Instant portable power... any time, any place In this battery-sparked new world of portable convenience, hand tools are driven by their own re- chargeable batteries . . . toys perform their tricks by remote control . . . a hearing aid with its button-size power cell can be slipped into the ear . . . cordless radios and television sets are lively companions in the home or outdoors . . . missiles and satellites are guided through the vastness of space. • Developments like these have brought more than 350 types of EVEREADY batteries into use today, 73 years after Union Carbide produced the first commercial dry cell. Ever-longer service life and smaller size with power to spare are opening the way for batteries, such as the new alkaline cells, to serve hundreds of new uses. • For the future, along with their research in batteries, he People of Union Carbide are working on new and unusual power systems including fuel cells_ And this is only one of the many fields in which they are active in meetmg the growing needs of tomorrow's world. A HAND IN THINGS TO COME 3 DEAN'S LETTER 35 NEW MSU SCIENCE CENTER 10 FACULTY REVUE 36 MISS ENGINEER 14 DIFFRACTION 38 HYDROGEN POWER 18 BROOKLYN TO STATEN ISLAND 41 FIELD WAVE ROTATION 21 TOP ENGINEER 42 PRODUCTS FROM INDUSTRY 22 CRYSTALS 46 WHAT'S NEW IN MICHIGAN? 26 TIME CAPSULE 48 MSU NEWS NOTES 27 PROGRAM FOR THE 1963 52 BRAIN TEASERS ENGINEERING EXPOSITION 54 SIDE TRACKED 32 NEW AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE Dean's Letter O U R SENIORS have just completed their parts in the annual hunt for col- lege ivory—the campaign conducted by U. S. industry to guide the potential engineering graduate into the profession. This year, as for several past, has seen our campus attract representatives of more industrial companies and governmental agencies than visit any other institution in the state. What do these men look for in the seniors they interview? We believe the foremost quality desired is "teachableness," or a willingness and ability to continue the learning process. How do they measure this quality? Certainly the first quantitative criterion applied is that of the student's grade-point aver- age. A good average is at least an indication that he has learned in the past and should be able to continue the learning process in moving into our techni- cal profession in the future. Interest in possible graduate study, in company- sponsored technical and business training programs, in the technical advantages offered by the geographical locale of the company's operations, all demonstrate to the ivory-hunter that a senior wishes to continue learning. A good point average, however, is not all that is desired by the inter- viewer. After assuring himself of academic abilities, he next looks to person- ality, appearance, responsiveness, ability to speak. The interviewer knows that these qualities, not too well measured by the point average, have a major bear- ing on the future of an engineer—he must work with and supervise others will he be a smooth-working member of the company team. Many of these latter capabilities are present in a student before he ever, arrives on our campus as a freshman, and we must admit that often we only offer opportunity for exercise and polishing of thesequalities.However,we would ike to point out that the point average is the ticket of admission to the interview room-without this a graduate has lessened opportunities to demon- strate his other winning qualities or personality. And even though such a mundane subject as salary should not enter, a good point average has been known to put more beef in the salary offer, which usually leads to more beef on the table at meal time. /. D. RYDER These letters stand for Air Force Officer be open a year or so from now. Training School—a three-month course for As an Air Force officer, you'll be a leader on those who realize they want to become the Aerospace Team, serving your country Air Force officers, but don't have enough while you get a flying headstart on the tech- school time left to enroll in AFROTC. nology of the future. The U.S. Air Force We prefer our officers to start their training sponsors one of the world's most advanced as freshmen, so we can commission them research and development programs —and directly upon graduation. But right now we're you can be part of it. accepting applications for another fine way If you're within 210 days of graduation, get to become an Air Force officer —OTS. We more information on OTS from the Professor can't guarantee that this program will still of Air Science. Advanced solution to a heat transfer problem This critical development work is supported by more than Complex, long duration satellites and manned spacecraft a quarter century of Garrett heat transfer experience. It is must get rid of large amounts of internally produced heat, Through unique fabrication techniques and know-how with one more example of Garrett's proved capability in the design exotic materials, Garrett-AiResearch is building active (fluid and production of vital systems and their components for cycle) radiator systems for cooling space vehicles. spacecraft, missile, aircraft, electronic, nuclear and industrial Garrett is also developing heat transfer systems for appli- applications. cations from cryogenic temperatures to 2000°F, using heat For further information about the many interesting project transfer fluids such as Coolanol 139, Freon 21, FC-75, mer- areas and career opportunities at The Garrett Corporation, cury and alkali liquid metals including potassium, rubidium write to Mr. G. D. Bradley in Los Angeles. Garrett is an equal and cesium. oDDortunity employer. We will not offer you just a job (but if you're interested in a career, talk it over with us) When we invite a man to join the course lasting five weeks. It in- Bethlehem Loop Course, we arc not cludes talks and discussions by top offering him a "job." We are invit- Company officials, educational ing him to begin a career. And, for films, and daily plant visits. The that reason, we train him—thor- Loop Course is not a probationary oughly—before he begins his first period. After completing the course, work assignment. every looper is assigned to a Beth- lehem activity where he receives additional specialized instruction before beginning actual on-the-job training. Plenty of Opportunity Because of the size and diversity of its operations, Bethlehem offers unlimited opportunities to "get ahead." It's one of the nation's largest industrial corporations, with about 130,000 employees, engaged in raw materials mining and proc- essing, basic steelmaking, manu- Pacific Coast; shipyards on the facturing of finished products, Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts; structural steel fabricating and manufacturing units and fabri- erecting, shipbuilding, and ship cating works in twelve states; and repair. We operate steelmaking sales offices in most leading cities. The Bethlehem Loop Course plants in the East and on the Our new research laboratories, in Bethlehem, Pa., are unexcelled by Since its beginning some forty any industry. years ago, the Loop Course has trained about 2,000 men who now occupy responsible positions at all Read Our Booklet levels of supervision and manage- The eligibility requirements of ment. The name comes from the the Loop Course, as well as how it fact that members of the course operates, are more fully covered make an observational circuit (or in our booklet, "Careers with Beth- "loop") of a steel plant during their lehem Steel and the Loop Course." basic training program. Copies are available in most college placement offices, or may be ob- New loopers report to our general tained by writing to Manager of headquarters in Bethlehem, Pa., Personnel, Bethlehem Steel Com- early in July. They attend a basic pany, Bethlehem, Pa. An equal opportunity employer Illustration Courtesy The Martin Company Atomic power for outer space Monsanto...a w o r l d l e a der in chemicals, plastics and company that's ready and able to move vigorously in- petroleum products • • • has also taken a giant step into to new fields. And that means plenty of growing room for you . . . ever-expanding opportunity as your pro- the atomic space age. Now broadcasting signals from fessional interests broaden. space is a Transit satellite transmitter, powered by an "atomic generator." This long-lived power source is See your Placement Director to arrange an interview fueled with plutonium 238 processed and encapsulated when we visit your campus at Mound Laboratory, which Monsanto Research Corporate, a wholly owned subsidiary of Monsanto, operates for the Atomic Energy Commission. Professional Employment This achievement is important to you because it suggests the kind of future the Monsanto family offers the young engineer of exceptional promise. You'll be joining a He was a great scientist in his day This Sumerian was minding our busi- is a major reason TB deaths de- To take a big sting out of life, Olin is ness five thousand years ago. creased 60% in the last eight years. developing a high speed cartridge that Like Olin, he specialized in chemi- Olin's ammonium phosphate fertiliz- enables medicine to be injected without cals and metals. He smelted copperand er (Ammo-Phos®) makes it possible for the use of hypodermics. tin to make bronze. He made an iron farmers to grow more food than ever But none of these advances could axle, put it between two wheels, and off before. have been made without our scientists. he went. And to prevent the tremendous Every division of Olin seeks the cre- Men have always been trying to find waste in food spoilage, we're working on ative, scientific mind for the answers to the answers to important problems.To- an antibiotic-coated plastic wrapping. the research problems of our day. If this day, Olin is at it, harder than ever. is the kind of work that interests you, Our pioneering research in liquid chlorine helped eradicate typhoid and call Olin or write to M. H. Jacoby, Col- other water-borne diseases. lege Relations Officer, Olin Mathieson Our anti-tubercular drug, NYDRAZID, Chemical Corporation, 460 Park Ave- nue, New York 22, N.Y. FORGED... to provide more strength at 60% less cost You are looking at a simple forging. It will be extend the ability of metals to withstand the ever- machined slightly to make a rotor end-plate for a increasing stresses and temperatures and pressures giant hydroelectric generator. This part must created by today's dynamic civilization. Forged withstand radial loadings of 150,000 pounds on parts withstand the landing impact of a jet air- the coil-support surface as the 30-foot rotor spins. craft, yet are light and strong to reduce dead Why use forgings for generator end-plates? Be- weight. Forged parts help restrain the tremendous cause forgings possess many special properties. pressures and temperatures of modern petrochemi- The forging process is unlike any other, because cal equipment. They improve the performance of forged parts start with refined metals, can be given vital automobile components. Forging has reduced the cost of many parts, too. almost any desired shape between impression dies Production developments in the forging industry under enormous pressure or by consecutive blows. often make forged parts cheaper than parts pro- Forging imparts added strength and toughness, duced by other methods. Let us send you case Permitting weight-saving design, reduced cost, histories of parts converted to forgings from higher greater safety in our high-speed world. cost methods. Address: Drop Forging Association, Continuing research and modern equipment of Dept. El, 55 Public Square, Cleveland 13, Ohio. the forging industry have a major part in helping FACULTY REVUE i sent on their way to their homes. Little did Dr. Shosei Serata 150 p e r s o n s . Another 13,083 The only indication they had that realize that day almost 18 years would be missing forever and 37,- something was wrong was when ago that someday he would be 425 maimed and injured. History they were issued white linen working for Japan's wartime was in the making. sheets with eye holes to carry enemy. Research into finding a with them. They were instructed safe method for disposing of ra- "It was just like someone tak- to cover themselves with the dioactive w a s t e from nuclear ing a flash picture in front of your sheets and run to the shelter if power plants was the furthest f a c e , " said Dr. Serata "The the air mass shifted toward the thing from his mind then. room filled with a blue light. We island. didn't do anything. We thought He was just 16, and serving at maybe some transformer by the Again on August 9, 1945, an- the Japanese Naval Academy on window exploded. Then about 20 other atomic bomb was dropped, It is not at all unlikely that Dr. level radioactive wastes. This This presents a new branch to an island about 10 miles south of seconds later the shock wave hit this time on Nagasaki where 73,- Shosei Serata's personal exper- study has been sponsored by the the engineering field: that of "bio- downtown Hiroshima. It was 8:15 the island, the whole building 884 were killed. Japan sur- ience during the atomic bomb drop National Science Foundation since engineering," or the study of en- a.m. August 6, 1945, a clear and shook and we heard the explosion rendered August 14, 1945. on Hiroshima greatly influenced September of 1961. The objec- vironment in relation to human very warm summer day in Japan. We thought the bomb was dropped his current interest in radioac- tive of this project is the possi- health. In connection with this, The sky was peaceful until they by the open window." tive materials. These interests ble use of salt beds deep in the heard the drone of the American Instinct told Dr. Serata the end