Michigan State CollegeL1brary Circulation De}:8t"tment Campus r, ~ . I • ;'-.,.: I.. " "' ~ I' I; " Another page for (,w-n ~ .~ How to keep a pump ••• In Its prime Piston power pumps, used to pump oil through long pipelines, often have to operate 24 hours a day. To prevent breakdowns and minimize maintenance under this tough service, designers mount pump crankshafts on Timken@ tapered roller bearings. Timken bearings take the heavy radial, thrust and combination loads. They prevent wear, insure trou. ble-free operation. ---------------------------------------------- ------- Why TIMKEN@ bearings prevent wear on related parts Due to their tapered design and line contact be- tween rollers and races, Timken bearings carry the heaviest loads from any direction. They keep the crankshaft in proper alignment so that gears mesh more smoothly-last longer. And they eliminate crankshaft wear. ------------------------------------------------ ------- Free bearing information: s ou'll face Some of the engineering problem Yl' tl'OOS • . after graduation .. lDVO 1ve b eartn wdl 'gapplCa . h of If you'd like to learn more a b out P aSe thIS dditio oa1 engineering, we'll be glad to h.elp. FO~ ~ow eogi. information about Timken beartngs a~ k RoHer Th TIm en neers use them, write today to . e And don't for- Bearing Company, Canton 6, OhIO. get to clip this page for future reference. ---------------------------------------------------- ----~ NOT JUST A BALL 0 NOT JUST A ROLLER ([:) THE TIMKEN TAPERED ROllER BEARING TAKES RADIAL ~ AND THRUST -i)- LOADS OR ANY COMBINATION ~~ r A typical sceDe in one of the several modern classrooms in the new Educe. • tional Center Building. Below: View of billiard room. Olhee rooms where hobbies can b(' pursued and facilities Coe indoor and oUldooe games peovide eelaxation aod set the stage Cor lifelong friendships. Ii ~--~tL ~ ...,._------- To Give Men A RUNNING START 9N THE WAY TO THE TOP Westinghouse accepts a responsibility to the work assignments. In this way, new men get top-notch men it employs for engineering, a running start in their new work. manufacturing, research and sales jobs. To help speed them along their way, a Here are the ways Westinghouse helps. Graduate Study Program is also made avail- Through a comprehensive orientation and able through which advanced degrees may be tr •• alblng program, we give our new men a obtained. This program has been worked out with a number of leading universities in major panoramic view of the electrical manufacturing industry ... a broad knowledge of the products Westinghouse locations. Headquarters for these activities is the new of Westinghouse, an appreciation of the re- search , engIneerIng .. Educational Center, where a sizable staff de- an d manufacturIng . that votes its entire attention to developing future go into those products, and an understand- leaders for the company. With this new facility, ing of the marketing that gets them to the and the impetus that years of building for the ultimate user. Hundreds of experienced pro- future has given, we look forward with con- fessional people help carry out this program fidence to the years ahead. G.I0118 ... through planned conferences and actual YOU CAN 8E SURE .. 'F nt~stinghouse March, 1951 INSIST ON STRENGTH in pipe for city streets The abillty of cast Iron pipe to external loads impoaed by he~ m7::~C:: the RiD; Lonq life and low maintenance cost of CRUSHING uaual Iraffic loada la proved . Y St dard 6-inc h CCla t IrOD mains laid under city streets depend not only on effective resistance to corrosion STRENGTH Compreaalon Teal, an pipe withatanda a cruahlnq we q i ht of 1D0re than 14,000 lba. per foot. but on definite strength factors. The four strength factors that pipe must have to withstand beam stress, external BEAM When cast Iron pipe ia aublecte;. ::r:= atreaa caused by soU aettlement, ?r :n ClD ob- loads, traffic shocks and severe working of soU by other utilltiea, or reatin: 6 inch calt preaaures, are listed on the page opposite. STRENGTH atructlon, teata prove that atClDdar ~ load of Iron pipe In 10-foot apan auatalna No pipe that is deficient in any of 15.000 lba. these strength factors should ever be laid in paved streets of cities, towns or The touqhneaa of cast Iron pipe which .h enabi .. .... (II d trafflc a OCA'" II to withstand impact an dlin la delDon• villaqes. Cast iron water and gas mains, wen as the hCl2ards In han q. der hydro- laid over a century ago, are serving SHOCK a!rated by the impact Teat. Whlle : static preaaur~ and the h~.lnch b wa frOIDa cast Iron In the streets of more than 30 cities in STRENGTH 50 pound hammer. atandar th h(lDlJDer Is the United States and Canada. Such service records prove that cast iron pipe pipe does not crack until dropped 6 timea OD the same c;reaalvely lncr_ed helqhta 0 r e 01 frOIDpro- 6 Inche.. not only resists corrosion but combines alllhe strength factors of long life t dard 6.lnch in full lenqth burstinq teata a:" 2500 Ib.. with ample margins of safety. BU RSTI NG cast Iron pipe withstands more ta: preasure• I I \' I fl 1lto,," STRENGTH per aquare lnch lntemal hydroa which proves ample abillty to ::ure .. alat water. hammer or unusual worldDq pre CAsT DlON PIPE IU:8EAll.CH ASSOCIATION; THOS. F. WOLFE. MANAGING DIBECTOR, CHICAGO 3. 122 BO. MICHIGAN AVE.. (}l\,s'r IIl()N PIPI~CENTURIES SERVES FOR I • 2 C:;PARTAN ENGINEER Charleston C" required to move over 600 Dow chemicals acroSs the call for the " "" arte~et"". Paulsboro" " . ports of nation ... chemicals that range from caustic for the tion t D S', S. Manne Chemist, the newest addi- soap industries in Massachusetts to soil fumigants systemOU ~w s ?o~stantly expanding distribution for the lettuce growers in California. especial"l ~q~le III Its field, this 463 foot tanker is tcn tank y " tal ored" to carry Its " chemIcal " cargo. The the "s III the vessel have special bottoms to keep THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN varIOUSch "skin" of th . I free from contact with the e~lUcas New York • 80lton • Philadelphia • Washington • Atlanta • Cleveloncf Detroit. Chicago. St. louis. Houlton. Son FroncllCo • LOl Ang.'''' • s.ottr. heads . e shIp" Between the tanks, double bulk- Dow Chemical of Canada, Limited, Toronto 1, Conoda providare d rmstalled ao d separate pumps and hnes " are e house afl' lOr oat. each p d I h' ro uct. " . tru y a c emlcal ware- ~ I StcaIIUng the SSM " out f h D t .0 t e ow plants at Freeport, Texas, lanes"to"d rme. Chemist plys the coastwise shipping solvents te I~er ItS cargo of caustic soda, glycols and ,.. I From th 0 o~th Carolina and New Jersey ports" cars tak ese pomts, a fleet of lined, insulated tank tomers les Over to speed the chemicals to Dow's cus- ------ CHEMICALS ----- Th" ocated a"I ong t b e eastern seaboard" INDISPENSABLE TO INDUSTRY • IS mOst recent I" k " " .. IS only III - m the Dow distrIbutIon plan AND AGRICULTURE ~ one means of transport in a complex system 3 Morch, 1951 "Gladly wolde he Ierne, and gladly teche" " -Chaucer, "Canterbury Tales THESE "students" are Standard stantly throughout Standard Oil and Oil lubrication specialists, skilled its subsidiary companies. From our and experienced in the use of modern technically trained men, Standard Oil lubricants. They are representative of men in the field learn the practical the groups who come year after year applications of scientific improve- from throughout our territory to keep ments. From the field men, our scien- up to date so that they can do a better tists receive a wealth of specific per- job of serving our customers. formance reports and suggestions that Their "instructor" might be a make their work more productive and Standard Oil research man, well qual- more useful. ified to demonstrate the advantages The free interchange of ideas is part of the latest product improvements of the favorable intellectual climate from our laboratories and pilot plants. in which Standard Oil technical men Or he might be a Standard Oil me- work. Such a system provides real chanical engineer, or a chemical engi- neer, or from anyone of many techni- benefits for Standard Oil and its cus- cal departments. tomers. But perhaps most important of all, it is a system that profoundly This scene is typical of the two-way stimulates and satisfies the scientists flow of information that goes on con- who participate in it. Standard Oil Company 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 80, Illinois 4 SPARTAN ENGINEER SpartaN ENGINEER EDITOR Table of Contents CHARLES E. PAUL BUSINESS MANAGER WILLIAM M. THROOP • articles ASSISTANT EDITOR ULTRASONICS 6 Arnold V. Nelson PHOTO GRAMMETRY 8 ASSISTANT BUSINESS MANAGER Elton H. Moore GRILLE DESIGN 10 FEATURE EDITOR Harmon D. Strieter THE SURPLUS 12 NEWS EDITOR ATOMIC POWER 15 Robert G. Kitchen PICTURE ED ITOR M.S.C. IN GERMANy 17 Emil Raulin ADVERTISING MANAGER .features Robert V . Gay NEW DEVELOPMENTS 14 CIRCULATION MANAGER Ted Summers THE SOCIETIES ............................. 16 STAFF PICTURE PAGE ............................ 