~RCH,1970 2S( If you want to engineer a better world ... ' ... ......, }. ComputerSciences UrbanDevelopment :~. ~.) a great place to start is with one of the most diversified companies in the world. Westinghouse thinks its responsibili- tems approach to provide better ties are as big as its capabilities- medical care for more people. Ex- and that's big. ample: electronic equipment that And when you're in everything from lets nurses monitor the hearts of computers to urban development, to eight patients simultaneously. medical science, to mass transit, to Nuclear Power: Westinghouse oceanography - there's action. For leads the way in nuclear power gen- example ... eration. Seven nuclear plants in op- Transportation: Our computerized eration, 34 in various stages of de- transit systems can operate on a 90- sign. We're working on a breeder second schedule, and meet the reactor to keep us ahead. transportation needs of many cities. That's a sampling. We're just get- Urban Development: Our new con- ting started. If you'd like to help us struction concepts will provide bet- engineer a better world, talk with our ter communities across the country. campus recruiter. Or write Luke Projects are planned or underway in Noggle, Westinghouse Education 30 major cities. Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15221. An Health Care: We are using a sys- equal opportunity employer. You can be sure...if it's Westinghouse @ ~rking for us is no bed of roses! It's a tough, demanding job from the very make it grow; the satisfaction of real achievements beginning. Practically the very day you join personally achieved; and the knowledge you're Western Electric we start giving you real responsi- contributing something tangible to the world's larg- bilities. You'll have your own decisions to make. est and most advanced communications network. Your own problems to solve. Oh yes. One parting thought. If you're temp- In return we offer the chance to do thinking ted by what does look like a bed of roses. remember: that may make your head spin - but will certainly roses have thorns. @ Western i&,.a Electric An Equal Opportunity Employer 1 March,1970 {Take a lesson from a tennis pro. A tennis champion's powerful backhand looks as smooth and unhurried as a ballerina's graceful bow. How's he do it? By being in the right position in plenty of time. "Remember this about the backhand," the pros advise. "Get both feet around pointing toward the sideline. And always make sure the right foot's forward, so your body doesn't cramp your swing." Getting into proper position early is good advice for college seniors, too. Here's the first step: When companies interview on your campus, make sure they interview you. When the Timken Company representative stops by, don't let him go without seeing YOll. He'll fill you in on our work (maybe your work) with the aerospace, automotive, construction, chemical industries. Our openings in production, engineering, sales, finance, metallurgy. So you won't get caught flat footed when it's your turn to make your move. The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton, Ohio 44706. Timkens bearings sold in 133 countries. Manufacturing in Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, South Africa and U.S.A. An Equal Opportunity Employer. TIMKEN° UG&5TUED TIADEMAU THE TIMKEN COMPANY MANUFACTURES TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS, FINE ALLOY STEEL AND REMOVABLE ROCK BITS. 2 Spartan Engineer PARTAN ~ engineer MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY VOLUME 23 NUMBIR 3 MARCH, 1970 STAFF FEATURES: PAGE Art Bell, III " Sys. Sci. editor Electronic Music - Here to Stay 11 Nick Bassel Nick Bassel ., . Elec. Eng features editor Development of the Cast Connecting Rod 17 Dave Karrer " Mech. Eng humor & art editor Wade Anderson Tom Wills Mech. Eng advertising manager Time For A Mild Evolution In Carrier Design 21 circulation manager Patrick M. Glance Aimee Colmery art assistant Superengineer 23 Dave Borzenski art assistant Mary Bell editorial assistant DEPARTMENTS: ADVISOR: Editorial 7 Mr. Alan Hoffman Brain Sprainer 8 New Products .................•••....••••.••.• 13 Engrineers 28 s~ Member, Engineering COllege Magazine Associated Chairman: Professor Gordon Smith Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma Publisher's Rep.: Littell-Murray-Barnhill, Inc. 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y. 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. Published four times yearly by the students of the This month's cover, by Dave Borzenski, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MICHIGAN STATE UNiVERSiTY, East Lansing, MiChigan 48823. indicates that the Graduate of Today The office Is on the first floor of the Engineering Building, has the whole world ahead of him. Room 144, Phone 517 355-3520. SUbscription rate by mail $1.00 per year. Single copies 25~. Printed by Greenville Printing Company. 3 March,1970 RC~s many-tentacled computer does time sharing plus regular computing. It'sa generation ahead of its major competitor. Once there were only monster See if it's not more efficient to because communications is what computers that did big batch do the same work on your own ,...