M. E. UNDERGRADS! CHECK CURRICULU M CHANGES, PAGE 16 If you want to grow with a growth company ... go with Westinghouse. In the past five years, our sales We need help. We need engi- have gone up fifty percent and neers who want to grow and con- profits have nearly tripled. Our tribute to society at the same goal is continued growth. Much of time. Westinghouse believes the this growth will come from our two are not mutually exclusive. commitment to improve the world Talk with our campus recruiter we live in. about starting a growth career When you're in everything from with Westinghouse, or write Luke computers to urban development, Noggle, Westinghouse Education to medical science, to mass Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania transit, to oceanography-the 15221. opportunities are boundless. An equal opportunity employer. You can be sure...if it's Westinghouse @ We want a guy who keeps a level head. Dictionaries define hurdling as jumping over a hurdle in a race. Obviously, Webster never made the track team. "A good hurdler never jumps," the experts tell us ... He tries to duplicate the movements of sprinting. The head stays level. It's never higher over the hurdle than it is between them." A level head helps overcome any obstacle. Take bearing problems. They're best approached by a person with training, determination and the ability to think things through. Are you such a person? When you run up against a tough problem, are you able to take it in stride? And do you like the challenges of rugged competition, and the rewards that come from winning? Then write The Timken Company, Canton, Ohio 44706. Ask our Manager of College Relations to give you a tryout. Timken(!lbearings sold in 133 countries. Manufacturing in Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, South Africa and U.S. A. An Equal Opportunity Employer. TIMKEN' IEGtSTflfO llADEMAlK THE T1MKEN COMPANY MANUFACTURES TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS, FINE ALLOY STEEL AND REMOVABLE ROCK BITS. 1 May, 1970 A diversified and challenging career is yours at Monsanto because the key to our future rests with engineers of ability. At Monsanto there is no ceiling on your future. A rewarding and interesting career will be found by engineers who thrive on engineering challenges. Important opportunities are offered to chemical, mechanical, electrical, industrial and civil engineers who are needed to maintain our outstanding growth record. Your profes- sional challenge can be found in engineering, manufactur- ing, research or marketing at locations throughout the nation. Excellent benefits and salaries are yours at one of the nation's largest chemical companies. If you are interested in a career at Monsanto, ask your placement director for more information and see the man from Monsanto when he visits your campus. Or write to: Manager, Professional Recruiting, Department CL 815, Monsanto Monsanto. St. Louis, Missouri, 63166. An equal opportunity employer PARTAN engineer ~ MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY VOLUME 23 NUMBER 4 MAY, 1970 STAFF FEATURES: PAGE Art Bell, III Sys. Sci. editor Professor's Profile 6 Nick Bassel Elec. Eng features editor Challenge To Engineers 7 D. D. McGrady Dave Karrer .. Mech. Eng humor & art editor Everybody Talks About Pollution, But 8 Tom Wills Mech. Eng advertising manager Reprinted fromNorthwestern Engineer circulation manager Superengineer 14 Aimee Colmery art assistant New Mechanical Engineering Curriculum 15 Dave Borzenski art assistant Professor Potter Mary Bell editorial assistant Photography and Science 16 Reprinted from Pennsylvania Triangle Jan Peruske editorial assistant Noise 20 Reprinted from Denver Engineer ADVISOR: Mr. Alan Hoffman DEPARTMENTS: Editorial 5 Engrineers 24 s~ Member, Engineering College Magazine Associated Chairman: Professor Gordon Smith Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma Publisher's Rep.: Littell-Murray-Barnhlll, Inc. 369 Lexington Ave., New York 17, N.Y. 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. Published four times yearly by the students of the COLLEGE OF ENGINEERiNG, MICHiGAN STATE This month's cover, designed by Bill UNIVERSiTY, East Lansin9, Michigan 48823. The office Is on the first floor of the Engineering Building, Hull and photographed by Dave Room 144, Phone 517 355-3520. Karrer, shows a few of today's Subscription rate by mall $1.00 per year. Single copies 250'. engineering problems. Printed by Greenville Printing company. 3 May,1970 Which discipline will Ed Whitaker use tomorrow When Delco says multi-disciplinarian, they mean it. Just ask Ed Whitaker. And the solid professionals who have helped him grow into jobs like developing the microcircuits for a fire and overheat detection computer for jet aircraft. Twenty-five hundred components in a package 4'" x 2'" x X"', From concept to hardware in eight months flat. And then a fast hop to Air Force testing. From beginning to final delivery, Ed was a full member of the team. The question is ... does your job permit you this kind of growth? Take a good look at how your career shapes up, compared with Ed Whitaker's and his colleagues at Delco. You might even call us collect. Or, write: Mr. C. D. Longshore, Supervisor, Salaried Employment, Dept. 600, Delco Radio Division of General Motors, Kokomo, Indiana, AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER DELCO~ DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS KOKOMO, INDIANA 4 RADIO MA.,=.. e. Spartan Engineer Editorial . • • , ENGINEER'S AWARENESS As of recently, I have become increasingly depressedat the actions of many of my classmates.I have found them to be exceedingly dry and sterile on all topics outside of "Engineering" in the strict classroom sense of the word. In case any of you haven't been duly informed there has been an Environmental Teach-in held on campus since the middle of April and just becauseit isn't sponsored by the Engineering Department per se, doesn't mean that its worth is negligible. On April 23, as a single example, there was a Panel Discussion held in the Engineering Building in conjunction with E-QUAL and the Environmental Teach-in on thermal pollution. I would venture a guess of approximately 30% engineering students, 20% girls, and the rest radical followers whose only interest was in posing more problems and no solutions. The point is that the small group of engineering students in attendance were hardly representative of the large group of engineering students on campus. Where were you? Watching TV? Playing euchre? (Look it up. It's the correct spelling.) Or trying to solve some crummy math problems maybe? You have to realize that the environmental problems of today will be ours tomorrow. We must accept the responsibility for these problems and become acquainted with them before they become crucial issues. I'll tell you the truth; it took a Home Economics major to make the point clear to me. I sat down and talked to her one afternoon and found out that classroom discussions include such things as zero population growth, famine and food shortages, and various other related topics. Granted, engineering students are not exposed to problems such as these in their curriculum, therefore, it is our duty as engineers to delve into contemporary subjects on our own. Stop dreaming about your monthly paycheck come graduation. Stop being the stereotype engineer that your father is and wake up to the things around you. The Environmental Teach-in offers about fifty-two opportunities for students to find out about various aspects of their environment. Have you attended even one? Two maybe? Congratulations! You have attended about 4% if you went to two lectures. Attendance is not required and that, my friends, is what makes it so worthwhile. Those speakersdidn't come here for their health; they came to help us understand. If you haven't already turned the page as many others will do to avoid embarrassingthemselves you either have some feeling for what I have written or you will turn the pagenow. (I challengeyou!) Therefore, I assume that those of you who are reading on have an interest in the things around you. Don't be afraid to get involved: ask questions, be activists. For your information, our world goes far beyond this magazine, your books, and our multiversity. Your awareness of your major and its application on the things around you are all the tools you have to work with to make our world a better j)~ p R~ place to live. Your ideas may be the beginning of a solution; without them we will wallow in the beg;nn;n,ofth,end Editor's Note: Dave Karrer has recently been selected as the 1970-71 Spartan Engineer Editor. 5 May,1970 PROFESSOR'S PROFILE NOTE: Professor's Profile is not a revolutionary new idea but it was instigated to help the younger students become acquainted with some of their professors before the classroom situation gives them a different impression. Robert K. Wen presently is Professor and Acting Chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering. Born and raised in China, Dr. Wen came to America in 1952 after receiving his B.S. in Civil Engineering from St. John's University in Shanghai, China, to attend the University of Virginia where he received his Masters in C.E. in 1954. He holds his Ph.D. also in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1957. Dr. Wen came to Michigan State in 1959 as an Assistant Professor after serving as assistant professor for two years at the University of Illinois. