G.'!fLt..j Ii rALLf..i: L. P.,CJJl..r:-J: .... !~/ .. ~.'O ."~l •• """ ~ ...... r"I1''''' revolution in space -f This amazing structure symbolizes the outer space theme for this year's Century 21 International Exposition in Seattle, Washington. Called the Space Needle, it soars 600feet into the air on three steel legs, tapers to a slim waist at the 373-ft.mark,then flares out slightly to the 500-ft.level, and is crowned by a mezzanine,observation deck, and a 260-seat restaurant that revolves slowly (one complete revolution an hour) while patrons enjoy their meals. The Space Needle is a combination of sheer audacity and imagination with 3,500tons of steel. Steel was chosen because it would be faster to erect, stronger per unit area, quickly available. A relatively new type of structural carbon steel called A36 was used because its greater strength (about 10%) permits higher design stresses, at the sametime maintaining factors of safety, and because it could be easily welded. This is an example of the exciting materials and challenging projects engineers will find at United States Steel. Be sure to register with your Placement Director. For information about the many career opportunities at United States Steel, including financial analysis or sales, write U. S. Steel Personnel Division, Room 2301, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 30, Pennsylvania. U. S. Steel is an equal opportunity employer. ~~ United States Steel Learning never stops for engineers at Western Electric In the management area alone, several thousand supervisory ~here's no place at Western Electric for engineers who feel k at colle~e diplomas signify the end of their education. however, If a man can meet our quality standards and feels jobs are expected to open up to W.E. people within thc ncxt 10 years. And our work of building communications cquip- t at he is really just beginning to learn ... and if he is ment and systems becomes increasingly challenging and ready to launch his career where learning is an important important as the communications needs of our nation and iha~t.of .t.he job and where graduate-level training on and off the world continue to increase. e Job IS encouraged - we want and need him. ~t Western Electric, in addition to the normal learning- Challenging opportunities exist noW at Western Electric for electrical, W h II d ... mechanical, industrial, and chemical engineers, as well as physical the' e- .Olng, engmeers are encouraged to move ahead III science, liberal arts, and business majors. All qualified applicants will \V Ir helds by several types of educational programs. receive careful consideration for employment without regard to race, ~st.ern maintains its own full-time graduate engineering creed, color or national origin. For more information about Western ~r~I?mg program, seven formal management courses, and a Electric, write College Relations, Western Electric Company, Room 6205, 222 Broadway, New York 38, New York. And be sure to arrange for a UI~O? refun? plan for out-of-hours college study. Western Electric interview when our college representatives visit your " hIS learnmg atmosphere is just one reason why a career campus. h t Vestern Electric is so stimulating. Of equal importance, owever, is the nature of the work we do. Our new engi- Wegf(!fIt fltCfriC neer~ are taking part in projects that implement the whole ar~o modern telephony from high-speed sound transmission ......".,,~ .~.... '@..""," an solar cells, to electronic telephone offices and computer- co~~olled pro~u~tion techniques .. .m "'". EI o~ld you Jom us now, you will be commg to Western eetnc at one of the best times in the company's history. ~inCi~al manufacturing locations at Chicago. III.: Kearny. N. J.: Baltimore, Md.: Indianapolis, Ind.: Allentown and laureldal.e, Pa.: Winston.Salem, N. C.: Buffalo, N. Y.: North Andover, .ass., Omaha, Neb.: Kansas City, Mo.: Columbus, Ohio: Oklahoma City, Okla, Engineering Research Center, Princeton. N. J. Teletype Corporation, Skokie, III .. and UUle Rock, Ark. Also Western Electric distribution centers in 33 r.ities and installation headauarters in 16 cities. General headouarters: 195 Broadway. New York 7. N. Y March, 1962 Some straight talk about a career at American Oil bY~~ "This Company recognizes the value of varied experience, and encourages you to broaden your knowledge." Roger Fisher, B.Ch.E. from Cornell and Ph.D. candidate from Princeton is one of many young scientists and engineers at American Oil shaping the future for himself, his Company and the industry. At 26, he has earned a Fulbright Scholarship and will take a year's leave of absence to continue his graduate research on solids mixing at the University of Osaka, Japan. "American Oil is looking for broad-gauge research people," Roger adds. "In the long run, the Company benefits as well as the professional who continues to grow in his own or in several fields of research." Roger's present assignment at American Oil involves applied research-to plan, design, build and operate bench scale lab equipment, to study the kinetics of catalytic cracking. His is one of many diversified projects at American Oil Com- pany. Chemists, chemical engineers, physicists, mathematicians and metallurgists can find inter- esting and important work in their own fields. The ability of American Oil to attract bright young scientists and engineers like Roger Fisher might have special meaning to you. For comple~e information concerning career opportunities ill the Research and Development Department of American Oil, write D. G. Schroeter, American Oil Company, P. O. Box 431, Whiting, Indiana. IN ADDITION TO FAR-REACHING PROGRAMS INVOLVING FUELS, LUBRICANTS AND PETROCHEMICALS, AMERICAN OIL AND ITS ASSOCIATE COMPANY, AMOCO CHEMICALS, ARE ENGAGED IN SUCH DIVERSI FI ED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AS. New and unusual polymers and plastics • Organic ions under electron impact. Radiation-induced reactions. Physiochemical nature of catalysts • Fuel cells • Novel separations by gas Chromatography • Application of computers to complex technical problems • Synthesis and potential applications for aroma.tlc acids • Combustion phenomena • Solid propellants for use With missiles • Design and economics: New uses for present products. new products, new processes • Corrosion mechanisms • Devel' opment of new types of surface coatings STANDARD OIL DIVISION OF AMERICAN OIL COMPANY NATIONAL MARKETING AFFILIATE OF STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) 2 Spartan Engineer FACTS ABOUT AIR FORCE OFFICER TRAINING FOR ENGINEERS Who is eligible? Does the Air Force offer career opportunities? College graduates, with a degree from an Yes. Technically trained officers have a particu- accredited college or univ~rsity, who are D. S. larly bright career outlook. They have good citizens 20% to 291f2 at time of application. opportunities for graduate study. Male applicants may be married or unmarried; female applicants must be single and have no How can further information dependents. Applicants must complete written be obtained? and physical examinations for commissioning. Write to OTS Information, Box 7608, Wash- ington 4, D.C., or inquire at any Air Force Re- What kinds of engineers cruiting Office, listed in the telephone directory are needed most? under "D. S. Government-Air Force." Aeronautical, electrical, mechanical, civil, ****************************** architectural, industrial. (Also graduates with ** Civilian Career Opportunities ** any degree who majored in nuclear physics, engineering physics or meteorology.) *~ The Air Force also offers challenging jobs for * ~ * engineers as civilians. Write to Directorate of * ~ Civilian Personnel, Hq. Air Force Systems Com- ~ What is Air Force * mand, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington 25, * ~ D. C., concerning opportunities for individuals t Officer Training School? * with degrees in aeronautical, electrical, elec- * ~ tronic, and mechanical engineering. Write to t A precommission training course of 3 months' * Directorate of Civilian Personnel, Hq. Air Force * duration al Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. t Logistics Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force ~ Officer trainees upon graduation receive a com- ' * Base, Ohio, concerning opportunities for individ- * ~ uals with degrees in industrial engineering. ~ mission as second lieutenant. They are then as- * *. signed directly to duty or additional training. ****************************** 3 March, 1962 CHALLENGE IN CALIFORNIA IN ALL PHASES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING highways bridges structural sanitary hydraulic r I • , I I ., 1 ~e!!! ~o ~~~II~ E ~ R I.N G J ~ N lOR S: A few months from now, when you which could lau h a enlor, we will have an announcement for you in this space we will be on y:~r ~~u on ~our ~ay. to rapid advancement. It will tell you when long-range state proj:~susin a h~ahww,th y~u about well-paying jobs in California:s engineering. Watch f thO gay, bridge, structural, sanitary, and hydraulic or IS announcement: CHALLENGE IN CALIFORNIA! Your future • In chemical engineering is his business ~e's a Monsanto Professional Employment representa- futures about the future Monsanto offers you in research, tIve. He's your representative, too ... your link between engineering, manufacturing and marketing. campus and company. His knowledge of Monsanto is See your Placement Director to arrange an interview complete, and he's especially qualified to counsel with when we visit your campus soon. Or write for our you regarding your future. new brochure, "You, Your As~ him about Monsanto's diversity-in geography, Career and Monsan to," to actIVlt1es,products-that '. means ever-expanding op- Professional Employment POrtunity for the young man of exceptional promise. Manager, Department EM-3, Ask . h'1m about Monsanto's research-mindedness, how Monsanto Chemical Com- It helps develop your creativity. Ask this expert in pany, St. Louis 66, Missouri. ALL QUALIFIED APPLICANTS WILL RECEIVE CONSIDERATION WITHOUT REGARD TO RACE, CREED, COLOR OR NATIONAL ORIGIN March, 1962 5 Sporton Engineer VOLUME 15 NO. 3 MARCH 1962 8 DEAN'S CORNER 10 LETTER FROM THE EDITOR 13 OUR NEW ENGINEERING BUILDING 15 STATICS 16 SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION 21 THE VERSATILE PLASTICS 24 N. S. SAVANNAH 36 WHAT'S NEW editor . VIe HUMM business manager . JOHN THORNTON publicity " LOREN NELSON staff DIANNE CACCAMISE ROBERTA HUFFMASTER JOE STRBIK Member, Engineering College RAY TRENTHAM Mogazi ne As~ocioted Chairman: Professor Charles E. Wales, Wayne State .. University, Detroit, Michigan Publisher's R:ep: Littell-Murray-Barnhill, Inc. 369 lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y. advisors J. RYDER 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. T. FARRELL Published four times yearly by the students of the COllEGE OF J. STOKELEY ENGINEERING. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY East Lansing Michigan. The 0 ff' , •• 355_8 lee IS on the third floor of the Student Services Bldg., Phone D. McGRADY 298. Second oct of Morch 3, 1879. closs postage paid in E. lansing ' Michigan, under W. McILRATH Subscription rote by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 2S cents. 6 Spartan Engineer ,I 3 ot u AN ,dia'l~ :r<,.144t~; A century of wisdom began in 1862 with passage of the first Morrill Act. The high teaching standards, curricula and philosophies of land-grant colleges and universities have furnished our company with many outstanding employees. In fact, 36% of the highest degrees obtained by our employees are from your schools. These valued employees have proved to us that such wisdom was well founded. Best wishes for continued success in providing educational leadership for a changing world through Resident Instruction, Research, and Extension. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY ~ Midland, Michigan March, 1962 7 Dean's Corner The target for moving to our new building is the mont.h of May. There wi!l then follow a summer of activity, settling into new offices, assembling old and new eqUIpment in laboratories, learning where people and classes are located. Disruptions and. diffic~l- tics, it is true, but they will place a great big period at the end of an era-one. In which this College was divided in six buildings, with almost no laboratory space ~eslgned for its present purpose-a situation not conducive to development of cooperative effort as one College. The new building was designed to achieve the maximum from cooperation and effort toward a common goal-the betterment of our educational program and our research, in engineering and in the application of physical science and mathematics. Because of the continual change in programs of engineering education the building has been designed for flexibility-for change in usage of areas, or for expansion or contraction of areas as needs and demands change. An addition which will more ade- quately house the Chemical engineering work is under contract, and the building was designed with further construction in view. Thus we hope to be able to fit our facilities to the future. The building is arranged to foster cooperation of departments, faculty, and students, to improve coordination in the use of facilities, and to garner the maximum from a situation in which all of our departments, faculty, and facilities will be located under one roof. It will also provide many of the amenities of modern campus life-a college library, a student lounge for reading and study, an auditorium for our seminars and meetings, adequate conference space for faculty committees or meetings with off-campus visitors, and a faculty seminar room for between-class conversation. In the past we have been able to provide none of these facilities-and our esprit de corps has suffered correspondingly. The new building is big-but as with all new buildings-it is not big enough. It has been felt that having the entire College in the building was of great value and worth a little crowding, especially in view of modern trends to become more funda- mental in our educational process, thereby giving lesser meaning to our traditional depar~m.ental .o~ga~ization .and pointing out difficulties of whole buildings dedicated to ~xlstlng. dISclpll~es. This "togetherness" will create opportunity for interesting ex- penments In te~chlng of the experimental process-otherwise laboratory. As two ex- ~mples, there Will b.e a ~ommon flui.ds laboratory in which four departments cooperate Instead of ~ach haVing ItS own partial laboratory facility and teaching its own version of Bernoulli, a Common analog laboratory in which five of Our areas pool their equip- ment, courses-and of major importance-their faculty competence. Thus MSU moves into its new day in Engineering. March, 1962 J. D. Ryder 8 . eer Spartan Engln , •••••••••• •••••••••• . ••• •••••••••••• , . "••••••••••• ••. t •••••••••• BENDIX IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: Machining Itn ncate.. Parts to Mmute Tolerances ... by the translate digital commands to analog form. the Bendix team developed high precision digital servos with a band width of 100 cps to drive ~umbe~s. Problem: How to cut lead time in producing a complicated, the machine members directly. The machine structure itself was S rlee:dl~ensio~al cam for jet aircraft engines by a factor of ten. designed to stringent requirements to insure adequate response. a~~t~n. BendIx numerically controlled cam milling machine. Oper- Finally, efficient techniques were developed for generating the Ih Y computer-developed punched tape, it cuts lead time to less required control tapes using specially prepared programs and a ana week, provides unmatched part-to-part repeatability (with r.m.s. :~rors as low as .0001 inch). This Bendix development marks the first general-purpose digital computer. If you're interested in challenges like this, ask your Placement ccessfu.1production application of tape controls to a machine tool. Director about Bendix