Who'sthe No. 2 maker of nuclear power plants? It isn't Westinghouse. You bet we're hiring. If you can't wait for the recruiter, write today to George Garvey, Westinghouse Education Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15221. An equal opportunity employer. You can be sure... if it's Westinghouse FEATURES PAGE Threshold of Ecological Disaster 6 by G. Robert Hall An Interview with Jack Shingleton 11 by Bob Norby An Interview with Ed Fitzpatrick 14 by Bob Norby An Interview with Bill Macleod 19 by Don Willemsen The Engineering Job Market 18 by Larry Barazsu and Dave Zolynsky Don't Call Us We'll Call You 21 by Doug Franz Statistics on the 70-71 Job Market 22 DEPARTMENTS Editorial 3 Puzzle Contest 15 Decal Contest 19 by Dr. John V. Polomsky Engrineers 24 STAFF Don Willemsen Editor Vincent Rybicki Associate Editor Larry Baraszu Features Editor Doug Franz Advertising Manager Milton Horst Photographic Editor G. Robert Hall Contributing Editor Alan G. Hoffman Advisor Bob Norby Circulation Manager Solving the mysteries of molding with mathematics. Even though plastics have been with experimental observations. So the around for many years, there's still a lot resulting screw designs are now under- to be learned about these versatile mate- going evaluation by engineers at our rials and their processing. So they are the plants in Indianapolis and Shreveport. subject for continuing studies by our Conclusion: For new designs and engineers. materials, the model can help reduce the Some of their recent investigations development cost for new molded parts have brought forth new and highly useful and materials. For manufacturing current information about a relatively unexplored products, operating costs can be reduced. area: the melting behavior of plastics in Perhaps most significant is that we're the injection molding process. getting information about molding tem- One result of these studies is the peratures not available experimentally. mathematical formula, or model, above. And many other types of information can The model helps us predict melting be obtained without the use of costly, behavior along the length of the injection time-consuming experimental work. screw molding machine used to mold tele- The end result will be more efficient phone housings and other parts. Melting plastic molding and therefore a better behavior is extremely important, because product for the lowest possible cost. plastic pellets should be completely melted but not thermally decomposed before injection into the mold. This information on melting is then used to investigate screw designs, operat- ing conditions, machine sizes and plastic properties. All of which is aimed at ob- taining optimum processing techniques. Predictions obtained from the mathe- matical model have checked out closely We keep the news fit to read. Each Saturday night The New York Times wraps up the news. Then FMC wraps up The New York Times. Thanks to a mechanized system we de- signed, built, and installed, the country's largest Sunday edition is mailed the world over, carefully protected from the elements by a see-through wrapper. This is just one of many unusual jobs taken in stride by FMC. If you want to carry it, warehouse it, pack- age it, or whatever, chances are FMC has handled a similar job. You may still recall by tomorrow that we're into machinery; but how in the world can we get you to remember that we're also a very large chemical company, too? Or that we are a major factor in alleviating the world's food problems through our involvement in every phase of agriculture: pumps and irrigation systems, pesticides and fertilizers, food processing and packaging equipment, even seeds. Or that we're one of the country's largest producers of rayon, acetate, and polyester fibers. Or that we even make sewage treatment equipment, fire engines and railcars. Being a diversified company means it's hard to have one all-encompassing image. But it does give our people an unusual variety of ways to improve man's welfare. If doing worthwhile things is your bag, write or ask your placement director for the descriptive brochure "Careers with FMC." FMC Corporation, Box 760, San lose, Cali- fornia 95106. We are an equal opportunity employer. Threshold of Ecological Disaster G. Robert Hall is a freshman in Electrical Engineering. Mr. Hall entered the following essay in the Spartan Engineer Essay Contest, and was awarded first prize for his outstanding paper. As public utilities and government agencies such This is a serious attempt to equate from a scientific as the Atomic Energy Commission and the Federal and technical viewpoint that a radiation-induced Power Commission find viable means of producing cancer, achieved in an accelerated experiment, will the tremendous quantities of electrical energy being naturally produce from a nuclear power plant the demanded by our affluent society, we find the same results in man. The conclusions reached in topic of ecological disaster coming ever more in this book by Doctors Gofman and Tamplin are question. With the state of our technology as it wholly based on prior work done by Doctors V. P. exists today, there is nothing superior to nuclear Bond, E. P. Cronkite, S. W. Lippincott and C. J. power from an economic viewpoint. A recent study Shellarbarger in their "Studies On Radiation In- showed that one million BTU nuclear fuel cost is duced Mammary Gland Neoplasia In The Rat."^ \74; whereas, the cost of coal is 33<^ and oil is 37^. Yet, Doctors Bond, Cronkite and Shellarbarger, ap- The "total life" cost of a nuclear facility, from con- pearing before the Joint Congressional Committee struction start to plant retirement, is approximate- On Atomic Energy, Hearings On The Environ- ly 20% less than a comparable fossil-fueled plant. mental Effects Of Producing Electric Power, have An additional benefit of nuclear power may be de- testified that the empirical approach taken by rived from the by-product formation of plutonium, Doctors Gofman and Tamplin has no bearing in itself a useable fuel element, from the fissioning of practicality as relates to man.3 For instance, the uranium. It would then appear there is but one Gofman-Tamplin hypothesis fails to note the fact choice if we have faith in American engineering that the estrus cycle of rodents and the menstrual ability. The problem is that this source of nuclear cycle of women provide different patterns of estro- energy was born of war and is of a complex nature gen and progesterone secretions which alone makes which has largely escaped the ability of the public extrapolation of the rat results to man invalid. to understand. Further, the only logical means of reaching their conclusions is by the doubling effect, or inverse Public spirited citizens have formed into "action square law of radioactivity. While this approach is groups," such as the well-known Sierra Club, to true for high range point sources of radiation, it act as interveners in the question of where power fails to take into account such inherent qualities of plants of all types are erected and the manner in a nuclear plant as containment boundaries, physi- which they are operated. This is not only de- cal location or exclusion areas. sirable but, in fact, necessary to insure that the balance of our environmental needs is not upset. The second book with the facetious title of There also exists, under this guise of public "Population Control Through Nuclear Pollution"4 spiritedness, a serious attempt to undermine all