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1962 and full Professor of Civil Engineering in 1966. His work experience also includes Project Supervisor of .Planning and Interpreting Dynamic Testing of Highway Bridges, Highway Research Board Road Test Project in 1958-59. He holds a chair on the Committee on Structural Dynamics, American Society of Civil Engineers. Structural engineering and Civil Engineering Systems are his ROBERT K. WEN professional interests. Dr. Wen's family consists of his wife, Judy, also from China, and their three children, two boys and a girl. Dr. Ronald L. Kerber is a very dynamic instructor and currently with the Mechanical Engineering Department. Dr. Kerber received his B.S. degree from Purdue University and his Masters from California Institute of Technology. He holds a Ph.D. in Engineering Science also from Cal. Tech. "Engineering Science has always been my major", Dr. Kerber commented, "and I'm extremely interested in the theory of liquids and blood flow and other areas of applied mathematics and physics." Dr. Kerber is presently teaching Thermodynamics on the junior level in the Mechanical Engineering Department here at Michigan State and will be again in the Fall beginning with ME 311. He has only been in the department since fall of '69 but already is very popular because he is willing to discuss any and all topics of engineering concern in Room 236 of the Engineering Building. He enjoys participating in tennis and basketball but indul~es in all sports. At the age of 26 Ron has been DR. RONALDL.KERBER happily married to his wife, Claudia, for six years. 6 Spartan Engineer CHALLENGE TO ENGINEERS Eventually engineers developed the by-product coke process and the necessary equipment so that the volatile gases, formerly wasted, were now trapped, collected, and processed to produce ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylene, creosote, and coal tars. The modern by-product coke plant is now a major source of chemicals, as well as a supplier of coke for industrial use. This is an example of good engineering practice helping to make a once discarded by D. D. McGrady material into a useful and valuable by-product and at the same time greatly reducing the extent of air pollution. Vast areas of the plains states were plowed and planted to wheat in the early 1930's. With the first period of sparse The United States started along the path to rainfall the "dust bowl" years were upon us. Hot dry industrialization in the early 1800's and as a nation and as a southwest winds blowing over the parched and powdery people has treated its natural resources and its environment soils of Oklahoma and Kansas lifted great clouds of dust with considerable violence ever since. The development and into the sky. The sun was nearly obscured. Cars drove with perfection of steam power for locomotives and steamboats, headlights burning in the midday twilight. The plowed-up together with mechanical inventions such as the reaper and prairie was blown and drifted like the blizzard snows of threshing machine, created demand for machinery and for Winter. Habitation became nearly impossible. Dust settled the means to transport raw materials and finished products. upon states hundreds of miles to the north and east ... yes America was soon tied together by parallel ribbons of even in Michigan, and very much so in Iowa and Illinois. steel rail. The "iron horse" had arrived. Metals were in great Soil conservation was indeed at a low ebb. Gradually demand, steel in particular. During the period 1866-90 the improved tillage methods and the recognition of the value Bessemer process, used to convert crude pig iron into steel, and importance of grass lands, wind breaks, and moisture was developed and expanded. Great tongues of flame and retention in the over-all conservation picture has served to fumes shooting 30 feet or more from the nose of the diminish this violent form of environmental pollution and converter were a common sight at the centers of steel destruction. production. The spectacular display of the Bessemer flames Waste disposal and associated stream pollution and playing against the night sky was the subject of poems and environmental problems have long been an area of research essays relating to America's growth and expansion and and interest for MSU's College of Engineering. Records show that between 1925 and 1953 some 35 research emergence as an industrial giant. bulletins and reports of sanitary engineering projects were Pig iron, the raw material supplied to the converters, also published by the Michigan Engineering Experiment Station had to be produced in greater and greater amounts. Thus, on the allied topics of waste, disposal, sewage treatment, more and larger blast furnaces were soon constructed to supply this demand for pig iron. The blast furnace uses and stream pollution. During the coming years America must address itself tremendous tonnages of iron ore, coke, limestone and politically, economically, and technically to the problems pre-heated air blast and reacts these materials under of mass transit, housing, and air and water pollution. The inferno-like conditions at 3600°F to produce molten pig iron. The heat energy is supplied by the combustion of engineer, whatever his major interests, will be able to use his training, knowledge, skills, and understanding to help coke, and coke in turn is a product of the distillation of solve the immediately pressing and critical problems of soft coal. The common equivalent used in the middle 1800's for pollution and to plan and implement longer-range programs producing coke was the beehive coke oven. By 1880 this to restore and environmental balance. coking process was responsible for great volumes of smoke, The practicing professional engineer of the future will have a real opportunity-indeed a necessity-to design and soot, and noxious gases being evolved (wasted) into the air. operate the physical facilities and systems demanded by About 35% by weight of the soft coal charged into these civilization in a manner to effectively protect and conserve coke ovens was slowly volatilized as gases, leaving behind the desired coke residue. The local atmosphere in the area all aspects of the environment. This is the challenge facing the young engineer today. near the location of coke ovens was mightily Good luck. [] contaminated ... even in 1880. 7 May, 1970 "Welcome, sulfur dioxide Hello, carbon monoxide The air, the air, is everywhere Breathe deep while you sleep, breathe deep ... Vapor and fume at the stone of my tomb Breathing like a sullen perfume Eating at the stone of my tomb ... " EVERYBODY TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION, BUT ... Reprinted from Northwestern Engineer, March, 1970. by James E. Scott Anthropologists of the f u t u r e will But long-term changes ("long-term" Health Commissioner Dr. Murray probably consider as one of the most relative to human clocks) are frequently Brown reported just after the inver- important aspects of the present society not consciously noticed. Paul Ehrlich of sion, "The death rate of tracheal bron- the general inability of man to sense Stanford University once remaJ;ked, "A chitis in children has been running that he had at his control the power to gradual forty-year transition has permit- about 50% higher than it was expect- permanently change his environment. ted southern Californians actually to ed." Recently, several types of cancer Only now is it becoming clear that convince themselves that the Los Ange- have been found to have significant (1) the earth.s vital systems can very les basin of 1967 is a suitable habitat for correlation of mortality with chronic quickly be adversely altered by the Homo sapiens." It took a tremendously exposures to sulfur dioxide and nitro- quantities of pollutants they are ex- noxious smog in November of 1969 to gen dioxide. posed to, (2) there is a limit to the extent awaken many Chicagoans to the pos- But in spite of growing evidence, to which we can exploit our natural re- sible link between air pollution and there are those who still refuse to admit sources and (3) there are continuing cy- mortality rates. A shake-up in the city's that air pollution is a health hazard. In cles and balances in nature that can be air pollution control department and the a recent article in U. S. News and World drastically changed. It is a startling reve- establishment of a city department of Report, the President's Science Adviser, lation to realize that the earth is finite. A environmental control to coordinate Dr. Lee DuBridge, was actually quoted picture of the earth as a "space ship of work on pollution problems were to fol- as saying in regard to air pollution, limited carrying capacity" has only low shortly thereafter. Some have set "Those with ailments such as asthma or come into focus after man has looked as high as 50 the number of people emphysema often suffer seriously - back at the earth from the lunar sur- who died as a result of the smog. City though normal people, in spite of their face. An Atmospheric Sewer The first of the three observations above is the most obvious to the gen- eral populace, because it involves a rela- tively quick physical change in the en- vironment. Hundreds of millions of years of evolution have programmed man to be most at home in a setting of clean, warm, humid air; green plants; and even animal companions. Man's continued interest in greenhouses and outdoor swimming pools, his fascina- tion with the antics of animals in zoos and his annual pilgrimages to seek out beauty in nature are obvious evidences of this evolutionary past. 8 Spartan Engineer land worn away by erosion, is now No Recycling of Resources blocked from sweeping down the valley. As much productive farm land Realizing that we are using up may be washed away by erosion as will many of our finite natural resources be created by the irrigation system much too quickly is a far more diffi- behind the dam. Furthermore, without -cult task than sensing pollution in the nutrient-rich silt, the sardine pop- the earth's vital systems of air and ulation has declined so that only 500 waterways. We cannot physically see tons were caught in 1968 as opposed the reserves we have to start with, to 18,000 tons in 1965. nor can we actually realize the tre- mendous amount of raw material -~ .