Dunk an orange into liquid oxygen, then drop it on the floor and it will shatter like glass. A vital component of missile propulsion, liquid oxygen is so cold that it crystallizes many materials on contact, and weakens some metals used for normal liquid storage vessels. But because industry and national defense are using more and more liquefied gases at hundreds of degrees below zero, there was need for a constructional alloy steel that would stay strong and tough at extremely low temperatures. United States Steel helped determine the suitability of a remarkable steel for such application. A cure for uncommon cold It's called 9% Nickel Steel and it can be used for pres- sure vessels that hold liquefied gas as cold as -320°F. The unique combination of properties of this alloy steel makes it particularly suitable for cryogenic use. This is just one example of U. S. Steel's continuing program to develop new and better steels-that's what makes the work of U. S. Steel engineers so stimulating. Be sure to register with your placement director. For information about the many career opportunities at United States Steel, including financial analysis and sales, write to U. S. Steel Personnel Division, Room 2301,525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh 3D, Pennsyl- vania. U. S. Steel is an equal opportunity employer. United States Steel ~ I chose a career, not a fob! by(PJ£J~ "I found a satisfying job right from the beginning -and more important, American Oil is diversi- fied enough to offer varied opportunities for the future." Peter Vossos earned his Master of Science degree at Iowa State, '58. As a physical chemist, Pete's immediate project is studying funda- mental properties of asphalts with the objective of improving their performance in roofing and industrial applications. About his 2>1 years at American Oil, Pete adds, "This is a company that's big enough and dynamic enough to be doing important work, but not so mammoth that you get lost in the crowd." Many ambitious and talented young scientists and engineers like Peter Vossos have found challenging careers at American Oil. Their choice could have special meaning to you. American Oil offers a wide range of research opportunities for graduate chemists, chemical engineers, mechani- cal engineers, physicists, mathematicians and metall urgists. If you are interested in a career with the Research and Development Department of American Oil Company, write to:D. G. Schroeter, American Oil Company, P. O. Box 431, Whiting, Indiana. IN ADDITION TO FAR-REACHING PROGRAMS INVOLVING FUELS, LUBRICANTS AND PETROCHEMICALS. AMERICAN Oil AND ITS ASSOCIATE COMPANY. AMOCO CHEMICALS. ARE ENGAGED IN SUCH DIVERSIFIED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AS: New and unusual polymers and plastics. Organic ions under electron impact • Radiation-induced reactions • Physiochemical nature of catalysts. Fuel celis. Novel separations by gas chromatography • Application of computers to complex technical problems • Synthesis and potential applications for aromatic acids. Combustion phenomena • Solid propellants for use with missiles • Design and economics: New uses for present products. new products, new processes • Cor- rosion mechanisms. Development of new types of surface coatings. STANDARD OIL DIVISION OF AMERICAN OIL COMPANY NATIONAl. MARKETING AFFIL.IATE OF STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) May, 1962 Your Project: America's Voice from Space Your Company: Collins, whose equipment transmitted the voices of Alan Shepherd, Gus Grissom, and John Glenn, from space. Collins designs, develops, and produces systems essential to every phase of manned space capsules. Prelaunch ... launch ... flight ... re-entry ... recovery. Collins is the link between earth and space in both human and electrical language. Your Opportunity: Collins is working on a variety of long-range space projects which provide openings for qualified E.E.'s, M.E.'s, mathematicians, and physicists for development of space communication ~yst.ems. Specialists are required with design experience in HF, VHF and UHF equipment, digital commUOlCat10n~ spacecraft antennas, television, radar, modulation techniques, tracking and ranging, information theory, an ground systems. If you are interested in the challenge of a career with Collins, contact: . 1. R. Nus., Collins Radio Company, Cedar IUpids, Iowa • C. P. Nelson, Collins IUdio Company, o.uas, Texas • R. O. Olson, Collins IUdio Company, Newpon Beach, c.Ji/OlTllJ an equal opportunity employer ~ COLLINS ~~ The dream lasts ... with stainless steel You will be interested in the N ow the new look of any dream house can be protected ... if career opportunities available stainlessst ee I' IS use d III .. the rIght places. Gutters, downspouts an d flash'mg WI'll with Union Carbide in carbons, chemicals, gases, metaL~, plas- neVercause ugly corrosion stains. Doors and windows won't dent, warp, stick tics,andnuclearenergy, Why not look over our literature in your or rust. And the strength of stainless steel makes possible screening so fine placement office?For further in- formation write for Booklet VV, you hardly know it's there. Union Carbide Corporation, 270 Park Avenue, New York 17, New York, (Pleasementionyour Many other things stand up against the weather too-such as lawn career (ield,) furniture, b arbecues and garden tools. And inside the house, stamless . stee I brings th e same carefree beauty to kitchens. UNION The lifetime quality of stainless steel comes from chromium -one of Inany essentIal .. alloying metals developed by Umon Car b'd I th e b aslC I e. n . CARBIDE fields of metals, as well as carbons, chemicals, gases, plastIcs . an d nuCIear energy, research by the people of Union Carbide will continue to help bring ... ahand forth III in things to come ore useful products for today's living. 3 ~1~ . Combine Modern Design With Malleable Iron For Lighter, Stronger Parts Six Steps II"! Designing Minimum Weight Malleable Castings By following these basic steps. designers can take advan. tage of Malleable's high strength and excellent thin.section castability to produce rugged. lightweight Malleable cast- ings. Early consultation with your Malleable producer can be of real assistance. 1. stort Fresh Forget how the old part looked . 8~Z!; • , 2. EstabHsh key Points \ Visualize ultimate ?\ . part use and 'TI'~"~: 3. Connect Key Points Con. sider directions and mag. Q \ \ , ... " I ~\ I nitudes of service stresses when connecting points. terminal ~', :\ l " : \ ~, '\ ---"~~~ S~tjon m. A-A Section B-8 ~.~~ ~~ .~ USectJon _C.C 5. Make Sections Unito"" tions should be designed to Sec. promote directional soHd~fi. 4. Check Critical St;ess Areas cation toward the feeding Your Malleable supplier can head. This insures proper assist v.-ith deSign suggestions cooting and heat tr3n~fer. and experimental stres5 analy- sis techniques. ~aximum utilization of different metals is classically Illustrated by these three designs for an equalizer bar for tandem trailer springs. This part evolved through several design changes as the user sought the best combination of low cost, high strength. minimum we~ght. The two parts at the top performed satisfac- tOrll~ and were well designed for their respective pro- ductIon methods. A Malleable castings designer, taking advantage of. ~he high tensile strength of pearlitic Malleable. onglnated the "U" section design, shown at the bottom, which results in least weight, lowest cost a nd greatest strength. 6. Reduce HIgh Stre .. Points Follow-lng: _these steps results in Add ribs. corrugations. fjI. a good final;' design. --- lets and radii as needed. .... ... ..... De •• ,. ... Free Malleable Engineering Data File is available f 't t M or your use Just Wri e 0 alleable Castings Council U' C . Cle I' • mon ommerce Building ve and 14, Ohlo ... or ask any company that displays this symbol..: 4 Spartan Engineer .. 250,000 rpmj-452° F ~flmature .turboexpander permits major breakthrough A leader in cryogenic cooling and lightweight turho. '!:.4~~u.0gemcs.. :Temperatures ranging from -200°F to machinery, Garrett-AiResearch is now developing a closed d . F are ~chleved by converting gases such as helium cycle cryogenic system to compress and then expand (boil an nItrogen mto a liquid state. off) the low temperature gas into its supercold liquid state. 'Y hen cryogenic liquids circulate over an object, the The tiny turbines within the system run on air bearings 10vmg molecules within come virtuaJly to a stop. This and eliminate all rubbing surfaces. l\Iuch greater system a normal condition makes some metals superconductive and reliability and long life is the result ... another major ad. extr~r?inarilY sensitive to any form of electrical energy. vance by Garrett in the exciting new science of cryogenics . . Ihtary and commercial applications include increas- For information about other interesting projects and the mg.the effectiveness of ground and airborne detection, navi- many career opportunities with The Garrett Corporation, galIon and communication systems, shrinking the size of write to l\Ir. G. D. Bradley in Los Angeles. computers and solving specialized space cooling problems. Garrett is an "equal opportunity" employer. THE GARRETT CORPORATION divisions and subsidiaries: AiResearch Manufacturing Divisions. Los Angeles 45, California. phoenix, Arizona. Airsupply-Aero Engineering Garrett Supply • Air Cruisers • AiResearch Industrial • Garrett Manufacturing Limited AiResearch Aviation Service. Garrett International S. A .• Garrett (Japan) Limited May, 1962 5 Sporton Engineer VOLUME 15 NO. 4 MAY 1962 9 DEAN'S LETTER 10 SPACE DEBRIS 12 PLASMA PHYSICS 14 THE JOB INTERVIEW 16 RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE 18 THE LASER 22 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN PROJECT MERCURY 24 MSU's NEW COMPUTER 26 THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER TODAY 28 THERMOELECTRICITY 32 MISS ENGINEER 34 WHAT'S NEW 40 THE THERMODYNAMICS FINALS 44 SIDETRACKED 46 ENGINEERS' CREED editor VIe HUMM business manager JOHN THORNTON publicity LOREN NELSON staff DIANNE CACCAMISE ROBERTA HUFFMASTER JOE STRBIK Member, Engineering College Magazine Associated Chairman: Professor Charles E. Wales, Wayne State .. University, Detroit, Michigan Publisher's Rep: littell-Murrey-Barnhill, Inc. 369 lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y. 737 N. M;chigan Ave., Chicago, III. advisors J. RYDER T. FARRELL Published four times yearly by the students of the COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, East Lansing, Michigan. ]. STOKELEY The office is on the third floor of the Student Services Bldg., Phone 355-8298. Second class postage paid in E. lansing. Michigan, under D. McGRADY oct of March 3, 1879. W. McILRATH Subscription rate by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 25 cents. 6 Spartan Engineer Illustration Courtesy The Martin Company AtOlllic power for outer space company that's ready and able to move vigorously in- Monsanto ... a world leader in chemicals, plastics and to new fields. And that means plenty of growing room petroleum products ... has also taken a giant step into for YOll ••• ever-expanding opportunity as your pro- the at~mic space age. Now broadcasting signals from fessional interests broaden. ~'pace~s a Transit satellite transmitter, powered by an See your Placement Director to arrange an interview atomic generator." This long-lived power source is when we visit your campus fueled with plutonium 238 processed and encapsulated soon. Or write today for our at Mound Laboratory, which Monsanto Research new brochure, "You, Your Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Monsanto, Career and Monsanto," to Operates for the Atomic Energy Commission. Professional Employment ;his ~chievement is important to you because it suggests Manager, Department EM-5, he klDd of future the Monsanto family offers the young Monsanto Chemical Com- pany, St. Louis 66, Missouri. engineer of exceptional promise. You'll be joining a ALL QUALIFIED APPLICANTS WILL RECEIVE CONSIDERATION WITHOUT REGARD TO RACE, CREED, COLOR OR NATIONAL ORIGIN 7 May, 1962 CHALLENGE IN CALIFORNIA IN ALL PHASES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING highways bridges structural sanitary hydraulic C IVILE N GIN E E R I N G J U N lOR S: A few months from now when you ret~rn to school as a Senior, we will have an announcement for you in'this space which. could launch you on your way to rapid advancement. It will tell you when ~e WIll be on your campus to talk with you about well-paying jobs in California's eon~-ran~e state projects in highway, bridge, structural, sanitary, and hydraulic ngrneenng. Watch for this announcement: CHALLENGE IN CALIFORNIA! r Dean's Letter The Profession of Engineering The work of the engineer is often -uescribeu as a profession. although the work of inuiviuual engineers is highly uiverse. The fielu of meuicine is consiuereu a profession, anu here too. the knowleuge requireu anu the functions serveu may uiffer widely. The common factor which binus the men of meuicine together is the Hippocratic oath-an allegiance to an iueal. So. too. uo we engineers have an objective anu an allegiance-albeit not so formalizeu-a felTell1 desire 10 reshape Ihe world as each fillds ii, ill Ihe hope of .1idillg ill improl'emelll of Ihe /01 of Ihe hUlI/dl1 race. The work of the engineer lies in the physical anu mathematical world, but with extensions into biology. psychology. sociology. anu many other areas of the social and life sciences. From the rigorous application of thermodynamics by the rocket engineer or the use of electromagnetic theory by the microwave component uesigner to the technical arts employeu by the construction or prouuction engineers-from the mathematical analysis of the researcher to the economic analysis of the consulting engineer-there is one great spectrum of knowleuge. Each engineer. in his technical fielu anu in his functional assignment. utilizes a portion of that spectrum. uiffering in fielu or function from the portion useu by other engineers. Only in the colleges uo we seem able to neatly uiviue this spectrum into concise packages- Civil Engineering. Mechanical Engineering. Chemical Engineering anu the like. Inuustry urops these labels for inuiviuuals rapiuly. anu one notes in reauing the "Engineer-Wanteu" auvertisements that the neeu is for microwave engineers. system analysts. heat transfer specialists, or pollution control engineers. \X'hile our society bastions-the ASCE, ASME, anu other professional societies- retain the label of a field in their names. we note that the AlEE, ASME, and the IRE all have groups or committees on automatic control. that both the ASME and ASCE are concerned with mechanics of /luius, that there is joint membership possible in the ASME, AlEE, and the IRE, anu that the AlEE anu IRE are ueciuing that uivision of electrical engineering into electrical power anu rauio fielus is no longer necessary anu are taking steps to merge. Our neat campus packages of specific engineering knowleuge also seem to be coming ungl ueu. Establisheu to meet the conditions of the last century. these curriculums were built around a need for knowleuge of particular types of equipment. Today. we give attention to the scientific base for system design. to uevelopment of concepts and ideas as much as to laboratory models, and the apparatus uistinctions have become less important. We will always have uivisions of the fielu-the spectrum of knowledge is too broad for coverage by any person-but future uistinctions between uivisions will rest only on broad areas of knowledge-not on haruware. Anu even so. we will still have only one profession-if we continue to try to improve, to make more efficient, to apply new knowleuge to the needs of man on this earth anu beyond. ]. D. Ryder 9 May, 1962 Orbiting Space Vehicles Provide Danger to Manliind ... .... by John Thornton, E.E. '62 All Atills ICM B SOllrs IIloft all II resellrch lIIissio// lit Cllpe CII//averal (Co//vlI:r) SPACE DEBRIS Less than three hours after Col. feet by four feet. Though still uncon. ment hasn't officially announced the John Glenn's historic orbital flight, the firmed, there are rumors hinting th'lt existence of the fragment as yet. remains of the giant Atlas booster that a second chunk of metal weighing 45 had lofted him into space reentered Although many satellites have bee.n pounds was also found, The metal the earth's atmosphere over the Union deliberately recovered f rom or bit '. thIS fragment was turned over to U. S. of South Africa, As the booster is the first time a man.made object diplomats at Pretoria, slammed into the upper atmosphere, has managed to survive , th . e plunge s ~_ air resistance caused great chunks of Later the chunk was flown to Cape through the atmosphere wIthout p- the Atlas to break off and burst into Canaveral for inspection, Engineers of .. protection. Clal S'Clen t'ISt s of the ,Na. . flame as the heat vaporized metal. General Dynamics Corporation, the .. ttOnal AeronautICs an d S pace AdmInls- . Several observers on the ground re- builder of the Atlas, positively identi- tration were surprised that the plere fied the metal sheet as part of the survived. ported fireballs as the booster disin. booster. Through markings that sur. tegrated, Later that night a farm('r, An obJ'ect to be recovered from or- vived the terrific heat of reentry, the Jan Snyman, heard several loud ex. bit is protected by a heat s h'Ield . Ac' b engineers were able to determine the plosions and a roar. Not knowing the . cordIng to theory any unpr otected 0 . fragment's location on the Atlas. , . pon cause of the noise, he returned to bed, ject will be burned to a Crtsp u • The fate of the mysterious second reentry. But SClentls . . t s sa Y that the\ f ' Several days later while inspecting fragment is not yet determined, The have several theones . t h a t a ccount or his farm, Snyman came across a thin chunk is Supposedly on its way to the freak recovery. piece of sheet metal measuring three Cape Canaveral. But the U. S. Govern- (Continlled from page 31) 10 Spartan Engineer The development of new products always leads to challenging new opportunities at Du Pont. Products like time-honored neoprene synthetic rubber, for ex- ample. Or more recently, "Delrin"* acetal resin for SOME IMPORTANT a wide range of plastic applications, and "Cronaflex"* engineering reproduction films. NEW JOBS Products like these have created thousands and thousands of jobs at Du Pont over the years. Good WERE CREATED jobs that not only contribute to the growth of the com- pany, but assure Du Pont's employees of steady em- ployment and the chance to progress. To keep these