20 Bruce Miller Robert E. Kuhn William A. Little ALUMNI NEWS ...•.•..•.....•......•.•.•... 24 Thomas Ginther SIDETRACKED 39 William R. Guntrum Andrew Nester COVER -- Doug Hamilton A Single-Stage Crude Distillation Unit used by Eugene R. Highfield the Creole Petroleum Corporation in Venezuela. Paul Kline --Courtesy: Foster-Wheeler Corporation. William R. Tappe Philip S. Lang Richard H. Kraft tude t. of the SCHOOL Of ENGINEERING, Phil Sanford Published four t;me' yeorly by the •. n M' higan The offic.e i. in Room 515 Carl Romick MICHIGAN ~TAT~ CO~LE.GE, Eo.t ~~~;'f' f_t':nsion 7119. Enterod 0. second clo.. Electricol Englnee"ng Bu,ldor19, ~. h' 'nder the oct of Morch 3, 1879. Christopher Brecht motter at the Post Office i~ Lansing,O I~_~go~ U Eost Lansing, Michigan. Address Morl to: P....... , Robert E. Pryor Publ ishers representative littel'-Murroy-Barnhill, Inc. David H. Wing 101 Pork Avenue, New York. 605 W. Michigan Avenue, Chicogo. STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER SubscripHon rote by moil $1.00 per yeor. Single copies 20 cents. Richard Meyer CARTOONS Hal Sundstrom ULTRASONICS llSING THE SCIENCE OF SOUND TO PERFORM BY WILLI AM A. LITTLE SENIOR, E. E. F or many years it has been realized that vibrational waves beyond the There are several types of whistles now in use, among which are the Galton, range of the human ear are of great im- Gas Current Generator and Hartmann portance. However, only in the last few Generator. As the basic design is the years has this field, .. Ultrasonics" had same in all a short explanation of one significant a d van c em en t s towar'd its will cover the operation of all, The development and use, . W,hat are" Ultrasonics?" They are vlbrahonal waves which are of a higher frequency than those to which the human ear will respond. Therefore any vibra- tional wave above 20,000' cycles per second may ~e classified as ultrasonic, In order to understand ultrasonics b~t~e~ one should recognize the definite dlv,1s10ns determined by the frequency, whIch affect the methods of generation a~ well as its uses. Therefore many dIfferent types of generators are needed. Everyone has used a tuning fork to ~ produce sound and knows that its phYSIcal make-up determines the p't h Th' , 1 c . IS, IS then the simplest ultrasonic generator when designed for a pitch we cannot ?ear. Limitations are p I ace d upon t?IS generator because of the weak held It produces, and the highest fre- quency It can be designed for is 90 000 cycles per second. ' Hig.h power output is in most cases a ~errl Important factor in ultrasonics an. a generators are built with thO .' mmd At I IS In . 0 w frequencies there are ~everal mechanical methods of devel mg rather effecti op- a fairl I ve power output and at y ow cost. Prime a BREAKING UP OF A PARTICLE BY MEANS OF methods is the whistle. mong these ULTRASONIC WAVES. 6 C:;PARTAN ENGINEER Hartmann design was invented in 1927 and uS in g a paint-spray compressor operated by a one-third horsepower motor is able to put out about six watts of power. The idea behind it is rather simple but the design is a bit more dif- ficult. Basically, air under a pressure of 50 to 100 pounds per square inch, is forced from a chamber, with slanted sides, through an orfice and directed into a chamber two diameters deep. The cross over of the air sets the chamber into oscillation and the wave is produced. irens are another mechanical means S of production of ultrasonic waves. It is a means of variable frequency and high power output. The Allen and Rud- nick design has an output of about 150 watts, and the air force design will go as high as 6000 watts. There are many other methods of generation but we will con sid e r only two of the most widely used. Both are operated by a source of electric power. They are magnetostriction and trans- ducers. The magnetostriction me th 0 d is de pen den t upon the magnetostrictive properties of some metals, a few of which are iron, carbon steel, hichrome, monel and invar. These metals will change dimensions when surrounded by a coil with current flowing through. If t~e current d ire c t ion is changed the dImensions will change in the opposite A METHOD OF OBTAINING AN ULTRASONIC direction. The generator is then merely WAVE PATTERN. a magnetostrictive material core inside a coil which has the current controlled of its possibilities have been discovered. by an oscillator. The core is then placed It is qui t e possible that the next few against the obj ect to receive the ultra- years will see it as one of medicine's sonic wave. An upper limit of 60,000 m 0 s t important tools, as well as the cycles per second makes this method many uses industry will put it to. unsatisfactory for man y applications, The first practical use for ultra- and in its place transducers are used, sonics was the soundless whistle used Transducers are quite similar to to call dogs. From there it has gone a , magnetostriction except the magnet long way. Testing of materials .for IS replaced by a crystal which will re- flaws is an extensive use for ultrasomcs. spond to much higher frequencies. Like In the steel mills they have men who the mat e ria I discussed above some test materials by striking it with ham- crystals expand when a voltage is im- mers. 1£ the sound rings true the piece pressed across them. Rapid changes of passes inspection, if not it is discarded voltage will produce vibrational waves. even though the defect may be small The types of crystals used are Mosaics, enough not to cause any harm. They are Quartz, Rochelle salts and s eve r a I unable to determine the seriousness of art'f' . 1 lclal crystals ' developed during the the defect. Localization by the ultrasonic war. The cut of such crystal is impor- method will eliminate a large amount of tant, as it must transfer large amounts waste in this manner. of Power without shattering. robably the best known use of ultra- As stated before the uses of ultra- Sonics are varied indeed and as yet few P sonics is underwater signaling. ContinuCfl Its on lXlOf' 26 7 .\A.arch, 1951 Photogrammetry BY ANDREW NESTOR JUNIOR, C. E. AND ROBERT V. GAY JUNIOR, C. E. A s often seems the case, an idea is originated but not until many years sedat of the F r en c h Arm y perfected methods which placed the use of photo- have lapsed does it formulate into an graphy for map pin g on a scientific integrated, useful practice. Photogram- basis, This method furnished one of metry is no exception. Its origin was the most rapid means for making maps not one of a quick flash to man's mind, which does not sacrifice accuracy for but rather, it evolved through a long and speed. slow process of correlation of mathe- matical and surveying principles. Map making is as old as when man first conceived a sense of direction and T oday , more than ever, this process is most advantageous as the scop ' d e to of map making has not been co nf me, began to mark specific obj ects so those merely locating a coast line or pl~thng who f 0 11 0 wed might benefit by using the direction to some far distant hIdden them. Later these obj ects were placed treasure, The vast network of highways on paper to give an idea of the situation that span our country, definite types of ahead. The process became more and construction, bridge location, etc" all more complex and laborious as each demand as much information as can be point plotted required many operations obtained in order to give a sound found- to get the correct orientated location, ation for the sol uti 0 n to many of the A faster, more efficient method had to be devised. modern engineering problems, There are three types 0 f photo- Although photogrammetric princi- grammetry: ground, aerla'1 , a nd stereo. , ~les were suggested as early as 1759, , , cus s Ion ' '11 deal pn- The followIng dlS WI It was not until 1859 that Colonel Laus- marily with g r 0 un d photogrammetry, , '1 e s are although many of the p r In c I p t ,Incorporated ,I n all th r e e , It is nO feasible to describe ground ph 0t ograrn- to metry in detail from the Inl , 't'la 1 step rner- the completed survey due to the nu th tare en- ous influencing fa c tor s a f this countered in running a survey 0 nature, , 1 hases G enerally, the essentla include obtaining controlle 't' d Photo- of p two or graphs from plotted pOSI Ions h d of more camera stations, ,the met ~iallY locating the poi n t s beIng es~en lying graphical triangulation, The un er 8 SPARTAN ENGINEER principles of g r 0 u n d photogrammetry may be visualized from figure 1. Point T he importance of aerial photography is due to the fact that when the sur- o represents the optical center of the vey is finally completed, all the infor- camera lens. Plane bb' is a distance mation is as it actually appear s on the from the 0 p tic a I center equal to the ground. Any 0 net y p e of aerial map focal length f, the distance of the nega- cannot be expected to produce all the tive from 0 is f', and f = f'. pertinent information needed. There- The center of the print, the center fore, the nature of information required of the negative, and