What's down under the sea? Hostile mysteries by perfecting new precision electric generators, thermionic converters, submarines? New food sources? Biological instruments for measuring salinity, acous- cryogenic propellants. Strange words, wonders like the archaic coelacanth fish? tics, currents, pressures, sea floor con- strange world. For more information con- In many ways, we know more about the tours. Westinghouse was the first to cerning a challenging career at Westing- surface of the moon than we do about the develop centralized engine room control house, an equal opportunity employer, see sea around us. The sea guards its secrets for oceanographic ships, a development our representative when he visits your in darkness, with pressures that crush steel that will help make hydrographic and campus, or write L. H. Noggle, Westing- like an eggshell. Radio waves that put us oceanographic surveying faster and more house Educational Center, Pittsburgh 21, in touch with the stars can penetrate less accurate than ever before. New undersea Pennsylvania. You can be sure . . . if it's than 100 feet of its depth. Westinghouse propulsion methods under investigation at scientists are helping to unravel the sea's Westinghouse involve fuel cells, thermo- It takes only eight months in AC-Milwaukee's MILWAUKEE—In addition to the "Career Acceleration "career Acceleration Program" to become an Program" there is a Field Service Program: Two- to four-month classroom and laboratory On-the-Job important member of one of the nation's top Training Program which involves training on inertial inertial guidance development and manufacturing guidance systems or bombing navigational systems. operations. You will add to your technical back- Domestic assignments follow completion of program. ground eight months of formalized classroom instruction in: Ballistic and Cruise Missile Instruc- BOSTON—Advanced Concepts Research and Develop- on and Laboratory, Engineering Analysis (Servo ment On-the-Job Training Program—AC'S Boston Laboratory is engaged in development of navigational mechanisms), Principles of Airborne Digital Com- systems for manned aircraft, ballistic missiles and puters, Basic Principles of Inertial Guidance, space vehicles. Propability and Statistics, and the Philosophy of relability-plus rotating job assignments in LOS ANGELES—Advanced Concepts Research and Engineering, M a n u f a c t u r i n g and Reliability Development On-the-Job Training Program—AC'S Los Angeles Laboratory is occupied with advanced guid- DePartments. ance research for space vehicles and ballistic missiles, In 32 weeks you're working on guidance systems plus research in special purpose digital computers. for Thor, titan II and Apollo and a modified Bomb- If you will soon have a BS, MS, or PhD in EE, ME, or ing Navigational System for the B-52C&D. Phvsics contact your placement office or write Mr. You've multiplied your opportunities for advance- G F Raasch, Director of Scientific & Professional ment with up-to-date knowledge in this rapidly Employment, Dept. 5753, AC Spark Plug Division, changing area. South Howell, Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin. Is O l i n right for you? That depends on Graduates in science, engi- the future We make the hydrazine neering ami business adminis- tration will find an abundance you want. derivatives that power Titan rockets. And the explosive of career opportunities at Olin. Our major bolts that separate rocket stages. areas of activity are carried on through 7 Nydrazid;" our anti-tubercular drug, is divisions: Chemicals, Metals, Organics, one of the major reasons T B deaths have Packaging, Squibb, Winchester-Western, decreased 60% in the last eight years. and International. Do you want to know some of the things You can start in any division, but your we're doing? advancement is not necessarily confined to We're developing a high-speed cartridge the division you choose. (Olin is flexible.) that will enable medicine to be injected Olin lias a substantial research budget. without the use of hypodermics. And our research laboratories are among We're coating packaging film with anti- the most advanced in the field. We give you biotics to do away with the tremendous the resources and equipment that creative waste in food spoilage. research and development demand. We're perfecting a process that will Do you want to know some of the things enable doctors to replace diseased bones. Olin has done? These are just some of the things Olin We developed a process for producing is doing. (Our research and development any continuous tubing pattern into a homo- average: One new product every week.) geneous sheet of aluminum or copper. It's Do you think Olin may be for you? called Roll-Bond.8 (Designers have a field If you call us, we'll do our best to help day with this one.) you reach a decision. CREATIVE ENGINEERING . . . Q.E.D. uct development to further Bendix your school's placement office. Talk The variety of challenges The Bendix leadership in these fields. to our representative when he's on Corporation offers the college gradu- Bendix operates 32 divisions and campus. If you'd like a copy of our ate is practically unlimited. Bendix subsidiaries in the United States, booklet "Build Your Career to Suit Participates in almost every phase of and 12 subsidiaries and affiliates in Your T a l e n t s , " w r i t e Dr. A. C. the space, missile, aviation, elec- Canfield, Director of University and tronics, automotive, oceanics and Canada and overseas. Our 1950 sales volume was $210 million. Last Scientific Relations, The Bendix Cor- automation fields. We employ top- poration, Fisher Building, Detroit 2, notch engineers, physicists, and year it was over $750 million. Mich. An equal opportunity employer. Mathematicians for advanced prod- Look over the materials we have in In research and development at IBM, engineers and sci- IBM is at work on applications of data processing co entists are exploring new methods, materials, and ideas— cepts to meet the urgent need for effective information a new world of data processing tools and techniques to ex- handling systems for gathering vast quantities of data tend the reach of man's mind. In space, IBM miniaturized assembling collected data, storage, and making vital i computers will guide satellites into orbit, gather informa- formation instantly accessible. For example, large-seal; tion from the stars, store data, and relay it on command computer systems have been developed for coordinate back to earth. The IBM developments that make possible the coast-to-coast network of airline flight reservation; these systems for broadening man's grasp of the universe Other computer systems handle research calculaton —and the new technologies that result from the applica- for nuclear and thermonuclear energy. For automatio tion of data processing systems—form a firm basis for fur- bank check processing, systems read characters im ther progress in the development of information systems. printed on checks with magnetic ink. 1 With each new advance in the application of data process- There's an immense challenge in developing new con- ing,new worlds of opportunity are opening up for engineers, cepts in data processing. At IBM you can build a reward- scientists, and programmers at IBM. The exploration of ing future in fields such as: Physics • Chemistry • Mathe- data processing methods offers a range of stimulating matics • the Engineering Sciences • Solid State Phe- assignments in engineering, design, and development. nomena • Systems Design • Circuitry and Logic Design. Projects now under way at IBM include: Automatic lan- The IBM advanced-education program provides educa- guage translation* Industrial process control- Long-range tional backing for earning graduate degrees in the field of weather prediction • Space-borne inertial guidance sys- your choice. IBM, an Equal Opportunity Employer, offers a tems • Systems using plain language instructions and pro- full range of company-paid benefits. For further details gramming for computers • Information retrieval systems on careeropportunities, write to Managerof Employment, which locate document pages in seconds. IBM Corp., Dept. 915, 590 Madison Ave., N. Y. 22, N. Y. What kinds of engineers do you find with Bethlehem? Here's the answer: Chemical Engi- mills, the furnaces, the instrumen- ity" has a great opportunity in neers . . . Civil Engineers . . . Elec- tation that make up a modern steel sales with Bethlehem Steel. trical Engineers . . . Industrial plant? Mechanical Engineers de- Engineers . . . Mechanical Engi- sign them, and frequently supervise Research neers . . . Metallurgical Engineers installation. Civil Engineers design . . . Mining Engineers . . . Naval and put up the buildings to house Our research policy and our Architects and Marine Engineers, them, and the feed lines to keep magnificent new research labora- and more. them supplied. tories, in Bethlehem, Pa., offer unexcelled opportunities for re- Power? Steel is the biggest indus- search and development engineers trial consumer of electric power. and scientists. The exciting results You cannot conceive of a greater of research promise bright pros- concentration of electrical equip- pects for all Bethlehem operations. ment than in a modern steel mill. And many steel plants generate Shipbuilding electric power, too. Electrical Engi- neers are busy fellows in the steel As the world's largest privately industry. owned shipbuilding and ship repair organization, Bethlehem offers ca- Steelmaking calls for volume pro- reers to Naval Architects and duction, complex and scientific, Marine Engineers, as well as to often highly automated. We manu- engineers in many other categories. facture numerous finished products, too, from nuts and bolts to nuclear- The Loop Course powered cruisers. The Industrial This program was established Engineer finds plenty to do here some forty years ago, to select and Every major engineering degree is at Bethlehem. represented within the manage- train well-qualified college gradu- ment ranks here at Bethlehem Steel. What's more, the kind of engineer- ates for management careers in the ing degree does not limit a Looper's Bethlehem organization. It was so It makes sense. The mining and assignments. The superintendent named because of an observational processing of minerals obviously of a huge open-hearth department, circuit (or "loop") of a steel plant. suggest the need for Mining Engi- or a giant rolling mill, might well After a five-weeks' basic training neers. Then come the chemical be an M.E., a Ch.E., a Met.E., period, which is held once a year at processes of coke-making, smelting, an I.E., or C.E. company headquarters in Bethle- refining. Fuels are consumed, valu- hem, Pa., loopers receive their first able by-products are made. Is it assignments, which call for special- any wonder steelmaking calls for Sales Engineers Chemical Engineers? ized training that may last for a Because of the nature of our few weeks or for as long as a year. products, a man with a technical Next comes on-the-job training, And how about the machinery, the background and a "sales personal- and the looper is on his way. "NOW LET'S PUT IT ALL TO WORK" An engineer knows no greater satisfaction Or you may prefer Research or Electrical than putting his training, his ideas Systems or Production Engineering—just and energy to work. At Detroit Edison, three of many challenging fields open to you engineering talent finds rewarding oppor- at Detroit Edison. tunities for expression and professional For full career information, write for our advancement in this great and growing free booklet about professional opportuni- industrial center of Southeastern Michigan. ties for graduates in our company. Address You might be interested in training as a is 2000 Second Ave., Detroit 26, Mich. Or Detroit Edison Project Engineer, develop- talk with our representative when he arrives ing vital power-producing installations. on your campus. VOLUME 16 NO. 2 JANUARY, 1963 9 DEAN'S LETTER 12 FROM PHEND 14 FACULTY REVUE 16 ENGINEERING WIVES 18 GENIE IN A BOTTLE 20 DIGITAL DICTION 29 A CAREER IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION 36 AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF DEPOSITED CARBON RESISTORS 38 MISS ENGINEER 42 MSU NEWS NOTES 54 MOON FLIGHT FACILITIES FOR CAPE CANAVERAL 55 AN ENGINEER'S RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETY 60 ADVERTISERS INDEX Dean's Letter You have all certainly perused the curriculum leading to a degree in your chosen major. Perhaps only a few of you have given it real thought as freshmen or sopho- mores. In those years you are busy with mathematics, physics, chemistry, or are looking ahead at the junior or senior years when you will get into those "real" engineering courses; the curriculum is only delaying you. Certainly not too many of you have realized that a curriculum is only a Table of Contents, that as a planned program of engineering education it is not complete. The real education lies in the subject matter of the courses themselves and in learning how to think logically from point to point. These are the contributions of the faculty to your education. There is another fraction of your education that is not even listed in this Table of Contents, and must be added by you as an individual. This portion of your education is obtained through participation in extra-curricular campus activities; the University provides an opportunity for this, but you must participate to gain the benefits—and benefits there are. Our curriculum does not in- clude courses in "Parliamentary Law" or "How to Influence People and Others," nor do we find "Conduct on Committees," "Impromptu Politics," or "Selling the Boss," yet such courses are available every day on this campus in the many activities of the student organizations. Their meetings and promotional activities offer opportunity for laboratory experience in human relations, personal conduct, speaking, and organization—all on an informal, unrecorded basis. If you fail in your first attempt to "Sell the Boss," no record is made or grade recorded. This takes much of the pressure off this portion of the learning process, and makes it fun as well as practice in the art of human relations. There are many all-campus opportunities for this activity—here in Engineering we have the various Student Branches of our professional engineering societies in our departments, the Engineering Exposition, or work on the staff of this magazine, the "Spartan Engineer." Later on after having met the entrance criteria, there are the activities of the various engineering honor societies. We wish to especially commend the work to be found with this magazine. Ability to write and to understand journalistic procedures is much sought after in industrial circles, and is also an area without much competition. The Spartan Engi- neer provides such experience and opportunity. In fact, this whole unpublished topic in our curricular Table of Contents will be found worthwhile—without an experience here, you will not really have been to college. In fact, an employment interviewer might subtly tell you so. J. D. Ryder, Dean CAREER BULLETIN FROM BOEING The wide variety and continuing growth of such Boeing advantages include up-to-the-minute facili- Boeing programs as those illustrated on this page ties, a dynamic industry environment and company- offer outstanding career openings to graduates in paid graduate study programs (Masters and Ph.D.)- engineering, scientific and management disciplines. At Boeing you will enjoy the advantages of a pro- The Boeing representatives will visit your campus soon. They will be happy to provide additional information about fessional climate that is conducive to deeply re- expanding Boeing activities in a broad spectrum of fields. warding achievement and rapid advancement. Other The Boeing Company is an equal opportunity employer. WHY DOW? many good people of varying back- about employment opportunities at Opportunity, in a word. grounds. The only limitations are in Dow, see your Placement Director, or Chemist or engineer, administrator the people themselves. Promotions are write the Technical Employment or scientist of many disciplines, recent made from within. Manager at any of the locations listed graduate or veteran resuming your Opportunity at Dow is research, go- below. career—you can find opportunity at Dow and you are expected to seek it out. ing on continually in 50 separate California —Pittsburg • Colorado —Rocky Flats • Illinois—Madison • Indiana —Pitman- Opportunity at Dow is for those laboratories. Fields include basic re- Moore Division, Indianapolis • Louisiana — who create, produce and sell our search, process development and appli- Plaquemine • Massachusetts —Framingham Products, which are: industrial chemi- cation research. Present laboratories • Michigan—Midland • Ohio—Dobeckmun cals, plastics, metals, agricultural and plants are being expanded, new Company, Cleveland; Dow Industrial Service, ones planned and built. Sales have Cleveland • Oklahoma—Dowell, Tulsa • chemicals, textile fibers, and a growing Texas —Freeport • Virginia— Williamsburg. family of consumer items. We manu- increased 8 times since World War II. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY facture and sell in 27 locations here, 28 Many of our more than 700 products Midland, Michigan abroad, plus subsidiary and associated didn't even exist then. An Equal Opportunity Employer companies. It follows, Dow needs If you'd like detailed information Educators recognize that the demands of our nation for p r o f e s s i o n a l l y trained men and women—for engineers, teachers, doctors, and scientists—show no signs of slackening. But they recognize, too, that professional education must go beyond special- ized technical knowledge alone—that it must extend into the broad understanding, insight and perspective which have been historically associated with liberal education. The educators realize that the engineer and the scientist need to understand the world's social and political problems, as well as its economic and political problems, and that they must be aware of the cultural and humanistic values upon which our society rests. There are other considerations, of course, in developing the imaginative, creative men and women our country must have. We need a greater emphasis on the funda- mental arts and sciences at the secondary level. We need to give considerably more attention to identifying and educating individuals of unusual talent and potentialities. We need a greater realization that education must begin and continue in the home; we need to recruit more able people into all sectors of the educational profession. It seems to me, however, that in order to be really effective in our preparation for the challenges of a rapidly changing world we may have to go one step further— or one fathom deeper—in our thinking about education. We may need to go beyond all the specifics of curriculum content and teaching methods to the spiritual and psy- chological needs of human beings. No man is just a thinking machine or a bundle of skills or a filing cabinet of ideas. What we need to remember is that in man's nature there is a spark that ignites his creative energies and makes him a useful, responsible and effective person. Perhaps there has been a tendency to take this too much for granted; perhaps we need a greater realization that it is the responsibility of education to develop this spark in as many young people as possible. In this connection, we should consider what effect the forces and pressures of this changing technological age are having on the human personality. In recent years we have been hearing from many writers and commentators that our society is sick with the disease of conformity. We are told that our young people are simply a herd of twist fans; that group-mindedness in business and government is creating a nation of organization men and destroying the initiative and vigor of American business (Continued on Page 57) • ADVANCED TURBINE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT—Allison, world leader in the design, development and production of turbo prop engines, is extending their capabilities to meet changing military needs. Current programs greatly advancing the state of the art include developments for V/STOL applications and programs to maximize fuel economy and range through air cooled turbines and high temperature regenerative cycles. And, in other fields, first and second stage rocket engine cases designed and produced by Allison for Minuteman have achieved a 100 per cent reliability record. Allison's steadily growing competence in the field is reflected in the forward strides made in titanium and glass filament-wound ICBM cases. Also, Allison has developed a highly efficient regenerative liquid metal cell that may point the way to a powerful, yet compact, electrical system for space-age applications. Atomic Energy Commission's announcement of negotiations with Allison as prime contractor for development of MCR (Military Compact Reactor) also creates long-range opportunities in the nuclear field. Perhaps there's a place for you in the creative environment at Allison. Talk to our representative when he visits your campus. Let him tell you first-hand Lwhat it's like at Allison where "Energy Conversion Is our Business." * An equal opportunity employer FACULTY REVUE "Our schools endeavor to turn out methods for the solution of transient sonic wake phenomena associated with versatile mechanical engineers, capable heat conduction equations, including re-entering ICBM vehicles, solar ener- of further development in many differ- surface convection effects; studies of gy collectors for space vehicles, heat ent fields," said Dr. Harold G. Elrod, subsonic and supersonic shear flow; conduction and radiation in ablating a newly a p p o i n t e d member of the drag in turbulent flow; theories of gas materials, boundary-layer theory and MSU Mechanical Engineering faculty. lubrication. supersonic compressors. "As a mechanical e n g i n e e r , " he said, "I have often had occasion to He was professor of Engineering As research engineer at the Babcock use basic mechanical engineering prill Science in the Mechanical Engineering and Wilcox Company, Alliance, Ohio, ciples to solve problems in new fields Department at Columbia University Dr. Elrod worked on the theory of such as space and nuclear science. Each from 1955 until he left to come to ejectors, electro-magnetic flow meters new field has, of course, certain special MSU in the fall of 1962. During the and flow distribution studies in boiler characteristics and theories of its own three years from 1952 to 1955 he was tube passages. He was technical super- but a large proportion of its problems Assistant Professor of Mechanical En- visor for an experimental liquid-metal can be solved by the systematic use gineering at the Case Institute of Tech- project under sub-contract with NEPA of established disciplines already in nology, Cleveland, Ohio, and from Division of Fairchild Engine and Air- our curriculum." 1942 to 1945 was an instructor in the plane Corporation. Department of Marine Engineering at Dr. Elrod received a Bachelor of the U. S. Naval Academy. As technical advisor with the Nu- Science degree in 1942 from MIT. He clear D e v e l o p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n , received an MA in Engineering Sci- Dr. Elrod has spent considerable White Plains, New York, Dr. Elrod ence in 1947 and a Ph.D. in Engineer- time in consulting activities with firms ing Science in 1949 from Harvard worked on problems associated with such as the Franklin Institute, Nuclear n u c l e a r - p o w e r e d aircraft and with University. Development Corporation, Avco Re- transpiration c o o l a n t s . He also con- He has taught graduate and under- search and Advanced D e v e l o p m e n t ducted safety studies for the nuclear graduate courses in fluid dynamics, Division, General Electric Company, heat transfer, and thermodynamics, reactor in Monroe, Michigan. "The American Machine and Foundry Cor- problems in a nuclear power plant," and has also directed doctoral pro- poration, Mechanical Technology Inc. grams in these areas. he said, "are complicated by the pre- and T h o m p s o n Products Inc. The cision required in its fabrication and Dr. Elrod's research has been on work covered such topics as liquid- the handling of fuel and waste prod- numerical and l u m p e d - p a r a m e t e r metal heat transfer, lubrication, super- ucts." Life sciences study effects of long range space travel The life sciences group at The Garrett Corporation is con- tory subjects over long periods of time, to definitively eval- cerned with the reaction of living organisms to their environ- uating the effects of re-entry acceleration on human beings. ment, and the development of environmental systems to Garrett also designs, develops and manufactures environ- support such organisms. mental control systems for this country's major manned Intensive investigation is now being conducted at Garrett spaceflight programs, including Project Mercury, Gemini in all major areas of the life sciences —microbiology, neuro- and Apollo. Pnysiology, psychology, biochemistry, biophysics and related For information about other interesting projects and the areas —to study the relationships of man to his environment many career opportunities with The Garrett Corporation, in extended space travel. These studies vary in scope from write to Mr. G. D. Bradley in Los Angeles. Garrett is an determining the effects of near vacuum conditions on labora- equal opportunity employer. ENGINEERimiVES Meet thirty young women who will Wilma Young, wife of Phillip, Ag. The club was founded to acquaint and president of the club, said. rector of the Honors College, on being The officers of the Engineer's Wives graduate from MSU during the next E., '65, treasurer; engineer's wives with their husband's a wife; a get-acquainted mixer yearly; are: three years with an unusual degree. field. In April, Mrs. Reynolds said, the Jo Ann McDowell, wife of Judson, wives are going to Liebermann's in a panel discussion by wives of area en- The d e g r e e ? A P.H.T.—Putting gineers on what to expect as the wife Mrs. Reynolds, president; E.E., '63, Engineering Council repre- "Purpose:" it is written in the club Lansing. Mrs. Don Price will show the Hubby Through—of course. of an engineer. sentative. constitution, "To acquaint the wives women how to add a little "Spice to Jo Stephens, wife of Conrad, E.E., These women are the Engineer's with the field of engineering and pre- Faculty advisors are Mrs. John D. Your Tables." Featured will be table But the biggest event is a gradua- '63, vice-president and program chair- Wives, members of a social club open pare them for the social and commu- settings, c e n t e r p i e c e s , and color Ryder, wife of the Dean of the Col- tion ceremony in the K i v a in the man; to all wives of engineering majors on nity obligations they will face. schemes for different occasions. lege of Engineering, and Mrs. James spring. Dean John D. Ryder hands Cutts, wife of the chairman of the de- campus. The club meets on the third "Lectures, movies, and discussions Nancy Presley, wife of Scott, M.E., Activities in the past included: a P.H.T. diplomas to the wives whose partment of civil and sanitary engi- Wednesday of every month. Meetings keynote our monthly meetings, ' Joyce '63, r e c o r d i n g and correspondence- are announced in the State News. tour of the Engineering building; in- "hubbies have been pushed about as neering. Reynolds, wife of Ronald, E.E., '63, structions from Stanley J. Idzerda, di- far as they kin go." secretary; GENIE IN A BOTTLE Gemini, America's second major bid in space will be orbited within the next two years. De- signed to carry two men and to fly higher and longer than previous shots, Gemini represents the connecting link between the Sub-orbital-Orbital craft and the true space vehicle In orbit for a period of days rather than hours, Gemini poses new problems in engineering design. A major dif- ficulty was that of supplying electrical power for the craft's many instruments and electronic sys- tems The requirements for long term power, light unit weight, and small size presented parameters which no conventual power sources were capable of meeting. In an effort to satisfy these re- requirements, design engineers have turned to a new source of power. constitutes a true "Genie in a Bottle." Ever heard of a genie in a bottle? carbon. The hydrogen molecules enter catalysts for such use are hard to find All you had to do was have the right the negative electrode and come into and there are many other types of fuel bottle and you could do all sorts of contact with a catalyst in the porous cells which are not feasible simply things . . . carbon. The hydrogen dissociates into because there are no catalysts available separate atoms which migrate along to stop this kind of "polarization." So Today we have a genie in a Gemini. much for the perhydroxyl, but what the porous openings to a reaction zone. Gemini, a two man spaceship soon to about all that water being produced There they are joined by OH- (hy- be launched into orbit, carries no bat- by the c o m b i n i n g of H atoms and droxyl) ions which have migrated teries, generators, or solar cells; instead OH- ions? That's "good old" H 2 O through the electrolyte from the posi- it has a bottle, two in fact, with a and if left in the system it will pro- tive e l e c t r o d e . The OH- ions unite Genie for good measure. duce "good old" diluted electrolyte. with the H atoms to form water. This The "Genie" is a fuel cell, the new- reaction is accompanied by a release of The water, therefore, must be removed est device to gain status in the family electrons which flow, due to the posi- from the system, usually by evapora- of power generating devices, and if tive attraction, t h r o u g h the external tion or condensation. However, the en- you have the right bottles, you can do load to the positive electrode, thus gineers at G.E., d e v e l o p e r s of the all sorts of things. producing usable power. Meanwhile Gemini fuel cell, tried a n o t h e r ap- oxygen, pumped into the positive elec- proach. They substituted a solid elec- What is a fuel cell ? Somewhat like trode has passed into the pores in the trolyte for the liquid one and the a battery, it is a device designed to carbon and combines with water from water produced simply drips out. They convert a fuel d i r e c t l y to electrical the electrolyte and the incoming elec- also came up with a use for it. You energy. However, unlike a battery, the trons from the negative electrode to see, H 2 O, among its other attributes fuel is continually r e p l a c e d . Such a produce "perhydroxyl" O2H and hy- is good for drinking and astronauts device has tremendous advantages over droxyl ions OH". These ions then pass get thirsty. other systems. It is small, light, highly efficient, and shows promise of being through the electrolyte to the negative The fuel cell holds great promise quite inexpensive. It can theoretically electrode, completing the cycle. for the future. As in the Gemini fuel approach 100 p e r c e n t efficiency Well, that's all rather smooth, but cell system, they are light, small, (in (there's a thought to put engineers in this case having no moving parts) and any engineer knows full well that orbit). Present day units already ap- potentially inexpensive. With the de- nothing ever works out that neatly. proach 85 percent efficiency. That is velopment of cheaper fuels and cata- The fuel cell is no exception. Remem- more than twice the efficiency of the ber all that perhydroxyl we were so lysts, the fuel cell may soon be finding closest, non-nuclear source. happily producing up above? It all its way into cars, homes, and bus- One of the basic systems of opera- comes home to roost. Right on the inesses. As our picture shows, fuel tion and also one of the most highly positive electrode, where it blocks the cells will soon have circled the globe. developed is the hydrogen-oxygen cell. OH- ions from leaving and stops the Want some electric power? Here's the T he cell consists of two hollow elec- reaction. That's not so good! This is, recipe: Take a bottle of hydrogen, a trodes immersed in an electrolyte of however, prevented by placing a cata- bottle of oxygen, mix in the proper potassium hydroxide. Hydrogen and container . . . You have a Genie in lyst in the electrode which tends to oxygen, the fuels, are pumped into the a Bottle. decompose the p e r h y d r o x y l . Proper electrodes which are made of porous 19 January, 1963 DIGITAL DICTION According to the chapter of Genesis Especially t r o u b l e s o m e in lexical tions. Since nationalistic s e n t i m e n t s application of digital computers to the present MT research is concerned only ously t r a n s l a t e what it reads into of the Old Testament, God confound- MT work are the problems of multi- and allegiances will undoubtedly per- tasks of information retrieval, abstract- with written l a n g u a g e input. Until punched paper tape code.3 ed the tongue of man to thwart his ple meaning, homographs, the rapid severe eternally, we cannot ever expect ing, indexing, and translation of lan- very recently researchers have been sat- When the problems of graphical defiant attempt to erect an earthly tow- evolution of scientific and technical the universal acceptance of an inter- guages. isfied with punched tape and card or transcription (of diagrams) and the er thai would extend to the Heavens. national language. Consequently, the vocabularies, discontinuous construc- Since that time, the multiplicity of electric typewriter input devices. How- actual i n c o r p o r a t i o n of the optical tions, slang and local speech, idioms, art of translation among languages This paper is intended to provide ever, modern computers are capable of tongues has served to isolate human scanners into the translation system and of course style and word choice. will continue to be the basis of inter- an introduction to one phase of this cultures and impede interaction among such high speeds of o p e r a t i o n that are solved, input speeds will be more Special computer sub-routines are be- cultural communications. new science; n a m e l y , the machine the civilizations of man. We would these slow input means are preventing compatible with the computer speeds ing developed to identify and code translation of languages, commonly re- probably be safe to assume that be- We ate assured that the supply of the realization of maximum efficiency available. On-line or off-line printers such constructions. Previous to the de- ferred to as MT. i.iuse of the rudimentary means of human translators is becoming increas- and speed in text translation. Conse- are utilized in the output stages. velopment of high capacity memories, transportation and communication in ingly inadequate as the avalanche of The historical origins of this new quently, much work has been devoted many schemes were devised to select The lexical problems of MT were biblical times, the myth of a single published material continues to grow. field date back to a 1946 discussion to automatic character recognition de- the most essential words for storage in the first attacked and continue to be universal language prior to Babel was This is especially true in the field of between British computer specialist A. vices. The automatic check sorting and limited entry dictionaries. quite c h a l l e n g i n g . However, recent generally accepted as true. scientific translations (particularly of D. Booth and W a r r e n W e a v e r in tabulating m a c h i n e s used widely by banks today are products of this re- strides in computer memory capacities These investigations yielded results Russian texts at the p r e s e n t t i m e ) which the former suggested that the Only as civilization spread and vary- search. have largely solved the storage and ac- that are still helpful in classifying the where lengthy delays and the low vol- newly-developed electronic computers ing cultures met did the reality of the cess time problems. Thus, earlier con- vocabulary for maximum speed in ume of translations poses a very real might be utilized in automatic lan- diversity of the modes of verbal ex- threat to our national security. The The two general methods employed cern with the total number of words word look-up and in selecting words guage translation systems. Subsequent pression become apparent. Owing to rapidly expanding research facilities of in automatic character recognition de- that could be stored has yielded to for storage in expanded dictionaries. limited experiments on simple word- the highly developed transportation the government, universities, and in- vices are the comparison of a character considerations of the best means of for-word translations i n d i c a t e d that Words are coded electronically on and communication systems of today, dustry are producing more information with several standard patterns or the classifying and cross-indexing the such a system might be feasible. magnetic tape, ferrite cores, magnetic we have become aware of the exist- than can be adequately collected, or- identification of the number and the words of the two languages to allow ence of 2,976 languages, grouped in- It has only been within the last five drums and discs; as holes in cards and ganized, indexed, and dispersed to re- geometrical position of intersections of rapid access. to about a thousand language families, years that research activity in this field tape; as dark and light spots on film; search personnel. the elements of the character. Methods Proposed methods have been based and so forth. The grammatical role of used by contemporary men.1 has been very extensive. However, to- upon alphabetical, conceptual, numeri- for normalizing input characters to ac- the input word in the sentence is de- The efficiency and rate of progress day machine translation is one of the cal, logical, and other aspects of the As the world continues to shrink count for variations in position, den- termined by certain computer sub-rou- of our scientific investigation is highly fastest growing phases of the com- word. Division of the vocabulary into smaller and smaller, the need for puter revolution. sity, scale, o r i e n t a t i o n , and viewing tines, and numerical codes represent- dependent upon improved methods of special dictionaries covering certain greater inter-cultural sensitivity and perspective have been investigated.2 ing the part of speech, position in the information supply. Consequently, in Although fantastic schemes have subject matter fields (microglossaries) understanding becomes more urgent. Especially promising are the new op- sentence, etc. are affixed to the ma- only the last few years there has have been investigated. It was found International harmony depends upon been proposed for the automatic trans- tical scanners such as the Farrington chine code r e p r e s e n t i n g the input emerged a young, vigorous, and ter- that six thousand words are sufficient the elimination of misconceptions and scription of speech s o u n d s into a Optical Scanner, which reportedly can word. Through a transformation proc- ribly crucial new inter-disciplinary for understanding ninety-five per cent misinterpretations regarding other na- g r a p h i c record (as the "phoneto- scan whole pages at a rate of 24C (Continued on Page 22) branch of science concerned with the of English mathematical texts.4 20 graph" of Dreyfus Graf of Geneva), characters per second and instantane 21 One different approach to solving endings of the languages under in- Digital Diction polysemantic problems is the thesaurus vestigation and the interrelations be- (Continued from Page 21) method being pursued by the Cam- tween these endings are being under- bridge Language Research group. They taken to aid in the coding and cate- ess (binary subtractions and various have modified and coded Rogert's the- gorization of forms. sub-routines) the machine then finds saurus in such a way that the search- the target language equivalent of the In highly inflected languages (as ing machine locates the language B input word and codes this in its mem- Russian), m o r p h o l o g y provides the equivalent for a polysemantic lan- ory along with the grammatical codes. answer to the majority of grammatical guage A word by finding that word in language B which is common to all problems; whereas in poorly inflected In early research, when an input languages (as English) the grammati- word would have several output equiv- the thesaurus headings under which all the words in the immediate context cal features reside largely in the syn- alents (polysemy), all these alternative tax. Thus, Yngve's work on the gen- choices were printed out; but the trend of this input word can be found. eration of logical and grammatically at present is to refine this output by A similar approach has been sug- correct English sentences by computer usage of "semantic keys" (which in- gested by Ross Quillian of MIT. He techniques may perhaps provide the struct the machine to print out only proposes that a multi-dimensional sys- solution of the synthesis stage of a the word common to the subject field at hand) and by other means. Once tem employing a certain number of language X to English translation ma- all this information concerning the in- scales on which specific values could chine capable of p r o d u c i n g highly put word in language A is coded, the be assigned might be adequate for readable output. 