ef- was reviewed by Doctor Leonard Sagan, Associate forts for advancing our infant atomic age. A prime Director of the Department of Environmental area of concern is the possibility of radioactive Health, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, for the Atomic emissions. Doctor John W. Gofman, for a number Industrial Forum, Inc. 5 Doctor Sagan's summary is of years an active participant in the Atomic Energy as follows: Commission, has recently published two books, in co-authorship with Doctor Arthur R. Tamplin. Suffice it to say, that this reviewer concludes that this book makes no contribution to the The first of these books is entitled "Radiation difficult and complex issues of U. S. energy Induction Of Breast Cancer In The Rat: A Vali- usage, pollution, or indeed any other issue, dation Of The Linear Hypothesis Of Radiation Carcinogenesis Over The Range Of 0-600 Rads."1 but does indeed further generate that polari- zation and emotionalism which makes dis- passionate solutions of problems ever more ated by conventional means. The challenge of this difficult. problem is being met by those progressive utilities A second area of major concern, which op- which engage in ecological homework prior to ponents of nuclear construction often point out, starting construction. is thermal pollution. This area is a very real problem One solution, widely used, is the application of when one considers a 3400 MW (Th) plant will cooling towers to avoid upsetting the balance of have an approximate unit heat rate of 9600 aquatic life in local rivers and lakes. This however, BTU/KWH which means an overall efficiency of only exchanges the area of concern and often re- 35% is the maximum that can be achieved. This sults in problems of equal magnitude in the form figure is on a par with older and smaller fossil- of fog and a higher deterioration rate of surround- fueled plants and probably worse than is produced ing equipment and structures. by a large modern plant. It is obvious, then, that the waste heat being rejected to the environment A better solution to the problem of waste heat is significantly greater per kilowatt-hour produced is offered by a review of limnology as shown in the via nuclear power than a comparable amount gener- following illustrations. Aquatic life flourishes in the thermoclinetic same governmental agency (AEC) as promotes its region and it is this area that must be protected development. A careful examination of such incon- from thermal pollution. By withdrawing a plant's clusive statements reveals an almost total lack of intake cooling water from the hypolimnetic region understanding and, in refutation, the following is and discharging several thousand feet distant from offered: the intake to the epilimnetic region, the actual 1. Nuclear power is not new. In terms of time, temperature differential is held to an absolute our current interest dates to 1939 and the reali- minimum. The thermoclinetic region is not dis- zation of the first controlled fission event. In turbed because of the low Delta T and the natural 1946, the Manhattan District, a forerunner of dispersion at the surface of the pond. 6 Thermal the AEC, initiated a project known as the pollution is as real a problem for conventional "Daniels Power Pile" which was aimed at the Plants as for nuclear. Thus, the attack on a specific construction of a small, land based nuclear energy source as the sole cause of the problem is power plant. Shortly thereafter, the Navy re- irrational. quested a study of the application for a high In recent months, certain quasi-political groups pressure, water cooled reactor for submarines. have lobbied to place a moratorium on all present This resulted in the commencement of con- and future construction of nuclear facilities. Their struction on the Nautilus land-based prototype arguemnts include statements such as: Nuclear at Arco, Idaho, in 1950, and has led to what is Power is a new and dangerous medium of energy now this nation's first line of defense.7 Nuclear using untried methods and being regulated by the power is not new from an even more important aspect than time, when one considers the techno- of these industrial standards has been compiled logical advances science has made in the area of and published by the American National computers. The speed and memory of early Standards Institute and is currently in its sixth units increased rapidly, progressing through such edition.9 Such facilities as Shippingport, Con- stages as the IBM-650 and the UNIVAC to necticut Yankee and the Naval Nuclear Power modern CDC-6600 and IBM-360 computers.8 Units have a tremendous construction and oper- The worth of these analytical systems, in terms ating history, using these so-called "untried" of reactor physics research, far out-weighs the methods. single aspect of time. 4. It is agreed that the Atomic Energy Com- 2. Nuclear power is not dangerous. It is true mission both promotes and regulates the indus- that there have been accidents, inevitable when- try; so also do the Department of Transpor- ever there is a combination of men and ma- tation, the Federal Communication Commission chinery. Not a single accident, however, has re- and the Federal Aviation Administration in their sulted in the uncontrolled release of fission frag- assigned responsibilities. In fact, due to the com- ments to the biosphere. All reactor systems are plexity of their respective areas of expertise, it is so designed as to be inherently stable and it is foolish to ask or expect otherwise. simply a physical impossibility that a reactor Experience in the Naval Nuclear Power Program, could explode in the sense of a bomb. Case nuclear electric utility plants and numerous re- studies conducted on the SL 1 accident at Arco, search facilities has proven that the electrical re- Idaho, and the problems encountered at the quirements of our society can only be met by Enrico Fermi Plant at Monroe, Michigan, have means of atomic power. Critics and negative sen- clearly shown that the designed safeguard sationalists of our atomic age can only be either systems do operate under the most adverse con- misguided or misinformed. They certainly do little ditions to insure that the nuclear system can be to provide what is required for public under- safely shut down. standing. 3. The methods used in constructing and A rational review of the economic factors, the operating a nuclear plant are not untried. Title real and imaginary threats of pollution and the 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations and its technical aspects of regulating and operation of various chapters specifically spell out the re- nuclear facilities can leave no doubt as to the via- quirements which, by law, must be fulfilled to bility of our infant atomic age. We are, in fact, on meet the licensing criteria for all phases of the the threshold of ecological disaster! The danger lies nuclear industry. Each chapter of 10 CFR is the not in properly controlled nuclear plants, the waste end result of years of exhaustive study from all effluents of which are from ten to a hundred times phases of science, government and industry. less than set, allowable limits, but does extend Chapter 50, Appendix B, dealing with quality from their older, fossil-fueled neighbors whose ef- control, is a prime example, having been fostered by the need for rigid quality assurance of all fluents are up to a thousand times safe levels. manufacturers supplying nuclear components. E. Robert Hall