and the career opportunities that await you Ira ~re.vlo~~IY,the .operator made a digital-to-analog conversion when there. Have him arrange a personal interview for you. Or, write to ver~~ah~g bluepnnt" dimensions into machine motion. This con- Dr. A. N. Canfield, The Bendix Corporation, Fisher Building, Detroit line~~~ IS done. automatically in the Bendix system by employing is r d nterpolatlon techniques to generate the contours. Input data 2, Michigan. Career opportunities available in California, Connecticut, Indiana, anded~tCedso.that ~un~hed-tape control records are feasible. Storage Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, logic t a manipulation IS handled by all-electronic means; an improved and Pennsylvania. ~~ucture k~eps the volume of circuitry to manageable proportions. Creative engineering for: space • missiles • aviation • betw ere earlier models had interposed instrument servo links automotive • oceanics • automation. een the electronic controls and the machine drive servoS to An equal opportunity employer T~M~ CORPORATION 9 MarCh, 1962 Letter from the Editor Today Michigan State University is producing better-qualified engineers by setting higher academic standards. When I came to Michigan State one year ago, Dean Ryder told us that sixty-seven per-cent of the men starting then would not obtain their degrees as engineers. Now I'm a sophomore and there are about one-half of these men left as engineers. Industry, today is demanding more and more of engineers. When I say demanding more I do not necessarily mean a skill in handling an equation or a slide rule, which is very essential. But, an engineer must learn to write technical reports, business letters, and instructional reports. Writing is the only wayan engineer can make himself understood to non-engineering workers. An engineer also has to be able to speak well, :which will enable him to give clearer directions on the use of the products he designs. The Spartan Engineer was originated for these very reasons. Last issue three graduate students submitted articles about their projects. By doing this they were giving industry a truer cross-sec- tion of themselves which can not be brought out in a job interview. I feel that every engineering student should work in some phase of an extra-curricular such as the Spartan Engineer if possible. It is the hope of the faculty of the College of Engineering that all the students will take advantage of these opportunities. Vic D. Humm 10 Spartan Engineer The Periodic Table lists all the known elements of the world we live In ••• more than half of them U1",dhy Union Carhldo This is the world of Union Carbide Millions of people have used such Union Carbide products as You will be intere.sted in the career opportunities available PRESTONEanti-freeze, EVEREADYflasWights and batteries, or PYROFAX with Union Carbide in carbons, chemicals, gases, metals, plas- bottled gas. But the major part of Union Carbide's output is in basic materials, tics,and nuclear energy. Why not employed by more than 50,000 industrial customers to fill everyone's life look over our literature in your placement office? For further in- with useful things. formation write for Booklet FF, The 70,000 people of Union Carbide operate more than 400 plants, Union Carbide Corporat ion, 270 Park Avenue, New York 17, mines, mills, laboratories, warehouses, and offices in the United States, New York. (Pleasementionyour Canada, and Puerto Rico. With these vast resources and skills, and the help career field.) of 35,000 suppliers, they create a variety of products in the fields of metals, carbons, gases, plastics, and chemicals. It is men and women working together to provide new and better UNION materials that gives full meaning to Union Carbide. And the people of Union CARBIDE Carbide, backed by 128,000 stockholders, will go on producing the necessities and conveniences that will help keep our standard of living the highest in the world . Periodic Chart CWelch-ChicaJl:o ... a hand The terms "Eveready," "Prestone," "Pyrofax", and "Union Carbide" are trade marks of Union Carbide Corporation. in things to come 11 March, 1962 Your Challenge is Greater with COLLINS As an engineer at Collins, you help develop the finest and general systems design. Facilities are in hC~~~ avionics equipment built. You have the opportunity of Rapids, Iowa; Dallas, Texas; and Newport Beac ' . a s working with top men on advanced instrumentation ifornia, with sales offices and field service insta UatlO~ and equipment such as automatic pilot, solid state com- throughout the world .• Collins has career opp~t~01' munication/navigation systems, antennas, Doppler, dis- ties for M.E.'s E.E.'s, I.E.'s and Physicists in elslgn, tance measuring equipment and weather radar. And you , research and production. Contact your co IIege P ace-r I I stay right with a project until product completion .• ment office for further information or send yoU Collins, one of the nation's leading growth companies, inquiry to: also offers a wide variety of engineering opportunities L. R. Nuss B. E. Jeffries R. O. Olson an in ground communication, antenna research micro- Collins Radio Company Collins Radio Company Collins RadioComp Y wave, d ata systems, amateur, broadcast, components ' CedarIowa Rapids. Dallas. Texas Newport B~ach. CalifornIa An equal opportunity employer. ~ COLLINS ~~ 12 • er Spartan Engine •••• Our New Engineering Building by Roberta Huffmaster The new engineering building is an- The practical, howeve r, has not A fire in March 1916 destroyed the other step forward in the history of overshadowed the aesthetic. The inte- engineering building and the shops, engineering at MSU. The 4.25 million rior walls of the corridors vary in color and almost ended the department's ex- dollar building, housing soil analysis, from peach to blue to buff and the istence in East Lansing. A few thous- bacteriology, and nuclear labs is dis- halls will have a light-color mosaic and dollars worth of electrical equip- tinctly different from the first attempt flooring. ment and a couple of lathes were all at teaching mechanics, as the course that could be saved. The destruction The freshman engineering student was called at.MAC in 1885. of 1962 will proceed along a far dif- of facilities strengthened rumors that The capital L-shaped building, as ferent course from that of the entering the whole department should be trans- yet without a name, will encompass all freshman of 1885. In that year 35 ferred to U of M and merged with its the engineering departments and per- students enrolled in mechanics. The department. mit interdisciplinary togetherness, course emphasized, as did agriculture, The president of the college Dr. somewhat like the first course in me- practical and general scientific knowl- Kedzie however, had other ideas. He chanics. It will be complete with class- edge. The engineering students had to called the faculty together, and enough rooms, labs, offices and a 360-seat au- spend their afternoons working in the classrooms were volunteered to take ditorium. shop, mainly making tools for the care of the homeless classes. \'<'hen shop. They had to take 40 credits of the year's studies were finished, Pro- The size of the building itself is im- math through calculus, 30 of physics fessor V. T. Wilson concluded that pressive. The east wing is 400 feet and chemistry, 30 in composition, ora- "equipment docs not make a college; long, the west one is 135, and the tory and literature, and a year of Ger- it is teachers and a condition of in- north one is 300 feet long plus an- man. Between 1885 and 1895, 52 telligent understanding between stud- other 100 feet for the lobby and audi- students graduated in mechanics. ents and teachers." torium. It is 3 stories tall, has a base- ment in the north wing, and a pent- The construction of an engineering The fight to move the engineering house on the roof that contains the building in 1907, two years before a department to Ann Arbor was ended heating system. This occupies an area new agriculture building was built, with R. E. Olds' gift of $100,000, of 150,000 sq. feet. Air conditioning is signified a change in engineering's plus other money that enabled the now provided for the auditorium. status at the college. In 1895 the construction of aIds Hall. ratio of engineering to agricultural There will be labs in the fields of aIds Hall made engineering per- students was I-to-2. But by 1907 the thermodynamics, fat igue, soils, heat manent at MSU, but the new build- ratio had reversed to 2-to-1. The pres- treatment, combustion, fluids, and ing with its increased facilities will ent aIds Hall is a replica of this first many others. In the structural labs the make it prominent. building. floor loading is 500 lbs. per sq. ft., and compared to 100-150 Ibs. per sq. ft. loadings in the other labs. One lab w~l~contain a graphite moderated sub- Original Engineering Building cnttcal reactor which will be used for a presentation course in the fields of R.adiological Health, and Nuclear En- gIneering. It can also be used for low level radiation research. The reactor v: ill have a 5 curie plutonium-beryl- lium neutron Source. The west wing of the building will ~ous~ the Central Engineering Admin- Is.tratlOn, and on the third floor, pro- vIde. a 50 by 100 foot separate engi- neenng library . . A~ interesting feature of the build- ~ng .IS that it is completely sectioned f IOta free-standing parts. p aster will not connect the Even the walls. Ex- p~nding joints were used to make cer- taIn that cracking will not occur. 13 March, 1962 "I've been an engineer with Texaco for over three years now. Hard work? You bet! But it's a challenge-and interesting work, too. As a member of a team assigned to a special project, I'm learning every day, and feel that I'm really contributing. I've found Texaco a good company to be with-a leader in the industry." Build a rewarding career for yourself with Texaco. There are excellent opportunities for young men with any of a wide variety of engineering or science degrees. Contact your placement office or write Mr. J. C. Kiersted, Texaco Inc., 135 East 42nd ~ 1 Street, New York 17, N. Y. Your inquiry O I ua I'f'Ied applicants ' will receive prompt and careful consideration. "-'e~ will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, creed, color or nati 0 nal origin. 14 Spartan Engine • er STATICS • • •• "Basie To An t:ngineer~s Edneation~~ by Dr. uwerence E. Malvem Professor, Applied Mechallics Michigall State Ulliversity "Almost every instructor believes alysis, shortcomings still to be found mathematics can never be applied to that his subject is the most important in Engineering Mechanics textbooks. nature as it really is. A mathematical one in the curriculum. The only dif- But despite the shortcomings these en- model must be constructed represent- ference with me is that I don't just be- gineers were all agreed on the great ing in every case some idealized or ap- lieve that Statics is the most important importance of the foundation course in proximate version of nature. In the course you will take; I know it is!" mechanics. first course in mechanics the first step These incautious words spoken to my in constructing the mathematical mod- Since the time of Archimedes the Statics class on the first day of Winter el is usually accomplished by making science of mechanics has been closely Term brought me a challenge from an idealized physical model of the sit- associated with engineering. You can Spar/an Engineer editor Vic Humm to uation, using such ideal concepts as hardly find a Mechanical or Civil En- back up my assertion. With the escape- concentrated forces, point masses, and gineering problem not concerned with hatch explanation that I was talking to rigid or linearly elastic bodies. The the effects of forces acting on bodies, a class of sophomore Civil and Me- second thing to be learned is free-body either in producing acceleration as in chanical Engineering students about analysis in order to be able to write a missile or in producing deformation technical education and not contesting down the equations applying the prin- as in a structure. These effects of the eternal values of the humanities, ciples of mechanics to each part of the forces on bodies are precisely what is I will attempt to explain my conviction idealized physical model. studied in the science of mechanics. To that the first course in Engineering be sure, most students will already The free-body method is the most Mechanics is basic in the education of have encountered the principles of characteristic analytical tool of Engi- an engineer. Newtonian mechanics in a physics neering Mechanics. Introduced in the course, and they will learn a great deal traditional Statics course, it is applied This conviction has grown in me more about mechanics and how to ap- over and over again in later mechan- mainly during the last six y.ears, al- ply it to real engineering situations in ics courses such as Strength of Mate- though I have been teaching mechan- later more advanced courses in me- rials and Dynamics and in Structural ics twice that long. Because most of chanics or in engineering design the- and Machine Design courses. By means the examples in the Statics books dealt ory. Why then do I single out the first of free-body diagrams we display either with rather un e xci tin g things course in Engineering Mechanics as so clearly just what forces act on what like ladders leaning against walls or important? It is certainly not because bodies and are able to apply the prin- with some old-fashioned looking struc- of the new scientific principles taught ciples of mechanics unambiguously to tures, I had not realized quite how im- the physical model. A similar isolation there. It has been said that the princi- portant the ideas and methods taught of a part of a system is accomplished ples covered in the first course could there still are in the space age. An aer- by the "control surface" in thermody- all be written on one three-by-five onautical engineer in the missile divi- namics problems. In advanced courses card. There are, however, two great sion at the Boeing Airplane Co. first in Structures or Systems Analysis, more things to be learned from this first ?pened my eyes by showing me how sophisticated mathematical methods course in engineering analysis about Important the free-body methods of may be employed for complex struc- bringing abstract scientific principles to analysis are in advanced design re- tures or systems, and possibly more bear on concrete problems with the search on complicated missile control realistic physical models, but it is yet aim of bringing about changes in the mechanisms. Since then I have ques- to be demonstrated that any other material environment. tioned a number of engineers working method is as simple and effective as on advanced projects in the aero-space This is the engineering student's the free-body method introduced in field. Some of them did complain that first opportunity to use the physical sophomore mechanics for arriving at their Own first introduction to mechan- principles and the mathematics he has the correct mathematical description of ics had over-emphasized statics as com- studied in situations resembling, some- a component in a mechanical system. pared to dynamics and had given too what, engineering problems. And the first thing to be learned is that the (Continued on page 32) little attention to three-dimensional an- 15 March, 1962 • SediDlent Tra~sportation Civil Engineers Offered New Challenge by lohn Adams Graduate Student Department of Civil Engineering In school, in design, and in research, versa I solvent, constantly falls on the The hydraulic engineer leaves the the specific, detailed problem is often mountains, s tea d i I y rushes over the meterologist the problem of determin- sufficiently engrossing to cause one to plains, and relentlessly seeps beneath ing the temperature and precipitation completely lose sense of the overall the ground surface. The winds add variations, and