i n v o l v e research on environ- Dr. Serata is looking for radia- The boys were herded out of the was e a r t h to s t o r e radio-active tion biologists to aid in the teach- B-29 bomber. near for Japan. Fear gripped mental radiation and the safe building by the instructor and into him. He remembered the propa- wastes. Salt beds are likely spots ing of courses and research. an air-raid shelter. "We were storage of highly radioactive because of their high thermo- But t h a t was routine. T h e quiet," he continued. "Nothing ganda sessions. Americans would wastes in underground forma- conductivity and since the salt B-29's were flying overhead al- happened. We came out of the come and assault the women and tions. within these deposits is in a plas- most constantly. Most major Jap- shelter about 15 minutes ater kill the men. He was just a boy. Dr. Serata noted many differ- When he did see the first Amer- tic state. This is caused from ences between students in Japan anese cities were already r e - We saw this high flying atomic ican occupation forces, he was Dr. Serata, now an assistant three-dimensional compression. duced to rubble by conventional and those in the U.S.: "Students professor of civil and sanitary The viscosity of the salt will al- here in the United States are very bombs. However, this would be a cloud directly overhead It was surprised. They were nothing engineering at MSU, began his low it to fill in and seal up any conservative, secure, and re- d ay the 33-year-old scientist beautiful. We went back to the like they had been told. In fact, education in Japan. He spent six cracks or fissures which might would never forget. This B-29 class. in the morning we heard a he explained, they treated the years of study in colleges in Ja- laxed instead of the riots and re- lecture and in the afternoon we people better than their own army occur and prevent the radioac- volts which are present in Japan." was special. It was carrying a pan and received his Masters tive vapors from escaping. Also, death-dealing package. Its target: had physical training, mainly dig- had. Two weeks later they were degree in civil engineering from He also found a difference in the ging holes to meet the American on their ways to their homes. these depositories are economic- type of curriculum offered to the Hiroshima. Kyoto University in 1952. In the ally made. The importance of a landing." They landed at the port of Hiro- next year, he came to the United student. Japan's system is based shima. Homes there were twisted States and studied at the Univer- project of this sort is impressed on the complete control of the Dr. Serata, then a slightly built A large hill protected the naval sity of California at Berkley for by the fact that in 40 years, about student and each one must lad with dark hair and eyes was academy at the north end of the off their foundations. They walked four years to receive another a billion gallons of radioactive take all of his courses in a cer- in his first hour class in an aca- island and blocked out the view of for a half-day toward the center Masters degree for sanitary en- waste will have to be dealt with. tain department. Japanese stu- demy building. "We were thinking the port of hiroshiama. "At night of the city and the railroad sta- dents are not allowed to add sub- about fighting to the last man; that the whole sky over the hill and tion. gineering. In 1959, Dr. Serata we were right and America toward the city was a bright red," was awarded his doctorate in jects from other departments. he recalled. "For three days and "The smell was terrible. The civil engineering from the Uni- The second of Dr. Serata's Here, on the other hand, an en- wrong," he recalled. "We had no nights we saw this red color in doubt we would be the eventual center of the city where the de- versity of Texas. research projects involves en- gineering student might be car- the sky. We figured it must have struction was worst, everything vironmental radiation. This in- rying courses from the engineer- victor. We were very young. The B-29 was very high in the sky and was burned or melted," he said. Utilizing this educational back- cludes atmosphere radioactive fallout in the and rain water, cos- ing department and simultaneous- last. We couldn't see it. We heard The railroad station was de- ground, Dr. Serata is presently mic rays, radioactivity ly taking classes in chemistry, it though, which was quite normal been a big bomb that was stroyed along with the rest. They in milk, math, or English. Dr. Serata sat on concrete blocks for the engaged in two research proj- etc. Along with six graduate and usual." dropped. ects. One of these is the study of students under him, Dr. Serata stated that MSU should be very rest of the afternoon. For several the stress field of underground is trying to discover all the proud of its progressive curricu- W h at happened at Hiroshima months after that, Dr. Serata was formations, a project related to means by which this radioactivi- lum and he hopes that other Ten miles away the bomb was was not revealed to the boys at countries may follow our exam- dropped from the belly of the huge ill. the underground disposal of high- ty may reach the human body. Plane, spelling out death for 78,- the naval academy. they learned 11 10 ple. Ma for themselves when they were y, 1963 In aircraft parts, as in men, excessive siress accelerant the aging process. And stress aging per hour varies for each aircraft. Yet the present way of determining servicing schedules is based primarily on hours flown. • Now Douglas researchers have developed a device which, when installed on an aircraft, provides a more positive method of determin- ing check-up times for aircraft parts, n Called a "Service Meter," and weighing less than 11/2pounds, the Douglas unit computes the accelerations encountered by its aircraft in relation both to number and severity. It allows servicing AEROSPACE GERIATRICStobeperformedonthe ...A STIMULATING AREA FOR CREATIVE ENGINEERSofthetrueworkageofparts, and will be an important aid to maintenance procedures that keep aircraft young. D Research like the foregoing has helped build the Douglas reputation for producing the world's most reliable aircraft. If you are seeking a stimulating career in the thick of the most vital programs of today and tomorrow, we invite you to contact us. Write to Mr. S. A. Amestoy, Douglas Aircraft Company, 3000 Ocean Park Blvd., Santa Monica, California, Box 600-X. An equal opportunity employer Our gasoline isn't good enough for some people us We like to think that American Oil products are the best you can buy. And they are. We also like to think we can improve the quality of our prod- ucts without increasing the cost to the consumer. And we do. Consistently. A considerable amount of work is done in testing catalysts and searching for those which will help produce the types of gasoline our cus- tomers want at the price they can afford. One of the people engaged in the research and development of our manufacturing processes is John Mitchell, 24, a graduate Chemical Engineer from the University of Texas. The opportunities for bright young scientists like John Mitchell are virtually unlimited at American Oil. American Oil offers a wide range of new research opportunities for: Chemists- analytical, electrochemical, physical,and organic; Engineers—chemical, mechanical, and metallur- gical; Masters in Business Administration with an engineering (preferably chemical) or science background; Mathematicians; Physicists. For complete information about interesting careers in the Research and Development Depart- ment, write: J. H. Strange, American Oil Company, P. 0 . Box 431, Whiting, Indiana. DIFFRACTION edited by John Callahan If, instead of inserting a knife- tern and the notion of imaging a Diffraction is sometimes de- luminous point, since both are fined as the bending of a light edge into the beam, we insert a beam around an obstacle placed c i r c u l a r aperture, diffraction very important in image evalua- in its path. This definition is a takes place all around the edge, tion. good place to start because it and the distribution of light pass- emphasizes that the basic postu- ing through our aperture is found In the first place, we can con- late of geometrical optics — that to consist of a bright center core sider object space to be an array is,that light travels in a straight of measurable size, surrounded of luminous points, differing only line in a homogeneous m e d i u m - by luminous fringes. in their luminance. If this is so, is not enough to explain the be- then by determining the manner havior of optical systems com- in which the lens images one point, pletely. On the other hand, the we can specify the performance of bending is not j u s t a c h a n g e in Optical scientists differentiate the lens — simply because there direction, and a better definition between two types of diffraction are nothing but points in object might be them o r e general one that called Fraunhofer and Fresnel space. This is the concept which diffraction is the effect produced diffraction, depending on the lo- lies behind the use of the modula- cation of source and screen, but tion transfer function, which is by limiting the e x t e n t o f a w a v e this is not important for our pres- now so widely accepted as a meas- front. ent purposes. What is important ure of lens performance. is that any lens with a finite Thesimplestway to observe aperture limits the wave fronts the phenomenon is to introduce Actually, lens-makers have un- a knife - edge between a point passingthrough it, and thus opti- derstood this for a century or source of light and a screen, and cal images consist of diffraction more, and have tested their lenses then examine the edge of the sha- patterns. the typical diffraction by studying visually the images of dow closely. When this is done, pattern formed when a lens luminous points. The essential not only is light observed in the image a Ppoint source is shown d i f f e r e n c e between this "star shadow area, but the illumina- in figure 2. Since this pattern test" and the transfer function is is generated in the lens, even an only that the latter is an analytical tion at the adge appearsa nas alter- d dark infinitely small luminous element expression of the intensity dis- nate frings of light . will be imaged as the finite pat- tribution in the point image, and The diffraction fringes appear- tern we see here. It will pay us to ingblade around theshadownofa razor this needs no discussion here. are shown in Figure 1.examine carefully both this pat- 15 Ma y, 1963 But if the point image describes bridge professor named George either if the wavelength of light the performance of the lens, what B. Airy and for this reason the is increased or if the lens is can we say about the imaging pattern is often called an Airy stopped down. properties of lenses? Immediate- disk. ly, it is apparent that, because of This means that optical im- diffraction, no lens can ever form For our purposes, the result ages should preferably be formed a "perfect" image, if by perfect of the calculation is most con- with light of short wavelength. we mean that a point in object veniently written in the following Microscopists have done this for space is reproduced as a true form: point in image space. many, many years, but for most r - 1.22 (f/d) other types of optical systems, ~ - 1.22 (f_-number) the use of blue and ultraviolet Instead, the best which can pos- Where r_ is the radius of the cen- light is not particularly practi- sibly be done is to image the point tral core of the pattern and is cal. as a diffraction pattern. By con- the wavelength of the light, f_ is vention, when we talk about "per- the focal length of the lens and d The other result indicated by fect" lenses, we mean lenses in is the diameter of its entrance the diffraction formula is that for which this level of performance pupil, so that the quantity f/d is best results a lens should be used has been reached. If the lens is the f_-number. The central core at maximum aperture, that is, less than diffraction limited, the of the pattern contains nearly all with the smallest f-number pos- disk of light in the star image the light — 84 percent, to be sible. Whether or not in practice becomes even larger, and often exact — and for most purposes the best images will be obtained departs markedly from circular. we can ignore the fringes. In fact, even in lenses which are at maximum aperture, depends diffraction limited on axis, the on the type of optical system ana star image is generally degraded We have now to examine the type of imagery involved. from the diffraction pattern else- practical consequences of this where in the field. well-known formula, remember- In practical photography, the ing that the larger the diffrac- effects of diffraction are prob- tion disk, the further is the image ably not very important. In the The size of the diffraction disk from being an exact reproduction f i r s t place, most commercial can be calculated, and the result of the object. Two principal re- photographic lenses are designed is to be found in all optics text- sults are immediately apparent. so that at maximum aperture they books. The calculation was first They are, simply, that the size carried out in 1834 by a Cam- of the Airy disk is increased are no longer diffraction limited, and the star image is an enlarged 16 Spartan Engineer points will be imaged as a disk interest in such fields as micro- blur. This is done because the scopy and microphotography. extra speed is generally well of finite size, if they are moved worth the image degradation en- toward each other the images For a given wavelength of light, tailed. However, it does mean merge before the points