This chapter has, in turn, set the broad guide- 3715 Inverary Drive lines so that individual standards could be pro- Lansing, Michigan vided by the cognizant areas of industry. A list Telephone: (517) 393-3267 To gain the competitive edge, the experts in downhill slalom have this advice: "Watch the time line—the fastest course line." "In the race against time, if a skier slips off and goes too low in the traverses, he'll lose precious seconds." As you look to your future course, watch for the company whose progress is on a time line with your own. Ask companies about their expansion and modernization programs (ours is an optimistic $221 million). Find out if you're interested in the markets they're interested in. If they have a position that fits the course you've set. If they promote from within. Don't settle for salary and status quo. We don't. Pick a time at your college placement office. Let's discuss your future. The Timken Company, Canton, Ohio 44706. Timken • bearings are sold all over the world. Manufacturing in Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, South Africa and the U.S.A. An Equal Opportunity Employer (m/f). notes & news $362 million a year R & D, the big challenge Of all the thousands of business firms in the Some 800 engineers, scientists, and tech- U.S.. only a few hundred have total assets nicians are studying and developing new as great as $362 million Yet at Bethlehem processes and products at Homer Research Steel we have invested that much, on the Laboratories in Bethlehem, Pa. The environ- average, every year for the past seven years, ment is one of their important areas of in improved plants and equipment Bethlehem concern. Steel is among the most up-to-date of all the world's major steel companies Mining our own business Variety is the We operate one of the world's largest mining organizations, with 10,000 employees in spice of shipbuilding wholly owned operations, domestic and for- Newcomers to our Shipbuilding Department eign Our professional managers and engi- can expect exciting times ahead. We expect to neers represent a broad spectrum of tech- be launching the largest ships ever built in the nical and engineering disciplines. U.S. And diversity! Tankers. Containerships Mobile offshore oil drilling rigs. Repair jobs. Conversions. Study up A wealth of information appears in our booklet, 'Bethlehem Steel's Loop Course." A copy is The big " E " - i t ' s environment available in your placement office. If what you We recently hit the $200 million mark in in- read appeals to you, sign up for a talk with our vestments for environmental quality control. representative when he visits your campus. This massive effort, which includes air and Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, PA water cleanup as well as land reclamation, 18016 forestry, etc., also entails substantial operating expenditures, currently at a rate approaching $20 million annually. Our goal: recognition as a good neighbor everywhere we do business. Bob: Do you think winter term interviewing will be more promising than fall term? Jack: Well, winter term interviewing is usually more promising than fall term because thats the term we have most employers; however, winter term this year will be about the same as winter term last year which was down substantially from the year before. Bob: Do you have an estimate on how many of last years graduates are unemployed? Jack: Yes, we not only have an estimate we have a pretty accurate figure. 7.3% of our last years class who participated in a study we made were unemployed as of October 1. This means 7.3% who are actively looking for jobs are unemployed . . . this is all majors, all disciplines. In engineering, to my knowledge, there are no engineers unem- ployed who are actively seeking jobs. Bob: Are there more people interviewing this year than last year? Bob: If employed are they employed in the Jack: Yes, definitely more people are interview- fields of their abilities? ing because they recognize that jobs are Jack: Most of them are, especially in engineering. scarce and they're working harder to get a We are finding a great many college gradu- job. ates; however, who are what we call under- Bob: I talked to Mr. Fitzpatrick and he said that employed. That means working in. fields in the engineering field there didn't seem to not at the level to which they studied. This be a shortage of jobs for MSU students. is not as true in engineering as in other fields. Jack: Well, lets put it this way. The jobs will not be in the numbers that jobs were in 1969 Bob: Do you have any other comments you and previous years although I think every would like to make? student who works at it will get a job. Jack: The only other comment 1 would make is Bob: Which types of graduates are most in this. Michigan State University engineering demand? graduates are getting a first class education and they are highly marketable when they Jack: In terms of all disciplines in the university compete in the overall engineering employ- I'd say the technical people are in greater ment market. Unless a student has unusual demand than the nontechnical. The geographical restrictions or does not work engineers would be at the top of the heap. at this business of looking for a job, I see The ones that would be least in demand no reason why all of our engineering gradu- would be those in social science and edu- ates should not have jobs by graduation cation. time. Many of the graduates will not have Bob: Are interviewers really intent on hiring em- the selection their predecessors have had ployees or are they just here because its but if they demonstrate a willingness to their job? work and seriously go about the matter of looking for a job they'll do all right. Jack: Interviewers are here because they want to One final word. Many of the engineers who hire people. There may be a few exceptions are being let out of jobs today are people but for the most part anybody who comes who have become obsolete in their pro- on campus has jobs and is definitely look- fession through the years. It behooves all of ing to hire people. Now, most employers the graduating students to recognize that do not have as many jobs as they had in their education does not end with the di- previous years and this plays an important ploma, especially in their field. I urge them part in the whole situation but its too ex- to constantly keep abreast of new develop- pensive for employers to come to campus ments in their respective fields and they can for an interview to just go through the look forward to a good solid future. motions. They come to the campus because they want to hire people. Bob: OK, well thank you very much. Soon 90-mph commuter At last, true high-speed rail service is on the w And, because of the remarkable strength-to-weight In mass transportation systems from New York to atio S of nickel stainless, each new car is about 3,000 N.Y. The International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, Toronto. International Nickel Limited, Lon- trains will put a little more Francisco. pounds lighter than if it had been built with ordinary And, by taking some of the pressure off our clogg teel- Which means quicker acceleration and braking, don, England. rush back in everybody's highways, it promises to make life easier for motoriplus savings in power costs estimated at $2,700,000 for as well as rail passengers. thefleetover a 35-year lifespan. rush hour. And nickel's The progress of the Long Island Railroad