further the conquest of space. Corporation, write to Mr. G. D. Bradley in Los Angeles. rOject areas at Garrett with which you might wish to Garrell is an "equal opportunity" employer. THE GARRETT CORPORATION. AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions. Los Angeles 45, California. Phoenix, Arizona. other divisions and subsidiaries: Airsupply-Aero Engineering AiResearch Aviation Service. Garrett Supply. Air Cruisers. AIResearch Industrial. Garrett Manufacturing Limited. Marwedel • Garrett International S. A •• Garrett <.Japan) Limited CONVERSION FACTORS (Col//il/tled from Page 40) MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN kilometers n n_n_ 0.6214 miles. microhJns per em. cube _ 6.015 ohm. per mil foot. microhms per inch cube _ 2.540 microhoms p. em. cube. t!l~::::~~ p;~-h~u;-:::::::: kilometers per hour _ 1093.6 27.78 54.68 yards. centimeters per sec. feet per minute. microns miles miles _ _ _ 10-' 1.609x10' meters. centimeters. kilometers per hour _ 0.9113 feet per second. miles _ 5280 feet. kilomeura per hour . 0.5396 knots per hour. miles _ 1.6093 kilometers. kilometers per hour _ 16.67 meters per minute. 1760 yards.~ kilometers per hour __ kms. per hour per see. kms. per hour per aee. n __ n _ _ 0.6214 27.78 0.9113 miles per hour. ems. per see. per see. ft. per sec. per see. :n:: per--h;~;-=:==:==::==: miles per hour _ 1900.8 44.70 88 varas. centimeters feet per minute. per sec. kms. per hour per sec. _ 0.2778 meters per Bee. per see. miles per hour _ 1.467 feet per second. kms. per hour per Bee. _ miles per hour ' _ 1.6093 0.6214 miles per hr. per sec.. miles per hour _ kilometers per hour. kilometers per min. _ 60 kilometers per hour. 0.8684 knots per hou.r. kilowatts __ mil~8 per hour _ n_n_n n_ 56.92 B.t.u. units per min. 26.82 meters per minute. kilowatts __ n n __ n _ 4.425x10< loot-pounds per min. miles per hour per see. _ 44.70 ems. per sec. per sec. kilowatts _unn __ n n 737.6 loot-pounds per see. miles per, hour per sec. _ 1.467 feet per sec. per sec. kilowatts __ n n _ 1.341 horse-power. miles per hour per sec. _ 1.6093 kms. per hour per see. kilowatts _u __ n __ n_n _ 14.34 kg.-calories per min. miles per hour per see. _ 0.4470 M. pE:r sec. per sec. kilowatts __ miles per minute _ n __ n_n _ 10s watts. 2682 centimeters per see. kilowatt-hours n_ 3415 British thermal unita. miles per minute _ 88 feet' per second. kilowatt-hours nnn _ 2.656x10. foot-Pounds. miles per minute _ 1.6093 kilometers per min. kilowatt-hours _ miles per minute _ 1.341 horse-power-hours. miles per minute _ 0.8684 knots per minute. kilowatt-hours n _ 3.6x10. ioules. 60 miles. per hour. kllowatt.hours _u _ &'60.5 kilogram-calories.. kilowatt-hours milligrams _ knota n_n __ nn n_n _ _ 3.671x10. kilogram-meters. millihenries _ 10-s grams. knots nnu n __ n _ 6080 feet. millihenrieS _ 10' abhenries. knota 1.853 kilometers; 10's henries. n n __ n_n __ n 1.152 miles. millihenries _ 1/9x10-u stathenries. mllliliters _ t~~~ ;;..--h~u~-:::::::::::: knots per hour _ 2027 51.48 yards. centimeters per sec. millimeters millimeters _ _ 10's 0.1 liters. centimeters. knota per hour _ 1.689 feet per sec. millimeters _ 0.03937 inchE:s. knots per hour _ 1.853 kilometers per hOUr. mils _ 39.37 mils. 1.152 miles per hour. 0.002540 centimeters. Lines lines per square em. per square inch _ _ I gausses. ::~er.~-i~~h;;-::::::::::::: minutes (angle) _ 10-' 1.5 inches. cubic ftet per min. 0.1550 gausses. 