--_ RCA is famous for.It'll keep us jobs like payrolls. Octoputer. And get batch ,,----: ahead of our competition. Then cam€ the whirling processing, too. One It can keep you ahead dervishes of time sharing that more thing. The Octo- of yours. Step up to the let a lot of people work at once. puter concentrates Octoputer and shake Now there's a new kind of on remote computing hands hands hands creature that does time sharing because that's what hands hands hands ... and batch work together. So you're going to need lots of people can use it- efficiently. It's the Spectra 70/46.The -that's where the industry is going. We got there first non COMPUTERS Octopu ter.There's nothing else quite like it on earth or under the sea. The Octoputer's arms are long and strong. It sits in the middle of your company and reaches helping hands out in all directions. Suddenly, your company works harder. More of your people use the com- puter-solving more problems, finding more facts, writing more programs. And it does your big batch jobs in its spare time. The Octoputer does a real armload of work for a hand- ful of change. Check the bills from your time- sharing services. For career information visit your College Placement Office. 4 Spartan Engineer Eat your heart out, Playboy! Even sans full-color centerfold, our perky publication has plenty of SA-Senior Appeal. Remember the swinging title, "Careers with Bethlehem Steel and the Loop Course." Pick up a copy at your placement office, or write: Manager of Personnel, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA 18016. BETHLEHEM STEEL ~ An Equal Opportunity Employer ~ March,1970 5 Where will Matt Tate be tomorrow? Wherever the project leads, Matt Tate is on his way, Board ... bench, , , conference table. This young engineer sees them all at Delco. He was there when the project came from the car division. He'll be there when the model shop builds his prototype. He'll be looking over the shoulders of draftsmen, mechanics and stylists. The project's his. From start to finish. Step by step, skill by skill, Matt Tate's growing with the job. The question is ... can you say the same? Take a good hard look at how your career shapes up, compared with Matt's and his colleagues' at Delco. We need men who want every week to be a little different. For details, call collect. Area Code 317/459-2808. Or write: Mr. C, D. Longshore, Supervisor, Salaried Employment. Dept. 500, Delco Radio Division of General Motors. Kokomo. Indiana. DELCO~ AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS KOKOMO, INDIANA EMPLOYER 6 RADIO _'='.CE Spartan Engineer Editorial I have heard random comments on the topic of job hunting. Some companies guarantee a draft deferment; others use fantastic fringe benefits like free country club membership, while still others offer unbeatable retirement programs. All of these offers deserve consideration, but what is it that really makes one job superior out of all those available? Too many graduates are basing their decision on cold, hard cash. I feel that too often, better jobs go unfilled because the starting price isn't equal to that of multi-million dollar corporations. When a person takes a job based on only money, that's probably all he is going to get from the position. If a company has only money to offer, there must be something sadly lacking. Some of the more rewarding effects of a job could be responsibility, producing a needed service, prospects of advancement, and the contact between you and experienced people well established in industry. If you settle for money, you are likely to find yourself trapped in a glamorous put-on, with no future. My thoughts are to think and plan for the present, but with options towards what the future will offer. Don't be bribed or dazed by money, but match offered positions with your intended goals, and the money will take care of itself. 0 7 March,1970 BRAIN SPRAINER There are five cabins on Marsh Lake. Each cabin is a different color; each of the cabins' owners is of a different nationality, and each man drinks a different beverage, shoots a different shell, and hunts a different duck. Knowing the following: 1. The Englishman lives in the red cabin. 2. The Polishman shoots only bluebill ducks. 3. Bourbon is the beverage used in the green cabin. 4. The German drinks vodka. 5. The green cabin is on the immediate right of the brown cabin. 6. The hunter who usesWinchester shells shoots mallards. 7. Remington shells are used by the man in the yellow cabin. 8. Beer is consumed in the middle cabin. 9. The Norwegian lives in the first cabin on the left. 10. The man who shoots Federal shells lives in the cabin next to the cabin of the man who shoots red head ducks. 11. Remington shells are used in the cabin next to the cabin where canvas backs are hunted. 12. The hunter who usesWestern shells, drinks gin. 13. The Norwegian lives next to the blue cabin. Ouestions: a) Who shoots Teal? b) Who drinks Scotch? Answers on page 28. GROWTH As the nation's fifth largest municipal utility, the Board of Water and Light is growing. Our new Delta Power Generating Plant with an ultimate capacity of 1,500,000 kilowatts is an example. Scheduled for completion in 1972, Delta will turn out more than three times the combined power of our present generating stations. As we expand our facilities, more top engineering personnel will be required to provide the knowledge and planning to ultimately serve the lansing area community. The use of electricity doubled in the last decade. If this trend continues in the next ten years, the Board will probably do as much building and work as it has in the past 75 years. We have the challenge for a young engineer to work and grow with the Board of Water and Light. When you start considering an engineering future, visit the Personnel Department at 123 West Ottawa, lansing, Michigan. BOARD OF VVATERAND LIGHT Serving Lansing since 1885. 