is typicJust as our metal is a helper, one that improves the Every week now, it replaces six or eight of its old performance of other metals, so International Nickel is with gleaming "Metropolitan" cars. About the mid a helper. helping make it happen. of next year, after its entire new fleet of 620 cars has be We assist dozens of different industries all over the put in service, it will start cutting commuting tin world in t h e use ° f m e t a l s - W e o f f e r technical information. throughout its system. And the benefit of our experience. Often, Inco metallur- Both the frame and skin of the new Metropolisgists a r e actually able to anticipate alloys that will be are nickel stainless steel. The nickel's in there for seve neededinthefuture,and to set about creating them, reasons. It makes the steel easier to weld and form, a This kind of helpfulness, we figure, will encourage adds toughness to insure car safety. It also helps arm our customers to keep coming back to us. car against grime and corrosion. Maintenance can ta And that helps all around. place at the wash siding, instead of the paint shop. The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York, It wasn't a wide open year but it was a con- siderably better year for the technically oriented graduate than it was for the stu- dent in many of the Liberal Arts disciplines. Bob: Do you think this year will be much better? Ed: No, I don't think this year will be much better. I think it will be just about the same as last year. The bachelors candidates and many of the masters graduates didn't have many problems in finding jobs; some did, as I said. The bigger problems seem to come for the doctoral candidates. It was typically easier last year for the under- graduate to find work than for the doctoral candidate. Bob: Thats a lot better than what I heard for the job opportunities. by Bob Norby Ed: Well, I was speaking with a man last night at a meeting who was talking about the job Bob: Which types of people are most in demand market and he said, he knows all kinds of in the technical and science oreinted engineers who have ten to fifteen years of graduates? experience who are laid off on the west coast. They have probably been out of Ed: You've asked a question that isn't easy to school for 15 to 20 years. I agree with him. resolve in a couple of words. There has been We've seen a number of alumni out of pretty strong interest shown in all majors work. Speaking specifically of the new in the College of Engineering. In talking of graduate market, however, it is better than engineering specifically we had employer the alumni market. requests last year for interviews on campus with students which ranged from a low of Bob: Are there any new areas an engineer might 23 for the Sanitary Engineer to the highest look into such as biomedical engineering? demand area we saw which was for Me- Ed: Very definitely Bob, but a lot of these chanical Engineering with 293 employers. haven't translated from ideas into hard jobs The numbers of employers seeking inter- at this time. The biomedical area is one views has to be tempered by the numbers and environmental engineering another, of people in the disciplines. The ratios, where the engineer would work as part of a probably as a generalization, Bob, were coordinated team potentially including about a two to one ratio of employers per chemists, entomologists, fisheries and wild- student. In some areas it was higher. In life majors, forestry majors, biologists and a Chemical Engineering we had the heaviest series of scientists. Very definitely things ratio of employers to students that being are coming but we have not seen these about 4 to 1. It was not what we had seen translated from a few pilot programs to the two years ago where we had such really point where they're coming in interviewing wide open selectivity on the part of the seniors. I think it would be a little prema- individual graduate. Many seniors could ture to say this is right around the corner very well identify what kind of engineering but I certainly don't think its very far work they wanted to accept and in a great away. More and more has to be done be- many cases where they wished to work. fore these fields reach the stage of campus Most of the Engineering students who were interviews. There is a growing awareness on out working at finding a job last year didn't the part of government agencies particular- have much difficulty. There were some who ly and a number of research oriented were looking for a specific kind of employ- organizations towards the environmental ment in a particular area or some who just area. I think this will represent consider- simply didn't come across positively in an able numbers of jobs in the future. There interview and who didn't come up with will be other applications in commercial jobs. There were some who thought they fields stemming from a lot of things they've were going on to grad school and then generated from real "blue sky" research sometime in Spring decided to look for a situations. There will be applications in bio- job and then, had kind of an uphill fight. chemical areas, obviously. The supplement to the heart that the gentleman in the numbers do not represent one employment Detroit area received will just be one of a opportunity but possibly multiple oppor- series of application in the biomedical tunities. Of course that can vary from about electronics field. I don't think it would be one opening to a hundred. In engineering exclusive to biomedical or environment but the largest demand was 293 for Mechanical I think a very broad application in engineer- Engineers. So at MSU I wouldn't say that ing. Those two I would suspect are probably we were over produced. That may not be going to receive a greater amount of at- true at all though at a national or even a tention and maybe priority than some of regional basis. At the doctoral level there is the others. this problem. The employment market in Bob: Are there any engineering areas or science Education, Business and Government has areas that are in excess? Too many stu- really withered. dents? Too many graduates? Bob: Is there anything you would like to add Ed: Possibly. In total the area which seems to now? be most critically affected, with which I Ed: Yes. Let me make a comment or two about have come in contact most this year, has recruiting at State: The recruiting season been the doctoral candidates. I think this for the technically oriented individual in would go across disciplines. In the past the Sciences or Engineering is during Fall or they were the darlings of the recruiters' Winter Terms. Regretfully, I see a few stu- eye. Everyone was clamoring for the Ph.D. dents coming in about late April saying and the market has turned cold. There have "Who will be coming in for the balance of been no engineering areas that have been the year?" critically over produced as far as Michigan Bob: And its too late . . . State goes. Projections seemed to justify the number, but when we're talking in the Ed: Yes, its too late. By that time the em- science areas currently, the doctoral level ployers that we will be seeing, and we will is this overproduction problem. The "cool- be seeing employers in April and May, will ing" of the economy was a major factor. be primarily from the business and school We haven't seen the problem that critically worlds-not from the production or at the undergraduate level. Let me throw engineering or research areas. Most of the