The little coil is made with a most remark- directly from a stream of hot gases; build- dinary light bulb. But it has twice the able wire. Cooled to 452°F below zero, it ing new kinds of atom smashers; develop- strength of an electro-magnet weighing20 becomes a super-conducting magnet. ing power systems for long-distance space tons and using 100,000 watts of electricity, In labs all over the country, scientists are travel and communications. That's why this little Westinghouse mag- using the Westinghouse super-magnet to The Westinghouse super conducting net is a bargain at $3200. explore ideas likegenerating electric power magnet operates on less power than an or- How to Join DuPont closest to the top Join us right out of school. Few men start higher at Du Pont - o r with more p r o m i s e - t h a n graduating engineers. That's Because we fill virtually a]l i m p o r t a n t positions from w i t h i n . It's a policy that's helped us grow 750% since 1937. Since 1950 our sales have more than doubled f r o m $1 billion to $2.4 billion. Forty thousand new employment opportunities and 50%of our 1962 sales volume came f r o m products created by Du pont research in t h e last 28 years! And because new products c o n t i n u a l l y emerge from our re- search labs, responsible new career opportunities constantly spring up for our techniccal men. In fact, there's room for you to actually "change j o b s " w i t h i n Du P o n t - t o seek out t h e spot best suited to you w i t h o u t loss of your accrued benefits. Consider us if you're ready t o make your career decision. You may be clser to the top than you think! Wirte us a letter, ormarkandmail our coupon t o d a y ! NCR's job for 80 years has been line of equipment to handle I greatly to make things easier and more everything from original to the for- profitable for businessesof all kinds entry to final report. Latest ward movement and sizes. How? 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VOLUME 18 NUMBER 1 NOVEMBER, 1964 FEATURES JOHN B. LOCKE editor A REST-FILLED ASIDE 10 FRED GEORGE feature editor THE ROLL OF AN INVENTOR 18 PHIL FRANK artist INDUSTRIAL SPOTLIGHT 32 WATER RECOVERY IN THE staff JOE BOWMAN SPACE ENVIRONMENT 37 ANDREW POOLE ENGINEERING COUNSELING 42 RICHARD MURRAY DEE GOSSETT SUSAN GOODSELL BRIAN GOLUSKA DEPARTMENTS GARY ROMANS MARIAN LOCKE EDITORIAL 5 PLACEMENT BUREAU 14 advisors J. RYDER MISS ENGINEER 26 H.PHEND C. MENSENDICK INDUSTRIAL NEWS 30 T.FARRELL BOOKS 31 BRAIN SPRAINERS .48 ENGRINEERS 54 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS 55 Why become an engineer at Garrett-AiResearch? You'll have to work harder and use more of your knowledge than engineers at most other companies. If you're our kind of engineer, actual hardware. j you have some very definite ideas That means you about your career. have the oppor- For example: tunity to start with You've worked hard to get a a customer's problem good education. Now you want to and see it through to a put it to work in the best way system that will get the job done. possible. The product lines at AiResearch, You will never be satisfied with Los Angeles Division, are environ- Our engineering staff is smaller run-of-the-mill assignments. You mental systems, flight information than comparable companies. This demand exciting, spells opportunity. It gives a man challenging projects. tems, heat transfer who wants to make a mark plenty You not only accept systems, secondary of elbow room to expand. And individual responsibil- power generator while he's doing it he's working ity you insist upon it. systems for missiles with, and learning from, some of Does that sound like the real pros in the field. you? Then AiResearch cal systems, and If the AiResearch story sounds is your cup of tea. like opportunity speaking to you- Our business is trial systems. don't fail to contact AiResearch, mainly in sophisticated aerospace In each category AiResearch Los Angeles, or see our repre- systems and subsystems. employs three kinds of engineers. sentative when he comes to your Here, research, design, and de- Preliminary design engineers do campus. velopment lead to production of the analytical and theoretical We'll be happy to talk to you- work, then write proposals. about you and your future. Design engineers do the lay- And put this in the back of your outs; turn an idea into a product. mind: Developmental engineers are responsible for making hardware In a field where meeting chal- out of concepts. lenges pays off in rewards... Whichever field fits you best, we can guarantee you this: you can go as far and fast as your talents can carry you. You can make as much money as any engineer in a comparable spot - anywhere. And of course, at AiResearch, you'll get all the plus benefits a top com- pany offers. The lecture hall is filled. Hundreds of open and receptive intellects quiet in expectation. It is time. The esteemed professor enters the stage. He arranges some sheets on the lectern. Adjusting the neck microphone, he turns to the class. The class awaits. His opening words are inaudible, but the students know they were great and powerful. As he continues, the professor exposes his vast intelligence and experience. The students try to ignore his monotone voice, lack of gestures, lack of humor, lack of visual aids, lack of volume, authority, and confidence. They tread through these faults to the words uttered and try to record them all. They sense immense meaning and information when the phrases are finally, coherently organized. Each in his own way, let us pray. Pray that next year, this professor, and all like him, shall never have the opportunity to damage another student's education. It is professors like this one that ruin a class for the students and make them dislike the entire subject. It is no fun and certainly not fair, to have to listen to a man address a large group when he is scared, ill-prepared, and literally incompetent for this type of teaching. He belongs in a small, informal recita- tion section. This is where his experience and knowledge is useful to answer all the questions and lead the students through their assignments. The all too terrible reply to this problem is that there is no solution since there are not enough of the needed type of professor. There are desperately few who are qualified to lecture groups of over a hun- dred. So it is, that the teaching profession is pressed upon the freshmen with added zeal in an attempt to bring more into the field. With this extreme pressure, is the futile hope that a few more adept lecturers will stand out of the mass. This is one of the most ignorant and outrageous modes of thought of this era. Assuredly, many more teachers are needed to fill vacancies left by retirees and incompetents and new schools. However, if America were to apply the technological advancements of the last decade, the num- ber of present teachers could be proportionately sufficient. Let each college extract its best lecturers from the rest. Make them "professional lecturers. Sep- t a t e Lfrom the remaining faculty, the best writers in each subject field. Make them "professional writ- ers." e t the rest be recitation leaders. The college first decides what the courses to be offered will be. Then, the professional writers write the term or semester lectures These are given by the professional lecturers to huge lecture sections. After these classes, the students have a number of recitation sections at which to ask relevant ques- tions, turn in homework, and receive new assignments. To increase the number of students able to take any one course, the lecturer gives his talk to either live or film cameras. By means of screens or closed-circuit television sets in the recitation rooms the students hear the lecture and stay for the recitation. Thousands of students can be taking the same course in this way, get the benefits of a particularly good speaker and still have all the advantages of small-group sessions. If utilized, a method similar to the one outlined here could allow one man and a number of staff mem- bers to conduct a course for an unlimited number of students. . ,.iaoornnm<5 Let us hope that "space age" teaching methods are soon brought out of the experimental classrooms and give a chance to benefit all. You don't have to know anything about computers to start work at IBM. But you do have to know your basic technologies. At IBM you will expand your basic skills, and learn about computer systems such as the new IBM System/360. IBM's new Solid Logic Technology has helped give the System/360 wide flexi- bility. This all-encompassing system can be used by many different customers on a variety of problems—business and sci- entific. It takes a lot of hard work and ingenuity to arrive at developments like microelectronic circuit modules,and chip transistors and diodes. Your college placement officer can help determine where your skills best fit in at IBM. Or, if you prefer, write for information directly to Manager of College Relations, Dept. 9 1 5 , I B M Corporate Headquar- ters, Armonk, New York 10504. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer. YOU CAN SHARE IN A GROWTH LIKE THIS Whose growth? Fisher Governor Company, manufac- outstanding cultural and educational environment turer of automatic controls for any and all fluids, gases Type of work: Fisher offers a rewarding challenge to or air that flow through pipe. We are the leader in our growing industry. Our sales have shown a relatively the graduate engineer (BS and MS) who is interested steady rise during the past decade (from 18-million in design and development, research and test, sales to 41.5-million—a 130% increase in just ten years). or manufacturing. See chart above. Our products—control valves, pres- Advancement: Coupled with Fisher's policy to Promote sure regulators, liquid level controls and instruments- from within, advancement opportunities reflect a grow- are key elements in industrial automation. ing company within a growing industry. Location: Fisher is basically an "Engineering" com- If a growing company like ours appeals to you, consult pany with 1,500 employees located in a pleasant Iowa your placement office or write directly to Mr. John community of 22,000. It's less than 10 minutes to the Mullen, Employee Relations Manager, FISHER GOV- modern Fisher plant and engineering facilities from ERNOR COMPANY, Marshalltown, Iowa. any home in Marshalltown. The community has an An Equal Opportunity Employer WE'VE INSTALLED DIGITAL AMD ANALOG COMPUTERS FOR THE ECONOMIC GENERATION OF POWER . . . At Detroit Edison, generation of ideas comes first. Here, an engineer has ample opportunity to put his training, his energy and his ideas into action. A good example of this is Detroit Edison's recent adoption of a new concept for the economic generation of power. Combining analog and digital computers with a telemetering system for data collection and communi- cation is a concept that will insure peak operating efficiency in all six Edison plants. If you would like to see your ideas contribute to challenging . projects, you may be interested in training as a Detroit Edison Engineer. Research, Electrical Systems and Production Engineering are three of the many challenging fields open to you at Detroit Edison. Write for our booklet about professional opportunities for graduates in our company— 2000SecondAve., Detroit 26, Michigan. blackened eyes. yellowed piano keys. red nose. whitened fence. soft blue robbins' eggs purpled hand-back raised veins. held close by dry breasts of trees green clothes. trees so not like me. A black boy asked my hand today, And then he showed the sky to me, And then he showed the dirt to me, And then he said: "We'll overcome," He said: "The choice is yours sweet one, to see the stars, or see the mud." Then, hand in mind and looking up, He said: "We'll overcome.' He looked up hard, then looked at me, And with his eyes so full and wet, With shaking voice, he dropped my hand. "Some day we'll overcome." If skies are vast and infinite, A robin's egg's the same color. My love for you is like a drop of rain, Crashing into an enraged, insensitive sea, Unaware it's any fuller. If to describe a woman's down, long neck And breasts and thighs and tail and claws And wing-like lips and eggs is exciting, Why isn't a chicken? The world is no-mean if not too-much-with-us now but only not-now. Anyone for hydrodesulfurization? How about it? Want to hydrodesulfurize? Hydrode- literally scores of other science and engineering op- sulfurize oil, that is. Fuel oil. Dr. James Mosby, portunities at American Oil. If you're interested in a Purdue,'64does. He experimentally optimizes the career in the petroleum industry, write to J. H. Strange commercial procedure for removing sulfur. He's been for information. His address: American Oil Company, working on hydrodesulfurization ever since he joined P. O. Box 431, Whiting, Indiana. the American Oil Company as a chemical engineer last January. That's his pilot plant behind him. Even if you'd rather not hydrodesulfurize, there are Men on the move at Bethlehem Steel DON YOUNG, MET.E., DREXEL ' 6 2 - WALT BANTZ, E.E., SCRANTON ' 6 3 - Don is General Turn Foreman in our DAVE SPARKS, MIN.E., OHIO STATE Engineer at our research laboratories '60—Dave is Assistant to the Super- Bethlehem, Pa., Plant's electric fur- in Bethlehem, Pa., Walt is shown intendent of one of our modern mines. nace melting department, producing evaluating performance of ultrasonic His previous assignments covered vir- fine alloy and tool steels. equipment for detection of flaws in tually all aspects of our coal mining steel plates. operations. ROLAND MOORE, C.E., MICHIGAN '59—Rollie is our Sales Representa- ROGER BOLLMAN, M.E., RENSSE- JIM LESKO, CH.E., PENN STATE '60 tive in Des Moines, Iowa. His tech- LAER '60—Roger is a production engi- - A s Turn Foreman in the coke works nical training has been a valuable neer in the Sparrows Point plate mills. at our Johnstown, Pa., Plant Jim asset in selling steel products. He has been working on the develop- applies both his undergraduate engi- ment of rolling procedures for alloy steel plates. neering background andhisnatural leadership abilities. INBOARD WITH AN OUTDRIVE. This new Chrysler-Dana Drive 90 offers boating You can buffs big power in a small space. Dock your boat at home? The outdrive tilts up 55° for easy trailering. Timken" bearings keep the prop and drive shafts rigid as a Marine. have a lot of SEATS IN MOTION. New York's new Shea Stadium stands move to accommodate 10,000 fans in two blocks of 5,000 seats. They roll on Timken bearings from the funonTimken first and third baseball foul lines to the football sidelines. NO PLAY FOR BEARINGS. Timken bearings work hard to make your world more Bearings leisurely. They're made of nickel-rich steel for long life—even when loads and conditions become unsportsmanlike. FORE? NO, THREE. Three wheels for the golfer who'd rather swing than walk. This new Cushman Golfster is a smart way to cover the links. Eight Timken bearings were chosen for the drive, axle and wheel applications. They're precision-made and case-hardened to take shock loads. The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio. Also makers of Fine Alloy Steel and Rock Bits. PLACEMENT BUREAU December 1 January 18 Toledo Engineering Naval Aeronautics & Space Adm. Packaging Corp. of America December 2 Richardson Homes Corp. January 19 National Gypsum Co. U. S. Army Engineer, dist. of Detroit. December 3 Acme Steel Co. Simplicity Engineering Leeds & Northrup Co. January 20 December 7 Union Carbide, Plastics Div. Lee C. Moore U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Libby, McNeil, & Libby January 21 December 9 & 10 Hamilton Standard, Standard Oil Company - Ohio Div. of United Aircraft December 10 January 22 U. S. Naval Avionics Facility Corn Products Co. December 11 January 25 American Enra Corp. U. S. Army Material Command New Holland Machine Co. Surface Combustion, Midland-Ross January 13 Federal-Mogul-Bower Bearings The Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Reynolds Metals Co. Pennsalt Chemicals Corp. January 26 January 14 General Telephone & Electronics Morse Chain Company Swift & Co. The Durion Company January 27 January 15 Owens-Illinois Tech Center Northrop Norair Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc. Naval Research Laboratories National Bureau of