8 Spartan Engineer You'll find a future at Philco-Ford Your future will be as bold and as bright as your imagination and ambition .ake it. Your future will be as challenging as your assignments ... and you might work on anything from satellites. to communications systems, to microelectronics. to home entertainment or appliances. It's your chance to be as good as you want to be. You will build an experience bank that will prepare you for many opportunities. Your future begins now with a letter to College Relations, Phil co-Ford Corporation, C and Tioga Streets. Philadelphia, Pa. 19134. PHILCO ~ The Better Idea People In Your Future. An equal opportunity employer Communteatfons Anten ... Systems 9 March,1970 A diversified and challenging career is yours at Monsanto because the key to our future rests with engineers of ability. At Monsanto there is no ceiling on your future. A rewarding and interesting career will be found by engineers who thrive on engineering challenges. Important opportunities are offered to chemical, mechanical. electrical. industrial and civil engineers who are needed to maintain our outstanding growth record. Your profes- sional challenge can be found in engineering, manufactur- ing, research or marketing at locations throughout the nation. Excellent benefits and salaries are yours at one of the nation's largest chemical companies. If you are interested in a career at Monsanto, ask your placement director for more information and see the man from Monsanto when he visits your campus. Or write to: Manager, Professional Recruiting, Department CL 815, Monsanto Monsanto, St. Louis, Missouri. 63166. An equal opportunity employer \ Elec tronic Music . •• • sound of the Theremin has been compared in timbre to a woman's voice, and also reminds some listeners of the "musical saws" of yesteryear. here Recently, there has been an unprecedented interest in electronic music in this country. Every day, more and more appears in phonograph records, advertising, movie scores and the theatre. One outstanding example is the electronic to score in "Hair". Electronic music represents an exciting medium for the composer because of the extreme flexibility available to him in the construction and grouping of sounds of infinite stay descriptions. Most major universities have an electronic music studio, and Michigan State has recently acquired an excellent Moog Studio. There are several systems available, but the Moog system is one of the best and by far the most popular. by Nick Bassel A brief description of the Moog system follows: There are four basic units, all functionally interrelated: 1. The Synthesizer is the sound generating and processing unit consisting mainly of oscillators, amplifiers, fIlters, controllers, envelope generators and simple mixers. 2. The Main Mixer, which combines and controls signals through two microphone inputs, eight line inputs and four line outputs. 3. The tone recorders and monitors (speakers and headphones), which provide recording, immediate monitoring, overdubbing when desired and playback. Electronic music is not new-it has been quite popular in Europe for many years, but only recently has it found 4. The patch panel, by means of which any desired widespread acceptance in America. interconnections of the components are achieved. The first electronic music was known as Musique Concrete. In this art-form, everyday natural sounds, such as Because the final realization of a musical composition doorbells, jangling keys, thunder, tearing paper, etc., were might require many generations of tape, it is imperative recorded on magnetic tape; then these sounds were altered that all the components, especially the recorders, be of the by possibly filtering them, clipping the sound waves, or very finest quality. re-recording them through several generations of taping, The Synthesizer until the results bore little resemblance to the original The design characteristics of a Moog synthesizer are: sounds. modular construction, and voltage-control. Another early development was the utilization of special Voltage, as utilized in the synthesizer, is found in three electronic musical instruments, such as the Theremin and forms: DC, fluctuating DC and AC. The simple basic the Ring Modulator. The Theremin bears the unique principle ofvoltage control is as follows: property of being the only musical instrument which is An increase in voltage-level applied to: played without being touched by the performer. It is ]. An oscillator will increase its pitch (frequency). played by waving the hands in front of two antennae 2. An amplifier will increase its amplitude (gain). protruding from the instrument. The proximity of the right hand to the antenna on one end of the instrument, changes 3. A fIlter will increase its fIltering effect, etc. the pitch of the musical note by detuning an oscillator (body capacitance), which has the antenna in its tank Each module has switches and potentiometers for circuit. The left hand similarly controls a blocking oscillator various results, and several modules have "control inputs", which in turn controls the volume of the instrument. The Continued on page 26 11 March,1970 Dan Schmidt, Missouri '64, met the challenge in mining at St. Joe Since he graduated from the University of Missouri at softball and tennis. They live in the country but they are Rolla, Dan found opportunity for progress at St. Joe. only 90 minutes drive from big city attractions such as He's Plant Engineer at St. Joe's ultra-modern Fletcher major league baseball in St. Louis. 