the point 0 are on for a certain project will determine the the same line, and the n e gat i ve and type of survey to be employed. print are parallel. The print is the same Two types of aerial photographs are size 4S the negative and is erected and the reconnaissance strip map and the placed the d is tan c e f in front of the topographic map. The former is a high- optical center. If the eye were placed at ly s pee i a Ii zed type of aerial survey the optical center, the corresponding planned and executed at any scale. It points on the print and landscape would is for such specific purposes as highway be superimposed. This condition gives 10 cat ion, right-of-way investigation, a true representation of the horizontal preliminary engineering 0n pipe-line angle bet wee n any two points on the and power-line projects, and mapping of print and the same angle between two transmission 1i n e s 0 r transportation corresponding points on the landscape. routes. Vertical angles are also in their true position. Thus, by geometric relation- ships, we may determine the position and elevation of any points appearing on two photographs t a ken from different stations. D ighly specialized types of equipment cameras and other are necessary for accurate transposition of data. The most commonly used cameras are the ~urveying and panoramic. The survey- mg camera is comprised of a combina- tion of plane table and ordinary camera, or theodalite and conventional camera. The panoramic camera is one that takes ~.t.ft i 1,. ~ r.,..~ z.. a continuous pic t u r e of the lands cape Topographic maps are used largely around a ve r tic a I axis at the camera for city planning, drainage ~roblems, station and may cover any sector up to highway and bridge constructIon, farm 360 degrees. The panoramic camera terracing, real estate sub-dividing, a~d does away with the need for matching other such proj ects where topography IS individual photographs as is required when single pictures are taken at differ- of primary importance ... The general procedure m producmg ent angles with the ordinary camera. information may be un de r s too d f~om . G r 0 un d photogrammetric survey- mg, although obtaining a high degree of f.Igur e 2 .. When viewed from tIne the obJec- tive center, points on the pIC ure p.a acc..uracy, is limited because it is fre- will be superimposed on actual pomts quently difficult to choose stations from of the terrain. It will be noted fro~ ~he w.hich it is possible to obtain an open figure that low points, in determmmg VIew of the terrain. This difficulty is relief, will be closer to the center of the avoided with the use of aerial photo- grammetry. picture. A unique process in itself, aerial Vertical heights may be compu~~d Photogrammetry has opened the way to m the formula, but are ge~er.a Y all typ e s of comprehensive projects. f:~ten by the use of a highly spec~ahzed Information obtainable is of great value g machIne. ca 11e d the multiplex pr oJector. . to .the engineer in planning highways, B the use of color variation,. thIS ma- raIlways, and waterways, for city zoning {. brings out the relief as It actually and planning, traffic studies, parks, CIne the ground The latter appears on 1',,';tiIlU"I/ fill vorl/' .19 factory layouts, and similar projects. 9 March, 1951 GRillE DES/fiN A BRIEF LOOK AT A FEW PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN NEW CAR DESIGN BY HUBERT PRYOR A utomobile production has grown into one of the largest businesses the ~I\ESHMAN, M, t. world has ever known. The time and money spent on research and new de- one, or possibly two of these renderings signs in the automotive field is unmeas- to be modeled in clay. These receive urable. One important step in the every possible criticism. Nothing is building of a new car is the de sign of overlooked because a mistake at any the grille. Whether it be a completely one of these stages of development will ne;, gril~e or just a facelift job, many cost the company time and money, pamstakmg hours are spent in the de- At this point the design engineer, sign and testing in 0 r d e r to build a working with the chief designer, will worthwhile product. make the des i g n engineering layout. , An arti~t' s sketch is the first step This layout is called the "working m the des1gn ofa radiator grille. drawing". The design engineering lay- Numerous sketches are drawn, but only out will include all the necessary crosS a few of these sketches are selected. sections views and design lines needed The selection is made by a committee to clay up the complete grille assemble. of ~en ,:h,o pick out the design that in Not only is the radiator grille designed then opmlOn will be the most practical but also the front and rear bumpers. and the most stylish. These sketches The front bumper is designed with the are. then drawn to full scale. The ren- grille in order to keep the front of the d~nngs, are d raw n up to give a third car uniform. The rear bumper has to d1menslOnal effect, and are then painted be designed with the front bumper b~- and shaded to give a chrome effect cause they have to be kept Slm1 , '1a r In When th e s e blackboard rende'rings appearance. '1 are completed a meeting is called. The design engineer must be farm - The purpose of this meeting is to select iar with production requirements. H~ t' must prove that the grille will be soun in design, and he must also prove tdhe , tan - design point. from the manufactunng Last, and most important, must be sure that there is ad e q u,a s s t: h ., effective cooling area, I' the open~~o in the grille must be large e~ough to permit enough air to flow throug cool the engine. . f t coo 1n l' g T here are two ,d1f e.ren areas . The f 1r s t 1S the l' "design ar e3 cooling area" The design coo 1ng h . " throug 1ncludes all the au that passes ate AN ORIGINAL ARTISTS SKET - - - the grille. This is usually an adequless OF THE GRILLE. THE pu~~O~~~WING ,~HE STYLE amount of air but much 0f 1 .t 1 's use '{l'C DESIGN TO THE REST 0'F T~ET~i~~ THE , spec1 unless it is re-routed t? one "effect- area. This second area 1S the 10 SPARTAN ENGINEER ive cooling area." This area includes only the air that is effective in cooling the power plant. It will als 0 include the air that is re-routed from the design cooling area. There are definite amounts of air needed to cool the power plant. For example, a car in the low priced range will need approximately 140 sq.in. of cooling area. On the other hand a car in the medium price range will need a cooling area of approximately 100 sq.in. In other words the 1a r g e r and higher priced car incorporating a large engine will need less design cooling area, but more air to cool the power plant than a HAMMERFORMS o lower priced car. n~ rea son that the 1a r g e r, and hIgher priced car doesn't need more THE BODY IS MADE OF PLASTER AND ALL THE CHROME SURFACES ARE MADE OF EITHER A CASTING OR A HAMMERFORM. design cooling area is the fan. On a During the claying of the grille, re- larger car, a four or five bladed fan is ferred to as the mock-up, changes used. Sometimes a double fan is used. are made to imp r 0 v e the appearance In the lower priced cars a single bladed and the design of the grille assembly. fan is used. After all these problems Sometimes the s e c t ion s of the grille are worked out and checked the clay assembly are so switched around that m~delers begin the cIa y in g up of the the finished clay mod e I does not look gnlle assembly. like the original artist's sketch, but the The first step in the clay modeling original design is kept in mind if at all of the grille assembly is the building of possible. The design engineer will keep the design engineering layout up to date with all of the changes requested by the chief designer. This is part of "proving" the working drawing. he fin a 1 mock-up of the g r i 11e T assembly is presented to the proper representatives for approval when it is completed to the sat i s fa c t ion of the chief designer. If the clay model is ac- cepted all the in for mat ion is turned over to the experimental engineering department where the ~inal. engineer~ng drawing is made. ThIS fmal drawIng will provide all the necessary informa- tion needed to make a complete model C A CLAY MOCK-UP OF THE RADIATOR GRILLE. LAYING UP THE GRILLE ASSEMBLY IS TO GET AN in metal and chrome finishings. IDEA HOW JT IS GOING TO LOOK FULL SIZE. The fir s t s t e pin m a kin g the engineering drawing is to make cro~s- a platform. This platform is used to s e c t ion a I, horizontal, and plan VIew g~ge. and check dimensions during the templates. These templates are made c aymg up of the grill assembly. This to reproduce the grill assembly as close result Al Sma . per f e c t I Y shaped grille. as possible to the dimensions of the I So the grille design must be kept as model. If any changes were made the c.ose as possible to the actual dimen- dimensions are taken off the model. s~ns of the engineering drawing, or the The foundry begins working on the ; ole as&embly will look out of propor- sand cores of