do. This the resolving power is readily that most photographic lenses will is another phenomenon which is calculated from the diffraction improve on being closed down a illustrated in all optics textbooks, equation. However, in fields other stop or two, until the image ac- and Figure 3 has been reproduced than astronomy, it is customary tually becomes diffraction lim- from "The Principle of Optics to replace the luminous points ited. Further stopping down will by Hardy and Perrin, with the kind with luminous lines, and the dif- then degrade the image, but even permission of the authors and fraction equation corrected for this is not important. In the first McGraw-Hill. You can see that in this case is r - (f-number). The Place, further stopping down im- the third pair it becomes impos- critical distance is now merely proves the depth of field and may sible to tell from the image whe- times the f_-number. Assuming improve the flare characteris- ther or not the object was a pair that the wavelength is l/2000mm, tics, both of which will appear to of points. The limit of resolution then the resolving power, 1/r, make the final picture sharper. is reached when the center of one is at once 2000/f_-number, in And in the second place, for most disk coincides with the edge of lines per millimeter. Also, since Practical purposes the size of the other; that is, the centers are the numerical aperture is ap- the AirY disk even at minimum separated by a distance equal to proximately one over twice the lens aperture is still small com- one disk radius. This criterion f-number, the resolving power Pared with the useful detail. For was suggested by Lord Ray eigh of a microscope objective is 4000 these reasons, the effects of dif- and is often called the Rayleigh NA, also in lines/mm. franction are not usually import- limit. ant in photography if the negative Calculations like this are use- is 35mm size or larger. ful for rapidly estimating the The reciprocal of this distance ability of an optical system to the ima er is called the resolving power of handle a particular task. To fa- snlaif^ S y of very cjmaii detail is important, then the lens. Nowadays resolvmg cilitate them, my colleague R. L. power is out of fashion for the Lamberts has devised a nomo- ant T l 0 n a l S 0 b e c o m e s import- quite good reason that its indis- gram (Figure 4), which enables nf lu time-honored measure criminate use for all sorts of the size of the Airy disk and the tem l3mb ial gi tey t ionf adn e t °a Pi l t ii cs a l s y s - imagine problems led to wrong resolving power to be read off soiv p o w e r y i t s r e - answers, Within its limits how- with a straightedge. A similar lv H r > which is proper- ever resolving power is still a ned a s the abiiit nomogram for micro-objectives svst t0 i m a e a s y of t h e useful index of the ability of a has been published by Richards lum- S separate two "unous points which are close- lens or optical system to handle small detail. It is therefore ot of American Optical. ' Mjacent. Since each of the 17 BROOKLYN TO STATEN ISLAND This striking view shows the sweep of the 20 foot wide catwalks, dram- Take 145,000 miles of pencil- skyhigh platforms for the spinning atized by the late afternoon sun, thick galvanized steel wire weigh- crews are complete with hand- which also silhouettes a cargo ing more than 38,000 tons, add rails, communications systems vessel passing through the Narrows. such ingredients as a milewide and tramways to carry the spin- >• body of water, two towers nearly ning wheels. 700 feet high, catwalks, anchor- ages, eye-bars, floating-sheave The spinning equipment itself-- spanning the Narrows to the top t o w e r s , spinning wheels and doubled in quantity because there of the second anchorage, each tramways, mix well with exper- are four main cables in the Ver- wheel is c a r r y i n g two ever- ience and skill and you have the razano - Narrows Bridge instead lengthening loops of wire which, recipe for spinning the four main of the two usually found in a sus- as they extend and reach the op- cables of the Triborough Bridge pension bridge — consists of the posite shore, actually become and Tunnel Authority's new Ver- following items: four wires, the top and bottom razano-Narrows Bridge. parts of the elongated loops. Two Four sets of racks for reels of of these wires — those fastened Arranged in pairs, the 35 7/8- t h e .196-inch-diameter bridge to the steel bars at the near shore inch-diameter cables each will wire; four "compensating" float- —are called the "dead" wires and stretch 7,205 feet from the east ing - sheave towers, containing the two being unwound from the end of the new bridge in Brooklyn moving p u 11 i e s and counter- r e e l s as the spinning wheels to the west end on Staten Island, weights which help maintain a move. and will support the weight of the constant tension on the wire; world's longest suspension span, eight spinning wheels; and four When the spinning wheels reach 4,260 feet across the Narrows, endless steel haulage ropes, driv- the end of their 12-minute, 7,205- p l u s two 1,215-feet-long side en by diesel engines and carrying foot journey, the loops are re- spans and the millions of vehicles two spinning wheels each. moved, and fitted around another the bridge will carry. anchorage connection. For the re- Considering only one of the four turn journey the spinning wheels Spinning the cables is a big or- cables, here is what happens dur- shuttle back and each carries two der, even for the experts of United ing the spinning operation: At each additional loops toward the begin- States Steel's American Bridge anchorage, two wires are drawn ning anchorage. Division, a company which has in from their respective 24-ton ca- recent years spun the cables for pacity reels, threaded through the When the double grooved wheels such world-famous suspension compensating towers, attached to have made enough trips to form b r i d g e s as the Triborough, steel eye bars imbedded in the an- the two halves of one of the 61 B r o n x - W h i t e s t o n e and the chorages, and looped around the strands of wire in each main ca- Throg's Neck, all in New York; double grooves of the four-foot- ble, the leading ends of the two the San Francisco-Oakland Bay; diameter spinning wheels. The wires are spliced to the trailing the Delaware Memorial near Wil- diesel engines then start moving ends to make up two continuous mington; the Walt Whitman in the endless haulage rope, which in "hanks." The two hanks are then South Philadelphia; and theMack- turn pulls the two spinning wheels bound together to form the strand. inac, which connects Michigan's towards each other from the op- Upper and Lower Peninsulas. posite ends of the bridge on par- Since two spinning wheels car- allel paths along the tramway sys- rying four wires each are operat- As it assembled an impressive tem above the catwalk. ing simultaneously, four strands array of spinning equipment to fill are being spun at the same time this order, American Bridge con- structed two 20-foot-wide cat- As it moves up the catwalk for one cable. Above the second walks from one end of the sus- from the shore to the top of one catwalk, a duplicate operation is pension bridge to the other. These tower, from the first tower down proceeding. When the two sets of over the middle of the catwalk Continued on page 20 18 RIGHT - A look at the catwalks used as platforms during cable spinning operations. Continued from page 18 four strands have been completed, the wheels are set to work spin- ning the adjoining cables while the finished strands are adjusted carefully to fit the predetermined pattern the cables must follow. The spinning crews will con- tinue spinning four strands and adjusting four above each cat- walk until the six-month-long job is completed—with one exception. Strand No. 37 in each cable will be spun individually as part of the meticulously p l a n n e d arrange- ment of strands. When all 26,108 wires per ca- ble are in place, the cross sec- tion of cable will appear as a hexagon due to the arrangement of the strands. Special hydrauli- cally-powered compacting ma- chines will then be used to squeeze them into their final round shape. Stainless steel bands are placed at regular intervals to maintain r o u n d n e s s until a continuous wrapping of additional galvanized wire girdles the cables to insure t h a t their shape remains un- changed despite heat, cold and the varying loads of traffic over the years. To the average spectator, spin- ning of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge cables may seem repeti- tive and routine as the wheels make their journeys up the side span catwalks, pass each other at the center of the main span, then continue on to their destina- tions. But to the bridge men it is a constant challenge to make sure that everyinch of those 145,000 miles of wire is in its proper place and doing its fair share of the work of supporting the mas- sive weight of the bridge. And it's a challenge they will be meeting 15 hours a day, five days a week well into the summer of 1963. 20 TOP ENGINEER The outstanding freshman en- She has a 3.82 average this year She has six younger brothers g i n e e r i n g student at Michigan and hopes to pursue further ex- and sisters. An older brother is State University last year was — tracurricular engineering activ- also studying metallurgical en- a girl. ities. gineering — at Henry Ford Jun- Mrs. Carolyn Williams, 19- ior College. year-old daughter of Mr. and "What," she asks in a soft Mrs. James I. May, 820 Forest, voice, "does being a girl have to When — and she says she Royal Oak, "outengineered" 549 do with being an engineer?" hopes it will be some years males and three other females hence — she has children of her to win the "outstanding fresh- She liked mathematics and sci- own, she says she's want to spend man" award presented during the ence in high school and chose to time with them but return to en- recipient's sophomore year by study engineering largely on that gineering when they no longer Tau Beta Pi, engineering honor basis. Her father is a mechani- needed her. society for men. cal engineer, but, she says, made no attempt to influence her in her Her ''outstanding f r e s h m a n A metallurgical engineering choice. Nor, she says, did her engineer" award comes to her major, she earned a 3.89 (out of husband, Robert G. Williams, an from a venerable chapter of a a possible 4 point, or all A) av- MSU graduate who is a practicing venerable society. Tau Beta Pi metallurgical engineer. was founded in 1885 at Lehigh erate last year and was active University. The second chapter in the American Foundry Society and the American Society for A February bride, Mrs. Wil- was founded at MSU in 1892 and Metals. She won the Tau Beta Pi liams plans to complete her edu- is the present Michigan Alpha award on the basis of both her cation even though she has mar- chapter. scholarship and activities. ried. May, 1963 CRYSTALS Quartz out of a can will replace munications cost about $30 a of natural quartz. natural quartz crystals in com- pound in the natural state. munication equipment f o r Bell While scientists have been at- Telephone system. Not only does the Bell Systems tacking the problems of making hydrothermal process for grow- suitable crystals for half a cen- The synthetic quartz, a prod- ing crystals cost less than a frac- tury, it was only a few years ago uct of Bell Telephone Laborator- tion of the price of natural crys- that the most commercially suc- ies research, are mass-produced tals, but the grown variety con- cessful hydrothermal process for at the Merrimack Valley Works tains fewer imperfections. Im- making them was developed by of Western Electric Company, perfections found even in the best Bell Telephone Laboratories. The North Andover, Mass. This com- of natural crystals and waste achievement followed several pany, one of the world's largest from slicing operations result in a y e a r s of research and experi- and f i r s t factories to mass- loss of about 97 per cent of the mentation after World War II. produce quartz crystals for com- material. This brings the cost of munications purposes, recently quartz in the final plates used for In 1958, a pilot plant for con- went into production on a com- electronic purposes to about $94 verting the laboratory process to merical basis. an ounce or $1500 a pound. By commercial production was es- comparison, gold costs $35 an tablished at the Merrimack Val- This step was the successful ounce. ley Works of Western Electric, climax of more than 50 years of the Bell System's manufacturing experimentation and research. In the growth of synthetic crys- and supply company. More important, it meant the tal, dimensions can be controlled end of United States dependence and much more of each crystal In telephone work, quartz crys- upon a foreign supply of pure is usable. tals are the heart of equipment quartz crystals. A strategic ma- that permits many different tel- terial, the crystals were in crit- Synthetic quartz crystals have ephone conversations to be car- ically short supply during World a number of advantages over nat- r i e d simultaneously over the War II. u r a l q u a r t z crystals besides same circuit without interfer- availability in any quantity and ence. Quartz can also be used to Quartz crystals are used in ra- size. Precise cutting of seeds regulate radio frequencies and as dio and television transmitters, permits growing the synthetic a source of ultrasonic waves. telephone communications, radar crystals in configurations that and sonar. Previously, the prime allow more efficient sawing and With reduced costs of crys- source for them was the interior shaping operations. Also, the nat- tals, made possible by the Bell of