Standards American Oil Co. As a billion-dollar manufacturer of hundreds of products—in 40 U. S. plants, 15 overseas—Monsanto considers the manufacturing engineer of prime importance, Histalents are needed to find new ways (and improve old ways) of increasing yields, improving control, lowering costs-bringing plants up to optimum performance. You will have t h e satisfaction of applying your engineering skills and knowledge, andseekingthe results . . . from inception to final operation . . . and have the full responsiblity for your decisions. There are production challenges now awaiting good men . . . plus substantial rewards for meeting them. Let us show you what they can mean to you . . . professionally, personally, financially. Write today-we'll send you our brochure, "Your Future and Monsanto." Address: Manager, Professional Recruiting, Dept. CM 64, Monsanto, St. Louis, MiSSOUri 6 3 1 6 6 . An Equal Opportunity Employer How long is your shadow? At Douglas you can make it reach to the moon and beyond in outer space programs. Or make it a bul- wark against aggressors in some of the most vital defense projects of ourtime. Or let it fall on magnificent jet aircraft programs that are shrink- ing the world. You'll be doing important work, requiring both energy and creativity. But the re- wards in rapid professional growth are great. Many young graduates have become supervisors at Douglas in only a few years. So if you'd like to make your mark on tomorrow, get in touch with us. We're an equal opportunity employer. What kind of company does it take to make significant and talk to our representative when he's on campus. For contributions in all these fields? A company like Bendix more information write Dr. A. C. Canfield, The Bendix with a proven record of research and production accom- Corporation, Fisher Building, Detroit, Michigan 48202. plishments in the space, missile, aviation, electronics, automotive, oceanics and automation fields. Bendix operates 28 divisions and 8 subsidiaries in the If you enjoy the challenge of advanced engineering United States, and 22 subsidiaries and affiliates in Canada Problems, examine our materials in your placement office, and overseas. . . . What Can Be Done, WillBeDone EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is part of a talk given by Dr. Edward Teller before the annual meeting of the Society for Engineering Science held at Kellogg Center at MSU. I believe that the role of the in- ern world, all the advantages n e u t r o n s . Now, you know what ventor has changed. It is an im- would lie with the theorist. H is happens when you bombard ura- portant change and one which I guesses should be educated. He nium with neutrons, buthedidnt. would like to illustrate by refer- should not need to fall back on ring you to the greatest inventor. What he found was that when you He is a man who perhaps also Edisonian methods of research of bombard some element, you get has been the last of the inventors, trying everything and sifting out one two, or four artificial radio- Thomas Edison. He was, to my something. Yet, in atomic energy active substances. Whenhebom- knowledge, the first to organize there is historically a very well barded uranium, he got such an a research laboratory. Perhaps d o c u m e n t e d and remarkable over-abundance of these sub- it was small on the scale of our story. stances that he and his collabo- present laboratories, but quite In 1931, the neutron was dis- raters could not analyze and productive. Apparently, he rec- covered and it changed the life of recognize them as anything, So, ognized that even at that time, Fermi. He found that a particle, he said: "I've made transuranic more than half a century ago, the something like a nuclear particle, elements," and,forincidently, got world and science had become too that has no charge so it can freely the Nobel Prize it. There was complicated for a single man to approach any nucleus, was much some doubt of how, by the born- be really effective in making in- too interesting an object to be left bardment of one substance with ventions. alone. He organized a very re- a neutron source that was not a I would like to use Edison also markable experimental team and particularly s t r o n g one, you in another connection by compar- turned himself from a theorist should get all this wealthofnew ing him with a more modern in- to an experimenter. radioactive substances. ventor, a great scientist and a In the course of Fermi's ex- One day, F e r m i got a letter friend of some of us, Enrico periments, he bombarded prac- Fermi. He participated, and was from a German chemist, Mrs. one of the l e a d e r s , in this in- tically all of the Periodic Table Novac. v e n t i v e process that led to with neutrons, and discovered a Mrs. Novae suggested what it nuclear energy. I feel that it is great number of new isotopes and was that he really had done. She amusing in one way to compare patterns of the neutrons. Many said the neutron gavetheura- F e r m i with Edison. F e r m i years later, he collected some nium nucleus a sufficiently great started life as a theorist. Edison money from these patents. amount of energy to split it in started life as a thinker. You After he had done quite a bit of two and that the splitting could would imaging that in this mod- this, he finally turned to the ac- happen in a number of ways. tivity of bombarding uranium with T h i s , she s a i d , is the reason Fermi found so many activities. particles, he thought that if a neu- ess, a process in which, in the Mow, Fermi was a good physicist tron was added to the uranium Manhattan Project, thousands of and an excellent theoritician and s u b s t a n c e , this added energy people participated. There were he immediately recognized that should help the alpha particle to e n g i n e e r s , physicists, some what Mrs. Novae suggested could escape and you should get par- chemists, and mathematicians. not possibly be true. Why? Be- ticularly energetic alpha parti- The mathematicians were really cause he knew approximately how cles out of the uranium. This, he first-class men, but they rarely much energy was released when was to investigate. made any relevant calculations. a neutron was added to a uranium But Fermi was a very careful The chemists went slightly mad nucleus. He also knew that when physicist. He did not want these over the compounds that were two parts of the uranium nucleus extra fast alpha particles to be asked to be delivered, which had were to move apart to form indi- mixed up with all the alpha parti- impurities that never before had been required. The engineers had a sound and well-founded convic- tion that everybody except them- selves was mad. The physicists, of which I was one, had a feeling of desperation that if anyone would listen to them, something conceivably might be accom- plished. In fact, I'm quite sure that since the time the Baby- lonians took in their heads an impossible engineering e n t e r - prise, such confusion did not exist. Dean Ryder, I am sorry to disagree with you, but all uni- versities are not interdisciplin- ary. They never have been as disciplinary as they are now. Pure scientists have never been as pure, specialists never as special, and our young Ph.D's never as full of conviction that the only reasonable thing, the only dignified thing, to do is pursue knowledge for the sake of knowl- edge, and that no self-respecting person should dirty his hands or his mind with any work con- vidual nuclei, then a lot more cles that normally would be ob- nected with applications. energy would be needed than the served. So, he carefully covered amount of energy the neutron his uranium sample with a thin When I talk of the education of could possibly have carried in. He foil just thick enough to absorb the modern inventor, I am really also knew that in q u a n t u m all the natural alpha particles. doing nothing more than using a m e c h a n i c s , in atomic theory, Then, he could look for the extra fancy word for engineering sci- P a r t i c l e s could surmount or, fast ones. Not in a single experi- ence or applied science, a no- rather, leak through potential ment did he forget to put on this man's land between pure science, barriers. He also could calculate extra foil. This was a pity, be- which pays attention only to new that this leaking through for as cause this foil not only stopped k n o w l e d g e , and engineering massive particles as uranium the natural alpha particles, but which, in its right, serves a very fragments, as fission fragments, also stopped those big f i s s i o n important purpose of doing again had much too small a probability. and better and safer and more fragments which Mrs. Novae so economical, what had been done He calculated and rejected Mrs. carelessly proposed and which Novac's hypothesis as a mathe- before. Applied science, the in- would not have gone unnoticed had heritor of the invention process, matical impossibility. It was an Fermi just noticed them once. It admirably thorough piece of is something which is not in our is strange to think what would curriculum and for which, we work. There was just one little have happened if Fermi had done find it increasingly hard to find thing wrong with it. The mass a little more of his own research. recruits. I am very glad to see values upon which his energy val- Fission might have been discov- that this need for the multi- ues were based, values which, ered in 1935 rather than in 1938 facited activity of applied science at that time, were accepted by and quite conceivably the history b e g i n s to be recognized now. all experimental physicists, were of the world, and I say that with- Some of our best institutions like faulty. This, however, is not the out exaggeration, might have been M.I.T. and California Institute of end of the story. Fermi then con- different. It is important to have Technology, in some of their ceived of a particularly interest- more than one approach. parts, begin to remember that ing experiment. Realizing ura- I am telling you that modern they might have something to do nium spontaneously emitted alpha invention is a very complex proc- with technology. This Society clearly has an aim to sponsor the cultivation of this neglected area, neglected in this country, at least. One of my younger f r i e n d s , Chuck Lief, who started life as an honest physicist, later degener- ated into a mathematician.Hedid a lot of hydrodynamic calcula- tions with two independent space variables and one time variable very much needed for our explo- sive work. He has turned in the last few years to calculating weather. He disdains observa- tion, but was willing to accept some empirical facts such as weather. For instance, some peo- e x p l o s i o n s . Also, we have a the earth is eight thousand miles ple want to do something about much m o r e gentle procedure in diameter, that it rotates, that hurricanes. From what I have such as seeding. We might indeed there are oceans with a certain seen, this is a hopeless enter- tip the balance in one of these geographic distribution and even prise. Once a hurricane starts unstable situations and we might with a certain surface tempera- blowing, it has so much energy be able so to trigger the hurri- ture, and from this data, he has in it that I don't think it can be cane at such time and place that calculated the weather in Jan- stopped or dispersed. It may not they stay out in the Atlantic where uary all over the globe. I found even be possible to deflect it they belong, rather than coming that he is a little absent-minded by the puny means of energy, in- into Florida or North Carolina in that he forgot about the Rocky cluding nuclear energy, that hap- or New England. Of course, if we Mountains. He promised me to pens to be at our disposal. But, 'should ever be able to regulate put them in in another two years. to trigger a hurricane might be the weather, any part of the But, even without these slight an entirely different thing. weather, we might have done a preservations, he managed not dreadful thing. We might have lost only to calculate the right veloci- Weather is full of unstable our last safe topic of conversa- ties of the westerly winds, the situations and while we can't tion. rough l o c a t i o n of the jack- stop a hurricane, we might make Some might feel that we should streams, but also the fact that the one. Some of you might think not fool with big-scale phenomena weather in January is really lousy this is not exactly what is de- like the weather. I believe that in the Aleutians and it's quite a sirable, but let me put it this what can be done, will, in the end, bit worse in Iceland--facts well way; we might do something be done whether we want it or not. known to meteorologists but about the birth-control of a hur- To my mind, of the important never heretofore calculated. He ricane. Instead of one big hurri- and dangerous consequences is even realized the fluctuations of cane, we might be able to pro- that, in one way or the other the weather and the way cyclonic duce two smaller ones. There we should indeed be prepared to disturbances drift across con- is energy at the lower-lying hot set up the right national and tinents. and ice layers over the tropical international organizations to use oceans. Probably, it is neces- Now, to my mind, this prom- sary that they discharge their this power in a beneficial way. ise of numerically better pre- energy in the form of hurricanes. On the other hand, I feel even dictions is more than a hope to But in how large units and where more strongly, seeing these op- make an honest man out of a and when, may be up to us. Al- portunities, of which weather weather prophet. It also means ready now, we see some methods, prediction or weather control is that within a few years, we might such as causing updrafts with only one, that we have the re- be able to do something about the violent means such as nuclear sponstbility to exploit knowledge and create power based on knowl- edge. This, to return to my topic, cannot be done in modern times by any other mechanism, as far as I know, except by the collabo- ration of our scientific and en- gineering talent whichwecan make available for this important applied work. This is what sev- eral excellent places tnroughout the nation are beginning, todoand this is the aim to whichourSo- ciety is dedicated. Some good steps have beenmade.Ihopethat we shall be successful. Is it possible that a builder of space simulation equipment has a hand in Becky Hulls ballet lesson? You'd expect that the leading maker of arc carbons that pro- of the company known as Union Carbide. duce the brilliant light for projecting motion pictures would be All kinds of seemingly unlikely side-by-side activities turn up called upon to duplicate the sun's rays in space simulation at Union Carbide every day. As a leader in metals and alloys, chambers. These chambers are used to test space devices, it developed a new, stronger stainless steel, and among the such as the communications satellites and space vehicles... results are better subway cars for New York City. In cryo- and even the astronauts themselves. genics, it manufactures the equipment for a technique in brain surgery based on the use of supercold liquid nitrogen. Its And it probably wouldn't surprise you to learn that a com- consumer products include "Eveready" brand batteries and Pany that produces half a dozen different types of plastics "Prestone" brand anti-freeze. And it is one of the world's most would also create an anti-static agent as part of the vinyl diversified private enterprises in the field of atomic energy. Plastic it developed for phonograph records. This keeps dust from In fact, few other corporations are so deeply involved in sticking to record surfaces. The sound is improved. The so many different skills and activities that will affect the record lasts longer. And Becky Hull's ballet lessons are per- technical and production capabilities of our next ormed to music that's more faithfully reproduced, But would space simulation equipment and better And we have a feeling that Becky Hull's future is Materials for phonograph records come from one company? Indeed they would, in the unusual case just as bright as ours. ENGINEERS & S C I E N T I S T S : General Dynamics|Astronautics offers you the challenges of the future — today. As the space-oriented division of