BY DU PONT jobs coming in the future, Du Pont's annual invest- ment in research exceeds $90 million. TODAY Right now, there are opportunities at Du Pont for qualified engineers (chemical, mechanical, electrical, metallurgical and industrial) and for chemists and physicists, sales and marketing men. If you expect to receive your bachelor's, master's, or Ph.D. degree this year, talk with your placement director about Du Pont. For more information about opportunities here, clip and mail the coupon below. <[oPD~ -16. u.l. ... '.Of" BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING ••• THROUGH CHEMISTRY An equal-opportunity employer * Du Pont.s registered trademark r-----------------------------------------,' E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) Nemours Building, Room 2419-5 Wilmington 98, Delaware . Please send me the booklets indicated below. o Du Pont and the College Graduate o Mechanical Engineers at Du Pont o Your Engineering Opportunities at Du Pont o Chemical Engineers at Du Pont Name Major Degreeexpected _ Class College _ Myaddress _ L City Zone_State------- ~ 11 May, 1962 PLASMA PHYSICS SUBMITTED BY A GRADUA TE STUDENT In recent years, thanks to the efforts mas exist are far different from those B. Confining of astrophysicists, plasma physics has found in our environmental conditions The second major obstacle in plasma become one of the most widely inves- on earth. Second, the techniques for research is confinement of the plasma tigated of all technical fields. This is measuring the various parameters are after it has been heated. Again the due in part to the great many facets at present crude. A great deal has yet magnetic field has proven most valu- of the subject itself. Originally of to be done in basic plasma research able for this function. interest only to the astrophysicist be- so that many of the presently known cause of its applicability to space and plasma phenomena may be better un- The most common method of con- solar phenomena, it has been found derstood. fining is called the "pinch effect." If useful in nuclear research, communi- a current is passed through the plasma, cations, space propulsion systems, elec- A. Heating a constricting magnetic field is created tric power generation, thermionic Among the practical problems which which forces the particle toward the power conversion, and many other are first encountered is that of how axis of the current /low. To eliminate fields. losses at the ends of a linear pinch, to heat the plasma to the desired tem- Plasma itself is a fourth state of perature. Several methods have been the tube which confines the plasma is matter-neither gas, liquid, or solid developed, some of which are mechan- closed on itself in the shape of a torus but a state in which free electrons and ical while others are electrical. and the current is induced by trans- positively charged ions exist together. former action. The most obvious method is to pass Many natural phenomena have been A second common method of con- a current through the plasma since it found to be plasma phenomena. finement is by "magnetic mirrors." is ionized and is a good conductor. Among these are Aurora Borealis or Coils are wound about the tube con- This method is called Joule Heating. "Northern Lights," lightning or elec- taining the plasma in such a manner It may be accomplished by using a trical discharges which cause ionization as to produce strong repelling fields closed tube filled with gas which serves in the atmosphere, and even open at each end of the container but a weak as the secondary of a pulse transform- /lames or fire which consist of hot field in the center. As particles ap- er. The current induced in the secon- ionized gases rising from the combus- proach either end of the tube, they are dary gas column serves to heat the gas. tion region. The Hydrogen bomb is an pushed back into the plasma by these In straight or linear columns the gas excellent example of a plasma reaction fields. is made to conduct by means of elec- -one in which the tremendous heat trodes placed at opposite ends of the A third system is called the Steller- generated by the triggering fission reaction induces the combination of column and a voltage difference is ator system. In this method, the to- lighter hydrogen atoms to form heli- impressed upon them. The highest roidal tube is twisted into a figure-eight temperature attained by Joule Heating shape and an external solenodial coil um. The sun, from which the earth is approximately S,OOO,OOOoK. of wire is wound around the tube. The derives the light and heat by which it sustains life, is an excellent example plasma thus produced is much mo~e A second method by which plasma of a thermonuclear plasma or a plasma stable than either pinches or magnetic can be heated is by adiabatic or mag- in which a controlled thermonuclear mirror confinement. netic compression. When a magnetic reaction is taking place. The iono- field is made to vary slowly with time C. Diagnostics sphere, which surrounds the .earth at in the radial direction, the volume to a height of 70 to 300 kilometers, is Plasma research calls for not only temperature relationship is of the same generated by a reaction of the thin creating plasmas, but also examining form as the expression for the revers- atmosphere at that altitude with the them. This field is called plasma diag- ible adiabatic compression or expansion nostics. Many devices are in use today incoming radiation from space. In fact, of an ideal gas. As a result of the which have been used in other fields it has been estimated that 99.9% of all matter in the universe is plasma. varying magnetic field, energy is added but are now finding applications in to the transverse component of the the area of plasma diagnostics. Plasma Theory total energy while the axial component A fluorescent screen is used in plas- Several problems are inherent to any remains constant. This increase in ma diagnostics to locate the plasma, study of plasma and its properties. energy appears as a rise in the temper- give information about the ion orbit First, the conditions under which plas- ature of the plasma. size, and determine the density of the 12 Spartan Engineer plasma. Fast shutter photography will atoms must have sufficient energy to nomical. At present, one pound of give the same information. Streak pho- overcome the long range Coulomb deuterium costs about $140. This a- tography gives a time history of the repulsion forces. It has been shown mount could produce 4 x 107 kilowatt- position and light intensity of the both experimentally and theoretically hours of power. This is an average plasma. that the energy required for this to cost of 0.00035 cents per kilowatt occur involves temperature in the range hour. For nuclear fission fuels, the The use of spectrographic techniques of lOS°e. average cost is about 0.08 cents per yields information about ion velocity distribution. It is also used to identify There are three thermonuclear re- kilowatt hour and for combustible fos- the plasma species and impurities and actions which are of particular interest sil fuels, about 0.2 to 0.3 cents per to determine the electron temperatures. because they show the great promise. kilowatt hour. It can be seen there- All involve the heavier isotopes of fore, that nuclear fussion reactions are Direct current probes, although they much more economical than other types hydrogen because the rate of fussion perturb plasma greatly, will give infor- of fuel. of hydrogen is too slow. The first mation about the electron temperature, isotope of hydrogen is deuterium or Engineering Applications the ion and electron densities, and hydrogen with a neutron in its nucleus of Plasma Physics their distribution. These are generally and the second is tritium or hydrogen not too reliable due to the degree to Many devices which we take for with two neutrons in its nucleus. which they disturb the plasma. granted are either plasma devices or The three significant reactions are: utilize plasma processes. Among the Radio frequency techniques are often 1) D + D ~ He3 + n + 3.2 mev most common of these is the ordinary used to obtain information about the electron density of the plasma. Meas- 2) D + D ~ T + p + 4.0 mev fluorescent lamp. The mercury vapor 3) D+T ~ He+n+ 17.6 mev rectifier and the gas filled voltage reg- urement of radio frequency energy Where D equals deuterium, T equals ulator tube are other examples. Labora- emitted from a plasma will reveal in- tritium, He equals helium, n equals tory equipment for the generation of formation concerning the kinetic elec- neutron, and p equals proton. It can audio and radio frequency noise is tron temperature. still another application. Two more be seen that the third reaction is the As yet, infrared measuring tech- recent and progressive applications will most desirable because it produces the niques have proven too slow to be of now be discussed. most energy. any advantage. However, as the de- Fussion reactions have the advantage A. Plasma Propulsion Systems tectors necessary to infrared research improve, it is expected that this type over fission reactions because their Plasma propulsion systems are of ?f test will become useful. At present fuels are abundant and inexpensive. interest because they offer a means of IOfrared techniques may be used for The energy per unit mass of fuel is low thrust, high specific impulse trans- observation of plasma fields. higher for fussion, and there is no portation through outer space. In the "runaway" with the reaction. Finally, absence of gravitational forces, high D. Thermonuclear Plasma since fuss ion products and by-products thrust engines are not necessary. How- When the first hydrogen bomb was are non-radioactive, they present no ever, high specific impulse engines are exploded, the age of thermonuclear disposal problems. necessary because interplanetary and research was officially born. As stated Probably the largest factor in favor deep space probes require engines with before, the hydrogen bomb is an un- of the fussion reaction is that it offers specific inpulses of 7,500 to 20,000 controlled thermonuclear reaction. It the advantage of direct conversion of seconds. The highest achieveable by is this sort of reaction which scientists heat into electricity. This would elim- chemical means is 500 to 1,000 sec- someday hope to control so that the inate the 'very inefficient and costly onds. (Specific impulse is defined as tremendous power generated may be heat cycle now in use for most electric thrust in weight units per unit pro- tapped and used. power generation. pellant mass flow rate and has the units of seconds.) Atomic reactors are of two basic As an illustration of the power pro- types: first, a fission reaction where ducing capabilities of thermonuclear Several schemes have been derived atoms of very heavy elements (urani- reactions, it is estimated that if all the for plasma propulsion. All operate on um and plutonium) are split in smaller deuterium was extracted from the the principle of expulsion of hot plas- and lighter atoms with the liberation ocean and surface water, a total of ma from a shaped chamber as do con- of energy; second, a fussion reactor 10 tom could be collected. If this ventional engines. where atoms of very light elements amount was used in a fuss ion process, The first method is electrostatic or (hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium) a total of 1021 kilowatt years of power ion propulsion. In this system, a beam are forced to combine into atoms of could be produced. Since deuterium of high velocity ions is accelerated by heavier elements (helium), again with is present in one part in 6,500 about one gram of deuterium could be ex- means of a high voltage potential dif- the release of energy. It is the second tracted from 8 gallons of sea water. ference. A source of ions and an accel- ?f these two types in which we are IOterested. This one gram would yield 8 x 1010 erator are all that is necessary for this calories-about the same as yielded by type of propulsion. However, this type In order for fussion reactions to the combustion of 2,700 gallons of of engine would lose thrust due to OCcur, it is necessary that the nuclei of the accumulation, behind the vehicle, gasoline. the interacting atoms be close enough of space charge which would inhibit Since cost is usually a major factor to allow the very short range, nuclear the expulsion of ions. This problem in power generation, fussio~ again attractive forces to act. However, to (Continued on page 42) meets the requirements by beIng eco- approach one another this closely, the 13 May, 1962 An Important Step in an Engineer's Career Is .... THE JOB INTERVIEW by Fred Saari and Jeffrey C. Adams The Western College Placement As- must be taken into account such as the drive of the person. Does he fill the sociation recently released some infor- married student who had worked thir- bill as to the qualities we are looking mation based upon a survey which ty hours a week to put himself through for? Will he advance in our corpo- they conducted. The study was indus- school and still support his family. ration? try oriented and was entitled, "What In one part of the day he might be The applicant's past employment is We Look For In A College Graduate." studying hard for a dynamics test also brought out in the interview and The ensuing report listed twenty-seven while at night he could be working could have some bearing on his qualities ranging from integrity to at a clothing store or a factory. This chances for the job. This in many marital status. These items could be applicant as compared with an unmar- cases, along with personal qualities, organized under five main categories: ried person who had his nights free sway an employer to more considera- (1) Academics; (2) Extra-curricular to study seems to be in a more strenu- tion if the competition for a job is activities; (3) Past Experience; (4) ous position. As a consequence he keen. A case in point as mentioned by Personal Qualities; and (5) Instruc- might get lower grades even though Mr. Edwin Fitzpatrick of the place- tor's Recommendation-although they he has the same potential. This is tak- ment bureau at Michigan State Uni- are not necessarily in this order of en into account by the interviewing versity would be two people applying importance. personnel and in most cases given con- for the same job, one who has worked siderable weight. his summers as a student engineer or A business recruiter is basically looking for potential in a college grad- It is in the interview that many of draftsman and another who has uate. He uses the five sources of in- the personal qualities of a person are worked in a grocery store or as a life formation listed, as well as such in- brought out. According to Mr. Gordon guard. Other things being equal, the tangible guides as his own intuition L. Dolbee of Upjohn Company, "the first would be given more considera- in judging a future employee. But interview serves two purposes: first of tion because his past experience per- what is potential and how is it meas- all they want to find out if they are tains to his profession and could better ured? Po~ential is a very nebulous interested enough in the applicant to invite him to the home office; and help the company. However, even if term and hard to pinpoint because it secondly, they want to increase the ap- the past experience does not pertain depends on so many variables. A com- plicant's interest, in the company." to the major, industries like to see a pany looking for a research chemical engineer and another looking for a This is very important since all appli- variety of jobs held during the sum- salesman will place differential impor- cants want to look into their com- mers because they believe varied ex- tance on the personal qualities and aca- pany before hand and find out such perience could again help both em- demic achievement which they desire things as its location, size, and ployer a~d employee. in an applicant. To one employer the products. Closely aligned with experience are ability to handle people and win con- If the applicant is invited to the the extracurricular activities both on fidence is more important than it is home office he meets the various de- campus and off. According to Mr. Jack to the other. In trying to pinpoint the partment heads and it is upon mutual variables it is necessary to keep in Kinney of the placement bureau of decision of these men whether he is mind what the company's needs are hired. A company looking for an elec- Michigan State University, "it is not and use this to explain why they trical engineer to do computer devel. so important to say you belong to an would rate one item indicating poten- opment will probably hire one who is organization as it is to say you took an tial above another. stronger in this line of work as com- active role in the organization, such pared to one whose speciality is trans- as an officer in which capacity there is In looking at an applicant's tran- mission lines. Of course such things a chance to lead." It is a further evi- script probably the first things that the eye catches is the grade point average as personal appearance, manners, dence of accepting responsibility and or "indication of academic achieve- poise, and other signs of a college developing leadership traits. Especially ment." Industry considers grade point .graduate are considered important, but in the field of sales work employers a very important item, but this is not the interviewer looks beneath the sur- like to see signs in which handling the whole story. Other considerations face to get evidence of motivation and (Continued on page 31) 14 Spartan Engineer ------------------~- A MESSAGE FROM KEARFOTT TO DOCTORAL CANDIDATES WHO WILL BE RECEIVING THEIR DOCTORATES FOR STUDIES EITHER IN ENGINEERING OR SCIENCE DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE NEXT FEW YEARS. ANNOUNCING A NEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE AEROSPACE SCIENCES Under the Direction of Dr. Robert C. Langford Your interest is enlisted in a new scientific community entirely Dr. R. C. Langford, Director of the new concerned with scientific and technical investigations; totally Kearfott Research Center, has joined divorced from administrative or development duties. Kearfott after 18 years as R&D Direc- tor in a major electronics corporation. He was graduated with a Doctorate as Studies will be related as closely as possible to urgent needs of a Swan Research Fellow from the Uni- government agencies, determined through personal consultation versity of London. He Is senior memo ber of IRE, a founder member of the with their representatives. Particular (but not exclusive) American Nuclear Society and a memo emphasis will be placed on problems bearing on navigation, ber of the American Rocket Society. An author of technical articles and guidance and control of upper atmosphere, space and undersea lecturer, he has also been a member of a U.S. Government committee an. vehicles, areas where Kearfott has long held a leadership position alyzing Russian accomplishments In in the development of systems and components. the electronic and solid state fields. Recent doctoral candidates are sought who are interested in pursuing research programs under the technical guidance of eminent scientists in the following areas: Oceanography - to investigate natural phenomena, in Guidance & Navigation - terrestrial and celestlal- order to arrive at a more perfect understanding of the to develop a broader comprehension of the needs of effect of earth sciences on systems required by govern- future systems. ment. (A vessel will be provided.) Physics - specialists in modern materials research per- Radiation Sciences - to increase understanding of taining to solid state, fluid, magnetic and dielectric plasmas, wave propagation; to fully explore energy con. materials. version, infrared technologies. Chemistry - to develop and extend range and applica- Astrospace Environments - to study natural phenom. tion of organic materials. Activity will be in both ma- ena in order to provide a more perfect understanding of terials and processes. environmental boundaries of space systems. Metallurgy - to serve as authority on metallurgical Hydraulics & Pneumatics - to provide a fuller under. properties of modern materials - function.wear, defect standing of fluid technology in dynamic systems. propagation and an elasticity. ~ Please write Dr. Langford KEARFOlT DIVISION at length about your inter- ests and past work. Copies of GENERAL PRECISION~ INC. thesis or papers will be ap- preciated - and returned, if • 1150 McBride Ave.