Brazil, where mining of the ural crystal faces of synthetic s y s t e m p r o c e s s of artificial fist-sized crystals required for quartz allow easier orientation of growth, there is a possibility that communications is done by indi- the stock for cutting into crystal the gem-like crystals may find viduals on a free lance basis, re- units. Synthetic quartz has none still wider application as substi- sulting in unstable supplies and of the foreign inclusions usually tutes for other elements in elec- high prices. found in natural quartz, and it can tronic circuits. be produced without either opti- While quartz, in a variety of cal or electrical twinning. It is Manufacture of Crystals forms, is the world's most com- estimated that the present yield The new factory grows quartz mon mineral, the pure, color- per pound of synthetic quartz is c r y s t a l s of superior size and less crystals required for com- at least two and a half times that quality in a scientific rock gar- den, under tremendous pressure and heat. The f a c t o r y contains both claves made from welded tubes supported by capped high-pres- sure piping. However, produc- tion runs required a larger auto- clave with a repetitive closure. While others have constructed vessels of this type for either high-temperature or high-pres- sure use, the combination of both p r e s e n t e d a challenge. This unique unit had to withstand tem- peratures approaching 700 de- grees F and pressures up to 25,- 000 pounds per square inch. Study showed that the range of operating t e m p e r a t u r e s approached the point where creep became a lim- iting factor. The large size re- quired for production also intro- duced difficulties since the force to be resisted by the closure in- creased as the square of the di- ameter of the vessel. The final problem considered was the cor- rosive properties of the nutrient solution. A desired ten year life for the production v e s s e l necessitated careful consideration of the cor- rosive properties of the metal to be used. A chromium-molybden- um steel was chosen for its cor- rosive resistance and relatively a growing area and a cutting room, sealed. A heavy steel shield is high strength at high tempera- where the artificial crystals are lowered over the top by a crane tures. The final size was estab- sliced into wafers. This is the for additional protection. lished as a compromise between first step in fabricating crystals the economic advantages of large to the precise sizes required for The contents of the vessel are size and the technical problems communications u s e s . Subse- heatjd to a temperature of 700 associated with closure design. quent operations are performed degrees and the interior pres- elsewhere at the Merrimack Val- sure reaches about 25,000pounds ley Works. Finding a successful closure per square iach. was the most difficult part of the development. The pressure act- Only three technicians are re- It takes about three weeks of ing on a vessel closure 6 inches quired to operate the new fac- continuous growth to produce a in diameter would be approxi- tory's growing area, which is au- harvest of crystals. Under heat mately 350 tons or 25,000 pounds tomatically controlled except for and pressure, the small pieces per square inch. Several closure loading and unloading the crystal- of .quartz at the bottom of the bas- designs were tried before one was growth vessels. ket dissolve into the alkali solu- d e v e l o p e d satisfactorily leak- tion. Crystals of quartz are r e - proof and free of spurious crys- In the growing-area, 20 cylin- deposited from solution and slow- tal growth. drical vessels, each about ten ly build up on the "seed" plates feet long and a foot in diameter, at the top of the basket, where the are sunk below the surface of the The equipment associated with temperature is slightly cooler. the experimental vessels was al- floor. Into each vessel is lowered a long v/ire basket. "Seed" crys- so extensively redesigned, par- tals of natural or artifical quartz While feasibility of the hydro- tially because of the great in- are suspended in tiers at the top thermal process was proved in the crease in size. of the basket. The lower half of laboratory, there was a problem the basket is filled with small, of converting research work into S i n c e the production vessel inexpensive p i e c e s of natural a high-volume quality product. could not be completely inverted quartz. In this form, quartz is to remove residue after a run, a r e a d i l y available from many The hydrothermal process, special nutrient basket was de- sources but is unsuitable for com- though simple in concept, ex- signed to facilitate this cleaning. munications purposes. posed many problems not appar- A small chain hoist is used to ent during early research. The handle the closures baskets ana To begin the growth cycle, a first engineering problem was to seed holders. weak alkali solution is poured design an effective autoclave- into the vessel, which is then type growing vessel. The labora- Even building design was influ- tory used relatively simple auto- enced. For ease of working, a put was built to receive the vessels space strip heaters along the en- bottom of the vessel and in the and support them so their open- tire length of the vessel. It was closure, extending to within 3/4 ings would extend a foot above the also decided to reduce insulation inch of the inside surface. Each floor level. over the growing (upper) zone thermocouple controls the heat in order to promote heat loss. input to its zone to accuracies The early laboratory method Since the growing end is cooler well within specified limits. of stringing s e e d crystals on than the nutrient (lower) zone, ex- Thus Western Electric's hy- wires was changed to eliminate ternal heat to the two areas is drothermal process offers posi- a laborious drilling operation. separately controlled. Automatic tive temperature control, relia- The current design uses spring control of the electrical power ble closure and built-in safety clips to support the seeds in the s u p p l y maintains this precise devices. With the exception of holder. temperature differential. Each zone's heaters are tied to a com- loading and unloading, the en- tire growing process is also com- To maintain precise tempera- mon power supply. Thermocou- pletely automatic. ture control, it was necessary to ples are located in wells at the A new message to people 5000 years seed. Pages of books, articles, magazines, in the future will be buried at the 1964- newspapers, reports, circulars, catalogs, 65 New York World's Fair, alongside the and pictures were recorded on 31/2reels original Westinghouse Time Capsule, of microfilm. The printed material ex- which was lowered to rest 50 feet below plains our arts, entertainments, religions, ground on September 23, 1938, at the philosophies, educational systems, sci- previous New York World's Fair. ences, technology, and medicine. Also The contents of the first capsule were recorded on microfilm were messages to selected to provide a record of the his- the future from three famous men: Dr. tory, faiths, arts, sciences, and customs Albert Einstein, Dr. Robert Millikan, of civilization as it was in 1938. This and Dr. Thomas Mann. The microfilmed message to the future was prepared with material contains approximately 10 mil- the cooperation of hundreds of persons lion words. A newsreel was added to show including archeologists, engineers, physi- historic scenes of our times. cists, historians, artists, and librarians. With the aid of representatives from However, man's accomplishments in the U. S. Bureau of Standards, all of the past 25 years have been perhaps the these items were examined for durability most important in history—particularly to make certain that they would remain in the field of science. Our lives have intact for 5000 years when enclosed in been changed so significantly that the the capsule. Care was taken not to in- original Time Capsule, while it still clude any material that might produce records much of our present civilization, fumes or acids capable of attacking other has become seriously out of date and articles in the capsule. All liquids were would give the peoples of 6939 an in- ruled out and organic objects such as adequate picture of life in the 20th cen- seeds were hermetically sealed in glass tury. Among important accomplish- receptacles. The films were placed in ments not included are atomic power, aluminum containers lined with rag man in space, wonder drugs and polio paper. All other objects were individually vaccine, commercial television, and jet wrapped in heavy rag paper. aircraft. Also unrecorded are World War After packing the inner envelope of II, the United Nations, the discovery of glass, the air inside was exhausted, re- the Dead Sea Scrolls, and new data on placed with nitrogen, and enough mois- the age of man and the earth. ture injected to equal normal room A duplicate of the original Time Cap- humidity. Then the glass envelope was sule will be on display at the open-air heated and sealed. This inner envelope pavilion to be built by Westinghouse for of glass was placed in a Cupaloy shell, the 1964-65 World's Fair. The capsule set in a water-repellent petroleum-base will be suspended between three pylons, wax, and the cap of the capsule was se- 50 feet in the air directly above the cured to form an air-tight seal. eight-foot granite monument that marks To insure that future generations the site of the original Time Capsule. A would be able to locate the Time Cap- pool will reflect the image of the capsule sule, a "Book of Record" was printed on in such a way that it appears to be at permanent paper with special ink. More the depth of the buried capsule. than 3000 copies of the publication were Contents of the duplicate capsule, distributed to libraries, museums, mon- which have been sealed inside since asteries, convents, lamaseries, temples, 1938, will be removed and put on public and other safe repositories throughout display in one of three open roofed areas the world. Among other things, the book at the base of the pylons. Exhibits under includes an ingenious key to the English other pylons will contain materials se- language to aid archeologists of the lected for the new capsule, and a projec- future should knowledge of our present tion of life in the future. language be lost. Among the contents chosen for deposit in the 1938 capsule were some 35 articles Selection of materials for the new of common use, ranging from a slide rule capsule will again be handled by a special to a woman's hat, each selected for what committee chosen from experts in the it would reveal about us to archeologists fields of science, industry, and education. fifty centuries hence. Also included were The capsule will be made by Westing- about 75 samples of representative ma- house of a special alloy and will resemble terials ranging from fabrics, metals, the original 71/2foot Time Capsule. At alloys, plastics, and synthetics to a lump the closing of the World's Fair, it will of anthracite coal and a dozen kinds of rest beside the original capsule until both are recovered in 6939 A.D. (courtesyoftheWestinghouse Engineer, Mar Spartan Engineer Welcomes you to the JETS 11th ANNUAL ENGINEERING EXPOSITION and CONFERENCE 11th ANNUAL ENGINEERING EXPOSITION and CONFERENCE MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1:30 P.M. 11th National Engineering Exposition PRESENTS and Conference Awards Presentation THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EXPOSITION Speaker - Dr. Donald Frye, Ass't General AND Manager - Ford Motor Comp. Auditorium - THE JETS 11TH ANNUAL ENGINEERING 100 Engineering Building. EXPOSITION AND CONFERENCE 3:00 P.M. College of Engineering Exposition Schedule of Events: Judging of Exhibits Friday, May 3, 1963 1) Departmental 2) Society 12:30 P.M. E n g i n e e r i n g Exposition opens 3) Individual —all engineering exhibits and information centers are open throughout the College of 5:00 P.M. Exposition Closes Engineering Building Information Center Telephone N u m b e r - 6:30 P.M. 1963 May Hop Dinner Dance - spon- 355-3527 sored by the Engineering Council Industrial Exhibits Open - Lobby Big Ten Room - Kellogg Center. Sunday, May 5, 1963 1) Consumers Power Company 2) Aluminum Company of America 9-11 A.M. Exhibitors will take down Projects. 