concerns himself with problem. In school, material is studied their dry, eroding breath, and tempera- the flow of sediment-laden water in to pass a test. On the job, all effort is ture hastens the destruction by freez- alluvial channels. This is the first sim- expended toward the design of one ing or boiling the water on and within plification of the problem. Though bridge. In a research project, the seem- the rock. As storm water runs off on how and when the precipitation gets ingly perfect agreement between ex- the surface, it forms rils, brooks, to the stream, and the temperature of periment and analysis may obscure the creeks, streams, and rivers on its way the water itself, are important, their niche this one fact holds in an imper- to the sea whence, by evaporation, it determination is not the concern of the fect theory. To avoid this narrowness, shall return again to torture the land. hydraulic engineer. the problem of sediment transporta- As the water flows on its way it car- tion in streams will be traced from its ries along the fine sands and silts that The subject is still extremely com. place in geology to a specific experi- are the product of its destructive pow- plex. A quick glance at a map will ment being conducted at Michigan er. Over the ages of geologic time, convince anyone that natural rivers just State University. do not flow in straight, uniform chan- rivers form their beds in the same ma- nels. The alluvial stream often forms The geologic cycle is one of con- terial that they carry. These rivers, and series of loops, and encompasses is- stant change; new mountains are raised man-made canals in erodible material, lands, bars, rapids, and pools. Yet even only to be reduced to plains. Climate may be lumped under the title of allu- these are not stable or fixed, but are plays a vital part in the destructive vial channels, and constitute the prob- continually being re-formed by the portion of the cycle. Water, the uni- lem under consideration. force of the stream. The loops, or ---------------------- ... -----------~- ----------- Fig. I. Flow over a Dune Bed. 16 Spartan Engineer C;~tend to move downstream may be because the experiments have becomes large enough to move most of virtually intact. Islands and bars come not faced up to the real question: the sediment particles from the sur- and go with the years or seasons. All what forces acting on a particle on the face, for once a particle has entered these changes are the result of erosion bed of a channel, will make the par- the flow, it will be held in suspension and .deposition of its bed and banks ticle move? The tests have at least by turbulent mixing. by the stream. clearly shown that the evaluation of Perhaps it would seem that the se- the forces on a stream bed and the re- Man often wants to control the riv- lection of the dune bed as the easiest lation between these forces and the ers. However, he must first learn why bed form to study would permit the movement of sediment particles is of they act as they do before he can ex- use of moveable-bed flumes to solve vital importance to the development pect to effectively control them. Even the problem. But there are too many of a practical theory. then this control may be effective in irregularities in any naturally formed the minute lifespan of man, but be of The flow pattern in an alluvial chan- bed of sand, and measurement on only minor irritation to the powers of nel has been observed taking any of moveable beds is virtually impossible nature as they pursue their divinely or- several forms. The bed may be plane, as a scour hole is formed around any dained purpose. may be composed of ripples or larger instrument placed near the bed. Thus dunes, or may be in the form of large, It is apparent from the failure of a fixed bed is being used in the ex- irregular bars. The flow pattern for many river-control projects that man periment here at Michigan State. All the case of regular dunes is shown in does not understand the mechanics of the dunes are the same, idealized shape Fig. 1. The natural dunes are not con- sediment transportation by streams, as with perfectly plane surfaces and sharp gruent, but are quite similar and tend he must to succeed in such endeavors. to move downstream while remaining corners, as shown in Fig. 2. To elimi- In fact theoretical analysis of steady, surprisingly intact. Because of the reg- nate the problems caused by the free uniform flow in simple conduits is by ularity, and the nature of the flow, it surface in an open channel, a closed no means complete. But the complex- is expected, at least intuitively, that conduit has been selected. The dunes ity of river flow makes theoretical an- there is some relation between sedi- . are reflected in the top of the conduit alysis impossible. Thus, the solution ment motion and dune formation. to provide a centerline of symmetry must be approached by experimental research. which can be considered analogous to Note that the flow expands beyond the free surface, with only minor dis- At first it might seem best to study the crest of each dune, and then con- crepancies in velocity distribution, and rivers directly. Unfortunately they do tracts on the back of the next dune. these discrepancies do not extend to not lend themselves to observation. On the bed surfaces there is a static the dune surface. Frequently the measurements should be pressure due to the weight of the water above and a dynamic pressure from Now the complex phenomenon has made during the spring thaw or in been reduced to manageable terms. stormy weather. Besides, field measure- the impinging flow. There is also a Measurement of the velocities, shears, ment is expensive, time consuming, shear or drag force caused by friction and dune pressures should produce an- and extremely difficult to perform ac- of the flow along the boundary. Due swers to the question of what forces curately. Consequently laboratory ex- to the dynamic effects, the pressure is highest where the expanding flow act on the dunes. perimentation has been undertaken. Empirical formulae for sediment trans- strikes the next dune. The shear is very Yet there remain other things to portation have been developed from small in the trough where a fairly consider before actual measurement be- the results of experiments using flumes stable eddy forms, but increases ap- gins. How long should the conduit with sand beds in them and with sys- proximately linearly with distance be? In open sediment studies the an- tems to recirculate the water-sediment along the back of the dune, reaching swer has always been: longer. But mixture. However, correlation between its maximum value at the crest. It is space, one of the researcher's facts of flume data and field measurements has suspected that the crest of the dune life, dictated the length as 44 ft. As not been entirely satisfactory. This may occur at the point where the shear (Continued on page 38) ------ i .. ~ --L{orioble, .---. 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4. I ~__ o.i Fig. 2. Dune Model. March, 1962 17 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION LFU~ T ROCKET LIQUID HYDROGEN [b~C14J4J@ THERE'S CHALLENGE TODAY FOR VIRTUALL~ FUEL CELLS MACH 3 MAGNETO HYDRODYNAMICS SATURN NUCLEAR :V E R V T E C H N I C A L TALENT AT PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT Almost every scientifically trained man can find stimulating and rewarding career opportunities within the broad spectrum of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft activities. From the solid foundation of 36 years as a world leader in flight propulsion systems, P&WA development activities and research investigations today are far ranging. In addition to continuing and concentrated development effort on air breathing and rocket engines, new and exciting avenues are being explored in every field of advanced aerospace, marine, and industrial power applications. The reach of the future ahead is indicated by current programs. Presently, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft is exploring the fringe areas of technical knowledge in magnetohydrodynamics ... thermionics and thermo-electric conversions ... hyper- sonic propulsion ... fuel cells and nuclear power. To help move tomorrow closer to today, we continually seek ambitious young engineers and scientists. Your degree? It can be in: MECHANICAL • AERO- NAUTICAL. ELECTRICAL. CHEMICAL and NUCLEAR ENGINEERING a PHYSICS. CHEMISTRY. METALLURGY. CERAMICS • MATHE- MATICS • ENGINEERING SCIENCE or APPLIED MECHANICS. The field stilI broadens. The challenge grows greater. And a future of recognition and advancement may be here for you. For further information regarding an engineering career at Pratt & W~itney Air~.raft, consult your college placeme.nt offic~r or write to Mr. R. P. AZlnger, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Conn. PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT Division of United Aircraft Corporation CONNECTICUT OPERATIONS East Hartford. Connecticut FLORIDA RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER Palm Beach County. Aorida .' I t 'thout regard to race creed. color AII qu!,lified applicants will receive conSIderatIon for emp oymen WI ' or natIonal origin. Like about 239,000 miles if you're part of the scientific team at Ford Motor Company's Aeronutronic Division in Newport Beach, California. A leader in missile development, Aeronu- tronic was assigned to build the U.S.'s first moon capsule for the NASA Ranger lunar exploration program. This 300-pound instru- mented package will be launched by a larger spacecraft for impact on the moon's surface where it will transmit computer data to earth. Meanwhile, back on this planet, men and ideas are in constant motion at Aeronutronic, planning scientific break-throughs which will effectively transform new concepts into practi- cal products for industry and defense. Aeronutronic has been awarded prime contracts for the Air Force "Blue Scout" rocket-space program; the development of DECOYS in the Air Force ICBM program; SHillELAGH surface-to-surface guided mis- siles for the Army. Ford Motor Company recognizes the vital relationship of science to national security. Through our Aeronutronic Division sup- plemented by our scientific research and engineering facilities at Dearborn, Michigan, we actively support long-range basic research as an indispensable source of today's security and tomorrow's products. This is another example of Ford's leadership through scientific research and engineering. PRODUCTS FOR THE AMERICAN ROAD • THE FARM • INDUSTRY AND THE AGE OF SPACE ~ ~ MOTOR COMPANY The American Road, Dearborn, Michigan 20 Spartan Engineer THE VERSATILE PLASTICS An Expanding Field Finds Many Applications by Loren Nelson ME '63 Many engineering students are not during forming. Reheating will not Ren produces a wide variety of tool- aware that plastic is one of the leading soften these materials. ing plastics. They make REN.wood, a engineering materials used today. Al- plastic replacement for mahogany, One type of plastic that is of special fillers and pastes for filling and re- most every engineer has used plastics interest because of its high mechani- pairing models, laminating materials, or has encountered a situation in which cal strength and resistance properties casting materials, tubing and other re- plastics could have been used to do is the epoxy family. Epoxies have a lated products. the job cheaper and better than the strong adhesive characteristic and are ~aterial used. All phases of engineer- There arc several reasons for using the most adaptable bonding agent Ing are concerned with plastics. The plastics for tooling. The primary rea- known. Epoxy base paints and coat- chemical engineer is concerned with son is cost. Plastic equipment will cost ings show excellent wear and corrosion the development and the production only approximately 1/5 as much as resistance and are waterproof. They of plastics. The electrical engineer metal equipment. However, plastic will are especially adapted to use on con- uses them for wire insulation record- last only from 20 to 25 percent as crete and masonry. One potential use in? tapes, connectors, and ma~y other long as metal. It is plain to see that for epoxies is as an adhesive for ap- things. The mechanical engineer uses plastic is much cheaper for the short plying high-friction aggregate to roads. them for gears, gaskets, tools and jigs, run or for light service. Plastics arc automotive parts, industrial moldings, Due to their high mechanical also very easy and fast to repair or valves and fittings, and the list is al- strength epoxies are being used in the change. This is an advantage in model most endless. Even the civil engineer tooling trade. Ren Plastics, Inc., one making as well as in production. Plas- Uses plastics for structural members, of the major producers of tooling plas- tic tools may often be repaired without paints and coatings, translucent roofs tics, is located here in Lansing. The removal from the production area and for buildings and even on roads as a founder and president of Ren Plastics in a fraction of the time it takes to re- non-skid protective coating. is Mr. Harold Renaud. Me. Renaud, pair metal tools. When a change. in seeing the bright future for plastic shape of a pattern or tool is required Plastics have been defined as any tools after 25 years experience as a a simple casting technique is used. One o.f a large and varied group of pattern maker, entered the plastic t~ol- Another advantage of plastic, when materIals consisting wholly or in part ing business in 1941. After worktng time is a factor, is that a job can be of combinations of carbon with oxy- with the primitive plastics then avail- taken from the drawing boards and gen~ hydrogen, nitrogen and other or- able he entered the formulating busi- put into production with plastic in a ga~lc and inorganic elements which, ness and began to produce special plas- fraction of the time it takes for metal. while solid in the finished state at tics for tooling. One example of the savings from some stage in its manufacture is' ~ade the use of plastic is the corebox inserts liquid, and thus capable of being The growth of plastic tools was so used in the foundry at Buick Motor formed into various shapes, most us- rapid that his company was unable to Division, General Motors Corp. Metal ~ally through the application, either build all the tools that industry de- inserts were being used at points of singly or together, of heat and pres- manded. To cope with this problem excessive wear in manifold coreboxes. sure. Plastics can be divided into two he provided instructions in his own It took a skilled machinist from 40 to ~roups. Thermoplastics are those plas- plant and sent technicians out to show 120 hours to make a single insert tICSwhich become soft when exposed others how to use plastics for tools. which had a maximum service life of to sufficient heat and harden when 40 hours. The inserts are now cast Then, in 1952, Ren Plastics, Inc., was cool~d, no matter how often the pro- from plastic. It takes 30 minutes to set organized as a formulator of tool~ng cess IS repeated. Thermosetting plastics up four inserts in a mold and 7 hours plastics and the actual tool maktng are set into permanent shape when (Continued on page 38) heat and pressure are applied to them work was discontinued. 