• Little Falls, New Jersey desired. A .. Equal Opporlu .. ill/ Emplol/'" May, 1962 lS RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE A Growing Problem in Modern Communications by Charles W. McAfee Recently, engineers and technicians Discharge interference is a product for rapid development and production of the Air Force Missile Test Center of such apparatus as fluorescent and of new electronic equipment. at Cape Canaveral watched the inter- neon lamps. Signals containing har- Since the war build-up, the com- mittently erratic behavior of their test monic components are radiated from plexity of rfi has increased much more missile as it streaked across the Atlan- the glow discharge tube four times rapidly than have the methods and tic. There was no immediate explana- during each a-c cycle, which means techniques of suppressing it. Every day tion for the behavior, but similar ir- that 240 new signals are emitted each more incidents directly attributable to regularities had previously been traced second from a tube operating on a rfi occur in communications and guid- to an increasingly common source- 60-cps line. Carona discharge is emit- ance systems. radio frequency interference, known ted from high-voltage transmission commonly as rfi. Such was again found lines. Discharge interference is often For instance, interference in airline to be the case. A taxi-cab dispatcher apparent when an automobile radio communication systems has been traced in Miami was transmitting a signal passes near neon signs or transmission directly to passenger-carried apparatus that interferred with the missile guid- lines. such as battery-driven dicta-phones and ance system, causing the missile to electric shavers. The question remains Radio-frequency leakage is a result unanswered as to whether or not the stray from its pre-planned trajectory of inadequate shielding of generators while the dispatcher was transmitting. recent airline collisions occurred be- such as induction heaters and oscilla- cause of similar interference. Instances such as this are occurring tors operating in the radio-frequency. range. Another example is the increasing more and more frequently. As the incompatibility between radar and quantity of electrical apparatus being Harmonic interference is caused by microwave communications. Micro- operated increases, more and more generators which produce non-sinu- wave receivers pick up extensive inter- stray signals are radiated into the soidal wave forms. Every non-sinu- ference in the form of harmonics and atmosphere. These signals interfere soidal wave contains harmonic com- spurious emissions from ardar trans- with reception of desired signals by ponents, and these harmonics are mitters. a receiving set. Besides receiving the emitted as interference. Since no gen- desired signal, a device may receive erator produces a perfect sinusoid, Many other incidents occur, ranging many unwanted signals, some of which every transmitter and oscillator is a in seriousness from the mysterious are sufficiently strong to cover the source of rfi. opening of a radio-operated garage desired signal and foul the system. door to the premature destruction of a The problem posed by rfi has been missile. Any electrical apparatus is a poten- recognized since the advent of radio. tial source of rfi. A light switch, an However, suppression techniques were Attempts are being made, especially automobile starter, or even a length of not developed until automobiles began by the military, to curtail the rfi prob- wire that is subjected to a signal of to be equipped with receiving sets. lem. The Army signal corps is estab- its resonant frequency may become a It was then necessary to reduce the lishing a multi-million dollar installa- source of radiation. interference due to the generator, igni- tion to study equipment compatibility tion system, and front-wheel bearing under simulated field conditions. The These sources can be broken down friction. Rfi caused no great concern, data obtained in this study will be into four classes: (1) switching, (2) however, until the numerous complex analyzed and used to develop new discharges, (3) radio-frequency leak- manufacturing and operational tech- electronic defense systems came into age; and (4) harmonic generation. niques. The Federal Communications use. These systems greatly increased Interference radiation due to switch- the number of rfi generators, and at Commission maintains a network of ing may occur at any switching device, the same time the increased sensitivity long-range detection stations, a means such as a common electric stove or a of the equipment caused it to be more by which the FCC can track the inter- heating pad. Rfi caused by switching susceptible to interference. Even ference to its source. results when arcing occurs across the though the seriousness of the problem The military, in conjunction with switch terminals when the switch is was recognized during the war, few civilian concerns, has established de- operated. The radiated signal is very attempts were made to do anything sign and operational standards. These complex and contains many harmonics. about it because of the urgent need (Col1til1ued 011 page 29) 16 Spartan Engineer DEVELOPMENT CENTER • This vast, 217-acre complex of test cells and built by Allison to accommodate rocket thrusts up modern laboratories is the Allison Division, Re- to 12,750 pounds, this new facility is being used for search and Development Center in Indianapolis. evaluation and perfection of such current projects Here, Allison scientists and engineers are pursu- as space vehicle and attitude control systems, and ing numerous challenging and exciting research advanced rocket nozzles. Provisions are incorpo- projects involving power and propulsion systems rated to apply varying degrees of yaw, pitch and of the next generation. roll-conditions that are corrected by the attitude Facilities at Allison's R&D Center include a high control system to demonstrate its ability to keep a altitude chamber capable of simulating altitudes up missile or space vehicle on its programmed course. to nearly 200 miles. Presently the chamber is a Of course, these are only a few of the facilities prime data source for studies relating to magneto- and research projects at Allison. There's a labora- fluiddynamics and the environmental simulation of tory for virtually any requirement-physical optics, space radiators. radio-isotope, infra-red, solid state physics, physical Allison's Rocket Propulsion Facility includes chemistry, direct conversion, heat transfer, fluid laboratories for rocket motor and nozzle testing. dynamics, to name a few. An 18 x 64-foot rocket propulsion chamber is ca- And the story doesn't end here. The Allison pable of testing up to 1000 pounds of either solid or Scientific Advisory Board, American and European liquid propellant at 25,000 pounds thrust. consultants, and the vast resources of the entire Rocket propulsion nozzles can be tested over a General Motors organization also support Allison's thrust range of 100 to 25,000 pounds in the nozzle efforts. test facility. In the nearby combustion laboratory, These extensive facilities plus research work un- engineers can study the internal characteristics of derway and nearly half a century of experience in gas turbine nozzles. Here compressed air can be energy conversion represent the capabilities which supplied at pressures up to 270 psia, with exhaust Allison is harnessing in its contribution to the pressures simulating altitudes from sea level to aerospace needs of the future. 75,000 feet-an available pressure ratio of more than 500 to one. Latest addition to this phase of our research pro. gram is the solid fuel rocket static test firing pad in a remote section of the R&D Center. Designed and ALLISON DIVISION GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION 17 May, 1962 the laser • a coherent light source h9 ROBERTA HUFFMASTER Telephone conversations carried by It is coherence of radio waves, for of infrared light from the laser can light waves? A single light beam that example, that enables them to be mod- be focused to produce intense heat. carries all the messages that now go ulated, amplified, and detected, the In an experiment at Bell Laboratories, across country on regular communica- basis for communication by telegraph, a laser beam was directed at a carbon tion channels? Optical radar utilizing telephone and television. By provid- block and focused with a simple lens. antenna only inches across? ing a source of coherent light, the A spot on the target was heated to laser indicates the possibility of ex- These and many other exciting pos- 8,000° C in only .5 milliseconds. tending present communication meth- sibilities have been anticipated due to ods to the optical frequencies. Laser operation requires an active the recent discovery of a device that generates a beam of coherent light. It It is also possible to obtain light material that will produce stimulated is known as a LASER, an acronym for from a laser that is at a single mono- emission of radiation, an excitation Light Amplification by Stimulated chromatic frequency, with highly par- source that pumps power into the ac- Emission of Radiation. allel light rays. This collimated beam tive material and a resonant structure. ~~ IISvA-C ELLIPTICA LC YLlN9ER EG & G FX-I FLASH TUBE REFLECTOR POLISHED 110.5 mH INSIDE MODIFIED 3 " ACTIVE TO HAVE LENGTH =~>OUTPU T BEAM RUBY HOLDER RUBY ROD) 1/4"diam.x2 1/2" LONG FIRING KET" FIG. +--Flashtube excites Cr+++ atoms in ruby to hi~her ~n;~~y state•. In dropping back to ground state, r atoms emlt coherent lightA (Raytheon) 18 Spartan Engineer The construction of a ruby laser is shown in figure 1. The active material is ruby, the excitation source a xenon flashtube, and the resonant structure is formed by the ruby rod, whose ends are reflecting mirrors. One end of the rod has a heavy silver coat that makes it an opaque mirror and the other end has a silver coat that makes it a 92- percent-reflecting mirror. It is possible to get a picture of laser action by relating this action to the energy-level diagram of the lasing material. Figure 2 shows a simplified energy-level diagram for Cr+++ (chromium ion) doped pink-ruby crys- tal (Cr203:AI203)' The heights of black bars 1 and 2 and of the area shown in cross hatch- ing (3) indicate the possible energies that a Cr+++ ion can have; energy is in units of 103 wavelengths per cm; 1 wavelength per cm is equivalent to Telephone conversation lJy optical //laser de//lonstrated !JY IJ. 11. Merriott 1.9858 x 10-16 ergs. In their normal (Bell LalJs) condition (the ground state), the Cr+++ ions have zero energy; this ulation inversion is essential for pro. In both cases, the center f re(luellcy condition is indicated by level l. ducing stimulated emission of light. of the R I and R2 energy radiated when ions drop from level 2 to level 1 If light photons having a wave- In dropping from level 2 to level 1, is calculated from v = (E2-EI)/h length of 5,6000 A irradiate the ruby Cr+++ ions radiate light. Level 2 where v is fre(luency, E2 is the energy crystal, they will raise the energies of (2E) actually comprises two levels, at the center of level E (for R I) or some Cr+++ ions to various energy levels lying in the absorption band of levels E and 2A, which emit radiation lines R\ and R2, respectively. If con- level 2A (for R2), EI = 0, and h is Planck's constant. energies indicated by 3. Flashtubes ditions were not completely correct for The resonating character of laser supply this i r r a d i a tin g light, along achieving laser action-for example, if action enhances radiation at the central with light comprising many other an insufficient am 0 u n t of excitation wavelength of R I and diminishes oth- wavelengths. The left-hand arrow were applied-R\ radiation would be er radiation. Arrow A2 I in Fig. 2 in. (W\3-see legend) going from level spontaneous radiation rather than dicates the spontaneous radiation of 1 to band 3 indicates the increase in stimulated radiation and would com- RI and spontaneous (incoherent) energy acquired by a Cr+++ ion when prise a much broader band o~ ~ave- radiation at R I and R2. it absorbs a 5,6000-A light photon; lengths than the stimulated emISSion. (Coil/ill lied oil I/eX/ Ihlge) the use of light excitation to raise the energy level of atoms to a higher 0 N4 level(s) is called optical pumping. F2 "'j After short, but finite times elapse, ~ !2 some of the Cr+++ ions in band 3 ,.,0 ~ drop back to level 1 (shown by A3\) 2 and Some drop to level 2 (532), The ~ >- rate at which Cr+++ ions drop to "cr III ., level 2 is greater than the rate they Z III drop to level 1. The Cr+++ ions in o energy level 2 hold their energy for Fig. 2-- E"erry-level diaerar1 for ruby and explanati.)n of terms in a short. time before they drop to level Lebend. (Electronics) 1. Le~end: d to exciting radiation of The rate that ions go from level 2 \Iab gnerr;y-chanl~e-proha ~.il i:y, .rate ue of freouency vab' .12 - ~21 to level 1 (A21) is less than the rate Cr+++ ions go from level 1 to level ab Level nur1ber a to level nu::-.h.,r b 3. Thus, optical pumping builds up " . I,ner.c:y-c.'l'n~o a "0- prohability ., ra~" ';ith acco~Jp.'lnyinli radiatirm the number of ions having level-2 tn~~rgy-c han~e-t}~ . -oh1bi . 1i. t" rate wi thQut radiation energies to a greater number than the I _ (0 enerGY ) o•. "Cr+++ ion"" n~mber of ions having level-l ener- Ground state gies; In other words, the Cr+++ pop- of Cr +++ lclns Absorpti0n band of ener~y lavels ulations of levels 1 and 2 are inverted Energy level cOr:lprises ,, ,mll.eve 1 s 2A and c: from their normal relation. This pop- 19 May, 1962 The simplified sketches shown in Fig. 3A to 3E illustrate sequences of PUMPING LIGHT laser action. At the instant that pump . ... ing light is applied (Fig. 3A), all Cr+++ ions are in the ground state; the unshaded circles indicate this state. Optical pumping raises some Cr+++ ions to level E (Fig. 2). The black circles in Fig. 3B indicates ions that have been pumped up to level E; for simplicity, ions pumped to level 2A mir ror are not indicated. Some Cr+++ ions drop to level 1, radiating photons that have various wavelengths centered about the central wavelength of RJ' Figure 3C shows one ion, ion A, t 0 • 0 ~ 0 dropping to level 1 and spontaneously I) A a emitting radiation; in these simplified • • • • • • sketches, ion A is the first ion (and the only one that is shown) to emit • a ~ 0 • 0 RJ radiation spontaneously, that is, (B) without being stimulated by RJ radia- tion. The radiated photon tends to stimulate radiation of the same wave. length from other Cr+++ ions of level E that are in its path. This is indicated in Fig. 3C and 3D. e 0 • 0 0 A G Assume that incident radiation a f rom ion A has the wavelength of the • 0 • • • • ~"~~-40~ 0 ~ 0 ... .. • strongest RJ emission. Incident photon a is reinforced by stimulated photons b, c and d in a precise phase relation- (e) ship, as indicated by light rays a + b, a + c and a + d in Fig. 3D. The + , opaque mirror reflects a b back in- to the ruby cavity, but a + c passes • 0 • 0 D 0 0 through the side wall and is lost. Thus, the cavity enhances radia- A • • ...."ll~ 0 ~o!.+ tion propagated parallel to the axis o+d Iff- "'l"1 of the ruby rod and minimizes radia- (D) 0 • • 0 oc* ~ .+ tion going in other directions. Due to the amplification caused by photons stimulating the emission of other photons of the same wavelength; rays comprising photons of the center wavelength of the R I line, which is -~ ~o ~ ..... 0 ....... ~o ..... o the strongest (that is, most prevalent) wavelength, become predominant over s: o -e. Ho+-te4-+o 4-t~4-+: H~ other RJ-wavelength rays. This action makes the laser output highly, but not completely monochromatic. ~ ..... ~ ........... 