the great General Dynamics Corporation, Astronautics has a heritage of leadership in the development of our nation's current space capabilities. We continue to build on this strong background as we design and develop new systems and devices that will help to shape the future course of space technology. Your alert response to the fascinating challenges we offer will establish guidelines for your successful career at Astronautics. Scientific and technical opportunities exist at all degree levels in activities that include RESEARCH, DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, RELIABILITY, and ADMINISTRATION. Superconductivity at RCA Laboratories Experiments at RCA Laboratories show that superconducting films exhibit a nonlinear in- ductance at frequencies extending well into the millimeter-wave range. Frequency conversion was observed in tin films cooled below their critical temperature. Now amplification and oscillation have also been demonstrated. A superconducting "paramp" has been operated at 6 kmc with II db of net gain. Parametric oscillations at about the same frequency were also effected. The superconducting film and the varactor differ markedly in many respects; hence, their circuit needs also differ. A study of the charac- teristics of superconducting films and paramet- ric device requirements resulted in the concept of the "modified dielectric resonator." The res- onator, which was used to demonstrate amplifi- cation, consists of a very low-loss, high-permit- tivity, dielectric cavity modified at one of its boundaries by a superconducting film. Recently RCA developed a superconductive Very-high-field solenoids capable of generat- magnet believed to be the most powerful in the ingfieldsof 100,000 gauss now made with cop- The unit is placed in a waveguide where world, in a practical form that can revolu- per winding require about 100 tons of equip- power is coupled to it with a movable short- tionize many aspects of solid-state electronics ment and dissipate more than one megawatt of circuit. The resonant frequency of the cavity is and high-energy physics research. power as heat. Some superconductors, in par- a function of its dimensions, the permittivity of Success of this magnet and the attainment of ticular the compound NbjSn, can carry large the dielectric and the impedance of the film. zero current degradation using magnetic field electric currents with zero power dissipation stabilization followed research in superconduc- even at high magnetic fields.1 Hence, they can While it may be premature to speculate on the eventual role of the superconducting tive degradation phenomena. be used for the construction of light weight solenoids. "paramp", it should be noted that the device, The device generates a magnetic field of in principle, offers an outstanding set of fea- 107,000 gauss. When commercially available, it In the past, Nb3Sn was prepared by metal- tures not to be found in the varactor or any will enable scores of small and medium-sized lurgical sintering techniques, which resulted in other device. First, the frequency limit of super- research laboratories to carry out experiments a porous and extremely brittle material not conducting films may extend into the sub-milli- that now require large multi-million-dollar suitable for widespread use. In 1960, scientists meter wave range. Secondly, it is expected that facilities in order to generate the immense mag- in the Materials Research Laboratory, David the noise performance of the device can match netic fields needed for solid-state, atomic, and Sarnoff Research Center, developed a vapor- that of the maser. Furthermore, superconduc- related areas of research. Phase transport process for preparing this com- tors can be pumped with considerably lower pound for the first time in a dense crystalline power and at a lower frequency than either the Test data obtained under a NASA study state—and informs suitable for widespread use varactor or the maser. Finally, since one can contract played a significant part in RCA's de- in both research and application. It consists of a fabricate large-area films (as compared with velopment of the 107,000-gauss magnet. The simultaneous reduction of gaseous mixed chlo- lumped varactors), wide-band truly distributed present experimental unit has a bore of one rides of niobium and tin by hydrogen at 900 traveling-wave parametric amplification may inch, offering for the first time in a supercon- to 1200°C.2 become possible. ductive magnet a working area large enough for practical laboratory experiments. The com- Based on this process, an apparatus was de- pany is continuing its work for NASA, explor- veloped for continuous coating of refractory ing the feasibility of a 150,000-gauss supercon- metal and ribbon with Nb3Sn. The NbsSn ductive magnet with a one-foot bore, designed coated ribbon has both electrical and mechani- for experiments in space propulsion techniques. cal properties desirable for solenoid construc- The experimental 107,000-gauss unit was tion. It is very thin (typical cross section is built at the RCA Laboratories by an advanced 2 X 90 mil, thickness of deposit about 0.3 mil) development group of the RCA Electronic and hence sufficiently ductile to wrap around Components and Devices organization. diameters as small as 3/4 inch and it can support enormous currents densities: 1 x 10 5 amp/cm 2 The experimental RCA magnet weighs 26 at zero field, 3 x 1Os amp/cm2 in a transverse pounds and is about the size and shape of a DC field of 92,500 gauss and 1.5 x 105amp/ half-gallon paint can. It is made superconduc- cm 2 in ap u l s e d longitudinal field of 170,000 tive by immersion in liquid helium and is gauss. By comparison, copper can carry only started with the output of 6-volt storage batter- 1 X 10 3a m p / c m 2 safely. Hence, superconduc- ies. By contrast, nonsuperconductive magnets tive solenoids approaching a field of 200,000 developing similar magnetic fields require al- gauss appear feasible. most 1.5 million watts of power and enormous water-cooling systems. from the ocean floor to the moon...and beyond Hughes sphere of activity extends from the far reaches of outer space to the bottom of the sea . . . includes advanced studies, research, design, development and produc- tion on projects such as: © SURVEYOR-unmanned, soft-landing lunar spacecraft for chemical and visual analysis of the moon's surface; © SYNCOM (Synchronous- orbit Communications Satellite)—provides world-wide communications with only three satellites; © F-111B PHOENIX Missile System—an advanced weapon system designed to radically extend the defensive strike capability of supersonic aircraft; © A n t i - ICBM Defense Systems —designed to locate, intercept and destroy attacking enemy ballistic missiles in flight; © A i r Defense Control Systems— border-to-border con- trol of air defenses from a single command center—combines 3D radar real-time computer technology and display systems within a flexible communications network; © 3D Radar—ground and ship-based systems give simultaneous height range and bearing data—now in service on the nuclear-powered U.S.S. Enterprise; ©POLARIS Guidance System — guidance components for the long-range POLARIS missile' © Hydrospace — advanced sonar and other anti-submarine warfare systems. special digital computer fire control system, cooperation with Washington-area uni- "we explore freely . . . are almost ready for fleet use is a real tribute versities. The University of Maryland even to NOL's creativity, technical direction, and holds some courses on NOL premises test & evaluation capabilities. which you may attend during working But SUBROC—although an undertaking of hours. (NOL has always been fertile ground and no restrictions are set upon incredible proportions—is just one in a long for PhD theses.) our imagination." series of NOL projects in anti-submarine • the stimulus of working with top people in warfare, air and surface weaponry, aerobal- their specialties, many of whom are staff The speaker was a brilliant young Navy listics, chemistry, explosives, and materials members and lecturers at colleges and uni- scientist discussing his work, and he might versities. research. Many such dreams have become well have been referring to the Naval Ordance • the added stimulus offered by the Wash- reality at NOL—seven new magnetic ma- Laboratory at White Oak, Maryland, where ington environment, now one of the top technological explorations are pursued to the terials that have sharply upgraded magnetic four R & D centers—private as well as ultimate advantage of the nation's posture amplifiers, magnetometers, and electromag- government—in the country. °f defense. netic transducers . . . new ways to measure drag, stability, and heating effects of missiles The same young Navy scientist we quoted Who would have thought, especially before traveling in excess of Mach 10 . . . the arming earlier also remarked: ". . . if a scientist wants the advent of POLARIS, that a submarine and fuzing devices for POLARIS . . . a new the freedom to satisfy his intellectual hunger and open doors now closed to him, his best bet could someday fire what appears to be an data reduction method for underwater is to work for the Government." ordinary torpedo which would, a few seconds acoustics that opens the door to passive sonar later, take off upwards into a ballistics tra- ranging . . . two new nuclear depth bombs . . . jectory . . . drop its rocket motor somewhere and literally hundreds more. own-range . . . re-enter the water intact at There are more than 1,000 graduate profes- supersonic speed . . . automatically arm itself sionals at NOL-White Oak today, but the •• . and let loose a nuclear blast that will Laboratory is always interested in talented decimate any number of submerged hostiles?explorers—especially those delving into aero and electro technologies. And, to help you Today, SUBROC promises to be the deadliest explore more freely (and productively), NOL anti-submarine warfare weapon ever devised, offers: but when it was first dreamed up by NOL scientists back in 1957 it presented the • assignments of national importance • the finest equipment and facilities to be had thorniest set of problems yet to face the still- young missle age. That SUBROC itself, (900 acres of them) together with its sonar detection system and • several programs for advance degrees in Mary Hluiber Home town: Lansing, Michigan Age: 19 Class: Sophomore Sorority: Kappa Alpha Theta Spec:;: 5 ' 6 " Dark brown eyes Dark brown hair Major: Physical Education Hobbies: Tennis, Swimming, Gymnastics, Cooking (Italian food), Sewing Mary, a cheerleader, was Miss Lansing in 1963 and placed fourth runner-up in the Miss Michigan contest. The pretty Czechoslovakian worked as a playground director during the summer and plans to go directly into teaching. Providing power for every environment... Being a technically trained m a n . . . we assume you are looking ahead to a career of exciting growth and accomplishment and that you are looking for a com- pany possessing these same qualities. If our assumption is correct, we would like you to take a close look at us. For this Company, while solving the problems of the day, thrives on a sort of creative rest- lessness which anticipates the challenges of tomorrow. And more important to you, it recognizes its engineers and scientists as the master key to its present success and future progress. From a solid foundation of basic and applied research, our Company has gained a firm foothold in the land, sea, air, and space programs that are helping to shape our nation's future. Our engineers and scientists are exploring ever-broadening avenues of energy conversion for every environment. Should you join them, you'll be assigned early responsibility . . . to apply your engineer- ing talents to such areas as advanced gas turbines . . . rocket engines . . . fuel cells and nuclear power. Such trail-blazing projects command the best of varied talent. That's why you'll find at Pratt & Whitney Air- craft men with college training as diverse as their responsibilities. You will also find that opportunities for professional growth are further enhanced by our corporation-financed Graduate Education Program. Your degree? It can be a B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. in: MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL . CHEMICAL and NUCLEAR ENGINEERING • PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY • METALLURGY • CERAMICS . MATHEMATICS • ENGINEER- ING SCIENCE or APPLIED MECHANICS. For further information concerning a career with Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, consult your college placement of- ficer—or—write to Mr. William L. Stoner, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford 8, Connecticut. Industrial News Moon bound apollo astronauts will know pretty much what to expect from acceleration and " G " forces thanks to " A N D Y " the anthropomorphic dummy shown above getting his " b r a i n " . " A N D Y ' s " skull, fitted out with 13 tiny electronic sensing and transmitting devices, to- gether with the rest of the humanoid, is now undergoing drop tests and other pre manned flight experiments. These experiments are being conducted by North Amer- ican's Space and Information Systems Division, Downey, California, for NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, as part of the Apollo program. The simplicity of a new technique developed by IBM's Research Division for producing giant pulses from a ruby laser can be seen in this picture, which shows all the apparatus required. The ruby crystal and flash lamp are contained in the box at left. The large circular object at center is a mirror, which completes the laser cavity. Between the ruby and the mirror is a cylinder, with windows at both ends, containing a metal phthal- ocyanine solution. This solution absorbs ruby light strongly, thus initially preventing laser oscillation. When as a result of heavy pumping the ruby's emission exceeds a certain level, the solution suddenly "bleach- es", permitting all the stored energy in the ruby to be emitted in a giant pulse. The spot of light on the screen in the background was produced by a giant pulse lasting less than 20 nanoseconds. A xenon flash-discharge lamp is used by Bell Labora- tories as the basis of a new fast method for determining the gas and carbon content of thin metallic films. William G. Guldner, who developed the method, is shown checking connections to the xenon lamp. To weld the complex floor system of the Verrazano- Narrows Bridge, American Bridge Division of United States Steel Corp. used a high-tensi le-streng th Murex electrode produced by M&T Chemical, Inc. Some 3288 sections of steel flooring, each 9 ' 6 " by 50' by 4 % " , will be welded into place to reinforce the bridge's road- way. Concrete will be poured through the connected system and V/2" above it. TRANSISTORIZED ITALIAN COMPUTER MAKES U.S. DEBUT. World's first all-transistor desk top computer, introduced early this year by Industria Macchine Elet- troniche, S. p. A., Rome, a subsidiary of Italy's giant Edison group, will be distributed in the United States and Canada by IME/USA, Inc., Los Angeles, it was an- nounced today (Oct. 19, 1964). Revolutionary new de- vice, dubbed the IME-84, offers instant input verification without reference to tape, and automatic visual decimal point placement. Announcing a new book--DIS- i m p r o v e oneself materially, Branco; reviews the political, TILLED WISDOM (Prentice-Hall morally, and spiritually. economic and cultural history of $5.95) by Alfred Armand Monta- The author, Alfred Armand Brazil; and discusses the im- Pert, to be released to the public, Montapert, was former president plications of these developments week of November 16th. of seven industrial corporations. for Brazil and its relations with the U.S. Every man's heart cries out for This issue is available at the aDOMbetter is a wlife. DISTILLED WIS- Foreign Policy Association, 345 onderful M a s t e r Plan The following is a brief sum- East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. f°r Living, world s based on the wisdom mary of BRAZIL: CRISIS AND 10017, at $.75 a copy. of thehel ' greatest men, that CHANGE, by Charles Wagley, di- will P you to be many times rector of the Institute of Latin HEADLINE SERIES is pub- more effective, productive, suc- American