2.909x10" radians. links (engineer's) _n n inches. minutes (angle) __ links (suyeyor's) 12 months 1 h _ _ 60 SEConds (llngle), liters n _n n n n 7.92 inches. months _ 30.42 days. liters n ou u_ 10' cubic centimeters. months _ 730 hours. liters __ 0:03531 cubic feet. , 43,&00 minutes. n __ n_n_n _ 61.02 cubic inches. months ----- n __ liters myriagrams _ 2.628x10' seconds .. liters _n u u n_n_n_n nn __ __ n 10-s cubic meters. myriameters _ 10 kilograms. liters __ n n n _ 1.308x10'. cubic yards. 10 kilometers. liters _ 0.2642' gallons myriawatts .. _ 10 kilowatts. 2.113 pints (liq.). m:~p-.-..-mi~ut;-:::::::::: litera per minute _ 1.057 5.855x10'< 4.403x10-' quarts (liq.). cubic feet per second. Itallons per second. Ohms Ohms Ohms n _ _ _ 10. 10-. abohms. megohms. log'. N --- n _ Ohms _ 10. microhms. 2.303 log,. N or In N. 1/9x10.11 logl. N or In N _ ohms per mil foot _ 0.4343 logl. N. ohms per mil foot _ .166.2 ~t~~~'j,er em. cube. lumens per sq. it. 1 foot-candlea. ohms per mil foot _ 0.1662 microhms per em. cube. ounces _ 0.06524 microhma per in. cube. Marka lGerman) _n __ n _ 0.238 dollars (U.S.). ounces _ 8 drams. Marks German) __ n _ ounces _ 437.5 grains. Marks German) _ 1.233 francs (French). maxwells _ 0.04890 pounds sterling (Brit.). 28.3S grams. megallnea n_n _ 10's 10. 'kilolinea. maxwells. ~~~~:(fl~id)-=::::::::::=: ouncea (fluid) _ 0.0625 1.805 pounds. cubic inches. megmh08 per em. cube _ megmh08 per em. cube megmhos per em. cube _ _ 10-s 2.540 0:1662 abmhos per em. cube. megmh08 per in. cube. mhos per mil foot. ' ounces ounces ounces (troy) (troy) (troy) _n _ _ _ 0.02957 480 31.10 liters. grains (troy). meKmho8 per inch cube megohms _ _ 0.3937 20 ~~~~:;"eighta (troy). megmhos per em. cube. ouncea (troy) _ 10. ohms. ounces per square inch _ 0.08333 pounds (troy) .. meters _ pounds per sq. inch. meters _ 100 centimeters. 0.0625 meters _ 3.2808 feet. Pennyweighta (troy) _ meters _ 39.37 inches. Pennyweighta (troy) _ 24 grains (troy). meters _ 10-1 kilometers. Pennyweights (troy) _ 1.555 meters _ 10' mlllimeters. perches (masonry) _ 0.05 ~~~. (troy). m~ter-kilograms _ 1.0936 Yards. pints (dry) _ 24.75 cubic feet. m£ter-kilograms _ 9.807x107 cen timeter-dynes. pinta (liquid) _ 33.60 cubic inches. meter-kilograms _ 10. centimeter_grams. Poundal. _ 28.87 cubic inches. meters per minute _ 7.233 Pound-feet. Poundals _ 13.826 dynes. meters per minute _ 1.667 centimeters per see. Poundals _ 14.10 grams. meters per minute _ 3.281 'feet per minute. Pounds _ 0.03108 pounds. meters per minute _ 0.05468 feet per second. pounds _ 444.823 dynea. meten per minute _ 0.03 kilometers per hour. pounds _ 7000 Irfains. meters per second _ 0.0372& miles per hour. pounds _ 453.6 grams. meters per second _.:. _ 1968 feet Per minute. pounds _ 16 ounces. meters per second _ 3.2&.4 feet Per second. Pounds (troy) __ 32.17 poundal •• meters per second _ 3.0 kilometers per hour. pound-feet _ 0.8229 pounds (av:). meters per second _ 0.0& kilometers per min. pound-feet ~ _ 1.356x107 centimeter-dynes •. meters per second ...__ 2.237 miles per hour. Pound.feet _ 13,825 centimeter-grams. meters per see. per see. _ 0.03728 miles Per minute. Pounds-feet squared _ 0.13'83' meter-kilograms. meters per see. per see. _ 3.2ln feet per sec. Per sec. pounds-feet squared _ 421.3 kgs.-cms. squared. meters per see. per see. _ 3.6 kms. per hour per sec. 144 pounds-ins. 'sQuared. 2.237 pounds-inches squared _ kgs.