a couple of figures at you here that I sus- students do pretty well if they work at pect will validate my statement. We were looking for a job. The ones that try to talking about the numbers of employers in follow a pattern that was effective even a our office recruiting: 92 employers came few years ago, of being passive and waiting last year looking for Chemistry majors, 16 for the employer to somehow hear of them for Geology, 83 for Mathematics, 17 for as being the shining star on the campus and Microbiology and Public Health, 50 for coming directly to them will just wait a Physics majors, 31 for Statistics . . . those long time this year. are not bad figures. The thing to consider in this is that each of those employer Bob: Thanks a lot Mr. Fitzpatrick. How FLOWERS OF ZINC guard steel against rust for 20 years and more The myriad of shining zinc "petals," which galvanizing so widely used in guard rail, bridges, transmission tow- deposits on steel, form both a shield and an "electric ers, reinforcing rods, automobiles and many other indus- fence" against rust. • The layer of zinc protects first as trial applications. a mechanical barrier which completely covers the steel to seal out corrosion's attack. Zinc's secondary defense is called upon when the protective coating is scratched, gouged or worn through to the steel itself. Then, an electrochemical current of galvanic action fences these gaps and the zinc slowly sacrifices itself as it continues to protect the steel. This action takes place because, in the galvanic series, zinc is less noble than steel and will corrode sacrificially ... fighting a stubborn delaying ac- tion against corrosion's attack. • No other material pro- vides the combination of strength, corrosion-resistance and economy found in galvanized steel. That's why it's Puzzle Page A five dollar prize will be awarded to the first engineering student to turn in the correct solutions inRm. 210 E.B. 1. A rook and a bishop are placed at random on different squares of a chessboard. What is the probability that one piece threatens the other? 2. What is the missing number in the sequence? 10 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1 7 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 , , loo! 121, 10,000. 3. The crescent is formed by two circles, and C is the center of the larger circle. The width of the crescent between B and D is 9 inches, and between Hydrogenesis. What is it? Hydrogenesis is the natural E and F 5 inches. What are the diameters of the phenomenon whereby liquid moisture is created from air. It also is the name given to the phenomenon of two circles? water being generated in the aggregate base of a con- ventional-design Asphalt pavement during cyclic tem- perature change. During warming cycles, moisture in vapor form is drawn from the subgrade and pavement shoulders into the aggregate base. Then, during cooling, the resultant condensation introduces liquid moisture into the subgrade. Moisture reaching the subgrade under any pavement hastens pavement distress and failure under traffic. Full-Depth Asphalt pavement is the most effective pavement type in excluding moisture from the subgrade. There are no joints to admit surface moisture, and there is no granular base to admit moisture by lateral seepage or to permit generation of moisture by hydrogenesis. Full-Depth Asphalt pavement is placed directly on the subgrade or improved subgrade; pavement thickness is calculated in accordance with traffic requirements and subgrade soil characteristics. Placed rapidly by machine and promptly consolidated by rolling, Full-Depth Asphalt pavement becomes at once water impermeable and pro- 4. A farmer owned the three square fields as shown. vides longer-lasting, low-maintenance service at low- first cost. Driving is safer, quieter and more comfortable. In order to get a ring fence around his property he For more information about Asphalt technology and bought the four triangular fields. What is the total Full-Depth ( T A ) Deep-Strength Asphalt pavement, mail area of the farmer's land? coupon today. When talking to a prospective employer, he will make a mental note of your appearance-the length of your hair, your taste in clothes, that elusive air of professionalism. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ' You must also remember that in order to find a job, you have to go out and hunt for it. Today's employer can be highly selective; many have more applicants than they can accomodate even for interviews. One thing is fairly certain: they're not going to go out and beat the bushes to find you. For those who might underestimate its im- portance, take note that we have one of the finest placement centers in the country. Stop over in the Student Services Building and check it out for yourself. By talking with their trained personnel you will probably find an easier and more effective way to get the job done. These people are there to help you hunt. In short, go where the action is! If we can believe in the reliability of some em- ployment information described in other student by Larry Barazsu and Dave Zolynsky engineering magazines and the September 24, 1971 Engineers Joint Council Newsletter, some Believe it or not, there are real job opportunities engineering areas have not been overly affected by for graduating engineering students. The situation the national economic slowdown. These areas in- may not be like the early 60's, when engineering clude civil, petroleum, environmental, sanitary, and graduates received an average of 3.73 job offers. chemical engineering among others. There also Perhaps it should be noted that most of these offers seems to be a continued need in agricultural and (2.73) came from the space industry. mining engineering. The prospective employee today must be skilled It also appears that most engineering employ- at "selling" himself, along with his ability and ment opportunities presently are rooted in the paper credentials. What this means is that he must Midwest. This is probably related to the presence be pleasant to work with, in addition to the self of metropolitan areas, such as Chicago, St. Louis, confidence and poise he exhibits. Like the man Cleveland, Detroit, the Twin-Cities, etc. said: "If you don't like yourself, why should any- In the last analysis, it is necessary to persevere in one else"? your efforts of earning that B.S. degree in your The world of work, especially in metropolitan preferred area of engineering. One statistic I found, areas, usually require mobility and flexibility. So it stated that those individuals who have worked into is very important to decide where you prefer to an engineering position via seniority but without work and what sort of responsibility you wish to any degree have an employment problem 44% shoulder. It apparently makes it easier to find a job higher than those with degrees. if the prospective employer has more options at his Like they say: "It's one thing to find a job; it's quite another to be able to keep it." AN INTERVIEW Don: Do you expect this year's summer job market to do better or worse than last WITH BILL MACLEOD year's? by Don Willemsen Bill: We anticipate jobs for the summer definite- ly to drop from last year. I would urge engineering students interested in summer Don: How many engineering students were em- jobs to fill out a Summer Employment Ap- ployed through the Summer Job Program plication with the Student Employment at MSU last summer? Office of the Placement Bureau. These