21 March, 1962 \ .. Edward ~. Davis, Jr. (8.S.E.E., Carnegie Tech '55; M.S., Cal Tech 56; Ph.D., Stanford '58) is directing micro-elec- tronic device development at 18M's Poughkeepsie Ne York Laboratories. ' W DR. DAVIS AND MICRO-DEVICES When Dr. Edward M. Davis was working for his bachelor's degree, miniaturization was a novelty. Today, with the tran- sistor and the printed circuit commonplace, micro-miniatur- ization is one of the newest challenges in electronics. Ed Davis is helping to meet that challenge. Today's computer operations take on Iymillionths of a second; tomorrow's may accelerate to billionths. In a billionth of a second, however, even light can travel only about a foot, and the physica Isize of an electronic ci rcu it may slow its operation critically. The answer is in micro-electronics where complete circuitsare packaged on minuscule substrates, andeachtran. sistor may occupy less than a thousandth of a square inch. Since early in 1961, Ed Davis has been in charge of an IBM engineering project exploring the parameters of advanced micro-devices. His work may very well help establish the tech- nology of future computers. Equally important, he and his colleagues are already gathering significant knowledge in the advanced study of solid state electronics. A basic approach is encouraged at IBM. Whether in research, development, manufacturing, or programming, the IBM sci- entist and engineer are encouraged to go to the heart of the problem. The I8M representative interviewingonyou ream pus will be glad to discuss with you the opportunities in anyone of these fields. ~ap.e!~~~siderati.o.nJQr employment without regard to race, creed, color or national ~ Your placement oTTlcecan maKe an appointment, or you may write, outlining your background and interests, to: Director, Technical Employment IBM Corporation, Dept. 894 590 Madison Avenue New York 22, New York IBM You naturally have a better chance to grow with a growth company. N. S. SAVANNAH An American Symbol of Good Will Compliments of u.s. Atomic Energy Commission Division of Public Information Babcock & Wilcox Co. More than 140 years ago, on May pioneer the way to construction of The contract for construction of the 22, 1819, a 320-ton ship started an other nuclear-merchant vessels which Savannah was signed with the New epoch-making voyage from Savannah, eventually will prove to be economi- York Shipbuilding Corporation in De- Georgia, to Liverpool, England. She cally competitive with those powered cember, 1957. The keel for the ship was the S. S. Savannah, the first vessel by conventional means. was laid by Mrs. Richard Nixon on to use steam on a transatlantic cross- The development of the Savannah National Maritime Day, May 22, 1958, ing. The 29-day, ll-hour voyage was and the vessel was launched on July has been the joint responsibility of successful even though the little craft 21, 1959, with Mrs. Dwight D. Eisen- the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission could carry only enough coal and wood and of the Maritime Administration hower as sponsor. Construction of the to permit about 89 hours of actual Savannah was essentially completed in of the U. S. Department of Commerce. steam propulsion. the spring of 1961. Design and construction of the ship As the Savannah ushered in the was carried out under the direction of After public hearings on the safety Steam Age in ocean travel, it is fitting a Joint Group comprised of personnel of the ship's nuclear system in March that another Savannah should usher from both the Maritime Administra- and April, 1961, and following ex- in the Atomic Age of merchant ship- tion and the AEC. The vessel was de- tensive tests of the reactor and the ping. This is the 22,000-ton N. S. signed by George G. Sharp, Inc., of propulsion plant, the Savannah's re- (for Nuclear Ship) Savannah, the New York, and was built by the New actor was loaded with uranium oxide world's first nuclear-powered cargo- York Shipbuilding Corporation, of fuel on November 27 and 28, 1961. passenger ship. The new Savannah is Camden, New Jersey. The Babcock & another first as important as was its Wilcox Company, of New York, de- Criticality, or a sustained nuclear namesake, the tiny vessel which open- signed and built the Savannah's 69 chain reaction occurred December 21, ed the era of steam navigation almost thermal megawatt pressurized water re- 1961, and w;s followed by zero and a century and a half ago. actor. States Marine Lines, of New low power tests of the reactor at ~he York, was chosen to operate the Sa- New York Shipbuilding CorporatIOn Construction of the N. S. Savannah vannah as general agent for the Mari- yard at Camden up to a level of 10 was undertaken in accordance with the time Administration. States Marine per cent of the reactor's design power. policy of the President and the Con- gress to foster and develop the Amer- has supplied the ship's crew, including The ship then was moved u~der ican Merchant Marine. The vessel is deck officers and highly-trained reactor auxiliary power from temporary bOIlers intended to demonstrate to the world engineers. to Yorktown, Va., for full power re- (1) the intent of the United States to Building of a nuclear-powered mer- actor operation and for her initial sea employ the power of the atom for chant vessel was first proposed by trials. peaceful, productive purposes and (2) former President Dwight D. Eisen- Since the Savannah is a prototype the feasibility" of using nuclear energy hower in a speech in New York on .ship, many special features, such as to powe~ merchant ships .. , . April 25, 1955. Construction was au- provision for extensive remote ~p~~a- It is not expected that the Savannah, thorized by Congress on July 20, 1956. tion of components and the possIbIlity as the first ship of its kind, will be The contract with The Babcock & of rapid maneuvering rates, have been economic, since costs of such a proto- Wilcox Company for development and incorporated into the vessel's co~stru~- type are necessarily high. It is expec- fabrication of the nuclear propulsion tion and equipment for evaluatIOn 10 ted, however, that the Savannah will system was awarded in April, 1957. future ship design. Components, and 24 Spartan Engineer even entire plant systems, wiJl be function is to produce heat with which There are a number of reasons why changed when it is indicated that sig- to generate the steam needed to turn nuclear-powered merchant ships are nificant technical advancements can be expected to have distinct advantages the ship's turbines and propellor shaft. made by doing so. over conventionally-driven craft. A reactor is, simply, an atomic fur- Two significant reasons may be sum- . To sum up, the Savannah has five nace. Heat is produced in this furnace marized briefly as follows: Important missions: by continued, chain-reaction splitting, ... On long voyages, nuclear ships (1) To demonstrate to the world or fissioning, of the atoms of the nu- will be able to carry larger car- the employment of nuclear power as clear fuel. goes because their reactors will an instrument of peace for the benefit In the type of reactor installed in require less space than conven- of mankind. the Savannah, water is circulated un- tional oil-burning equipment and (2) To bring the power of the atom der pressure through the heart, or core, fuel tanks. into the market places of the world of the reactor as the fissioning process ... Nuclear ships will be able to in peaceful trade and commerce. takes place. The water removes the operate on longer runs at higher intense heat created in the reactor sustained speeds than conven- (3) To demonstrate that nuclear- core by the splitting of the fuel atoms tional ships. powered merchant ships are depend- and transfers this heat to a secondary The Savannah is a single propeller able and safe. system of piping located in a device ship with an overall length of 595 feet, (4) To stimulate early solutions to 6 inches. She has a molded beam of called a "heat exchanger." such problems as international liability 78 feet and her design draft is 29 feet, and indemnification and to achieve ac- Water in this secondary system is 6 inches when fully loaded. Her nor- ceptance for nuclear ships in world changed to steam for propulsion of mal cruising speed is 20 knots devel- ports. the vessel. oped with an output of 20,000 shaft horsepower from her nuclear reactor. (5) To give the Atomic Energy The nuclear fuel in the Sa\'annah's She is a vessel of advanced design Commission and the Maritime Admin- reactor comprises approximately 17,000 with a raked stem and a modified istration the opportunity for assessing pounds of enriched uranium oxide. cruiser stern. The ship will carry 60 the contributions of atomic power to A single core of the fuel is expected passengers, a crew of about 110 and the progress of the American Merchant to supply enough energy to operate about 10,000 tons of dry cargo. Marine. the ship for 3Y2 years without replace- The Savannah is fitted with six com- The reactor of a nuclear-powered ment. Approximately 90,000 tons of plete decks. Ten main transverse, vessel performs the same function as fuel oil would be needed to produce watertight bulkheads divide the ship an equivalent amount of energy in a into eleven thwart-ship compartments. does the oil-burning equipment in a conventionally-powered vessel. (Contillued all page 28) conventionaJly-powered vessel. This 25 March, 1962 11'1'0 turDed ~ommOD~lay into alumiDa' Olin. With a process that economically extracts large are up 53 % over 3 years ago•.• that crystals of aluminum sulphate from clay or shale. The One of the more interesting aspects of Olm IS process is already a laboratory reality, now in the pilot research is centralized at our new Research Ce~.te~ Plant stage. in New Haven, Conn. (all divisions but Squibb, w dIe We've also produced the hydrazine that propels ., is located in New Brunswick, N.J.). Promlsmg gra an u. Titan II missiles.And a tough, bullet-stopping plastic. h ates work with the men and the equipment t at c And many other important advances in our two prin. bring them to full potential quickly. 's cipal areas of activity - chemicals and metals. For further information, the man to conta~l~n At Olin, at least one new product is conceived every Charles M. Forbes, College Relations Officer, I week. Research gets a healthy budget and research Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 460 Park Avenue, p.opl., a h.dthy .limat•. R."",.h outlays ~._ New yo,k 22, New Y"k. CHEMICALS. INTERNATIONAL. METALS • ~IC~~GING • SQUIBB. WINCHESTER-WESTEIll'l 'neer 26 Spartan En91 • One in a series of messages on how to plan your career Hopping or marching- two paths to a career A career is sometimes defined as a opportunItIes for a truly rewarding before beginning on-the.job training. succession of jobs, whether with a suc- and satisfying career. The best answer Bethlehem loopers embark on their cession of employers, or within a single we know of is to look for a company careers with thorough training behind company. with a firm policy of "promotion from them. A man is commonly said to be within." And a second consideration "hopping" when he progresses by is the size and scope of the organiza- Big and Diversified-Because of its switching from one employer to tion. size and diversity, Bethlehem Steel another. offers unlimited opportunities to "get The man who sticks with a single Loopers are Career Men-Every year ahead." One of the nation's largest employer can be said to progress by Bethlehem Steel Company enrolls a industrial corporations, with over "marching." group of graduating seniors in the 140,000 employees, we are engaged in Loop Course-the entire class makes raw materials mining and processing; Marching Pays Off-There are many an observational circuit (or "loop") of basic steelmaking and the production of advantages to a one-company career. a steel plant during the basic training a wide range of steel products; manu- It's obvious that tenure is accom- period. We select qualified men for the facturing; structural-steel fabricating panied by status, security, and bene- Loop Course on the basis of their and erecting; and shipbuilding and fits that build in value as the years go potential for careers in management, ship repair. A new centralized research by. More significant, perhaps, are the and we train them accordingly. There facility, the Bethlehem Steel Company- intangibles. You can't put a dollar are about 2,000 loopers on the job at Homer Research Laboratories, costing value on your familiarity with the Bethlehem, at all supervisory levels, in excess of $25 million, located in organization and the people in it. and in all of our diverse operations. Bethlehem, Pa., rivals the finest in And the respect they have for you is any industry. equally important. The man who is The Loop Course-New loopers report dedicated to his employer, and confi- to our general headquarters, in Beth- Read Our Booklet-- The eligibility re- dent of his ability to progress without lehem, Pa., usually early in July. They quirements for the Loop Course, as looking afield, is free of distracting attend a basic course of five weeks, in- well as a description of the way it tensions, free to concentrate his full cluding lectures, classroom discus- operates, are more fully covered in our energies on the job at hand. And, sions, educational films, and daily booklet, "Careers with Bethlehem Steel especially to the family man, just plant visits. The Loop Course is not a and the Loop Course." It will answer "being settled" is mighty reassuring. probationary period. After completlon most of your questions. Copies are of the course, every looper receives his available in most college placement Finding the Right Employer - The offices, or may be obtained by writing problem facing a graduating senior is first assignment. Then, after reporting to Manager of Personnel, Bethlehem to locate a prospective employer that to a plant, yard, or home o~ce d!vi- sion, he receives further onentatlon Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pa. offers an ambitious man promising h t d (rud (%r or nationalorigin. iii •• I • 10 raCt AI/ qualified aPplicants will rtctil't (omideratJon for tmPloymtnl wtl ou r,gar, ••. BETHLEHEM STEEL 27 March, 1962 of the sea. Just behind the promenade All public spaces, living accommo. N. S. SAVANNAH deck "walk around" is the main lounge dations, medical areas, passages, offices (Continued from page 25) which can be closed off from the ad- and shops aboard the Savannah are air Navigating Bridge Deck: This, the jacent writing room, library and card conditioned. uppermost deck, serves a dual purpose. room by folding screens. A novelty The vessel is equipped with five The forward end is given over to the shop is also located on this deck. elevators-one passenger elevator which pilot house, with the radio room on The main lounge is equipped with operates between the boat deck and the starboard side and chart room on projection machinery for motion pic- "C" deck; two cargo elevators and two the port side, outboard of the gyro and tures as well as for closed circuit tele- stores elevators. radar equipment room. The balance vision viewing of the reactor space. The Savannah has four aluminum of the navigating bridge deck includes lifeboats hung from steel gravity The after end of the promenade living quarters for three radio opera- davits. One has a hand-operated pro- deck structure includes the veranda tors and two cadets as well as space peller, another is motor-propelled and and cocktail bar, which, through slid- for the fan rooms, a battery room and two are oar-propelled. The boats have ing glass doors, opens onto a swim- the emergency generator room. ming pool and an open deck area for a capacity of 190 persons. The pilot house is completely out- the recreational use of passengers. The ship is equipped with two fitted with the latest navigation and The dance floor is outlined by tables 12,000-pound Danforth cast-steel bow communication equipment. Dominat- whose illuminated tops glow by means anchors and one 12,000-pound Dan- ing the area is the wheelhouse control of "panelescence" lighting. forth cast-steel spare bow anchor. Each console, housing all conventional bow anchor is furnished with 165 wheelhouse instrumentation. The mag- "A" Deck: Within the hull struc- fathoms of 2.5-inch cast-steel stud link netic compass is of the reflecting type, ture, "A" deck level is assig~ed to the chain. the first to be manufactured in this main lobby, passenger staterooms and accommodations for the purser, stew- The steering gear is a four-cylinder, country. On either side of the steering ard, doctor and nurse. The ship's