~~': There is also a danger closer to home. The primary and secondary which we fail to utilize to its fullest sewage treatment plants that will be capacity. Very few people would re- Lake Erie is being used as an automobile financed by the ten-billion-dollar fed- dump. eral appropriation will not extermi- act unfavorably if this fictitious news item were flashed over the UPI wires: nate man-killing viruses, nor will they "Federal Can Company yesterday get rid of the nitrates and phosphates announced, just two hours before the ment and many industries seem to be that fertilize aquatic plants and kill close of the stock exchange, that it concerned in this area. They are con- lakes. has developed the can all America cerned about how we can more effec- Through heating, power generation has been waiting for-the no-deposit, tively dispose of all this garbage. and transportation, we are destroying no-return, reclosable, pop-top, self- Very little thought seems to have been fossil fuel at a greater rate than in heating, self-cooling, INDESTRUCTO- given to the process of recycling any each preceding year. And while this CAN. Considered a giant technolog- of these waste products, the great is going on, we are paving over one ical step forward in an industry usual- bulk of which is containers. Perhaps million acres of land annually which ly regarded as very staid and con- adding the cost of disposing of these will itself require more and more servative, this can (made of 40% containers (from beverage cans to auto- fuel consumption to be heated, to be aluminum, 40% steel, 10% plastic and mobile hulks) to the initial cost of the lighted and to get to. This land is 10% copper) was the cause of Fed- item could make more visual, and taken out of the cycle of photosyn- eral's stock's jumping from 43 to 49112. thereby more evident, the outrageous thetic productivity. Therefore, we are Federal thereby posted the largest gain price we pay for disposability. reducing the rate at which oxygen in on the American board yesterday." the atmosphere is regenerated and we It would not be at all surprising are, at the same time, using up large to hear such an item considering the Cycles of Life quantities of oxygen. There seems to trend toward almost total disposabil- be no immediate danger of running ity of packaging and containers. The The most obscure and perhaps the out of oxygen since 70% of this life- glass industry can only bemoan the most important of the three observa- sustaining element is produced in the fact that it was not able to produce a tions at the beginning of this article oceans largely by planktonic diatoms. no-deposit, no-return bottle earlier. is the realization as to what man is But what if some factor should inter- Few realize that even if one doing to upset some of the cyclic. fere with the oceans' systems? wanted to reclaim these cans for reuse processes in nature. Perhaps if modern society had held to a more Buddhliic of their materials, it would probably rather than Judaic philosophy of life, The Government Optimism be totally uneconomical to do so. The Reynolds Aluminum Company has we would realize that there are many cycles and balances in nature, and Again a quote from the President's realized that although "there is an that every action has an effect on Science Adviser, Dr. DuBridge: "The abundant supply of aluminum for the some other aspect of the environment. oceans of the world are so vast in foreseeable future, the fact remains Buddha once said to his followers, size and volume that it would take that the supply is not unlimited- "I will teach you the doctrine; when an inconceivable amount of waste and aluminum usage has been doubling this exists, that exists; with the arising products to make them into cesspools. roughly every ten years." As a result, of that, this arises; ... with the ces- Furthermore, natural processes go on this company has offered payment for sation of that, this ceases." in the ocean-processes of oxidation the return of all-aluminum cans. The Our superficial knowledge of na- and processes caused by the plant and phrase to note is "all-aluminum." tural cycles has resulted in some "tech- animal life in the ocean-which de- Even this huge industry obviously nological backfires." The Nile River grade most waste products, even in- finds it uneconomical to bother with has for centuries been the "life blood" cluding oil, into relatively harmless removing tbe aluminum "easy-open" of the habitable Egyptian river valley. forms ... Since we want to keep our ends from tbe steel bodies of very The gigantic Aswan High Dam air and our rivers and lakes pure, it prevalent beverage containers. project was a tremendous technological seems inevitable that we must dump The figures tbat deal with dispos- feat that was to provide cheap elec- large quantities of our wastes into the ability are incredible. Each year, tricity to the nation of Egypt. But ocean. But we should be careful to "Americans junk 7 million cars, 100 dump them far from shore .... " ecologists have recently come up with million tires, 20 million tons of paper, some interesting facts about the dam's It seems almost unbelievable that 28 billion bottles, and 48 billion can~." effects on the Nile. Waterweeds are a science adviser to a grade school Not only are these resources bemg literally thrown away, but the cost of clogging the shorelines of Lake Nas- biology course, let alone the Presi- disposing of the garbage costs Ameri- ser behind the dam. These may speed dent's Science Adviser, would claim cans $2.8 billion per year. It is esti- evaporation of the lake water to such such statements to be his own. mated that eacb Californian disposes an extent that there may not be an amount equal to his weight in solid enough water to drive the huge gen- wastes each week. The federal govern- erators. Silt, which used to replace the 9 May. 1970 anger and discomfort, do not suffer se- is interesting to note here Detroit's weJl- rious impairment to their health." Sul- advertised plan to cut pollution resulting fur dioxide, the most detrimental pollut- from the internal combustion engine. ant in Chicago's air, refracts light in the Manufacturers will cut by two-thirds the blue range and thus is not nearly so vis- emission of CO by raising the working ible as Los Angeles' infamous amber- temperature of the engine. However, colored smog which is composed of they fail to mention that the nitrogen great quantities of nitrogen dioxide. The oxide emission will greatly increase, per- cheaper "soft" coal that the utilities burn haps causing serious levels of ozone (Commonwealth Edison's plants are the concentration. major ones) is the source of nearly 70% of the S02 in the Chicago at- mosphere. Therefore, there is currently Water Pollutants a great deal of pressure on Com Ed, by the state as well as by students, to help clean up the city's "atmospheric Earth's other vital system, its network sewer." of waterways, is also the subject of im- In 1965, an analysis of Chicago's air mediate concern because of the severe revealed an average concentration of physical degradation that one can detect carbon monoxide of 17.1 parts per mil- almost daily. This degradation is, in lion and a maximum concentration of fact, so apparent that it is in this area 78 ppm. A CO concentration of 50 ppm that President Nixon has planned to is considered dangerous by air pollution spend $10 billion (which is really only experts. This data was available five $4 billion) over the next five years to years ago, yet automobiles continue to create "adequate" sewage treatment create nearly 3,000 tons of carbon mo- plants across the nation. Dr. Lamont noxide per day inside the Chicago area! Cole, vice president of the American Allhough 90% effective, Chicago sewage Ireal- Is it merely a coincidence that carbon Institute of Biological Sciences, pro- menl plants pass the raw sewage from Ihe monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, odor- claimed, along with other ecologists equivalent of one million people Inlo the less gas and that not nearly so great an recently at Northwestern's "Teach- sewage canal. issue is raised about CO as is raised out," that the U.S. has to spend some- One of the first signs that our about the noxious-smelling S02? where near $30 billion annually, not waterways were in danger was the As more research is done in the area $2 billion, "just to stay even with pol- suds that used to make the down- of air pollution, a more pessimistic pic- lution." These speakers seem to have stream side of every spillway look ture is formed. Over 20 tons of particu- overlooked the fact that Nixon did like a washing machine. The ingre- lates are created each day, again by not claim he would clear up all pol- automobiles, in the Chicago area, and dient was removed by detergent man- lutants with the $10 billion in grants these particulates can react with SO. in ufacturers, but now it is realized that and financing, just water pollution from the air and carry more of this toxic ;ub- the phosphates which make up about out-dated sewage treatment plants. stance into the lungs than