0 St. Joe has chal- mine. There he's responsible for some of the most lenging opportunities for people with the ability and the sophisticated equipment to be found in any mine-mill drive to meet them. They are located in Southeast complex on earth. He works with a young, aggressive Missouri, Pennsylvania, Upper New York State and New team in a company that's tops in the industry. 0 Dan York City. 0 You may find your challenge and your and his wife Carole and their two sons find life pleasant future with St. Joe. in Southeast Missouri. He hunts, fishes and competes in Producers and Marketers of Lead, Zinc, Zinc Oxide, Iron Ore Pellets, Iron Oxide, Agricultural Limestone, Cadmium, Copper Concentrates, Sil- ver and Sulphuric Acid. ST. JOSEPH LEAD CO., 250 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017 12 Spartan Engineer NEW PRODUCTS . . . THE IBM TERMINAL ••• A portable terminal introduced by IBM will allow salesmen, insurance agents and others to "talk" to their home office computers from any standard telephone-even one in a roadside booth. Built into an attache case, the new IBM 2721 portable audio terminal will rent for $20 a month. Users can enter alphabetic and numeric information into an IBM System/360 with audio response capabilities and get computer-compiled spoken responses to their inquiries. In a manufacturing plant, workers could use the terminal to enter information on jobs in progress and to track the status of jobs moving from one department to another. Inventory clerks could use it to determine the nearest warehouse stocking desired parts and then order them through the 2721 terminal. Salesmen on the road could communicate with a central computer from a hotel or a roadside phone booth to place an order or to check the status of a shipment. Engineers and students could use the new terminal to solve mathematical problems. Department store clerks could verify a customer's credit, while bankers and stockbrokers could determine account and loan status and check stock quotations. The terminal has 60 keys-26 letters, 10 numerals and 24 special characters and controls. These can be adapted for specific applications with the use of plastic keyboard overlays. The 2721 operates continuously for a t leas t eigh t hours on rechargeable batteries, or can be plugged into any liO-volt AC line. It has a battery charge indicator and an automatic charger. The terminal measures 16 by 9 by 4 inches and weighs less than 10 pounds. It is supplied with an attache-style carrying case. Storage space is provided for the power cord, auxiliary earphone, extra keyboard overlays and the acoustic coupler that covers the telephone mouthpiece during transmission. The terminal communicates with System/360 Models 25, 30, 40, 50, 65, 75 and 85 through an IBM 7770 audio response unit. Purchase price is $600. A salesman in a hotel room (upper left) might place an order, verify the status of a shipment or check the inventory level of a product. A construction superintendent (upper right) could enter and receive labor, material and equipment information. Hospital personnel (lower left) might use the terminal to confirm a patient's medical insurance coverage, while a shop floor supervisor could enter information on work progress and track jobs moving from one department to another. o 13 March,1970 .... *CEILING AND VISIBILITY UNLIMITED At Pratt & Whitney Aircraft "ceiling and visibility unlimited" is not just an expression. For example, the President of our parent corporation joined P&WA only two years after receiving an engineering degree. The preceding President, now Chairman, never worked for any other company. The current President of P&WA started in our engineering department as an experimental engineer and moved up to his present position. In fact, the majority of our senior officers all have one thing in common- degrees in an engineering or scientific field. To insure CAVU*, we select our engineers and scientists carefully. Motivate them well. Give them , ',. ",":: ' the equipment and facilities only a leader can provide. Offer them company.paid, graduate educa. I,",' , " tion opportunities. Encourage them to push into fields that have not been explored before. Keep '.~, I'..,,' ~". 't, . " , them reaching for a little bit more responsibility than they can manage. Reward them well when 1\' they do manage it. Your degree can be a B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. in: MECHANICAL • AERONAUTICAL • ELECTRICAL • CHEMICAL. CIVIL. MARINE. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. PHYSICS • CHEMISTRY. METAL- r LURGY • MATERIALS SCIENCE. CERAMICS • MATHEMATICS • STATISTICS • COMPUTER SCIENCE • ENGINEERING SCIENCE • ENGINEERING MECHANICS. Consult your college placement officer-or write Mr. William L. Stoner, Engineering Department, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108. CAVU* might also mean full utilization of your technical skills through a wide range of challenging programs which include jet engines for the newest military and commercial aircraft, gas turbines for industrial and marine use, rocket engines for space programs, fuel cells for space vehicles and terrestrial uses, and other advanced systems. U l,\", \ ' Pratt & Whitney Aircraft DIVISION 0" UNITED AIRCRAFT R CORPORATION r , " 1 EAST HARTFORD AND MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT WEST PALM BEACH, FLORIDA When Union Carbide's Polyox resin is pumped out the bow of a boat, The boat on the left friction resistance between the water and boat is greatly reduced. is riding on water. And the boat blurs ahead at record speed. With less than record effort. The boat on the right It works so well, as a matter offact, international yachting and row- is riding on Polyox. ing competition rules politely call Polyox only one thing. Patently illegal. Totally contrary to purity of sport and all that. On the other hand, Polyox is the latest wrinkle in maritime tech- nology. The newest way to get bursts of speed out of ships like ice breakers and rescue boats. Maybe the best way. We're looking in a thousand different Polyox directions at once. How about the "slippery water" theory for getting water into a burning house faster? Or pushing concrete up a hose that's 12 floors high? Or pumping more water through an irrigation system? Or making a two-foot sewer pipe do the work of a three-foot pipe? Or. .. ? resin is one discovery on the Polyox • , .: I THE DISCOVERY COMPANY verge of becoming 10,000discoveries. For further information on our activities, write Union Carbide Corporation 270 P k A N , ar venue, ew York, New York 10017.An equal opportunity employer. 16 Spartan Engineer WadeAnderson is the chairman of The American Foundryman's Society Student Chapter. Information on joining this organization is available from him or Dr. Womeschal, the group's advisor. ,,, ;~.' . •• " ...,. The Microstructure of the Ductile / Iron-Annealed (Mag. 250x) Development of the Cast Connecting MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE DUCTILE IRON Rod by Wade Anderson An Important Achievement For The Foundry Industry Top-As-Cast (Mag. 250x) Virtually every major component in the modern V.S engine can be produced as a casting. It is important then for the foundry to continue improving the utility and reliability of engine castings. This has been done by continually upgrading the entire range of foundry operations, from the basics like melting, molding and coremaking, to sophisticated systems for quality control and reliability. By marrying the Bottom-Quenched (Mag. 500x) technology of metal casting and engine 17 March,1970 component development, new ways are crankpin end. Boring the inside and as a test of the other testing being found to improve the deameters, drilling the two bolt holes methods performance. performance of castings and reduce and splitting the crankpin diameter. The There are four basic reasons for the manufacturing costs. secret of the cast connecting rods acceptance of cast connecting rods: machinability is the dispersion of 1) Greater design freedom (forging vs. The ArmaSteel * connecting rod was temper carbon. First, it breaks up the casting) introduced in 1962 in a Buick V-6 chip, and second, acts as a lubricant; 2) Improved machinability of pearlitic engine. Since that time it has expanded this lubricating action allows lower tool malleable iron to 12 different engi nes, produced by 6 loads permitting higher cutting speeds 3) Ability to cast parts to closer finish different engine manufacturers and and feeds, boosting tool life and dimensions ranging up to 472 cubic inches eliminating burr removal operations. 4) Proven reliability in service displacement. Over 70 million Arma- Steel connecting rods have been Throughout production sample produced. checks are made, from inspection of the The cast connecting rod is very scrap before melting to final inspection competitive with its forged counterpart of the product. A number of rods are as evidenced by its widespread picked between each operation and acceptance. It has higher reliability and examined for hardness and * ArmaSteel is a General Motors trade name. versatility, for instance in large truck microstructure. Various methods of engines. The major savings are in testing are used of the finished rods. All machining. Pearlitic malleable iron, the are subject to magnaglo, sonic and fin al structure, possesses excellent ultrasonic testing. Some random machining qualities. samples are given X-ray inspection. The rods start as piles of selected The rods are magnetized in two steel scrap, alloys, and scrap iron. They directions in Magnaglo (black light) are melted in a cupola together with inspection. This insures detection of fluxes and coke. The metal is tapped at surface defects. The rods passing this 2700 F into an electric holding furnace test go on to the sonic and ultrasonic for testing and alloying. The metal tests. These verify the casting's