Studies and professor lished six times a year. Each is- cessful and happy. of anthropology at Columbia Uni- sue is a compact analysis of a versity. current foreign policy topic. Each People today are a 1 1 reaching This HEADLINE SERIES book- is written by an expert in the field for Utopia, but lack the basic let published by the Foreign and includes maps, charts, and a essential knowledge that will take Policy Association, analyzes re- bibliography. them there. DISTILLED WIS- lations between Brazil and the DOM will offer them such an op- U.S. before and since the present portunity. The wisdom set forth r e g i m e of Humberto Castelo in this book suggests ways to INDUSTRIAL SPOTLIGHT The general field of mechan- "The initial goal of the DAC-I vides for a dynamic two-way ical design has for years de- project was the development of communication between the pended on the techniques of draft- a combination of computer hard- ing as a means of design prior to designer and the computer. ware and software which (a) would The console is equipped with: the making of models. Graphics-- p e r m i t 'conversational' man- the art of science of drawing-- a. a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) serve as the basic means of machine graphical communica- display screen; man-to-man transmittal of de- tion and (b) would provide a max- b. an electric position - indi- sign information. imum programming flexibility cating pencil, used by the and ease of use for experimen- man to respond to the com- In the late 1950's the General tation. This goal was achieved in Motors Research Laboratories puter by pointing to an area early 1963." of interest on the display. began a study of the potential The DAC-I system has been in role of computers in the graph- c. 36 program control keys ical phases of design. Prototype operation eight hours per day and program status lights. hardware and software compo- since then. Mr. Jacks reports: The man at the console can nents were developed to investi- "From the standpoint of a lab- monitor the status lights gate the problems of processing oratory facility, the system is and control the program graphical data. For example, a performing excellently. We are execution with the keys. breadboard setup using an IBM learning that man and machine d. two data entry devices. One 740 cathode ray tube recorder can communicate readily v i a is an alphanumeric key- demonstrated that lines on film graphical means." board for "typing" mess- could be scanned and digitized under the control of computer DAC-I Hardware programs. Programs were writ- The present DAC-I hardware ten for the manipulation of im- complex consists of an IBM 7094 ages in three dimensions. digital computer and an IBM As reported to the 1964 Fall 7960 special image processing Joint Computer Conference by system. Edwin L. Jacks, assistant head The 7094 computer has an of the GM Research Labora- extra-large 64K core memory tories' Computer Technology De- unit, half of which is available partment: for multiprogrammed u s e on "On the basis of these early DAC-I problems. In addition the feasibility demonstrations, the computer has extended storage decision was made to establish facilities: two 55-million char- a more comprehensive labora- acter 1301 disk files and three tory for graphical man-machine 1-million character 7320 drum communication experiments. The units. facilities were to permit the The 7960 special image proc- computational power of a large essing system was developed and s c a l e digital computer to be built by IBM's Data Systems Di- brought to bear on the problems vision to specifications provided of graphical design in a manner by GM. The specifications were which fully recognized the im- based upon early GM experiments portance of the man in design. with computer displays, record- The project has since become ing devices, and program-con- known as Design Augmented by trolled image scanners. Its two Computers. main units are: 1. A graphic console which pro- Tom Thomsen wanted challenging work He found it at Western Electric T. R. Thomsen, B.S.M.E., University of Nebraska, '58, ence needed to qualify. Right now, Tom is developing came to Western Electric for several reasons. Impor- new and improved inspection and process control tant to him was the fact that our young engineers play techniques to reduce manufacturing costs of tele- vital roles right from the start, working on exciting phone switching equipment. Tom is sure that Western engineering projects in communications including: Electric is the right place for him. What about you? electronic switching, thin film circuitry, microwave If you set the highest standards for yourself, enjoy systems and optical masers. a challenge, and have the qualifications we're looking The wide variety of Western Electric's challenging for —we want to talk to you! Opportunities for fast- assignments appealed to Tom, as did the idea of ad- moving careers exist now for electrical, mechanical vanced study through full-time graduate engineering and industrial engineers, and also for physical science, training, numerous management courses and a com- liberal arts and business majors. For more detailed Pany-paid Tuition Refund Plan. information, get your copy of the Western Electric Tom knows, too, that we'll need several thousand Career Opportunities booklet from your Placement experienced engineers for supervisory positions within Officer. And be sure to arrange for an interview when the next few years. And he's getting the solid experi- the Bell System recruiting team visits your campus. puter past the difficulty using the electric pencil and a TV sweep display of the localized area, b. Output operation. A sec- ond high-resolution CRT is used as a recorder for ex- posing frames on either of two 35mm film transports. The film is automatically developed and ready for viewing on a 20-by-20 inch screen within 30 seconds after exposure. Drawings from both film trains can be p r o j e c t e d simultane- ously on the screen, al- lowing the designer to compare differences and s i m i l a r i t i e s in the in- formation. A film buffer allows up to 20 images to be exposed before proc- essing begins. DAC-I Software The computer instructions-- or software--which operate the computer complex are all new CONTINUED FROM PAGE 32 and give DAC-I its unique design ages into the computer. The capabilities. Among the advanced other is a card reader with software techniques incorporated in the DAC-I system are four working concurrently on two which the man enters data major departures from conven- different problems. It thus and "sign-on" identifica- tional programming techniques: permits a designer to be work- tion. 1- Multiprogramming monitor. ing "on line" with the com- 2. An image processor used for Allows the computer to be puter efficiency. the input and output of graph- 2. New compiler language, NO- ical data. a. Input operation. A sliding MAD. Ninety per cent of the drawer allows the designer DAC-I software system was to enter key lines drawn on written in a very flexible and 20-by-20 inch paper or vel- fast compiler called NOMAD lum. A camera translates a GM Research revision ana the image to 35mm film extension of the University of which is developed in 30 M i c h i g a n ' s MAD system seconds. A GM-developed ( M i c h i g a n Algorithm De- computer p r o g r a m then coder ) controls the positioning of 3. Program storage__allocation a CRT beam optically fo- control. Permits the computer cused on the 35mm image. program to make "at the mo- A photomultiplier response ment" decisions on efficient back to the computer indi- allocation of core memory to cates if the beam is on meet the changing data and program demands of the prob- clear or opaque portions of the image. The p r o g r a m lem being solved. searches for opaque lines 4. Disk - oriented_system for on a clear background. In storage and retrieval of pro- its present state of devel- grams. Allows access within opment, the scanner can a fraction of a second to mil- detect and digitize lines as lions of words ofprogramand thin as .01 inch with an data. System is so arranged average accuracy of plus as to permit continued growth or minus .015 inch. The of DAC support programs with line scanning is controlled no c h a n g e to control pro- from the console and in areas of difficulty, e.g., a 8rams- finger smudge, the man In addition special software can help guide the com- has been devised for program- ming the graphical input/output hardware. At Dow, we won't promise exactly where you'll be sitting 20 years from now. We'd like to promise you fame and Challenges for many diverse talents periodic stock purchase plans, annual prestige and high position. But we are found in our 30 domestic plants salary review, pension and profit- can't. Periodic, guaranteed promo- as well as facilities in 31 countries sharing plan, our educational assist- tions are not our way at Dow. Merit abroad. We produce a variety of ance plan. promotions are. And the winning of products, ranging from chemicals to If you're looking for a challenging and them is up to you. plastics to consumer goods—some promising future, perhaps Dow is for That's why assignments are made on 700 different products used by more you. Learn more by writing the Tech- the basis of ability. Progress is than 200 industries. More products nical Placement Manager at any of analyzed. Promotions come from and improvements originate con- our locations listed below. The Dow within, (Most of our top men began stantly from our 50 research labs. Chemical Company, Midland, Mich. their careers with us.) Our transfer Since World War II, our sales have An Equal Opportunity Employer. policy encourages lateral moves risen 800%. which benefit the individual as well Employee benefits are in great evi- as Dow. We've overcome possible dence, too, at Dow. Included are hazards of our size by organizing sickness and accident benefits, life much like a group of small companies. insurance, hospitalization insurance, As a result, recognition comes easier and faster for capable people who enjoy working. FROM CAMPUS TO CAREER WITH DELCO RADIO Five years ago Gene Wampole techniques have proved applicable way to a challenging and reward- came to Delco Radio with a BS in to a wide variety of problems in ing career with Delco Radio. You II Science from Ball State University metal fabrication. find opportunities in such areas as and an MAfrom Indiana University. Today, Gene Wampole is a As a young graduate engineer silicon and germanium device de- Senior Project Engineer at Delco— you, too, could soon be on your velopment, ferrites, solid state dif- well on his way to a longtime, sat- fusion, creative packaging of semi- isfying career with this electronics conductor products, development division of General Motors Corpo- of laboratory equipment, reliability ration. techniques, and applications and Gene is pictured here at an opti- manufacturing engineering. cal comparator, used for making Our brochure detailing the op- highly accurate measurements of portunities to share in forging the future of electronics with thisout- the very precise dimensions of standing Delco-GM team is yours metal masks for such devices as for the asking. Watch for Delco light dependent resistors. Tech- Radio interview dates on your cam- niques and equipment for fabri- cating these metal masks were pus, or write to Mr. C. D. Long- shore, Dept. CR, Delco Radio Divi- developed for Delco's extensive microelectronics program. These sion, General Motors Corporation, Kokomo, Indiana. Wafer Recovery In The Space Environment About sixty p e r cent of the m i s s i o n s of less than about 100 ids, pigments, vitamins, miscel- human body's weight is made up days. laneous compounds. of water. It is the medium in Four major s o u r c e s of water which the basic c h e m i c a l p r o c - a r e available in space craft: The disagreeable properties to esses of life take p l a c e . As man expired air, wash water, feces be coped with in the purification leaves the earth, the supply of and u r i n e . A large amount of of water from urine a r e color, water becomes a p r o m i n e n t p r o b - water a p p e a r s as vapor in ex- odor and taste. Regardless of the lem; it has r e c e i v e d g r e a t atten- pired a i r and can be condensed purification system used, urine tion in recent y e a r s . This is a r e - on a cold object. Although water must first be filtered of mate- view of some of the methods which so r e c o v e r e d may have a slight r i a l s such as skin cells, nuclei, have been and a r e being c o n s i d - odor, it may be used for wash- large protein molecules and bac- ered for the r e c o v e r y of water in ing or, after percolation through teria, though, as it is excreted space. from the healthy body, the urine activated carbon, for drinking. does not contain any pathogenic Wash water will contain several The average human intake of o r g a n i s m s . The most abundant impurities which must be r e - water is about 2500 m i l l i l i t e r s moved by filtration before it can solid impurity in urine is urea, CO(NH 2 ) 2 , the p r i n c i p l e end per day: 1200 a s drinking water, be used. These include human product of protein metabolism. 1,000 in food, and about 300 sweat substances, skin tissues, Urea makes up about 50 per cent from the metabolic oxidation of h a i r , b a c t e r i a , particles of of the total solids in urine and hydrogen in foods. Although the clothing, particles of the m a t e - accounts for 80 to 90 per cent of w a ter demand is flexible, a r i a l s composing the space cabin the nitrogen content. Although minimum of about one l i t e r per and its equipment, and soap or urea is promptly excreted by the da y, depending on activity, is d e t e r g e n t . Feces or solid wastes kidneys, it should be completely required for human life. T h r e e hold many bacteria; because they eliminated from drinking water, maj o r s o u r c e s account for a l - contain about one fourth of a a s each gram of urea taken in by most all of the body's w a t e r out- pound of water per day, they will mouth increases the blood urea put—urine (about 1400 ml p e r be a s o u r c e only on c o m p a r a - nitrogen (BUM) by 1.5 to 2.5 mg day), feces (200 ml p e r day), tively long m i s s i o n s . per cent in man, and a level of and evaporation, both from the Urine p r o m i s e s to b e t h e about 45 mg per cent can produce skin and within the lungs (900 most fruitful source of water in toxic symptoms. Therefore, the ml Per day).' space, since it contains about 95 elimination of urea has been con- p e r cent potable water. The com- sidered in the proposals of all To the p r e s e n t date, water has position of urine is given in table water recovery s y s t e m s . been stored for all manned s p a c e one. 2 missions. However, allowing 28 TABLE 1 liters, or 62.4 pounds, of water Constituent Avg. % by Wgt. DISTILLATION per man per week for all p u r - Water, total 94.9 Distillation is the s i m p l e s t P°ses, the weight of s t o r e d water Solids, total 4.9 m e t h o d for recovering w a t e r won becomes p r o h i b i t i v e . As Urea 2.2 from liquid wastes. If enough en- flignt durations grow, the point Nitrogen, total 1.1 ergy were supplied, a simple still is soon r e a c h e d at which the NaCl .95 would recover most of the water weignt of r e c o v e r y and recyclingMa .3 f r o m urine. A slightly heavier equipment i s l e s s t h a n t h a t o f e x _ K .15 still could be run by the astro- tra water a n d s t o r a g e c o n t a i n e r s . P .09 naut's body heat, which is more At this point recovery of at least S, total .08 than enough to recover all of the part of the w a t e r e x c r e t e d by the Ca .015 water from his daily urine output. body becomes economical, a l - Mg .01 An air evaporation system pro- though complete r e c o v e r y of In s m a l l amounts: Amino Acids, vides a very simple solution. In water would not be p r a c t i c a l for organil acids, Harmones, Lip- such a system warm cabin air, or hotter air which has been used to cool equipment, is passed over warm wicks which have been soaked with urine. Water evap- orates and is recovered from the vapor in a centrifugal separator. Moisture so collected is easily filtered and made fit for drinking. There are several disadvantages to an air evaporation