ap- Bill: The exact number we cannot be sure of. plications will be made available to em- However, the number is fewer than in re- ployers at the Placement Bureau requesting cent years. Generally "Business" employers summer job applicants. Students should who interview at the Placement Bureau for also start watching the job opportunities summer employment take a strong look at listed in the Summer Job Catalogs at the the technical fields. Student Employment Office made available at the beginning of Winter Term. This infor- Don: What type of students seem most in de- mation is very limited at this time; although mand by the employers? we expect an increase in engineering jobs Bill: Vocationally oriented summer employment around February, March, and April. Stu- is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain dents may also wish to take the summer during the summer months; although it can Federal Civil Service Examination which be an invaluable experience to both the will be administered on campus during the student and employer. In most cases, we months of January, February, and March anticipate students will be employed during 1972. the summer in work such as in the camp and resort areas or labor positions. To find Don: Do many summer jobs lead to full-time a summer opportunity in engineering, stu- employment? dents generally need to have completed at Bill: There is a definite advantage to obtaining a least their Junior year in college. As the job summer job experience. This not only gives market tightens, specific training and the employers a better knowledge of your student's grade point will strongly affect interests and working ability; but more the possibilities of obtaining technical important, it will give you that same summer employment. information. IDENTITY! worth $50 by Dr. John V. Polomsky Requirements for the contest Yes, the big hang up today in many areas of There should be a freehand sketch submitted America is the lack of "Identity." The College of that is clear enough to be reproduced by an artist Engineering is not immune from this contemporary for graphic work or engraving. It should be at least malady. We propose to do something about it with 4" x 5" minimum, and not more than 6" x 8". You the help of our students currently matriculating at should color or at least color code your work so Michigan State University. your ideas are conveyed to the judges. Try to be as original and creative as possible and try for more We want your creations, ideas, and views on than one, there is no limit to the number of entries good, sharp, meaningful emblem, trademark, or you may present. You can incorporate letters, logo, call it what you please. We want some snappy symbols, and any shapes you desire. We want some- symbol to identify with that we can use as our of- thing snazzy, so let's get with it. Be sure to put ficial letterhead, for crests on jackets, pennants, your name and phone number on all entries. Turn stationery, to put on gavels, rostrums, etc. In other your entries in to: Dr. John V. Polomsky words we want something everyone can recognize 106 Engineering Building. as that of the College of Engineering at Michigan State University. The winner will receive a $50 cash prize. A buff will probably tell you you've got to drop a bundle to get a really great stereo system. Nonsense. Stereo is all in the ear. It's how it sounds, not how it costs, that makes a stereo system great. So next time some buff hands you that old line call his bluff. See if he can figure out how much you paid for your Sylvania matched component stereo system. Just by listening. Pick your favorite record. Put it on the BSR micro-mini turntable. (If tape'syourthing, slipone into the 8-track cartridge playback.) Then balance the bass and treble on the FM stereo FM/AM tuner and amplifier, And let him have it. Make sure he digs those round low notes from the two six-inch woofers. And those high sweet ones from the two three-inch tweeters. Thev're all air- suspension speakers, so they sound as good as standard speakers two sizes larger. Your buff won't have a chance. He'll stand there, surrounded by sound, completely bluffed. Trying like crazy to figure out how much you laid out for a stereo that sounds that great. But don't tell him. After all, you just want to call his bluff. Not destroy his ego. To dramatize this, just gather nine of your friends and cut cards to find out who will be unem- ployed, one of you will be. The National Science foundation has concluded 9.7% of Engineering people are either: 1. not employed in Engineering related work, or 2. not employed at all. While an- other 6.2% are not even looking for a job. In a survey conducted by the Engineers Joint Council from 1964 through 1969 only 1% of those re- sponding were unemployed. The "employment problem" is very apparent in the specialization fields. The highest on the lists: Aerospace, which has an "Employment Problem Rate" of 7.6%, and Electronics, which has risen to 7.7%, are only a few of many. The "employment problem rate" for the above mentioned specialties is over 60% higher than for all Engineers in general. The real mind-boggier comes when you take a look at the main problem areas in engineering em- ployment, which are in citizenship, age, and level of education. The unemployment among the age groups under 25 or over 55 has the highest rate of by Douglas Franz any age group. Ten percent of the people under 25 years in engineering are under-employed. Meaning The job market is not as bad as many people are they either don't have a job or they have a job, not implying. One can always drive a taxi or deliver a by choice, outside of engineering. If you are not an few of Domino's pizzas. But in the real money- American Citizen, you are 80 per cent more likely making job market things are very stagnate. to have trouble getting a job, in comparison to an engineer who has U. S. Citizenship. In the mid 60's scholars and high school advisers were explaining the many advantages and job op- The "employment problem rate" is 44% higher portunities in the field of Engineering; so you went. for Engineers without a college degree than those Four years and 180 odd credits later even grad with the papers. school looks good. The future shows no tangible signs of improve- The real world is in quite a mess. "Phase One" ment except for the decrease in engineering, en- is "dead and buried," while "Phase Two" has rollment, one-fourth of all Scientists and Engineers burst forth like a breath of spring after everything working on defense projects are being phased out has been dead for two years. Unemployment of work. The large scale areospace production will among Engineers has steadily increased between not revive itself unless something unforseeable March 1970 and June 1971 while the national arises. The only breath of hope lies in a consumer unemployment has only risen 27 per cent in the products race instead of an arms and space race be- same period. It comes down to the plain fact that tween the manufacturing nations. When this the job market is at its worst since the early days happens attention will be placed on quality and a of F. D. Roosevelt. high demand for engineers will arise again. Engineering Job Statistics Due to popular demand many graduating Engineers did find jobs last year. Below are statistics compiled from questionnaires returned to the Placement Bureau by last years graduates. Engineers are just as popular this year. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Degree Organization Job Title Degree Organization Job Title A G R I C U L T U R A L ENGR BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Univ No Carolina Grad Student BS Michigan State Univ Grad Assistant BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Marines BS Fenske Excavations Consultant Engineer BS Univ of Hawaii Grad Student BS Michigan State Hwy Dept Engineer in Training BS Univ of Hawaii Grad Student BS Ebasco Services Asst Engineer BS Michigan State University Grad Student BS US Dept of Agri Design Engineer BS Babson Bros Co Field Engineer BS National Guard E1 BS McNamee Porter & Seeley Engineer BS Tennessee Valley Author Design Engineer BS MSU Grad Student BS Century Farms Manager BS Brighton Engineering Co Civil Eng MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student CHEMICAL ENGR MS American Test & Engineer Proj Engr BS American Oil Co Chemical Engr MS Mich Dept St Highways Traffic Engr BS Univ of Arkansas Grad Student MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Army Corps of Engr Engr Aide MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Air Force MS Williams & Works Construction Engineer BS Mass I nst of Tech Grad Student MS Michigan Dept Pub Health Sanitary Engineer BS Leeds & Northrup Sales Engineer Ph.D. Tri State College Asst Professor BS Univ of Michigan COMPUTER SCIENCE BS Rice Univ Grad Student BS Lansing Bd Water Light Chemical Engr BS Consumers Power Co Systems Analyst BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS National Cash Register Development Programmer BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Consumers Power Co Graduate Analyst BS Union Oil of California Comm Rep BS IBM Mktg Rep BS Univ of Michigan BS Bendix Associate Programmer BS Monsanto Salfex Tech BS Univ of Maryland Grad Student BS MSU Grad Student BS US Army Reserves BS US Army BS Yale University Grad Student BS Marine Reserve Pvt BS General Electric Co Systems Programmer BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Univ of Washington Research Grad Asst BS Univ of Wise BS Farm Bureau Ins Programmer Trainee BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Air Force Student Pjlot BS US Army BS Merritt Enterprises Programmer BS Univ of Texas Grad Student BS Control Data Corp Programmer Analyst BS Albert Einstein College BS Aeroquip Systems Programmer MS American Oil Co Asst Chemical Engineer Trainee BS US Army C I V I L ENGINEERING BS Burrcughs Corp Sales Support Rep BS City of Detroit Junior Civil Engineer BS US Air Force Comp Sys Programmer BS US Pub Health Service Asst Sanitary Engr BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Florida State Trans Dept Prof Eng Trainee BS Texas A & M Grad Student BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Adams Tool & Engineering Machinist BS US Navy Project Engr BS State Farm Mutual Ins EDP Specialist III BS ETC Inc Engineer BS Michigan State Univ Consultant BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US A r m y BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Michigan State Univ Computer Programmer BS Oldsmobile Clerk MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Air Force 2nd Lieutenant MS Uniroyal Inc Systems Analyst BS Wisconsin Dept of Nat Res Environ Eng I MS MSU Coll of Ed Grad Student BS Mich Dept St Hwy Civil Engr Ph.D. Sacramento State Coll Asst Prof BS Univ of Illinois BS Ohio Dept of Highways Engineer in Training E L E C T R I C A L ENGR BS McNamee Porter & Seeley Engineer BS Ford Motor Co BS Mich Dept of Hwys Civil Eng BS US Army Electrical Engineer BS McNamee Porter & Seeley Design Engr BS US Navy BS M C S Engineers Design Engr BS Eastman Kodak Company Civil Engineer BS General Electric Co Engr Training Program BS Spicer Engineering Civil Engineer BS Georgia I nst of Tech Grad Student BS US Army BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS John E Hiltz Assoc Design Engineer BS Detroit Edison Co Assistant Engineer BS EDCO Constr Inc Engineer BS McDonnell Aircraft Co Aerospace Grd Engr BS Prog Engr Consultants Civil Engineer BS Dlcuhy Electric Electrician BS Gen Tele of Mich Engr Asst BS US Air Force Civil Engineering Officer BS Mi chigan State Univ Grad Student BS Prein & Newhoe Civil Eng BS Johnson & Johnson Engineer BS Dept of Natural Res Sanitary Eng BS Army National Guard BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS McNamee Porter & Seeley Civil Eng BS Stanford Univ G r a d Student BS Consumers Power Co Grad Engineer BS Harry Diamond Labs Electronic Engr BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Owens Illinois Elec Engineer BS Rapistan Inc Engineer Trainee BS Programmed Mach Sys Control Design Engineer BS Pontiac Motor Division Product Engr Coll Grad BS Purdue University Grad Teaching Assist in Trn BS US Army Material Comm Gen Eng BS Newport News Shipbldng Design Eng BS Western Electric Co Engineer BS Chrysler Corp M Engineer BS Oldsmobile Jr Plant Engineer BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Consumers Power Graduate Engineer BS B L Const Co Truck Driver BS Dun Ruvin Country Club Asst Greens Keeper BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Delco Remy Div of GM Product Engr BS Union Pump Comp Test Engineer BS MSU Grad Student BS Univ of Michigan Grad Student BS Motorola Inc Electronics Engineer BS Michigan Cons Gas Co Graduate Trainee BS Michigan State Univ Laborer BS Mare Island Naval Shipyrd Asst Design Engineer BS Western Electric Electrical Engineer BS Ford Motor Co Prod Dev Engineer BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Ford Motor Co Design Engr BS Univ of Colorado Grad Student BS Foster Wheeler Corp Service Engineer BS Lincoln Electric Co Engineer Trainee BS Foster Wheeler Inc Service Engineer BS Kurtz Gravel Co BS Saginaw Steering Gear Associate Engineer BS Meijers Inc Butcher BS CW S m i t h & Son Mechanic BS Newport News Shipyard Systems Engineer BS Consumers Power Co Associate Engineer BS Westinghouse Corp BS US Steel Maint Foreman BS US Air Force BS Aeroquip Mechanical Eng BS Michigan State Univ BS Michigan State Univ BS Ford Motor Company Product Design Engr BS Oldsmobile Div GMC BS US Army Material Comm General Engineer BS Stanford Univ Grad Student BS Motorola Elec Engineer BS Michigan State Univ Grad Asst BS Stanford Univ Grad Student BS Hartman Fabco Design Engineer BS General Electric Electrical Engr Trainee BS Bendix Brake & Steering Egr BS Consumers Power Co Assoc Elec Eng BS Ford Motor Co Product Engineer BS Univ of So Cal Grad Student BS General Motors Engineering Trainee BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Air Force Pilot BS Consumers Power Co Associate Engineer BS Xerox Corp MFG Engineer BS Manpower Inc General labor BS Consumers Power Co Grad Engr BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Clark Equipment Co Draftsman BS Michigan State Univ TAB Operator BS Seven Eleven Store Clerk BS US Air Force Navigator BS Aeroquip Corp Jackson Corporate Engr BS Naval Missile Sys Electronic Eng BS Martin Marietta Mech Engineer BS Detroit Edison Co Assistant Engineer BS US Army BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Board of Water & Light Test Engineer BS US Army BS Oldsmobile Div GMC Engineer BS Motorola Inc Development Engr BS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Army MS Eastman Kodak Co Design Engineer BS Eastman Kodak Electrical Engineer MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS US Air Force MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student BS Tracy