internal (2.60% C, 1.40% Si, 0.42% Mn, balance soundness. Fe) is poured into ladels and then into Random samples are X-rayed green sand molds. Several rods are continuously as an in-process control produced per mold. The rods are shaken out of the molds, and cleaned off before being sent to the annealing furnaces. The rods are now white iron, meaning all the carbon is combined with the iron as iron carbide. They are annealed at 1750 F for 18 hours in atmosphere-controlled kilns. The rods are then cooled rapidly in air. This insures the formation of denas pearlite and uniformly dispersed temper carbon. The connecting rods are austenitized in a second furnace at 1600 F. Then immediately quenched in oil, resulting in a martensitic matrix. Tempering follows in a third furnace. They are tempered at 1150 F to 1180 F for 3 or 4 hours. Finally they are heated to 900 F and pressed to insure flatness. The rods are then sent to a shear where the gates are removed and the fins trimmed. The final structure is a matrix of tempered martensite with graphitic temper carbon. Machining consists of grinding the faces of the wristpin boss and the o 18 Spartan Engineer Venture: Cook exhausts to clear the air. The problem: minimize the part the internal combustion engine plays in 'air pollution. The primary goal: reduce auto exhaust emissions dramatically through some simple, inexpensive but effective method. The solution? Five years of research and development work by scientists, engineers and technicians at Du Pont have produced a non-catalytic emissions control device called the exhaust mani- fold reactor. It has achieved the best control of auto emissions by any system known to date. Mounted in place of the conventional exhaust manifold, the reactor is an insu- lated outer shell with a tubular core. Exhaust gases, mixed with injected air, are held in the high-temperature zone of the inner core until they are almost completely oxidized. The principle of finishing the combus- tion process in the exhaust system is not a new one. But what is new is the effec- tiveness of Du Pont's device. In individual tests of up to 100,000miles, emission levels have been below 30 ppm hydrocarbons and 0.6% carbon monoxide, compared with 1970standards of 180ppm hyd rocarbons and 1.0%carbon monoxide. And reactors now being tested have further reduced carbon monoxide emissions to 0.26%. The reactor system can be adapted to any gasoline-burning automobile engine. And soon metals research should develop the low-cost materials needed to make the reactor economical for all new cars. Innovation-applying the known to discover the unknown, inventing new Du Pont Company, Room 7893, Wilmington, DE 19898 materials and putting them to work, Please send me the booklets checked below. using research and engineering to create the ideas and products of the future- o Chemical Engineers at Du Pont this is the venture Du Pont people are o Mechanical Engineers at Du Pont o Engineers at Du Pont engaged in. For a variety of career opportunities. o Accounting, Data Systems, Marketing, Production and a chance to advance through many Name, _ fields, talk to your Du Pont .Recruiter. University _ Or send us the coupon. Degree Graduation Date _ Address. _ City, State 7ip. _ L An Equal Opportunity Employer (M/F) ~ Ventures for better living. 19 March,1970 reputation. Malleable can be cast close STRENGTH to finish shape, thereby reducing or elim- inating machining operations. chining must What ma- be done can be accom- plished quickly because Malleable iron is the most easily machined of all ferrous One of the outstanding properties metals of comparable hardness. of Malleable Iron Castings One of the first considerations in design- which materials exceed the elastic limit. ing a metal part is its strength to perform Fatigue strength is the greatest stress a given function. which can be sustained when the load is applied repeatedly. As indicated by the In most instances, the second question table below, Malleable has an advantage is always how to provide the necessary over steel in fatigue strength and yield strength .•• at the lowest possible fin- strength when grades of identical tensile ished cost. On both counts, Malleable strength are compared. iron castings offer exceptional advan- tages. Here is why: Malleable castings are available in two TENSILE YIELD FATIGUE general types (ferritic and pearlitic) and This is a pearlitic Malleable iron universal 10ZOSleel 75,000 PSI 48,000 PSI 34,000 PSI in 9 ASTM grades that range in tensile joint yoke for an automobile. Subjected strength from 50,000 to 100,000 PSI. 50007 Pearlilic 75,000 PSI 50,000 PSI 37,000 PSI to repeated torq ue as the car reverses, Malleable Iron Tensile strength figures represent the speeds up and slows down, these high load at which materials fail. Yield strength Strength and Cost- Malleable iron has strength parts have an enviable record and fatigue strength are among the more been described as providing more strengh for reliability and service. One automaker important engineering yardsticks. per dollar than any other metal. There reports no warranty claims on this part Yield strength represents the point at are many factors which contribute to this for the past seven years! MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY. UNION COMMERCE BUILDING CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115 have been discarded by the Receiving Department. The Contributions of Edsel Murphy 11.8. Suggestions made by the Value Analysis group will increase to the Understanding costs and reduce capabilities. 