8 machine takes this code and consults specifying completely the semantic content of any word. Once all words A comprehensive inventory of struc- the- language B section of the diction- tures in languages is essential to the ary to locate the equivalent word had been carefully codified by assign- ing the proper values to the various resolution of the syntactic problem. which it prints out. Somehow, the machine must automat- dimensions, these groups of numerical Finally, it should be mentioned that values (representing the semantic con- ically identify each structure of the the general procedure followed in de- tent of various words) could be util- source language, reduce it to a code- ciding what words to put into the dic- ized in a machine t r a n s l a t i o n algo- able formula, convert this to a target tionary storage is simply to collect all rithm.1' The semantic problem will language formula, and then generate the words from a number of articles probably never be completely solved, the structures of the output language in the particular field and then enter but much progress is being made along accordingly. those words of a certain frequency of this line. Delavenay describes a twenty-seven occurrence. An o p e r a t i o n a l Russian- Before highly readable translations step sub-routine used in Panov's pro- English scientific dictionary of 170,000 by machine can be realized, more gram to analyze the case of the Eng- words has been developed by Reifler progress in the field of transforma- lish noun or pronoun. 0 A bi-lingual in this manner.11 tional grammars must be made. In- "dictionary" of s t r u c t u r a l formulae We should add that the semantic sertions, deletions, full or partial sub- and the machine sub-routines necessary problem is far from solved. Determi- stitutions, and r e a r r a n g e m e n t s of for identifying and using these for- nation of the signals that can be de- words are structural transformations mulae in analyzing the input language tected in the input sentence and which that must be accounted for in the ma- and synthesizing the output language indicate a certain word meaning must chine program. The demands upon the would be a valuable tool for the MT be further investigated and coded. machine are far less in the realm of researcher. Ever present will be the fact that the morphology and syntax than in that of human t r a n s l a t o r can often resolve Much discussion has concerned the lexicography. However, Yngve found polysemantic problems by drawing up- topic of bi-lingual versus multi-lingual that his early word-for-word transla- on his background and knowledge of tions in which the original German translation systems. In the bi-lingual the subject matter, but it is doubtful morphology and syntax were preserved system it is necessary to determine only that computers will ever be able to be and only the stems translated was of the similarities and differences between supplied with a general cultural back- little use to one unfamiliar with Ger- two languages and to establish trans- ground as well as a thorough scientific man grammar. He maintains that re- formational grammars applicable only education. Thus, the machine will nev- finements of word-for-word translation to those two languages. The greater er be able to precisely d e t e r m i n e methods can solve about 80% of the structural similarity, the less complex whether the French " c h a m p i g n o n " translation problems but that the re- would be the bi-lingual t r a n s l a t i o n should be translated as a "fungus," maining twenty per cent makes the p r o g r a m . R e s e a r c h e r s in the U.S. "mushroom," or "toadstool" in Eng- difference between an acceptable and adopted this view until only recently. lish. But we should note that the ma- an unacceptable product.7 chine will be as clever as the non- The other alternative would be the specialist human t r a n s l a t o r in most translation through some natural or Researchers thus began development scientific translations, and we can not artificial interlanguage. This approach of p r o g r a m s capable of stripping expect super-human performance by a would involve a specific analysis pro- down the word endings of the input machine. Greater use of the methods gram from each language into the in- word and s y n t h e s i z i n g the correct of comparative and statistical semantics terlanguage and then only one synthe- will perhaps clarify some of the trans- endings for affixation to the output sis p r o g r a m from the interlanguage lation mysteries s u r r o u n d i n g idioms words. Stems and endings are stored into the desired output language. This and polysemantic words. in separate memories. Descriptions of interlanguage would have to be able the number and types of Sectional (Continued on Page 44) 22 Spartan Engineer THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES SALUTE: HAL D'ORAZIO Hal D'Orazio (B.S.I.E., 1961) was given important engi- Hal's initial success has earned him other difficult as- neering responsibilities the moment he reported to Illinois signments involved with transmission systems. More op- Bell. Hal, as Assistant Engineer, studied conditions af- portunities for Hal to show what he can do! fecting a vital submarine transmission cable crossing in Hal D'Orazio and other young engineers like him in Chicago. His recommendations were well received by his Bell Telephone Companies throughout the country help management, particularly since they contained some unique bring the finest communications service in the world to the cost-saving ideas on tunneling methods. homes and businesses of a growing America. Ever voice from the M E RC U R Y y Mercury capsules has been transmitted to earth by Collins equipment. In fact, every phase of the Mercury voyages — from launch and orbit to re-entry and recovery — required communications supplied by Collins. • Mercury opened the door to space communications. Just ahead are Projects Gemini and Apollo. And the E.E., M.E., Mathematician, or Physicist who can qualify for Collins' space communications team is set for an adventuresome career. Interested? Get complete details from your Placement Office. Or write the Collins engineering center nearest you. 24 ITT: AN AMERICAN CORPORATION WITH AN INTERNATIONAL VIEWPOINT A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO sources stand solidly behind each op- system for SAC n tropo scatter com- U.S. DEFENSE eration, at home and abroad. munication systems spanning nations The largest American-owned inter- in Europe and Asia n 6,000 miles of ITT IN RESEARCH & advanced radar and communications national enterprise engaged in all as- DEVELOPMENT ENGINEERING pects of electronic and telecommunica- equipment on DEWLINE. Basic and applied investigations re- tion systems, International Telephone late to both military and commercial UNIQUE INTERNATIONAL and Telegraph Corporation operates programs. Extensive R & D facilities RESOURCES FOR both domestic and foreign divisions are provided. To cite one example, PROFESSIONAL ENRICHMENT and subsidiaries. Among its nine prin- ITT's own "Space Communications ITT foreign affiliates and subsidiaries cipal U.S. engineering/scientific organ- Research Station," erected in Nutley, operate public telephone systems in izations, four are engaged in advanced N. J., was selected by NASA as one 19 countries. In addition, more than work for the Armed Forces and NASA. of the ground terminals for the Proj- 12 overseas laboratories have made Programs include: ect Relay experimental satellite com- many significant advances in commu- large scale computer-based command/ munication system. nications technology. Technical control systems CD global communica- papers and progress reports steadily tions systems (line of sight, tropo A PIONEER IN SYSTEMS circulate among R & D people both at scatter, lunar bounce, digital, telecom- ENGINEERING home and abroad, and leading ITT munications) D ICBM base communi- ITT's long experience in the operation scientists and engineers participate in cations and control systems D satel- of world-wide communication systems international seminars conducted an- lite control & communication systems has made it a logical choice for both nually by the company. D engineering support for large scale systems development and systems management contracts awarded by the OPPORTUNITIES EXIST FOR warning systems D antisubmarine RECENT GRADUATES AT THE warfare systems • electronic counter- Armed Forces. Examples are: Systems development, design and BS, MS and PhD LEVELS measures • tactical military air navi- WITH 9 U. S. MEMBERS OF THE gation systems • ground support &. management of the vast SAC global command/control system 465-1 D ITT CORPORATE FAMILY environmental test systems • infrared ITT Components Division, Clifton, detection & guidance systems • Coordination and management of the 10 year program to expand and mod- N. J. • ITT Communication Systems atomic clocks Q systems manage- Inc., Paramus, N. J. • ITT Federal ment: world-wide, local. ernize AIR COM, global communica- tions system of the U. S. Air Force. Electric Corporation, Paramus, N. J. DEEP IN DIVERSIFIED U.S. GLOBAL PRACTITIONER OF • ITT Federal Laboratories, Nutley, COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES N. J. • ITT Federal Laboratories, Ft. Prominent among ITT's domestic FIELD ENGINEERING Wayne, Ind. • ITT Industrial Labora- commercial products is a new, high- In the Arctic, in the Tropics, on land, tories Division, Ft. Wayne, Ind. D ITT speed digital communication system afloat, or undersea, ITT skills in on- Information Systems Division, Para- for large industrial firms. ITT in the site engineering for every kind of mus, N. J. • ITT International Elec- U. S. also develops and manufactures communication or large scale elec- tric Corporation, Paramus, N. J. • a vast variety of radio equipments and tronic system have been thoroughly ITT Kellogg Communications Systems systems, automatic programmers, tele- tested. It is equipped to provide com- Division, Chicago, 111. printers, telephone equipment, infra- plete engineering support anywhere For detailed information about spe- red image converters, image storage in the free world. This includes in- cific positions in your special field of and intensifier tubes, high resolution stallation, operation, maintenance, i n t e r e s t , make an a p p o i n t m e n t scanners, twt's, coaxial cables and evaluation and continuous modern- through your College Placement Di- other products. ization, as assignments may require. rector for an On-Campus Interview or Today, no less than 53 plants and fa- ITT's responsibilities in field and ap- write directly to: Mr. W. A. Moor- cilities are operated by 16 ITT divi- plications engineering include: head, Mgr., Recruitment and Place- sions or subsidiaries in the United operation, maintenance and testing of ment, North America, International S t a t e s . T h e i r combined income Pacific Missile Range facilities for the Telephone and Telegraph Corpora- amounts to roughly 40% of the total U. S. Navy D engineering support, in- tion, 320 Park Avenue, New York 22, figure for the world-wide operations stallation and maintenance for a N. Y. An Equal Opportunity Employer of the parent corporation, whose re- global digital command and control Make an appointment to talk with our interviewer when he visits your campus, or for additional information write: M R . C. D. LONGSHORE, Supervisor —Salaried Employment: Let's face it. Production is the very heart of a nical Services Engineer, Production Supervisor billion-dollar producer like Monsanto. Here's . . . to name a few. Try one on for size now . . . where the young engineer meets technical chal- then see your Placement Director to arrange an interview when we visit your campus soon. lenges second to none. Here's where he can Or write for our new brochure, "You, Your display his talents daily . . . helping increase Career and Monsanto," to Professional Em- yields, improve processes, raise efficiency, lower ployment Manager, Department costs, boost profits. Here s where EM-6, Monsanto Chemical Com- Monsanto's on-the-job training pany, St. Louis 66, Missouri. can help him move ahead faster... personally and professionally. All qualified applicants will re- ceive consideration without regard Monsanto production men are to race, creed, color or national known by many titles—Mainte- origin. nance Staff Engineer, Plant Tech- This coined word applies to the emission of electrons which occurs at the time of metal abrasion or fracture. Refined measurement techniques in regard to this factor may lead to the detection of microscopic cracking long before failure .. .allowing for part replacement before the onset of fracture in service. Triboelectroemanescence is only one of the many phenomena involving metal behavior now under study at Douglas. Because structural reliability is a critical consider- ation in the design of transonic, supersonic and hypersonic aerospace vehicles, Douglas laboratories are engaged in a comprehensive research pro- g r a m r d a t i n g t 0 m e t a l endur- CREATIVE ENGINEERS ance. This includes corrosion causes and effects, environmental studies, and the effects of steady state loads and intermittent strains under cryogenic through pyrogenic temperatures in causing metal cracking. The above is only one of hundreds of interesting assignment areas at Douglas. If you are seeking a stimulating career with an organization in the thick of the most vital programs of today and tomorrow, we invite you to contact us. Please write to Mr. S. A. Amestoy, Douglas Aircraft Company, 3000 Ocean Park DOUGLAS Boulevard, Santa Monica, California, Box 600-X. Douglas Aircraft is an equal opportunity employer. A Career In Engineering Education by Leighton Collins Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, University of Illinois The shortage of well qualified, ca- reer engineering teachers is a crucial aspect of the over-all engineering and scientific m a n p o w e r problem in the United States. This is a statement made by the Committee on Develop- ment of Engineering Faculties of the American Society for Engineering Ed- The ASEE study already referred to ucation (ASEE) in its report "Engi- indicated that in 1956-57 there were neering Enrollment and Faculty Re- about 9,078 engineering teachers in quirements, 1957-67," and published the United States and that the faculty in 1958. Events since then indicate levels estimated to be necessary by that this critical situation is still the 1966-67 would require new appoint- number one problem in engineering ments to engineering faculties, includ- ing replacements, increasing the total You r i g h t f u l l y can ask why the education. It is true that in the fall of faculty in public supported institutions number of Ph.D.s is used as the yard- 1961 enrollment in the colleges of en- by 125 per cent and in private institu- stick to measure the need for engineer- gineering having one or more curricula tions by 79 per cent. These data indi- ing teachers. The reason is that ever accredited by the Engineers' Council cate that the shortage of engineering since the close of World War II en- for Professional D e v e l o p m e n t de- teachers has been measured and that gineering curricula have been placing creased for the fourth successive year. a deficiency will continue to be a na- greater emphasis on the basic sciences Likewise, the number of B.S. degrees tional problem for years to come. In •—mathematics, physics, and chemistry awarded by these schools decreased for round numbers, the study indicates —and on the engineering sciences— the second consecutive year. Percent- that at least one thousand additional mechanics of s o l i d s , mechanics of age wise, the decreases are 14 and 5.8, engineering teachers will be required fluids, transfer and rate processes, ther- respectively. But even more alarming each year! modynamics, electrical sciences, and is the fact that the percentage of de- nature and properties of materials. The gree-credit enrollment constituting en- Where are all these new engineer- changes are still so rapid that some gineering has decreased from 8.4 in ing teachers to come from? At present say a revolution is going on. In any 1957 to 6.1 in 1961. The 6.1% is the best source is the graduate student case, though, to teach the more so- significantly b e l o w the thirteen-year in engineering, increasingly the Ph.D. phisticated course c o n t e n t of the average of 7.4%. But when one studies that supply he 1960s requires a faculty which has finds that for the years 1953 through studied sophisticated material. For the These figures may seem to indicate 1957 the number of Ph.D.s granted in that the need for engineering teachers young man this means having earned engineering remained at a plateau of a doctorate degree. Saying this does should diminish, but that is not the about 600. By 1961 the number had case. The figures have been cited to not depreciate the value of industrial increased to 942, a truly remarkable experience to the college teacher, it indicate that the potential supply of growth, but still a