hos- electrohydraulic ram type driving the stand are the latest type of naviga- crosshead through a Rapson slide. Two pital and dispensary are also located tional radars, the first to use "true independent power plants are capable on this level, as is the health physics motion" presentation of data. Another laboratory. of handling the rudder with a maxi- important unit in the wheelhouse is mum torque requirement of about the control console for the anti-roll Thirty staterooms, each with private 7,000,000-inch-pounds. The rudder is bath, accommodate one, two or three stabilizers which are located on the , a balanced, streamline spade type cap- passengers each. Some adjoining rooms port and starboard sides amidship. The able of turning 38 degrees port and open up to form suites. stabilizer fins are operated hydrauli- starboard. cally by a gyro system capable of sens- "B" Deck: The dining room on "B" A complete refrigeration system. is ing sea conditions and providing the deck will seat approximately 75 provided to serve the ship's coohn.g people. A huge, parabolic sculptured countermeasure for reduction of the system of approximately 9,000 cubic mural provides a dramatic background roll. Each fin has a lift of approxi- feet. Two refrigeration units are pro- at the aft end of the room for the mately 70 tons at 20 knots. Meterolog- vided, each capable of handling the captain's table. Opposite, at the en- ical instruments for recording sea water normal sea load. trance foyer, a small golden model of temperature, atmospheric pressure, the original Savannah is suspended in The Savannah has some of the latest wind direction and velocity, humidity a glass panel. cargo handling gear available. In lieu and air temperature are incorporated 'of the normal kingposts, a tubular into the vessel, making her a veritable "e" Deck: A viewing gallery on rigid frame structure is used for the "C" deck allows visitors to observe '.10-ton booms. This is the lightest floating weather station. A special ra- the engine room from three sides and dio facsimile receiver is designed to .'structure yet designed for Ebel-rigged to look through the large windows 'booms. The Ebel rig is a modern receive world-wide weather map trans- separating the main engine and reactor method for fast cargo handling. The missions at sea from weather trans- control room. rig makes it possible for one or two mission stations throughout the world. The interior design and appoint- deckhands to unstow and position all Boat Deck: This, the next upper- ments of the Savannah reflect the finest booms on the ship for cargo oper~ti~ns most deck, is devoted entirely to offi- products of modern American materi- in less than an hour; and the ShlftlOg cers' accommodations. A specious offi- als, craftsmanship and technology. of booms from inshore to offshore cers' lounge, located in the after-end, operation during loading can be ac- Bulkheads or, in less nautical lan- complished in one or two minutes. by affords observation on either side of guage, the interior walls of the vessel, the winch operator without movlOg the ship as well as aft overlooking the are surfaced with a variety of main- from his station. An inherent safety passenger recreation area. tenance-free materials. condition in this system makes the rig Promenade Deck: This deck is de- Furniture, incombustible beyond the refuse to lift a load if tension in the voted exclusively to public rooms and requirements of the U. S. Coastguard, falls tends to exceed a safe limit. spaces. A "walk around," the full features steel, aluminum and plastic The Savannah's hull is built on a width of the deck, features a series of construction. conventional transverse framing sys- high windows permitting an unob- Carpets, draperies and upholstery tem, except for the inner bottom. structed, yet sheltered, forward view use a maximum of man-made fibers. (Continued on page 30) 28 Spartan Engineer A MESSAGE FROM KEARFOTT TO DOCTORAL CANDIDATES WHO WILL BE RECEIVING THEIR DOCTORATES FOR STUDIES EITHER IN ENGINEERING OR SCIENCE DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE NEXT FEW YEARS. ANNOUNCING A NEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE AEROSPACE SCIENCES Under the Direction of Dr. Robert C. Langford Your interest is enlisted in a new scientific community entirely Dr. R. C. langford, Director of the new concerned with scientific and technical investigations; totally Kearfott Research Center, has joined Kearfott after 18 years as R&D Dlrec. divorced from administrative or development duties. tor in a major electronics corporation. He was graduated with a Doctorate as Studies will be related as closely as possible to urgent needs of a Swan Research Fellow from the Unl. government agencies, determined through personal consultation verslty of london. He Is senior memo ber of IRE, a founder member of the with their representatives. Particular (but not exclusive) American Nuclear Society and a mem- ber of the American Rocket Society. emphasis will be placed on problems bearing on navigation, An author of technical articles and guidance and control of upper atmosphere, space and undersea lecturer, he has also been a member of a U.S. Government committee an. vehicles, areas where Kearfott has long held a leadership position alyzing Russian accomplishments in in the development of systems and components. the electronic and solid state fieids. Recent doctoral candidates are sought who are interested in pursuing research programs under the technical guidance of eminent scientists in the following areas: Oceanography - to investigate natural phenomena, in Guidance & Navigation - terrestrial and celestial- order to arrive at a more perfect understanding of the to develop a broader comprehension of the needs of effect of earth sciences on systems required by govern- future systems. ment. (A vessel will be provided.) Physics - specialists in modern materials research per- Radiation Sciences -to increase understanding of taining to solid state. fluid, magnetic and dielectric plasmas, wave propagation; to fully explore energy con- materials. version,infrared technologies. Chemistry - to develop and extend range and applica- Astrospace Environments -to study natural phenom. tion of organic materials. Activity will be in both ma- ena in order to provide a more perfect understanding of terials and processes. environmental boundaries of space systems. Metallurgy-to serve as authority on metallurgical properties of modern materials - function.wear, defect Hydraulics & Pneumatics - to provide a fuller under- standing of fluid technology in dynamic systems. propagation and anelasticity. ... Please write Dl'. Langford KEARFOTT DIVISION ,.. at length about your inter- GENERAL PRECISION, INC. ests and past work. Copies of thesis or papers will be ap- • 1150 McBride Ave •• Little Falls. New Jersey preciated - and ,'etUl'ned, if desired. An Equal Opportunity EmplOY6T N. S. SAVANNAH In case of sinking, prOVIsIOn has ified tolerance limits, the gas will be been made to allow for automatic retained until it can be diluted and (Continued from pal(e 28) flooding of the containment shell of discharged below established tolerance This inner bottom is "egg crated" the reactor to prevent its collapse in limits. below the reactor compartment with deep waters. The flooding valves are transverse floors running crosswise of All monitors on the N. S. Savannah designed to close upon pressure equal- the ship at every frame, or rib, of the are intended to operate through a sys- ization so that containment integrity vessel and with a deep vertical keel tem of channels, with each channel will be maintained even after sinking. and many keelsons running in the fore covering a certain range of activity. Salvage connections have been installed and aft directions. All detectors are designed to relay to allow containment purging or filling their readings to the main control The great strength thereby provided with concrete in case of sinking in panel in the control room where auto- in the inner bottom assures very high shallow water where recovery or im- matic recording and visual observa- resistance to damage to both ship and mobilization of the reactor plant seems advisable. tion instruments are located. reactor in the unlikely event of ground- mg. Primary radiation shielding around Portable monitoring equipment, sim- the Savannah reactor consists of a 17- ilar to conventional health physics sur- The reactor compartment itself is foot high tank of high strength carbon vey equipment, is provided for access, located amidship between two upright, longitudinal collision bulkheads, or steel located within the containment survey and maintenance monitoring. partitions, made of heavy steel. The shell and covered with a layer of lead From the standpoint of ship safety, bulkheads protect each side of the re- from two to four inches thick. The assurance of sufficient power to main- actor. Between the bulkheads and the tank extends from a point well below tain steerage and maneuverability is hull of the shi p, three decks of the the core of the reactor to a point well the principal requirement of the pro- vessel offer additional protection from above it. The tank will permit a wall pulsion plant. To this end, duplication collision. The flooring of each of the of water 33 inches thick to surround of machinery and power sources on the decks-B, C, and D-has special, the reactor and, when filled, consti- Savannah has been carried out to the heavier-than-normal steel plating weld- tutes the first line of resistance to radi- fullest practicable degree. ed to the deck beams for added ation from within the reactor. strength. Inboard of the bulkheads are Two auxiliary 750-kw diesel gener- Surrounding this primary shielding ator sets are on standby to provide collision mats made up of alternate is the heavy steel containment shell the following: (1) Power to the main layers of inch-thick steel and three-inch already mentioned. The top half of bus for operating those loads needed redwood for a total mat thickness of the shell is covered by a six-inch layer to supply cooling for decay-heat re- 24 inches. of lead plus a six-inch layer of poly- moval after an emergency reactor shut- Thus, in the event of a broadside ethylene, each of which acts as addi- down; (2) emergency "take-home" collision opposite the reactor space, tional radiation protection. The bottom power designed to enable the ship to the ramming ship would have to pene- half of the vessel, as indicated above reach port should the nuclear power trate a total of 17 feet of stiffened ship is surrounded by four feet of concret~ plant become inoperative; (3) power structure, the heavy collision bulkheads shielding which protects against radia- for reactor startup, and (4) spare gen- and two feet of collision mat before tion as well as collision. erating capacity for normal operation reaching the heavy reactor containment The containment shell is designed should a turbine generator become shell, or vessel. This steel containment to withstand the greatest possible pres- inoperative. shell rests in a cradle of steel where sure surge in the event of a "maxi- In the event of a reactor shutdown its bottom half is surrounded by a mum credible accident"-a hypotheti- these generators will automatically four-foot thickness of reinforced con- cal accident postulated in the study of start and synchronize on the main bus crete. The steel cradle, the concrete and reactor safety. In no credible reactor bar to supply and distribute power to the containment shell itself would also accident can there be any hazardous ~he components used for reactor cool- have to be pierced before the actual release of radioactivity to the surround- mg. lOgs. reactor plant could be damaged. The 300-kw emergency diesel gener- Protection of the containment com- Power plant liquid and solid radio- ator is also available to supply power plex from ship accidents was studied active wastes are collected in tanks for to ~he 450-volt emergency switchboard. in detail in establishing the Savannah's disposal into a specially designed barge ThiS SOurce will operate in case both design criteria. In particular, ship col- in port. The liquid waste collection the main turbine generators and auxil- lisions were carefully reviewed and tanks are equipped with monitoring iary diesel generators do not. Loads devices. connect~d to the emergency switch- methods were developed to predict structural damage to vessels struck in b~ar~ In cl u delighting, low speed Gaseous wastes will normally be dis- wmdmgs of the primary coolant pumps collision. On the basis of these studies, posed of at sea through the radio mast, and power for the emergency cooling the Savannah was designed and con- which contains two detectors for mon- system. structed to withstand, without damage itoring purposes. The detectors are an to the nuclear reactor compartment, air particle monitor and a radio-gas A battery protected source will also any collision with any of the ships monitor. Both are designed to operate provide power to those loads that re- quire an. especi~lly dependable power making up 99 per cent of the world's whenever gas is vented to the atmos- sourc~ wl~h no mterruption due to loss merchant fleet. phere. If radioactivity rises above spec- or sWItchmg of auxiliary power. 30 Spartan Engineer FORGED ... to end field failures This forging forms the critical stress-bearing Forged parts withstand the landing impact of segment of the turn post on which a rugged hy- jet aircraft, yet are light and strong. They help draulic loader rotates. It must withstand the sud- restrain the tremendous temperatures and pres- den high-magnitude stresses transmitted by the sures involved in modem missile technology; im- 17-foot boom, even in the bitter cold of northern prove the performance of vital automotive parts. winter logging operations. It replaced a less de- Forgings enhance the safety factor of our high- pendable part that had caused costly breakdowns speed world. in the field. By converting to forgings, the manu- Research projects sponsored by the forging in- dustry and its suppliers will increase even further facturer ended turn post failures. Why did the designer look to forgings for the ability. of forgings to endure the extremes of superior strength and reliability? Because forged temperature and the greater stresses inherent in parts start with refined metals, uniform through- the engineering challenges of tomorrow. Be better informed about the advantages of out. By hot-working this superior stock between forged parts. Write for documented case studies precision dies in forging hammers or presses, the of forged parts converted, at a saving, from less structure of the metal is improved even further. satisfactory higher cost processes. Address: Drop That's why forgings offer unique opportunities to Forging Association, Dept. E-2, 55 Public Square, improve strength-weight ratios and reduce pro- Cleveland 13, Ohio. duction costs. When it's a vital part, r----------------------------------- I j I design it to be I For more information, see our 4-page, full color advertisements in these I I magazines: MACHINE DESIGN, PRODUCT ENGINEERING, STEEL, I I MATERIALS IN DESIGN ENGINEERING and AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES. I L I ~I 31 March, 1962 not even included. The specialist in lusions to the limitations of Newto. STATICS ... mechanics and the advanced engineer- nian mechanics. Objections to the (CO/lIil1/Jed /rol/1 page 15) ing student will need to learn some- change are mainly on the grounds that The word "correct" in that last thing about these theories, but he will statics should come lirst because it is statement means of course correct with still find that Newtonian mechanics is simpler and requires less prerequisite respect to the physical model being the basis of almost all mechanical mathematics. For this reason suitable employed and the mechanics principles problems in engineering even in such textbooks beginning with dynamics are assumed to