normal. Upon 40% of a detergent are a major Chicago's sewage treatment plants New York City falls the honor of claim- nutrient source for prodigious growths are not at all among the worst in the ing this type of pollution as its most of algae. Oxygen is removed from the country. They, in fact, operate at a prevalent. water and many animal forms die. 90% efficiency level. But because of Another substance in the city's atmos- Lake Erie, America's equivalent of the huge amount of waste they must phere, ozone, is usually considered to cope with, the raw sewage equivalent the Dead Sea, is the classic case of be of such small concentration that there what can result from over-fertilization of one million people is one of the is no immediate danger resulting from main constituents in a stream that of algae. Presently, only the vastly its presence, although potentially it is expensive tertiary treatment sewage quickly becomes the Illinois River. the most dangerous element in smog. This main artery of Illinois flows plants can reduce the phosphates from Much ozone is created in the atmos- into the Mississippi River at St. detergents and fertilizers alike to harm- phere by the interaction of nitrogen less ash. Louis where, for example, an addition- oxide and hydrocarbons, both of which al 300,000 gallons of urine are Nevertheless, as a result of the are present in automobile emissions. It dumped every day. federal government's assistance and men like Illinois Attorney General Scott, it seems clear that waterways pollution may be the first of the "ob- vious pollutions" to be lowered to an acceptable level. One of Scott's first Out of Jim's main contention about engineers targets in his "get tough" policy with arose the idea for this article. This contention polluters was a sanitary district. As is that for too long engineers have actually he told Time magazine, "I sent a been "slaves" to industry and government. They team of our guys up to Lake County h~~e. been leaving to others the total respon- to find out why the Lake Michigan SIbIlity for the results of their developments, beaches were being closed. The first whether it be a pesticide not fully tested or a man to check the water supply passed dam that may drastically change a river val- out. The second man threw up. The ley's ecological balance. North Shore Sanitary District was pouring raw sewage into the lake. This was what our kids were swim- ming in!" 10 Spartan Engineer EVERYBODY TALKS revealed up to 32 pounds per acre of - --."~:...'~'~.;",.~ DDT. It has been found that among (~ (Continued from page 16) the huge populations of pests there is There is factual evidence that a likely to be the kind of reserve genetic more realistic picture of the oceans variability which leads easily to the can be gained by what Dr. Paul Ehr- development of resistant strains. Ex- lich has written in a scenario entitled termination of a pest by use of a syn- Eco-catastrophe!: "The end of the thetic pesticide like DDT is almost • ocean came late in the summer of unknown. 1979, and it came even more rapidly "The usual pattern is one in which than the biologists had expected. the pesticide decimates the natural , .. ..... There had been signs for more than enemies of the pest, while the pest H: _ a decade, commencing with the dis- develops resistant strains." Farmers "-_',<1 covery in 1968 that DDT slows down not knowledgeable in the pesticide photosynthesis in marine plant life. field are tempted to pour on more and ... Ii was clear by 1975 that the more pesticide as the pest returns, entire ecology of the oceans was but to no avail. The pesticide can changing. A few types of phytoplank- easily find its way to man. At Clear ton were becoming resistant to chlor- Lake, California, DDT was used at inated hydrocarbons and were gaining the miniscule concentration of two one- the upper hand. Changes in the phyto- hundredths of a part per million to plankton community led inevitably to kill off a troublesome insect. The changes in the community of zooplank- plankton, as a result, accumulated ton, the tiny animals which eat the DDT residues at the rate of 5 ppm. phytoplankton. These changes were Fatty tissue of fish feeding on the passed on up the chains of life in lake bottom life was found to con- the ocean to the herring, plaice, cod tain up to 2,000 ppm of DDT. Grebes Electric utility plants such as this one are and tuna. As the diversity of life in and other diving birds died from eat- responsible for 70% of the S02 in Chicago's the ocean diminished, its stability also ing these fish. atmosphere. decreased." In this article, Ehrlich en- visions huge blooms of diatoms by 1979 that break down the chlorinated ogist, Barry Commoner, there may be hydrocarbons into a substance lethal Population Increase enough food then to feed all ade- to all marine life. quately, if it can be dispensed equally. There is one factor which is always Time magazine-type charts show the The article is perhaps a bit too earth's population doubling between pessimistic, yet its predictions have mentioned in regard to pollution: the their estimate for the year 2007 and hecome a reality on a smaller scale world's population and its unimagin- that for the year 2044. Obviously, in many areas of the world. DDT able growth. Even without pollution the hyberboJically-shaped graph will breaks down only very slowly and factors compounding the situation, the be quite drastically altered long be- will last for years in soil. A Long problems associated with the earth's fore that year is ever reached. ~an Island marsh has been sprayed for the population doubling by the year 2007 may voluntarily and rationally c?n- last 20 years to control mosquitoes. An are totally staggering. According to trol this alteration of the population analysis of the upper layer of the mud Washington University's expert ecol- growth. It does not take too imagin- As this aerial photograph shows, t h e v,'ew from obove Earth is even more astounding than ative a mind to envision other factors the average citizen probably realizes. which will lead to the inevitable alteration. Instant Replay of the End Centuries ago, Jeremiah conveyed these words of Jehovah to the chosen people of Israel: "And I brought you into a plentiful country, to eat the fruit thereof and the goodness thereof: but when ye entered ye defiled my land, and made mine heritage an abomination." There is no question as to whether or not we should listen to the words of our modern-day Jeremiahs. Our next steps of proving th~ true wo~th of this prophecy and actIng accordmg to our documented findings are. ones that will be decisive in Man's history. Perhaps there are actions we can take before ABC's live and in-color documentaries on the death of the oceans. 0 11 May, 1970 II l I j fI I You're living dangerously, and you Yourmoney love it. You fought the professor all semes- ter, and got an A in spite of it. The girl you've been eyeing likes and I '< " l ." ~; , '~. your style. It's spring. That's dangerous. But the one place where you shouldn't have to live quite on the edge your life. is on the road. Now you don't, thanks to new safety features in cars ... and the remarkable radial tire. Radials are a marvelous invention in rubber and rayon cord. They last twice as long as regular tires, and even give you better gas mileage. On wet, slip- pery pavements, they grip like fly paper. A point of interest-The Dynacor~ rayon cord in radial tires is made by FMC Corporation, the same company that makes rayon for the "throwaway bikini" your date is working up courage to wear. This same company that builds egg handling systems also builds fire engines. Each day you see FMC products around and you've never known it. FMC also makes petrochemicals, pumps, freeze dry equipment, practically anything dealing with food growing machinery and industrial chemicals, and [.I more. We are one of the country's top 60 corporatlons. FMC is a creative company that's making an impact on the American way of life. Perhaps you'd like to help. For more information, write for our descrip- tive brochure, "Careers with FMC." FMC Corporation, Box 760, San Jose, Califor- nia 95106. We are an equal opportunity employer. FMC CORPORATION Putting ideas to work in Machinery, Chemicals, Defense, Fibers & Films AND ~@ BEGINS THE CAREER @[f .s~=~~ Z A&RU!! SOMETII/N6 "'~~~ ,;. ~6} re~QO~ IJ> C=-fi~ /.AS Editor's Note: I n view of recent executive decisions on the draft, the staff wants to reprint the first Super Engineer cartoon ever printed from the March, 1968, issue. Super Engineer was a creation of Davis Chase, an ME graduate in 1969, who since has fallen prey to the U. S. Navy. x @@ lr@ ffi)&"rfl1 D ""11 lii\tg'M~\llS ~IAIt? 1'@»> " ~ .It. B~~If~~lnI? nil.•". 8IF/t!T ~ -:::- I OOIr~$~~~ ? XN Tilt SOhlll: erA"'. T." "',f' 'AIG "e~UC.5G8 £MG'Mt:[~5'. .,e&l'1I ,••mi ~r ""'\.