total wholly inade- teachers is diminishing in the face of merely establishes the direction of the quate to meet the needs. first step in preparing for a teaching ever increasing long-term needs. Since 1870 there has been a five-fold in- The competition for engineers with career. crease in our labor force whereas the doctorate degrees is keen, and grow- The high salaries offered by indus- number of engineering and scientific ing keener all the time. Industry, the try at the time of receiving the B.S. workers increased more than eighty- federal g o v e r n m e n t , and the armed degree make it difficult for the engi- five times.1 There is no reason to ex- services all compete with the colleges neering student to decide to take grad- pect that this trend will not continue, of engineering for their services. As uate work; and even after he has ad- a nd consequently the demand for en- a result, only about 35 per cent of vanced degrees the competition of the gineers, scientists, and technicians will those receiving the doctorate go into dollar is great. Teachers' salaries no- continue to remain greater than for teaching. This means about 330— other types of workers. when 1,000 are needed! (Continued on Page 52) 29 January, 1963 YOUR EYES CAN BE ON THE STARS BUT YOUR FEET MUST BE ON THE GROUND The glamour and excitement of space age programs often obscure a fundamental fact. It is simply that farsightedness must be coupled with sound, practical, down-to-earth enginecr.ng if goals are to be attained. This is the philosophy upon which Pratt & Whitney Aircraft's position as a world leader in flight propulsion systems has been built. Almost four decades of solid eng.neering achievement at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft can be credited to management's convict.on that basic and applied research is essential to healthy progress. In addition to concentrated research and development efforts on advanced gas turb.ne and rocket engines, new and exciting effects are being explored in every field of aerospace, marine and industrial power application. The challenge of the future is indicated by current programs. Presently Pratt & Whitney Aircraft is exploring the areas of technical knowledge in magnetohydrodynamics . . . thermionic and thermo- electric conversions . . . hypersonic propulsion . . .fuel cells and nuclear power. If you have interests in common with us, if you look to the future but desire to take a down-to-earth approach to get there, investigate career opportunities at Pratt & Wh.tney A.rcralt. If space is your future, your career is with Hughes The sky is not your limit You're looking at an historic first — a 238,857 mile lunar bull's-eye scored by a team of scientists from Raytheon and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, using a powerful new Raytheon-developed laser light beam. This success typifies the far-ranging variety of advanced projects challenging young engineers and scientists at Raytheon today. For EE's, math and physics majors — in all the varied fields of engineering and science — Raytheon offers unlimited opportunity for growth and continuous advancement. Personal career development is encouraged by a wide variety of educational assistance . . . seminars, special courses to meet individual needs and work-study programs leading to advanced degrees from renowned universities are all available. You may well qualify for one of the exciting, career- building projects underway at Raytheon. Originality, imagina- tion and high technical competence are your tools —the rewards are prompt and appropriate for success. For detailed information, arrange an on-campus inter- view through your placement director or write G. W. Lewis, Manager of College Relations, Raytheon Company, Executive Offices, Lexington 73, Mass. An Equal Opportunty Employer. Results: Up to 30,000 miles between filter changes in Ford-built cars for '63! The 1963 Ford-built cars you see on the road these days can eat dust and keep coming back for more, thanks to improved carburetor air filters. In our continuing quest to build total quality and service- saving features into Ford-built cars, our engineering research staff explored the entire field of physical chemistry for new air-purifying properties in materials. The result: a filtering material made of chemically treated wood pulp and paper that permits Ford-built cars under normal operation to go from 24,000 to 30,000 miles before carburetor air filter replacement is required. The new, tougher filter paper is accordion folded to increase • surface area four-fold, permitting higher filtration in a smaller package. The more matter it accumulates, the better it filters right up to its full rated service life. It saves owners time and money. It keeps Ford-built engines livelier longer. Another assignment completed—and another example of how Ford Motor Company provides engineering leadership for the American Road. Feeding fire...with water Sounds impossible . . . yet one of today's most useful flames thrives on water. When water comes m contact with a gray, rock-like substance called calcium carbide, acetylene gas is born-fuel for the white-hot oxy-acetylene flame that can slice through steel and other metals. • Just as it burns so readily, acetylene combines freely with many chemicals. That's why it has become the raw material for a variety of things you use every day. Among its descendants are the versatile vinyl plastics . . . long-wearing, wrinkle-resistant DYNEL modacrylic fibers . . . non-flammable dry-cleanmg solvents • • • and a host of chemicals that bring you synthetic rubber, wonder drugs, and those paints that dry in minutes to a beautiful, washable finish. • To meet the fast-growing needs of industry, the People of Union Carbide produce thousands of tons of calcium carbide and billions of cubic feet of acetylene every year. It is typical of the hundreds of beneficial products that have come forth dur- ing more than half a century of research into the basic elements of nature. AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF DEPOSITED CARBON RESISTORS Western Electric Company's new CONTROL EQUIPMENT Time sharing of the input equip- automated production line at the ment and of portions of the output North Carolina Works is the first of The heart of the control equipment is a digital computer with a 4096 equipment helps to conserve apparatus its kind—a completely computer con- in the computer system. The computer trolled process for making deposited word magnetic drum memory. The en- gineers redesigned it extensively, ad- output is stored in transistorized regis- carbon resistors. As far as we know, ters—such setups at wattage size, gas it's the first completely automated ding the input and output circuits re- quired for it to control the program- flow and core speed requiring binary process to manufacture any discrete registers for each machine. Those ma- electronic component. ming, setup and feedback control of individual machines. Basically, the chines requiring decimal setup—the The line consists of eleven stations computer performs in three areas: helixing m a c h i n e , the marking ma- —all tied into control by a general chine and the two inspection storage 1. It programs production control. bridges—share a single binary coded purpose computer. Feedback of proc- A month's requirements can be fed in- decimal register. ess data from three key points along to it at random. It completely sched- the line permits rapid closed-loop op- The input unit is an analog-to-digit- ules and programs the work . . . ar- eration. The process begins with the al c o n v e r t o r . A l t h o u g h it is time ranging it according to the four re- deposition of carbon on a tiny ceramic shared between the individual input sistor power sizes and an almost in- core. Then the cores goes successively finite number of possible resistance stations, the 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 bit-per-second through inspection, termination, cap- values. speed at which it sweeps data into the ping, spiralling to value second in- 2. Using the methods of statistical computer precludes any delay in the spection, molding of a protective case, marking, leak inspection, final inspec- quality control, it analyzes control data computer operation. tion and packing—with the resistor plotted at three critical points in the COATING untouched enroute by human hands. automated process and applies statisti- cal tests to determine if a trend is de- The large batch c o a t i n g method Western Electric decided to develop veloping. commonly used in industry proved un- the automated line when an early sur- suitable for the automated deposition 3. It formulates the information to of carbon film. E f f e c t i v e feedback vey indicated a considerable increase detect any drift away from the ac- in total resistor usage, with a definite control required a continuous unit-by- cepted manufacturing tolerances. No unit, feed-through process. trend toward the deposited carbon control action takes place while this type, and a severe need for greater re- analysis indicates normal statistical dis- The tiny ceramic core is the nucleus liability in resistors—particularly for tribution around a desired nominal. of the resistor. It begins its long odys- military usage. But when a trend away from this con- sey through the line at the coating dition develops, the c o m p u t e r uses machine where a control device regu- How Western's development engi- stored data to calculate new setup in- lates its speed through the three sep- neers met this challenge is best under- formation for the appropriate station. arate chambers of a horizontal furnace. stood by following a resistor through A horizontal, three-roller support sys- the line step by step. First, however, In a d d i t i o n to feedback control tem rotates it enroute to assure uni- it is necessary to know something functions, the computer provides in- formity of coating. It is safe from oxy- itial setup of wattage size at eight ma- gen contamination, too. Inert nitrogen about the real brains of the line—the chines and resistance value at six ma- computer control equipment. gas, continually flushed through the chines. (Continued on Page 54) 36 CHALLENGE IN CALIFORNIA IN ALL PHASES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING California's far-flung state engineering projects are no boom-time enterprises. They are sustained, long-range operations planned to keep pace with the con- tinued qrowth of the state. They offer employment stability, good salaries, job rotation and professional advancement. May we send you details and campus interview schedule of our representatives? When writing, please tell us your field of interest State Personnel Board, 801 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, California. MISS ENGINEER NASA...your place in space NASA programs encourage swift professional growth for the engineer or scientist launching his career You can accelerate your career swiftly as a profetfional staff member of the Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion. Stimulating assignments, unequaled resources, liberal programs of educational assistance, early responsibility—all help hasten the professional growth of the engineer or scientist who chooses NASA for his initial career position. Each NASA research center offers its own comprehensive plan to help advance your knowledge and speed the time when you can contribute at the peak of your capacity. The plans differ from center to center, but this summary is generally valid throughout the NASA complex: NASA Installations in fellowship programs of the Guggen- Program is somewhat different. As an Maintain University Ties heim and Sloan Foundations and the Intern, you study and work closely with a Brookings Institution. Right now, as a senior NASA scientist or engineer, a NASA centers have established close result of this participation, NASA staff leader in his—and your—field. This is an relationships with nearby universities. As members are attending Cal Tech, M.I.T., informal and exceedingly productive a professional staff member, you may Harvard, and other leading schools, re- arrangement, which usually lasts for six pursue graduate study either in the even- ceiving full salary, expenses, and per diem. months. The Intern Program is designed ing at NASA's expense or during regular NASA helps you keep abreast of the to bring you very rapidly to the forefront working hours on full salary. And, if latest developments in your field by per- in a special technical area. necessary to fulfill university requirements mitting frequent attendance at major for a graduate degree, you may become a technical conferences in this country and resident student, also on full salary. abroad. Get All the Facts About a NASA Career Unique Intern Programs Learn more about your future with Increase Technical Competence NASA. Contact your College Placement Officer to arrange an interview with NASA The NASA centers offer exhaustive in- representatives visiting your school. Or house educational opportunities as well, send a letter outlining your interests and including the unique Intern Programs. background to the Personnel Officer at any The regular in-house activities include one of the following NASA locations: lectures, seminars, films, and expense-paid NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, trips to other organizations. The Intern Greenbelt, Md.; NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.; NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio; NASA NASA encourages advanced study in Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, astronautics, physics, electronics, chemis- Ala.; NASA Ames Research Center, try, metallurgy, mathematics, astronomy, Mountain View, Calif.; NASA Flight and geophysics, as well as aeronautical, Research Center, Edwards, Calif-; NASA mechanical, electronic, electrical, nuclear, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, ceramic, and civil engineering, engineering Texas; NASA Launch Operations Center, mechanics, and engineering physics. Cocoa Beach, Fla. NASA is an equal op- Guggenheim, Sloan, Brooklngs portunity employer. Fellowships Available Positions are filled in accordance with Aero- Additional avenues of opportunity will space Technology be open to you because NASA participates Announcement 252-B. BAYMAC-one of our many new products that could launch a thousand careers New careers are important by-products of Du Pont research. If you'd like to receive information about employment op- Developing BAYMAL* is a case in point. portunities at Du Pont, and to know more about BAYMAL and other new Du Pont products featured in our "Opportunities" BAYMAL is a white, free-flowing powder. It's intentionally series, use our coupon. Mail it today. synthesized into submicron-sized fibrillar particles about 5 *DuPont's registered trademark for its colloidal alumina millimicrons in diameter and about 200 millimicrons in length. These small particles display a number of properties com- pletely different from other types of alumina now available. Dispersibility to form stable sols with unique thixotropy, viscosity and film forming characteristics is one of its notable Properties. Our photos illustrate another. Shake a BAYMAL- and-water solution and it will pour. Let it sit awhile and it will gel-won't pour unless you agitate it again. We see dozens of potential uses for BAYMAL. But it's up to our development men to bring this new product to com- mercial maturity, and here is where careers are born. You see, from the day we examine a sample of the chemical to the day a full-scale plant starts turning out the finished Product, years may elapse-years of patient work by chemical engineers developing processes and assembling basic data for process design, by mechanical engineers who must create n ew equipment to make the product, by electrical engineers whose job it is to develop control systems to meet the needs of the process. And BAYMAL is just one of literally hundreds of new prod- ucts under development at Du Pont. Each one gives promise of new and rewarding careers for technical men-perhaps like yourself-preparing to enter industry. MSU NEWS NOTES ENGINEERING NUCLEAR REACTOR There's another point to the film. ENROLLMENT UP AT LAGUNA OKAYED The demonstrations are among the Engineering enrollment increased 15 Plans for a nuclear reactor at La- few in modern physics which can be per cent oxer last year, Dean John D. guna Beach, Mich., meet safety re- seen directly: most others yield only Ryder reported. quirements, two prominent physicists readings on dials or scopes. They are announced recently. being put on film because the equip- Ryder indicated that Michigan State ment and techniques used with liquid has bucked the national trend which Harvey Brooks, deputy chairman of helium are not adaptable to the class- has seen reduced enrollments of engi- the President's Science Advisory Com- room. neering students at a rate of seven per mittee joined Hans A. Bethe, a Cor- cent. nell physicist who helped develop the The physicists, Prof. Alfred Leitner world's first atomic bomb, in giving and his assistant, Richard F. Au, are He attributed the rise in MSU's en- the endorsement. working under a grant from the Na- rollment to a high school selling pro- tional Science Foundation. The movie gram. They testified before a safety and is being filmed and distributed by the "We've been able to get over to the licensing board of the Atomic Energy MSU Audiovisual Center. high school students the idea that Commission in behalf of the Power Reactor D e v e l o p m e n t Co. which In one of the demonstrations, the MSU has changed its emphasis from sought to operate the Fermi reactor at "super leak," liquid helium suddenly applied to theoretical engineering. And we've laid stress on the fact that Laguna Beach at a trial power of one flows through the bottom of a cup as MSU's engineering curriculum leans megawatt. if the cup has turned into a sieve. to mathematics and fits into the rocket, If all goes well with the test, the The "catch" is that liquid helium missile and space fields." has two phases, Helium I and Helium company is expected to seek authority II. Other factors which contributed to for operations at 200 megawatts. increased enrollments here, according When helium, normally a gas, is to Ryder, include: PHYSICISTS FILM cooled below minus 452 degrees Fahr- enheit, it changes to liquid Helium I. 1. MSU's winning mathematics "NOTHING" Cooled another four degrees, it be- team which beat out such high pow- Michigan State University physicists comes Helium II and acquires a whole ered schools as MIT and Cal Tech last have conquered the problem of filming new set of characteristics that earn it year in the Putman competition. the name "superfluid." Most of this a substance that has no heat, no fric- 2. The MSU honors college which tion, no color and doesn't even exist Helium II has no heat or friction. allows students who have achieved top above minus 452 degrees Fahrenheit. In the "super leak" demonstration, grade averages to proceed in their Liquid helium, the coldest known Helium I is placed in a beaker with chosen field at their own rate of prog- liquid, has properties so remarkably an u n g l a z e d ceramic bottom. The ress. Helium I is cooled until it becomes su- different from anything else that the 3. The emphasis on a broad engi- perfluid. The superfluid flows through physicists made a movie to demon- neering background rather than a spe- the bottom of the beaker by way of strate them to science classes across cialized one. m i c r o s c o p i c p o r e s , each less than the country. 