11.9. Original drawings will be mangled by the copying machine. of the Behavior of Inanimate Objects III. MATHEMATICS by D. L. K/ipstein 111.1. In any given miscalculation, the fault will never be placed if more than one person is involved. I. INTRODUCTION 111.2. Any error that can creep in, will. It will be in the direction It has long been the consideration of the author that the that will do the most damage to the calculation. contributions of Edsel Murphy, specifically his general and special 111.3.All constants are variables. laws delineating the behavior of inanimate objects, have not been 111.4. In any given computation, the figure that is most obviously fully appreciated. It is deemed that this is, in large part, due to the correct will be the source of error. inherent simplicity of the law itself. 111.5.A decimal will always be misplaCed. It is the intent of the author to show, by references drawn from 111.6. In a complex calculation, one factor from the numerator the literature, that the law of Murphy has produced numerous will always move into the denominator. corollaries. It is hoped that by noting these examples, the reader may obtain a greater appreciation of Edsel Murphy, his law, and its IV. PROTOTYPING AND PRODUCTION ramifications in engineering and science. IV.l. Any wire cut to length will be too short. 'As is well known to those versed in the state-of-the-art, Murphy's IV.2. Tolerances will accumulate unidirectionally toward law states that "If anything can go wrong. it will." Or, to state it in maximum difficulty of assembly. more exact mathematical form: 1 + 1 = 1 + 111'2 (1) where X7l' is IV.3. Identical units tested under identical conditions will not be the mathematical symbol for hardly ever. identical in the field. Some authorities have said that Murphy's Law was first IVA. The availability of a component is inversely proportional expounded by H. Cohen when he stated that "If anything can go to the need for that component. wrong, it will-during the demonstration." However, Cohen has IV.5. If a project requires n components, there will be n-l units made it clear that the broader scope of Murphy's general law in stock. obviously takes precedence. IV.6. If a particular resistance is needed, that value will not be II. GENERAL ENGINEERING available. Further, it cannot be developed with any available series 11.1. A patent application will be preceded by one week by a or parallel combination. similar application made by an independent worker. IV.7. A dropped tool will land where it can do the most damage. 11.2. The more innocuous a design change appears, the further its (Also known as the law of selective gravitation.) influence will extend. IV.8. A device selected at random from a group having 99% 11.3. All warranty and guarantee clauses become void upon reliability, will be a member of the 1% group. payment of invoice. IV.9. When one connects a 3-phase line, the phase sequence will 1104.The necessity of making a major design change increases as be wrong. the fabrication of the system approaches completion. IV.l0. A motor will rotate in the wrong direction. 11.5. Firmness of delivery dates is inversely proportional to the IV.11. The probability of a dimension being omitted from a plan tightness of the schedule. or drawing is directly proportional to its importance. 11.6. Dimensions will always be expressed in the least usable IV.12. Interchangeable parts won't. term. Velocity, for example, will be expressed in furlongs per IV.13. Probability of failure of a component, assembly, fortnight. subsystem or system is inversely proportional to ease of repair or 11.7. An important Instruction Manual or Operating Manual will replacement. Continued on page 27 20 Spartan Engineer TIME FOR A MILD EVOLUTION IN CARRIER DESIGN by Patrick M. Glance For quite some time / have been interested and concerned with the design evolution of the ships of our Navy. The recent incident in Korea seems to indicate an inherent weakness in our Navy which is basic to its new complexity. The Enterprise, a three to fou r thousand man carrier equipped with 100 aircraft, was positioned off the coast of Korea as part of a so-called "power show". But was this a display of power or a display of vulnerability? What would happen if 20, 50, or 100 air-to-ship and/or shore-to-ship missiles were all fired at the same time at a ship like the Enterprise? Could our air defenses stop such a barrage? It only took one Russian-built missile to sink an Israeli destroyer. The utility of a large attack carrier is indisputably invaluable in situations where we have absolute air superiority. However, whenever our air superiority can be challenged, then an attack carrier begins to be cast in a somewhat precarious position. What I find disturbing is the apparent direction the Navy is pursuing. According to a recent magazine article concerned with the F-111, the Navy plans to prevent 21 March,1970 incoming enemy aircraft from approaching within missile range of attack carri~rs ~y the deployment of missile-carrying aircraft, CAP (Combat Air