0 .... ~... Since photons traversing other pat~s (E) than in the direction of the long aXIs of the crystal escape from the sides of FIG~ 3--Sketches (A) to (D) the rod (Fig. 3D), the laser output beam is highly directional. Photon ?eplct the sequence in which streams reflect back and forth between 10n.A ~pontaneously emits . the end mirrors and emerge from the ra~latl0n that trig~e~s the end mirror that is slightly transparent. stlffiulated emission in the Figure 3E indicated the cohering ef- laser beam (E). (Elec'tro' . nlCs.) fect of the Iight field in the cavity in stimulating emission by the ions. (Comin/led on I"'ge 38) 20 Spartan Engineer THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES SALUTE: MARTIN CAWLEY When Martin Cawley joined Illinois Bell Telephone Com- and earned an assignment as Project Engineer. Now he pany a year and a half ago, he immediately was assigned handles still more complex building projects, each contrib. to a job in the Building Engineer's Group. This work uting to better telephone service for Chicago. involved preparing plans and specifications for remodeling Martin Cawley and other young engineers like him in several floors of an important telephone office building, Bell Telephone Companies throughout the country help and following details of the field work until the job was bring the finest communications service in the world to the completed. A lot of responsibility, but he handled it well homes and businesses of a growing America. BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES 21 May, 1962 Physiological Research In Project Mercury Research in Space Medicine Paves the Way for Manned Lunar and Interplanetary Flights by Joh1l Thornto1l, E.B. '62 One of the major objectives of Proj- Shepard on a fifteen minute flight. The stations by the telemetry system. Iden- ect Mercury is to study an astronaut's maximum altitude attained during the tical recordings were made in the physiological res po nses under space flight was 116Yz statute miles. The capsule. conditions such as would be encoun- Mercury capsule made its final land- Downrange s tat ion s and aircraft tered on a trip to the moon. Such ing in the ocean 300 miles downrange kept telemetry and voice contact dur- conditions include rapidly changing from Cape Canaveral. ing the flight. A continuous inflight ambient pressures, noise, vibration, ac- During the flight, Commander Shep- conversation between the capsule and celeration, a 100% oxygen environ- ard's responses were monitored con- the ground was maintained during the ment and thermal stress. tinuously. His suit was instrumented flight. The first manned suborbital flight for two channels of electrocardiogram, Most of the instrumentation and te- took place May 5, 1961, when a Red- respiration rate, and body temperature. lemetry equipment had been tested in stone rocket carried astronaut Alan The data was transmitted to ground earlier Redstone an i mal-ca r ry i ng flights. The chimpanzee Ham which rode in the earlier MR-3 flight, was fitted with a system similar to the one used by Shepard. Several post-flight changes were made before the instru- mentation was suitable for a manned suborbital flight attempt. The recording of body temperature was one of the most important meas- urements made during the flight. ~x- periments with the early Man HIgh balloon flights indicated that bo~y temperature was a critical aspect 111 future manned space flight. Usually, large rectal catheters or probes are used in medical research for the measurement of deep body temperatures. Since these probes would be uncomfortable during periods of high or sustained acceleration, a neW method had to be found. Engineers at McDonnell Aircraft Corporation developed a new type of rectal body probe using thermistors. Commander Shepard is recovered at sea by Marine rescue helicopter (NASA) The probe, which is less than an inch 22 Spartan Engineer in length, is unnoticed by the astro- The changing potential was detected by an indication of the astronaut's mental naut during flight. a small wire mesh imbedded in the state. Respiration rate was measured by a paste. The detector was then sealed to prevent the paste from drying out. From a physiological standpoint, microphone mounted thermistor. Since scientists di\'ided the flight into two a face mask could not be used in a Placement of the electrode on the phases-the countdown and the actual pressure suit, another method had to astronaut's body was critical. In order suborbital flight itself. This was pri- be found to obtain constant measure- to reduce interference, electrodes were marily due to the different envIron- ments of nasal and oral breathing. placed at various points on the pilot's ments encountered during the two A thermistor was mounted on the chest in the region of the heart. phases. pilot's microphone. The thermistor was held at a constant temperature of Additional sources of interference Shepard entered the capsule approx- 2000 F. Air movement caused by which affected the electrocardiogram imately four hours and fifteen minutes breathing cooled the thermistor, pro- were the batteries which formed the before liftoff. During this time, the ducing a change in resistance. The main power supply for the capsule. pulse and respiration rate were moni- rate could then be detected. This type After a great deal of research, a type tored. The pulse rate was sampled at of instrumentation allowed the pilot to of amplifier was found which gave live minute intervals during the count- move his head during flight. good results. down. As liftoff time approadH:d, the In order to record the electrocardio- sampling rate was increased to 15 sec- Several auxiliary sources of informa- gram, certain specifications had to be ond intervals of ten second dur.llion met. The instrument had to have a tion were used in the capsule. A each. Shepard's pulse rate remained at low impedance in order to match it to motion-picture camera operating at six approximately 80 beats per minute ex- the capsule amplifiers. In addition, it frames a second gave a visual indica- cept for brief intervals during which it had to operate over a 24-hour period. tion of the pilot's reactions under rose as high as 95. At thirty seconds The small fluid electrode was glued high-G forces and weightlessness. to the skin with a non-irritating paste. Voice transmissions were used to give (COII/iIlNed OIl I'Jge 30) Cutaway view showing environment system and instrumentation for Freedom 7. (NASA Plwto) 23 May, 1962 MSU'S NEW COMPUTER Research in Science and Engineering Aided by World's Newest Electronic System by David G. Thaler, E.B. '62 Michigan State will soon have the a 1000 line printer, a slow speed card worth of free computing for Michigan newest and best electronic system cur- punch, a medium speed card reader, State. rently in production. and the model 160-A computer. Control Data is providing 200 The Board of Trustees voted (April An educational discount of $910,200 hours of free computing time on their 13, 1962) to purchase the newly de- reduced the list price of $2,298,000 huge Minneapolis facility, valued at signed gigantic 3600 Computer System to private industry, to a net price for $400 per hour, to accommodate prob- from the Control Data Corporation in the University of only $1,387,000. lems too large to be conducted on Minneapolis. In fact, this system is so This reduction is a result 'of the Data either MISTIC of the 160-A interim new that it was not even proposed Control Corporation's decision to pro- computing system. to the University until April 6, 1962. vide free computing time on their own Final details of the proposal were not large computer and to lend Michigan The University is considering the received until April 12, 1962 the day State an interim computer until de- installation of a data-phone commu- before the board was to make its de- livery of the 3600 System. nication system to permit direct com- cision as to which of the computers munication via long distance telephone The interim computing system is under consideration would be pur- line with the Minneapolis computer. being provided by the Data Control This constitutes an additional $80,000 chased. Corporation to help alleviate the pres- worth of computing time, which makes In addition, the information con- ent overload on MISTIC. After in- a total value of $130,000 worth of tained in the proposal was to be held stallation about the first of June, this free time being donated to Michigan confidential as the computer was just system will be capable of running State University by the Control Data starting to be produced and details FORTRAN problems immediately. Corporation. concerning this fabulous computing The complete interim system con- system were not released to the general The selection of the Control Data sists of a basic computer, a line print- public until after the first of May. Corporation's computing system cli- er, a card reader, a card punch, and maxed an intensive study that began "We know of no other computing two magnetic tape units. The basic in October of last year. The various system in this price class with this 160-A computer is housed in a stand- machines that the University was con- capability," Richard Kinsman, sales ard size office desk and includes a sidering included the best computers engineer for Control Data said. He memory module of 8,192 words on offered by the Burroughs Corporation further added that the installation of magnetic cores, a paper tape reader of Detroit, International Business this system " ... would give Michigan and punch, and a control console. Machines, and the Con trol Data State University the finest computing Normally, the computer is used with system installed in any university in Corporation. 7-level paper tape, but it appears quite the United States, except for possibly feasible that the tape equipment al- According to Dean Milton E. Muel- one or two installations in the multi- ready available for MISTIC can be der, vice president in charge of re- million dollar class." used by adapting the tape reader to search, the Data Control 3600 system Delivery of the nation's first assem- accommodate 5-level tape. is considered to be three to four times bly of the 3600 Computing System The 160-A computer will become as fast as the IBM 7090 and twice will be made to Michigan State on, part of the 3600 Computing System as fast as the IBM 7094, which is a or about, March 31, 1963. The newly next March, with the other compo- newer version of the IBM 7090. Bear- purchased system includes a computer nents being returned to the Control ing in mind that the speeds of the with a storage capacity of 32,768 Data Corporation at that time. This different computers vary with the words on magnetic cores, and a con- system normally rents for $4,990 per problems being computed, the IBM sole containing an electric typewriter. month, but is being provided at no 7090 is considered to be anywhere Also incorporated in the system are cost to the University until the com- from 2¥2 to six times as fast as the two bi-Iateral channels, a magnetic plete 3600 System is installed and B-5000 computer produced by the tape control, six model 606 tape units, operating. This means about $50,000 Burroughs Corporation. 24 Spartan Engineer The general c:onfiguration of the 3600 system is shown below: 3602 3604 3603 Communication Compute Storaoe Module Module Module 3601 Console 3606 o atC2 Ch onnel 3641 3642 3621 Card Card Tope Reo de r Punch Cant ro I 3655 (6) Printer 606 Tope Drive Much controversy still exists as to run on the computer. Due to the long Upon arrival at Michigan State next the origin of the name given to the waiting period to get problems com- March, the new computing system will present computer. There are many puted, many departments arc having undergo 30 days of acceptance tests who feel that "MISTIC" stands for computer work done in New York before it replaces the MISTIC. The "MIchigan State Integral Computer." City, or at the University of Michigan. technically out-dated MISTIC is cur- rently being used by over 40 different Others advocate just as strongly that With the 3600 Computing System departments with the University and "MIchigan State Illiac Computer," in possessing the tremendous capability is operating constantly 24 hours a day, honor of the computer after which it of co-ordinated, simultaneous, high- was modeled, is the true meaning of speed operations, even a few idle sec- five days a week. the MSU-coined word. onds become painfully obvious and The MISTIC was built in 1957 for extremely costly. During the normal under $250,000 including parts and Speed is the biggest advantage of 10 to 30 seconds "delay now encoun- technicians' salaries. Most of the ac- the new computing system, which ac- tered with the MISTIC in manual tual construction was done by juniors cording to Dr. Reid, assistant profes- insertion of a program tape and sign- and seniors in the undergraduate EE sor of the computer laboratory and off the previous tape, a good size labs under the supervision of com- electrical engineer, should prove to be problem could have been completed. puter staff members and professors. one to two thousand times as fast as MISTIC. Currently MISTIC is being Furthermore, the com pu ter itself . MSU's present computer was orig- heavily overloaded by the forty de- can accurately perform its own ac- Inally modeled after the University of partments us i ng its facilities. Many counting, maintain its own log, and Illinois' famous Illiac computer which even grade student problems. As a other users are being turned down be- at the time was the leader in its field. result, the computer operation will be cause of the necessity to select those It too had inevitably become obsolete programs which most deserve to be (COIlIillued 011 page 35) and is being retired shortly. 25 May, 1962 THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER TODAY How College Recruiters Look For Future Executives by Mr. John A. Overhouse Training Engineer Mich. State Highway Dept. The engineer is being called on more usually shows ability in numbers and To compete in industry and to assume and more to assume the role of co- words, inasmuch as it requires com- a leadership role requires a continual ordinator and supervisor of the Tech- prehension to understand the problem effort to improve and develop pro- nician specialists. In selecting engineers and ability in communications skills fessionally. Life is like driving a car, to be supervisors the question comes or math to indicate a solution. each moment we have to drive safely up: Will he assume the responsibility as of that moment, our yesterday's As a Researcher to plan, anticipate, organize and su- good record will not carry us through pervise the work in his area? How do As an Engineer in Research, the today. we identify the potential supervisor? company or the recruiter would have Motivation in people changes from How can we indentify the engineer to depend a good deal on the engi- time to time just like everything else. who will assume the responsibility to neer's ability to communicate by writ- There are many things which come communicate? Actually, it appears at ing reports and specifications on his into our lives which can and do in- this time that one of the most accurate findings. To identify an aptitude for fluence our motivation. Parent, sweet- indications of supervisory aptitude is research would again involve the engi- heart, wife, children, health, can affect the ability and willingness to commun- neer's ability with words and numbers. our motivation. It is obvious that icate. The Usual Factors in Evaluating motivation and what causes the changes The future executive must have the Engineering Graduates can cover a lot of ground and yet we motivation to keep up with things. The grade-point average is probably can safely say that motivation accounts At this time management is trying to the most accurate of all the factors, for the biggest difference in people. keep up with developments in the area in that it represents consistent effort Engineering grads start out with much of data processing, so that they may over a four-year period. The grade- the same chance and opportunity these be able to utilize data processing in point position in the class is apt to days, but it isn't long after graduation assembling facts into obvious patterns. indicate the position in a professional before the men and the boys begin The modern manager then makes de- group later on. to get separated due mainly to differ- cisions which are based on facts that ence in motivation. Extra curricular activities might in- he knows to be fact. It is difficult to predict motivation, dicate a special interest relevant to the Therefore, as a supervisor, manager, because it can vary as the engineer job, as well as social adjustment and or executive, the engineer has to have comes to grips with life and some of ability to work in a group. a strong base in words and numbers its anxieties and adversities. With some Part-time work while going to school (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic) on types, motivation is rather steady and is commendable and may sometimes which to acquire the fundamentals of they keep plugging right along, come account for a lower grade-point aver- engineering and the specialized skills rain or shine. Others are finely tuned age. The work experience may help for his job. The present government in on one wave length and are greatly the new engineer adjust to a job in project in retraining people is proving affected by outside influences which industry. However, this factor is out- once again that this sequence of fun- tend to disrupt their ideal environ- weighed by differences in motivation damentals first and job skills later can- ment. Their motivation may vary from which crop up in professional life. not be reversed. enthusiasm to downright depression Motivation Key Factor over seemingly trivial and irrelevant As Engineer-Designer things. lUotillation is probably the key fac- As an Engineer-Designer, the en- tor which determines the progress in No doubt it would take a ticker gineer should have a strong base in the professional del1elopment of the tape to keep track of these amplitudes math and English and a knowledge engineer. Success for the individual in in motivation and the attitudes reflect- of graphic arts so that he has confi- a company depends more on consistent ed toward colleagues, the job, the dence in abstract thinking and the motivation than any other factor, if company, the boss and toward the ability to convey his ideas to the tech- we can assume that most engineers engineering profession. It takes a very nician. How does the company iden- belong to a select group and that they stable and determined person with tify special aptitudes and skills in all have somewhat the same mental long-range goals to be able to main- Engineering Design? A written test equipment and academic background. (Colllinlled on page 29) 26 Spartan Engineer Cats are notoriously silent in their singularly feline way. But even the most stealthily treading tomcat could take lessons from the men at Ford Motor Company whose job it is to track down and suppress unwanted noise in vehicles. At our Ford Research and Engineering Center in Dearborn, engineers have created a unique room without echoes, virtually duplicating the perfect stillness that exists miles above the earth's surface. The "Silent Room", as we call it, is a chamber utilizing fiber-glass wedges as sonic "blotters" to soak up noise