(' IDE.S ,'"~ ., 3eJlA1: 1f6)~~ @~611 141 !i)J«1MI ~ V Q " .V " 14 Spartan Engineer NEW MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM student is then encouraged to choose a program of courses which will best enable him to pursue his professional goals. The new curriculum appears in detail in the following description: by Professor Potter MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM After two years of many meetings, innumerable I. General Education 33 private discussions, and even some heated ATL 111, 112, 113 arguments, the Faculty of the Mechanical SS 231, 232, 233 Engineering Department has introduced a new HUM 241, 242, 243 curriculum that brings unprecedented flexibility to II. Basic Sciences 42 the undergraduate engineering student. The MTH 111, 112, 113,214,215 curriculum is designed so that the student can PHY 287, 288, 289 tailor a program to best fit his professional CH 141, 161 objectives. There are 40 hours of course work over III. Mechanical Engineering Core 65 which the student has control and from which the CPS 120 - Elems. of Comp. Prog. student can form a program of his choice. His EGR 260 - Machine Design program can include study in several areas of MMM205, 206 - Mechanical I and II MMM211,215 - Mech. Def. Solids, Testing Lab mechanical engineering or in a number of other MMM370 - Metals and Alloys I areas in the college. These areas include Aerospace, EE 345 - Instr. and CompoLab Design, Systems, Thermosciences, Metallurgy, ME 311 , 312 - Thermodynamics I and II Bioengineering, Computer Science, etc. Often, ME 332, 333 - Fluid Mechanics I and II however, a student's interest may be confered in an ME 351 - Mechanical Engineering Analysis engineering related area outside the college such as ME 352 - Intro. to Systems and Control applied math, physics, or astronomy. He may even ME 411,412 - Heat Transfer I and II wish to prepare for a management or sales type ME 320,421 - Kin. of Mach. I, Mach. Des. 1 profession for his projected engineering career and IV. Guided Electives 21 hence be interested in business and management Additional courses subject to the approval of the courses. Without a definite idea of what he will do department shall be taken to build upon the core upon graduation a student may select a program of content by allowing the student to gain either greater depth in certain subjects or greater course-work which will give him a broader breadth in areas related to mechanical engineering base by choosing courses from various engineering. Major fields in mechanical areas of study. All this flexibility is now available engineering are Thermo-mechanical Sciences, to the mechanical engineering student. Systems, Design, and Aerospace. Supplementary The curriculum contains 65 hours of an fields include computer science, metallurgy, engineering core area which includes courses in electromechanics, applied mathematics, physics, computer science, graphics, mechanics, metallurgy, bioengineering, environmental engineering, life electrical engineering and basic courses in sciences, business and economics, and certain mechanical engineering. There are also 42 hours of social-humanistic areas. math, physics, and chemistry. The 33 hours of V. Electives 19 general education courses round out the VI. Miscellaneous 3 curriculum of 180 hours. The 3 HPR hours are in HPR Physical Education addition to this. With this required core in 183 engineering, math, physics and chemistry, the o 15 May, 1970 Your Instamatic a scientific instrument? PHOTOGRAPHY AND SCIENCE Reprinted from Pennsylvania Triangle, October, 1969. Jeffrey Sterling PHOTOGRAPHY is an outstanding example of the of the minute silver bromide crystals to light produces symbiotic relationship between art and science. In an activated form of silver bromide in a process which return for the vast body of technical expertise which probably involves some sort of crystal defect. Hence, a is the heart of modem photography, science receives an pattern of light and dark areas projected onto the emul- invaluable tool. Such techniques as X-ray photography, sion through a suitable optical system will result in an infrared photography, and schlieren photography pro- identical pattern of activated and non-activated silver vide scientists in various fields with quantitative data of grains. Such a pattern is frequently referred to as a immeasurable importance. latent image. CHEMICAL ROOTS To convert such a latent image to a usable form, the emulsion is immersed in a developer .. A suitable devel- As all people must surely know, photography is the art oper might typically be an alkaline aqueous solution of of producing images on chemically sensitized material hydroquinone and sodium sulfite. In the reaction by the action of light. Within this broad definition fall a OR 0 0+ large number of processes serving various useful pur- I II poses. One of the most illustrative of these is the process of black-and-white photography. 0+ 2 AgBr* + 2 OR- ~ + + 2 AgO 2 Br- 2H20 I II The heart of the simplest form of black-and-white pho- OR 0 tography is a celluloid backing coated with a thin gela- the activated silver bromide particles are reduced to me- tin emulsion of finely divided silver bromide. Exposure tallic silver much more rapidly than the nonactivated grains. The sodium sulfite in the developer has a preserv- ative action on developer solutions and also converts the JEFFREY STERLING is a senior at the University quinone produced in the above step to hydroquinone- of Pennsylvania, majoring in Chemistry. sulfonic acid, which also acts as a developer. Mr. Sterling is a member of Alpha Chi Sigma and Immersing the developer in a fixer such as sodium thio- Photography Editor of the Daily Pennsylvanian. sulfate removes the unreduced silver bromide to leave a suspension of finely divided metallic silver in the areas formerly occupied by activated silver bromide. Such pat- terns of silver suspended in a transparent emulsion con- stitute the familiar photographic negative. 16 Spartan Engineer As most people know, a photographic negative reverses dex, or E.!. (formerly A.S.A.) Thus, an emulsion of E.I. the values of the original scene. The areas of the emulsion SO requires twice as much light to produce a negative as that were exposed to light are opaque on the negative; dark as one produced by an emulsion of E.!. 100. the areas that were not exposed remain transparent. Al- though it is possible to see a scene as it originally ap- The speed of an emulsion is largely governed by the size peared by viewing the emulsion side of the negative from of the silver bromide grains: larger silver bromide grains an oblique angle, it is more common and more practical yield faster films. Upon development, these silver bro- to make a positive print. In a darkroom a strong light is mide grains are transformed into larger silver grains, and used to project an image of the negative onto a sheet of the silver grains tend to clump together. Unfortunately, white paper coated with an emulsion material similar to large grains become quite visiqle in the gray areas of a that which coated the celluloid. Developing the latest photographic print, and tend to obscure fine details. image on the paper effects a second reversal of light and Thus, there arises a stand-off between fine grain size dark areas, thus recovering the original scene. and increased speed, which permits pictures to be taken at faster shutter speeds and in less intense light. Since the The process outlined above is, of course, a gross over- dark ages of photography (sometime back in the 1950's), simplification of the chemistry involved in the photo- emulsion chemists have succeeded in increasing the fast- graphic process. It might, for instance, be pointed out est available emulsions from E.!. 40 to well over E.!. that the simple silver bromide emulsion used as an exam- 500; and the grain of today's fastest films is nearly as fine ple is predominantly sensitive to blue, violet, and ultra- as that of the slower films of yesterday. Improvements, violet light. Hence, a photograph made with such a however, continue to come at a rapid rate. material would render blue and violet subjects as white, while rendering subjects of other colors as varying shades CAMERAS of gray and black. It has been discovered, however, that certain organic dyes, most often of the cyanine family, A camera is basically composed of 'four elements: a are capable of sensitizing silver bromide to other wave- light-tight box to contain the unexposed film, a lens to lengths. It has thus been possible to produce emulsions focus an image onto the film, a variable aperture to that are sensitive over the whole visible spectrum, as well control the amount of light admitted to the camera, and as the infrared. a shutter to control the duration of the exposure (See Figure 1). The embodiment of these features in the SPEED typical sophisticated, modern camera strains the limits of modern technology. If two different emulsions are exposed to light of identi- cal intensity and duration and are developed under an As an example, consider the shutter. Until recently, the identical set of standard conditions, the emulsion that best shutters available consisted of complicated, rela- produces ihe dark~r negative is said to be the faster of tively inaccurate trains of gears and mechanical linkages the two. The relative speed of an emulsion is expressed designed to open the shutter for a fixed reproducible quantitatively by. a number known as the Exposure In- length of time. Some of the more modern cameras, how- ever, rely on an electronic timing circuit to regulate pre- cisely the length of time the shutter is allowed to remain open. And this timing circuit may itself be connected to another circuit which meters with a cadmium sulfide cell the amount of light falling on the camera's lens, moni- tors the manually set shutter speed and E.I. values, and automatically adjusts the aperture so as to produce a properly exposed negative. In essence, such a system is a tiny computer programmed to solve the equation SHUTTE.R NIT = BSx/K where A is the f-number of the lens, T is the effective exposure time in seconds, B is the .average field lumi- nance in nits, Sx is the arithmetic E.!., and K is a con- stant with a numerical value of 11.4. W.T.P. LENSES The sophistication of modern lenses also deserves men- tion. As Figure 1 illustrates, the function of the lens is to focus an image qt the scene to be photographed Figure 1. A simplified camera. 