the grille assembly as Ion. soon as the wood shop completes the .. The next step is to make a full size patterns. Bronze and kirksite, are ~he lmltat. f IOn of the hood and front fenders two common alloys used in the casting ~hth: car that will incorporate the grille of the grille assembly. The smaller at IS being designed. The imitation is pieces, such as the hood ornament, are made ou t a f wood or clay' USIng . th e cast in bronze. On the other hand brass ('ontIIllLI'fl all pogl' 2j mo s t convenient. ' 11 "Aarch, 1951 FACTS CONTRADICTING STATEMENTS MADE IN 1948 ABOUT AN EXCESS OF ENGINEERS IN 1952 W ill I be able to get an engineering job when I graduate from MSC? All There has been a decrease of 20 per cent from the prewar year of 1940 of the seniors have asked ):hemselves to the Fall of 1950 when, under the this difficult question at one time or normal rate of growth of engineering another. From all indications of the enrollments, there should have been an needs for engineers in the fut~re, it is increase of about 20 per cent. Simul- safe to assume that there will be more taneously with the erroneous belief of a positions for engineers than there will decreased need for engineers, there has be engineering graduates. also been a decrease in the number of graduates of high school, a trend that Recently. Dea? S. C. Hollister, Dean will not reverse itself, as predicted on of EngIneerIng at Cornell Univer- the basis of enrollments of high school sity pre s en t e d his paper ., Critical and grammar school pupils, until ~958, Developments in Engineering Enroll- In the meantime the rate of mdus- ment". Dean Hollister conducted a poll of 34 s e 1e c t e d institutions, including trial pro d u c t ion, as judged ?y ~he production of electrical energy, IS m- MS C, whose enrollments represented creasing at the rate of nearly ten ~er over half of the total engineering enroll- cent, bringing with it the need for m- ~ent of the nation. From his findings creased numbers of technical personnel, It wa~ seen that the number of freshmen including engineering graduates. enterIng the engineering curriculum this year was 26,500. This is only half ofthe number of en gin e e r in g students that Thesightcontrast to fill of supply that,i~ in these needs is strIkmg, ;v-ere freshmen when the senior class of Estimates based on the num b er 0f en- 50 began college. Freshmen enroll- '. gIneerIng studen t snow 'n college, 1 , ments for the follow i n g yea r s ar e assumIng . that studen t s w 0 maintaIn h '1 b tabulated below; those in the first line satisfactory scholastic records wil e ~re for the selected institutions' those permitted to graduate, that custo~~:~ In the second line are for the' t' shrinkages due to failure and 0 '11 countr en Ire . Y except for the year 1950 h' h causes will occur, and that there WId IS arrived t b 1 . W IC 'fl ux 0,f advance based on th a Yfapp ~mg a proportion not be an unusual In f an ose 0 preVIOUSyears. standing admis s ions or adoptIon 0 , th last war, accelerated program as In e t four 1940 1947 1948 Selected Institutions .!1!1 ~ the number of graduates of the ne~l ws: 16,407 27,124 22,7-35 19,189 14,057 years will be approximately as fo 0 Entire Coun~ry 33,175 57,507 47,672 Ratio, per cent 36,508 26,500 49.-5 47.2 47.7 1951 32,500 52.4 53.0 1952 21,900 It will be not d 1953 17,000 de c rea sed 17 e that enrollments 1954 12,400 year of 1947 to 1~~r8ce~t from the peak Statistics from 1948 to 1949 ' Y 23.4 per cent from 1949 to 1950.' and by 27 per cent TheissuedBur e a u of Lab ~ r . a report predIctIng a sur- ine 1 pus 0f . engIneers; "L'f Ie •• magaz 12 SPARTAN ENGINEER use d t his the m e in the form of an nical division of the government. Just article predicting that graduates would at the time when the needs of the nation not be able to get jobs; Engineers' Joint for trained personnel promises to be Council subscribed to the same idea. the greatest in history, there will be an These statements are so erroneous that unprecedented shortage of engineering industries of the nation are worried and graduates. are making an all-out drive to insure the filling of their vacancies. To add to the confusion, enrollments in engineer- Whyagealloftheengineers? publicity about the shorl- The foregoing ing are still falling and look as if they statements clearly show the decrease of will continue to do so. This trend may engineering graduates. To see why all be witnessed here at State. The sum- the publicity is needed, it is necessary mary of MSC engineering students as of to see what caused the shortage. First March 1, 1949 are as follows: the war's ending enabled many people to come to college through the GI Bill 1949 750 who would not otherwise been able to 1950 608 attend. Many men were semi-technically 1951 362 trained in the service and desired to 1952 231 continue their new-found education, so 1953 176 they took engineering in college. From all appearances, there would be a sur- What was overlooked in all of these plus of graduates when these big classes predictions was the fact that the completed their educations. Actually, number of freshmen engineering students industry absorbed the larger number of graduates in their expansion .p:ogr~ms and in allied fields. The pubhc1ty glven to false reports of surplus engineers undoubtedly influenced the freshmen as they registered for college, for no one wants to study four or five years only to find his field overcrowded. The second reason for the shortage is the over-a.ll lower enrollments in colleges an~ um- verS1 1es.'t' Fewer people are gomg to college because money is getting h~rder to get and keep. Coupled with that 1S the noticible absence of the GI in c~llege. The third cause of the shortage 1S one . 1nvOV1n l' g the future .. The demands of A SCENE AT AN INTERVIEW ARRANGED BY THE the service will drain the forthcommg PLACEMENT BUREAU. g r ad u ate s from college before they had been decreasing for the previous complete their training. How many of three years and that the number of en- them will return to college after se:- gineers to be graduated this June and vice is a question that few people w1ll continuing at least until 1954 would not venture to answer. only be far fewer than the record break- ing veteran classes of 1949 and 1950 hese are a few reasons why there but would even, unless trends reverse themselves, en r 0 11m e n t be fewer T 1S. a shortage, but what to do abo~t Th government 1S it is another matter. e . than in the ••normal' , pr ewar year of . d en ineers in the serVlce ... 1940. Unless some very unlikely cir- gOIng to nee g . lone t 6 000 per year. There 1S on Y cumstances occur to c h a n g e present a b ou , t resent. More answer to the problem a P 11 d trends, reduced numbers of graduating . I raduates must be enro e eng~neers seems clearly to promise a ~lgh s.choo. g lleges and universities. serlOUs situation in the near future for 1n engIneerIng co and univer- ~he engineering profession and for It is now up to the c:olle~~:g students to 1ndustry. sities to encou:ag~ mco effort to correct Under present-day conditions the study engineen~g m :: well put the na- national welfare has come to depend a situation th~ c~u . operative tion's industnes In an In u~on a continuing supply of young en- condition. glneers to staff industry and the tech- 13 March, 1951 NEW DEVELOPMENTS TELEVISION MICROSCOPE spectrum through color filters. It is so much superior that some granules in A new type of light microscope that living cells have been brought out for the utilizes electronic eyes instead of the first time. human eye was recently developed at an It has been pointed out that the new eastern university. The new technique technique enables examination of either of televised microscopy gives consider- slow or rapid motion of material under ably s h a r per contrast than has been a microscope at magnifications which previously available. Its use to date has formerly could have been "watched" been limited to the field of biological only by motion picture photography. research but ithas great possibilities in the field of medicine and allied field. The television-microscope combi- BACTERIA ALA CARTE nation has two advantages over the other forms of microscopes. Itmakes possible Farmers are saving millions of first, the study of many of the compo- dollars a year and helping to stre~ch nents of living cells normally visible this country's jute supply by cookmg only after killing and s tea m i n g and .disease germs to death. secondly, the direct observation of the Burlap feed bags are being ma~e motion of the cells. Even without the safe for re-use by heating t.hem ~n specially sensitized tubes, a high degree special giant ovens known as dlelectnc of contrast can be obtained by means of high frequency ovens. Since these bags the variable light level controls on the are durable enough to be re-used an television screen. average of five times, costs are cut ~o The experimental installation con- about one-fifth and there is less draln sists of ala bora tory microscope on the jute sup ply available for new mounted beneath an ReA industrial tel- bags. , h evision camera. The televised micros- Jute, the raw material from whlc copic scene is transmitted by cable to a burlap is made is not native to the U,~" standard receiver-monitor placed near- this nation importing nearly all of lts by. Placed in the interior of the televi- supply from India. 