emanating from subjects undergoing developmental tests. In this acoustically sterile environ- ment, electronic instruments seek out the source of vibrations, rattles, rumbles and squeaks so that they can be eliminated in production. This scientific approach to silence is but a tiny facet of the many- sided program of pure and applied research which goes on daily at Ford Motor Company. It is another example of Ford's leadership through scientific research and engineering. MOTOR COMPANY The American Road. Dearborn. Michigan PROOUCTS FOR THE AMERICAN ROAD • THE FARM • INDUSTRY • AND THE AGE OF SPACE 27 May, 1962 THERMOELECTRICITY Compact, Efficient and Versatile Power Source Offers Many Advantages to Consumer Goods by Charles Stout Thermoelectricity is a method for riers through the circuit. Modern ther- electric materials, discovered in 1956, the direct conversion of heat into elec- moelectric devices are com po sed of are known as mixed valence com- tricity. It permits the direct generation such n-type, p-type thermoelectric pounds. of electricity from a coal fire, nuclear junctions, with each leg composed of The phenomenon of thermoelectri- reactor, or other heat source without one or more thermoelectric materials. city dates back to what is known as the need for intermediate apparatus. The attractiveness of the thermo- the Seebeck effect, discovered in Ger- Inversely, it makes possible refrigera- electric process goes beyond its useful- many in 1821. Thomas Seebeck found tion directly from the /low of an elec- ness for power generation. The process that an electric current /lows continu- tric current. is reversible. Instead of using a differ- ously in a closed circuit composed of Thermoelectricity is especially at- ence in temperature in thermoelectric two dissimilar metals as long as the tractive as a method of generating materials to maintain a /low of electri- junctions of the metals are maintained electricity in those applications where city, a /low of electricity can be used at different temperatures. Such a de- simplicity, reliability, ruggedness, long to maintain a difference in tempera- vice is called a thermocouple. life, lightweight, quietness of opera- ture. Whereas the thermoelectric pow- In 1834 the French physicist Jean tion and freedom from service worries er generator is an electron pump driven Peltier, gave a partial explanation of are important considerations. Or, it by heat energy, the thermoelectric re- the phenomenon and observed the op- might supplement conventional meth- frigerator is a heat pump driven by posite effect: heat energy is absorbed ods of power generation by taking ad- electrical energy. at one junction and is liberated at the vantage of heat energy now wasted. As electrons /low through the cir- other whenever an electric current Essentially, a thermoelectric genera- cuit, they increase their concentration /lows in such a circuit. This discovery tor is an electron pump which uses in one leg of the junction. Therefore, is commonly referred to as the Peltier heat energy as its driving force. Heat- as they /low across the junction they effect. Twenty years later the English ing one end of a piece of thermoelec- "expand." The additional energy re- physicist, Lord Kevin, advanced the tric material causes the electrons with- quired for this expansion is extracted first detailed theoretical explanation in it to crowd to the cool end, where from the heat energy in the region of for the phenomena by Seebeck and they build up as an electric charge, the junction and the junction cools. If Peltier. or voltage. Joining together two ma- the direction of the current is reversed, Until recently however no known terials which differ in the magnitude the reverse effect occurs and the junc- pair of metals permitted efficiencies of this effect, and heating their junc- tion will heat instead of cool. beyond the order of one percent-too tion, causes a continuous /low of elec- Successful thermoelectric materials low to offer promise for widespre1d trons through an electrical device con- depend upon a delicate balance be- applications. Some limited commercial nected to the cool ends of the pair tween their thermal conductivity, their uses for the process were found and of materials. electrical resistance and a property applied; for example, the automatic Modern practice improves the effec- called their thermoelectric power. safety pilot control on home gas fur- tiveness of the thermoelectric process Three general classes of materials are naces and hot water tanks. But no by joining two materials in which the used. large-scale commercial a p p I icat ions effect differs not in magnitude, but in were in prospect or appeared to be the- Metals were the original thermoelec- direction. Heating one of the mate- oretically feasible. tric materials and still are employed rials (n-type) causes electrons to /low in the form of intermetallic com- A departure from the all-metal ther- away from the source of heat in the pounds. Zinc antimonide (ZnSb) is a mocouple, and a significant increase in usual manner; but heating the other typical example. The most widely used the efficiency of the thermoelectric material (p-type) causes so-called thermoelectric materials are semicon- process, came in 1937 with the work "holes" (locations void of electrons) ductors, a class of materials from of Dr. Maria Telkes at the Westing- to /low away from the heat source, which transistors and other solid state house Research Laboratories. By lIse which effect is equivalent to the /low devices are made. Bismuth telluride of a zinc-antimony and lead sulfide of electrons toward it. Both legs thus (BizTe3) and lead telluride (PbTe) pair she was able to observe experi- add to the over-all /low of charge car- are typical. The third class of thermo- (Col/lil/ued 01/ page 30) 28 Spartan Engineer ENGINEER'S ROLE and where we are going, always a the individual. Apparently we have to (Continued f,.om page 26) chance to take a new direction. learn this responsibility to communi- cate and at times it takes some trying tain motivation in spite of frustrations Importance of Skill in experiences before we accept this dis- on the job. Communication cipline. A procedural manual may not While it is obvious that motivation This factor can be measured and be enough to move the individual to is the biggest difference in people, predicted. While ability to commun- communicate if he fails to accept the it is also the factor which can be im- icate is probably not as decisive a career responsibility. proved the most by good company factor as motivation-it is important. Of the many factors which may policy and management. Good. man- Communication skills are measured 'appear on the employment interview agement will bring out that which is continually as industry resorts more form under extra curricular activities, best in employees and it is a function and more to testing people for pro- the most important could be in the of management to be aware of what is fessional development and promotion. area of communications skills. Contri- frustrating good employees. While a written test may be designed butions to the campus Engineering to identify special skills and aptitudes, Magazine and student news would in- Complexity of Demands the score usually indicates confidence dicate confidence in words and the Engineers and scientists have put and fluency in words or numbers. So student's interest in improving the people on the spot by developing a the moral is that we can justify strength ability to use words. The ability to technical world which is becoming too in communication skills just to pass communicate is one of the best indi- complex to comprehend in one life- these tests, which are sure to come in cators in identifying a potential en. time. Yet the increasing depth of our the professional development of an gineer supervisor. world of knowledge allows more op- engIneer. portunity for those who can maintain In conclusion we can say with some There is a strong correlation be- certainty that the academic record of motivation. tween communications skills and abil- the engineer indicates the strong aca. Each generation starts from scratch ity to supervise. The ability and will- demic base in fundamentals which and attempts to review the record .. It ingness to communicate and keep both must always precede the special skills takes a lifetime to get caught up wIth management and employees informed to be developed on the job. We can the detail in one specialty. Once in can determine success as a supervisor. also say that the greatest single factor a while we get an Einstein who has Usually management's evaluation of which affects the professional career the time during his life's span not an engineer reflects the engineer's eval- of the engineer is motivation which only to review the record but to ~~d uation of himself. If the engineer- can vary according to the individual a little that is new as well. The ablltty supervisor lacks confidence in use of and his environment. Also a willing. to organize, retrieve and apply infor- words and numbers, no doubt manage- ness and ability to communicate is mation is critical in engineering. Here ment will think so, too. probably the most important factor again, man's capacity to retain infor- which can determine whether an en. The engineer-supervisor knows by mation is limited and he has to extend gineer can become a good supervisor intuition or by training that in any his senses by utilizing data processing and manager. organization it is people who have equipment and other mechanical means the vitality and who respond t? com- of retrieving. It takes motivation for munication. Materials and eqUipment the engineer to familiarize himself R.F. INTERFERENCE are lifeless things. It is people who with these necessary aids for advance- (Conti/wed from page 16) have the spirit and motivation that is ment. awakened through communication. standards define band width limits, How to Measure Motivation in Organization charts which sh~w the frequency stability, radiation .Ievels, the Graduating Engineer chain of command and authorIty ac- and susceptibility limits for eqUIpment How can we measure this factor of tually emphasize the importance .of to be used by the armed forces. motivation which in some people is orderly communication along prescrIb- However, much work toward elim- so subj ect to change? Motivation to- ed channels. inating rfi remains to be done. The ward a specific professional goal may military and civilian effor~ should. be Adequate commu.nication and ex- not even exist at graduation. A young correlated in order that InformatIOn change of informatIOn can create an engineer may become enthused and gained from tests can be more e~ec- atmosphere of trust and confide~ce truly motivated only after he lands ?n tively distributed. Every electrIc.al which can provide the. sp~rk whICh the job and becomes aware of definite engineer and tec~nici~n should famil- makes a dynamic organization. objectives for the first time. He m~y iarize himself With Interference sup- not be motivated until he has famtly These skills in supervision and com- pression techniques. Our laws should responsibilities and can decide just munication are hard to come by ~nd be such that the FCC would have the what sort of a life he wants and, even have to be acquired over a long perIod authority to enjoin the use of inter- more important, when he discovers of maturing and development. T~e ference-generating equipment, and to that he can. student should concentrate on s~lll force designers and manufacturers to with words through continual practice conform to proven control methods. No doubt it is a blessing for most on articles, reports, speeches and read- of us that this most important factor Until large-scale preventive proce- . .. The new emphasis on speed read- Ing is not always measurable and predict- dures are taken, rfi will pose an ever- ing is further evidence of the ~mp.or- able,-this gives people new chances increasing threat to our civilian and tance of keeping in touch. Motlv~tl~n every day. There is always ano~her defense communications systems. to communicate must come from withIn chance to take a new look at our lIves 29 May, 1962 THERMOELECTRICITY small, specialized units which make until liftoff. At this point, the rate maximum use of the unique advan- increased significantly. (Continued fr01ll page 28) tages of thermoelectric refrigeration During the flight, Shepard's pulse and power generation. Laboratory ap- rate reached 138 beats per minute. mentally an efficiency of seven percent paratus, medical equipment, cathodic This occurred when the main engine in the temperature range of 70-800 de- protection for pipelines, power sources cut off and the capsule separated from gree Fahrenheit. This marked the ad- for electronic equipment in remote the booster and continued for about vent of semi-conductor-type materials areas-these are typical applications 45 seconds. While under a weightless for thermoelectric purposes. which have been explored. condition, Shepard was more active Recent research has also been mane In the consumer field, small appli- than at any other point in his flight. on the utilization of the Peltier effect ances designed to utilize the compact- Upon re-entry, the pulse rate increased for thermoelectric refrigeration. The ness, versatility and convenience of and then dropped off to about 111 materials usually employed are semi- thermoelectricity will no doubt precede beats per minute at impact. conductors such as bismuth telluride. such major appliances as refrigerators Shepard's respiration rate increased The earliest reports of practical suc- and air conditioners. In both industrial to a peak of 40 breaths per minute cess in thermoelectric refrigeration and consumer applications, however, it during the powered portion of the have come from Russia, with the de- is felt that thermoelectricity will have flight. During weightlessness, the rate velopment of household-type refriger- its greatest impact in making possible dropped off to about 20, but increased ators and a variety of specialized small- new and different products, rather than again upon re-entry. scale devices. in replacing existing items already well established in the factory, business es- The electrocardiogram indicated nor- In 1958 Westinghouse demonstrat- tablishment, or home. For example, mal responses throughout the flight. ed several potential home appliances thermoelectricity could bring the era of At the same time, the deep body tem- using thermoelectric cooling and heat- separate independently controlled re- perature recorded by the probe in- ing. These included a device to both frigerated storage compartments creased slightly from 99° F at liftoff heat and cool a baby's bottle automati- throughout the home as contrasted to to 99.2° F near the end of the flight. cally, a mobile hostess cart with both refrigeration and oven compartments, the single, all-purpose home refrigera- Throughout the flight, Commander a full-scale household refrigeration of tor of today. Widespread consumer Shepard kept in constant voice contact ten cubic foot capacity, and a "hot. applications, however, are generally with ground stations. During the com- cold light" panel that combines ther- not foreseen until processing costs are plete flight, the astronaut made normal moelectric heating and cooling with reduced. reports concerning the cockpit instru- electroluminescent lighting. The panel Although thermoelectricity has mentation. When compared with tele- demonstrates the advanced concept of made rapid progress, it is not likely metered data, the pilot's reports agreed cooling a home in summer, heating it to deeply affect conventional large- closely. in winter and lighting it the year scale methods of generating the The major conclusions concerning around, all by solid state devices hav- world's electric power needs. Small the astronaut's physiological responses ing no moving parts and under the thermoelectric generators could not during the flight as stated by the Na- control of a single set of dials. economically supply the electrical re- tional Aeronautics and Space Admin- In a remarkably short time, the quirements of individual homes. Also, istration are: power output of practical thermoelec- there is no reason to believe that it 1. Shepard was conscious of his tric devices has risen from a f ract:on will ever be practical on a scale large performance throughout the flight. of a watt to 5000 watts, the largest enough and inexpensive enough to 2. A five minute period of weight- unit yet constructed. New materials furnish electric power comparable to lessness did not affect physiological have raised efficiencies from one-half that from a typical electric power sta- responses to any great extent. of one percent up to the order of 6 tion. Rather, thermoelectricity should be regarded primarily as an important 3. Transition periods of accelera- to 8 percent for some devices operat- new method of energy conversion, tion-weightlessness produced responses ing at practical temperatures. which fills a gap in existing methods well within tolerable human limits. Unlike conventional heat engines, of power generation and promises in- 4. Special senses, such as vision or the efficiency of a thermoelectric gen- creasingly widespread applications in hearing, were not affected by the erator is independent of its size. Smdl the future. flight. thermoelectric power generators fill :I gap in available power sources, either In addition to the physiological in- because it is impractical to scale a con- strumentation, the camera film, capsule PROJECT MERCURY attitude control records and voice com- ventional source down to a small size (Continued fr01ll page 23) munications indicated that the astro- or because thermoelectric generators already are more efficient than the before liftoff, the pulse rate rose to naut fulfilled all specified mission re- scaled-down conventional device. The 108 beats per minute, later increasing quirements. During flight, he made same principle holds for thermoelectric to 126. various attitude maneuvers with the refrigeration. For the first time a tech- manual control system. Shepard fre- Respiration rate was sampled at nique is available for cooling and quently observed the earth's surface five minute intervals during count- freezing small, independent, isolated and cloud conditions. down. Although recordings were regIOns. made, some of the results were unin- The success of the Mercury-Redstone The first widespread applications telligible. The respiration rate remain- 3 flight in proving man's capability to for thermoelectric devices will be for ed at 15 