system, however. The vapors from which water is collected are corrosive. A large wick area is required and the wicks soon become clogged with solids which must regularly be removed. The air used as a vapor carrier cannot be used for breathing unless it is filtered. An air evaporation sys- tem, however, has the advantage Thermoelectric Still conditions to concentrate the of making efficient use of the hot His thermoelectric still uses liquid on the sides and to keep it air generated by equipment which 4300 thermocouples, c o n s u m e s out of the compressor system. must, under any conditions, be only 7 1/2 watts and processes The distillate is forced through a cooled. about 1.48 gallons daily.5 millipore filter, an ion-exchange An atmospheric distillation Solar stills have also been pro- resin, and an activated carbon system for the removal of water posed for the atmospheric dis- filter. Because urea does notde- from urine has the advantages of tillation of urine in space. In such compose below 98 degrees C, simplicity and low equipment a system, light shining through a This process does not produce weight. The power requirement thick glass or plastic panel heats ammonia in the distillate. How- for such a system is estimated a shallow depth of impure liquid, ever, as the temperature of the by Frand J. Hendel at about 180 which evaporates. Water is con- still is lowered, the carry-over watts per man per day; under densed from the vapors. The of bacteria into the distillate zero G conditions, the still and construction and operation of is increased and sterilization or the condenser used must revolve such a still is greatly simplified filtration through a bacteriologi- to i n s u r e separation of the under conditions of artificial or cal filter may be required. It vapors. Liquid condensed in such natural gravity. It might be much has been proposed that solid and a still has a high pH and often better suited then for use on the liquid wastes be placed in the an ammonia odor from urea, moon than for use in spacecraft. evaporator portion of such a still which reacts in the following way: Such a system has the disad- in a plastic bag which could be CO(NH2)2 • H2O • CO2 + 2NH3. vantages of being large and heavy removed with solid residues after Urine must be pretreated before and of being unusable at great distillation. The greatest disad- distillation. J. Sendory and H. A. distances from the sun. vantage of such a system is that Collison tried pretreatment of An active vapor compression urine with sulfuric acid, result- these solid residues would nave ing in hydrolysis and the libera- distillation system holds great to be destroyed or stored. An ac- tion of volatile products as well promise for space applications. tive vapor distillation system as the formation of hydrochloric Wastes are placed in a still over however, has the great advantage acid and the carry-over of chlor- which a compressor creates a of not requiring heat rejection to ide ion into the distillate. How- partial vacuum of about 0.5 psia space, since the heat of condensa ever, the formation of ammonia at the cabin temperature. T h e tion is used to speed vaporiza- and its carry-over were reduced warm vapors which form may tion if condensation is allowed to by the acid pretreatment. The use be used to supply heat to the tal e place on the outsideofthe of both sulfuric acid and potasium liquid being processed before evaporation tank. Vapor con- dichromate in pretreatment re- b e i n g compressed, condensed, pression distillation is presently duced volatile impurities, but and filtered. The removal of solid recommended for crews ot more may have formed other impuri- residue from the still is required than three and flight6 durations ties by hydrolysis, oxidation, or after each batch has been proc- more than 14 days. the breakup of conjugated com- essed. Energy requirements are Electric Boat and American pounds. Sendroy and Collison reduced as the temperature dif- Machine and Foundry Corpora- nevertheless attained an 85 to ference between the still and tions have built batch-type vapor 87% yield of potable water. Re- c o n d e n s e r is reduced, but a compression distillation stills. covered water was post-treated larger condenser surface is re- The American Machine and Foun- with activated carbon to remove quired. If a still-condenser tem- perature difference of about 20 dry still has a volume of 1.9 cu. odors and tastes." degrees F. is maintained, about ft. and operates on 150 watts, Thermo-electricity has been 40 watts per man per day are weighing 45 pounds with supplies used in the distillation of urine by required to distill all human for 30 batches. It has a six-hour E. F. Cox of the Whirlpool Cor- operating cycle and can recover poration. wastes. The still must be de- signed to rotate under weightless 10 pounds per cycle withan85 per cent yield of potable water. "Hyamine 1622," an odor-bac- advantage of comparatively low • of the Executive Office of the teria control, and Dow-Corning power requirements. President: "When pure water "Antifoam C" to control foam- and a salt solution are placed on ing and carry-over are added be- MEMBRANES opposite sides of a semi-perme- fore cycling.7 There are several proposals able membrane (ideally, perme- P a s s i v e vapor compression for the purification of urine which able to water but impermeable to distillation systems have also involve the use of membranes. In salt), f r e s h water will flow been proposed. Heat transfer ra- ordinary electrolysis, an anode through the membrane and dilute diation panels are used in these and cathode in a tank of impure the salt solution. This is the well- systems to eliminate the heat of water are surrounded by mem- known process of osmosis. If condensation to space. R. A. branes through which ions may fresh water flow is prevented, a Bambanek and J. D. Zeff have pass. Waste gases are given off at hydrostatic pressure, known as designed such a still in which the anode. Concentrated wastes the osmotic pressure, builds up liquid wastes at 80 degrees F. from within the membrane around in the salt solution in proportion are placed in sponges which are the cathode could be pumped to to the concentration of the salt. exposed to a partial vacuum cre- the a n o d e to react with t h e s e Under these conditions, an appli- ated by venting the evaporation waste gases, forming a concen- cation of hydrostatic pressure chamber to space. Water evap- trated solution of waste. Herein, to the salt solution, in excess of orates from the sponges, passes though, lies the greatest disad- the osmotic pressure, will gen- through a filter screen and is di- vantage of the electrolysis of erate a flow of fresh water from rected into cooler, bellows-like urine: the great amount of con- the salt solution, through the receptacles where it is condensed centrated waste to be disposed of membrane, to the fresh water on doughnut shaped sponges at 60 or stored.'' side."' 2 This process, known on to 70 degrees F. The sponges are removed and squeezed through purification cartridges, yielding potable water. The major dis- advantage of such a system is its use of a radiation panel. The size of such a panel is governed by the size of the batch to be dis- tilled, and the efficiency of the system depends on the exact con- trol of8 the radiation of heat to space. Post-treatment in distillation units is largely eliminated by the use of the "pyrolysis of vapors" technique demonstrated by J. J. Konikoff and others. Before con- densation, the vapors are passed over platinum gauze at 1000 to FIGURE 2-- a smaller scale as ultra-filtra- 2000 degrees F, and volatile im- Electro-osmosis Cell tion, provides a promising tech- P u r i t i e s are oxidized or de- In this process, a container of nique for urine purification. Its stroyed. Water, carbon dioxide, i m p u r e wastes is divided into value is increased by its opera- and oxides of nitrogen are pro- several parts by membranes, tion ambient temperatures with duced at the platinum gauze. The permeable either to anions or mechanical energy. A system has water can be condensed and is cations, but not both. When the been designed to filter urine on potable. This technique requires ends of the full container are op- this basis. It could be used for considerable power.9 positely charged, ions migrate in very long periods of time; how- In all types of urine distilla- opposite directions through the ever, it has the disadvantage of tion,, care must be taken not to membranes, leaving purer water utilizing a filter which must be exceed the boiling point of urine, in the center than in the end com- periodically flushed.13 since without special still-heads partments where the impurities A process known as thermo- of additives, a foaming action at collect. Pure water can be re- osmosis depends on the fact that tht point allows unwanted con- moved from the center sections membranes are available which stituents to be carried over into of the container and the impure will pass only water at certain the condensate. w a t e r in the end sections re- temperatures. Such a process Activated carbon can be used treated to further concentrate the would require the heating of urine after any type of distillation to wastes. If this system works on one side of the membrane and remove objectionable tastes and over long periods of time and the the cooling of purified water on odors from the distillate. The residual amounts of unusable the other. To the present time, dosage required is small--on the water can be minimized, it could very little work has been done be very profitable for long-term with this process. order of one to two pounds per Ionics Incorporated proposed million gallons. Odors and tastes space trips. Another process known as re- to force urine under slight pres- can also be removed by aera- sure into contact with a heating tion, if fine bubbles are forced verse o s m o s i s has been de- scribed in a report from the of- element and a membrane in a through the water. Mostdistil- boiler unit. lation systems for urine have the fice of Science and Technology has the great advantage of re- quiring little space. 15 Organic solvents such as ter- tiary octylamine a r e available which dissolve more water at low t e m p e r a t u r e s than at high. Waste water could be added to an ex- traction column of such solvents at low temperatures; the solvents would absorb water, but not im- p u r i t i e s . They could then be re- moved and heated to drive off pure water which, after treat- ment with a carbon absorber, would be potable. Under weight- l e s s conditions, impurities would have to be removed from the ex- FIGURE 3— steps required for the complete traction column and pure water Boiler Purification Unit purification of water. from the solvent in centrifugal The boiler would raise the Two t y p e s of ion exchange s e p a r a t o r s . This process, known temperature of the urine to a treatments a r e available for the as solvent extraction, has the point at which only water would purification of liquids. The first disadvantages of great bulk and permeate the membrane. On the is the percolation of pretreated weight and of presenting the dan- other side, a sponge in a partial but impure liquids through cation ger of organic solvents escaping vacuum would absorb the water as and anion exchange beds in turn, into the cabin air. However, ithas it cooled. The high temperature followed by electrical r e g e n e r a - the advantage of a low power re- of the boiler would also kill bac- tion of the beds. The second is quirement, and might be useful in teria and delay the precipitation the percolation of the impure space applications. Heating and of salts. This system is as yet un- liquid through a bed of mixed cooling stages of the process can developed. It is hoped that it will cation and anion exchange r e s i n s , be combined in two heat exchang- be small and light, but a power again followed by regeneration e r s , further reducing the power requirement of about 100 watts of the bed. Inorganic ion ex- requirement. 1 6 per man-day is foreseen.14 changers a r e suggested for the A similar process, known as Most osmosis and membrane purification of urine. These con- the solid gas hydrate process, methods for urine purification sist of mixtures of silver and has been investigated for tne require less volume and weight barium zeolites which react as purification of sea water, water than distillation systems. Dif- follows: ferent distillation and osmosis is treated with a light gaseous or membrane m e t h o d s vary Zeolite (Ag2) + 2NaCl = Zeo- hydrocarbon - CH2C1F, CHaBr, lite (Na2) + 2AgCl (s) CHC1 2 F, and propane have been greatly in power requirements. Zeolite (Ba) + MgSO4 = Zeo- examined - - to form solid crys- CHEMICAL PROCESSES lite (Mg) + BaSO4 (s) tals of a compound M-xH2O,whicn S e v e r a l chemical processes The solids are then separated a r e removed and melted to re- are available for use in the puri- f r o m the precipitated zeolites. c o v e r pure w a t e r from tne fication of urine. A major prob- All of the anions and cations found hydrating agent. The processop- lem is the removal of urea from in normal urine, including small e r a t e s well at 50 to 60 degrees urine, since it is not an ionic amounts of iron, ammonia, and Fahrenheit. However, it too pre- substance and is not removed sulphates, can be removed by sents the danger of the escape of by distillation, ion exchange, or such processes. The cation and organic solvents. Inorganic hy- osmosis. An additive is there- anion exchange beds can be r e - drating agents do not workaswell fore required to break down urea generated if the anion exchange because They release water only prior to other treatment. The en- resin is made a cathode and the in the vapor phase, requiring zyme urease, obtained from jack cation exchange resin an anode. m o r e power to separate water beans, holds promise. It reacts The ions a r e thus forced out of from the crystals. 