1/25,000 inch in diameter. 42 Spartan Engineer In another demonstration, the super- "The theory is crude and it may be On the other hand, some computers, fluid is put into a test tube. A thin wrong," Dr. Augenstein comments, which operate on a binary process, (only a few m o l e c u l e s thick) film "but I think it offers a reasonable basis handle- up to a million bits per second. creeps slowly up the inside of the for conducting experiments that will tube, flows down the outside and drips lead to more exact knowledge." Since his work with the I l l i n o i s off a point at the bottom of the tube. group, Dr. Augenstein has been doing A better understanding of the mo- research on the shapes of biological Because liquid helium is colorless, the lecular basis for the thought processes, flow is invisible; but the dripping can molecules. Now he hopes to combine he believes, could revolutionize edu- his knowledge oi rnolecular structure be seen. cation and the treatment of mental ill- with what he knows about perception The MSU film also shows the uni- ness. and thinking. que heat properties of liquid Helium It might even make it possible to II. Dr. Rosenberg has been primarily bypass the senses and place knowledge interested in investigating a new phys- As liquid helium changes phases, directly in the brain, he contends. ical theory of how the receptors in the its ability to conduct heat multiplies Another staff member is working in eye convert light into nerve signals. by the fantastic factor of one million. a related area. Dr. Barnett Rosenberg, In accounting for the observations The superfluid conducts heat in waves, associate professor of biophysics is cur- they have made to date, MSU scien- a unique property called second sound. rently involved in research on the tists theorize that: physical basis of vision. As it demonstrates the s u p e r f l u i d Together, Dr. Augenstein and Dr. The eye relays information to the properties of liquid Helium II, the Rosenberg have received grants for brain in burst. Each burst lasts about film also demonstrates principles of 33 milliseconds (33/l,000ths of a sec- thermodynamics. their research from the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Insti- ond), relaying a large amount of in- Dr. Leitner, who joined the MSU formation about the outside environ- tutes of Health adding up to about staff in 1951, is a specialist in major ment to the brain. Between successive $250,000 per year. introductory l e c t u r e courses and in bursts there is an interval of about "Dr. Rosenberg," explains Dr. Aug- 250 milliseconds. During this interval, demonstrations in physics. He has pub- enstein, "is interested in the physical the information is stored where it is lished numerous articles, both in Eng- mechanisms u n d e r l y i n g the vision temporarily available for processing by lish and in German, on the mathemat- process, and I am interested in what the brain's molecular "computer." ical aspects of physical problems. happens to the information after it — MSU is received." This accounts for an individual's ability to recall many t h i n g s about Several years ago, Dr. Augenstein something he views for only a small BRAIN AND was a member of a group at the Uni- fraction of a second. versity of Illinois doing research to COMPUTER COUSINS help the Department of Defense make Dr. Augenstein wants to test the As you read this sentence, what is better use of men and computers in idea that large molecules in the brain happening to your brain? tracking aircraft flights. process the temporarily stored infor- In one experiment, the group found mation by changing the conformation What physical and chemical changes — probably by "flipping" or "flop- are taking place that enable you to that subjects could identify and play ping" from one or two basic shapes. grasp meaning from what you per- musical notes at the rate of four or ceive ? five per second when the notes were To further the general research on selected at random from a 3 2-note the molecular basis for nerve and Dr. Leory G. Augenstein, chairman keyboard. brain functions, Dr. Augenstein hopes of the Department of Biophysics at The researchers reasoned that the to add the following senior biophysics Michigan State University, is doing re- subjects mentally divided the 32 notes staff members. search based on a theory that men re- into groups of 16 each and classified —A c o m b i n a t i o n crystallographer ceive, store and use information in the note to be identified as a member and quantum chemist who can study much the same way computers do. of one of them. mechanisms whereby information can The main difference, he believes, is Narrowing the selection down to be read out of the memory without that brain molecules replace transistors eight, then to four, then two and final- destroying the memory. and other electronic gear. ly to one note by this halving process —A planarian (flatworm) specialist would require a total of five decisions. These molecules, by changing their Since the subjects identified four or who can study training and learning conformation in a sort of "flip-flop" five per second, it appeared that they in lower animals. fashion, enable humans to think in a might have been performing at the —An electrophysiologist to study series of rapid-fire, yes-no decisions, rate of 20 to 25 bits per second. the relationship between electrical ac- according to the M S U s c i e n t i s t ' s While this might seem slow, Dr. tivity in the brain and behavior. theory. Augenstein points out that at the rate —A tissue culture specialist to study He estimates that they ordinarily of 25 bits per second, it would be the synthesis of large molecules and make 20 to 25 such decisions (bits) theoretically possible to identify one of the behavior of single cells. per second but are capable of as many 33 million musical notes per second as 30. through this yes-no or binary process. — MSU January, 1963 43 Digital Diction (Continued from Page 22) to account for every element of every employ some system of reviewing and the National Science Foundation pro- language known and would thus be polishing up the initial translations be- vided (Public Law 85-864, section highly complex. Dr. Panov (Academy fore delivery to the customer. 901) for the establishment of a Sci- of Sciences, U.S.S.R.) has stuck reso- ence Information Service to ". . . ar- OUTLOOK lutely by this approach from the be- range for the provision of indexing, ginning and has guided the Russian The future is promising for MT. abstracting translating, and other serv- program along these lines rather suc- Concentration will continue to be on ices leading to a more effective dis- cessfully. the scientific languages which have semination of s c i e n t i f i c information fewer semantic variations than the lit- . . ," 1 2 and to develop new systems Until about 1959 the U.S. workers erary forms. We can expect a greatly capable of facilitating scientific infor- agreed that to translate from N lan- intensified effort directed at categoriz- mation availability. The National Bu- guages into an interlanguage and then ing the intricacies of sentence structure reau of Standards was designated to utilize an English synthesis program unnecessarily requires a greater num- with machine programming in mind— execute the program. Also, the Lin- ber and more complex programs than a new liguistic methodology will de- guistic Society of America and the to translate N languages directly into velop. The classical view that good American P h i l o s o p h i c a l Society are English. They also felt that the bi- translation is possible only when one showing increased interest in MT. In lingual program research would help acquires a "feeling" for the language June of 1962 a professional society to develop an ideal MT interlanguage must yield to a precise, concrete meth- called the A s s o c i a t i o n for Machine that could later be used in a more odology of language translation. T r a n s l a t i o n and Computational Lin- generalized translation program. How- guists was formed with V. H. Yngve Machine translation is a proven fact ever, in 1959 a program was begun as its first president. and machine t r a n s l a t i o n s are being at the Linguistic Research Center of used today on a large scale; only fur- the University of Texas under Dr. W. Organizations s p o n s o r i n g MT re- ther refinements remain. Improved search in the U.S. include the U.S. P. Lehmann which is designed to de- style and semantic sophistication will velop a multi-lingual system using a Army (Signal Corps), the U.S. Air receive greater emphasis. The machines Force (Office of Scientific Research, logical machine interlanguage.10 necessary for highly-refined transla- Air Research and Development Com- A generalized mathematical model tions exist today; linguistic advances mand, and the Rome Air Develop- (a series of increasingly complex algo- and more elaborate p r o g r a m m i n g ment Center), the U.S. Navy (Office rithms) of the translation process is methods must be found to complement of Naval Research), the National Sci- being formulated and programmed for the electronic machinery. ence F o u n d a t i o n , the Rockefeller the (CDC 1604, IBM 709) computer. Although much remains to be done, Foundation, the Carnegie Foundation, A generalized linguistic format is used the essential foundations of MT have the A m e r i c a n Mathematical Society, to allow inputting any desired lan- been established. Profitably, the empir- IBM, the Rand Development Corpo- guage. The Texas program, however, ical point of view is yielding to more ration of Santa Monica, Systems De- still has a considerable distance to go solid theoretic insights and the ideal velopment Corporation, RCA, General before completion. In any case, re- translating machine will hopefully Electric, Eastman Kodak, Documenta- search in both the bi-lingual and the soon emerge. tion Inc., the I n s t i t u t e for Defense multi-lingual directions continues to Analyses, and n u m e r o u s universities produce valuable material. CONFERENCES A N D and industrial concerns. The Nuffield FINANCIAL SUPPORT Foundation in England and the Acad- In all phases of MT research, the Co-ordination among the research emy of Sciences in the U.S.S.R. have aim is of course to find invariant centers is an important phase of any aided work abroad. Kent provides an quantities (or universals) that relate scientific research program. Confer- extensive review of the literature as the input quantities and can be stored of I960 (including investigator and in the computer. Until recently, MT ences besides those already mentioned include the Russian meetings that have institution, source and t a r g e t lan- methodology was essentially empirical guages, subject fields, lexical studies, and programs capable of producing been held in Moscow since 1957 by grammatical, and syntactical studies, readable translations were given top the Soviet MT researchers, the I960 and the m a c h i n e and the machine Conference on Information Retrieval priority. Developing a theoretical ba- techniques used.1-1 sis for MT and improving grammatical and Machine T r a n s l a t i o n held at schemes are beginning to receive in- Western Reserve U n i v e r s i t y , the THE M T RESEARCHER creased support. Thus, the emphasis Twelfth Symposium on Applied Math- ematics (devoted entirely to the struc- What traits and abilities should the is now shifting from the production ture of language and its mathematical MT researcher possess? of quantity (the aim being one mil- lion translated words per day per ma- aspects,11 the 1961 International Con- Lindsay r e c o m m e n d s a thorough chine) to that of quality. Finally, let ference on Machine T r a n s l a t i o n of grounding in logic and modern alge- us remember that the necessity of post- Languages and Applied Language An- bra with supporting work in descrip- editing should not condemn the ma- alysts, and the yearly conferences at tive linguistics, transformational gram- chine method, as there is no human MIT. An Office of Documentation was mars, mathematical linguistics, psycho- translation facility today that does not established in the National Academy linguistics, and semantics.14 of Sciences of the U.S. and in 1958 (Continued on Pcige 46) 44 Spartan Engineer It's just one part of the cement industry's research facility Of vital interest to many graduating engineers are the Some of the research is fundamental—designed to in- $10,000,000 Research and Development Laboratories crease basic knowledge of the nature of portland cement and concrete. Other projects are directed to development of the Portland Cement Association. Here in suburban of new and improved uses of these materials. Still other Skokie, Illinois, near Chicago, is the world's largest as- projects are devoted to the processes of manufacture of sembly of engineers, scientists and equipment devoted portland cement-to help assure a uniform, high-quality exclusively to the study of portland cement and concrete. product, whatever the source. In the Fire Research Center's huge furnace pictured In this way, the more than 75 progressive (and com- above, full size beams and girders are subjected to lick- peting) cement manufacturers who voluntarily support ing flames from gas jets. Other furnaces subject whole the Association work together to provide scientific data floor sections to hours of intense heat. and design information that are freely given to America's In the nearby Structural Laboratory, the building it- engineers and builders through PCA's district offices, self serves as a giant testing machine for entire bridge located in major cities of North America and in Hawaii. sections. In still another laboratory, a machine capable The results of this research enable engineers to design of exerting a force of a million pounds bears down on a and build concrete structures of even greater safety, en- foot-thick concrete cylinder until it literally explodes. durance and economy. Digital Diction (Continued from Page 44) Yngve recommends as broad and ative human talent from the drudgery BIBLIOGRAPHY basic an education as possible in sci- of routine translation, reduction in the 1. Berkeley, E. C , Giant Brains; Science ence, mathematics, linguistics, engi- translation time lag and resulting in- Editions, Inc.: New York, 1961. An introduction to electronic computing neering, and the general communica- creases in the efficiency of scientific re- machines, the history of their develop- tion sciences.15 search, increased reliability once the ment, and a description of a number of MT programs are perfected, vastly in- the machines. Excellent programs in which the 2. Bibby, Dause L., " C o m p u t e r s and creased translation speeds (potentially World Leadership"; keynote address be- prospective MT researcher would be 20,000 to 200,000 words per hour fore the Eastern Joint Computer Confer- interested include the MIT program versus 300 words per hour maximum ence, Washington, D. C. under V. H. Yngve, the Harvard proj- The President of the Remington Rand of the human translator), and the in- Division of the Sperry Rand Corporation ect under A. G. Oettinger, the Com- creased cross-fertilization of scientific discusses the significance of computers in munication Sciences program at the disciplines are all significant by-prod- the modern world. University of Michigan under G. E. 3. Booth, Brandwood, and Cleave, The ucts of MT research. Delavenay as- Mechanical Resolution of Linguistic Peterson, and the new Information serts that translating machines will Problems; The Academic Press, 1958. Processing program at the University soon become indispensable items in the The use of machines in linguistic anal- of Texas under R. K. Lindsay. In Eng- ysis in England. intellectual equipment of nations and 4. "Business Automation," Business Auto- land, the Cambridge program under will greatly facilitate the exchange of mation Division. Central Technical In- Margaret Masterman Braithwaite and stitute, Kansas City, Missouri, 1962. knowledge and the spread of en- An excellent home study course intro- the London program under A. D. lightenment throughout the world. ducing data p r o c e s s i n g systems and Booth are both quite active. The field equipment and c o m p u t e r programming has attracted talent from diverse dis- Having perfected the written lan- fundamentals in language understandable to the non-specialist. ciplines. guage translating machine, scientists 5. Cross, J. S., "Problems of Equivalence will concentrate on developing voice in Some German and English Construc- It is revealing to note the areas from tions" in Mechanical Translation, vol. 7, inputs and outputs (Bell Labs is work- which some of the prominent research- number 1 (July, 1962). ing on such devices now). It is reason- Discusses the subject of transformational ers come: Yngve, Germanic languages; able to assume that the translating ma- grammars. Oettinger, applied mathematics and 6. Carroll, J. B., The Study of Language; chines some day will become integral physics; Panov, mathematics; Bar- Harvard University P r e s s : Cambridge, Hillel, logic; Reifler, Chinese lan- elements in the global satellite com- 1953. guages; Booth, computer engineering; munication system being developed to- Linguistics and the disciplines related to day. At that time we will truly be it. and so forth. 7. Cherry, Colin, On Human Communica- sitting on our neighbor's doorstep; and tion; Technology Press of MIT and John These men have supplemented their hopefully such i n t e r m i n g l i n g of Wiley and Sons: Cambridge and New minds, cultures, and ideologies will fa- York respectively, 1957. backgrounds with further specialized An excellent and readable introduction training essential to MT work. This cilitate the realization of greater inter- to the more technical aspects of human highly interdisciplinary approach is es- national sensitivity, mutual under- communication and related disciplines. sential for we must "keep in mind that standing, co-operation, and greater 8. Delavenay, Emile, An Introduction to Machine Translation; Frederick A. Praeg- the problem of producing good trans- world harmony. er, Inc.: New York, 1960. lations will not be solved by tricks or My most valuable reference since it in; computing speed, but will require an- And for those who view the future troduces the various aspects of the Ml of MT with excessive skepticism, let problem in an organized and compre- swers to some of the most complex hensive manner. More descriptive than philosophical problems we know." 10 us remind them of the philosophy of technical. Yngve says it contains some Dr. Robert Goddard, the "Father of errors. the Modern Rocket," who believed 9. Fischer, G. L., Jr., "Optical Scanning CONCLUDING REMARKS in the Field" in Data Processing, July, that "It is difficult to say what is im- 1962. Yngve and others point out that the possible, for the dream of yesterday is Describes the Farrington Optical Scanner real value of MT research might be the hope of today and the reality of and other automatic character recogni- more in its contribution to the funda- tion devices. tomorrow"18. 10. Guiliano, V. E., "Automatic Pattern mental understanding of linguistic Recognition by a Gestalt Method" in In- phenomena and information proces- FOOTNOTES formation and Control, vol. 4, number 4 sing in general than in the machine Note: a simplified notation is used here. Thus 4: 25, (December, 1961). translations produced. Perhaps deeper p. 96 means that footnote 4 refers la article 25 in Machine recognition and normalization the Bibliography (following) and page 96 ol that insights into the nature of human cre- article. of printed characters. , 1. 