3) John Deere 4) Bell Telephone 5) Bureau of Reclamation 2:15 Films: Room 146 - College of Engineering 6) Ford Motor Company Bldg. Continuous showing 1:00 P.M. Departmental Exhibits Open - Tours 1) "Tidal Power" will start every hour on the hour - Meet in 2) "Engineers in the Making" Lobby 3) "Army Package Power Reactor" 4) "Engineering and Applied Science" 1) Agricultural Engineering 5) "Engineering Equipment for a New Era 2) Civil Engineering 3) Chemical Engineering 4) Electrical Engineering 2:00-5:00 5) Mechanical Engineering 7:00-9:00 P.M. JETS Exhibits - Judging - Library 6) Metallurgy, Mechanics and Materials Science 9:00 P.M. Exposition Closes Individual Exhibits Open - All departments participating JETS Exposition Commences - Library - Saturday, May 4, 1963 College of Engineering Bldg. 9:00 A.M. Engineering E x p o s i t i o n reopens Society Exhibits Open - All departments rep- all engineering exhibits and information cen- resented ters are open throughout the College of En- gineering Bldg. 10:00 A.M. Presentation of Technical Papers by College of Engineering Students and JETS Industrial Exhibits Open - Lobby Club Members - Aud. Departmental Tours - Start every hour on tne hour - Lobby 11:00 A.M. Special Presentation by Dr. Maria Z. Individual Exhibits Open Krzywoblocki "Space Research for the 1970V' JETS Exposition Open - Library Films - Room 146 - continuous showing 28 Spartan Engineer THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIES SALUTE: CAL CRIMP Michigan Bell makes few moves in Southfield without him. On ;m earlier assignment. for instance, he skillfully consulting Engineer Cal Crimp (B.S.E.E., 1957). Cal directed a drafting section of 32 people. makes studies on where to put new central offices, how to Cal Crimp of Michigan Bell Telephone Company and expand old ones, what switching equipment to order. the other young engineers like him in Bell Telephone To make these decisions, Cal must interpret forecasts Companies throughout the country help bring the finest of customer growth. He must also know his equipment and communications service in the world to the homes and operating costs closely. Such responsibility is not new to businesses of a growing America. NEW AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE Can you imagine a car that will 576-mile test run from Detroit to run on fuels ranging from diesel causes unnecessary friction and New York, using diesel fuel. The power loss. But the moving parts oil to jet fuel and still deliver top car averaged 19.4 miles per gal- performance? Did you ever think of the turbine engine rotate in one lon. direction like a windmill. It is a you would drive a car that re- quires no oil change or tune-up? much simpler engine than the re- These are some of the charac- The results of these tests led ciprocating type. The components teristics of the gas turbine engine. to the development of a third include a starter-generator, a gas The Chrysler Corporation has model called the CR2A gas tur- generator consisting of an air successfully applied this type of b i n e engine. After George J. compressor and a turbine wheel engine to the automobile, and such Heubner, director of the gas tur- which drives the compressor; a a car will someday be available bine research program at Chrys- second stage turbine which di- to the public. ler, successfully drove a tur- rects power to rear wheels of car, bine-powered Dodge Dart from a can-like burner with one spark New York to Los Angeles, and plug, and the regenerator. The The Chrysler turbine-powered other considerations were suc- car was unveiled to the public in cessfully resolved, Chrysler of- CR2A has one fifth as many mov- 1954. In March, 1956, Chrysler ficials decided to consider ser- ing parts as a V-8 and weighs engineers drove a standard pro- iously going into production of the some 400 pounds less. duction Plymouth equipped with a turbo car. Tests indicate that turbine from New York to Los this engine, rated at 140 horse- a The components are housed in Angeles. This was an experiment power, will outperform a 200 is designed to besteel drum-shaped casing. « cooled by air, to check the performance of the horsepower V-8. engine in a wide range of driving hence no radiator is needed. The and c l i m a t e conditions. They gas generator is located in the n o t e d exceptionally good fuel The CR2A does not resemble front of the housing along with the economy in the city and on the a reciprocating engine in any r e - starter-generator. When the key highway. In 1958 a much improved spect. It has no reciprocating is turned to start the car, the model powered a Plymouth in a parts. There is no jerking up and starter - generator rotates the down of pistons and valves which compressor 20,000 revolutions 32 per minute. After the engine be- passages to permit the flow of air. Much of the heat is captured in gins to fire, the starting motor It has the appearance of a ciga- the matrix and the heated section becomes a generator. The gas rette filter, only much larger, of rotates to the front of the regen- generator rotates at a maximum course. At maximum engine speed erator housing to receive incom- speed of 46,610 RPM. The second the regenerator rotates at 17 ing air. stage turbine is located directly RPM. The regenerator core is behind the first, but it is not con- divided into two parts — the front Hence, the regenerator serves nected mechanically to it. Pre- and rear halves — by gaskets two functions. It captures the heat ceding this turbine is a set of which are built into the housing. from the exhaust and lowers the variable nozzles which direct the temperature below that of the ex- flow of air on to the blades of the Air enters the compressor at a haust from the reciprocating en- second stage turbine. This tur- rate of 2.2 pounds per second, gine. It was necessary to lower bine is rated at 140 horsepower and it is compressed at a 4 to 1 the exhaust temperature before at 39,000 RPM and has a maxi- ratio. It travels up through a col- the turbine could be used for au- mum permissible speed of 47,730 lector and down through the front tomotive purposes. If the regen- RPM. This, in turn, is connected half of the regenerator where it erator were not used the exhaust to the transmission at an 8.53 to picks up heat from the metal mat- temperature would exceed 1000 1 gear ratio with a reduced out- rix. The air then enters the burn- degrees F. The second function put speed of 4570 RPM. er where the burning fuel raises is to increase the fuel economy the temperature to 1700 degrees of the engine. Since the air is pre- The regenerator is mounted F. This extremely hot gas ex- heated before entering the burner, horizontally in the top of the en- pands rapidly through both tur- it does not require as much fuel gine. It is made of rolled cor- bines and is exhausted up through to bring it up to the desired tem- rugated steel, and has many small the rear half of the regenerator. perature. The burner enables the engine prise comes whenyou try to guess It is not known just how soon to burn the fuel with 95 percent how fast the car is travelling with- the cars will be available to the efficiency, which means that the out looking at the speedometer. public, because there is further exhaust is free of carbon monox-_ At 35 miles an hour it seemed to testing yet to be done. Chrysler ide. "me that the car had not exceeded is planning to build 50 to 75 turbo twenty. It will accelerate from cars in 1963 to be delivered to What will this new engine mean zero to 60 in 8.5 seconds, and the selected users in all parts of the to the consumer? In the first maximum speed is 115MPH. This country. This will give the en- place, it will cost much less to is phenomenal for a car which gineers a more accurate picture drive a turbo car. The engine weighs 4000 pounds with only a of what effects, if any, various currently delivers the same fuel 140-HP engine. climates and driving habits will economy as a piston engine of have on the engine. Even if the c o m p a r a b l e horsepower, but The turbine makes a high- results of these tests are favor- there is one important differ- pitched whine similar to that of a able the date for full-scale pro- ence. The turbine will run on die- jet airliner preparing to leave duction has not yet been de- sel fuel, kerosene, lighter fluid, the runway. Huebner said that a cided. alcohol, gasoline, and even Na- muffling devide can be installed poleon Brandy if you choose to that will eliminate the noise. He Some 90 years ago man devel- be extravagant. In short, it will added, however, that no attempts oped the internal combustion en- run on anything that will flow are being made to silence the gine, and it has been applied to through a pipe and that will burn. whine in the cars currently being all modes of transportation. It Chrysler engineers have found, tested in hopes that it will attract has been regarded as a reliable however, that the life of the en- the attention of the public. power plant and went virtually gine will be shortened if leaded unchallenged in the automotbile gasolines are used, because the Will Chrysler's turbo car cost until recent years. All of the ma- lead will build up a fine coating more to buy? Like anything else jor auto firms considered the on the turbine blades. The engine which is sold for the first time, possibility of replacing the re- will deliver maximum fuel econ- the new turbo cars will cost sev- ciprocating engine with the gas omy with diesel fuel. eral thousand dollars more than turbine, but only Chrysler has the current models. Chrysler en- decided that this totally new en- Unlike a reciprocating engine, gineers say, however, that be- gine can be adapted for use in which requires an oil change ev- cause of the simplicity of the en- passenger cars. With its many ery 2 or 3 thousand miles, the gine it will cost no more to pro- advantages — the ability to run CR2A uses the same oil indefi- duce than the reciprocating type on almost any fuel, low mainten- nitely. The bearings are sealed once it has been adapted to mass ance costs, and the simplicity of units and the oil is never ex- production. This means that with- the engine, to mention just a few posed to the hot gases; hence, it in a few years after their intro- —the gas turbine engine appears cannot become dirty. It is there- duction, turbo cars will cost about certain to find a place in the au- fore reasonable to assume that the same as present models. tomotive industry. the factory lubrication will last the life of the engine. Since the CR2A is air cooled, it has no radiator. This further lowers the cost of maintenance by eliminating the need to buy anti- freeze in cold regions. What is it like to drive a turbo car? You will have to change your driving habits to operate this car. If you are accustomed to driving with an automatic transmission, the operating procedure will be the same. Simply turn the key and stepon the gas. My first ride was almost unbelievable. The first thing I noticed was the absence of vibration which is so charac- teristic of reciprocating engines. When you step on the accelerator there is a split second pause. Then the car accelerates rapidly but with elastic smoothness. It seems as if the car is being pulled by a rope. Aside from the usualbumps on the road, I felt only the slight jerk of the transmission shifting through the gears. But the big sur- NEW MSU SCIENCE CENTER SCIENCE COMPLEX RISING AT MSU — This is how the southeastern part of the Michigan State Uni- versity campus will look in 1964. All the buildings will be devoted to science education and research, ex- cept for the $1.4 million, 1,000 car-capacity parking ramp (1) to be completed this fall. A "space-age" planetarium (2) is to be completed by this summer at a cost of $500,000. The 50-million volt cyclotron (3) will be operating in 1964. The building is costing $1.4 million and the cyclotron itself, another $1.4 million. The $3.5 million veterinary medicine building (4) is entering the final planning stage and will be completed by late 1964. The chemistry buplding (5), now under construction, is to be ready by the fall of 1964 at a cost of $6 million. Contracts for construction of the $5.2 million biochemistry building (6) are to be awarded soon. It will be completed by late 1964. The Biology Research Center (7) was completed in 1960 at a cost of $620,000. The chemistry building is the only structure which has an appropriation from the state. The planetarium is being built through contributions to the MSU development fund, including $250,000 from Mr. and Mrs. Talbert Abrams of Lansing. The parking ramp will be paid for out of operating reve- nues. Other construction is being supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Na- tional Institutes of Health. The perspective for this sketch is from the intersection of Shaw Lane and Farm Lane, looking south- east. A portion of the Agricultural Engineering Building is seen at lower right. 35 May, 1963 MISS ENGINEER Maria Colucci Fashions by: The Scotch House Knapps Photographed in the Presidential Suite of The Jack Tar Hotel by Lowell Kinney HYDROGEN POWER Space inevitably means rock- veloped to produce over a million this basis, keep in mind that the liquid hydrogen, and we might Two primary methods are dealt ets, because rockets are the only pounds of thrust, corresponding called storable, or non-cryogen- with here; the steam reforming mission capability improves as ic, propellant combination N2H4- first consider the ways in which propulsion means available for to many millions of horsepower an exponential rather than a lin- gaseous hydrogen is produced. of hydrocarbons, and the partial driving into the hard vacuum of at high speeds for short periods. N2O4. Specific impulse takes a oxidation of hydrocarbons. The space where our familiar piston ear function of the specific im- big jump in going to liquid hydro- There are four processes which Both solid and liquid rocket pro- pulse. It should be noted that all gen-liquid oxygen, which has be- are ordinarily considered (bear- last source; coke oven gas (which engines and turbojet engines fail. ponents are now aiming at rock- upper-stage space missions are ing in mind that liquid hydrogen contains 30 to 50% hydrogen) is In turn, rockets historically con- ets having ten million or more c o m e the workhorse propellant an important one. It must always note solid propellants, dating back to be handled with liquid oxygen- for upper-stage engines. There is plants almost always use rather pounds of thrust. hydrogen. a smaller jump when we go to large flows of gaseous hydrogen.) be considered when planning a a few thousand years to the an- First, one naturally looks for liquid hydrogen installation at a cient C h i n e s e . Liquid - fueled liquid hydrogen-liquid fluorine, specific location. When solid and liquid rocket Now, let us take a look at the which is usually stated to yield sources where hydrogen is avail- rockets (using alcohol and liquid men meet together at an Amer- able as a by-product. Usually this oxygen for example) are a rela- key merit factor which we call the highest specific impulse of any Picture B shows a generalized ican Rocket Society