-cms. squared.. mhos per mil foot _ miles per hour per Bec. pounds-inches squared _ 2.926 mhos per mil foot n _ 6.015x10-1 abmhos per em. cube. pounds of water _ 6.945x10-s pounds-feet squared. mhos per mil foot nn _ 6.015 meK'mhos per em. cube. pounds of water _ 0:01602 cubic feet. microlarads _ 15.28 megmhos per in. cube. pounds of water _ 27.6&. cubic inches. microlarads _ 10-11 abfarads. ' 0.1198 gallons. microfarads _ 10-' farads. pounds of water per min. __ 2669xI0-' cubic feet per sec. pounds per cubic foot _ microsrram8 _ 9x10' statfarads. 0.01602 grams per cubic cD1. microliters _ 10-' grams. pounds per cubic foot _ kgs per cubic meter. pounds per cubic foot _ 16.02 mlcrohms - __ 10-' liters. 5.7&7x10-< pou.nds per cubic inch. microhms nn n _ 10' pounds per cubic foot _ pound. per mil foot. n _ abohms. pounds per cubic inch _ 5.456x10-. mlcrohms --_nn n_n __ 10-12 megohms. 27.68 grams per cubic eM. 10-' ohms. pounds per cubic inch _ kgs per cubic meter. :~:~~= mlcrohms Pe~--c-~~-eub;-:::: per em. cube _ 1/9x10.17 10' statohms. abohms per em. cube. pounds per cubic inch Pounds per cubic inch Pounds per foot _ _ _ 2.768x10' 1728 9.425x10-' pou~ds per cubic foot. pounds per mil foot. 0.3937 microhms p. in. cube., pounds per inch _ 1.488 kgs. per 'meter. 178.6 grams per. em.. (COil/iI/lied 01/ Page 44) 42 Spartan Engineer What does Olin do for a living? A lot of things. Some of them Olin conceives new products at a rateof no less than one a week. Some might surprise penicillin was first crystallized, scientists now probe for a B12 antagonist to arrest appear under our own name. Others cancer. On any given day, 150 of our bringfame to our customers. Did you know that Olin pioneered you. Read this. drugs or new dosages may be undergoing clinical tests throughout the world. liquidchlorine and synthetic ammonia the manufacture of many new "wonder" From Olin's SQUIBB DIVISION in the U.S.? Is a leader. in agricultural plastics. We recently developed smoke- Olin even works on your leisure, chemicalsand synthetic detergent build- less Ball Powder@ with many immediate with sporting arms and ammunition. We ers?Makes the hydrazine derivatives uses, and many more astonishing poten- discovered a new way to make a shotgun usedas missile fuels? Some of the work tials. New and better explosives, deto- barrel by winding 500 miles of Fiber- of our CHEMICALS DIVISION nators and blasting caps are challenges glas@ around a thin steel liner. It is Common clay is now anything but in Olin's ORGANICS DIVISION superior to all-steel barrels on many "common."In the lab, we recently devel~ Our research teams are probing for counts. Ammunition research led to opedan economical process to convert new films to keep foods fresh longer. development of powder-actuated tools clay into - of all things - alumina. We work with packaging materials from for faster, stronger fastenings in con- Strongermetals, new alloys, and metal cellophane to kraft paper, corrugated struction. At our WINCHESTER- sourcesthat would have made alchemists boxes to lumber. The seemingly incon- WESTERN DIVISION scoffin disbelief, are now being pio- gruous quests for crisper potato chips, Olin products are sold in virtually neeredbyour METALS DIVISION lighter weight printing papers and more every free country in the world. Sales, Our organic intermediates - those effective cigarette filters are all part of service and manufacturing for overseas polysyllabictongue twisters only chem- Olin's PACKAGING DIVISION markets are the responsibilities of our istscan pronounce easily - are used in In the very research center where INTERNATIONAL DIVISION Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 460 Park Avenue, New York 22, N. Y. November, 1961 43 CONVERSION FACTORS (Con/illlled t,.OIl1 Page 42) MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN grams per cubic em. square millimeters . 