apply. The pragmatic test exciting new ventures as man's lirst hard to lind. I do not doubt, however, of these assumptions is the degree to steps into space. which the engineering analysis based that the change will come, and soon. Does this mean that the first course on them is successful in producing us- These changes, reflecting as they do in mechanics should. not change with able answers to challenging modern the times? Not at all. It is already the greater mathematical maturity of engineering problems. We all know changing, belatedly; I think, in the di- today's engineering student and the that there are some practically im- portant physical situations where New- rection of more emphasis on three di- greater demands to be placed on the tonian mechanics does not apply with mensions and the use of vector algebra. engineering graduate, still leave in the sufficient accuracy. For very small par- I believe that the next change should lirst course in Engineering Mechanics ticles quantum mechanics must be be in the direction of making Engi- its two most important characteristics. used. At high velocities, approaching neering Mechanics I, a dynamics the emphasis on the construction of a the speed of light, the relativistic cor- course, with statics included only as a physical modeI' and the free-body rections of Einstein's Special Theory special case. This will have the ad- method. These attributes have earned must be used. \1{lhen we get into Ein- vantage of leading the student to think it praise in the past, and continue to stein's General Theory of Relativity of Newtonian mechanics as essentially make it the most important foundation we find that the concept of force is dynamics and will facilitate early al- course in engineering analysis. CIVIL ENGINEERS: Prepare for your future in highway I engineering - get the facts about new DEEP-STRENGTH (Asphalt-Base) pavement With today's "giant step forward" in pavement engineering- DEEP-STRENGTH (Asphalt-Base) pavement-there is need for engineers with a solid background in the fundamentals of Asphalt technology and pavement construction. Because new DEEP-STRENGTH Asphalt-base construction provides the most durable, most economical pavement modern engineering science has developed, Interstate and primary superhi~h' . ways in all parts of the country are being built with advanced design DEEP-STRENGTH Asphalt pavement. Already, more than 90% of America'S paved r~ads and streets are surfaced with Asphalt. And Asphalt pavements have successfully kept America's wheels rolling since 1876. Your contribution-and reward-in our nation's vast road- building program can depend on your knowledge of modern Asp h alt technology, So, prepare for your future noW. Wn.te for your free "Student Kit" about Asphalt technology. The Asphalt Institute Maryland." College park,,, "".. '. ~ ~ 32 • eer Spartan Eng'" Manned space flight requires reliable and data computer systems; and small gas turbines for eff' lClent , thermal and atmospheric systems plus both military and industrial use. An orientation program lasting several months secondary power equipment. Complete, integrated in diversified areas is available to every newly- systems (such as those pictured above) are under graduated engineer to aid in his placement. It study at Garrett's AiResearch Manufacturin" D'1~lslOns.Their .. includes working on assignment with experienced design reflects 20 years of leader-" sh Ip In .. aIr b orne and space s)'stems includin" engineers in laboratory, preliminary design and NASA' s Project Mercury life support ,,,system. development projects. For further information about a career with The Other project areas at Garrett include: solar Garrett Corporation, write to Mr. G. D. Bradley and nuclear power systems for space applications; electronic systems, including centralized flight in Los Angeles. THE GARRETT CORPORATION divisions and subsidiaries: AIResearch Manufacturing Divisions • Los Angeles 45, California • Phoenix, Arizona • Airsupply-Aero Engineering Garrett Supply. Air Cruisers. AIResearch Industrial. Garrett Manufacturing Limited AiResearch Aviation Service • Garrett International S. A .• Garrett (Japan) Limited 33 March, 1962 • Murry not un engineer Verily I say unto you, marry not an engineer; for the engineer is a strange being possessed by many devices; yea, he speaketh in parables which he calleth formulae, and he wieldeth a big stick which he calleth a slide rule; he hath but one bible - a handbook. He talketh away of stresses and strai1/S and of no end of thermo- dynamics; he showeth always a serious aspect and seemeth not to know how to smile; and he picketh his seat on the car by the number of springs therein and not by the damsel thereon. Neither does he know a waterfall except for its power, nor a St/1/Setbut for its specific heat. Always he carrieth books with him, and he entertaineth his maidell with steam tables. Verily, though the damsel expecteth chocolates, whet I he calleth, he ope1/S the package to reveal samples of a new alloy. Yea, he holdeth a damsel's halld, but only to measure the friction, and he kisseth onl)' to test viscosity. For in his eye shilleth a faraway look which is neither love 1101'longing, but a vain attempt to remember all equation. Even as a little boy, he pulleth a girl's hair, but to test its elasticity, and as a mall he discovereth different devices, for he would hold a maid ell to his bosom 0111yto count the palpitations of her heart, alld to reckoll the strength ~f her material. Alas! His marriage is a simultalleous equation, involvillg two Ull- kllow1/S alld yieldillg a periodic fUllcti01I. Allonymous 34 Spartan Engineer M~oncrawler. Early next year, if every- sensitive than a man's, and will trans- can withstand the high temperatures thmg goes according to plan, this mit to earth direct information on what that occur in flight? Engineers will spiderlike object - the "Surveyor" - is the moon looks like and what it is made most likely find the answer in Nickel- expected to land on the moon's surface of. What metal will this machine need containing alloys. They offer tremen- look at it, feel it, and bite into it. It wili to survive the moon's extreme cold dous resistance to crippling super-cold, have electronic sight and touch more without getting brittle? What metal stand up in blazing heat. How Inco Nickel helps engineers make new designs possible and practical Whatever his area of exploration, today's engineer knows that Nickel. containing metals can make many new designs perform better. For com- plex components of a moon surveyor, or the decorative plating of a gyro- scopic car, Nickel, or one of its alloys, meets the demands of a wide range of service conditions-makes an ex- cellent choice for products we use to- day, and for tomorrow's new designs. Gyron-dream car that drives itself. A Hydrofoil ship - a new concept in sea- going design. Now under development, You'll find Inco's List "A" helpful gyroscope would stabilize this two- and informative. It has descriptions wheeled vehicle of the future, which en- such vessels are planned to travel 100 visions automatic speed and steering m.p.h., skim over the tops of waves like of 200 publications, covering applica- control. A computer would let you "pro- flying fish-lifted aloft by a set of un- tions and properties of Nickel and its graJ?l" trips on a non-stop highway. For derwater foils, or wings. The metal for alloys. Write: Educational Services, lastmg beauty, trim areas would be these all-important wings? Good bet is The International Nickel Company, Inc. co~ted with Nickel-Chrome plating, the a nickel alloy for strength, resistance 67 Wall Street, New York 5, N. Y: brIght, corrosion-resistant finish. to corrosion and cavitation erosion. ~ INTERNATIONAL NICKEL The International Ni~k~i.Company, Inc .• is the U.S. affiliate of The I?ternational Nickel C;;ompany of ~anada, Limited (If!co-Canada) -producer of Inco Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Iron Ore, Tellurium, Selemum, Sulfur and Platmum, PaIladlUm and Other PrecIous Metals. 35 March, 1962 Scientists had assumed that the sun and the carbon arc had identical out- puts over the entire range of the spec- trum, and this significant correlation WHAT'S has just been confirmed in a series of measurements made in the develop- ment laboratories of National Carbon Company, Division of Union Carbide NEW? Corporation. Using a Perkin.- Elmer recording spectrophotometer, National Carbon engineers measured the spectral energy distribution of radiation from the car- bon arc all the way out to 150,000 SPEECH BY A Then he demonstrated more natural angstroms. Data were then plotted on DIGITAL COMPUTER inflection and phrasing. This was ob- a curve showing the spectral energy tained, he said, by specifying on each distribution of the sun outside the Edited by Dianne Caccamise punched card, the changes in pitch earth's atmosphere from 2,500 to A method of producing synthetic and timing. 60,000 angstroms, which includes from speech in response to the typing of 98 to 99 percent of the sun's energy phonetic symbols on a keyboard was By specifying the pitch of the output, and the two curves were found disclosed at a meeting of the Acousti- sounds, he was also able to make the to follow each other very closely over cal Society of America by Doctors computer sing. He played tape record- the entire range. John L. Kelly, Jr. and Louis J. Gerst- ings of synthesized singing. Armed with this scientific confirma- man of Bell Telephone Laboratories. The samples presented are early tion, space equipment designers can Dr. Kelly explained that he and results of a research project begun by now use banks of carbon arcs with no Gerstman had recently proposed a Kelly and Gerstman to obtain a better filters or added energy in test chambers "speaking machine" of the tandem understanding of the nature of speech. to simulate conditions of solar radia- resonant type in which novel princi- Ultimately this knowledge may be tion in outer space. Much of the sun's ples are used. Before actually building useful in devising new ways of trans- energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, it, however, they used a high-speed, mitting speech efficiently over com- and never reaches the earth. Once general-purpose computer to simulate munications systems. space vehicles are above an altitude it. For example, a person may, in the of approximately 300 miles, however, The computer is programmed to near future, be able to sit at a keyboard the atmosphere is so rarified as to accept in sequence on punched cards and by typing, cause a talking machine absorb none of the sun's energy, and the names of the phonetic speech thousands of miles away to speak for solar radiation becomes a critical fac- sounds which make up an English him. tor in the operation of the vehicle, sentence. The computer then processes component parts and such devices as There is also the possibility that this information the wayan actual solar cells that are used to convert the talking machines, like the one simu- speaking machine would, and produces . sun's energy into electrical power for lated in the computer, could be built an output like the output of the speak- the vehicle. for use by people who are unable to ing machine. speak. Solar cell evaluation will be con- The program has two parts. One ducted according to specifications de- Also, in the future, a blind person simulates the speaking machine; the veloped by the American Institute of may be able to have a speaking ma- other consists of rules for combining Electrical Engineers. The energy stand- chine read to him from books which the individual speech sounds into con- have been previously encoded on .a ards for such tests are based on John- nected speech and producing control punched tape. son's spectral energy distribution of the signals for driving the speaking sun outside the earth's atmosphere. It machine. is this same curve that National Carbon Solar radiation beyond the earth's at- Nine control signals corresponding used as a basis of comparison in de- mosphere can be precisely simulated in to voice pitch, buzz intensity, hiss in- termining that the crabon arc matches environmental space chambers bathed tensity, plus the counter frequencies solar radiation so closely. in both visible and invisible light and bandwidths of three speech for- from a bank of carbon arcs. Such According to National Carbon, spe- mats, are continuously generated. chambers should prove invaluable re- cial techniques have been developed The speech of the simulated talking search tools in the earth-bound evalua- for the continuous operation of the machine comes out of the computer tion of space vehicles and equipment. high-intensity arc carbons it manufac- on digital magnetic tape. It is then The visible light of the carbon arc tures, thus assuring uninterrupted per- converted to a variable magnetic sound has long been regarded as man's closest formance in space chamber tests. The track suitable for playing on an ordin- approximation of sunlight, and is space chambers already in operation ary tape recorder. widely used in motion picture projec- use carbon arcs, and large chambers Dr. Gerstman played tape recordings . tion and studio lighting, and in the now under consideration will undoubt- of the computer "saying" simple sen- graphic arts fields of- photoengraving edly also use this high-intensity energy tences in a measured monotone voice. and photolithography. source to simulate solar radiation. (Continued on page 38) 36 Spartan Engineer WHAT? MECHANICAL ENGINEERS IN A CHEMICAL COMPANY? rrue, we do employ a number of chemists and ~hemical engineers at Du Pont. But our need for mechanical engineers is just as urgent. In fact, the ratio of MEs to CHEs at Du Pont is 10:17. Why? Well, we need mechanical engineers to build new plants, equip and operate them. We need them, too, to design and build equipment and to develop new processes. Just as important, we need mechanical engi- neers to help us improve our present manufactur- ing processes, which are constantly under study. How can we operate more efficiently, more economically? How can we better our products? r-------------------------------------, I Mechanical engineers play an important role in I E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) Room 2419-3 Nemours Building supplying the answers. Wilmington 98, Delaware In a company the size of Du Pont-with annual Please send me the booklets I've checked below: D Du Pont and the College Graduate sales of $2,000,000,000, investment in plant and D Mechanical Engineers at Du Pont equipment of another $2,000,000,000 and research D Your Engineering Opportunities at Du Pont expenditures of $90,000,000 a year-there's a D Chemical Engineers at Du Pont wealth of opportunity for the mechanical engineer. Name _ I Just as there is for engineers of almost every I Class__ Major Degree expected. _ I specialty-and for chemists, physicists and math- I College _ I ematicians, too. I I Myaddress, _ I I Clip and mail the coupon for more information. L City, .Zone-State---- ~ I An equal-opportunity employer BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING .•. THROUGH CHEMISTRY 37 March, 1962 to 0.001 ft. is used to measure all the per hour. This is accomplished by us- PLASTICS pertinent quantities. Pressures ~eas- ing a 12 cylinder, 600 HP turbodiesel (Colltillued from page 21) ured every foot along the condUIt de- engine with a 1468 cu. inch displace- termine the pressure drop, and statIC ment producing 1638 ft. Ibs. of torque for them to cure at room temperature. pressure distribution on the dune sur- at 1500 RPM; coupled with a twin The savings from using plastic is 91 face is measured through piezometers torque convertor automatic transmis- percent of the previous c.ost ~nd the drilled in the plastic walls. The velo- plastic has the same service !tfe (40 sion. A triple reduction rear end is city is determined by use of stagnation hours) as the metal had. also used for further speed reduction. and static pitot tubes made from hy- Another example of savings by the podermic needles obtained from the This earthmoving giant has a com- use of epoxies was reported by Motor- good neighbors over in Giltner Hall. bined tractor trailer weight of 89,000 ola Inc. 