seminar, the specific impulse. Specific im- chemical propellant combination. means petroleum refining. By- flow diagram for the liquefication tively very recent innovation, pi- competitive spirit is terrific. Ar- product hydrogen is character- oneered by such men as Robert pulse is defined as the pounds of This is not quite true under cer- of hydrogen after the hydrogen guments rage into the wee hours thrust derived in a rocket engine, tain conditions, since beryllium ized by wide fluctuations in pur- Goddard in the 1920's and 30's and tempers soar. With this state ity. Furthermore, by-product hy- gas has been purified to the ex- in t h i s country, and Herman divided by the pounds per second hydride burned with liquid fluor- tent of something like 99.99% pur- of affairs prevailing among the of propellant flow, which is the ine achieves a slightly higher drogen from the petroleum in- Oberth and others in Europe. nation's top engineers, one would dustry is generally considered to ity. Liquid propellants received their sum of the oxidizer flow and the specific impulse. This combina- be brash indeed to summarize fuel flow. Picture A shows that the tion would certainly be useful if be of decreasing availability. As The diagram is self-explana- big push from the engineering ad- or over-simplify the relative the petroleum industry in future vances of the German teams dur- specific thrust is roughly pro- it were not for the extreme tox- tory, but two comments can be merits. However, while the ar- portional to the square root of the icity of the beryllium. For a com- years prepares to process crudes made: F i r s t , a tremendous ing the last War. guments will probably remain un- which are higher in sulphur and Today, the U.S. rocket frater- flame temperature in the reaction parison, we state the hydrogen amount of power is used. In pro- settled for years to come in bor- chamber, divided by the average nuclear rocket situation. Here, asphalt content, the hydrogen by- ducing 15,000 lbs. of liquid hy- nity is divided into two camps, a derline or overlap areas, certain molecular weight of the exhaust liquid hydrogen is considered to product will have to be used in- solid fuel camp and a liquid pro- conclusions have emerged and can drogen per day, air must first be products. be the only practical working flu- ternally in the refinery. In gen- separated to produce oxygen for pellant camp. Each includes bril- be simplified by the following: id, and the specific impulse is eral, we understand that hydro- liant scientists and engineers, and partial oxidation and liquid nitro- Specific impulse values maybe about d o u b l e that which i s gen as a by-product of petroleum gen for precooling the hydrogen. each camp can point to important When you want push-button fir- a c h i e v e d with chemical pro- refining will slowly disappear in successes and fantastic rates of achieved with a wide range of fuel You will note that 1200 kilowatts ing, you use a solid propellant. and oxidizer combinations. We pellants. the next decade, forcing us to turn of electric power are required to progress, particularly in terms of When you need high specific im- to primary methods of producing size and power. Both solid and see that hydrocarbons burned with drive the air compressor. On the pulse, you turn to oxygen-hydro- hydrogen. lower left side of the diagram, liquid r o c k e t s have been de- liquid oxygen yield a slightly high- It would be in order now to take gen. In choosing a propellant on er specific impulse than the so- a look at the methods of producing 39 38 May, 1963 you can see that another 6300 you increase the oxygen/hydro- hicle flights. This engine pro- kilowatts of power are required gen ratio, the specific impulse duces a thrust of about 15,000 lbs." to drive the hydrogen compres- decreases, but not very rapidly. Two RL-10's will be used to sor. The total is about 7500 kilo- In actual rocket operations with propel the Centaur vehicle (atop watts and, dividing this total into upper-stage vehicles, advantage an oxygen-kerosene Atlas). Cen- 15,000 lbs. per day, we find that is taken of this fact. The prac- taur will be the first oxygen- about 12 kilowatt hours of elec- tice is coming to be to fire at a hydrogen vehicle to fly in this tric power are required to lique- r a t i o of about 5 to 1 oxygen/ country's space program. fy 1 lb. of hydrogen. The second hydrogen by weight. You will see thing to note is that all of this that this has reduced the speci- Picture E shows the J-2 en- power finally appears as heat, fic impulse a little bit, but the - gine. This is the oxygen-hydro- which must be taken out in cooling advantage is that a higher pro- gen engine which, is being de- water. The makeup cooling water portion of the more dense pro- for this size plant amounts to pellant is increased. This means veloped by the Rocketdyne Divi- something like 900,000 gallons that the size of the tankage can be sion of North American Aviation per day. Therefore, in locating a decreased, thus optimizing the on a NASA contract. This engine liquid hydrogen plant, it is very mission from the standpoint of will have a thrust of 200,000 lbs. important to consider first, a density as well as specific im- It will burn oxygen-hydrogen at a source of cheap power and, sec- pulse. ratio of about 5 to 1 by weight. A ond, a source of cheap cooling 1,200,000 lb. oxygen - hydrogen water. e n g i n e is being developed by Now we come to some of the Aerojet. We turn now to the combustion end results of the oxygen-hydro- properties of gaseous hydrogen. gen rocket program. Picture D In closing, it is probably safe The principal point to be observed shows the famous RL-10 engine to say that when man jumps off is that hydrogen (as is well known) manufactured by Pratt & Whitney. to the moon in his Appollo cap- is inflammable over a wide range This is the engine that is being sule, it will be with the help of of concentrations in air and oxy- used as a basis to be counted upon the simplest and most energetic gen. The ignition temperature is for the first oxygen-hydrogen ve- of all chemicals, liquid hydrogen. about 1,000 degrees F. In design- ing hydrogen equipment, one al- ways assumes that, sooner or later, any escaping hydrogen will catch fire. By designing accord- ingly, one can stay out of trou- ble. You will also note that the heat of combustion is 325 B.t.u. per standard cu. ft. Multiplying this by the density, we find that it equals about 60,000 B.t.u. per pound, which is three times the heat of combustion of any hydro- carbon. This accounts, in part, for the great desirability of hy- drogen for space missions. The curve (Picture C) of the specific impulse, plotted as a function of the oxygen/hydrogen ratio, is noteworthy in the follow- ing respect: You can see that the maximum specific impulse oc- curs at a ratio of about 3 parts oxygen to 1 part hydrogen by 2ight. You can see also, that as the piezoelectric effect) an ul- FIELD WAVE trasonic wave pulse. This 500 megacycles per second pulse was polarized parallel to the (100) quartz axis. ROTATION The ultrasonic pulse traveling down the garnet cylinder strained the cyrstal lattice so that the i r o n atoms were alternately pulled apart from each other and squeezed together in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. Straining the atoms created a second magnetic field, called an rf field because it varied with the frequency of the pulse. The rf field wa s perpendicular to the applied (dc) magnetic field. A component of the rf field in- teracted with the lined-up iron atoms and changed the direction of t h e i r magnetization. (This process is the inverse of mag- netostriction whereby ferromag- netic materials such as iron elongate in the direction of a dc magnetic field and contact in a direction perpendicular to the field.) The change in the direction of the magnetic moments of the iron atoms affected the direction in which they moved as the pulse strained the UIG moved as the pulse strained the YIG lattice. (The motion of the iron atoms was linearly polarized in a plane Scientists at Bell Telephone grees. When the wave is r e - perpendicular to the wave's di- Laboratories have rotated the di- flected back to the isolator it is rection of travel.) The initial rection of polarization of a t r a n s - rotated an additional 45 degrees. group of iron atoms moved up verse ultrasonic wave traveling A device in the isolator absorbs and down in this plane. The next in a crystal by causing the wave the energy of waves polarized at group of atoms moved at an angle to interact with a magnetic field. 90 degrees; thus the reflected to the previous group in the per- Their work is significant be- wave is prevented from reaching pendicular plane. This rotation cause the rotation is non-recip- the input of the system. was caused by interaction of the rocal, that is, when the wave is rf field and the lined up iron reflected at the end of the c r y s - Herbert Matthews and R. Con- atoms and is analogous to the tal and travels back to the input way LeCraw of Bell Laboratories Faraday rotation of electromag- it does not rotate back to its recently described their exper- netic waves in ferrites. Each original direction of polarization. iment in Physical Review Let- group of atoms was strained at t e r s , a Journal of the American an angle to the previous atomic A new family of ultrasonic de- Physical Society. strain and thus the direction of vices, such as circulators and motion was rotated continuously isolators, now appears possible. They bonded a quartz disk to An ultrasonic isolator, for ex- one end of a cylinder of single When the wave wa s reflected ample, might be used in ultra- crystal yttrium iron garnet and at the end of the YIC cylinder, sonic delay lines to suppress r e - applied a dc magnetic field par- rotation of the strain polarization flections which occur when a wave arallel to the axis of the cylin- continued in the original direction encounters a discontinuity in a der. The magnetic moments of since the interaction betwteen system. The isolator would work the iron atoms in the garnet train and the lined-up iron atoms this way: An ultrasonic wave then lined up parallel to the field. was independent of the direct upon leaves the input of a system and in which the wave traveled. The travels through the isolator, Next, they applied a pulsed amount of rotation depended upon which rotates the direction of radio frequency electrical field the distance the wave trveled polarization of the wave 45 de- t o the quartz disk generating (by and the strength of the dc field. 41 PRODUCTS FROM INDUSTRY The Perkin-Elmer Corporation and Spectra-Physics, Inc., of Mountainview, California, have announced the production of the first visible-light continuous wave laser for the commercial market. De- veloped jointly by the two companies, it will be marketed by Perkin- Elmer. The unit is a helium-neon gas phase laser emitting a con- tinuous bright red beam of coherent visible light at a wavelength of 6328 angstroms. United Systems, Corp., Dayton, Ohio is introducing DigiTec-Model 200, a small, low cost, portable, digital DC voltmeter designed pri- marily for production use. The 7-lb. instrument features an easily read lighted display in 4 ranges from .000 to 1000. volts and will follow bi-directional voltage changes without flicker or back- tracking. DigiTec-Model 200 gives certified accuracy, providing a choice of 0.1% or 0.2% full scale accuracy, .05% resolution, readability and repeatability, 2 seconds' average reading time, over voltage and incorrect polarity protection. Floating or grounded input with effec- tive filtering of AC ripple is also featured. The unit is completely transistorized. The smallest incandescent lamp ever produced on an assembly line has been placed into production by Sylvania Lighting Products, a div- ision of Sylvania Electric Products Inc. The lamp is small enough to pass through the eye of a darning needle. Sylvania is a subsidiary of General Telephone & Electronics Corporation. In a dramatic demonstration of carbon boil, sparks shoot from the vaporizing remains of a razor blade — high-quality steel with a melting point of about 3000 degrees F, — as it is heated well beyond that point in a Kopito Instant Furnace. Developed by Baird-Atomic, Inc., of Cambridge, Mass., the furnace produces a temperature of 5000 degrees F. — approaching that of the sun's surface — in but 3 seconds. Graphite cloth heating elements are supplied by National Carbon Company, Division of Union Carbide Corporation. Three new high brightness cathode ray oscilloscopes in the high frequency 765 transistorized series are announced by the Du Mont Laboratories Divisions of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corpor- ation. All three instruments are electrically identical and feature the newly developed Du Mont frame grid 13 KV cathode ray tube. The instruments differ in mechanical configuration, however, with the new type 767-H constructed for rack mount use, the 766-H for bench and portable application, and the 765-H for true field porta- bility. A new micrometer that dials visual readings automatically has just been introduced by Glass Laboratories, Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y. Called the D.R. (Direct Reading) Micrometer, it eliminates human error by providing automatic and exact dial readings from zero to 1". The D.R. Micrometer is a precision instrument fitted with a friction stop and lock screw. The measuring faces are made of tungsten and car- bide. D.R. Micrometers come with a wooden case for safe storage when not in use. An accessory stand is available for desk or bench. Other models with extended ranges are available. Corning Electronic Components is producing glass dielectric ca- pacitors in