26 fin the speech; 11. Howerton, P. W., "The Parameters ot ativity and expression will result from 2. 10 Irelers to article as a whole! an Operational Machine Translation Sys- such work. 3. 9, p. 16 tem" in Mechanical Translation, Novem- 4. 8, p. 91 ber, 1961. 5. 23, p. 32 The deputy assistant director of the CIA The value of MT research in liter- 6. 22, p. 17-29 (refers to article as a whole} discusses current MT methodology and 7. 28, p. 7! ary analysis was proved when Father 8. 28 (refers to article OS o whole! the promise of MT. Roberto Busa reconstituted missing 9. 8, p. 76 12. Jakobson, Roman, ed., Structure of Lan- 10. 17 (relers to the project, described in these guage and its Mathematical Aspects; Pro- words in the Dead Sea Scrolls manu- reports} ceedings of the Twelfth Symposium m scripts using machine methods.17 11. 12. 12 (this is the report of (lie proceedinos) 13, p. 7 Applied Mathematics; American Mathe- 13. 13, p. MO-224 matical Society, Providence, Rhode Is- Studies of vocabulary and of lan- M. 15, p. 1 land, 1961. , guage evolution and classification, an- 15. 29 A highly m a t h e m a t i c a l collection ot 16. 15, p. 1 papers concerning applied mathematics in alysis of meaning, the release of cre- 17. 8, p. 13 linguistics. 18. 27, p. 4 (quote token from dere) (Continued on Page 52) 46 Spartan Engineer FORGED... to eliminate tool damage and leakers The forged steel cylinder cap shown at top is used on the rod end of a Nike missile launcher cylinder. Before the changeover to forgings, cylinder caps were a source of problems. Tool breakage and tool wear were excessive because the cored castings lacked concentricity, were contaminated with non- metallic inclusions. When the caps, after costly machining, were hydrostatically tested at 4,500 psi, porosity of the castings often resulted in leakers. The switch to forgings produced these cost-cutting results: 40% reduction in initial cost when forgings replaced castings. 20% increase in tool life. 12% increase in production — unscheduled tool replacement eliminated. 6% rejection rate caused by porosity reduced to zero. 10% reduction in weight with increased strength. As you take your place in today's high-speed world, where progress is paced by imaginative engineering, it will pay you to ask, "What about forgings?" for many of the things you will develop, design, engineer, produce. Forgings are competitive in price, superior in quality wherever strength/weight ratio, or integrity of material is important. Write today for case histories on parts made better at lower cost by forging. Address: Drop Forging Association, Dept. E-3, 55 Public Square, Cleveland 13, Ohio. There's an exciting challenge ahead foryoutoo,ona Cutler-Hammer automation team examples of our automation planning F or over sixty years Cutler sense automation proposals that can Hammer has been a key con- be justified economically. t r i b u t o r in planning automatic Automation teams work together in skill at work. What are the advantages to the young, creative-minded graduate? systems—now called automation. a modern 500,000 square foot plant To meet the pressing challenge of specifically designed to house every Short range, it's an exceptional op- rapidly expanding industrial auto- activity involved in the evolution of portunity for the man who responds mation, we have formed anumberof a system . . . in a creative climate to the challenge of finding new solu- automation project teams. these that is conducive to imaginative tions to tough manufacturing prob- teams combine the technical and Planning and development. lems. Long range, being a key manufacturing talents of versatile, member of a Cutler-Hammer auto- mation team is an excellent way to seasoned specialists and young, crea- This approach has paid off! Though get the diversified experience so tive-minded engineering and business industry has barely scratched the sur- essential to steady career develop- administration graduates. face of the automation potential, our ment and future advancement. Their primary job: to make sure that credentials already are quite impres- a customer's automation investment sive. Jobs such as the U.S. Post Office pays an adequate return. mail handling systems in 14 major How do they meet this challenge? cities; a pallet handling system for a mail-order firm; data accumulation By working with customer engineers systems for large steel producers; a and consultants to isolate cost prob- number of automobile body-line lems in manufacturingandware- systems; bundle-handling systems for housing operations. Then, by apply 30 major newspaper mail rooms; and ing their individual disciplines and a Package-handling system for a creative ingenuity to build common- Prominent publisher are just a few EXPEDITION TO MARS Like Columbus's venture to the each. This would require boosters American car speedometers ought to New World, America's first expedi- capable of 30 m i l l i o n p o u n d s of be graded in kilometers as well as tion to Mars might be a convoy rather thrust, much larger than any now miles as a start in changing over to than a single ship. under active development. the metric system in the United States. Freeman D ' V i n c e n t , who is in After assembly the ships would be Dr. Chauncey D. Leake, a distin- charge of design of manned space sys- shot into space by chemical boosters guished s c i e n t i s t r e p o r t s that such tems at General Dynamics/Astronau- rhymes as "Jack and Jill" owe their capable of 500,000 to 750,000 pounds tics, is making plans for two crew origin to lack of sound standards for ships and two service ships to make thrust. Then, the crew ships would measures, advocated the change. the initial flight, hopefully in the early tumble "head over h e e l s " toward 1970s. Mars. "The English-speaking peoples," he said in a lecture at Michigan State The crew vehicles would carry four The rumbling motion would create University, "are causing themselves to eight men and the instrument-con- a gravitational field, giving the men a unnecessary i n c o n v e n i e n c e , as their trolled service vehicles would carry sense of "up and down" and eliminat- horizons expand and their trade be- small spacecraft and scientific instru- ing problems that might be caused by comes more sophisticated, in clinging ments for landing on and studying living without gravity for a prolonged to the a n c i e n t system of measure- Mars. period. The service ships would not ments." "Among other advantages, this con- tumble. Science is an example of the bene- voy arrangement would provide great- Crew members would be protected fits that come from having universal er security for crew members," D'Vin- from radiation by a shield of liquid agreement on standards, noted the pro- cent explained in a Mechanical Engi- hydrogen about 10 feet thick. fessor of pharmacology from the Uni- neering seminar at M.S.U. versity of California Medical School at The space ships would also be San Francisco. "If something went wrong with one equipped with nuclear reactor engines of the crew ships," he pointed out, "Scientists everywhere use the met- which would achieve p r o p u l s i o n by "the entire section housing the crew ric system," he explained. "What a heating and expelling hydrogen. could be removed and substituted for scientist measures in one country can the corresponding section on one of These engines would be used to cor- be verified by a scientist in another the service ships." rect the course, if necessary, to orbit country. This is what makes the system the ship around Mars, and to supply so powerful." Small craft for making repairs and power for the return flight. shuttling men between ships would be He noted that standards vary from taken along, he noted. After going into orbit around Mars, the United States to Canada and Eng- instruments would be landed to send land. The British gallon is bigger than In addition to reaching Mars, the back information about the atmos- the American gallon and the British larger ships would also make a com- inch is slightly shorter than the Amer- phere, temperature and other factors. plete orbit of the sun, the MSU lec- ican inch. The difference in the inch, If the surface is not too inhospitable, turer said. he a d d e d , causes difficulties where members of the crew could land with The ships would leave the orbit the small craft carried by the service ve- small, precise measurements are im- earth makes around the sun and inter- hicles. portant, such as in t o o l i n g up for cept Mars in its orbit 110 days later. Space Age technology. "It would be a crime to go so far After about 50 days in the vicinity of Starting with the Egyptians in about and not to land if it were at all pos- Mars, they would continue around the 4,000 B.C., said the former president sible," D'Vincent commented. sun, intercepting earth in its orbit 230 of the American Association for the days later. A little more than a year The General Dynamics designer Advancement of Science, men have would have gone by and the earth pointed out many problems of inter- been using their bodies as standards would be slightly past the point it was planetary travel. Among them, he said, are building a suitable reactor and de- for measurement. at the time of departure. veloping a life cycle process which Thus the Biblical "cubit" was the D ' V i n c e n t said the four vehicles would e l i m i n a t e the need to carry distance from finger tips to elbow and would be assembled at space stations along a year's supply of food for eight the English yard was the length of the orbiting the earth. Each ship would be men. arm or roughly three feet. about 350 feet long and weigh rough- ly 2 million pounds. Time is also short, he noted. In A l t h o u g h measurements were fre- order to launch an expedition by 1972, quently standardized on the propor- He said he would like to have the he said, the ships should be assembled tions of royalty, there were many ships put into orbit in two sections and ready for testing by 1970. (Continued on Page 56) 50 Spartan Engineer tronic reconnaissance, detection, countermeas- There's a bracing climate of spirited inquiry, ures, information handling, complex systems for debate and experimentation at Sylvania Elec- military command and control. tronic Systems —an environment that prompts For example, the Division's newest task, as bold, new ideas and nurtures them to maturity. prime contractor to the Air Force, is to provide Small congenial groups that encourage a blast-resistant ground electronics system for individual expression staff the 17 interrelated command and control of unmanned Minuteman laboratories located in suburban Boston, Buffalo ICBM sites. and San Francisco — and the reciprocal flow of information among these laboratories provides the young Backed by the vast technical ana nnanciai resources ui professional with a remarkable wealth of knowledge in the GT&E, Sylvania Electronic Systems provides the young current state of the art. engineer and scientist with broad-scope stability essential A major division of Sylvania Electric Products Inc., for a rewarding career. SES's long-range growth pattern Sylvania Electronic Systems provides overall systems gives substance to our concept of 3 parallel paths to advance- engineering and management on major government projects ment — in technical specialization, technical management or for the parent company, General Telephone & Electronics. program/project management, with equal rewards in all. °ur programs encompass almost all of today's advanced For more complete details, see your College Placement electronic disciplines - space/earth communications, elec- Director, or write to Mr. Robert T. Morton. Use of a computor, typewriter, and slide Median and Mean Salaries Digital Diction projector as a teaching machine. Unre- and Income, by Rank, I960 lated to MT as such. (Continued from Page 46) 25. Thaler, David G., "MSU's New Com- Salaries putor" in the Spartan Engineer, volume 13. Kent, Allen, ed.. Information Retrieval 15, number 4 (May, 1962). Rank Median Mean and Machine Translation, Part One, Vol- Describes the new Control Data 3600 Instructor $ 5,380 $ 5,392 ume III.; Intendence Publishers, Inc.: system which will replace the MISTIC. New York, 1960. Asst. Professor 6,800 6,869 26. Townsend, S. R., "Language, the Bond Published proceedings of the conference of Man," a talk given in the Kiva Build- Assoc. Professor 8,200 8,299 held at Western Reserve University and ing during the winter term, 1962, as part Professor 10,500 10,836 sponsored by the Rand Development Cor- of the Provost Lecture Series. poration. Part One emphasizes machine Language and Man. I believe this re- Lecturer 6,100 6,755 Marching of texts as a phase of library corded on tape at MSU. Department Head 11,700 11,891 science research. Dean 13,500 14,210 27. Webb, J. E., "Science and Technology If. Kent, Allen, ed., Information Retrieval Keys to Economic Progress." Address de- and Machine Translation, Part Two, Vol- livered at the 61st Commencement Exer- Income ume III.: Interscience Publishers, Inc.: cises of Northeastern University, June New York, I960. 17, 1962. Rank Median Mean Emphasis on the machine translation of Instructor $ 6,500 $ 6,633 languages. 28. Yngve, V. H., "Computor Programs for Translation" in Scientific American, Asst. Professor 8,500 8,828 15. Lindsay, Robert K., reply of July 12, June, 1962. 1962 to my letter of inquiry concerning Assoc. Professor 10,250 10,815 the Information Processing program at A generative computor program for the synthesis of logically and grammatically Professor 13,200 14,373 the University of Texas of which he is chairman. correct English sentences. Lecturer 7,500 8,531 16. Locke. W. N. and A. D. Booth, Ma- 29. Yngve, V. H., replies of July 11 and Department Head 13,700 14,643 cbint Translation of Languages; The August 3, 1962 to my letters of inquiry Dean 15,420 16,312 Technology Press of MIT and John concerning MT. Wiley and Sons: Cambridge and New He suggests also the following two ref- The median for teachers' earnings York respectively. 1955. erences which I have recently secured: 1) Proceedings of the National Sympos- is always below the median for those The first book on MT. Gives a good ac- count of the history of MT and describes ium on Machine Translation, H. P. in industry, but for the top ten per the state of the art through 1954 in a Edmundson, ed., Prentice Hall, 1961. 2) "Research on Mechanical T r a n s l a - cent it is only after twenty-five years series of articles by various authors. tion." Hearings before the Special In- since receiving the B.S. degree that the 17. "Machine Language Translation Study, vestigating Subcommittee on Science earnings in industry are significantly Quarterly Progress Reports," Linguistic and Astronautics, U.S. House of Rep- Research Center, The University of Tex- resentatives, 86th C o n g r e s s , Second greater than teachers' earnings. as, Box 7980 University Station, Austin Session, May 11, 12, 13, and 16 of 12, Texas. I960 (no. 9), U.S. Government Print- In summary, the market for engi- Eleven of these published so far. De- ing Office. neering teachers is good, and indica- scribes the MT program there in cooper- ation with the U.S. Army Signal Corps. tions are that it will remain that way Research is divided into the mathemat- for years to come. The income picture ical, linguistic, and programming phases has improved, and there is reason to and a general multi-lingual system is be- Engineering Education ing developed. suspect that it will continue to do so. (Continued from Page 29) The real problem lies in getting the 18. Mechanical Translation, a journal pub- toriously have been low, but for en- lished at MIT and edited by V. H. qualified student to take the first step Yngve, 1954—(inquiries to room 20D- gineering teachers there has been rapid in becoming an engineering teacher 102. MIT, Cambridge 39, Mass.). improvement d u r i n g the past few —to take on-campus graduate work on 19. Oettinger, A. G., Automatic Language years, as indicated by the reports of receiving the B.S. degree instead of Translation; Harvard University Press: the Engineers Joint Council and the Cambridge, I960. accepting an immediately lucrative of- Presents a detailed and rather technical American Society for Engineering Ed- fer in industry. Once the student is account of the actual mechanics employed ucation published in 1956, 1958, and taking g r a d u a t e work, he can and in the Harvard automatic dictionary 1960. Between 1956 and 1958, the which he developed. Supplementary ma- probably will, become interested in terial on MT in general. basic teaching salaries of engineering teaching by virtue of part-time em- 20. Peterson, G. E., reply of July 6, 1962, educators increased thirteen and one ployment, encouragement, cajoling, or to my letter of inquiry concerning the half per cent; between 1958 and I960, perhaps even by a swift kick in the program in Communication Sciences at the increase was 13.4 per cent. The the University of Michigan. pants. Then, once the satisfaction of current study is expected to show still teaching is experienced, the probability 21. Peterson, V. H., "Error C o r r e c t i n g another increase. M o r e significant, Codes" in Scientific American, vol. 206, of selecting engineering teaching as a number 2 (Feb., 1962). however, is the total professional in- career becomes real. It should be clear- The use of redundancy to decrease er- come of engineering teachers, for most rors in coded communication; based up- ly u n d e r s t o o d , though, that taking on information theory research. engineering teachers supplement their graduate work does not close the door salary by income from summer work to industry; the opportunities for em- 22. Quillion, Ross, "A Revised Design for an Understanding Machine," MT, vol. 7 in industry, teaching summer school, ployment in industry for the holders number 1 (July, 1962). year-round consulting work, etc. The of M.S. and Ph.D. degrees are great, 23. Reifler, Erwin, "The Machine Transla- average professional income of engi- for industry, too, has a growing need tion Project at the University of Wash- neering teachers in the United States ington" in Mechanical Translation, Nov for more and more engineers with 1961. in 1956 was $8,862, this increased to an education going beyond the B.S. Describes the project and the progress $9,598, in 1958 and to $11,013 in degree. made from 1952 to I960. I960, or a total of almost 25 per cent 24. Silberman, H. F., "A Computor-Con- in four years. Data, by rank, from the trolled Teaching Machine" in Behavorial EJC-ASEE report for I960 are tabulat- Science, volume 6, number 3 (July, ed below. 