17 May, 1970 Figure 2. On the left, an X-ray photograph. On the right, a neutron beam photograph. Note the visibility of individual tobacco grains in the latter. onto a film plane. Since any given glass refracts light of with a particularly distortion-free lens is used to take different wavelengths different amounts, a camera lens aerial photographs of an area to be mapped. The re- composed of a single element which would bring red sultant set of photos is correlated and assembled to light into focus exactly on the film plane might bring produce a map of the specified area. blue light into focus somewhere behind that plane. The A photographic technique similar in many ways to X-ray result would be a picture which was unsharp except for photography is that of neutron beam photography. Their the details which happened to be red. To avoid such major difference stems from the fact that X-rays pass difficulties, high quality lenses are composed of a num- through organic material rather readily but are quickly ber of complex-shaped elements (as many as a dozen) stopped by metals. Just the opposite is true for a neutron composed of glasses with varying refractive indices. beam. Thus, in Figtlre 2 the cigarettes within the When properly constructed, such lenses are capable of metal cigarette-case are not discernible in the X-ray accurately focusing polychromatic subjects. photograph but are clearly visible in the neutron-beam It is not hard to imagine the mathematical complexities photograph. Financially remunerative uses of this rela- involved in the design of such multi-element lenses. tively new technique include the determination of fluid Hence, it is only natural that some optical firms rely on levels within sealed containers and the inspection of the computer technology to help them design the vast array distribution of pyrotechnic materials within vital rocketry of telephoto, wide angle, and special purpose lenses that components. they market today. THE BENEFACTOR REPAID SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY Yet, even in light of all these bounties that it receives, it would be grossly incorrect to consider photography a Schlieren photography, a technique used for graphing ne'er-do-well step-child of the sciences. Some of the sci- the gradient in the refractive index of a system of flow- entific applications of photography are obvious and well ing gases, is an excellent example of photography being known: X-ray photography, astronomical photography, used as an instrument to provide quantitative data. and photography of the lunar surface are a few. In the schlieren method (schlieren is a German word Less well known is the science of photogrammetry. In which may be translated as "optical inhomogeneity") this discipline a specially calibrated camera equipped the narrowly defined edge of a beam of light is projected 18 Spartan Engineer SCHLIEREN HEAD IMAGE PLANE I Figure 3. Basic Schlieren system. through the system to be studied (Figure 3). If there Or subtracts from the light which. would normally strike is no gradient in refractive index within the schlieren the film. Thus, a pattern of density gradients within the field, the amount of light reaching the film is determined field is rendered by a pattern of light or dark tones on by the relative positions of the two knife edges. A gradi- the film. ent normal to the plane of the knife edges, however, As an indication of the sensitivity of this technique, it causes the beam to be refracted so that it either adds to has been pointed out that this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect temperature differences as small as 5 degrees Celsius in a stream of moving air. This is sensi- tive enough to measure the convection currents rising from a man's hand (Figure 4)! THE SYMalONTS MERGE Consideration of a few of the aforementioned subjects might lead the thoughtful reader to quickly defend the affirmative reply when considering the question "Is the art of photography also a science?" But another ques- tion may also be relevant: in light of the current popu- larity of such items as calendars bearing large, colorful, almost psychedelic reproductions of photomicrographs of crystallizing triphenylmethane, it might just be re- motely possible that scientific photography is artistic ... BIBLIOGRAPHY Schlieren Photograph. Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, 1960. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry. Roberts, J. D. and Caserio, M. C. W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1965. Photographic Exposure Guide. Photographic Standards Figure 4. Convection current rising from a human Board. American Standards Association Inc., hand. New York, 1966. 0 19 May. 1970 Reprinted from Denver Engineer. March, 1970. by Jam •• M. FIorillo Indeed, almost every family man relentless faIlout of bangs, clatters, knows the enjoyment of relaxing in roars, screams and whines. his favorite chair after a big dinner. By the year 2000, our population In his lap is the evening paper and will exceed three hundred million, he scans the headlines as he unwraps and over eighty per cent will reside a choice cigar. In the background, in major metropolitan areas. The he is faintly aware of the gentle noises overall "loudness" of environmental which have become so much a part noise is doubling every ten years, pre- of his leisure environment - Johnny dominantly in metropolitan areas. munching on potato chips as he lies From these two simply stated facts, it in a stupor in front of a blasting tele- can easily be seen that unless there is vision, SaIly using the mix-master as drastic curtailment of our society's she tries her hand at a chocolate pea- auditory infringements, few people nut butter-marshmallow cake, Dave wilI escape the impending noise ex- talking on the hall phone as he listens plosion. to "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" at full blast, and finally the harmonious T echnicaJly speaking, "noise" re- background of Mom's sewing ma- fers to any disagreeable or unwanted chine, the dishwasher, washing ma- sound. Although there is insufficient chine, hot water heater, furnace, pass- space in this article for technical dis- ing traffic, a backyard football game cussion of noise, a brief description next door, Freddie tuning up his might be worthwhile. motorcycle across the street, an air. When airborne, "sound is. the re- plane passing overhead, a lawn- sult of pressure variation superim- mower ... posed on the ambient atmospheric Absurdly superfluous! you say. but pressure."l It is composed of longi- tudina1 waves with vibrational parti- the fact is, there is no escape. From cle movement in the direction of the the clatter of garbage cans fiftetn wave movement. Energy is required minutes before the alarm is set to to create these waves and, with noise, ring until the ambulance siren screams this represents wasted energy. Fre- just as he drops off into slumber, quency (expressed in cycles per sec- man's ears are bombarded with the ond) refers to the rate of vibrational 20 pressure variation, and amplitude is sleep, hearing ... , suffered perma- yond the pain threshold for most a measure of the degree of variation. nent hearing damage and emotional people) With amplification systems The human ear functions as a trans- disturbance from jets!"3 With super- operating at fifty per cent of maxi- ducer; response is dependent on a sonic transportation becoming a real- mum output due to "fear of burning very complex combination of both ity in the near future, the "sonic out expensive electronic equipment.'" frequency and amplitude. Attempted boom" looms as an even more serious measurement (via some kind of noise disturbance. Not only does it "Noise-Sound Without Value" meter) along these lines is usually exceed human tolerance levels at based on a decibel scale. The human close range, but it is also destructive The following excerpt is taken from tolerance level is about 140 dB with to buildings, causing plaster cracks, a Government Release entitled "Noise normal conversation being in the broken windows and tiles, and vari- -Sound Without Value" and is il- neighborhood of 50 dB. As a quick ous other excessive pressure disturb- lustrative of some of the harmful ef- reference scale: whisper (20 dB), ances. fects of noise pollution: electric blender (93 dB), discotheque Noise-induced hearing loss looms as (125 dB), jet take-off at close range A second source of increasing noise a major health ha2llrd in American (150 dB).2 Representing, as can be pollution is surface transportation. industry. The number of United seen from this list, such potential Generally speaking, traffic noise dis- States workers experiencing noise threats, it is worth while to more turbs more people than any other conditions unsafe to hearing is esti- closely examine some of the higher source of outdoor noise. Although less mated to be in excess of six million decibel range "noise-makers." intense than aircraft noise, exposure and may be as high as sixteen mil- time to highway noise is substantially lion ... Aside from hearing loss, greatet'-aIrnost to a round-the-clock noise may cause cardiovascular, Causes of. Noise Pollution level. A single trailer truck at high- glandular, respiratory, and neuro- One major contributor to noise way speeds generates a sound level of logic changes, all of which are sug- pollution in the United States is our about 90 dB, with a line of truck gestive of general stress reaction. modern transportation system. Both traffic in excess of 100 dB. Following These physiologic changes are pro- aircraft and surface transports are re- truck annoyance in a descending order duced typically by intense sounds of ceiving increased attention in the of annoyances are buses, motorcycles, sudden onset, but also can occur strife toward effective noise suppres- and passenger automobiles. under sustained high level, or even sion. Indoor and outdoor noise present moderately strong, noise conditions. In many urban locations, jet planes a third category of consideration. Whether such reactions have patho- are the worst single noise source. The Some examples: (1) Automated cler- logical consequences is not really following complaints represent a cross- ical and computing equipment in the known and may be unlikely in view section of the content of a 1967 Los check tabulating room of one New of the body's capacity to adapt to Angeles Times article entitled "36 York Bank is SO noisy that the Bank prolonged or recumng forms of Million Claims Filed Against City is now hiring the deaf to reduce em- sound stimulation, including those Over Airport Noise:" "Children have ployee turnover .