insulating plastic shells to eliminate intercomponent shorting. Gold-flashed radial leads are 1 1/4-inch long and set .200-inch apart, convenient for connections between a set of printed circuit boards or for long spans between holes on top of a board. The new TV capacitors are ideal for circuitry requiring stability and high component density. Capacitive elements of the TV capaci- tors are made the same as all Corning capacitors: by stacking al- ternate layers of glass dielectric and conductor foil, then fusing the assembly into a monolithic unit. A real conversation starter! Fully calibrated with A, C, and D scales, this 2 " miniature slide rule tie clasp really works! Tiny moving glass magnifies etched numbers. Completely accurate, it will solve all your problems the big ones do. Doubly useful, if you're in engineering, architecture, designing, accounting, elec- tronics, or any of the fields where some quick-figuring comes in handy! An impressive business gift. Matching cuff links are non- operating, a pair. All in sterling silver. Leslie Creations, Lafay- ette Hill, Pa. Probably the only steady head during the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers annual symposium and exhibit will be displayed by Fairchild Controls. This head has to stay steady be- cause it is fully instrumented with three subminiature rate gyros, three subminiature accelerometers, an inverter, six demodulators and room for three dynamic accelerometers more should the need arise. It is the mock-up of a head of the anthropomorphic dummy which is being developed for Project Apollo. Its purpose — to pro- vide data to scientists involved in the overall bioastronautics pro- gram designed to protect American astronauts from the hazardous environmental conditions to which they will be subjected during space flight. INSTITUTE of ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS STUDENT BRANCH at MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY WELCOMES YOU TO THE ENGINEERING EXPOSITION AND CONFERENCE BE SURE TO STOP AND SEE THE IEEE DISPLAY Malleable artillery shell pierces 2 feet of solid oak at a velocity of 2,000 feet per second. In U. S. Army tests, pearlitic Malleable 105 millimeter shells were fired at 112% of rated maximum pressure. The new Malleable shells pierced the solid barricade, performing to the exacting requirements of the specification . . . proof of STAMINA. "Guaranteed for Life" is the hallmark of confidence the manufacturer of this vise has had in its all- Pearlitic Malleable shoe for air-powered compactor Malleable housing since first designed in 1917. delivers 900-pound blows at the rate of 350 per These machinist's vises really earn their reputa- minute. Day after day, month after month, this tion as the most abused tool in the workshop, and rugged casting batters away on dirt, gravel, clay about one million are now in use. All carry this and rocks without significant wear or damage . . . unconditional guarantee . . . proof of STAMINA. proof of STAMINA. Add Greater Stamina To Your Products With Malleable Castings WHAT'S NEW IN MICHIGAN? e d i t e d by O r v i l l e Barr Shown here is a view of the in- terior of a $25,000 optical data processor, capable of perform- ing millions of mathematical op- erations per second. This de- vice, known as a correlator, can be p l a c e d on a table top and p l u g g e d into an ordinary elec- trical outlet. Produced by Con- ductron Corporation of Ann Ar- bor, it is capable of outperform- ing the largest digital computers in certain important types of com- putation. Furthermore, since its operation is based on the modifi- cation and manipulation of light rays by cleverly designed lenses, it has no electronic parts and is, therefore, inherently far more reliable than electronic digital computers. This unique Impact Sled is now in use at General Motors Proving Grounds, it is used to test the performance, under high speed crash conditions, of automotive safety devices ranging from door l a t c h assemblies to complete body assemblies (see photo). The device uses a compressed air- cylinder imbedded in 91 tons of concrete and with a 300,000 pound thrust to give the test ve- hicle a 40 G acceleration. Pre- vious devices have used rapid deceleration to simulate crash situations. The shock can be di- rected from any direction, giv- ing engineers unlimited possibil- ities for creating the best test situation. This experimental Ground Ef- fect Machine (GEM), tested by General Motors Research Lab- oratories Engineering Develop- ment Department, skims over land and water at a 4-inch alti- tude with driver. Fore and aft fans driven by 15-horsepower e n g i n e s produce a continuous sheet of air from an annular jet around the bottom of the vehicle. This sheet seals a supporting low pressure air bubble under the ve- hicle. Result: "Cushion Recoil" provides a dramatically smoother ride in 1963 Ford-built cars The challenge given Ford engineers was to design suspensions that would permit wheels virtually to roll with the punches—not only in a vertical plane but fore-and-aft as well. Conventional suspension systems provide only a partial solution to road shocks by limiting wheel recoil to an up-and-down motion. The solution? Exclusive Cushion Recoil suspension design in all Ford-built cars for '63! Cushion Recoil, with cushioning action in a fore-and-aft plane as well as vertical, smothers the jars and jolts of rough roads, adds to your comfort, safety, and driving pleasure. Even the thump of freeway tar strips is reduced, and on deeply rutted roads you experience better control of the car. Furthermore, your Ford-built car is spared the wear and tear of road-induced vibration. Another assignment completed—one more example of engineer- ing excellence at Ford and new ideas for the American Road. MSU NEWS NOTES edited by Orville Barr An unprecedented "academic common market" will allow graduate students at Michigan State Univer- sity, University of Michigan and nine other major midwestern universities to move freely from one insti- tution to another. A "traveling scholar "from any of the participating universities will be able to take specialized courses at another university for one semester, or two quarters, while remaining registered at his own school. The plan was announced Feb. 16 by the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, a group formed several years ago by the Big Ten universities and the University of Chicago to stimulate cooperative projects. The chief goal of the innovation is to make it possible for a graduate student at a CIC university to have the advantage on a short-term basis of a special opportunity available at another. It might take the form of a special laboratory, a library collection, or a faculty member highly quali- fied in a particular area. The program will begin in September 1963 and run initially for a two-year trial period. Michigan State University's growing space program has received recognition from the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration in the form of training grants for eight graduate students. Grants for from 2 to 15 students were made to each of 88 colleges and universities, NASA announced. The federal agency pointed out that the grants are designed to help meet future needs for scientists and engineers and that: "The institutions were selected not only because they have doctoral programs in space-related science and engineering but also because of their willingness to undertake a strengthening of their programs in these areas." A recent survey of the MSU College of Natural Science and College of Engineering showed that 32 staff members were active in space-related research. Their interests covered a wide range. They included such areas as germ-free animal research and relativistic aspects of space vehicles. For the third straight year a Michigan State University mathematics team is among the top 10 in the United States and Canada. The MSU team placed 10th among teamsfrom 157 U.S. and Canadian colleges and universities competing in this year's William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. Although it lost the number one national position it gained last year, MSU still led all other Midwestern schools. Members of the team were Robert Bartholomew, Grand Rapids senior; Robert E Greene, Knoxville, Tenn., junior; and Stephen E. Crick, Jr., Livonia freshman. Greene also served on last year's team. They were coached by Dr. Leroy M. Kelly, with the aid of Dr. Fritz Herzog. Both men are professors of mathematics at MSU. The first five teams, announced by the Mathematical Association of America came from, in order: California Institute of Technology Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Queens University (Ontario, Canada), and the University of California at Los Angeles. Winning hororable mention were: Michigan State, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York Uni- versity, University of California, Berkely, University of Toronto, and the University of Manitoba. 48 Spartan Engineer YOU SHOULD BE AT COLLINS Why? Because Collins is taking an entirely new approach •—the Micropragramming Technique — to computer design. We're using this technique in combining com- munication functions — message switching, priority routing, data transmission and conversion — with con- ventional computer data processing applications. This new Collins concept of what a computer can do opens up a whole new field of programming and design. You'll be able to experiment and explore. You'll have the opportunity to actually participate in logical design. You'll be looking for new ways to use this computer system, new applications in which it can be used, new product development ideas. Talk about ground floor opportunities! We've already sold and are installing these systems in airline and railroad communication networks. But the surface has just been scratched. If you have the qualifications listed at right, we'd like to talk with you. Check with your placement office or write the Collins engineering center nearest you. • Award of a multimillion-dollar contract to Allison by the Atomic Energy Commission for construction of a mobile Military Compact Reactor highlights the progress Allison is making in energy conversion programs. Objective of the high priority project is the design, construction and operation of an extremely mobile, lightweight powerplant capable of generating 3000 kw. of electricity. The plant will have a high temperature, liquid metal-cooled reactor coupled to a power conversion system. In addition to its military field use, the MCR could serve as a power source in civilian defense and power failure emergencies. Allison, the energy conversion Division of General Motors, was selected by the AEC as prime contractor on the basis of company capability to act as systems manager for the complete project. In other fields, first and second stage rocket motor cases designed and produced by Allison for Minuteman have achieved a 100 per cent reliability record. Too, Allison research has made significant progress in the development of cases from lighter weight materials, titanium and plastics, and now is in position to meet the case needs of the future . . . whatever they may be. Allison also maintains its position as foremost designer, developer and producer of turboprops. Current emphasis is directed toward developing engines of greater power with maximum fuel economy, and without increasing engine size. Acceptance by the Army of the Allison 250-horsepower T63 turbo-shaft engine for Light Observation Helicopters is further evidence of Allison capability in the gas turbine areas. Perhaps there's a challenging opportunity for you in one of the diversified areas at Allison. Talk to our representative when he visits your campus. Let him tell you first-hand what it's like at Allison where "Energy Conversion Is Our Business." FROM THE OCEAN'S DEPTHS...TO OUTER SPACE Striking examples of Bendix research facilities are the Bendix operates 32 divisions and subsidiaries in the huge sonar tank in California and the space chamber in United States, and 12 subsidiaries and affiliates in Michigan, among the most completely equipped in the Canada and overseas. Our 1950 sales volume was $210 free world. These facilities, designed and financed by million. Last year it was over $750 million. Bendix, characterize our continuing advanced product Look over the materials we have in your school's place- research and development efforts. ment office. Talk to our representative when he's on College graduates will find a variety of technical chal- campus. Meanwhile, if you'd like to have your own copy lenges. Bendix participates in almost every phase of the of our booklet "Build Your Career to Suit Your Talents,' space, missile, aviation, electronics, automotive, oceanics write to Dr. A. C. Canfield, Director of University and and automation fields. We employ top-notch engineers, Scientific Relations, The Bendix Corporation, Fisher Build- physicists, and mathematicians at all degree levels. ing, Detroit 2, Michigan. An equal opportunity employer. BRAIN TEASERS (1) It was the daily practice of a more papers than the two Smith milkman to fill his two sixteen- boys, but how many more? gallon cans with pure milk before he started out to serve customers (3) You have a piece of wire on four different streets, the 0.01" in diameter and wind it into same number of quarts being de- a ball such that the ball is livered on each street. spherical and two feet in diam- eter. I f the ball contains no air After serving the first street, space, compute the length of the he connected with the city water wire without using the factor pi in supply and, lo, his cans were your calculations. again filled to the brim! Then he served street number two and (4) Two ferry boats start moving again backed up to the fount to at the same instant from opposite replenish his cans as before. sides of the Red Cedar River. One boat is faster than the other, He proceeded in this way to so they meet at a point 720yards serve each street, filing his from the nearest shore. cans with water after each street had been delivered, until all of After arriving at the slip to his customers were served. change passengers, each boat de- parts exactly 10 minutes after it If forty quarts and one pint of arrived. The boats meet a second pure milk remained in the cans time at a point 400 yards from after all his customers were at- the other shore. What is the width tended to, how much pure milk of the river at this point? must have been delivered on each of the four streets? (2) Five newsboys formed a p a r t - nership and disposed of their papers in the following manner. Joe Doe sold one paper more than one quarter of the whole lot, Melvin Brushe r disposed of one paper more than a quarter of the remainder, Frank Doe sold one paper more than a quarter of what was left, and Tom Brusher d i s - posed of one paper more than a quarter of the remainder. At this stage, the Doe boys had together sold just one hundred papers more than the Brusher boys had sold. Charlie Brusher now sold all the papers that were left. The three Brusher boys sold 52 Du Pont manufactures and sells more than 1200 different If you are a technical man with a feeling for sales and a desire to apply your technical knowledge creatively products and product lines. Such diversification offers almost every day—mail our coupon. You'll receive infor- tremendous opportunities to technical men. mation about employment opportunities at Du Pont, and, For example, Du Pont's sales force is made up pre- if you like, about DELRIN and other new Du Pont products dominantly of engineers and chemists. One important featured in our "Opportunities" series. reason for this is that 95% of all our sales are to manu- facturers who process our products further or use them in their own operations. It's up to our sales force to see that our products live up to our advertising claims in each end product. Suppose you were selling our versatile DELRIN® acetal resin. It's a plastic with good tensile strength and creep resistance under a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions. You might be helping to solve the problems of a gear pump manufacturer one day, an automotive parts builder the next, and an electric razor manufacturer another time. Diversity of applications for most of our products is the main reason why each of Du Pont's 12 sales divisions has its own lab. They back up our salesmen and are available to them for trouble-shooting work of their own. A career in sales at Du Pont requires technical know- how, persistence and dedication. It also requires a search- ing, inventive mind: one that can envision new markets for our products as well as follow through on sales and quality control within our customers' organizations. May, 1963 Annual Financial Report of the Spartan Engineer The Spartan Engineer is operated by the undergraduates of Michigan State University and is published every once in a while by those engineers that have nothing better to do. It is a non-profit (to say the least) organization and exists for the sole purpose of keeping the Dean of Engineering, the Dean of Students, the advisors and other campus censors employed. It is only right that we should offer to our subscriber and other enemies a full account of our fi- nancial dealings. Expenses: Income: Rent on rain machine for Advertising 3,714.16 ROTC parades $ 716.19 Sale of 19 stolen books 1.98 Editor's private secretary 3.91 Found under a table at the Gables 0.17 Printing costs 32,190.00 Bets of Michigan game 18.32 Popcorn for campus ducks 201.19 Sale of old pin-ups to Playboy 0.14 National convention trip 1,819.10 Deposit refund on editor's empty joy Coral Gables for staff meetings 716.19 bottles 2,917.16 Bail for staff during fiscal year 12,181.70 Sale of ME 101 tests to sophomores 605.37 Engraving of Dean's signature 4.75 Sale of staffs photo .11 Advertising commissions 00.00 Sale of three hijacked airplanes 98,625.19 Bribes to faculty 5,985.39 Offering collected by circulation Paid to M.S.U. for wrecked police car 2,314.19 staff posing as church Deacons 392.19 Expenses for clean up after staff Sale of Morrill Hall I3.16 meeting 78.62 Typing paper .19 Sale of old Nixon buttons and stickers 28.15 Staff salaries 39,171.18 Income from editor winning the Payment for parking tickets 45.00 writing contest 5.00 Picnic for staff Subscription drive .08 Bug spray 514.19 Paid on blackmail operations Food .65 from faculty 8171.18,, Fee to re-enter school (joke editor) 250.00 from students 53.21 New T-Bird for business manager 2,800,00 Income from fake ID c a r d s 142.10 Used tire for editor's bike .26 Renting of University c a r s 171.18 Unsuccessful bribe to draft board to Swiped from the Wisconsin Engineer keep editor from being drafted 15,198.00 Unaccounted for 6,732,06 Two first-graders stood talk- "It's quite simple," explained Teacher: "What are the people ing in the s c h o o l playground one of the seniors in E.E., "to of New York noted for?" during recess when a plane flew hook up an electric power circuit. Boy: "For their stupidity." over. "Look at that," said one. We merely fasten leads to the Teacher: "What ever gave you "It's a XB-50." terminals and pull the switch. If that idea?" "No, a XB-51," commented the the motor runs, we take our read- Boy: "The book says that the other. "You can tell by its wing ings. If it smokes, we sneak it population is very dense." sweep." back and get another one." "You're right," conceded the first youngster, "But it's not The wife was always antag- going more than 760 miles per onized by her husband's going hour because it did not break the The bee is such a busy soul, out at night. His departing words, sound barrier," It has no time for birth control, which especially angered her, The second lad agreed on this And that is why in times like were always: "Good night, and remarked, "It's amazing the these mother of three." p r e s s u r e developed on those There are so many sons of But one night, she could stand planes when they go into a dive it no longer, and when he took — almost 12000 pounds per sq. bees. his hat, started out the door, and c a l l e d cheerily, "Good Then the school bell rang, in- night, mother of three" she dicating the end of recess and the Guests in a London hotel, hear- a n s w e r e d quite as cheerily, first boy sighed, "Let's go back ing a scream in the corridor, dis- "Good night, father of one." in and finish stringing those darn covered a damsel in a negligee! Now he stays home. beads." being pursued by a gentlemani who was, to put it bluntly, nude. Later it developed that the im- The hen is the only animal that petuous Romeo was an Englishi can lay around and make money. Psychiatrist to patient: "Your army officer, who was promptly problem is that you had a happy court-martialed. His lawyer won childhood and you've got a guilt him an a c q u i t a l , however, by M.E.: "Why is it that you al- complex about it." virtue of the following paragraph ways sit in the rear of the room in the army manual: "It is not when we are taking an examina- compulsory for an officer to wear tion?" an uniform at all times, as long Classmate: "I don't wish to An optimist is a man who re- as he is, suitably garbed for the disturb the professor while I am turns to the marriage bureau to sport in which he is engaged." making my consultations." see if his liscense has expired. E.E.: "I thought you were go- ing to visit the blonde in her apartment." C.E.: "I did." E.E.: "Why are you home so early?" C.E.: "Well, we sat and chatted a while. Then suddenly she turned out the lights. I can take a hint." A person who claims that an ab- solute zero is impossible, hasn't taken a quiz in thermodynamics yet. M.E.: "What's worse than being a bachelor?" C.E.: " B e i n g a bachelor's son." I serve one purpose in this school, On which no man can frown. I quietly sit in every class, And keep the average down. May, 1963 THE ADVERTISER'S INDEX Advertiser Page Advertiser Page ALLISON DIV. OF GENERAL MOTORS 50 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY . . . Inside back cover AMERICAN OIL COMPANY 11 FORD MOTOR COMPANY 47 AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH CO. 31 THE GARRETT CORPORATION 5 THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE 56 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY . . . . Back Cover THE BENDIX CORPORATION 51 MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY 45 BETHLEHEM STEEL COMPANY 6 MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY 7 COLLINS RADIO COMPANY 49 OLIN MATHIESON CHEMICAL CORPORATION . 8 DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT CO., INC 10 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 1 DROP FORGING ASSOCIATION 9 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE 4 E. I. DuPONT de NEMOURS & CO 53 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP inside front cover Once upon a time there was a creature known to jokesmiths as "the efficiency expert." When he wasn't being laughed at, he was being hated. Kodak felt sorry for the poor guy and hoped that in time he could be developed into an honored, weight-pulling professional. That was long ago. We were then and are much more today a very highly diversified manufacturer. We need mechanical, electri- cal, chemical, electronic, optical, etc., etc. engineers to design equipment and processes and products for our many kinds of plants, and make it all work. But all the inanimate objects they mastermind eventually have to link up with people in some fashion or other—the people who work in the plants, the people who manage the plants, and the people who buy the products. That's why we need "industrial engineers." A Kodak industrial engineer learns mathematical model-building and Monte Carlo computer techniques. He uses the photographic techniques that we urge upon other manufacturing companies. He collaborates with medicos in physiological measurements, with architects, with sales executives, with manufacturing executives, with his boss (G. H. Gustat, behind the desk above, one of the Fellows of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers). He starts fast. Don Wagner (M.S.I.E., Northwestern '61) had 4 dissimilar projects going the day the above picture was sneaked. He is not atypical. Want to be one? How Industry Tempers Theory with Practice to Get Good Design Q. Mr. McCune, how do you define engineering design? A. First let's look at what engineering really is. The National Society of Profes- sional Engineers calls it "the creation of technical things and services useful to man." I would paraphrase that to add an industry emphasis: engineering is linking an ability to do with specific customer needs and wants. The link is an engineering design of a useful product or service. Q. In the light of this definition, how can the young engineer prepare himself for industry? A. In college he should absorb as much theory as possible and begin to develop certain attitudes that will help him later in his profession. The raw material for a design, information, flows from three general funds: Scientific Knowledge of Nature; Engineering Technology; and what I call simply Other Relevant Informa- tion. Academic training places heavy emphasis on the first two areas, as it should. Engineers in industry draw heavily on theorems, codified information, and signifi- cant recorded experience basic to engineering disciplines taught in college. The undergraduate must become knowledgeable in these areas and skilled in the ways of using this information, because he will have little time to learn this after graduation. He also must develop a responsive attitude toward the third fund. Q. As you say, we learn theory in college, but where do we get the "Other Relevant Information"—the third fund you mentioned? A. This knowledge is obtained for the most part by actually doing engineering work. This is information that must be applied to a design to make sure that it not only works, but that it also meets the needs and wants that prompted its considera- tion in the first place. For example, we can design refrigerators, turbines, computers, or missile guidance systems using only information from the first two funds of knowledge—heat flow, vibration, electronic theory, etc.—and they will work! But what about cost, reliability, appearance, size—will the prospective customer buy them? The answers to these important design questions are to be found in the third fund; for example the information to determine optimum temperature ranges, to provide the features that appeal to users, or to select the best manufacturing processes. In college you can precondition yourself to seek and accept this sort of information, but only experience in industry can give you specific knowledge applicable to a given product. Q. Could you suggest other helpful attitudes we might develop? A. Remember, industry exists to serve the needs and wants of the market place, and the reasons for doing things a certain way arise from the whole spread of condi- tions which a given design has to satisfy. Learn how to enter into good working relationships with people. Much of the Other Relevant Information can be picked up only from others. Also train yourself to be alert and open-minded about your professional interests. In industry you'll be expected to learn quickly, keep abreast in your field, and to grow from assignment to assignment. Industry will give you the opportunity. Your inherent abilities and attitudes will largely decide your progress.