0.01 square centimeters. pounds per mil foot 2.306xI0. square millimeters .... _ 1.550x10-3 pounds per square foot _ 0.01602 feet ot water. square inches. square mils .:.. _ 1.273 circular mils. pounds per square foot _ 4.882 kgs. per square meter. square mils ... _ 6.452x 10-. pounds per square foot 6.944xI0-s pounds per SQ. inch. square mils _ square centimeters. 10-. square inches. pounds per square inch _ 0.06804 atmospheres . square varas _ pounds per square inch _ 2.307 feet of water. .0001771 acres. square varas _ 7.716049 square feet. pounds per square inch 2.036 inches of mercury . square varas _ pounds per square inch _ 703.1 kgs. per square meter. .0000002765 square miles. square varas _ .857339 square yards • pounds per square inch _ 144 pounds per SQ. foot. square yards _ 2.066xI0-1 acres. square yards _ 9. square feet. Quadrants (angle) n __ n_n 90 degrees. square yards _ Quadrants (angle) 5400 0.8361 square meters. n _ minutes. square yards _ 3.228xI0-T square miles. Quadrants (angle) __ un _ 1.571 rndians. square yards _ Quarts (dry) 67.20 statamperes _ 1.1664 square varas. u n __ n cubic inches. 1/3xI0-1• abamperes. Quarts (liQ.) nnn_n 57.75 cubic inches. statamperes. _ quintals _ 100 1/3xI0-o amperes. quires _ pounds. statcoulombs _ 1/3xI0-1• 25 sheets. statcouJombs _ abcoulombs. slatfarads _ 1/3xI0-o coulombs. Radians _ 1/9xI0-3• abrarads. Itadiana _ 57.30 degrees. slatfarads _ 1/9xI0-ll 3438 statfarads _ farads. lladians _ minutes. 1/9xI0-' microfarads. 0.637 Quadrants. stathenries _ radians per aecond _ 9xl02o abhenries. 57.30 degrees per second. stathenries _ radians per second _ 0.1592 stathenries _ 9xlOll henries. revolutions per second. 9x1014 millihenries. radians per 8ccond 9.549 revolutions per min. statohms _ ra:03 provide the industry and the tools for the best of the past as learned from the will plan to meet our representative "have-nots" of the new countries if they liberal arts. To do the engineering when he visits the campus. are to share the advantages of mod- involved requires, at least for young ern technology. It is now clearly recog- men, the most varied experience possi. nized by all that Western technology is ble. This means working at a number A recent address by Dr. Hollomon capable of furnishing the material of different jobs involving different entitled "Engineering's Great Challenge goods of modern life to the billions science and technology and different - the 1960's," will be of interest to of people of the world rather than products. This kind of experience for most Juniors, Seniors, and Graduate onl~to the millions in the West. Students. It's available by addressing engineers is one of the best means of your request to: Dr. J. H. Holloman, We see in these new.Lvants, prospects learning how to conceive and design Section 699.2, General Electric Com- for General Electric'S'" future g-~wth -how to be able to meet the changing pany, Schenectady 5, N.Y. and contribution .... requirements of the times. Q. Could you give us some excr!\ples? A. We are investigating techniquJ, fa; the control and measurement of ait and water pollution which will be appli- GENERAL _ ELECTRIC cable not only to cities, but to individultl households. We ha\'e developed, 'for All applicants will receive consideration lor employment \ without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.