'th s lon . ~ am e,r a is a ve r y sma 11 but After several experiments w.l sensltIve•••• plckup tube the V'd' 1 lcon. d steam, ultra-violet light, .and ~ya~~~ For ,~lcrOScopy, the Vi d i Con can be gas, it was found that heatIng w~th gt sensltI.zed with materials which make it frequency e 1 e c t r i c it Y was the mas receptIve to a particular narrow band of practical way to sanitize the feed bag~ wavelengths. For the experimental for re-use Bags in bales of 250 eac: mod~l. are d - s ens it i v e and a violet- . sensltIve tube were used T b h were conveyed bet wee n e 1ec t ro des In b . u es ave '. dlelectrlc 0 v ens h t and teem perature nh 't . een developed that will range from the brought up to 230 degrees Fahr~ el; mfra-red to the ultra-violet end of the spectrum . sufficient to kill undesirable dlse~Se organlsms. but not to burn or 0therwls :V ith the red or vi ole t t u ~ e it is harm the bags .. use. Posslble to select a narrow 1 band f wa ve ength There are two ovens now 1n d .orl sthud y of a particular cellular mat erla w ose light b . They are 44 feet long, 9 feet h'19, h ancy that band Th d a sorptIon lies in 9 feet wide and operate at a frequen f t '. e egree of contrast be- ween varloUs c he' 1 of 13 m e g a c y c 1e s with a power a ' within the cell is m:c~c a c~mponents 120,000 watts .. _half previously gained by hSUtPerlOr.tothat The cost of sanitizing 1S one p 0 ographmg the cent per bag. 14 SPARTAN ENGINEER ATOMIC POWER? 13Y nnUCE MILLEn JUNJOH, E. E. These times are often referred to as the atomic age. The chief reason There are two kinds of u ran i u m being the atomic bomb and all the talk which are used; U/235, which is fission- about atomic power. What about this able, and U-238 which is not fissionable. atomic power? Can it be used to run U-238 is 139 times as prevalent as motors, produce electricity, and do U-235, and can be converted to fission- other great things? Some of these things able material as a by-product of U-235 may not be as far in the future as people fission processes. The neutrons which think. are produced in the initial U-235 fission It is easy to see the value of atomic process can be captured - after they powered aircraft or naval vessels have reI e a sed their energy - by the againstthose powered by chemicalfuels. atoms of unfissionable U-238. These The space and weight factors of present neutrons are the agent which converts fuels could be cut down considerably. U-238 into fissionable material. Thus With the great savings in space, better we can get energy from U-235 and as a armored and maneuverable vessels by-product build up a stockpile of could be built. Other things bearing on fissionable material from the U-238. the value of such machines are: when it n order to successfully use atomic will be available, maintenance problems, I power, reactors have been and the cost in diversion of fissionable developed. These reactors are machines material both for the reactors installed which control the reI e a s e of nuclear i~ the equipment and complex reproces- energy. There are many difficulties in smg procedures which are required for building and 0 per at i n g the reactors atomic fuels. which are necessary for the successful . A suitable means for supplying ra- use of atomic power. Some of the more dlOactive substances to an engine has important factors are -- already been found. A strip of suitable I. The temperatures involved arc well supporting mat e ria 1 has been coated above thos e of the conventional en- :v ith radioactive matter. This coating gineering range. IS only one la-millionth of an inch thick. 2. Heat transfer and conversion of he~~ It. consists literally of molecules lying into power with the .use of li~Ul sIde by side, forming a uniform layer metals involve corrOSIon, eroSion, of molecules. purification, and pumping problems, StepPing on the accelerator of t~e Materials must withstand h~gh car of the f u t u r e will send thIS 3. n u c 1ear radiation as well as high strip of radioactive ribbon into the en- temperatures. gine where it will release its energy in 4. Material for reactors mustdnot ca P - the form of heat and provide the power ture neutrons and thus re uce th e necessary for propelling the car. power and the supply .. b !he power packed into uranium can 5. Fission products pOisonhthe trheafc.hOen, e VIS Ua 1i zed better if compared to That is, the ashes smot er e lr . sOmething with which most of us are fa ml'I'lar. For example an automobile he Atomic Energy Com:niss.ion has batt ery provides ampere-hours, 6 volts ' and about 100 which is approximately T four reactors in use In dlffe~ent t es of experimental work. The flrst equal to 1 horsepower-hour. A piece of i~Pused for testing materials which can ura . nlUm of the same weight would be be used in propelling naval ve~sels. ~h~ ~ b 1e top r 0 v ide a bout 3a 0, a a 0,000 . for testing matenals WhlC orsepower_hours. secon d IS (Jonttnuru on pa()r .JII 15 ~rch, 1951 The Societies AMERICAN SOCIETY OF can Colloid Co. who spoke on sand prob- CIVIL ENGINEERS lems relating to excessive metal shrinkage. Profs. C. C. Sigerfoos and Eight student members attended H. O. Womochel of M S C followed the the Michigan meeting held in Det- speaker with comments on the results roit's Rackham Memorial. After of their research on the same general dinner the group was addressed by subject. Col. Arthur Morrell, a sanitary engineer Also in January the group traveled ' 'with the U. N. Health Organization, just to Battle Creek for the regular monthly back from a ten year tour of duty in meeting of the Central Michigan Chapter. China. The din n e r speaker was Prof. W. W. An interesting sound movie on the Snyder, and the main s pea k e r of the construction of Boulder Darn was pre- evening was K. W. Robinson of the State sented at the last meeting in January. Health Dept. who spoke on "Dust Control Plans for a get together for the In The Foundry." graduating seniors are under way. PHI LAMBDA TAU ASAE A January meeting of Phi Lambda At their first meeting this term, * Tau a membership committee was • the AS. Engineer s elected two new chosen to select new candidates officers to take the places oft~ose for admission. A smoker was held vacated by President Jerry Rich- this term for the new initiates. The for- mal banquet will be held spring term in ards and S e c r eta r y Donald Florence. the Union. Don was elected President and Richard Hazle is the new Secretary, The new ENGINEERING COUNCIL Agriculture Co un c i 1 representative is Freeman Lytle. t The Engineering Council is now in A recent guest at the ASAE mee - the midst of pIa n n i n g for the ings was Andrew Olson. He reported on , ;, annual Engineers' Exposition to be extension work. Mr, Olson has been aC- • . held May 11 and 12. tive in this work for the past nine years • I n d i v i d u a 1 departments will take and reports that Ag. En gIn . e e r shave charge of displays in their building with good opportunities in extension work. ~heir council representative supervis- mg. To provide greater coordination for AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF the exposition as a whole, plans are in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INSTITUTE process for guided tours of the various OF RADIO ENGINEERS b'7ildings and displays. A possible route wIll be: registration booth in front of The group has seen sever al inter- Olds Hall, Forge, Foundry, Cannery, Olds Hall, Machine Shop, E.E. Building and finally to the Ag.E. Building. . The co un c i 1 has asked that any Ideas or suggestions for displays which are av~ilabl~ for the Exposition be + esting movies on electrIcal P . generation and , 1t s Also during the term there ~a$ a tour through Oldsmobile for all EEps. er Mr. Beathe Company in Jackson , of Consume d' , IS rs gave a ~e~y In rO- ower tributlo oW n. , ter- turned m at room 101 Olds Hall esting talk on engineer traIning p ks grams and what the Inter . ' wer 100 VIe ther AMERICAN FOUNDR Y SOCIETY f or In t e young engIneer .. At anoClub . h .. meeting, the MSC Amateur RadIO .......a- ~ In January, members of the stu- . on au. gave a talk and demonstra t Ion the ~ S dent chapter were dinner guests of teur radio. The club operates :n call ~ _ the Western Michigan ColI e g e amateur r a d i 0 ban d sunder t e th ch~pter. The featured speaker of e eVenIng was C. A. Sanders of Ameri- W8SH. aye so Continued on 11 16 SPARTAN ENGINEER M.S.C.IN GERMANY BY CHRISTOPH BRECHT SPECIAL STUDENT "Hello, Mister" said the student, used for a certain course, could not climbing up the stairways to an old man even hold the official number of stu- w~om . he thought was a janitor, "say, dents. While