• (2) A study con- of fairly high level. However, there been deprived of the ~ of ~~r ducted by a team of McGill Univers- are growing indications, mainly in schools for proper education actIVI- ity epidemiologists revealed that the the foreign scientific literature, that ties ... , subjected to loud noise average rock music in Montreal pro- routine exposures to intense indus- ... , complained of anxiety, loss of duced a noise level of 120 dB (be- trial noise may lead to chronic 21 physiologic disturbances. A Ger- codes. There are two types of com- ing such minimization. First, concern- man study, for example, has shown munity laws that are designed for ing transportation noise, from the in- a high incidence of abnormal heart such regulation: (1) nuisance laws troduction of commercial, jet-powered rhythms in steel workers exposed to are developed primarily to restrict aircraft until 1965, an estimated high noise level in their work-places. annoying sounds which are not read- $150,000,000 was spent solely on in- Neurological examinations of Ital- ily measurable by physical methods. stallation of in-flight noise suppres- Examples include animal noises, loud sors. Since then, suppressor-equipped ian weavers, also exposed daily to jet engines have been replaced by parties, and power lawnmowers. (2) intense noise, have shown their re- performance standards usually appear newly developed turbofan engines . flexes to be hyperactive, and, in a in zoning codes specifying the maxi- (much quieter) at a cost of about few cases, electroencephalography mum permissable noise at a fixed $1,000,000 per aircraft.Io Technical has revealed a pattern of desyn- point. These serve to preserve charac- muffling is insufficient, however, in cronization as seen in personality ter in the community, promote gen- achieving maximum reduction con- disorders. A study reported in the eral welfare, and provide guidance ditions unless it is accompanied by de- Russian literature shows that work- for design of facilities. Vagueness is velopments in other areas. In aircraft ers in noisy ball-bearing and steel inherent in both of these legal cate- noise reduction alone, for example, a plants have a high incidence .of gories, for criterion reliability, how- quadrafold approach must be as- cardiovascular irregularities such as ever accurate it may be using physi- sumed: (1) the establishment of gov- bradycardia. Subjective complaints cal instrumentation methods, becomes ernmental noise criteria and standards of extreme fatigue, irratability, in- extremely complex when a person be- for aircraft, (2) the full utilization of somnia, impaired tactile function comes the measuring device. This operational techniques for aircraft and sexual impotence also have necessitates the creation of the "aver- noise diminishment, (3) effective zon- been made by workers repeatedly age person", implying that a fixed ing ordinances and development of exposed to high level industrial percentage of people an any given moderate cost soundproofing systems noise.6 community will be particularly sensi- for communities surrounding air ter- tive to noise and should be obliged minals. With regard to highway traf- Clearly, the effects of noise pollution fic, stricter enforcement of muffling to seek solace in quieter surroundings. go beyond the 300,000 complaints re- requirements appears to be the major This theory too, however, is compli- ceived in New York City last year. step in noise reduction. Truckers often cated by the extreme variety of hu- "One of the most fascinating as- man reactions; "ringing church bells, remove the mufflers to gain horse- pects of human behavior is the wil- which appeal to some people are power, motorcycles often come stock lingness, perhaps enthusiasm, of man noise to others."8 without mufflers, and numerous means to suggest that 'there ought to be a are provided to increase the sound law' against nearly anything that dis- emittance - from passenger automo- turbs him."7 From the time the early biles. Romans passed a law \>rohibiting Community Codes chariot races at night, nOIse control Noise codes should be formulated has been the subject of many legisla- to provide sufficient standards and Industrial Noise tive efforts. However, when it comes regulations for legal analysis of any to noise control, law and enforcement noise situation within a community. Industrial noise pollution is quite become rather distinct entities. For Due to the ambiguous nature of com- a different story, being both more instance, in New York State, a law munity sounds, a working definition complex in nature and more immedi- was passed in 1965 restricting truck for community noise must be devel- ate in demand than the other forms noise to 88 dB at a distance of 50 oped to serve as a basis for evaluation of pollution. As an illustration of this feet. State police then proceeded to of complaints through these codes. demand, referral is once again made enforce a level of 92-94 dB (consider- Ron Donley of Hearing Conservation to the report published by the F('d- ing the measurements relatively im- Inc. offers such a definition by say- eral Council for Science and Tech- precise) which is twice the sound ing: "Community noise is a statistical nology: pressure and .one-ancl-one-half times compendium of the all pervasive the loudness of 88 dB. Further, this noises in a community upon which is The potential cost of compensation law was designed for single trucks on superimposed transportation noise, in- for industrial hearing loss is alarm- open highways, and when a line of dustrial noise, and the noise of man.''9 ingly large. One estimate is $450,- trucks forms on a narrow city street, Minimization of these three specific 000,000 which assumes that only the sound level soars to over 100 dB. noises should result in effective con- ten per cent of those eligible for trol of noise pollution within the hearing loss compensation will file Standards and R8CJulations community. a claim and that the average award Presently, noise ~lation is preva- There are, at present, numerous per claim is $1000. In actuality, lent in the commumty governmental technical means available for achiev- hearing loss awards average $2000. 22 The Veteran's Administration power. For instance, there is a strong it can bring even more discomfort spends $65,000,000 annually in re- belief among appliance manufactur- - and worse - to the lives of habilitation programs for 90,000 ers that consumers consider machines people.13 lIE war veterans with service-connec- such as mix-masters and vacuum ted hearing disorders.ll Bibliography cIe:'lners underpowered if they are 1 Bredin, Harold W., "City Noise: De- qUiet. When consulted, marketing signers can restore quiet at a price" Pro- Technical facilities are available for experts expressed that only consumer duct Engineering, McGraw-Hili 39: 24, quieter industrial work (for instance education can make quietness a'sal- Nov. 18, 1968, page 31. "quiet" compressors and jackham- able commodity.12 2 Ibid, page 29. mers are presently on the open mar- 3 Noise-Sound Without Value, Committee Ultimate Goal on Environmental Quality of the Federal ket) but require additional invest- Council for Science and Technology U.S. ment on the part of contractors who The ultimate goal of this analysis Govt Printing Office, Sept. 1968, p~ge 8. are not being forced to consider noise. is to achieve a desirable environment 4 Baron, Rovert Alex, "The Noise Receiv- The critical question at this stage is: in which noise pollution makes rela- er: The Citizen", Sound and Vibration, How soon will legislation be passed J. K. Mowry 2:5, May 1968, page 8. tively no adverse contribution to the , Hersey, Irwin, "Our Hearing", Engineer- requiring industries and contractors to health and well-being of man. In ing Opportunities, Press Tech Inc., 7: 9-c, control industrial noise pollution? reaching this goal, it has been shown Sept. 1969, page 36. that specific changes must be initi- 6 Loc. cit., Noise-Sound Without Value, Finally, in respect to the "noise of ated, propogated, and coordinated as pages 32-33. man", the term was interpreted as re- 7 Donley, Ray, "Community Noise Regu- to their technical, legal, soci~l, eco- lation", Sound and Vibration, J. K. Mow- ferring to man's careless use of the nomic, and prerogatory implications. ry 3:2, Feb. 1969, page 12. facilities which are accessible to him. The alternative to transacting such 8 Op. cit., Noise-Sound Without Value, Almost everyone has heard the screech changes is a state of chaotic noise pol- page 19. of tires around a sharp comer, a stereo 9 Op. tit., Donley, page 16. lution and acceptance of a rapidly lOOp. cit., Noise-Sound Without Value, being played at peak capacity, Or a deteriorating situation. In the words pages 10-11. child banging on a toy drum. Certain of former President Lyndon B. John- 110p. Cit., Noise-Sound Without Value, sounds are, by nature, enjoyable to son: pages 34-35. man and, in this report, it must be 120p. Cit., Bredin, page 30. resolved to assume a certain percent- The crescendo of noise - whether BOp. Cit., Noise-Sound Without Value, it comes from truck or jackhammer, page 1. age of the community population will take pleasure, at one time or another, siren or airplane - is more than an "'--------It o in the careless creation of noticeable irritating nuisance. It intrudes on ..