's Military Elect ron i cs Div. A traverse mechanism has been de. Ibs. To hold up this weight and the They are casting a pocket size trans- signed and built to permit accurate weight of the 70 ton payload, 10 tires ceiver case from epoxy in an epoxy probing of an entire dune section by with 32 ply ratings are used, each mold. They saved $1300 over machin- the pitot tubes. The shear forces are holding 85 psi of air. ing from aluminum and the case was determined from stagnation pressures produced in half the time required by recorded with the tube in contact with To turn this "monster" it takes a other methods. the wall and the static pressure on the 3~ inch hydraulic booster with a 15 It should be noted that tooling is wall. Noteworthy here is the concept inch stroke. It will make a U turn in of indirect measurement. Only pres- just 42 feet. As can be seen, this is just one of the many hundreds of uses. for plastic and epoxies are but one ot sure is measured, and that by the de- another advancement in the long line the many different kinds of plastics. flection of a column of fluid, yet velo- of advancements achieved by the engi. New and better plastics are being pro- city and shear as well as pressure are neers of the earthmoving industry. duced and more uses for plastics are determined. being discovered all the time. The ef- In closing, the overall picture must ficient engineer should keep abreast be brought into focus again. Though of new developments in plastics as the force distribution on one shape well as the other engineering materials of dune may be determined, and may and consider plastics carefully when perhaps aid in the development of a specifying materials. However, the en- deep insight into the movement of gineer should not let the low initial sediment, many of the variables were cost of plastic influence his decision to fixed or varied only slightly, and many use them until he has looked at the dune shapes, not to mention other bed whole picture for in the long run some forms, remain to be studied. The pres- other material may be better. ent investigation is adding to the knowledge of the details of sediment transportation, but how it can help solve the practical problems is not SEDIMENT readily apparent. The techniques de- TRANSPORTATION veloped and the knowledge gained should, however, be useful in the next (Colltil/ued 11"0111 pdge 17) HUGE SPACE STRUCTURES phase which will probably utilize arti- an economy move air was selected as ficially fixed but naturally formed Special "rigidizing" characteristics the fluid instead of water. \X'ater re- dunes. are being built into fabrics to make quires much heavier construction and The project described in this article them suitable for satellite duty under a recirculation system. is being conducted by Dr. E. M. Laur- the extreme conditions of a space en. In order to simulate the roughness sen, associate professor of Civil Engi- vironment. of a sand bed, sandpaper is glued on neering, with the assistance of J. R. the plastic duneS. But this poses a Scientists believe that materials with Adams and Li-San Hwang, and with serious problem: shear measurement these tailor-made properties will great- the support of the National Science techniques on smooth walls are not Foundation and the Division of Engi- ly facilitate the use of giant s~lar highly developed, and measurement neering Research at Michigan State reflectors and balloon-like communIca- on rough boundaries is much more dif- University. ficult. Here questions of this nature tions structures-objects which prom- arise: "What is the local flow pat- ise to play an important role in the tern?"; "Where is the instrument?"; space technology of the future. or even "Where is the boundary?"! WHAT'S NEW? This problem has been handled by ex- Their aim is to create a substance tending the surface pitot tube method, (Collti/wed from page 36) that will remain flexible during the the simplest of those in use on smooth "1 e trIp mlSSI .. mto or b'tI , an d yet retain. walls, to rough boundaries. The art of earthmoving is to be greatly improved with the develop- the capability of rigidizing automatl' A differential manometer, using al- ment of a new K-W-Dart tractor and cally when subjected to the spac e en' cohol (Old Crow) as the gage fluid, trailer. This "truck" can haul 70 tons vironment. and permitting direct readings accurate of material at speeds up to 30 miles (Colltillued 011 IJage 40) 38 Spartan Engineer • That's just what we did at Allison. Strong enough to withstand the severe Studies indicated that the Fresnel prin- stresses encountered in rocket blast-off ciple could be adapted to an extremely and boost ... lightweight, foldable solar collector for Can be folded to fit a rocket case during operation of power systems. launch, automatically unfolded once orbit Our researchers went to work, aided by is attained ... Allison's extensive resources-our physi- And this is but one example of Allison cal optics and metallurgical laboratories, technology at work. Current research in- American and European consultants, our vestigations encompass four basic energy Scientific Advisory Board and every re- conversion systems: open and closed cycle source General Motors possesses. gas turbines, Stirling-cycle engines, direct energy conversion devices and rockets. Results-a Fresnel mirror which can From this research into solar and nuclear collect and concentrate solar energy to as well as chemical energy will develop run direct conversion systems, Stirling many of the primary and auxiliary power cycle engines, Rankine cycle mercury tur- systems of the future. bines, solar regenerated fuel cells and nu- merous other devices which will provide But concepts are constantly changing, electric power for space missions. and Allison is ever probing new forms of energy conversion in the search for im- Allison's solar reflector utilizes such proved forms of propulsion and power. significant design characteristics as: And as the research devices of today be- 70% less weight than other solar re- come the power systems of the future, flectors capable of withstanding the rigors Allison will continue its history of pio- of space for extended periods of time ••• neering and progress in power. __ Energy C""""sion is 0", Business ALLISON DIVISION GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION March, 1962 39 hydrodynamics, thermonuclear fusion, Unique protective features are in- WHAT'S NEW? cryogenic de vie e s and other related corporated to prevent damage to the (Colltilllled /,.0111 page 38) fields has been marketed by the West- power supply or to the superconduct- A large space structure composed of inghouse Electric Corporation. ing magnet. such a material, they reason, could be Development of the superconduct- For example, if the load current in- delivered into orbit in a packaged state ing magnet was first announced by creases at a rate greater than 4 amperes with a minimum of bulk and weight Westinghouse in September, 1961. per second, or if the output voltage in- -two prime considerations in terms The magnetic field created by the one- creases at a rate greater than 0.1 volts of missile payload. pound magnet was twice as strong as per second, the power output current that of a conventional iron-core elec- is reduced to zero. tromagnet weighing 20 tons. In less Furthermore, provision is made to than three months, scientists have in- reduce the output current to zero when creased the magnetic strength of the the liquid helium reaches a predeter- magnets from 43 to 60 kilogauss. In mined low level. A dumping circuit addition, the company developed a is provided in the power supply to dis- cryogenic system which is now avail- sipate a portion of the energy stored able to industrial, governmental, and in the magnet in the event it goes into academic laboratories engaged in re- normal conduction range. In addi- search in cryogenics, superconductiv- tion, a thermal detector and a time- ity, magnetics, plasmas, etc. delay relay are used to prevent inter- The superconducting system con- nal damage to the power supply. sists of coil and its support, a special power supply, gaussmeter, Dewar as- Another feature is that the power sembly, helium liquid level indicator supply is programmed to increase or and helium transfer tube. decrease the output current linearly to any preselected current up to 25 am- The superconducting magnet con- peres maximum in a finite time. tains two miles of wire about the di- Once aloft and inflated, the object ameter of a sewing thread. The wire A single power supply can be used would soon rigidize and maintain its is a niobium-zirconium alloy of these as a "master" supply to program sim- shape even though it was punctured two metals. Special techniques were ultaneously up to 10 other similar by meteors, punished by temperature developed to prepare the alloy and power supplies in parallel by a simple extremes, and exposed to ultraviolet take it through the complicated metal connection. The result, a versatile pow- rad i a t i on and other cos m i c forces. process mg. er supply package that can be applied These coatings are applied to the fab- to the more complicated segmented The wire is available in a variety of rics to impart a "rigidizing" capability magnet coil designs. Such an arrange- compositions. It is produced with from and to form a film or barrier in the ment is necessary to provide the opti- 10 to 65 percent zirconium, in stand- porous surface of the material so that mum coil design for the user. ard sizes from 20 to 7V2 mil diam- it can be inflated when used in space eters, and se\'eral thousand-foot The Dewar (cold retaining bottle) structures. lengths. The wire can be purchased was developed to maintain the cryo- "If all of this liquid is permitted bare or insulated. genic environment necessary to operate to eva porate from the material, the re- The commercially available super- the superconducting magnet. The ves- maining composition of the coating conducting coil, or solenoid, is approx- sel container consists of two concentric rigidizes providing the material with imately three inches in diameter, three cylinders with the helium contained in structural strength. To investigate these inches long, and produces a 50,000 the inner space. The air space between processes, small spheres approximately gauss magnetic field within the V2 the two cylinders is evacuated, and two feet in diameter have been con- inch inside diameter. then the entire unit is immersed in structed with our experimental ma- The coil is then immersed in a ves- liquid nitrogen in a thermally jacketed terials and tested under simulated sel of liquid helium which keeps it at container. The liquid nitrogen main- space conditions in a vacuum cham- a temperature near 269 degrees C be- tains the temperature around the ber." low zero. The energy required to cool double-walled helium container at This eventuality, would greatly en- the coil is only a small fraction of that -196 degrees C. A final stainless steel hance our capabilities for long-range needed to create a comparable mag- jacket surrounds the Ii qui d nitrogen communications and power generation netic field with a standard electro- container which is evacuated and sealed in space. magnet. Essentially, therefore, the at the factory. This outer vacuum magnet produces almost all of its su- chamber contains activated charcoal per-magnetism "for free." at the base to collect residual gases CRYOGENIC MAGNET A transistorized power supply fur- that might accumulate. The helium nishes constant current, low ripple chamber is provided with a pump- SYSTEM d.c. power for use with superconduct- down fitting. Both the nitrogen and A cryogenic magnet system, capable ing magnetic coils. The portable unit helium chambers can be vented to of developing a field of 50 kilogauss is designed for less than 0.1 percent the atmosphere. at -269 degrees C opens an entirely regulation from no-load to full-load The efficiency of this container, new area of high-field magnet research with an input voltage variation from which is more than fifteen times better with possible application in magneto- 105 to 125 volts a.c. (Colltilllled 011 page 44) 40 Spartan Engineer Ambitious, talented young men with new ideas and a zest for challenge will find unusual opportunity at Delco Radio Division, General Motors Corporation. Delco enjoys an enviable reputation for attracting and retaining top-notch talent in the electronics field. We feel it's a result of the atmosphere at Delco where OPPORTUNITY the individual finds opportunity to exercise and develop his abilities to the fullest. is yours at Our recently completed 125,000 sq. ft. Research and Development Center provides unlimited facilities for utilizing these abilities D!o/DELCO in the investigation and development of such space age devices as semi- conductors, computers, static inverters, thermoelectric generators, power supplies, machine controls, to name but a few of Delco's current projects. To this combination of outstanding talent and facilities we attribute our pattern of success over the years. To this same combination we look for continued success as we assault the challenges of the future. Why not cast your lot with a leader in the field? Arrange an appointment with our interviewer when he visits your campus, or for additional information write: Mr. C. D. Longshore, Supervisor -Salaried Employment. @LCORADIO DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS KOKOMO, INDIANA March, 1962 41 SIDETRACKED The car sped off the highway, went Two producers were watching the A husband answering the phone: through the guard rail, rolled down star of a Broadway play. "I wonder "How do I know? Why don't you call a cliff, bounced off a tree, and finally who made her d res s," said one of the weather bureau?" shuddered to a stop. them admiringly. "Who was that?" asked his wife. A passing motorist who had wit- "It's hard to say," answered the "Some fool wanted to know if the nessed the entire accident helped the other, "probably the police." coast was clear." miraculously unharmed driver out of the wreck. "How did you puncture that tire?" Two men and a young lady on the "Ran over a milk bottle." "Good Lord, mister," he gasped, pullman going to New York decided "Didn't you see it?" "are you drunk?"' they had better get acquainted. "Naw, the kid had it under his "Of course," replied the man. One man said: "My name is Peter, coat." "\Xfhat do you think I am-a stunt but I'm not a saint." driver ?" The other man said: "My name is [rosh: "A woman's greatest at- Paul, but I'm not an apostle." . traction is her hair." The girl muttered: "My name l,~ Soph: "I say it's her eyes." Mary and I don't know what to say. The Russian school teacher asked a Jr.: "It's unquestionably her teeth." pupil who the first humans were. Sr.: .. W hat's the use of sit tin g around lying to each other?" And then there was the inebriated "Adam and Eve," the kid replied. EE who was arrested for feeding the "And what nationality were they?" squirrels in the park. He was feeding Professor (rapping on desk during "Russian, of course," said the kid. class): "Order." them to the lions. "And how do you know?" asked Student: "Bourbon and Soda." the teacher. I never kiss, I never neck. "Easy," the kid replied. "They had Jim: "Do you neck?" I never say Hell, I never say h~ck. no roof over their heads, no clothes to Mary Ann: "That's my business." I'm always good, I'm always mce. wear, and only one apple between the Jim: "Ah, at last-a professional." I play no poker, I play no dice. two of them-and they called it Par- I never drink, I never flirt. adise!" Customer: "Your dog seems very I never gossip or spread the dirt. fond of watching you cut hair." I have no lines or funny tricks, Barber: "Naw, it's just that once in But what THE HELL a while I snip off part of the cus- I'm only six. A German was the guest of a tomer's ear." F~e~ch~an who asked him how they dlstmgUlsh between an optimist and a Found on fall registration card of pessimist in Germany. "Now," said the professor cheer- freshman engineering student: NAME fully, "please pass all your test papers OF PARENTS-Mommy and Daddy. "It's very simple," replied the Ger- to the SIde of the room and kindly in- ~an. "The optimists are learning Eng- sert a carbon sheet under each paper lIsh and the pessimists are learning . eS Russian." so that I can correct all the errors at A bosom companion somet1m once." turns out to be a false friend. 