in high school a textbook MIster, where is Prof Mueller's is the center of the whole course, with office?" . the teacher only commenting and ex- '" What do you want him for" asked plaining. In universities usually differ- the man. ent books are r e com men de d but not I "That's none of your business, but at all basic of the lectures which are .have my oral examination right now in entirely planned and held by the pro- hIS office." fessor. Therefore, there are no assign- "Glad to see you, I am Professor ments. While in high school examina- ~ue.ller myself" said the supposed tions take place at the end of each term, JanItor". __ while the quiz and note books play an imp 0 r tan t par t, they only have. two This is an old student gag but it examinations during the whole curncu- could ha'ppen In Germany lum in the university. Of course these d where ' a stu- en,t legally is entitled to make his ex- exams are pretty tough and students aminations a b 0 u t c 0 u r s e s which he often get in a mess before them because neVer att en d e.d they cover all the material of two or th He only has to prove more years of studying in all co~rses: sta~ he was en lis t e d as are gu Ia r A German T e c h n i c a I UnIversity k u ent. Very often professors do not corresponds to one of t?e "~~titutes of enow their candidates and sometimes Technology" here. Umverslhes the~- ven can did ate s do not know their professors. selves are restricted to teach theoreti- cal natural sciences, medicines, la~ and G T h~re is a great difference hIgh schools between and universities in fine arts etc. while in Technical Umver- sities practical technical sciences and engineering are taught. Inwestern e:rmany, which also shows the differ- Germany some 90,000 students (out of a ad~e between American colleges and o ulation of 48 million) study at 8~ quate German universities: ~nfversities, institutes and other e~uca ch ~n Germany high school teachers tional institutions which offer hlgh~r tie:c n the role every day, in universi- Conltnul'Il on )/tJJlt: U obody cares. Some classrooms 17 March, 1951 Only STEEL can do so many jObs ACTION IN CALIFORNIA. On the north fork of the Feather River in Cal- ifornia, Pacific Gas and Electric Company has placed two new dams •.. Crests Dam and Rock Creek Dam. The huge drum gates for these dams, and the bridges directly above them, required 4,380,000 pounds of steel. They were fabricated and erected by United States Steel. NEW SCHOOL HAS 2-WAY PROTECTION. No matter how absorbed these chil- dren become, they can't rush into the path of passbg trame, because they are protected by sturdy, long-wearing Cyclone Fence. And the fence not only keeps the children inside, it keeps undesirables out . . .tals hotels, re~- WASH DAY IS NO HEADACHE.lD hOh~~eequipment ~ taurants clubs or laundrIes w tainless stee made of'U.S'S'Stainless Steel. For ~ tance ~ood means easy cleamng, . corr:~ -nres1s'St United lStates . ee looks and long life. Lucky t I £ ashing machine s is big enough to turn ou t stee or w II as tanks. as well as warships, for toasters as we AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY. AMERICA D WESTERN STEEL CORPORATION MPANY N STEEL & WIRE COMPANY and CYCLONE FENCE DIVISION. COLUMBIA STEEL COMPANY. CONSOLIDATE PRODUCTS CO UNITED STATES STEEL COMPANY. UNITED STATES STEEL EXPORT COMPANY. UNITED STATES STEEL 18 SPARTAN ENGINEER so well ... TOUG~ ON TANKS. The steel rocket fired by thIs new 3.5 inch "superbazooka" has .already proved itself an effective anh-tan.k weapon. It weighs nine pounds, IS able to penetrate up to 11 m~hesof.ar~or. Although mobilization will require Increasing amounts of steel ~heco~t:~mtly-expanding steel-produc~ ~ngfacilIties ofU. S. Steel should enable It to n:ake plenty of steel for essential peacetime uses, too. FACTSYOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT American f h st ee I IllJ'11s can out-produce the rest s te 0t t, e world combined by 13 million tons of a year. The plants of United States Steel a on~ are pouring more steel than all the Com- NEW LIGHT ASSAULT TRANSPORT. Six rocket unit8 help to lift the 40,000- pound weight of this new U. S. Air Force light all8ault transport m 11 recent test'lIight. With the addition of rocket unit8, tho thn'C-cngme munost nations put together. plane can now transport heavy loads in and out of small clearings. Only steel can do 80 many jobs 80 well. List.. to , .. He Theatr. Guild 8D the Air, presented every Sunday eveninll by United St.tu StHl. National Broadcastinll Company. coast-to..:oas! network. Consult your newspapar for lime and mUon. and this label is your guide to quality steel 19 March, 1951 ---------- .., ENGINEERING~: DEVELOPMEN~ \~ A ,UPEft.VOLTACE ERECTING A MULTI.ANTENNA TELEVISION TOWER ON THE INDUSTftIAL X ftA Y EMPIRE STATE BUILDING ,~ - # - ... J.•.,t- fJ., ... I' ~. ~. Cr ;~l4!'~~~. ~ -n!a., __ . , ,,'~ -' "=-- .:~ "~q~ "V ---- ',n_ , ~; ."r ., ',,-- ! . .,..,;- '" " I _, _,_ '.~ A NEW 300.000,OOOV01.T IYNCHROTIIO,. CONDUIT TRENCH BEING CONSTRUCTED AN EXTREMELY POWElU'U1. ~TOMIlMA8'ilJI AT THE GRAND RIVER CROSSING OF JOHN C. LODGE EXPRESSWAY I ~ THE BEGI.tfNING Of 1H£ SAYTOWJHA POlIfi: THE LARGEST SHIP PROPELLER r..no... Sn:t:L TUKNtL BUUT IN THE U ... eon LARGE WELDING JIG DESIGNED TO MAKE FLANNEwFLANGING MACHINE - CAN SPIN A D • S. - 22 FEET IN GED HEAD UP TO 26-V2 FEET IN DIAMETER lAMETER AND WEIGHS 71.500 LBS. STAINLESS _ STEEL _ BEER _ FERMENTING TANKS 21 20 SPARTAN ENGINEER March, 1951 M. s.~. life in private rooms has some advan- tages for students but on the whole __ and especially under postwar conditions In GerlDany inGerman additional cities, hous ekeeping it involves many problems and Continued from page 22 expenses, unknown to s t u den t shere. Besides, team spirit as it is known and education. The University of Munich is felt in MSC and seen by outsiders during the largest having 10,000 students, the s po r tin g events, is almost unknown. T e c h n i c a 1 University in Munich has There are athletic events and competi- about 4 000 students. The percentage of tions between the several universities "coeds: I range from 410 (in technical but they fail to attract more than a small universities) to 4510 in the University of number of fans. Life in German univer- Munich. sities is much more unpersonal and less L et's follow the life in school of a young boy who wants to become an familiar than it is here. en gin e e r . A total of eight year s in school is required by law for any citi- A s a prerequisite dent in engineering, to start as a stu- it is required to have worked 6 to 12 months in a fac- zen in Germany. At the age of six the tory or shop. Further, it is required youngster has to go to the basic school before the final exams that the ME and (it is called the "people's school" be- EE student work another 6 months dur- cause it is free for everyone). The first ing his vacations, before he ~ecom~s day in school usually is a festival and what is called here a "freshman'. ThIS the boy gets a big paper hat, filled with system brings the student in close ~on- sweets, candies and cookies. tact with practical methods, machmes After four years he may change and institutions in in d u s try, but also over to high school or stay for four broadens his sense for social problems more years in the elementary school. by requiring that he work for this period In high school he and his parents have (without any wage, by the way) as a to make their first academic selection. worker and together with other workmen. When the boy passes the fourth class I myself, considered this system to there usually is a linguistic or a natural be the most ideal for technical educa- science choice. After 8 classes (cur- rently efforts are being made to add the tion until I happened to visit t~e G~~ former 9th year, abandoned during the (General Motors Institute) at Fhnt a " got acquainted with the" CO-Op-System. t{azi regime) and after passing the final .. carrle d thru In examinations, he gets his record from which among others lS this institute. The a It ern a tin g two the high school. The grading system is .. slightly different as is shown below. month perlods ln s h op an d classroom h for four years and t h e f.lna I researc l=very good corresponding to the' 'A" work in the fifth year seem to be. an 2=good corresponding to the" B" ideal way to educate an engIneer . .. ThIngs t' 3=fair corresponding to the" C" may be different for theore t lca SClen . 1 d 1- 4=poor corresponding to the' 'D" fic-students and 0 the r s wh 0 nee d af 5=insufficient corresponding to the "E" thoroughly un i n t err up t e d stu Y 0 sources and books. If the boy has not more than one or a student a t a German two "poor's" and no "insufficient's" his record he has passed. This makes in U nfortunately technical .. unlverslty. h as 0 t choose f his it possible for him to apply for enroll- his major on the very hrst day °b 'c .. currlculum. There lS no ge neral .aSl ted ment as a student at the university of his choice. school WhlCh could ma k e h'1m acqualn r . f" t yea. ...., olleges, like MSC, are unknown in with the system during the lTSdecides '-.; Germany. Students in G e r man y E g when he after two terms, .. , t chern- live in rented private rooms in the city to change his maj or from ~E. ~lties to of their Alma Mater. They come only istry he will have many dlfhc , hich re- for classes to the university. Usually overcome with new courses w . the administration runs a kind of cafe- quire prerequisites unknown to h.lmt'two teria, "the mensa", which is financially E a c h yea r lS d' 1 v 1 . 