52 The moment of insight is a private thing. It can happen anytime, anywhere. Somewhere in the mind the barrier to a solution crumbles. Everything suddenly slips into Place. It can't be forced or commanded. But it comes about most often in a climate of mutual respect and recognition. This is the kind of climate you'll find at Northrop. . You'll also work in a climate of constant professional challenge at Northrop. We have more than 70 ac veprojectsin work, and we're always evaluating new ,ines of inquiry. Present programs cover such fields as interplanetary navigation and astro-inertia, guidance, aerospace deceleration and land,ng, man-machine and life support system for space, auto- matic checkout and failure prediction systems, laminar flow control techniques and world-wide communications. For more specific information, see your placement counselor. Or write to Dr. Alexander Weir, Northrop Corporation, Beverly Hills, Calif., and mention your area of special interest. Automated Carbon sizes of resistors, the computer pro- grams proper mask sizes.) The mask Facilities for Flight (Continued from Page 36) deposition area of each chamber, forms is loaded on a vacuum station and covered with a bell jar, which is to Moon Now a pressure seal against end-baffles. In the heating areas of each chamber, a pumped to a vacuum and then back- filled with argon gas at low pressure. Underway at temperature of over 2000 degrees F. Then the ends of the core protruding Cape Canaveral decomposes methane gas to form crys- from the mask are sputtered with particles from a gold cathode. The New moon flight facilities for Cape talline carbon on the core. The core sputtering lasts for almost a minute, Canaveral, shown in artist's rendering is then tooled to room temperature on our cover, are now being designed and sent to an inspection station. depositing a layer of gold approxi- mately ten millionths of an inch thick. by a combine of four New York City Three parameters govern the resist- The gold deposits uniformly because architectural and e n g i n e e r i n g firms ance coating value: the speed of the two rollers, actuated by an external known as Urbahn-Roberts-Seelye- core through the coating zone, the magnet, rotate the core inside the mask Moran—with Max O. Urbahn as the pyrolysis temperature and the flow of for maximum exposure. managing partner. methane gas. The computer controls The 3 6 0 - f o o t tall space vehicles, these parameters through a feedback CAPPING destined to take American astronauts loop around the furnace. It computes to the moon, will be erected, mated Our ceramic core is now a resistor. the control information from statistical Attach a wire lead to each end and and checked out in the immense as- quality control data stored on the wire it into a circuit, and it will re- sembly building and then transported memory drum. Solenoid actuated degit- sist the flow of electricity. The cap- three miles to the launch pad. al flow valves provide the computer ping machine attaches these leads. Measuring approximately 524 feet with the precise binary unit response needed to control the gas flow in the The wire leads are first attached to high, 674 feet w i d e , and 513 feet coating zone. tiny h e x a g o n a l caps of gold-plated long, the huge structure will enclose brass. This is done by an automatic the g r e a t e s t volume of any known FIRST INSPECTION percussion welding machine outside building, 130,000,000 cubic feet. Its The first inspection station forms a the line. The cap-lead assemblies are 45-story doors will set another new feedback loop from the coating fur- then inserted into the capping machine record. nace through the computer. Here, the which feeds them into capping chucks. The vehicle will be checked out from coated core goes between four probes The resistor core, coming from the the Launch Control Center (right), a using the Kelvin b r i d g e principle. terminating machine, is loaded onto a separate four-story structure which will Analog voltage proportional to resist- turret which holds it in position while also house the control facilities for the ance is digitized and fed to the com- the c a p p i n g chucks simultaneously launching operations. puter memory drums where it is stored press the cap-lead assemblies over both and sampled on an SQC basis against ends. (The machine operates on a de- The project is under the supervision that of the programmed requirements mand basis so that the arrival of a of the Jacksonville District of the U.S. also stored on the drum. The results carbon-coated core automatically trig- Army Corps of Engineers, which IS from this inspection form the basis for gers a capping operation.) The cap- handling the development of the facili- feedback control of the furnace. A ping force is sufficient to weld the ties for the National Aeronautics and graph at this station records the test gold plating of the cap to the gold on Space Administration. for visual monitoring. the ends of the core. It also creates a highly reliable, low-noise contact. This station also inserts magnetic slugs as instructed by the computer to The capping machine uses two dif- separate individual lots of resistors ferent capping assembly heads and when changes of resistance value or three different sizes of caps to take of resistor size are called for. care of the four resistor wattage sizes. The computer controls both the switch- Terminating ing of the assembly heads and the The carbon coated core next goes changing of the cap sizes. to a terminating machine which sput- ters a gold contact over each end. Ro- HELIXING tary indexing vacuum chambers are the This is where our resistor obtains a work horses of this machine. A few precise value. of the 36 stations are used to load and The helixing machine cuts a spi- unload parts. The others are used for ralled groove along the carbon film of pump-down and back-filling of argon gas and for the sputtering, as the the core to obtain the desired re- vacuum chambers advance on their sistance. A computer-controlled bridge circular track. monitors the cutting, which is done by rotating the properly chucked resistor The core first goes to a pick-up sta- against a diamond-impregnated wheel. tion to be fitted with a mask, which The bridge's control servos balance holds and protects the center of the when the desired resistance is reached, core. (Since there are four different (Continued on Page 58) 54 AN ENGINEER'S RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETY A call to professional engineers to ing societies have unique responsibili- tivity." He noted that only five mem- "develop a more profound social con- ties, capabilities, and opportunities to bers of Congress, two senators and sciousness" and take a more active in- serve." three representatives, or less than one terest in public affairs was sounded by per cent, have an engineering back- They are: ground. C. E. Reistle, Jr., president of Humble Oil & Refining Company. (1) Those activities of business and As to why engineers do not take a government wherein the engineering He spoke before the winter meeting more active interest in public affairs, application of science creates public of the National Society of Profession- Mr. Reistle felt there are three con- problems that would not otherwise ex- al Engineers in San Antonio. tributing factors: ist. An example: the severe occupa- "I believe that e n g i n e e r s as a tional hazards which accompanied (1) Neither training nor experience group," said Mr. Reistle, "have no early industrialization and were aggra- has led engineers to consider that they more than a hazy awareness that their vated by entrepreneurial indifference. have any peculiar responsibility for the engineering skills provide them with problems of society. (2) Those problems involving the singular opportunities and clothe them (2) When engineering activities public welfare wherein the engineer- with unusual responsibilities toward impinge on the public welfare, prob- ing application of science can con- society." lems may d e v e l o p complications in tribute materially to the solution. He He cited instances where engineer- mentioned urban renewal and city other areas such as politics, economics, ing skills could be used to great ad- planning as being in this category. law, labor relations, and the psycholo- vantage, but have been l a r g e l y ab- gy of human wants. These problems (3) The relation of engineers to dicated to others. are no longer subject to the applica- government—the assurance that full tion of strict logic and development of Engineers, he said, appear to have value is received for public money al- unique solutions. Many engineers lack failed to work effectively with politi- located to implement the projects and interest in r e s o l v i n g human differ- cally oriented groups so as to integrate objectives designated by proper au- ences. their technical work into the solution thority. °f problems that are basically ques- (3) The environment in which en- (4) The obligation of engineers to gineers work. Unless they have trans- tions of public policy. be sure that colleges and universities ferred to executive jobs, they are us- If engineering skills are to make graduate an adequate number of tech- ually in staff positions where they sel- their fullest contribution to human nically qualified engineers who are dom have the ultimate power of de- Welfare," he said, " e n g i n e e r s must cognizant of their obligation to society. cision and are not the m o t i v a t i n g raise their sights from their slide rules force governing the decisions. an d consider the relation their work There are many engineers who have has to the broad stream of human ac- rendered outstanding public service, Those who employ engineers, said uity. There must be a blending of Mr. Reistle said, but he asked why en- Mr. Reistle, must share the blame for technologically and socially directed gineers "have not been in the fore- any failure to direct engineering ef- activities." front of constructive thought or effec- fort into channels "that will lessen the tive leadership more often in regard evils and enhance the benefits of tech- The Humble p r e s i d e n t cited four nological change." ar eas where "engineers and engineer- to the broader sphere of human ac- Accepted about 40 other research "The new members of our staff," MSU News Notes grants totaling nearly $500,000 and reported Dr. Charles R. St. Clair, Jr., (Continued from Page 50) covering many subjects from cholester- mechanical e n g i n e e r i n g chairman, abuses. Traders bought on the basis of ol to computers. "have been right in the thick of space long measurers and sold on the basis research." The chemistry building is being of short measures, Dr. Leake related. built with state funds. The legislature The men are experts in such areas In England during the seventeenth appropriated $750,000 last year and as fluid dynamics, heat transfer, ther- century, the MSU lecturer continued, has authorized the remaining $5,250,- modynamics and applied mathematics. a "jack" (jackpot) was two handfuls 000. When completed in 1964, it will "While these subjects are vital to and a "jill" (gill) was two jacks or a be among the most m o d e r n , best- space research, they also have a wide half a cup. equipped chemistry research and teach- range of applications," Dr. St. Clair Charles I made the standard for the ing buildings in the nation. pointed out. "They can be applied to jack smaller in order to obtain more Plans for the biochemistry building a car engine as well as to a space money from food taxes. The people in are nearly complete and may be sent vehicle. resentment made up such rhymes as out for bids next month. The build- "Space research, however, has rapid- "Jack and Jill" (the crown is still a ing also has the support of a $1,213,- ly extended our knowledge in these unit of British money) and the one 000 grant accepted in November from fields. The fundamentals still apply about the crooked man who ran a the NSF. It will cost $5.2 million. but now we have fantastically higher crooked mile. speeds and greater temperatures. The The veterinary medicine building The need for better standards led material we present to our students has will cost $3.5 million. Plans are not Napoleon to establish the metric sys- to be extended accordingly." complete but University officials hope tem soon after the French revolution, to let a contract for it by late spring. Dr. St. Clair also noted that the Dr. Leake observed. new arrivals will be doing important Although the newly formed United The biophysics grant will be used research at MSU. The new members States had gone from the English to a under the direction of the department of the mechanical engineering faculty decimal currency system, Dr. Leake chairman, Dr. Leroy G. Augenstein, are: notes, no serious attempt was made to for research on the molecular basis for thought processes. Biophysics was in- —Dr. Harold G. Elrod, professor, adopt the metric system. troduced as a formal program at MSU an expert on fluid dynamics and heat Dr. Leake also points out that dur- in October 1961 and became a depart- transfer. Previously he was a professor ing the 19th century standards varied ment in October 1962. Dr. Augenstein of engineering science at Columbia enough from country to country to and Dr. Barnett Rosenberg, associate University. He has also been a con- make it profitable for a trader to know professor of biophysics, also hold sultant for several companies engaged which way to buy long and sell short. other grants from the NIH and the in space research. (See pg. 14) "It might be ungracious," he adds, Atomic Energy Commission. Their —Dr. Matthew A. Medick, profes- "to surest that British traders have total grants now add up to about sor, and former senior staff scientist generally opposed any uniform world- $250,000 per year. for Avco Corp. His specialties are con- wide standardization measures because tinuum mechanics, v i b r a t i o n s , and it would tend to reduce their profits Among the other grants were $70,- visco-elasticity with an emphasis on the in skillful trading. 000 from the NSF for research by application of mathematics. Drs. N o r m a n E. Good and Seikichi "Nevertheless it is to be remem- —James V. Beck, instructor, also a Izawa of botany. They will investigate bered that the British were among the former senior staff scientist at Avco. some of the i n t r i c a t e chemistry in- most successful traders of all people He is noted for his work on analytical during the 19th century." volved in the initial stage of photo- synthesis, the process by which plants solutions to heat transfer problems. He convert sunlight into chemical energy. will continue doctoral degree studies MSU GROWTH at MSU. While most of the financial support IN SCENCE —Dr. Shankar Lai, a visiting pro- came from government sources, there Growth of science at Michigan State were also several grants from industry. fessor from I n d i a w h e r e he was University was a p p a r e n t in Friday's professor and head of mechanical en- (Jan. 25) meeting of the MSU Board These included $26,867 from Inter- gineering at Thapar Institute of Engi- of Trustees. national Business M a c h i n e s Corp. neering and Technology. He has also (IBM) for work on a computer pro- been a visiting professor at Auburn In separate actions the Trustees: gram for analysis of electrical net- U n i v e r s i t y . His fields are thermo- —Let contracts for construction of works. Dr. Richard J. Reid of elec- d y n a m i c s , gas d y n a m i c s and heat a $6,000,000 chemistry building. trical engineering is in charge of the transfer. —Accepted a $ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 grant project. Dr. St. Clair, himself, is also a space from the National Institutes of Health specialist. He was associate manager to support construction of biochem- MSU ENGINEERING FACULTY istry and veterinary medicine build- of the physics research department at ings. Michigan State University's capabil- Avco. His work has been on heat ities in space engineering were sub- transfer. He was involved in nose cone —Accepted a grant of $96,523 stantially strengthened by four recent research for the Minuteman and Titan from the NIH for research in the new additions to the mechanical engineer- missiles. biophysics department. ing faculty. (Continued on Page 39) 56 Meet ture (chairman, secretary), task groups organized according to special inter- ests (mechanical translation, machine From Phend (Continutd from I'.iue 12) literary analysis, machine linguistic an- enterprise; tint team action is stifling the alysis, computer simulation techniques, information synthesis by machine, arti- scientific invention; that wli.it we uml is more people schooled in the tenets ficial intelligence, etc.), and a goals of rugged individualism. Author committee to define our purpose and potential as a group and to investigate the possibility of securing grants from It is my belief that those who .ire drawing this dismal picture of modern life are guilty of oversimplification. various foundations to support our re- They are trying to make black and search projects. white distinctions where, in fact, there- An earlier version of this paper was are none to be made. They overlook written during the summer of 1962 as I am hopeful that one of the mem- the many conditions of our day that partial fulfillment of the requirements bers of the group will assume the re- make teamwork and common effort for GCA 499, a readings course di- sponsibility of organizing an interdis- necessary. rected by Dr. Malcom MacLean, Act- ciplinary graduate seminar relative to Big and complex operations in bus- ing Director of the Communication our i n t e r e s t s . Finally, a series of iness, research, government and inter- Research Center. In the early days of monthly meetings should be sched- national affairs r e q u i r e the effective the fall quarter, I began to contact uled. I am sure that a program com- combination and utilization of many several professors in various depart- mittee for the group will be able to skills and abilities. In a world of con- ments who I thought might have some secure leaders in these fields as speak- stantly expanding knowledge, no man interests in the area of information ers at our meetings. Our research re- can be an island unto himself—unless processing, specifically in my interest ports and discussion will occupy the it is an extremely small and perhaps area of m e c h a n i c a l translation. Dr. remaining program format. insignificant island. We can expect Wrigley of the Bureau of Political and that the vast enterprises and growing The above describes my purposes. Social Research was especially inter- challenges of the future will demand, I should m e n t i o n that at our first ested in seeing an exploratory group more than ever, a pooling of talents, meeting I intend to relinquish the sec- formed to investigate such questions a meeting of minds and a concert of retarial duties of the group to the duly and he encouraged me to take the in- opinion. elected or appointed person. I am in- itiative to organize such a group. Certainly the contemporary world adequately prepared to be a part of the permanent organizational structure of needs men who know how to make Consequently, I revised the paper such a scholarly group. creative contacts with other men, who on mechanical t r a n s l a t i o n and Dr. know how to motivate and lead others, MacLean had about 40 copies of it I wish only to get the group organ- who know how to coordinate and co- mimeographed. Personal contacts and ized and functioning in an area that operate, even in committees! But isn't phone calls during the next few weeks I consider vital. it possible that what we need most is provided me with a nucleus of inter- My present research interests in- individuals who can remain stable in ested persons to whom I mailed the volve me in the flow-charting and pro- an exceedingly u n s t a b l e world, who paper and the letter and questionnaire. gramming of a computer routine to have the spiritual rudders to maintain This original group numbered 18. Re- automatize the phonemic and morphe- their course in the rough seas of the turned questionnaires indicated a great mic analysis of a corpus of words de- turbulent twentieth