Patrot), in a protective nng of perhaps 150 miles. These aircraft, equipped with computerized rada~, ~ould launch air-to-air missiles (the Phoenix) to track and destroy enemy aircraft. This IS all well and good unless, of course, one enemy aircraft is undetected or the enemy has more aircraft SCHEMATIC OF A PROPOSED M.A.C. indicating various operational subsystems. The aircraft shown illustrates the landing and takeoff sequence required for air operations. The elevator is normally in "up position" and used as a takeoff/landing platform. Once an aircraft has landed, the elevator is lowered and the plane is towed off. Likewise, aircraft are towed on the elevator and raised for takeoff. Note that more than ~ne sequence has been shown simultaneously (aircraft landing and elevator descent). However, this is not meant to imply that both events can occur simultaneously. than we have missiles. The stakes are too high to play in a game where a three to four thousand man ship can be lost by one tactical or electronic mistake. Yet, I am not saying that the carrier is obsolete-just that a carrier as we know it today is extremely vulnerable. One solution to this problem is to rely on smaller, less expensive, and more expendable types of ships to carry and launch aircraft. An example of this would be the use of destroyers equipped with helicopter landing platforms to launch VTOL aircraft. Of course it would require a fleet of many destroyers to carry a complement of aircraft similar to that of the Enterprise. Another type of ship that could partially replace the primary function of the attack carrier, yet be less vulnerable, is illustrated. These sketches represent a "submarine aircraft carrier" which is capable of launching aircraft while cruising partially submerged. The partially submerged air launch capability would make the proposed ship extremely difficult to detect (in comparison to a conventional attack carrier!. I would also like to emphasize that all of the components illustrated in this weapon system are in existence today in some form, i.e., nuclear power sub, VTOL aircraft, missiles, helicopters, etc. This is why I feel that this proposal represents not a ship of the future but a ship which could be and should be in existence today. I will not labor on the details and ramifications of this proposal. Rather, by the presentation of this concept, I hope to influence the design evolution of our Navy toward its continuing excellence. 0 22 Spartan Engineer II~EMfMBff? IUAT BtrlDGE You \,{ERE GONNA C1?OSS WHEN YOu CAME To IT? '''ElL ITS R,GHT AROUND THE CORNEl? AND ITS CALL£D GRADUATION. WE~I.., ITs rtfA T HAPPY hMe YOWR. G6TTI}/6 ~~ Ac AGAIN. 5ENlolls! rT~ SPit 1:4 ~ElI WiT'" ~ ...~ CAp ANI) ANo ~"A" hNALLY GOHNA GOWN ANo ~Ull RAST,L G~AOeJATE ••• " I?GUT.? SM.&.* ..... R'SH""? ~ I .f i: 23 ~.1910 YOc.l... 1; Jo. I"'TE~~/a. You ALtMAn WDNI3'~ED WHAT Apo WE'KEIIA Tk,ps h IT Woal.o 8£ £,1(1" To OTIIEIl C,TIES r; $£1 MAKE 10 GRANDA TilE//! S~.6 •... R,.,.,r? ~I A/Jo iiI''' THE 5rfJel/ MARIIET •••• RIGHT? VOU GET h fu /JI/CI. , l'uk... GETrl,.J6 A ~FG 10 SA~ rO. WoRltlN6 APD SUPPoRT, ,4pOTIIE. £;.~.. £", 1"vw. 70 MAN" A IAJSu~APc~ G~OCE~/I'SI Jf'JJT L,r/~Ir .•.. R'CHr' ~ 8 TOS- t'fll~Y DAY ••••• ~/.",r~ 24 THAY kiNO~' RTS '];£ ~CA~E GOJl/ltA 8E SOMeoNE BLA OE r;, T..,os£' SA-1: OCAT ~ERE k';TH Alae. ~'S6 N •rES AT T...E GABLa &c:.I'STJfaaE'~S. f?E'N8L/CAN s, ...... R. (;,.,T .? B~OWNIES AND SNoes J;,Ar You THou otf'T )OLf L I11=T BEHINO IN COLL.E6~ ... R'G"'? W.su You'o SA\' SO~.TH"'" 50? WUA1S WRON6 B IS'OIS, "R .GUT." W,111 TtfAT? W~ ALl. 6ET IN T , GAtM Ii I FfEt. LINE A TWO-8IT SO~"TI~~ R'CHT? TENNIS SALL IN A }.4 /louR- A- DAY GAAA£ of L,FE. 25 Ma-ch.1870 ELECTRONIC MUSIC, continued from page 11 which accept voltage contours from external sources which The envelope generator modules provide single voltag, modify the sound product of the module, whether it be an contours, which may be applied to voltage-controlled oscillator, filter or amplifier. modules. The rise-time, initial decoy time, sustained level The oscillators generate four wave forms: sine, sawtooth, and final decoy time of the contour can be set to provide triangular and pulse, in a very wide range of frequencies. any desired result. These can be combined by means of the mixers in any Most sounds created on the synthesizer are triggered number of ways. In addition, the output of one oscillator either by the ribbon controller or the keyboard controller. can be used to "control" another, so that an infinite The ribbon controller provides a continuously variable number of rounds can be achieved. control voltage to any desired module(s) by touching the Another source module generates "white noise", that is, finger to a long ribbon device and sliding it up and down its all the audible frequencies in equal amplitude. The sound is length to achieve the desired effect. The keyboard is a R. A. Moog - SYNTHESIZER 902 VCA 902 VCA 911 911 901-A 901-8 901-8 WSS 901 VCO Filter 905 Reverb 907 Fixed Filter (FF81 904A LPF "I~ :CO, tlJ'J ,. ~ .. , ENV. G ENV. G o i ;'~> :-O~ JO: 3"-/-\-4 Tl 'Mw. -, .>~O " T1 , FCV FA FA FCV l1!~~ FA 250 5"00 1000 2VOO FCV c:J Lin Exp c::J Un Exp 0 0 n'~1. , R o6~ 0000 -~ '~'. LM ~FC? ')..J.-, ~FCV-;> > T2 T2 o I vcv ~ vcv WP LP 0 HP -b ~ 5~ D '" s,~ 0 ~J. ~ .':.,' 0 0 - FV FV .3SD 700 1