Design Corp Ph.D. NASA Lewis Res Center Aerospace Engr BS Consumer Power Co Grad Engineer Ph.D. General Motors Inst Associate Professor MS US Navy Lieutenant Junior Grade Ph.D. US Army MS Lear Siegler Inc System Engr Ph.D. Natl Aero Space Adm MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student Ph.D. General Motors Inst Prof of Mech Engr MS Mich State Univ Grad Student MS Mich State Bd of Comm Staff Engineer MECHANICS MS John Hopkins Univ Associate Engineer MS University of Wisconsin MS IBM Assoc Engineer MS Olds Div Project Engineer MS US Navy Ensign MS US Air Force Student Pilot 2 Lt MS Essex International Proj Engineer Ph.D. Ford Motor Co Sr Res Sci MS Mi chigan State Univ Grad Student Ph D Mich Dept of Highways Physical Research Engineer Ph.D. Bell Telephone Labs Member Technical Staff 12 Ph.D. Owens Illinois Inc Electrical Engineer Ph.D. Wayne State Univ Research Assistant MATERIALS SCIENCE METALLURGY BS Humble Oil & Refining Tech Analyst BS US Army BS Western Electric Member of Research Staff BS Stanford Univ Grad Student MS Hayes Albion Corp Metallurgist BS Uniroyal Inc Develop Engineer MS US Patent Office Patent Examiner MS US Air Force Pilot Officer MECHANICAL ENGR Ph.D. General Motors Senior Physicist BS Oldsmobile Engineer SYSTEMS SCIENCE BS Ford Motor Co Eng Grad Trainee BS Caterpillar Tractor Co Mech Engr BS Bd of Water Light Systems Engineer BS Packard Elect Div GM Product Eng BS Dept of Navy Gen Engr BS US Navy BS Air Force Inst of Tech BS Allis Chalmers Mechanical Engineer BS Michigan State University Research Assistant BS Chevrolet Div Coll Graduate in Training BS J M Fields Inc Systems Training BS Purdue Univ Grad Student MS Leeds and Northrup Co BS Consumers Power Co Asst Engineer MS US Navy Officer Lt BS Bechtel Corp Cost Engineer MS Michigan State Univ Grad Student MS US Navy Officer BS Ford Motor Co Product Engineer MS US Navy Electronic Engr BS Oldsmobile Div GMC Engineering Ph D. Turkish Sugar Corp Associate Researcher BS Chicago Pub Schls Teacher Ph D. Michigan State Univ Research Associate BS US Air Force Air Craft Maint Off "I shall now illustrate what I have The boss was chasing his secretary on my mind," said the E.E. Prof, as he as usual. He suggested, "Let's go up to erased the board. my apartment tonight." She answered, "I am very didactic and pithy in my refusal of your very derogatory, vituperative, and vitriolic proposition." The first woman was called Eve be- Stunned, he replied, "I don't get cause her arrival brought an end to it." Adam's perfect day. She answered, "That's what I've been trying to tell you." "What you got?" Two drunks wandered into a zoo "Three eights and a pair of kings. and as they staggered past a lion's Ah wins." cage, the king of beasts let out a "No you don't, ah wins." terrific roar. 'Three sevens and a razor." "C'mon, let's get out of here," said "So you does. How come you is so the first." lucky?" "You go ahead if you want to," replied his more inebriated cohort, "I'm gonna stay for the movie!" A medical-school class was asked to name five reasons why mother's milk is If, as the scientists say, sex is such better for babies than cow's milk. a driving force, why is so much of it One student wrote: 1. It's faster. nowadays parked? 2. It's cleaner. 3. It's safer; the cat can't get it. 4. Easier to handle when traveling. 5. Comes in more attractive con- tainers. Rumor has it that manufacturers of certain feminine garments are currently making only three types: The Russian type, the Salvation Army type, and the American type. The Russian type uplifts the masses, the Salvation Army type restores the fallen, and the Ameri- Confucius say: "A bosom com- can type make a big thing out of panion sometimes turns out to be a nothing. false friend." The American business man is find- Girl: How did you get that scar ing it harder than ever to get ahead. across the bridge of your nose? Typist: "But professor, isn't this Every time he develops something new EE: From Glasses. the same exam you gave last year?" the Russians have already invented it Girl: Why don't you get contact Professor: "Yes, but I've changed and the Japanese are making it lenses? the answers." cheaper. EE: They don't hold enough beer. The ad shown below has told the public about a Kodak product intended to save people from a life of mental retardation. A young Kodak technical guy convinced us we ought to market that product. Convincing us was not easy. Nobody who wants to do a little good in the world ever has an easy time of it, any place. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Baby pictures Seen here as strips beneath the familiar kind of baby snap- with one of these snapshots, chances would increase of shots is a new kind, made from urine samples donated by detecting other such metabolic defects. Unrecognized and these healthy new citizens. (A test of blood plasma is also untreated, many of these also lead to retardation and other desirable,) The strips tell about body chemistry. One out of severe impairments. many thousands of such patterns may turn up with a promi- Treatment consists of precise regulation of diet. nent crescent in the lower row at this particular point Kodak, long known for simple snapshots, also makes the material on which these simple non-photographic ones are taken. (Thin-layer chromatograms. they're called.) No camera, only a few plastic accessories. The physician's time and insight are required only for the infant whose test falls outside the common range of variation—to decide on more detailed confirmation of ab- Such is the hint (hat the infant's body is mishandling normality and. if confirmed, on remedial measures. phenylalanine. a required substance that results from diges- Cute baby pictures are both priceless and remarkably tion of any natural protein food, like milk. If this continues, inexpensive. So is this less cute, biochemical kind. Who the child will probably suffer mental retardation. ought to pay for it is an interesting question in ethics, politics, Most states already require a test for this condition. If after and economics. Here is one place where industry's ambitions the first weeks at home babies had an additional blood test for efficient production may encounter little opposition. HOW CAN A MICROBE HELP TURN GARBAGE INTO FOOD? The petn dish at the bottom process work on a large scale. of the page holds a special It's a technological innova- strain of thermophilic microbes. tion with a good chance of solv- What does it have to do with ing one of the biggest problems garbage? facing the country today. But, The microbes digest cellu- then, that's hardly surprising. lose. And cellulose is what Technology is one of the surest nearly two-thirds of all munici- ways of solving social problems. pal garbage and farm refuse are That's why, at General Elec- made of. tric, we judge innovations more So the microbes can digest by the impact they'll have on your garbage. But that's not all people's lives than by their sheer they can do. They can convert technical wizardry. it into a high-protein substance Maybe that's a standard you that livestock will accept as food. should apply to the work you'll This strain of microbes was be doing. Whether or not you first isolated in a General Elec- ever work at General Electric. tric research lab a few years back. Because, as our engineers Today, our engineers are will tell you, it's not so much working to design a pilot plant what you do that counts. It's to make the waste-conversion what it means.