42 • er Spartan En9me Malleable Castings ...Shortest and Most Economical Route to Quality Products Eliminate Waste Metal Why pay for 2.8 pounds of metal ... then machine out and scrap 1.2 pounds of the center? Changing this snap coupler to a Malleable iron castingwith a cored center reduced initial Eliminate Machining cost 31 cents and cut the first interior machining opera- With Malleable you often get the finished part right out of tion by 72 per cent (subsequent operations were up to 25 the mold. This Malleable sprocket is used without machin. per cent less expensive, too). Through expert use of cores ing or hardening on the teeth. It replaces a flame cut steel in parts that require interior design details, your Malleable plate to which a hub was welded. Remember, you can get foundry puts metal only where it is needed. equal or better quality at lower cost with Malleable. Eliminate Surplus Weight You don't need to beef up parts until they're needlessly heavy just to eliminate failure during use. For example, this Eliminate Assembly pneumatic impact wrench cuts metal, breaks welds, s~lits nuts and shears bolts. At one time, breakage of the pistol How much can you save on a simple little hanger like this? rip housing near the impact area was a serious problem. Plenty, when you have to cut, bend, punch and weld, in. ; change to Malleable solved the problem by providing eluding all the handling involved ... and when you're using maximum strength in thin sections. When your parts need 60,000 pieces a year. Converted to a Malleable casting a high fatigue ratio, remember that Malleable ranks high (with Cored hole and better design), this simple part looks among commonly used metals. better, Works better, costs less ... because it's Malleable. ""EMBE~ Free Malleable Engineering Data File is available for your use: ~ust write to Malleable Castings Council, Union Commerc~ BUlldmg, Cleveland 14, Ohio ... or ask any company that displays thiS symbol. .. 43 March, 1962 WHAT'S NEW? The information is stored in the of its own. The sound has the neces- (Continued f.-om fJa/!,e 40) computer, along with a program which sary echo delay amplitude variations instructs the computer to treat any and directionality to give a good stere- than conventional containers, resulted sound which is put into the computer ophonic resemblance to an actual hall. from a detailed analysis of the factors the same way the auditorium would The listener decides, on the basis involved in the flow of heat into liquid treat the sound on its way between the of what he hears, whether the simu- helium containing vessels. The present source on the stage and the listener's lated room has good or bad acoustics. container holds 7Y2 litters (approxi- ears. Then a sample of speech or music By changing the computer program mately two gallons). is recorded on digital magnetic tape. the acoustic characteristics of the simu- Input power to the liquid helium The computer acts on these sounds lated hall can be modified. level ga uge is 115 volts, 60 cycles. just as the floor, walls, ceiling, etc., In addition to designing new con- This gauge continuously measures the of the auditorium would and produces cert halls, computer simulation can be liquid level in a helium Dewar from an output tape, also in digital form. used to improve the acoustics of exist- 5 to 23 inches. The level is indicated The output tape is then fed to another ing halls. The computer can be pro- on a six-inch scale meter. The sensing machine which converts the digital grammed to simulate the effect of mi- element is connected by a coaxial cable information into an analog multitrack nor architectural changes on the acous- to the control cabinet containing a sound tape suitable for playing on a tic characteristics of the hall. The tape meter and limit relay. multichannel tape recorder playback. from the computer is played over loud- To warn of low helium level and This tape is played over several loud- speakers set up in the hall and the to turn off heat-producing apparatus, a speakers in a free-space room which proposed changes evaluated before ren- signal limit contact at zero reading doesn't add echoes and reverberations ovations are begun. may be used. After setting, the zero and full-scale indications remain accu- rate to plus and minus 1/32 inch of helium level. The gaussmeter is part of the super- ADVERTISER'S INDEX conducting system. It is an instrument to provide accurate magnetic intensity measurements. Subscriber Page Allison Division of General Motors 39 Ever hear a speech or music In an American Oil Company 2 auditorium that didn't exist? Asphalt Institute 32 At Bell Telephone Laboratories, the Bendix Corporation 9 head of an acoustics research group, Bethlehem Steel Company 27 Dr. M. R. Schroeder, has been doing just that. . Challenge in California 4 He's been using an electronic com- Collins Radio Corporation 12 puter to simulate what happens to Delco Radio (Div. of General Motors) 41 sound waves when they bounce back Dow Chemical Company 7 and forth in imaginary rooms. Drop Forging Association 31 With his method, a room can be Eastman Kodak Company (inside back cover) evalued, modifications studied, and a final satisfactory architectural plan a- E. 1. DuPont de Nemours & Co 37 dopted, all before construction is ac- Ford Motor Company 20 tuall y started. Garrett Corporation 33 Beginning with an architectural plan General Electric (back cover) drawing of a proposed concert hall, International Business Machines 22 & 23 a point on the stage is selected and then major paths that sound waves International Nickel Company 35 would take between this source and Kearfott Division 29 a typical seat in the audience is drawn. Malleable Castings Council 43 Both one-bounce and multi-bounce re- flections from the walls and ceiling, Monsanto Chemical Company 5 as well as a direct path is drawn. Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp 26 The time it takes a sound impulse Pratt & Whitney Aircraft (Div. of United Aircraft) 18 & 19 to travel over these various paths from Texaco, Inc 14 source to listener is calculated and re- Union Carbide Corporation 11 verberation time of the hall is com- puted. Reverberation time is the time United States Air Force 3 it takes a sound in bouncing back and U. S. Steel Corporation (inside front cover) forth between the walls to be absorbed Western Electric 1 and fade away to one millionth of its original intensity. 44 Spartan Engineer Kodak beyond the snapshot . • • (random notes) Deep In lacquer The happy eye Overlap In black That our name is never seen on a can What would you say to a photographic of lacquer doesn't mean we aren't in paper that comes out red or blue- it pretty deep. depending on the color of the exposing Our newest cellulose ester for the lacquer formulators has the butyryl- ated, acetylated cellulose chains run- ning much shorter than heretofore. Ii•• This results in higher solubility, which means less solvent needed. It also means poorer film strength, but that's OK. A butylated urea-formaldehyde red blue resin, included at the right proportions in the formulation along with the proper catalyst, will cross-link to the and black where they overlap? cellulose acetate butyrate during the This is the Kodak Carousel projector. It drying of the coating. To provide a projects slides. Carousels symbolize point of attachment on the cellulose carefree abandon. Care lest slides jam chain, we restore one out of 12 of its can be abandoned. Gravity feeds them. hydroxyls. This condenses with the Gentle gravity. Slides are automatically butoxy groups of the butylated urea- lifted back to aD-slide storage tray. formaldehyde polymer to split out Push buttons at end of long cord butyl alcohol. advance slides, reverse, even refocus. Thus the short chains that are more (Latter is largely for kicks. Slides get soluble in the can become very much prewarmed not to pop out of focus.) We are currently advertising around in less soluble in the finish of a table on See Kodak dealer for exact price. various technical journals like Geo- which some gay dog has set down the First, though, consider the picture physics, Materials Research and Standards, cup that cheers. No longer need a drop below. It's an experimental viewing etc. to ask if anybody would be of lotion spilled on the dresser trouble device. An image is projected on a interested in buying some rolls of paper the conscience of a good woman. translucent screen. No matter how like that for experimentation. It might In these days of epoxies, silicones, sharp the original picture, the simple be useful in interpreting the readings methacrylates, polyesters, etc., why do machinery behind the screen can of certain kinds of instruments. You we monkey with cellulose? What a always improve the sharpness. It inte- never know till you ask. silly question! grates out optical noise. It also makes For one thing, we have shown how the screen more pleasant to stare at. Not.: Whether you work for us or admixture of cellulose acetate butyrate Some very purposeful staring is being not, photography in some form will can improve them all. done today. probably have a part in your work as For another, cellulose is by far the Our long research on human vision years go on. Now or later, feel free to world's most abundant high polymer. has more than happy-time slides ask for Kodak literature or help on It is formed by sunshine. in mind. anything photographic. MATCHING PRODUCTS TO CUSTOMERS TAKES CELLULOSE TECHNOLOGY NEEDS VISUAL ENGINEERING NEEDS GOOD PEOPLE GOOD PEOPLE GOOD PEOPLE from zoom cameras to zein, plenty of lively careers are to be made with EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Kodak in research, engineering, prOduction, marketing. Address: Rochester 4, N.Y. One of a series ... J Interview with General Electric's Dr. J. H. Hollomon Manager-General Engineering Laboratory Society Has New Needs and Wants-Plan Your Career Accordingly DR. HOLLOMON is responsible for General Electric's centralized, advanced engineering activities. He is also an adjunct professor of metallurgy at RPI, serves in advisory posts for four universities, and is a member of the Technical Assistance panel of President Kennedy's Scientific Advisory Committee. long interested in emphasizing new areas af oppor- tunity for engineers and scientists, the following highlights some of Dr. Hollomon's opinions. a. Dr. Hollomon, what characterizes example, new methods of purifying For scientists, look to those new fields the new needs and wants of society? salt water and specific techniques for in biology, biophysics, information, and A. There are four significant changes determining impurities in polluted air. power generation that afford the most in recent times that characterize these General Electric is increasing its inter- challenge in understanding the world needs and wants. national business by furnishing power in which we live. generating and transportation equip. But above all else, the science explo- 1. The increases in the number of ment for Africa, South America, and sion of the last several decades means people who live in cities: the accom- Southern Asia. that the tools you will use as an engi- panying need is for adequate control We are looking for other products neer or as a scientist and the knowledge of air pollution, elimination of trans- that would be hel pful to these areas to involved wilI change during your life. portation bottlenecks, slum clearance, develop their economy and to improve time. Thus, you must be in a position and adequate water resources. their way of life. We can develop new to continue your education, e}ther. ~n 2. The shift in our economy from agri- information systems, new ways of stor. your own or in courses at umversll1es culture and manufacturing to "serv- ing and retrieving information, or or in special courses sponsored by ices": today less than half our working handling it in computers. We can the company for which you work. population produces the food and goods design new devices that do some of the for the remainder. Education. health, thinking functions of men, that will a. Does General Electric offer these and recreation are new needs. They make education more effective and per- advantages to a young scientist or require a new information technology haps contribute substantially to reducing engineer? to eliminate the drudgery of routine the cost of medical treatment. We can A. General Electric is a large diver. mental tasks as our electrical tech- design new devices for more efficient sified company in which young men nology eliminated routine physical "paper handling" in the service have the opportunity of working. on a drudgery. industries. variety of problems with experIenced 3. The continued need for national people at the forefront of science and defense and for arms reduction: the a. If I want to be a part of this new technology. There are a number of majority of our technical resources activity, how should I plan my career? laboratories where research and ad. is concerned with research and devel. A. First of all, recognize that the vanced development is and has. been opment for military purposes. But meeting of needs and wants of society traditional. The Company offers Incen- increasingly, we must look to new tech. with products and services is most tives for graduate studies, as well as nical means for detection and control. important and satisfying work. Today a number of educational programs 4. The arising expectations of the peo- this activity requires not only knowl- with expert and experienced teachers. ples of the newly developing nations: edge of science and technology but Talk to your placement officers and here the "haves" of our society must also of economics, sociology and the members of your faculty. I hope ~ou provide the industry and the tools for the best of the past as learned from the will plan to meet our representatIve "have-nots" of the new countries if they liberal arts. To do the engineering when he visits the campus. are to share the advantages of mod. involved requires, at least for young ern technology. It is now clearly recog- men, the most varied experience possi. nized by all that Western technology is ble. This means working at a number A recent address by Dr. Hollomon capable of furnishing the material of different jobs involving different entitled "Engineering's Great Challenge - the 1960's," will be of interest to goods of modern life to the billions science and technology and different most Juniors, Seniors, and Gradu~te of people of the world rather than products. This kind of experience for Students. It's available by addreSSIng only to the millions in the West. engineers is one of the best means of your request to: Dr. J. H. H?"omon, We see in these new wants, prospects learning how to conceive and design Section 699.2, General ElectriC Com. for General Electric's future growth -how to be able to meet the changing pany, Schenectady 5, N.Y. and contribution. requirements of the times. a. Could you give us some examples? A. Weare investigating techniques for the control and measurement of air and water pollution which will be appli- GENERAL _ ELECTRIC cable not only to cities, but to individual households. We have developed, for All applicants will receive consideration for employment . without regard to race, creed, color, or nol;onol origin.