1 7 with urea to yield products more the resins and through s e m i - It is unlikely that chemical easily handled: CO(NH2)2 +2H2O permeable membranes, forming means alone will beusedto + urease - 2NH2 + CO2 + H2O. a brine of concentrated impuri- purify urine. The cost inheat, The amount of time required for ties which may be stored or elim- energy, or materialsofregen- complete conversion of one man's inated. Water recovered from erating chemical agentsmaybe daily waste by this process var- urine by ion exchange should be g r e a t ; more chemical agent ies with the amount of urease treated with activated carbon and might be necessary to regenerate used but is on the order of sev- other absorbents to remove im- those used directly in the purifi- eral hours; a three hundred gram purities. The efficiency of ion cation p r o c e s s . Filters and other supply of urease would be enough exchange resins depends on the meta-filters are available which for six men for about six weeks. surface areas of the granules. can be built to almost any size It is possible that the enzyme Their use may be limited by the and shape, to operateundervac- could be added to an ion exchange amount of resin required Al- uums or p r e s s u r e s . It is possible column, reducing the number of though both pre and post-treat- ments are required, ion exchange that these will beappliedinlong t e r m missions. ^KlPAo,e'" FOOTNOTE5ON • Reuben C. Gooderum, BSMI Wisconsin, 1962, is shown examinin; combustion liners after a therma paint engine test at Allison Division General Motors, Indianapolis, Indi- ana. Thermal paint, developed b) Allison, is used to determine temper- ature gradients existing on engine parts. Gooderum is one of the young engi- neers at Allison assigned to design and development of air-cooled tur- bine engine hardware. This work in- volves rig testing of turbine engine parts to determine optimum configu- rations. Parts later are endurance- tested on engines to prove the design. New, air-cooled turbine blades de- veloped by Allison engineering have permitted more than 250 "F higher turbine inlet temperatures on turbo- prop engines, providing as much as 63% increased horsepower for the same engine envelope. We think you, too, will like the creative climate at Allison, as well as the advantages of being associated with a long-established leader in the design, development and production of high performance aircraft engines. Talk to our representative when he visits your campus. Let him tell you what it's like at Allison where Energy Conversion Is Our Business. An equal opportunity employer GROUP COUNSELING PROGRAM ATMSU Freshman and sophomore en- Selection of Group Leaders sity, and many other things un- gineering students participated in The fifteen group discussion dergraduates are apt to complain an exploratory Group Counseling leaders were advanced master's about. Having expressed their Program designed to help them or doctoral candidates in the De- s t r e n g t h e n their a c a d e m i c criticisms, students were often partment of Guidance and Per- better able to view the situation achievement, increase their un- sonnel Services, College of Edu- derstanding of the engineer's more objectively and to approach cation at MSU. These people their problems more construc- professional r o l e in society, were recommended by their de- clarify their career goals, and tively. In some instances students improve their self-understanding partment on the basis of their were helped to examine their and personal-social adjustment. specialized graduate course work grievances and to recognize the The program included special at- and their employment on a full or real bases of their antagonisms. tention for underachieving stu- part-time basis in the field of Some students were helped to dents. Leadership was provided education or as personnel spe- take a closer look at themselves. by advanced master's and doc- cialists in non-school agencies. One student said the meetings toral candidates from the College Thus, in terms of academic and "caused me to think about things of Education who had related professional e x p e r i ence, they I had never thought about to any academic and professional expe- were considered to be personally qualified and professionally com- great extent before." Thus, some rience in the area of counseling students began to examine prob- and guidance. The explanation of petent. Their work was super- vised by a faculty member from lems which they had not fully re- the results includes both a de- solved previously. They came to s c r i p t i o n of certain common the Department of Guidance and Personnel Services who met with realize they were unsure as to characteristics which seem to whether they wanted to attend typify engineering students and a them in a supervision session summary of the curricular, ad- each week. college, go into engineering, get ministrative, and student person- married, etc. By reopening these nel implications of the findings. questions they were better able to deal with them. A number of A total of 170 students partici- Evaluation of the Winter Term students stated at the end of the pated in the winter term group Program term that they were more com- counseling program. 120 of these fortable and were more willing to students were second quarter At the conclusion of the winter discuss their personal concerns freshmen and 50 students were quarter, discussion leaders were with others. More important, a upperclassmen representing the asked to provide their evaluations number of students indicated.an departments of electrical, me- of the Group Counseling P r o - increased readiness to seek as- chanical, and civil engineering. A gram These reports were sub- sistance for the personal prob- pool of potential student partici- mitted to the group counseling lems which concerned them. pants was established by each supervisor, George S. Weston of academic advisor by random se- For many students it was J j lection from his list of advisees. the Department of Gu idance and assuring to find that otherstac An invitation to participate was Personnel Services. The results similar problems: doubts ar^ then extended to each student by their academic abilities, ^ his advisor in a private inter- discussed below are based on Mr. culty with their course-wor^ view designed to explain the Weston's personal appraisal of uncertainty about their p Group C o u n s e l i n g Program the program and his synthesis of sional goals. The discuss*,, About 80 to 90 per cent of the contributed to an ^crease" [Q students contacted in this manner the thinking of the discussion Sitivity to others' feelings an accepted the opportunity to be in- leaders. an acceptance of other pW volved in the project. The com- Students were given an oppor- viewpoints. And finally, mon reason given for not partici- tunity in the group sessions to ber of students felt ffjd%s. pating was lack of time due to a tablished important menu heavy work load or academic "let off steam" in the presence schedule. of an adult who felt no need to A question might ee: defend those practices or objects about the value of having «" attacked by the group members. express their gripes, 0' Students criticized grading prac- tics, courses, the impersonal atmosphere of a large univer- them in the process of intro- be encouraged to plan a less They in turn can better aid spection and of helping them com- ambitious academic program. students in deciding wluih.i m u n i c a t e more honestly and 3. It may be necessary to re- this program is consistent freely with their fellows. We feel, evaluate some courses in the with the kind of education the however, that these activities do engineering curriculum. More student is seeking. Orientation have "cash value" in the educa- specifically, some courses of teachers and counselors tional setting. For instance, we were felt to demand a dispro- could be conducted on campus would expect that the students who portionate share of the stu- as well as at regional meetings benefited in the areas indicated dent's time in terms of the throughout the state. above would perform better aca- purpose and the credit granted b. Orientation of teachers, demically, make more mature for the course. counselors, and prospective vocational decisions and would PROBLEM NO. 2. Many stu- students may also be provided p r e s e n t fewer behavior prob- dents fail to see the relevance of by m e a n s of brochures and lems. individual courses they are re- film strips. One of the purposes of the quired to take and many question c. The need for orientation Group Counseling Program in the relevance of the total engi- exists even after the student Engineering was to "identify neering curriculum. For exam- starts his engineering pro- concerns of lower division engi- ple, in the first instance some gram. Students can be helped neering students in order that ap- students s e e little relationship to d e v e l o p a better under- propriate staff members may between some m a t h e m a t i c s standing of the College's pro- consider the administrative, cur- courses as they are taught in the gram and their future role as ricular and student personnel im- M a t h e m a t i c s Department and engineers through a series of plications of this information." their future functioning as an en- small group meetings with ap- Each of the fifteen discussion gineer. Those who question the propriate College personnel. leaders involved in the program relevance of the engineering cur- These meetings should also were asked to include in their riculum seem to feel it is either p r o d u c e improved student written reports an analysis of the too theoretical or that it is too morale, a better sense of di- types of problems discussed in narrow in its specialization. rection and a developing iden- their meetings as well as any Recommendations: tification with engineering as recommendations t h e y m i g h t 1. If there is justification for stu- a profession. have regarding these problems. dents' criticism of courses in PROBLEM NO. 3. Many stu- The following section describes mathematics, the College of d e n t s indicated dissatisfaction five major problem areas identi- Engineering might consider with their present academic per- fied by the group leaders offering these courses within formance and expressed concern PROBLEM NO. 1. Students are the College itself. If this is not about their chances of success- very a w a r e of and concerned feasible, special sections for fully completing their academic about the pressures of the aca- engineering students could be p r o g r a m . Previous academic demic program. There is so established for some mathe- performance in high school and much to do and too little time to matics courses. measures of academic achieve- do it. They feel that the endless 2. The College of Engineering ment and aptitude indicate that round of classes, examinations, has the responsibility for de- most of these students have the assignments and laboratory work veloping the type of curricu- necessary ability for success in leaves them with little time or lum which it feels best pre- their studies. Some, however, are pares students for the profes- handicapped by poor study habits, energy for attending the lecture- poor reading skills, or inadequate concert series, University ath- sional role of an engineer. It seems, however, that many preparation in specific s u b j e c t letic events, or participating in areas. student organizations. On one students are inadequately in- formed about the nature of the Recommendations: nand they are extremely anxious 1. Provision of study table pro- about successfully handling their role for which they are being prepared. Lacking adequate grams and tutorial services academic work load, and on the may prove beneficial for some other hand they feel they a r e information about the under- lying philosophy of the pro- students. missing an important part of col- 2. As part of a broader orienta- Recommendations: gram, students are often re- sentful, frustrated and dis- tion program for first year • One solution to the problem is students or as part of a more to reduce the credit require- satisfied. a. One way to meet this l i m i t e d program, students ments for the engineering de- could be helped to develop gree. Possibly certain problem is to inform the Col- improved skills in studying, in courses could be eliminated lege's interested a u d i e n c e reading technical materials from the preseent program a b o u t the engineering pro- and in preparing for examina- gram. An important part of without r e d u c i n g the pro- tions. gram's quality. that audience is composed of 3. Students might also be en- Michigan high school counsel- couraged to enroll in courses • It also seems feasible to rec- ors as well as science and or programs which are de- S e n d r e d u c e d academic mathematics teachers. These signed to assist them in im- people, especially, should be p r o v i n g their reading and loads for certain students. informed of the College's pro- students, w h o because of their gram and of the "kind of en- study habits. ability. deficient academic g i n e e r " being educated at PROBLEM NO. 4. Some stu- preparation or outside de- dents feel that no one is interested M i c h i g a n State University. mands on their time, may well in them as an individual, that formation. DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUP they are just another number as 4 Summer jobs provide an ex- COUNSELING PROGRAM FOR far as their professors are con- cellent basis for determining SPRING QUARTER cerned. They are frightened by the suitability of an occupa- Ten discussion groups were the impersonal climate of a large tional choice. Reading about an organized with about seven stu- university and by their feelings of occupation or listening to a dent participants in each group. anonymity. description of an occupation Meetings of one and one-half Recommendations: may be helpful in making a hours were held weekly for a pe- career choice, but the oppor- riod of from eight to ten weeks 1. Students seem eager for an tunity to observe engineers at opportunity to meet informally during the term. Ten group lead- work and to perform engineer- ers, none of whom had previously with professors outside the ing functions is probably the classroom setting. Periodic been connected with the program, best way of deciding whether were selected upon the recom- student - faculty mixers, an- engineering is an appropriate nual or semi-annual student- mendation of the Department of professional role or not. Guidance and Personnel Services faculty athletic events would The problems outlined above help demonstrate faculty in- on the basis of their academic and the accompanying recom- performance in graduate school terest in students. mendations were offered by the 2. Social mixers which provide and their professional compe- group discussion leaders and the tence as demonstrated in their an opportunity for students to group counseling supervisor. In meet in an informal setting addition to securing their evalua- work in the field of education. and to become acquainted with tion of the program, an effort We continued to stress the im- o t h e r engineering students was made to discover the reac- portance of establishing a per- seems to be an important need tions and feelings of student par- missive atmosphere in which stu- for some students. ticipants. A student evaluation dents could express their feel- PROBLEM NO. 5. A number of questionnaire was mailed to each ings and attitudes candidly so that students, including upperclass- of the 170 participants at the end they might more quickly be able men, expressed uncertainty as of winter quarter, immediately to come to a meaningful under- to career goals. They are not sure following the conclusion of the standing of the concerns which whether engineering is what they group counseling sessions. Of they faced. really want to study, but as they the 170 participants, 104 stu- Of the 68 student participants are u n a w a r e of other alterna- dents or 61.2 per cent returned in the spring term Group Coun- tives, they remain in engineering. t h e i r questionnaires within a seling Program, about 25 per cent Recommendations: ten-day period. It was both in- volunteered to participate after 1. Again this problem might be teresting and encouraging to note receiving a general invitation dealt with in an orientation that the assessment of the prob- extended to all College of En- program offered during the lems and concerns facing the gineering students at spring term freshman year. During the students made by the group lead- registration. These students rep- first quarter, students should ers correspond very closely with resented the full range of aca- be provided a broad introduc- the responses of the students demic achievement in contrasts tion to engineering as well as themselves. There was wide- the other 75 per cent of the stu- r e l a t e d professional fields. spread agreement among both dent participants, all of whom Prior to selecting an engi- leaders and students that the were underachievers. It should n e e r i n g specialty, students Group C o u n s e l i n g Program be noted that this 75 per cent con- should be informed of the var- should be continued in spring sisted of two groups of under ious options available to them quarter. We were pleased to see achievers: one group (30 per cent; and assisted in the process of that a number of their recom- was comprised of students who selecting a departmental ma- m e n d a t i o n s reinforced t h e responded to the first letter in- jor. emerging patterns of curriculum v i t a t i o n sent by academic ad- 2. Speakers could be scheduled to and orientation revision already visors to underachievers while talk about engineering spe- under discussion by our engi- the second group (45 per_ cent cialties as one means of in- neering faculty. We were equally included those students who did forming students about the pleased to have their criticisms not volunteer until theyhadre- nature of these various oc- and recommendations for im- cupations. Ideally, these pre- provement of the program. Thus, ceived a second, more strong. sentations should be made to in planning for spring term, we w o r d e d l e t t e r , recommending groups of no more than 35 stu- determined that we would focus that they participate in the Group dents and should provide am- special attention upon the needs Counseling Program, Each aca- ple opportunity for students of underachieving students. Also, demic advisor defined under- to question the speakers. we resolved to make every effort achievement within thecontextof 3. A file of career information to insure that the spring term his own department. In