'ded mO bout supported in order to serve lunches for semesters. Each of these ru n for a to t haS students, instructors and employees for 3 -1 /2 months. While the studen h dule reasonable p r ice s. Naturally private subscribe to a pre-arranged sc e 22 SPARTAN ENGINEER partners •• In creating K & E drafting instruments, equipment and materials have been partners of leading engineers for 81 years in shaping the modern world. Sa extensively are these products used by successful men, it is self-evident that K & E has played a part in the completion of nearly every American engineering proiect of any magnitude. Begin your career by doing what the mas- ters do ••. use • CASTELL with the famous imported graphite. It costs no more than ordinary domestic brands. 18 superlative de- grees that match ev- ery mood of genius. Ask for CASTELL9000 at your college sup- ply store. KEUFFEL & ESSER CO. I:ST. 18a:7 NEW YORK • HOBOKEN, N. J. Chicago • St. Louis • Detroit San Francisco • Los Angeles • Montreal " Yes Sir "m go\ng -to for Engineers ~ A touch of gold ... a lot of Engineering! GRID FRAME (actual size) This is the grid frame for an electron tube Tungsten wire is next wound around two that plays a vital part in the BelI System's radio frames at a time. These are put into a hydrogen relay network for long distance telephone calIs atmosphere and heated until the gold melts and and television programs. brazes the wire firmly to both frames, which are then split apart. Across the central hole of a frame - between dotted lines-tungsten wires .0003 of an inch in Industrial Engineers made thorough job cost and time studies which show this new process is diameter, so fine you can barely see them, must be placed with their centers .001 of an inch apart. fast and economical. How to fasten this wire securely to a frame posed a problem that took the combined skills of many Working closely together, Western Electric kinds of engineers. engineers of varied skills are consta~t1y develop- ing new, better and more economIcal ways to Electrical, Chemical and Metallurgical make telephone equipment. That's how they help the Bell System give this country the ~est tele- Engineers decided it could best be anchored with phone service on earth at the lowest possible cost. gold. Why gold? Because it is inert in a vacuum, reduces grid emission, is suitable for tpe working temperature of the tube and is a good electrical conductor. Physicists, Electrical and Mechanical Engi- neers tackled this problem - and adapted the machine shown, in which frames are placed-forty at a time-on a two-level rack. Between the up- rights of the rack are heating coils into which short lengths of 24 karat gold wire are placed. An air-tight cover is lowered, the chamber evacu- ated and heaters are switched on. When vacuum and temperature are just right, the operator passes a carefulIy controlled current through tl~e coils and the gold vaporizes, coveri~g the l?nd frames with a coating .00002 of an Inch thIck. This unusual machine turns gold into vap~r to gold. Only about two and one-half cents worth of gold plate little grid frames at Western ElectrIC. per frame is used. c Wtottftt Eltctri • SYSTEM SINCE 1882 A UNIT OF THE BELL 31 March, 1951 DISTEL HEATING COMPANY Plumbing Heating Power Plants Refrigeration Industrial Piping Sprinkl ing Systems Air Conditioning Established 1922 720 E. Shiawassee St. P.O. Box 298 LANSING MICHIGAN What is "METALLURGY" in a bearing Alloys that go into bearing steel should be properly apportioned and hard. ened: The result of RflCSII"' 's know- how In ~etallu~gy is the development o~ beanngs WIth special ability to Wlth~tand tremendous stresses and 5KF Ball & Rall.r str.ams. lBlCSlJ'"Industries, Phlla. 32, Pa. Inc., 7178 ."RINGS 32 SPARTAN ENGINEER Electronics GLAMOUR GIRL - OR PRODUCTION WORKER? by H. A. BARTLING Manager, Electronics Section General Machinery Division ALLIS-CHALMERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Graduate Training Course 1927) O MANY near-miracles, actual, experi- S mental or imaginary, are being at- tributed to electronics that it's quite the glamour girl of the electrical industry. Working closely with this infant prodigy, we find it is indeed fascinat- 'ing and astonishingly versatile. We find, too, that it is a terrific work- er. Applying electronic principles to tough, matter-of-fact indus- trial jobs is the work of H. A. BARTLING this section. It rewards us with some really amazing success stories, and with abundant oppor- tunity. The field has hardly been touched. New Field Hardening 2200 trimmer blades per hour, this Allis-Chalmers In~uction I~eatcr This field of industrial electronics was is stepping up production for a Southern manufacturer of texllie machmcry. completely unknown, of course, when I received my degree in Electrical Engi- Department on electric mine hoists, 'In touch on the other great departments. neering from Illinois and entered the covering just about every major industry- 1931 I moved back to the Electrical De- Graduate Training Course at Allis- part~ent, doing sales application .work Many GTC student~ fi~d thcir gr~atest Chalmers in 1925. During the 2-year for the Motor and Generator SectIOn. I interest and opportunity In the Baslc.ln- COurse I stuck pretty close to electrical worked, successively, on unit sub-stations, dustries Department. Ther~ they desl~n. work:-and at its completion, I was on the had charge of the Mixed Apparatus Sec- build and install the machinery for min- electncal test floor helping run tests on tion, was in Industrial Sales, h~n?led ing, smelting, cemcnt making, nour ~J1I- some of the first big blooming mill motors contract negotiations and ,sales liaison ing, oil extraction, food and chemlCflI the company ever built. work during the war, and In J?47 to.ok processing. Others bcco~e intere~ted In charge of the company's growing Elec- hydraulic or steam turbines, the com- Next, I worked in the Basic Industries tronics Section. plexities of centrifugal pumps and the engineering problems of small motors or Here we develop and apply fo~r main classes of industrial electronic equ~pmen~: V-belt drives. Rectifiers, Induction Heaters, DI~lectfJC Some fit into engineering and design. Heaters and Metal Dete~tors, ~Ith th.e Some find themselves most interested In exception of Rectifiers, thiS eqUipmen~ IS manufactufing or in field wo!k suc~ as relatively new to industry. We're turOlng scrvice and erection. Many II~~ seiling. up new uses and applications every d~y. and find their engineering training pays It's an absorbing line of w~rk, an? PiO- off best in a District Sales Office. neers an entirely new frontier of mdus- Whatever a man may eventually find trial methods. most to his liking and ad~a~tage, the Wide Choice of Interests I've traced this brief personal history ,to is a wonderful vantage poin~ ~o~ to start, It offers contact Wit a :~JI,~ Allis-Chalmers Graduate TralnlOg Cou,rse illustrate the widely varied opportunIties industries and a chance at many types of a oung engineer finds at Allis-Chalr,n~rs work' design, manufacture, rese~r~h, test- elen within a single field such asel~trlclty. ing i~stallation, selling, adv~rtl~.I~~'t~~; I never got far from the Electrical De- po:t. There is no other ~rganlza ~ wide rtment, because J found what I ~~nted can offer a graduate englOeer suc a ~ ht there. But I wouldn't be glVI~g ~ range of activities. tr~e picture of Allis-Chalmers if I dldn t Massive castings for a 60-inch Superior- MCCully crusher being assembled in the A-C West Allis plant. Machine will reduce ALLIS-CHALMERS ~ S-foot boulders to crushed rock-handle . Milwaukee 1. Wisconsin Allis-Chalmers Manufacturmg Company. 2S00 tons of ore per hour! 33 March, 1951 This compact, modern drive controls belt tension con- tinuously; keeping it even, despite changes in load. In fact, this drive keeps belt pull uniform two ways, around and at:ross the pulleys. Here's how it works. TENSION-CONTROLLING 1. The tension-controlling motor base maintains uniform MOTOR BASE pulling power around the pulleys by automatically com- pensating for load changes. 