to 20 breaths per minute (Continued on page 31) Spartan Engineer 30 INTERVIEW In many cases it is used as a crutch NASA (Con/inued from page 14) in the final analysis. The employer can (COIl/illlied frol/l page 10) stack two prospects side by side and people was important. They look for the grade point can make the differ- The main theory suggests that the extroverts capable of mingling and ence. Mr. Ron McDuff of Interna- metal sheet fell edgewise through the selling, and this type of out of class tional Business Machines said it indicates two things, "ability and mo- atmosphere. Scientists think that the participation is important. tivation." "The individual has set a thin edge didn't heat up due to fric- In the laboratory and in submitting pattern which will stay with him tion as would a thicker missile war- reports the instructor gets a more com- through life." Also important are head. Because of the large surface area plete picture of the student's ability. grades during the last two years and of the sheet, enough heat might have Applying what is learned in class is the comparison of the engineering to been radiated into space so that the imperative, for without this adapt ion all college grades, as stated by Mr. temperature was kept below the mrlt- from class to lab the education is far Jack Kinney. ing point of the metal. from complete if not lost. Industry realizes this and turns to the instruc- Potential, then, is an intricate com- bination of the specified and implied NASA officials are trying to find a tors' evaluations. They are the indica- qualities. It is a function of the com- solution to the problem before the tion of the student's competence in panies' needs and the applicant's qual- next orbital flight is attempted. Main- the classroom and lab. ifications joining forces to point to- ly they would like to prevent any dam- The engineer must be aware that ward the future. The employer is age to foreign countries. South Africa more and more is expected from him looking for competence, and the em- has bombarded NASA with questions in the field of communications. Re- ployee is looking toward fulfillment. on the settlement of any future claims search papers, project reports, and fi- A company basically uses these five due to damage from falling space nancial statement must be formulated sources of information and it is up to debris, in a coherent manner such that he can the applicant to measure up to them. communicate to others. In many cases The young graduate will advance from A similar situation occur'red when they must be generalized clearly Michigan State University to greater a Thor-Able-Star rocket was fired from enough so as to be understood by the things only through integrated combi- the Cape. A short time after liftoff, layman. He is often called upon in nation of development and growth. the rocket had to be destroyed. A civic functions to lead and express The format of this advance is produc- falling fragment hit a cow in Cuba, himself. This responsibility must. be tion and that is industries' goal. met. In conjunction, an employer ex- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: interviews The fuss caused by Fidel Castro is pects the graduate to have varied in- with representatives from General still remembered by the U. S. Depart- terests in which to release tensions and Motors Corporation, International ment of State. relax. He has been exposed to many Business Machines, and Upjohn Cor- interests and should have wider and Although the danger of getting hit poration. varied tastes. It all adds up to the by a piece of space junk is small, benefit of the company and the in- NASA scientists arc trying to find an dividual. answer. A complete study of the flight PROJECT MERCURY path is under way. But the second as- Perhaps the most crucial question (Coil/ill lied from page 30) tronaut, Lt. Cmdr. M. Scott Carpenter, considered in judging potential is is expected to make his orbital attempt "Will this person advance in his withstand the unique environment of field?" All advancement is based on as scheduled during May. space has speeded up the U. S. space achievement. The person must do the program considerably. The subsequent Three possible solutions are being job. If the job requires much social flights made by Captain Grissom and considered by NASA. The first is tv interaction he must be able to get Col. Glenn added much significant along with people. If the job requires fire anyway, since the probability of data to that collected by MR-3. research he must gather information causing damage is small. A second so- and formulate it into a useable form. Information gathered during these lution under consideration is some Such firms as General Motors, IBM, pioneering suborbital and orbital flights type of recovery system for the boost- and Upjohn have stated that a stronger will some day enable man to travel to ers. The main drawback with this sys- the moon or planets. The Apollo tem is the extra weight which is a technological basis is desirable in all engineering fields. In some cases busi- program, designed to land three men critical factor in a booster of Atlas on the surface of the moon, is using size. Although NASA scientists have ness or economics courses are bene- data from Project Mercury for pre- been working on this problem, they ficial, but the stronger the basic scien- liminary design. aren't far enough along to use it yet. tific knowledge the better. Soon more astronauts and more Perhaps a bigger fallacy than over- The third method would be to place sophisticated space vehicles will replace estimating grades is underestimating explosive charges on the booster unit. those of Project Mercury. But the them. This is true not only in engi- When detonated upon reentry, the pioneering efforts of Shepard, Grissom neering curriculum but also in other booster would disintegrate into pieces and Glenn as well as those of many fields of study. Industry likes the ap- small enough so that complete de- engineers and scientists will never be plicant with the high grade point and struction would be insured. forgotten. the sooner this is realized the better. 31 May, 1962 Miss Engineer this month is Judy Lamparter. This lovely 5' 6" blue eyed blond is from Detroit, Michigan. Judy is a freshman and an Alpha Phi pledge. She is majoring in Element Education. After getting her education, Judy plans to teach art. 32 Spartan Engineer ~~ 4}" . ,}l ---~ ....'1 ... ,~~,-. ' , ~,....:::.:......-::=::: - ' - ..• ,~ Photos b/l:J T •• S C rockett 33 ing of these scales adjacent to the D of DECI-LON'S orientation to the WHAT'S NEW? scale creates, in effect, an infinite se- ries of Lon scales capable of bridging needs of modern engineering-science as fourth powers and roots are particu- the gap between scale limits and unity larly useful in the important area of to whatever degree of closeness may thermal radiation, with fourth roots Kueffel & Easer Co., world's lead- be required .. particularly being encountered in heat ing manufacturer of slide rules, has On DECI-LON, the use of color has transfer problems in both radiation introduced DECI-LON-a new rule been extended to a new, more consist- and convection. with expanded computing capacity. ent level. The prevailing color mean- In naming the newer scales on Major features of the instrument ings of the DECI-LON may be trans- DECI-LON, K & E has chosen sym- are: 1) a unique choice and arrange- lated as foJlows: bols closely associated with the func- ment of 26 scales, 2) greater con- tion of those scales. Thus all the mod- sistency and logic, 3) convenience and BLACK: Lon Scales, speed in operation, and 4) lifetime ern scales on DECI-LON bear names positive readings, which immediately suggest their func- construction. standard left-to-right tions: natural logarithms are obtained DECI-LON is built on the principle reading direction, by using the Ln scales, square roots of the DECI-GRIG, which was devel- front face of the rule. by using the Sq scales, sines .by using oped by K & E two decades ago, and RED: Lon Minus scales, the S scale. The name of all the tradi- is today the most widely used slide negative readings, tional scales, such as A, B, C, CI, L, rule in the field of engineering. reverse right-to-left & K, remain unchanged. "The DECI-LON marks an impor- reading direction, Related scales have been grouped tant advance in slide rule evolution," a back face of the rule. adjacent to one another to facilitate K & E spokesman said. He pointed This color consistency is evident in the fast readings. For example, the Sq out that the new rule was developed positioning of the black Lon scales on scales have been positioned next to the to provide students and professionals the front face and the red Lon Minus CF and DF scales for quick area of with the familiar scales of the slide scales on the back face; and in the circle calculations. rule for basic calculations, plus new development of the trigonometric ingeniously arranged scales for more Another refinement which wiJl ap- scales where black is forward readinab advanced mathematical calculations. peal particularly to frequent users ~f and slanted to the right, red is reverse the trigonometrical scales is the addi- To provide greater consistency and reading and slanted to the left. Anoth- tion of sub-numbers on the lower logic, the DECI-LON has new scale er aid to rapid orientation is the use range of the SRT scale, and the inclu- groupings, an augmented use of color, of color coding at the ends of the sion of certain basic constants on the functional scale names, and extended sliding member. Again, black is usee! C and D scales on the reverse face of calibrations. to indicate the front face of the rule' red the back face. ' the rule. To enable users to make readings DECI-LON is equipped with an im- faster and more conveniently, the The two most used scales, C and D, proved indicator, the frame of which DECI-LON incorporates a new prox- are located on both the front and back has been designed for increased ease imity grouping of scales, additional faces of the DECI-LON. No matter of manipulation with wider field of calibrations, the extended use of color how the rule is picked up or what view. The window material is unbreak- coding, and a redesigned indicator that scales are being used in relation to able, and carries a red hairline on both is easier to manipulate. Besides a wid- them, C and D are always available sides to contrast vividly with the rule's er field of view, the new indicator also for direct reference. And extending black graduations. has a red hairline to contrast vividly the K & E principle of fuJl consist- against the rule's black graduations. ' ency, aJl DECI-LON scales of calcula- While aJl of the DECI-LON scales tion, including the new LnO and Ln- of calculation relate to the basic C & In a new scale arrangement, the 0, relate to the basic D scale. D scales, certain scales-such as the Lon scales are now on the front face LON, Sq, folded and trigonometric of the rule and aJl of the Lon Minus DECI-LON offers two sets of scales scales-have graduations opposite the scales are now on the reverse face. for squares and square roots. In ac- C and D indexes which do not corres- With these powerful scales appearing cordance with the principle of consist- pond to specific numbers. Such scales in unbroken sequence and referring ency, the A & B scales are provided are "extended" so that their end values consistently to the C and D scales as scales of ca/cll/ation for continuous represent specific numbers, thus giving which now appear on both faces of tl-:e operations. In addition, the Sq 1 and the user rapid orientation to the index rule, roots and powe rs of numbers Sq2 scales are available as scales of values of these scales. from 1.001 to 30,000, and decimal reference for use when aJl that is re- quired is the determination of square DECI-LON looks different because fractions from 0.00003 to 0.999 can root values .. ' '", it is different. The choice and arrange- be found speedily and directly withollt ment of its 26 vital scales led to a bold rel1ersing the m/e. The Sq scales provide two further innovation in modern slide rule de- The addition of LnO and Ln-O advantages: .no"( only are squares of sign. By family-grouping the Lon scales on DECI-LON brings the lower numbers found directly on the D scale, scales for maximum effectiveness, limit of the Lon scales and the upper but fOllrth powers are conveniently "form foJlowed function" and a new' limit of the Lon Minus scales ten found on the A scale, with fOllrlh slide rule look was born-with the times closer to unity than on previous rools available by reverse of this read- lower member of the rule slightly K & E rules. Moreover, the position- ing process. This is further evidence (Colllinued--vll page 36) 34 Spartan Engineer COMPUTER Double Precision Operating control of the system will (Continued from page 25) Add/Subtract 5.0 reside with the 3600 CO.OP M 't h' h . Onl or, Multiply 2-26 w IC IS a three level control system . vastly . different from MISTIC opera- The first level, called the Master Con . Divide 2-26 tIOns with the 3600 System. trol System (MCS), is independent of .In comparis~n MISTIC requires 100 .The Computer Laboratory personnel the second or third level programs mlC.roseconds In fixed point addition will c.arry out all actual computer while multiplication takes 1000 micro- used. The MCS provides for: operatIOn. Input to the computing sys- seconds. 1. ~uto~atic sequencing of jobs, tem will be by punched cards, pre- including full accounting for A core storage of 32,768 51-bit pared ~y the user and transferred to each job words is pro~ide? .by the 3603 Storage magnetic tape by means of the 160-A 2. Memory allocation Module and IS diVided into two halves computer and the Communication 3. ~oading of program cards and for more rapid access time, which may Mo~ule. It will then be ready for im- library routines vary from .7 microseconds to 1.5 mi. mediate use by the Compute Module 4. Operator-machine communica- croseconds per word. upon clearing itself of the previous tion calculations. The three parity bits are generated 5. Assignment of 1-0 equipment and checked each time a word is read 6. Linkage to second level control The 3604 Compute Module per- or. written in memory. A parity failure systems for~s the a~ithmetic and logical op' WIll cause an interrupt, and the master' 7. Recovery procedures in case of e.ratlOns reqUIred for executing instruc. program can take appropriate action. failure tlOns, generates control commands for The 3602 Communication Module . Any second level system can be used sequencing those operations, and trans- is one of the most attractive features SInce the first level program is inde- lates commands for other sections. The ~f the 3600 System. It provides the pendent of the second or lower levels. Compute Module can handle 51 bit ~lnk b:tween all peripheral equipment, Provided with the CO.OP Monitor is words as the 3600 System is based IncludIng the satellite 160-A and the a second level system called the CO- on ~ wor~ length of 48 bits, plus three remaining portions of the computing OP Control System. This second level panty bits. It also contains several system. In ,addition, there are two 3606 system provides linkage with the third regi~ters for a~ithmetic and control op- Data Channels under the control of ~evel system, of which it is largely eratIOn of whICh are the single length the Communication Module to which Independent. However, the third level A ~~d Q r~gisters; a single length wi~l be attached, through their appro- system provided includes an assembly aU~I!Iary regIster D; six, 15-bit index pnate control units, six CDC 606 system comprised of FORTRAN (the registers; two "bounds registers" which magnetic tape units. latest modification), COCOL, and are used to lock out indicated portions Although the Communication Mod- COMPASS. of memory from writing; and an in- terrupt . and i.nterrupt mark registers. ule operates largely independently of A self-modifying language that will The anthmetlC that is built into the the Compute Module, it can transfer allow a program in its own language compute module includes fixed point, from memory to the Communication to modify the language is being as well as both normalized and un- ~odule. a 48-bit control word, specify- developed. n.ormalized s~ngle and double preci. Ing whICh Data Channel and unit on the channel is to be activated. More languages can be added to slon floating points. the system as they become available. The control word also indicates a The MCS is constructed in such a Instructional formats for the 3600 beginning word address in memory manner as to allow any routine on System are varied. There is a class and the number of words that are to the library tape to be called and used of 24-bit single address instructions be transferred. The kind of action to as a second level system. A new third which contains all of the orders of th; be initiated, (read, write, re-wind, level language translator could further- 1604. except for three input-output etc.) is also indicated by the control more be written in an existing lan- and Interrupt orders. word. Then, making use of its own guage, such as FORTRAN, translated A second class of 24-bit single ad- arithmetic and control section, the to machine language, and then used dress orders exists that is totally differ- Communication Module 'transfers data as the new third level system. ent from the 1604 orders. In addition, while the 3604 Compute Module cal- there are also two more classes both A minimum amount of storage space culates independently. being 48.bit two-address orders.' In all is permanently assigned to the resident The 3600 Computing System pos- classes of orders direct relative and portion of the program which is the sesses a wide range of expansibility. bare minimum of Monitor orders suf- indirect addressi~g are permitted: Up to eight 3603 Storage Modules can ficient to keep the Monitor under con- As an indication of the speed of be added to give a total capacity of trol. Only one tape unit is assigned t?e 3~00 System, the following effec- 262,144 51.bit words. A maximum of to the Monitor, with all the rest avail- ~Ive times are presented. These times 32 possible Data Channels can be able for the user. Although the entire Inclu~e securing and executing the in- achieved by attaching four 3602 Com- Monitor system is independent of the structIOn, and are all in floating point: mu,nication Modules. With this system, kind of input-output equipment avail- auxiliary disc storage and remote units Time (in able, it can still supervise the activity consisting of keyboard entry devices microseconds) of the satellite computer. Single Precision may be used. The 606 tape units have 4.0 a maximum storage transfer rate of The system will appear familiar t~ Add/Subtract 83,400 characters per second, with the user as the programming is done Multiply 2.6 transfer completely parity checked. (Continued on page 36) Divide 2-14 35 May, 1962 The Electrical Engineering Depart- ing point of water; it needs no oper- COMPUTER ment wiII have moved into their new ator, and there is only one moving (Continued from !