all cases, could be made available in the would truly be a voluntary one. however,underachievementwas College's library. The file Academic advisors need special defined as a significant discrep- would contain information caution when talking with stu- ancy between the academic per- about engineering specialties dents so as to avoid giving the formance of the student,asin- and related career fields. De- impression that students were dicated by his grade-point aver- velopment of a career library expected to accept the invitation age, and his academic potential is relatively inexpensive and to participate in the group coun- as assessed by the orientation would meet an expressed stu- seling sessions. test battery given upon each stu- dent need for occupational in- dent's arrival at the University. The 68 student participants were enrolled in the following majors: naire. Of the 68 participants 45 relating to the same. Students 25 from the freshman office, 15 students or 66.2 per cent r e - experiencing som e combination from the Electrical Engineering sponded quickly enough so that of these symptoms are unable to Department, 24 from the Mechan- t h e i r questionnaires could be recognize and utilize their poten- ical Engineering Department, one analyzed for the purposes of this tial in academic situations. They from the Chemical Engineering report. In analyzing the student are the underachievers. Department, and three from the reactions, John P. Hartzell, the Civil Engineering Department. g r o u p counseling supervisor, TABLE NO. 2 d i s c o v e r e d four underlying The Shift In Primary Concerns Objectives of the Spring Term themes which corresponded very Expressed by Student Partici- Program closely with the original objec- pants in the Spring Term Group The over-all objectives of the tives of the Group Counseling Counseling Program group counseling program r e - Program structured prior to the Reaction to initial set (N = 45): mained the same during t h e beginning of spring term. The in- Academic achievement 16 spring quarter. However, as we terpretations which follow draw Cultural-role growth 4 began to focus on the needs of h e a v i l y upon Mr. Hartzell's Interpersonal 5 underachievers, we also began to analysis of the student question- Personal-social adjustment 18 define our objectives more pre- naires and the reports of the Uncertain 2 cisely with respect to the growth group leaders. Level of involvement (N • 45): which we hoped to promote. Ac- The four organizing themes in Academic achievement 7 cordingly, we structured the fol- this a n a l y s i s are academic Cultural-role growth 4 lowing specific objectives to achievement, cultural-role in- Interpersonal 9 guide our spring term efforts: terests, interpersonal capacity, Personal-social adjustment 18 1. To strengthen the academic and personal-social adjustment. Marginal (generally negative) 3 achievement of all s t u d e n t As one can see, these relate di- No response 4 participants, especially un- rectly to the four specific ob- Recognized gains (N • 45): derachievers. jectives previously identified as Academic achievement 6 2. To stimulate general cultural guiding our spring term efforts. Cultural-role growth 4 growth and clarify the broader Table No. 2 demonstrates the Interpersonal 9 role of the engineer in society. shift in concerns as expressed by Personal-social adjustment 12 3. To enhance each student's in- students at the outset of the Marginal (generally negative) 10 t e r p e r s o n a l capacity and term, during the group counsel- No response 4 skills. ing experience, and finally at the The concern for cultural-role 4. To promote greater self-un- conclusion of the program. Mr. i n t e r e s t s , while showing mod- derstanding and i m p r o v e d Hartzell uses this framework as erate shift for two persons, re- personal-social adjustment. the basis for his evaluation of mained unchanged in spite of the spring term project. group experience. This static Analysis of the Spring Term The initial emphasis given to condition suggests that, while the Results the problem of underachievement i n d i v i d u a l (who initially ex- The validity of any program --during the recruitment phase-- presses such interests) was able designed to assist underachiev- was considerably modified by to seek out and pursue them in ers must be established, in the g r o u p experience. This shift is group interaction, apparently lit- final analysis, on the basis of the seen as desirable and therapeu- tle weight was given to this area subsequent performance of the tically necessary in order that the by his group members and coun- Participants. Such a longitudinal psychological dimensions char- selor. The question is thus raised study of the students involved in acteristic of the underachiever regarding the appropriateness of the spring term Group Counseling may be modified, thus freeing this variable as a goal in group p r o g r a m will be conducted, him for more effective participa- counseling, that is, as to its inese long-term plans, however, tion in the academic enterprise. feasibility in short-term treat- should not blunt our efforts to Such an approach is based upon ment. ma ke some immediate assess- considerable research evidence A slight increase of interest ment of the effectiveness of our which views the underachieving, was evident in the interpersonal Program. Accordingly, we so- male college student as being area. The relatively low value given to interpersonal relations liticited t h e evaluative comments characterized by a lack of realis- by the group members, generally, and suggestions of both the stu- tic goals and purposes, a high may be partially understood in dent participants and group lead- need foraffiliative, dependent re- view of the brevity of the experi- ers m a manner similar to that lationships (although consciously ence (the total number of sessions used at the end of winter term. denied), a sense of self-percep- between groups having varied We again received thorough and t i o n t h a t is experienced as from eight to ten). It is also pos- Perceptivel ereports from each of grossly inadequate and inferior, sible that many members--who thegroup a d e r s . Much of their an inability to directly express may have been inclined to select thinking paralleled the observa- anger, a fear of the loss of im- pulse ' control (leading to over- this area as a primary interest-- tions made by the winter term control, periodic displacement were unable to distinguish it from counselors and these have been the personal-social adjustment extensively reported earlier in and/or intrapunitive behavior), area, which was strongly empha- this paper. high degrees of anxiety, frequent sized and more clearly labeled by New food for thought, however, moods of depression, as well as their counselors. poor study habits, poor motiva- wasprovidedbytheresponses to tion and inappropriate attitudes The obvious preference for the student evaluation question- CONTINUED ON PAGE 48 Our plans include engineers. In order to ex- nical fields — research, product design and de- pand our worldwide network of 22 manufac- velopment, industrial engineering, materials turing operations, we need good people . . . analysis, methods, or plant engineering. curious people . . . people with initiative . . . people who can use today's and tomorrow's Check your placement office for more infor- technology to build better farm, industrial, mation. Or, write to Director, College ana lawn and garden tractors and equipment. University Relations, Deere & Company, Moline, 111. An equal opportunity employer. Organized in 1837, John Deere is the leader in the United States and Canada in farm equip- ment sales. Total net sales have more than doubled in the past ten years. Unusual opportunities are offered in tech- OUR ENGINEERS NEVER RIDE THE CABOOSE vironmental conditioning systems, v/stol pro- Sometimes an engineer can get so side- pulsion systems, microelectronics, ground tracked in the course of a project that he for- su PPort equipment, turbine and rocket engine gets where it was going in the first place. cont rols, industrial valves, electron beam ma- This is calamitous. The engineer loses inter- chines, air induction and special confro/s.D est, and the wheels start to slow down in a Hamilton engineers are encouraged to dozen different places. • Hamilton Standard broaden their personal capabilities by taking follows the project management concept, advantage of in-plant technical courses lee- which enables the engineer to keep sight of tures and seminars. Enrollment in useful short the entire program, providing the "what and courses at various colleges and universities is also author- when" direction, establishing and maintaining responsibility ized. Engineers may also qualify for the company's rotational for the "how" and excellence of work required to accomplish program. This provides opportunities for assignments in sev- the programs. Specifically, the engineer will have the oppor- eral departments to broaden the individual's knowledge of the tunity to participate in and pursue a program from the begin- company's scope of operations. • In summary: an engi- ning to final production, including phases of D l ) Precontract neer's future with Hamilton Standard is limited only by his Prepare R&D proposals, defining the tasks, technical as ability and desire to make a contribution to the team effort well as costs and schedules. 2) Planning — developing com- — and his capacity to shoulder responsibility. He's got a plate detailed plans covering each element of the contract. wide-open track to personal progress. • We invite you to climb 3) Designn & Analysis — creating the hardware ideas — ap- aboard for an immediate interview and to submit a resume plying the state-of-the-art, and assuming responsibility for of your qualifications to this equal opportunity employer — the basic structure of the final product. 4) Development & write to Mr. Timothy K. Bye, Supervisor of College Relations, Qualification — preparing development and qualification test Windsor Locks, Conn., or see your Placement Office for an ap- Programs to determine and demonstrate product perform- pointment with our representative when he visits your campus. ance,| c o n ducting these tests, evaluating results, solving the problem areas t o a s s u r e complete product development and technical integrity, serve as technical consultant to manu- facturing and maintain customer coordination, analyzing in service or field product performance. • Some of the present Projects involve space and life support systems, en- WATER RECOVERY IN THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT CONTINUED FROM P AG E 40 FOOTNOTES 1. B. Harrow and A. Mazur, Text- book <>/ Biochemistry, p. 526 2. Frank J . Hendel, "Recovery of Water During Space Missions", AKS JOURNAL, XXXII (Dec, 1962), p. 1848. 3. W. R. Hawkins, "Feasibility of Recycling Human Urine in a Closed Ecological System", Journal of Aviation Medicine, XXIX (July, 1958), p. 533. 4. Hendel, Op. Cit., p. 1848. 5. Loc. Cit. Fig. 1 adapted from this source. 6. Ibid., pp. 1851- 1852. 7. L.oc. Cit. 8. Ibid., p. 1849 9. II'id., p. 1851 10. Hawkins, Op. Cit., pp. 533-534 11. hendel, Op. Cit., pp. 1854, 1855 12. Office of Science and Tech- nology, Executive Office of the President, "An Assessment of Large Nuclear Powered Sea Water Distillation Plants", pp. 28-29. 13. See hendel, Op. Cit., pp. 1853- 1854. 14. Loc. Cit.Fig. 3 adapted from this source. 15. Hendel, Op. Cit., pp. 1854-1856 16. Loc. Cit. 17. Loc. Cit. personal-social adjustment area far outweighs any other single in- like to outline briefly the primary ing deeper insight into the terest, both in terms of pre- and conclusions we have drawn on the nature of the branches ot en- post-counseling experience. It is basis of both the winter and spring gineering. This suggests that interesting to note that the same term sessions. increased interaction between n u m b e r of persons expressed 1. The Group Counseling Pro- students and faculty outside primary c o n c e r n in this area gram should be continued in of the classroom would be both prior to and during treatment, the future with a continuing welcome and useful. Perhaps suggesting again the importance emphasis being given to the the s t u d e n t branchesofthe of motivation or pre-counseling needs of underachieving stu- various engineering societies set--that is, one finds what one dents. could bring this about. anticipates in a group counseling 2. Ways should be sought to 5. Further experimentation with experience of this nature. As is a c h i e v e a more voluntary p r o g r a m s and techniques of evident in individual, personal- quality of counseling commit- this type should prove valua- social counseling, not much prog- m e n t on t h e student's part ress can be realized in this ad- prior to the group experience. ble in enlargingourreper- justive area without a definite, toire of approaches essenial 3. Adequate follow-up studies of in meeting the needsofen- clear commitment from the client student participants should be prior to treatment. gineering students. conducted in an effort to prop- In conclusion, we are particu- erly validate the techniques larly encouraged as aresultof OUTCOMES AND used in the Group Counseling the Group CounselingProgram, IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER Program. not solely because ofthefre- STUDY 4. It has become more evident quently substantialbenefitsde- The Group Counseling Pro- that engineering students need rived by individualstudentpar- gram has contributed signifi- and desire additional help in ticipants but alsobecauseofthe cantly to the effectiveness of the clarifying their career goals, deeper understanding we have work of the Engineering Student in understanding the basic ra- gained of their unique charac- Affairs Office. In closing, I would tionale underlying their aca- teristics as people and as future demic programs, and in gain- engineers. What is so different about International Harvester? The difference lies in diversification. International Harvester manufactures motor trucks, farm equipment and construction equipment—as well as gas turbines, aerospace equipment, industrial tractors and steel. We offer career opportunities in each of these fast-growing fields... a choice of careers in design, development, engineering, testing, manufacturing or sales of over a thousand products. Few companies have changed as much as International Harvester in the past decade. We are now setting up new manufacturing plants throughout the free world. All of our many product lines are growing vigorously. And growth means a better future for those who join us today. We are now interviewing students in many different fields —mechanical, electrical, industrial, metallurgical or agricultural engineers, liberal arts, accounting, chemistry, business or math majors. Check with your Placement Officer now for a date to see an IH representative when he visits your campus. If interviews are not yet scheduled, write directly to the Supervisor of College Relations, International Harvester Company, 180 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 1, Illinois. STEP FORWARD WITH FORD MOTOR COMPANY An Open Letter to the 1965 College Graduate from Donald N. Frey, Assistant General Manager, Ford Division of Ford Motor Company America's automobile industry is in the midst of a challenging era, with pros- pects of an even more exciting and demanding tempo in the years to come. Ford Motor Company is determined to achieve leadership in all phases of its operation. This leadership promises to bring lasting success to the company, its employes and its stockholders. It will take people to accomplish this objective. Engineering, finance, styling, marketing, product planning, sales-all require people with the knowledge, judgment and personal drive to avail themselves of the unprecedented oppor- tunities offered by a great industry. The automobile business is growing. More cars are being bought now than ever before. With increases in population and consumer buying power, even more will be bought in the future. Realizing this, Ford Motor Company seeks to attract college graduates who have the capacity to grow with the company and the market. Right now, our plans caU for employing about a thousand of the best 1965 graduates we can find, with all types