2. The flat leather belt keeps belt pull uniform a.,-oSS the pulleys because it is undivided. No danger of separate, uneven tensions. AmmNuv 1 EAT HER BEL TIN G :4HdtitJtion, Headquarters for Authentic Power Transmission Data 41 PAaK aow, NEW YOaK 7, NEW YOaK AL-49 LANS ING 1. M ICH IGAN 34 SPARTAN ENGINEER T.HEY MADE HISTORY! This ca.r, and the' men who designed it stead of 16 plates. Joining time cut in half! Back in 1928 Alcoa engineers pointed out the Today three plates, plus heads, joined by advantages that aluminum would bring to newly developed welding methods make an railroad tank cars carrying hard to hold aluminum tank car. And 1,300 of them, in- chemicals; easily contaminated foods. So. cluding the first one ever made, are in service. Alcoa designed a~d undertook to pay for Another instance where Alcoa engineering the first aluminum tank car. The car builder and co-operation have brought the advan- and a shipper became interested. On comple- tages of aluminum to a new application. tion of the car, the builder assumed the cost and Throughout the Alcoa organization, in re- leased it to the shipper for regular service. search, production and sales, similar pioneer- Interest in aluminum tank cars increased. ing jobs are in progress now and others are Impact recorders and strain gauges gave waiting for the men with the imagineering the designers new data. The aluminum pro- ability to tackle them. duction men rolled" the heaviest plate; ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, 742 made the largest rivets produced up to that Gulf Building, Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania. time. The second car was made from 8 in- ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA 35 March, 1951 Beginning Its M. S. C. L In GerDlany 37th Year A Continued from page 11 (covering about 27-34 hours per week) of Successful for the first four s em est e r s at the N Stamping technical un i v e r sit y, he can choose about half of his schedule last four semesters during the out ofa list of many subj ects, all relating to his field. S Service Classes run for 45 minutes. auxiliary equipment (slides ords, mode Is etc.) ar e, due to the lack Technical with rec- I of funds, relatively T rare. here are no exams, no term papers and no fin a 1s . In some courses N however, drawings and calculations have to be made and s 0 met i m e s will be graded. Occasionally voluntary prob- G lems can corrected staff. bet urn e din by members In spite and will be of the faculty- of this lack of control however, strangely enough, most of the students study hard and use the acade- S mic freedom, granted best of their own benefit. The first examinations to them, to the take place T after the fourth or fifth semester cover the entire mat e ria 1 of all the lectures. Each cours"e and will have its A own exam, either written (2 -4 hours) or oral (15 minutes) or both. lized how long 15 minute s can be when I never rea- M one has to spend them with an inquisitive professor. make it possible Some technical universities to spread the exami- Serving Manufacturers of p nations of up to 18 courses the end of two semesters The final examinations or more at instead of one. (usually after the 7th and 8th semesters) again covers AUTOMOBILES AGRICUL TURAL I the material of the curriculum cludes the delivery of a special research assignment which has to be completed and in- EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIAL N during the last four months of the last term. EQUIPMENT T he passing of the final exam entitles DOMESTIC G the s t u den t to a c c e p t the title ••Diplom- Ing enieur" which may be com- pared to the masters degree here. 1£ he EQUIPMENT does not intend to go on for a doctors LAWNMOWERS 1159 Pennsylvania c degree i m m e d i ate 1y, which involve.s s i mil a r w 0 r k and examinations as It does here, he is finished. t Avenue Lansing, Michigan o Unfortunately there is no placem~nh office which arranges future employers, interviews WIt so the student ha~ to look for his job usually alone and wIth- out any help. So met i m e s however, recommendations by his professors, 36 SPARTAN ENGINEER based on relations with industry, are given and are very useful. There are divisions some departments here in MSC, which are and not developed in Germany. The techni- cal university of Munich has the follow- ing departments: Faculty for General Sciences: 1. Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department. 2. Chemistry Department. 3. General S c i e nee s and Languages Department. PROBLEM - Your company manufactures gas Faculty for Civil Engineering: 1. C~vi1 Engineering Department. burners of varying number and sp.acing of gas 2. Architecture Department. ports. You wont to develop a drilling machine which can be changed over with a minimum of Faculty for ME and EE: time and effort to drill the holes in the different 1. Mechanical Engineering Department. burner castings. How would you do it? 2. Electrical Engineering Department. THE SIMPLE ANSWER-The illustration shows Faculty for Agricultural Sciences how one manufacturer solved this problem by Faculty for Brewing Sciences using S.S.White flexible shafts as spindles. You will notice that there is no This arrangement makes possible quick changes I. lnd us t ria 1 Engineering," a nd no of spindle groupings to meet different require "Chemical Engineering Department". ments. As here, S.S.White flexible shafts make There is the facuJ ty for Brewing which ideal power drives for almost any machine part is very famous and of course runs its which must be adjustable. Ownbrewery. Would you like to enroll? * * * I tview is not within the scope of this re- to compare your system here This is just one of the hundreds of remote with the G e r man educational system. control and power drive Both have their advantages and disad- problems to which S. 5./ vantages. The German higher educa- White flexible shafts l tional system as well as the German provide a simple ans- universities are known for their scien- wer. Engineers will fl~d tific values and have a good reputation it worthwhile to be famil- in this country. However, the system iar with the range and needs a reform towards broadening of scope of these .. Metal education. Studies in German technical Muscles". for mechan- universities shall not get lost in special- ical bodies. ties and technical practices, but shall • Trod. "".rk ~.9. u. S. .11•• here. ,.t. Off •• rtd train the s t u den t s to solve technical problems by their own knowledge and WRITE fOR BULLETIN 5008 ability instead of using a routine-sched- ule. Due to the enormous technical and It gives essential faels and engineer- scientific progress, specialization has ing data about flexible shafts and their application. Write for your free become as necessary as it is dangerous. It is now rea 1i zed that engineers as copy. creators of technical progress must not be only technical skilled, but should be able to overlook the importance and re- lationship of their products to po.litical economics and moral ethics. EngIneerS must feel responsible for their products eVen after they are shipped out of the "HEclM/e DEII1'AL MFG. CO. -e- IIIDUI"a"U.IYII.OII 0 .. c 10r.a14Olll1f. - "IW t YOIIt .. , ... Y. plants are in use by the consumer. 37 March, 1951 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES '* In 15 years of aviation pioneering a remarkable seri~s of "Firs~s" have heen cred ited to Bell Aircraft Corporation. Bell engmeers - wIth imagination and initiative-have been writing the aviation books. Every Check Yourself: o Electrical Designer o Thermodynamicist o Aerodynamicist «First" has bulwarked Bell's position as a leader in the industry. EJ Electronics Engineer o Servomechanisms Engineer FIRST twin-en{(ine rscort fighter, multi-place, and mounting a 37 mm cannon in flexible OTHER FIRSTS: Bell's pioneering developed- spirit also o Electro-mechanical Engineer {(un turrets (Airacuda). FIRST satisfactory .50 caliber machine gun o Telemetering Engineer FIRST American fighter designed around its armament, firing cannon thru propellor shock dampener which became standard for both Army and Navy. o Structural Analysis Engineer hub, wirh tricycle landing gear (Airacobra). FIRST modern all-wood military fighter (XF-77). o Instrumentation Engineer . fiRST commercial helicopter, with automatic FIRST jet-propelled fighter in the U. S. o RocketMotor Development Engmeer stabilizing control. (Airacomet). fiRST supersonic airplane (X-I). FIRST commercial helicopter with 200 hp. en- o Structural Designer . FIRST in many defense projects now restricted. gine and skid landing gear. o Rocket Motor Test Engmeer In the column at the right of this page we have listed many of the positions o Missile Coordinator now available to qualified engineers, physicists, and applied mathematicians. o Flight Test Engineer . Whether your interest lies with guided missiles, helicopters or supersonic air- o Transmission Design Engmeer c!aft, it is time to seriously consider YOUR future. Bell Aircraft's accomplish- o Project Engineer ments in research, development and design provide the opportunity for perma- o Microwave Engineer nent employment in all of Our long-range programs. o Flutter Engineer We believe in the future of the aviation industry. Do you believe in YOUR o Static Test Engineer futur.e? Where will you be in your chosen career 10, 15, 20 years from now? o Vibrations Engineer InquIr~ N