}(/ge 35) quarters in the new Engineering Build- part. in FORTRAN or COBOL. The pro- ing, leaving the first two floors to be The experimental unit is a cylinder gram and data deck will be headed taken over by the Computer Labora- three feet long and two feet in dia- with control cards specifying name, ac- tory. Ample space wiII be provided meter. Inside is a horizontal shaft with count number, the language of the for both programming and data a number of discs mounted on it. A program (COBOL, FORTRAN, etc.), preparation. motor turns the shaft and discs at and the logical I/O units. These cards "No single facility is as important about one revolution per second. Bot- will be followed by cards with instruc- to the entire University as the com- tom half of each disc is immersed in tions as to maximum running time for puter facility," emphasizes Dr. Mue!- a pool of hot, incoming water. Top the problem, maximum number of der. He states that the University half of the disc passes between hol- lines of standard output medium, and would like to encourage all its colIeges low, cooled condenser plates. The ro- other pertinent data and comments. to develop and promote the use of tating disc picks up a film from the The deck is then combined with other the com pu te r by their departments. pool, and water molecules evaporate decks and fed into the 3600 System This is what is known as the "univer- from the film and diffuse across the via the card reader. sity approach to computers." short air gap to the cool stationary plate. There they condense into drop- Each problem is the compiled, run, lets of pure water and run by gravity and the results transferred to a print WHAT'S NEW into colIecting troughs. out magnetic tape. The tape is then (Continued from !>age 34) used in an off-line fashion to print Incoming water circulates through wider than the others. The DECI- the condenser plates first and is out on the line printer. Meanwhile, LON is slim, trim, well-balanced, and warmed by the stilI's own heat of the Monitor logs each problem in, and easy to manipulate. condensation up to about 200 degrees. then compiles and runs it. If running time happens to exceed the maximum DECI-LON is made of a special Fuel burners or electric heaters are amount requested, the Monitor shuts shatterproof synthetic exclusive with needed only to boost the temperature off the problem and produces a min- K & E. Humidity variations have no to 210 degrees. imum of information. It will then effect on its operation. The DECI- Power requirements are low: about start another problem and print out LON wiII not warp, crack, or stick. 1/50th of one horsepower to turn the accounting data on the console type- Precision molding and new four-boIt disc and drive a circulating pump. A writer. In event that a problem being end plates insure accuracy, rigidity. fist-size electric motor would suffice. code-checked fails, post-mortem infor- and permanence of alignment. Thus A typical unit for home use would mation as requested on the control DECI-LON, including its unbreakable operate around the clock, laboratory card is sent to the print tape. indicator, is capable of a lifetime of engineers said, shutting off automatic- service and is guaranteed to give it. ally when the storage tank is filIed, The Monitor also supervises all in- starting up again at any predetermined terrupts, no matter where they orig- * * * A new process to make fresh, drink- tank level. inate, and services them in order of acquisition. Furthermore, in event of able water from any contaminated sup- Scale formation does not affect the minor computer failure, the Monitor ply, even sea water, was announced re- stilI's efficiency because the heat trans- executes various conservative recovery cently by General Electric's General fer takes place between the water va- measures. Thus manual intervention Engineering Laboratory in Schenec- por and the clean condenser plates. will only be necessary in the event of tady, N. Y. Only after a long period, when the some major loss of program control, The laboratory has rev iewed the scale has nearly filIed the space be- and it is hoped that the system wiII method with the Interior Department's tween disc and plate wiII the unit be able to operate fuII time without Office of Saline Water, the agency in need cleaning or disc replacement. intervention. charge of all saline water demineraliz- The diffusion stilI may have much ation research and development activ- wider usage than simply for seashore The general policy of the Computer ities of the Federal Government. or island sites where natural fresh Laboratory wiII undoubtedly remain Called "diffusion distilIation," tht water is scarce. It can handle water the same as in the past, with the Lab- method is promising for homes or that is brackish, heavily mineralized, oratory extending as much assistance smaIl commercial establishments. It or polIuted by organic matter. The as possible in the programming area. might eventualIy be built as an auto- water is pasteurized and softened as It wiII also offer short, non-credit matic appliance the size of a refriger- well as purified. Its purity is not affect- courses on the 3600 System and 160-A ator. ed by varying amounts of solids in the computing system along with separate An experimental device employing salty or contaminated supply. courses on FORTRAN and COBOL. the process has been operating for In addition to home use, the dif- The 160-A wiII be instalIed on the some time at the laboratory. It pro- fusion stilI may have great potential fifth floor of the Electrical Engineer- duces pure, soft water from otherwise for self-service laundries, motels, res- ing Building in the computer room unusable sources at the rate of 200 taurants, hospitals, military field units, along with MISnc. When the new galIons per day. and smaIl boats. 3600 System Computing arrives, it The device has several advantages The new G-E diffusion still, like will be instaIled on the north side of over other distillation methods for other distillation systems, should re- the second floor of the Electrical En- low-capacity applications: it works at move radio-active particles from con- g1l1eenng Building. normal air pressure and below the boil- taminated water. 36 Spartan Engineer "I've been an engineer with Texaco for over three years now. Hard work? You betl But it's a challenge-and interesting work, too. As a member of a team assigned to a special project, I'm learning every day, and feel that I'm really contributing. I've found Texaco a good company to be with-a leader in the industry." Build a rewarding career for yourself with Texaco. There are excellent opportunities for young men with any of a wide variety of engineering or science degrees. Contact your placement office or write Mr. J. C. Kiersted, Texaco Inc., 135 East 42nd ~ Street, New York 17, N. Y. Your inquiry will receive prompt and careful consideration. ~ Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, creed, color or national origin. LASER (Continued from page 20) Many peaceful and military uses for the laser have been discussed. WHAT'S NEW? To maintain the stimulated-emission University of Michigan physicists process, losses such as those due to are planning to test the fundamental Several ductile alloys have been dis- radiation escaping from the crystal and assumption that light and radio waves covered to remain superconducting in losses due to mirror reflection must be travel at the same speed in a vacuum extremely magnetic fields (up to 100,- overcome by photon am pi ification. by beaming both light and radio sig- 000 gauss). These alloys may greatly Beam angle of the ruby laser is in the nals simultaneously at a satellite simplify the problem of making super- order of 0.01 radian. equipped with a corner reflector and conducting electromagnetic coils. then measuring the times for their re- Although vast numbers of ions An alloy of niobium and zirconium turns. within the ruby crystal are individual has been found to remain supercon- radiators of photons, laser action They also have considered using the ducting in a field of 80,000 gauss causes them to radiate their energy in laser beam as a "match" to touch off while carrying 10,000 amp/cm2• Other step, that is coherently. a brief thermonuclear fusion reaction alloys, nobium-titanium and vanadium- for laboratory purposes. A laser power titanium have been found to be useful The key action of the lasing process density of some 1013 watts/cm2 can superconducting materials at liquid he- that produces in-step radiation is that be obtained as compared with about lium temperatures. of an incident photon triggering an 106 watts/cm2 on the sun's surface. ion to emit a photon in phase with Bell Laboratories scientists have re- the incident photon. If it were not Vast areas have been swept by spec- ported that a compound of niobium for this action, each excited ion would ulation on military uses of lasers. and tin (NbaSn), at 4.2 degrees K, spontaneously emit a photon, that is, Because of the laser's ability to gen- remained superconducting in fields as emit a photon at any time within the erate intense heat, it has been proposed large as 88,000 gauss while carrying relaxation-time range that is character- that a laser be included in antimissiles. a current of 150,000 amps/cm2• It has istic of Cr+++ in A1203. The means of destroying a missile the highest transition temperature of Since the individual radiators radi- might depend on b u en i n g a hole any known superconductor. However, ate (nearly) in step, and since these through an important support part of NbaSn is very brittle and special metal- radiators produce radiation of (ap- the missile frame. lurgical techniques are required to proximately) the same wavelength, the There are locations on an airframe form magnet coils that can withstand laser's output beam has space and time where severe vibrations will develop the mechanical forces produced by very coherence. if a guiding vane is fractured. One high magnetic fields. In this form, the laser emits light could depend on the disintegration of These ductile superconducting alloys in a closely-spaced short burst. Each the major sensitive portions of the give promise of simplifying the prob- burst is less than a millionth of a sec- missile in this way. lem and will compliment the applica- ond long, and the bursts are spaced It has been suggested that a liquid tion of NbaSn. These experiments in- only a few millionths of a second laser operating in the near infrared dicate that an electromagnet with about apart. range is possible in theory, using the a three-inch layer of windings of the One way in which this behavior action' of two chemicals and nothing niobium-zirconium alloy will produce might be eXplained is as follows. The else-to produce coherent light output. a magnetic field of 80,000 gauss at intensity of the light confined within This has raised speculation about a 1.5°K. By extrapolation of the data the rod may tend to build up to the "squirt-gun" like device to be used to lower temperatures, it was estimated point where it stimulates emission. It as a side arm by individuals. It might that NbaSn will remain superconduct- begins to depopulate the metastable include a chamber containing one of ing at temperatures around 4°K. in state (2) so rapidly that the optical the chemicals, with a lens ahead of the fields of 200,000 guass and possibly pump is no longer able to maintain a output area of this chamber. A second higher. Therefore, it is still one of sufficient population of atoms in that chemical would be pumped into the the most promising material for mag- state for the cooperative action of the first chamber by trigger operation of a nets having field strengths well above atoms to continue. miniature pump. When the two liq- 100,000 gauss. Then the radiation abruptly dies uids combine, an output focused to The successful construction of a su- down, until the exciting f1ashtube can a fine point on the target by the lens perconducting electromagnet will have restore that population. The extremely would develop the heat required for important implications in many scien- rapid pulsing of the light thus results use as a weapon. tific fields. The. availability of large from the alternating depletion and The discovery of a coherent light magnetic fields will extend the opera- restoration of the active population of source has opened up a whole new tion of many electronic communication atoms. spectrum of ideas, experiments and devices to hi g her frequencies, thus A modified gas laser, suing a mix- uses for man's most important aid, providing increased bandwidth for use ture of helium and neon gases for its light. in radio-relay communication systems. active medium, has been found to pro- Another attractive application is in duce a continuously operating laser. Jan: I baked two kinds of biscuits the. field of thermonuclear fusion for It receives its power from a low- today. Would you like to take your the production of electric power. High powered electrical discharge within the pick? magnetic fields are needed to provide gas and has an output power of about Jon: No thank you. I'll use my ham- "magnetic bottles" to contain high 0.01 watts. mer. temperature gas plasmas. 38 Spartan Engineer 2000 mph airliner ... another engineering challengel coaches. And what size! Perhaps Challenging? An engineering On the drawing boards of aircraft career, such as metallurgy, is full engineers, plans are taking shape two hundred feet from nose to of challenges. Whether it's excit- for a supersonic passenger jet- tail. Three stories tall. ing, new designs for a supersonic one that will fly from New York Through the intensive research of the metallurgical engineer will airliner, a gas-turbined car, a to London in just over 2 hours, at nuclear-powered ship, you'll be at Mach-3 speeds of 2000 m.p.h. or come a metal for the skin of this work in a stimulating profession more. The delta-shaped transport, mighty airliner. One that will be _ one with room for advancement flying at altitudes up to 80,000 able to withstand critically high _ one that promotes progress and feet, would make today's fastest temperatures - up to 630°F- caused by supersonic speeds . economic growth. airliners seem as pokey as stage- • INTERNATIONAL NICKEL The International Nickel Company, Inc., is the United States affiliate of The International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited _ producer of Inco Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Iron Ore, Tellerium, Selenium, Sulfur and Platinum, Palladium and Other Precious Metals. 39 May, 1962 The Thermodynamics Finals Free energy and entropy were whirling in his brain, With partial differentials and Greek letters in their train; For delta, sigma, gamma, theta, epsilon and pi Were driving him distracted as they danced before his eye. Heat content and fugacity revolved within his mind, Like molecules and atoms that you never have to wind, With logarithmic functions doing cake-walks in his dreams And partial molal quantities devouring chocolate creams. They asked him, on the final, if a mole of any gas In a vessel. with a membrane through which hydrogen could pass Were compressed to half its volume, what the entropy would be If two-thirds delta sigma equalled half of delta P. He said he guessed the entropy would have to equal four, Unless the second law would bring it up a couple more. But then it might be seven, if the thermostat were good, Or it might be almost zero if once rightly understood. The professor read his paper with a corrugated brow, For he knew he'd have to grade it, but he didn't quite know how Till a sudden inspiration on his cerebellum smote, And he seized his trusty fountain pen and this is what he wrote: "Just as you guessed the entropy, I'll have to guess your grade, But the second law won't raise it to the mark you might have made, For it might have been a hundred if your guesses had been good, But I think it must be zero till they're rightly understood." -Author Unknown 40 Spartan Engineer ELECTRONIC FLASH EQUIPMENT for • Flash-induced chemical catalysis • High-speed photography of chemical and process reaction Mlcrollash Flash Duration: 0.5 micro. second. Peak Light: 50 x 106 beam ~ MODEL 107 • Motion studies, shock-wave photos candle power. Energy Input: 8 ws (.05 ~ OSCILLOSCOPE • Cloud chamber physics mfd at 18 kv). Recycle Time: 5 seconds. DC to 2000Me bandwidth ••• • Deep-sea photography Time Delay: Adjustable from 3 to 1000 0.2 millimicrosecond rise microseconds. Price: $975.00. Point time .•• sinllie transient and t}~ • U. V. printing and time-marking repetitive Signal capability Light Source Attachment: $35.00. •.. sensibility: 55 mv/trace • Satellite beacon systems width. Small spot size maxi. ,. mum resolution. Six call. EG&G's leadership in flash technology is brated sweep speeds: 5, 30. solidly based on original contributions to MARK V, SENSITOMETER I. 't:.=....] 100, 300, 1000and 3000mlili. microseconds/em. Easy to operate invalu. the state of the art which have produced Compact, easy to ____ able for measurement of diode recovery time, ultra.hlgh.f,equency phenomena and use, laboratory de. in many other applications. more than 40 patents for tubes, circuits and vice. Will accommo. strobe systems. date glass plates, 16 mm. or 35 mm. OPTICAL MASER films. Exposure Times: 1/100, 1/1000, MODEl 751 1/10,000 second. Built.in voltage regu. (LASER) lator. Color correction filters unneces. PULSE GENERATOR sary. Price $600.00. MarkVII Sensitom. ~ All sOlld.state, transistor. LIGHT PUMPS eter, which has the additional ranges ized. high.speed pulse Ren. erator produces posItive 400 ws. system of 1/100,000 and 1/1,000,000, is pulses 01 fast rise time (less available at $1200.00. than 1 milllmicrosecond), $1190 Repetition rate: 10 cycles to 100 kc. Output pulse width: 1280ws. system High-Speed 2 to 100 milllmicroseconds, 531 532 $3345 Pulse amplitude: 20 v. Into Model 531Output: 400ws. (1050 mfd at 900v.) STROBOSCOPE Light source spe. ~ID 50 ohms approx. Operable in any position. Price: $285. Input: 115 v. 60 cycle a.c. Price $795. Model cially developed for use with high. speed 532 Flash Head with 2 Model 100 tubes: cameras for studies ~ MODEL 850 $395. System will drive ruby rods with 400 ws. of fast.moving ob. ~ CAMERA SYSTEM threshold. System price: $1190. jects such as shock Optimized, fully Integrated waves and projec. system for photographic recording of the Model5ZZTwo unit 1280ws. system provides tiles. Flashing Rate: fastest transients at 1:1 magnification. up to 4 kv. into 80 mfd. or 160 mfd. Triggered Up to 6000 flashes per second. Flash externally orfrom front panel. Drives Model Duration.: As low as 1.2 microsecond. Triggering: From camera, oscillator or ~ DIODE RECOVERY 511, 512, 513 Flash Heads with 4 to 10 Model contactor. Price: $3500.00. 