c e n t u r y ? Isn't it deal more enthusiasm than I had ex- rived from several languages. I am possible we need individuals who have pected would result. Also, the mailing employed by the Department of Com- moral conviction, lofty ideals and per- list grew to about 35. T h e second munication as a graduate research as- sonal pride and confidence—men and letter will be sent soon and shortly sistant. My duties include 20 hours women who have individual integrity thereafter the first m e e t i n g will be per week of data processing and com- and who always retain that integrity scheduled. T h e f o r m a t of this first puter programming for the depart- in dealing with others? exploratory m e e t i n g will be largely spontaneous. Two or three short pres- ment. My academic studies are cen- With the above in mind, the engi- entations (perhaps papers) will be in- tered in the field of linguistics, neer and the scientist of tomorrow will cluded to stimulate discussion. The communication theory, and the psy- be able to evaluate change in terms of purpose is to define the breadth of in- chology of language. I plan to obtain progress, and this will help prepare terests of the participants, develop an a doctorate in computational linguist- them to accept new discoveries with- organizational structure for the group, ics from Harvard, MIT, U. of Texas, out discarding the valid experiences of define our goals and purposes, and or U. of California. the past. formulate some i n i t i a l research ob- jectives. I am hopeful that the organization will come to serve as a guiding body tor the collection and dissemination of research proposals and results of pa- Pers pertinent to our interests written b y MSU (and other) personnel. I vis- ualize a general administrative struc- air from causing leaks in the finished automatic controls also provide blanket Automated Carbon resistor.) The shell, fully cured, does roll cleaning b e t w e e n code changes (Continued from Page 34) not melt, and rests on the gold caps and during idle periods which might of the resistor, retaining an air space otherwise cause the ink impressions to disengaging the bridge lathe. During along the resistor body to prevent or- dry on the blanket roll. cutting, the bridge also senses any non- ganic c o n t a m i n a t i o n of the carbon linearity indicative of chipping or thin film. The partially cured pellets on the T H I R D INSPECTION STATION spots in the coating; such cores are leads do soften, forming an effective The final inspection station—a feed- automatically rejected. The control cir- seal with the shell. The resistors then back control point—resets the preced- cuits also reject any resistor that pass through cooling water jets which ing inspection station to compensate reaches value before 75% of its length terminate the cure of the epoxy pellets. for shifts in resistance value caused is used, or fails to reach value in its by the heat of encapsulation. full available length. Detection circuits w i t h i n the ma- chine reject any resistors with missing PACKING The helixing, or spiralling, is done shells or missing pellets. "dry" and continues until final resistor Next, our r e s i s t o r moves onto a value is reached—an achievement packing platform where it is pushed LEAK DETECTION which eliminates the hand-rubbing into a bank between two loading jaws. Moving along a conveyor from the When the banks fills, an anvil pushes final adjustment method previously oven, the resistor is picked up by the the prepositioned resistors into a styro- used. The helix lathe bridge is slightly holding clip of a leak inspection tur- foam block. The block goes down a biased to compensate for machine in- ret. The holding clip immerses it in hopper into a loaded magazine. ertia and for resistance change caused a hot water bath containing a wetting by the heat generated in grinding. This machine is also controlled by agent to prevent surface bubbles from This data is programmed and stored the computer, which actuates servos clinging to the resistor body. The heat in the computer memory drum. The to control the platten and anvil stroke expands the air inside the capsule, and computer also ties into a servo that settings for each of the four resistor a series of ten p h o t o e l e c t r i c cells controls the speed and pitch used for sizes. watch for air bubbles which would proper s p i r a l l i n g . The three-second indicate a leak. And now, our completed resistor, spiralling speed, a fraction of that commonly used elsewhere, was ac- A special memory device rejects im- which began its odyssey as a tiny ce- complished by carefully balancing the properly sealed resistors as they leave ramic core, is ready to begin the most rotating mechanism and using a mag- the tank. The heart of this device is important phase of its life cycle— netic counter-weight to hold the mov- a mechanical memory tab associated reliable service in an electronic cir- able chuck assemblies against the dia- with each resistor holding clip. The cuit. mond cutting wheel. tab retains the identity of any individ- CONVEYORS ual resistor rejected at any one of the SECOND INSPECTION leak detectors. The machine can de- Between the first four stations of the The feedback control and self-cor- tect leaks as small as 2 x 10-« cc per automated line, the resistor core is rection of the helix lathe bridge is second. transported by being blown through a based on a statistical quality control plastic tube with gentle air pressure. analysis of values inspected at the MARKING From the capping machine through second inspection station. A wheat- A computer-controlled marking ma- the succeeding operations, the resistor stone bridge, set to the desired nomi- chine now stamps on the wattage, re- moves from machine to machine by a nal resistance value of each resistor sistance value, production lot number conveyor control system. This system lot by the computer, precisely measures and date on the encapsulated resistor. used individual stainless steel pallets the resistance of our resistor. Off-bal- which move along continuously-run- The machine used a modified offset ance voltage is digitized and fed back ning conveyor belts. printing technique. Conventional off- to the computer, which then computes set printing requires a small type head The pallets transport individual re- the desired correction and corrects the which reciprocates during the inking sistors to the machine operating posi- helixing machine setting. Defective re- cycle of the blanket roll. In this ma- tion and receive the resistor after the sistors are automatically rejected. Vis- chine, however, the necessity for re- completion of operation. The convey- ual monitoring of values is also pro- sponse to computer control dictated ors, part of each individual machine, vided at this station. the use of a rather bulky typehead. provide an indexing pallet transport Therefore, it was decided to mount the ENCAPSULATING mechanism. A rubber-tipped push rod blanket roll and inking rolls on a retains the resistor on its tip by means The resistor next feeds into an en- planetary gear arrangement. This per- of a vacuum system connected through capsulating machine. Here, a precured mits the type head to remain station- the rod's hollow core. A suitable cam epoxy shell is fitted over the core, and ary, and permits the addition of servo actuating mechanism for the push rod two partially cured epoxy pellets are drives to make automatic type chang- is synchronized with the machine oper- inserted over each lead. Held between ing feasible. ation, loading the r e s i s t o r into the resilient rubber chucks, the resistor machine. Servo drives controlled by the com- moves through an oven for approxi- puter can set any one of forty-five dif- Space is allowed between each ma- mately 15 minutes in a curing temper- ferent code numbers with over a mil- chine for accumulation of a five min- ature of over 300 degrees F. (The re- lion and a half permutations of code ute "bank stock," and each machine silient chucks prevent escaping trapped and resistance value combinations. The (Continued on Page 39) 58 Spartan Engineer MSU News Notes teaching presently being carried out by professor explained, scientists can be the department in the College of Agri- assured that whatever radiation they (Continued from Page 56) culture and the College of Natural detect is coming predominantly from Except for Dr. L a i , the new ap- Science. the source under study. pointees have been directly connected The two colleges have been jointly Dr. Blosser pointed out that cosmic with current American space pro- administering the department since its rays are constantly penetrating the at- grams. All are recognized authorities establishment on April 1, 1961. Pre- mosphere and striking the earth from in their fields and have p u b l i s h e d viously, research and teaching in several angles at the rate of about 1 many papers in technical journals. biochemistry was centered in the chem- per cent centimeter per second. Other noted space researchers on the istry and agricultural chemistry de- mechanical engineering faculty are Dr. partments. When fine measurements are called Maria Z. v. Krzywoblocki and Dr. for, Dr. Blosser said, the source can At present, biochemistry has offices be lowered into the well with appro- Amritlal M. Dhanak. and laboratories in four of the Uni- priate measuring and recording instru- Dr. Krzywoblocki, a mathematician versity's older buildings—Food Sci- ments. as well as an engineer, has prepared ence, Kedzie, Agriculture and Horti- five volumes of mathematics for cal- culture. It may be necessary, he added, to culating trajectories for a flight to fill the well with water and lower ex- These facilities, said Dr. Hansen, Mars. The work was done for the Na- perimental rigs in waterproof capsules. have the department cramped for space tional Aeronautics and Space Associ- now and make it difficult to expand The MSU cyclotron, which is to be ation. in keeping with the growing import- in the 50 million electron volt class, Dr. Dhanak is a specialist in heat ance of biochemistry. is scheduled for completion in 1964. transfer and boundary layer analysis. Dr. Hansen noted that biochemistry, which is concerned with the chemical Automated Carbon NATIONAL SCIENCE activity that supports life, dates back (Continued from Page 58) FOUNDATION GRANT to about 1900 but has had its greatest FOR BIOCHEMISTRY growth in the past 30 years. feeds from this storage space on a demand basis. Inventory control is A National Science Foundation Many advances in biology, public maintained, since each machine shuts grant of $1,213,000 to support con- health, nutrition and agriculture have off when the storage space fills on the struction and furnishing of a new bio- resulted from biochemical research. A succeeding machine. chemistry building was accepted by number of Nobel prizes have been the Michigan State University Board awarded for biochemical and closely CAP-LEAD WELDER of Trustees, meeting at MSU-Oakland. related research. An automatic machine outside the The planned five-story building will Dr. Nathan E. Tolbert, professor of line percussion-welds a solder-coated cost about $5.2 million. It will be biochemistry, has been chairman of the lead to the gold-flashed brass cap used built east of the Biology Research biochemistry building committee. Final in the capping operation. The weld Center on the East Lansing campus. working plans are nearly complete. is made at the joint of the cap and The architect is Harley, Ellington, Co- the lead by an extremely short (less The University anticipates that ad- win and Stirton, Inc., Detroit. than 300 microsecond) arc of high in- ditional funds will be f o r t h c o m i n g tensity. This machine's output rate is from another federal agency and a approximately 3,600 parts per hour. private foundation. FALLOUT SHELTER FOR It has changeable tooling to accommo- The NSF grant specifies that $110,- CYCLOTRON BUILDING date three different cap sizes and two 000 of the total will be spent for sci- wire sizes. Fail-safe features shut off A special type of fallout shelter 100 the machine or reject the part in the entific equipment. feet deep and three feet in diameter event that no cap is fed, a lead is not While the new building will be im- is being drilled at Michigan State Uni- attached, or a poor weld occurs. Portant to MSUs plans to develop a versity. two-year preclinical medical program, This "fallout shelter," a part of this was not the only consideration for the NSF, noted Dr. R. Gaurth Han- MSU's cyclotron building now under SIDETRACKED construction, is designed to shield sen- Old blondes never fade. They just sen, chairman of the Department of sitive experiments from cosmic rays dye away. Biochemistry. and other normal background radia- * * * The basis of the grant," he said, tion. " is the scientific competence of the Jimmies mother greeted him on his The steel-lined well will be used staff in biochemical research and the return home from his first day at when it is necessary to make highly caliber °f the graduate teaching pro- accurate measurements of extremely school. gram. "Well," she asked, after a big hug small amounts of radiation being emit- "Weare honored by this recogni- ted from certain substances under and kiss, "what did my little man learn tion of our work." study, Dr. Henry G. Blosser, codesign- in school today? " er of the cyclotron, said. Jimmie smiled proudly and said, . The proposal made by the Univer- By screening out most normal back- "How to whisper without moving my sity to the NSF, he p o i n t e d out, ground radiation, the MSU physics lips." stressed the research and graduate January, 1 9 6 3 59 Advertiser Page Advertiser Page AC SPARK PLUG-ELECTRONICS DIV 1 FORD MOTOR CO 34 ALLISON DIV. OF GENERAL MOTORS 13 THE GARRETT CORPORATION 15 AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CO. . . . 23 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY back cover THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE 60 HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY 32 THE BENDIX CORPORATION 3 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP. . . 4-5 BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY 6 INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH 25 BOEING COMPANY 10 MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY 27 CALIFORNIA STATE PERSONNEL BOARD 37 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMIN. . . . 40 COLLINS RADIO CO 24 NORTHROP CORPORATION 53 CUTLER-HAMMER, INC 48-49 OLIN MATHIESON CHEMICAL CORP 2 DELCO RADIO 26 PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION 45 DETROIT EDISON COMPANY 7 PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 28 (DIV. OF UNITED AIRCRAFT) 30-31 THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY 11 RAYTHEON COMPANY 33 DROP FORGING ASSOCIATION 47 SYLVANIA ELECTRONICS DIV 51 E. I. Du PONT de NEMOURS & CO 41 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 35 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY inside back cover WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP. . . . inside front cover We make machines, but Wall Street calls us a chemical company. People who know nothing about Wall Street associate us with simple little cameras. Photography involves cameras, and it also involves chemicals. A great deal of our chemical activity, however does not involve photography. On the other hand, the chemistry of photog- raphy now hides inside machines like the ones above, so that photography doesn't seem to involve chemistry any more. "Involved" is certainly the word for the situation, It is an involved situation but it is also a very healthy one. So healthy is the demand for electromechanical machines of all kinds and sizes to perform the chemical operations of photography that our sizable body of electromechanical engineers keeps very pleasantly occupied. Possibly you will write to us, and possibly we shall strike up a correspondence, and possibly you too will come to work for us as an electromechanical engineer, and possibly you will be running a vitamin factory for us on the day we pin the 25- year medal on you. That's the beauty of diversification. Manufacturing Careers Offer Diversity, Challenge and Opportunity Q. Mr. Miller, what do engineers do in manufacturing? A. Engineers design, build, equip, and operate our General Electric plants through- out the world. In General Electric, this is manufacturing work, and it sub-divides into categories, such as quality control engineering, material management, shop management, manufacturing engineering, and plant engineering. All of these jobs require technical men for many reasons. Pint, the complexity of our product- i- 011 the increase. Today's devices—involving mechanical, electrical, hydraulic. electronic, chemical, and even atomic comonents call for a high degree of technical knowhow. Then there's the progressive trend toward mechanization and automation that demands engineering skills. And finally, the rapid development of new tools and techniques has opened new doors of technical opportunity—elec- tronic data processing, computer-, numerically programmed machine tools, auto- matic processing, feedback control, and a host of others. In short, the require- ments of complex product- ol more exacting quality, of advanced proce and techniques of manufacture, and of industry's need for higher productivity add up to an o p p o r t u n i t y and a challenge in which the role ol engineers is vital. Q. How do opportunities for technical graduates in manufacturing stack up with other areas? A. Manufacturing holds great promise for the creative technical man with leader- ship ability. Over 60 percent of the 250,000 men and women in General Electric are in manulacturing. You, as an engineer, will become part of the small technical core that leads this large force, and your opportunity lor growth, therefore, is unexcelled. Technical graduates in manulacturing are teamed with those in mar- keting who assess customer needs; those in research and development who con- ceive new products; and those in engineering who create new product designs. 1 sincerely believe that the role of technical graduates of high competence in the manufacturing function is one of the major opportunities for progress in industry. Q. What technical disciplines are best suited to a career in manufacturing? A. We need men with Doctor's, Master's, and Bachelor's degrees in all the tech- nical disciplines, including engineering, mathematics, chemistrj and physics, we need M.B.A.'s also. General Qectric's broad diversification plus the demands ol modern manufacturing call for a wide range of first-class technical talent. For one example: outside of the Federal Government, we're the largest user of computers in the United States. Just think of the challenge t" mathematician- and b systems men. Q. My school work has emphasized fundamentals. Will General Electric train me in the specifics I need to be effective? A. Yes, the Manufacturing Training Program is designed to do just that Seminars which cover the s u b - f u n c t i o n s of manufacturing will expose you to both the theo- retical and practical a p p r o a c h e s to operating p r o b l e m - . Each ol the succeeding jobs you have will train yon further in the important work areas of manufacturing- Q. After the Program—what? A. From that point, your ability and initiative will determine your direction. Graduates of the Manufacturing Training Program have Company-wide oppor- tunities and the; continue to advance to positions of greater responsibility.