of educational backgrounds. We need specialists, but we also need persons with broad liberal-arts training who can handle a wide variety of assignments. Actually, in our company, many gradu- ates grow into jobs totally unrelated to t h e i r degrees. They have discovered that Ford offers intellectually challenging opportunities for those with the ability to seize them. We invite you to make the same discovery. Contact your Placement Office and arrange to see our representative. yet cut cost 20% Originally, this crosshead for a lift truck was not a forging. Now it is forged in steel. Here's why . . . The lift truck builder wanted to increase the safety factor to meet greater bending and shear stresses. He also wanted to increase the fatigue strength of the part. And all without any in- crease in weight or cost. He also wanted to reduce tool breakage caused by irregularities, voids, and inclusions. He changed over to FORGED crossheads. Now the crosshead has the required strength and stress-resistance, costs 2 0 % less when machined and ready to assemble, increases production rates 1 4 % by reducing tool break- age and increasing machining speeds. Forgings are better for these reasons; they: 1. Are solid, free from voids and inclusions 2. Have high fatigue resistance 3. Are strongest under impact and shock loads 4. Have a higher modulus of elasticity 5. Have a unique stress-oriented fiber structure 6. Are low in mechanical hysteresis GOING OUR WAY? If you're mapping out your career destination, Ling- telemetry and tracking • reconnaissance system Temco-Vought offers a wide choice of exciting and • amplifier and computer design • electromagnetic challenging routes to your personalized goal. interference control • technical administration. •• Here at LTV, young, alert engineers are "going places" among others. in the fields of aircraft, missiles, space, mobile surface vehicles, weapons systems, ground and airborne com- In addition to a rewarding professional environment munications, electronics, and range services. Support- LTV offers engineers the opportunity to earn advanced ing these activities is an excellent engineering climate degrees through company-financed graduate education providing the opportunity to contribute and profes- programs. sional advancement which is a direct function of the Before selecting your industrial home, investigate the contribution. Assignments are diversified and stimu- career avenues available with Ling-Temco-Vougnt. Get lating in such areas as: aerodynamics • avionics and complete details from your Placement Office or write instrumentation • dynamics * systems design • propul- College Relations Office, Ling-Temco-Vought,P.O.Box sion • stress analysis • communications design • 5907, Dallas, Texas 75222. LTV is an equal oppor- tunity employer. You hear a lot of talk about growth these days... So did Archimedes. Undoubtedly. Even today, his ancient uate study plans conducted on an unusually generous scale. spiral formulations survive in the form of devices which do And three distinct routes for advancement are offered, all much of the world's work... and as mathematical and sym- with equal rewards— technical specialist, administrative bolic reflections of nature's laws of growth. manager, program/project manager. At Sylvania Electronic Systems, your professional growth You will enjoy a choice of advanced work from a long and may not be preordained by the acceleration formula of an diversified program list, including space/earth communica- Archimedes spiral, but you will find a set of definite policies tions . . . electronic reconnaissance, detection, countermcas- -re which have been designed to encourage progress and ures . . . radar... data processing . . . arms disarmament and deveiopment at your own best rate. control... command and control systems... and world-wide engineering support services. Sylvania helps you keep on top of the state-of-the-art... ugh the small group form of organization, providing Sylvania Electronic Systems is a major division of Sylvania Electric Products Inc., supported by the technical and finan- cross-communications within each R&D laboratory and be- cial resources of the parent corporation, General Telephone tween all 19 labs and 4 manufacturing plants... through Division-wide conferences, in-plant seminars and post-grad- & Electronics. There once was a college pro- I like an exam. A politician, a missionary, and fessor, a wise and learned man, I think they're fun. an engineer went into the jungle of to be sure, but one who had no I never cram. a newly formed African country, talent or training for teaching. I never flunk one. looking for votes, conversions, Still, one has to make a living, I'm the professor. and oil respectively. Instead of so he got a job at a large, Mid- being welcomed by the chief of western college. the region, however, they were "Do you know what I'm going taken prisoner. to talk of today?" he asked his It was the sleepy time of the afternoon. The professor droned "You should be killed," said first class. the chief, who, although he had "No," was the mumbled reply. on and on; formulas, constants and figures. An engineer, sitting learned English at a university "Well, if you don't know, you" in Ann Arbor, had failed to learn are not worthy to have it taught in the second row, was unable to r e s t r a i n himself and gave a any manners, "but, if you can to you," he said and stalked out solve a problem for me, I will let of the room. tremendous yawn. Unfortunately, as he stretched out his arm, he you live. I have a throne, and a The next day the room was large brass bed I got from the once again filled with students caught his neighbor squarely un- when the professor came into der the chin, knocking him to the central government, but there is the room. "Do you know what floor. Worried, he bent over the only room for one in my grass I'm going to talk of today?" he prostrate form just in time to hut. What can I do?" asked. hear a murmur, "Hit me again, "That's easy!" said the poli- Sam, I can still hear him." tician. "Just put a second floor "Yes, yes, we do," was the on your hut." The chief knew general reply of the students the impracticalities of a second who weren't about to be caught the same way again. floor on a grass hut, however, "Well, if you do, then there's Typist: "But professor, isn't and had the politician beheaded. no sense in me repeating what this the same exam you gave last "Well," said the missionary, you already know," and once year?" "I suggest you should sell the again the professor walked away P r o f e s s o r : "Yes, but I've bed and give the money to the and left the students dumb- changed the answers." poor, and that way gain grace in founded. the eyes of God." The mission- The third day the students ary was killed instantly. were prepared, and when the Drunk: "Shay, do you know T h e engineer didn't say a professor asked "Do you know what time it is?" word, but silently rigged up two what I'm going to speak of to- 2nd Drunk: "Yesh." pulleys, got some tough vines to day?" s o m e said, "Yes, of 1st Drunk: "Thanksh." use as rope, and showed the chief course," while others said, "No, how he could stow the bed up no, we don't." near the roof during the day, and The professor was startled look up at the symbol of his wealth for a moment, but then he thought, How do you tell an engineer while sitting in his throne and and said, "Well, there's no rea- from an elephant? stow the throne up there at night. son for me to tell you. Let those so he could lie in bed, while of you who know explain to those If he's he trunk, gots aanslide-rule engineer. in his looking at the symbolofhis who don't know!" and he walked power. The chief was pleased. away. and the engineer left, with ex- elusive oil rights to a whole re- Teacher (warning her children against catching cold): "I had a gion. Soph: "I failed my Physics little brother seven years old, and Unfortunately, vines wear exam," one day he took his new sled out through rather quickly,andone Jr.: "But I thought you had in the snow when it was too cold. night, while the chief was lying the answers w r i t t e n on your He caught pneumonia and three in bed, the vine broke,andthe cuff.' days later he died." chief was crushedbeneathhis Soph.: "Yeah, but by mistake Silence for ten seconds. throne. I put on my calculus shirt.' A v o i c e from the r e a r : M o r a l : People wholivein "Where's his sled?" grass housesshouldn'sstow thrones. CIVIL ENGINEERS: Prepare now for your future in highway engineering...get the facts on The Asphalt Institute's new computer-derived method for determining structural design of Asphalt Pavements for roads and streets Today, as more and more states turn to modern Deep- strength* Asphalt pavement for their heavy-duty highways, county and local roads, there is a growing demand for engi- neers with a solid background in the fundamentals of Asphalt technology and construction. Help to prepare yourself now for this challenging future by getting the latest information on the new Thickness Design Method developed by The Asphalt Institute. Based on exten- sive statistical evaluations performed on the IBM 1620 and the mammoth IBM 7090 computers, accurate procedures for determining r o a d and street structural requirements have been developed. All the facts on this new method are contained in The As- Pnalt Institute's Thickness Design manual (MS-1). This help- ful manual and much other valuable information are included in the free student library on Asphalt construction and tech- nology now offered by The Asphalt Institute. Write us today. How Would You Solve This Design-Material Problem? Situation: The equalizer bar shown here joins two spring assemblies to the undercarriage of a truck trailer. It is a Malleable iron casting with a U-shaped cross section. It has high strength and weighs only 3.8 pounds. Problem: To raise the center hole 3 inches so that the unit can be adapted for use on house trailers. Costs must be kept to the absolute minimum to be successful in this highly competitive field. Is this the solution you would have chosen? If not, it may be to your advantage to learn more about Malleable castings. Their many unique abilities are described in a new digest called "Design Criteria for Malleable Iron Castings". Send for your free copy today. Sophisticated engineers can rise rapidly here Ed. Bob, and Hipparchus (their true identities hidden here other hard-nosed commercial customers. He meets the against pitiless kidding by all-too-real colleagues) are three requirements of a boss who says: "The type 1 need was called an 'inventor' a generation ago. The difference is that Kodak mechanical engineers on their way to a management in 1965 he will need a lot more mathematics, engineering meeting for the up-and-coming. Let us consider differencesphysics, chemistry, hydraulics, electronics, and other book- rather than similarities. Ed works on those inexpensive, sure-fire cameras that learning than an inventor needed in 1925. When it comes Americansaswellascitizensof the rest of the civilized world time to relax, though, you'll find him building something with his hands, and it's probably something pretty clever think of when " K o d a k " is mentioned. The big boss who and unusual that works real well." As it happens, Bob's chose Ed for his department says: "Along with Ph.D.s in main hobby is neither bridge nor folk singing. solid-state physics, I look for B.S. and M.S. mechanical engineers from whom I can expect the unexpected. The spots Old Hip calls square dances and doesn't care who knows. Policy proscribes discussion of the nature but not of the forsophisticatedengineering don't always have a sign over philosophy of his engineering. His boss puts it: "In con- the door that says "SOPHISTICATED.' Who would ever sumer and commercial products, where regular service can have dreamed then years ago that low-price zoom lenses and easily be part of the engineering plan, perfection would automatic exposure-setters and through-the-lens finders carry a price tag that made no sense. With us, a perfect could deliver the performance they do today ? The doozers score is the only acceptable goal. Nothing less makes eco- we have ready to unveil next year and the year after that nomic sense. Before our guys can think of what is sensible, are well in hand, fortunately. Then what ?" Then what is they have to think of what is possible. It can be very enjoy- Ed's responsibility. he will need help from fellows now in able for the right type of smart apple." college.Maybeyou. Drop us a line if you can see yourself as any of these three Bob works on data-recording and information-retrieval right types, whether in mechanical engineering, chemical photographic systems. His work has to impress cost-minded engineering, electronic engineering, chemistry, or physics. brother engineers in other companies as well as banks and Advancement in a Big Company: How it Works pendent companies. Since each de- Q. Yes, but just how often do these partment is responsible for its own opportunities arise? success, each man's share of author- ity and responsibility is pinpointed. A. To give you some idea, 25 percent Believe me, outstanding performance of G-E's gross sales last year came is recognized, and rewarded. from products that were unknown only five or ten years ago. These new products range from electric tooth Q. Can you tell me what the "promo- brushes and silicone rubber com- tional ladder" is at General Electric? pounds to atomic reactors and inter- planetary space probes. This chang- A. We regard each man individually. ing Company needs men with ambi- Whether you join us on a training tion and energy and talent who aren't program or are placed in a specific afraid of a big job—who welcome the position opening, you'll first have to challenge of helping to start new • Charles K. Rieger joined General Elec- prove your ability to handle a job. businesses like these. Demonstrate tric's Technical Marketing Program after Once you've done that, you'll be given your ability—whether to handle com- earning a BSEE at the University of Mis- more responsibility, more difficult plex technical problems or to manage souri in 1936. Following sales engineering projects—work that's important to people, and you won't have long to assignments in motor, defense and home the success of your organization and wait for opportunities to fit your laundry operations, he became manager of your personal development. Your abil- needs. ity will create a "promotional ladder" the Heating Device and Fan Division in of your own. Q. How does General Electric help 1947. Other Consumer-industry management positions followed. In 1953 he was elected me prepare myself for advancement a vice president, one of the youngest men opportunity? Q. Will my development be confined ever named a Company officer. Mr. Rieger to whatever department I start in? became Vice President, Marketing Services A. Programs in Engineering, Manu- in 1959 and was appointed to his present facturing or Technical Marketing give position in 1961. He is responsible for all A. Not at all! Here's where "big com- you valuable on-the-job training. We the operations of some six divisions com- pany" scope works to broaden your have Company-conducted courses to posed of 23 product operations oriented career outlook. Industry, and General improve your professional ability no primarily toward the Electric Utility market. Electric particularly, is constantly matter where you begin. Under Tui- changing —adapting to market the tion Refund or Advanced Degree Pro- fruits of research, reorganizing to grams you can continue your formal Q. How can I be sure of getting the maintain proper alignment with our education. Throughout your career recognition I feel I'm capable of earn- customers, creating new operations with General Electric you'll receive ing in a big company like G.E.? to handle large projects. All this rep- frequent appraisals to help your self- resents opportunity beyond the limits A. We learned long ago we couldn't development. Your advancement will of any single department. afford to let capable people get lost. be largely up to you. That was one of the reasons why G.E. was decentralized into more than a hundred autonomous operating de- partments. These operations develop, engineer, manufacture and market products much as if they were inde-