100 tubes. Accommodates crystals 2" long ~ CABLE SYSTEM .t.)1' --.,. Model 760, a complete sys. up to V2" dia. Input: 110 v. or 220 v. 60 cycle tem lor accurate observation and measure. ac. Price $3345 (complete system with 4 ment of diode recovery time in the milli. tubes). Note: Power supplies, capacitor banks, "0: •• ~" ., microsecond region. Controls and meter on front panel 01 stu,dy metal case. flash heads, pulse transformers are all III . MODEL 517 . MODEL 515 ~ PULSE INVERTERS available as separate items. tl-ct 'J#-!~ MIcroscope ~ Flash illuminator Mod. Model TR-6- coaxlal.femte balun with excellent Irequency response for conve,ting 50ohm single-ended to push.pull el 516 lamp and 515 power supply 100 ohm signals. Model 819 (for use with XENON FLASH TUBES provides high intensity flashes (150 EG&G Model 751Pulse Generator) to provide microseconds at 100 ws) for extreme negative pulse output. e-:.'""7'" "'-~ close.up photography of delicate sub. FX-l (above) 400 ws. FX-38 200ws. jects without heat damage ... e.g. human eye, insects, botanical speci. ~---J!i ~~; 8 ~-" mens, etc. Model 517, separate lamp FX-42 (above) 3" are, 600ws. assembly permits close-ups of under- FX-45 6" are, 2000ws. water subjects in fish tanks, etc. Com. plete system, consisting of models 515,516 and 517 - $579.00. ~ Model 100 Double Flash for silhouette photog- raphy ... flashes at accurately timed ~ TRANSFORMERS, intervals from 5 to 100 microseconds. ~ POWER SUPPLIES FX-31 (above) 5 ws. flat.topped for optimum Flash duration ~ microsecond. Price: optical characteristics. EG&G is outstandingly well $2000.00 staffed and equipped to design and produce Further information on request on above custom.built transformers, chokes, mag. Multiple Mlcrollash for superimposi. netic amplifiers, DC to DC converters, p'ulse products and on Hydrogen Thyratrons and tion of up to 20 photographs on single transformers and powe, supplies for mIlitary Diodes, Triggered Spark Gaps, Transform. or commercial use •.. and trigger trans. negative at. up to 100 kc. rate. Price: formers for all types of flash tubes. ers, Oceanographic Instruments, Radia. Basic unit: $2800.00. Discharge units: $525.00 ea. Full technical injorrrw.tion on all products tion Detection Devices, other Flash Tubes, available on request. Flash Machines, Stroboscopes, etc. Edgerton. ~ TEL. COPLEY 7.9700 Gerrneshausen CABLE: ECCINC, BOSTON; TWX: BS 1099 & Grier. Inc. Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier 180 BROOKLINE AVENUE, BOSTON15. MASS. 180 BROOKLINE AVE., BOSTON 15, MASS. 180 BROOKLINE AVENUE, BOSTON 15, MASS. 41 May, 1962 PLASMA PHYSICS Conclusion everything possible has been done to make the operator comfortable. He has (Conthllled jWlII fMf!,e 13) The survey of plasma physics has a six-position powered seat, a two-way no conclusion. In the beginning will could be solved by stationing electron radio, a thermos jug for long "mis- come great advancements in the basic sources at the perimeter of the beam. sions" and even a cigarette lighter. He knowledge necessary to understand The electrons injected into the beam has three different ways to raise his plasma. Later will come astonishing would neutralize the space charge be- hatch, should any sort of malfunction new applications undreamed of even fore it could accumulate. occur. in our time. And finally, plasma physics A second type of engine is the plas- may someday answer the questions The Beetle's mechanical arms were ma jet. In the system a cold gas is which men have asked for centuries designed and built by General Electric. allowed to flow between the cathode concerning the nature of the universe. Each arm consists of a shoulder, up- and anode of a shaped chamber where The survey of plasma physics has only per arm, elbow, forearm, wrist as- a large voltage causes the gas to break begun. sembly and hand or remotely inter- down and ionize. A current then flows changeable hook. through the gas heating it even more. It is then allowed to expand out of * * * A 500 horsepower Continental gas- oline engine powers the vehicle. The the nozzle of the shaped chamber. Republic Aviation Corporation reports development of an engine of this type WHAT'S NEW? six-cylinder, horizontally-opposed gine is equipped with a supercharger, and is air cooled. A four-cylinder, en- 110 which they call a pulsed plasma pinch The world's largest robot, an 85-ton horsepower auxiliary engine drives the engine. A 3 kilowatt, 300 microfarad giant that walks on tank treads, yet main hydraulic pump and an a-c gen- capacitor and anode producing specific can pick up an egg with the touch of erator for systems operation. impulse of 5,000 to 12,000 seconds. a child, was recently demonstrated in An electrical creep drive system is A third system under investigation Cincinnati. provided for close vehicle positioning involves the use of a preheated gas. Called the "Beetle," the huge vehi- and can be used to move the vehicle A gas which has been preheated to cle was built for the Air Force by Gen- out of a radiation field. The Beetle about 3,000oK. is forced into a cham- eral Electric. With a man inside to can also rescue another vehicle by tow- ber and subjected to a potential differ- drive it and operate its hands and ing it. ence. This difference causes the gas to break down and a conduction of arms, the Beetle can move in close to The operator stays comfortable in- current to flow in the gas which is now a radioactive nuclear rocket or reactor side his cab, thanks to a three-ton air- a plasma. Coils wrapped around the to make adjustments or perform emer- conditioning unit which maintains a chamber create a magnetic field which gency operations. humidity controlled temperature of 72 forces the gas particle out of the cham- Though its arms are 16 feet long, to 76° F whether the temperature out- ber, through a nozzle thus supplying and brawny enough to punch a hole side is 130 in the shade or 25 below the thrust. through a concrete wall, the Beetle's zero. hands perform extremely delicate op- A periscope supplements the opera- B. Electric Power Generation erations. They can put nuts and bolts tor's field of vision. It can scan From the study of magnetohydro- together or manipulate hand tools. (A through 180 degrees horizontally and dynamics (referred to as M H D), it special plug on the wrist also permits 170 degrees vertically with magnifica- has been found that a plasma moving the use of power tools for nuclear do- tion of 1.5 and 6 power. The lenses through a magnetic field will exhibit it-yourself projects). of the periscope and surfaces of the a potential difference in a direction The operator sits inside a 100,000- leaded cab windows are electrically de- normal to the magnetic field and the pound cab, protected from harmful frosted, and constantly washed with direction of flow. If electrodes are in- radiation by foot-thick lead shielding. dry nitrogen to prevent fogging. serted into the plasma across this po- The whole cab, to which the arms are As long as the Beetle is operating, tential difference and connected to attached, rises on four hydraulic stan- a radiation detector is at work. The some external load a current will flow chions to a height of 25 feet above operator is safe even when radiation through the plasma and through the ground level, and rotates as required. levels outside the Beetle would be load. This is the principle of the direct Protecting the operator from above is fatal. a lead hatch that weighs seven and a current M H D generator. One of its half tons. The five windows of his cab The Beetle's many different systems several advantages is that it has no are interconnected by some 400 miles are two-foot-thick panes of specially moving parts and only a moving fluid. leaded glass. of wiring. Two microphones allow the It can produce alternating current by operator to listen to the sound of his The Beetle can also "see" around using a pulsed magnetic field. Remain- engines, and a public address system corners and inside hot reactors and ing obstacles include finding a method lets him talk to personnel outside, or powerplants with a closed-circuit TV of achieving adequate fluid flow velo- sound an alarm siren. camera. With one of its hands, it sim- city, developing fluids with the proper ply plucks the camera from a special Development of the Beetle was be- ionization and disassociation potentials "breast pocket" and points it at the gun during the aircraft nuclear pro- and heat transfer characteristics, and object of interest. The picture appears pulsion program. It was originally con- finding proper geometric configurations on a screen inside the cab. ceived as a vehicle that could work for the device. Contamination and cor- Though the cockpit is no place for close to nuclear-powered aircraft to rosion are also of great concern. those inclined toward claustrophobia, (Continued on page 48) 42 Spartan Engineer GROWTH CLIMATE engineers. Positions n~:lI:ly.all scicntific dlsclplmes, for men are availahle in and engineering and womcn with People ... and ideas ... do best in B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. degrees. a favorable environment. At NASA, scientists and engineers NASA invites your infJuiry to the are favored by many "climatic" ad- personnel director of any of the fol- vantages, for the vigor, the impor- lowing NASA centers: tanc~, t,he scope and urgency of NASA :Manned Spacecraft Center, Amenca s space program demands /I (Just on, 'l'CXII,' the best environment the nation can NASA Goddard Space Flight Cen- provide. ter, Grccnbelt, l\f aryland For professional employees NASA NASA Marshall Space Flight Cen- offers a graduate study program sec- ter, /luntsville, Alabama ond to none. While on full salary, you can take graduate cour~es for NASA Ames Research Center, Moun- cr~dit ~l~ring work hours at ~earby tain View, Califomia unn:erSltIes, tuition-free. In-house NASA Flight Research Center, sell~mars led by world-famous sci- Edwards, Califomi" entl~t.s and engineers are offered. In NASA Langley Research Center, addItIon, NASA scientists and engi- Ilampton, Virginia neers benefit by early professional NASA Wallops Station, Wallops Island, recognition, a wide choice of work Virginia a.r~as, unmatched facilities, and par- NASA Lewis Research Center, tICIpation in history-making projects. Cleveland, Ohio Truly this is growth climate, where NASA HEADQUARTERS, Washing- career opportunities are as unlimited ton 25, D. C. as t1~e scope of NASA's many aero- ~~utIcal and space exploration activ- POSITIONS FILLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ItIes. Here, the harvest of your ideas AERO-SPACE TECHNOLOGY ANNOUNCE. and discoveries may contribute to MENT 252-B. the benefit and enrichment of all ALL QUALIFIED APPLICANTS WILL RE- mankind. CEIVE CONSIDERATION FOR EMPLOY. MENT WITHOUT REGARD TO RACE. CREED NASA has urgent need now for large OR COLOR. OR NATIONAL ORIGIN. numbers of qualified scientists and NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACEADMINISTRATION 43 May, 1962 SID ET RACKED Chemical Analysis of a Kiss An EE caught in a snowdrift looked If it's funny enough to tell, it's been up and saw a St. Bernard coming to- told; if it hasn't been told it's too Properties: Ethereal in nature. Taste, ward him, with the usual keg of bran- clean; and if it's dirty enough to in- sweet; color, colorless to deep red. dy under the dog's chin. "Well," ex- terest an engineer, the editor gets kick- Is not affected by water, but reacts claimed the EE, "here comes man's strongly to alcohol. ed out of school. best friend-and look at the big dog, Occurence: Cars, porches, parlors, too." and parks. In most cases the com- The engineer just back from a hunt- pound has only a transitory existence, ing trip was describing the trip. "Well, The new recruit didn't salute the but it may exist for a considerable pe- there was that big black bear hiding colonel. "Do you realize who I am?" riod of time. behind a tree. I realized that I had asked the officer, "I run this entire Chemical Behavior: It quickly only one shot and that had to be camp. I'm in charge of twenty-five breaks up when exposed to a bright bounced off the canyon wall. Well, I thousand soldiers." light, but it seems more stable by calculated the angle of approach, the "You got a good job," said Hie moonlight. It frequently plays the part windage, and how much the bullet private, "don't louse it up." of catalyst producing bonds of a more would deflect due to the flattening permanent nature. The appearance of after hitting the canyon wall!" the parent compound produces a quick "How are the children getting "Did you kill the bear?" asked his and violent displacement of the indiv- along?" friends. idual members of the compound. "Oh fine. Tony wants to be a Replied the engineer, "No, I missed Future Developments: Although it racketeer and Molly wants to be a the walL" is not new, it is constantly being re- chorus girl." discovered. Very little is known about "But what happened to AI?" the nature of the compound, in spite It's tough to find "Oh, we had to shoot him. He of the fact that many heads are busily For love or money wanted to be an engineer." engaged on the problem until late ev- A joke that's clean ery night. And also funny. "It's not just the work I enjoy, confided the cab driver. "It's the peo- ple I run into." There was the little boy who had "Is there a difference between affec- just gotten a pen pal from Holland. tion and love?" asked the freshman. He was so happy about it, that when "Of course, child," said the senior, "O.K., Moses, take out your tablet he came home that night he. said cheer- "they are as different as day and and number from one to ten, we're fully, "Guess what, Mom? I got a night." going to have a little quiz." girl in Dutch." 44 Spartan Engineer The undeniable thrill of successful accomplishment can be yours as a member of the aggressive, •• VISIQnary team now forging a new future at Make an appointment to talk with our interviewer when he visits your campus, or for additional information write: MR. C. D. LONGSHORE,Supervisor -Salaried Employment: ~LCO RADIO DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS KOKOMO, INDIANA 45 May, 1962 ~ p lellIb~--": x Jiv~ the utmost- .:;f ferrnt/ance; J; farhc'l'abe- z'n none hut honest;- ente7rz'sej J; /,'ve- and work accord,,:!! to tlu laws .::( maI'J/ and the hbkes~ standards ~f)r:'f-ssionab conduct'j :];flace service h.!:frr~f~f:;J fjhe honor and stand/rzr:;{ th~J:r!!!ession b::for~fersonal advant'tJ~) and i!tv fu61i'C/ w#ar~ a~01Je all other conslderations_ in @ kumtltff and w/tk neu{fir'Divine Gutdanu J I make. tltl's.lle1Je;. 46 Spartan Engineer • One in a series of messages on how to plan your career .Are you fftaking a job" or Hbeginning a career"? There's a mighty big difference between the two As we see it, "taking a job" can be The Loop Course, through its 40 years much like taking a single, tentative of operation, has provided about 2,000 step in the dark. It may serve your selected and trained men, capable of purposes temporarily, but where do advancing to positions of increased you go from there? responsibility . . Young men who snap up tempting Loopers are Thoroughly Trained- products; manufacturing; structural. Job offers often regret their decisions steel fabricating and erecting; and New loopers report to our general as time goes by. The plain fact is that shipbuilding and ship repair. We op- headquarters, in Bethlehem, Pa., usu- glittering inducements sometimes cover ally early in July. They attend a basic erate steelmaking plants on the Eastern up the lack of a future. But the man course of five weeks, including lec- Seaboard and the Pacific Coast; ship- who thinks in terms of a career is not tures, classroom discussions, educa- yards on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf easily fooled; he sees his first job as a tional films, and daily plant visits. Coasts; manufacturing units and fabri. beginning, not as an end in itself. The Loop Course is 1101 a probationary cating works in twelve states; and sales period. After completion of the course, offices in most leading cities. A new Careers with Bethlehem Steel-A every looper receives his first assign- centralized research facility, the 13eth- doorway to careers with Bethlehem ment. Then, after reporting to a plant, lehem Steel Company-Homer Research Steel is the Loop Course-its members yard, or home office division, he re- Laboratories, costing in excess of $25 make an observational circuit (or ceives further orientation before be- million, located in Bethlehem, Pa., "loop") of a steel plant during their ginning on-the-job training. Bethlehem rivals the finest in any industry. initial training program. Through the Loop Course, Bethlehem seeks ollly loopers embark on their careers with Read Our Booklet- The eligibility re- men who are interested in career thorough training behind them. quirements for the Loop Course, as opporrunities. We do nor accept men Big and Diversified-Because of its well as a description of the way it who are "just looking for a job"; operates, are more fully covered in size and diversity of its operations, and, by the same token, we do not our booklet, "Careers with Bethlehem Bethlehem Steel offers unlimited op- assign loopers to "dead-end" jobs. Steel and the Loop Course." It will portunities to "get ahead." One of the answer most of your questions. Copies Promotio11from Withill-It is im- nation's largest industrial corporations, are available in most college placement porrant to bear in mind the fact that, with over 140,000 employees, we are offices, or may be obtained by writing aside from the need for an occasional engaged in raw materials mining and to Manager of Personnel, Bethlehem specialist, we fill management posi- processing; basic steelmaking and the Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pa. tions from within the organizarion. production of a wide range of steel A/I qualifitd aPplicants will rmi., ronsidtration {or ,mployment without TIgard to ra