-_ .. III ..... privacy, shatters serenity, and can ]ames Fiorillo is trom Albuquerque, New sounds. It should be mentioned at this Mexico, and is a junior in chemical point that certain technically unneces- inflict pain. We dare not be com- engineering. He is enrolled in the scholars sary sounds have been made socially placent about this ever mounting program at D.U .. necessary by their association with volume of noise. In the years ahead, +-------- .. _-----+ Research 2. Materials speciftcations and construction quality. control. Needed are more scientific methods of writing specifications, particularly acceptance and rejection opportunities in criteria. Additionally, f~ter methods for quality-con- trol tests at construction sites are needed. higl1way engineering 3. Drainage of pavement structures. More should be known about the need for sub-surface drainage of Asphalt pavement structures. Limited information indicates that untreated granular bases often accumu- late moisture rather than facilitate drainage. Also, in- The Asphalt Institute dications are that Full-Depth Asphalt bases resting suggests projects in five vital areas directly on impermeable subgrades may not require sub-surface drainage. 4. Compaction and thickness measurements of pave. Phenomenal advances in road building techniques dur~ ments. The recent use of much thicker lifts in Asphalt ing the past decade have made it clear that continued pavement construction suggests the need for new highway research is essential. studies to develop and refine rapid techniques for Here are five important areas of hi~hway design measuring compaction and layer thickness. and construction that America's roadbudders need to 5. Conservation and beneficiation of aggregates. More study is needed on beneficiation of lower-quality base- know more about: 1. Rational pavement thickness design and materials course aggregates by mixing them with Asphalt. evaluation. Research is needed in areas of Asphalt For background information on Asphalt construc- rheology, behavior mechanisms of individual and com- tion and technology, send in the coupon. bined layers of pavement structure, stage construc- tion and pavement strengthening by Asphalt overlays. r -------------------------, OFFER OPEN TO CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND PROFESSORS Traffic evaluation, essential for thIckness design, requires improved procedures for predicting future THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE College Park, Maryland 20740 amounts and loads. Evaluation of climatic effects on the performance Gentlemen: Please send me your free library on of the pavement structure also is an important area Asphalt Construction and Technology. Name: Class or rank _ for research. SChool. _ u..~~e _.1m Address'------------- L City ~ State -- --- 7..ip Cod.e_ -~ 23 ... r~Ii'.l_-lll. A gentleman was dining in an A small boy's head bobbed up over exclusive restaurant and enjoying the the garden wall and a meek little voice An automobile dealer which chamber music as he ate. As the said, "Please, Miss Brown, may I have doesn't enjoy a good reputation orchestra began a different selection, a my arrow?" advertised that he would give away a waiter approached and set his dessert "Certainly, where is it?" blonde with each car. A delighted before him. "Is that Beethoven's Fifth "I think it's stuck in your cat." young wolf bought a car and rode with Movement?" asked the diner. "No his newly-won blonde into the country sir," replied the waiter, "that's and parked. He kissed her and then chocolate pudding." whispered in her ear. "No," she Strange, but true: Dogs in replied, "you got that when you Slobbovia show a pronounced bought the car." flattening of the nose. Scientists theorize that this phenomenon is due A young married couple who had to their chasing of parked cars. just settled down in their new home got a pleasant surprise in their mail "Doctor," said the young mother, one morning-a couple of tickets to 5~ A grasshopper walked into a tavern "I'm always worried about my baby. one of the best shows in town. But the I'm afraid to leave him alone for even donor had omitted to send his name and hopped up on the bar stool. He a minute. For example, I'm even afraid and for the rest of the day the said to the bartender. "I'll have a to leave him in the bedroom for fear I question was: "Wonder who it was?" Scotch and Soda." After carding him, won't hear him if he falls out of his They enjoyed the show; but when the bartender said, "Do you know we crib!" they reached home, they found that have a drink named after you?" "Well, you can remedy that easily," all their wedding presents had been "Really," said the grasshopper. said the doctor. "Just take the carpet taken. A note from the burglar said: "You mean to say you have a drink off the floor." "Now you know." named Irving?" 2. A ductile material can be formed in DUCTILITY presses, and Malleable castings are com- momly punched, roll threaded, joined to other parts, or otherwise formed to meet design reqUirements. A well-known application is the Malleable One of the outstanding properties differential housing on an automobile. On many cars steel tubes are rammed of Malleable Iron Castings into each of the side ports of the Malleable differential housing to create the axle housing. The Malleable expands slightly Ductility Is a property which provides Malleable iron with a vital safety margin for parts to accept the tubes ... then holds them under stress. rigidly for the life of the automobile. A special heat conversion process transforms the material from brittle "white iron" Despite ~he anticipated road jolts, the to a tough, ductile metal with 10-18% elongation In two inches for ferrltic grades, 2.10% only joining operation is a small puddle for pearlitic malleables. Ductility is Important for two reasons: weld to maintain alignment of the tubes. L It guards against sudden failure of a material. Under a static overload, a ductile part will deform gradually, giving visual evidence that failure Is occurlng. Impact will create sudden deformation, but un- less the overload is far above anticipated levels, the part will stay In one piece. The faith which engineers place In Malleable castings for shock applications is typified by the bridge rail posts pic. tured at the right. More than 30 states now specify Malleable for these posts because tests show the material can absorb greater impact than lightweight metals. MALLEABLE FOUNDERS SOCIETY. UNION COMMRCE1JUIWNG< , .',. ,',;,<,-,,;, ... -" '; .... '-, ---.:.', .... ~'-:,' .• ' "', '"',, '" Ct.,MLA"'P,QHIQ4411'6i',,~;v,: 24 Do you think Wfire living in the Plastic Age? With all the plastic consumer products that are around these days,you might get the impressionthat plastics have become the basic material of our time. That simply isn't true. 0 The fact is that metals account for 85'10 of all manufacturing material used in industry today. And more metal is used every year. 0 Die-cast zinc and galvanized steel for example, are being used in greater quantities than ever. 0 St. Joe supplies quality zinc - American industry puts it to work. Producers and Marketers of L~ad, Zi~c. Zinc Oxide, Iron Ore Pellets, Iron OXide, Agncultur~1 Limestone. Cadmium, Copper Concentrates. Sil- ver and Sulphuric Acid. ST. JOSEPH LEAD CO., 250 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017 ZH-.wZ ~en you • otit et eatr When was the last time you went out for a breath of fresh air and got it? How long has it been since the sky looked really blue? Every day, our cities dump hundreds of thousands of tons of waste into the air. Carbon monoxide. Sulfur dioxide. Fluoride compounds. And plain old soot. If something isn't done about air pollution in your lifetime, it may cut your lifetime short. Air pollution can be controlled. The key is technology. Technology and the engineers who can make it work. Engineers at General Electric are working on the problem from several directions. , Rapid transit is one. In many cities, the automobile causes more than half the air pollution. In some cities, as much as 90%. But engineers atGE are designing new equipment for rapid.transit systems, encouraging more people to leave their cars in the garage. Another direction is n\lclear power. General Electric's engineers designed the very first nuclear power plant eve~ licensed. A nuclear plant produces electricity without producing smoke. And as the need for new power plants continues to grow, that will make a big difference. There are other ways General Electric is fighting air pollution. Maybe you'd like to help. We could use your help. But don't expect to come up with an overnight solution to the problem. The solution will take a lot of people, a lot of talent and a lot of time. You'll breathe easier- once you get started. GENERAL. ELECTRIC An equal opportunity employer